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 UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the year ended December 31, 2023.
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from _______________ to _______________.
 Commission file number: 001-40609

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Maryland

 61-1993378

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S Employer
 Identification No.)

 7001 West Edgerton Avenue
 Greenfield, Wisconsin

 53220

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 414) 421-8200
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

 BCOW

 The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

 (Title of each class)

 (Trading Symbol)

 (Name of each exchange on which
 registered)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of December 31, 2023, computed by reference to the last sale price on June 30, 2023, as reported by the NASDAQ Capital Market, was approximately $ 39.3 million.

 As of March 20, 2024, there were 6,044,196 issued shares and 6,014,678 outstanding shares of the Registrant's Common Stock.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
 Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

 Item Number

 Page Number

 1.

 Business

 1A.

 Risk Factors

 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 2.

 Properties

 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities

 6.

 [RESERVED]

 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 9B.

 Other Information

 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 11.

 Executive Compensation

 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Consolidated Financial Statements

 EXPLANATORY NOTE
 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the "Company," "we" or "our"), was formed to serve as the stock holding company for PyraMax Bank, FSB ("PyraMax Bank") as part of the mutual-to-stock conversion of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC (the "MHC"). Upon completion of the conversion, which occurred on July 14, 2021, the MHC and 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc., a federal corporation ("Old 1895 Bancorp"), ceased to exist and the Company became the successor corporation to Old 1895 Bancorp. The conversion was accomplished by the merger of the MHC with and into Old 1895 Bancorp, followed by the merger of Old 1895 Bancorp with and into the Company. On July 14, 2021, public stockholders of Old 1895 Bancorp received 1.3163 shares of the Company's common stock in exchange for each of their shares of Old 1895 Bancorp. Prior to the completion of the conversion on July 14, 2021, the Company had no assets or liabilities and had not conducted any business activities other than organizational activities.

 ITEM 1. Business
 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as "estimate," "project," "believe," "intend," "anticipate," "assume," "plan," "seek," "expect," "will," "may," "should," "indicate," "would," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "target" and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
 • statements of our goals, intentions and expectations;

 • statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

 • statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and

 • estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

 These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.
 The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:
 • our ability to maintain liquidity, primarily through deposits, in light of recent events in the banking industry;

 • general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected;

 • changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses;

 • inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields, our mortgage banking revenues, the fair value of financial instruments, including our mortgage servicing rights asset, or our level of loan originations, or increase the level of defaults, losses and prepayments on loans we have made and make;

 • our ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk;

 • our ability to access cost-effective funding;

 • fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions;

 • demand for loans and deposits in our market area;

 • our ability to implement and change our business strategies;

 • competition among depository and other financial institutions;

 • adverse changes in the securities or secondary mortgage markets;

 • changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees, capital requirements and insurance premiums;

 • changes in the quality or composition of our loan or investment portfolios;

 • technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

 • the inability of third-party providers to perform as expected;

 • a failure or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, including cyberattacks;

 • our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

 • our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we have acquired or may acquire and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames, and any goodwill charges related thereto;

 • changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

 • changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, including the effects of our adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") accounting standard, which we implemented on January 1, 2023;

 • our ability to retain key employees;

 • our compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to our employees;

 • changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own; and

 • the outbreak of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants and government actions taken in response to the pandemic, which may, among other effects, adversely impact supply chains and the industries in which our customers operate and impair their ability to fulfill their financial obligations to us and affect demand for our products and services.

 Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. See "Risk Factors." Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
 BUSINESS OF 1895 BANCORP OF WISCONSIN, INC.
 The Company was formed to serve as the stock holding company for PyraMax Bank as part of the mutual-to-stock conversion of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC. Upon completion of the conversion, which occurred on July 14, 2021, the MHC and Old 1895 Bancorp, a federal corporation, ceased to exist and the Company became the successor corporation to Old 1895 Bancorp. The conversion was accomplished by the merger of the MHC with and into Old 1895 Bancorp, followed by the merger of Old 1895 Bancorp with and into the Company. The shares of the Company's common stock that were offered for sale in connection with the conversion represented the majority ownership interest in Old 1895 Bancorp owned by the MHC. Additionally, on July 14, 2021, public stockholders of Old 1895 Bancorp received 1.3163 shares of the Company's common stock in exchange for each of their shares of Old 1895 Bancorp. The shares of Old 1895 Bancorp common stock owned by the MHC were canceled at that time. The conversion and offering were completed on July 14, 2021, and the Company was organized as a fully public stock holding company, with 100% of the common stock being held by the public. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 6,084,665 shares of common stock outstanding. Prior to the completion of the conversion on July 14, 2021, the Company had no assets or liabilities and had not conducted any business activities other than organizational activities.
 The MHC and Old 1895 Bancorp were incorporated under federal law on January 8, 2019 as part of the mutual holding company reorganization of PyraMax Bank, for the purpose of becoming the savings and loan holding company of PyraMax Bank.
 The Company's common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol "BCOW."
 The Company is authorized to pursue business activities permitted by applicable laws and regulations, which may include the acquisition of banking and financial services companies. See "Supervision and Regulation – Holding Company Regulation" for a discussion of the activities that are permitted for savings and loan holding companies. We currently have no understandings or agreements to acquire other financial institutions, although we may determine to do so in the future. We may also borrow funds for reinvestment in PyraMax Bank.
 Our cash flow depends on earnings from the investment of the net proceeds we retained from our initial public stock offering in January 2019 and our conversion and stock offering in July 2021, and any dividends we receive from PyraMax Bank. At the present time, we employ only persons who are officers of PyraMax Bank who also serve as officers of the Company. We use the support staff of PyraMax Bank from time to time and pay a fee to PyraMax Bank for the time devoted to the Company by employees of PyraMax Bank. However, these persons are not separately compensated by the Company. The Company may hire additional employees, as appropriate, to the extent it expands its business in the future.

 BUSINESS OF PYRAMAX BANK, FSB
 General
 PyraMax Bank is a stock savings bank headquartered in Greenfield, Wisconsin. PyraMax Bank was established in 1895 as South Milwaukee Savings and Loan Association and has operated continuously in the Milwaukee metropolitan area since that time. In 1993, the bank changed its name to South Milwaukee Savings Bank, S.A. In May 2000, a merger between South Milwaukee Savings Bank and Mitchell Savings Bank officially formed PyraMax Bank, SSB. The bank changed to a federal savings bank charter in 2003, changing its name to PyraMax Bank, FSB.
 From our founding in 1895, we operated as a traditional thrift institution, offering primarily residential mortgage loans and savings accounts, supplemented with multi-family and commercial real estate loans. We conduct our operations from our three full-service banking offices in Milwaukee County, our two full-service banking offices in Waukesha County and our full-service banking office in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. We consider our primary lending market area to be Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, however, we occasionally make loans secured by properties located outside of our primary lending market, usually to borrowers with whom we have an existing relationship and who have a presence within our primary market.
 Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations, in one- to four-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans (which includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family, owner occupied commercial real estate and one- to four-family non-owner occupied loans), commercial loans (which includes commercial and industrial loans) and consumer loans. Commercial real estate growth has been the primary source of recent loan growth, and commercial business loan originations have also been emphasized. Our loan growth has occurred through organically originated loans as well as through the purchase of loan participations.
 Subject to market conditions, we expect to continue our focus on originating and selectively purchasing participations in commercial real estate and commercial business loans in an effort to increase the overall yield earned on our loans, assist in managing interest rate risk and continue to further diversify our overall loan portfolio. We also invest in securities, which have historically consisted of mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises, U.S. treasury notes, state and municipal securities, asset-backed securities and corporate collateralized mortgage-backed securities. We offer a variety of deposit accounts, including checking accounts, savings accounts and certificate of deposit accounts. Additionally, we have used borrowings, primarily advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, to fund our operations.
 Reflecting our focus on our community, in connection with the offering, in 2019, we established a charitable foundation called 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin Community Foundation and funded it with $100,000 in cash and 48,767 shares of our common stock, for an aggregate contribution of $587,670 (based on the $10.00 per share offering price). The purpose of this foundation is to make contributions to support various charitable organizations operating in our community now and in the future.
 PyraMax Bank has one subsidiary, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC, which offers a comprehensive set of insurance and risk management products for personal and business needs.
 Our website address is www.pyramaxbank.com. Information on this website should not be considered a part of this report.

 Market Area
 We conduct our operations from our three full-service banking offices in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, our two full-service banking offices in Waukesha County, Wisconsin and our full-service banking office in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. We consider our primary lending market area to be southeastern Wisconsin, however, we occasionally make loans secured by properties located outside of our primary lending market, usually to borrowers with whom we have an existing relationship and who have a presence within our primary market.
 Milwaukee County is primarily an urban community, with a median household income of $59,319 (in 2022 dollars) from 2018 to 2022. Milwaukee County had an estimated population of 918,661 in 2022, the most recent year for which information is available. Milwaukee County contains a diverse cross section of employment sectors, with a mix of services, manufacturing, wholesale/retail trade, federal and local government, health care facilities and finance-related employment. Our Milwaukee County banking offices are located in more suburban areas, but are still in proximity to downtown Milwaukee.
 Waukesha County is primarily a suburban community, with a median household income of $101,639 (in 2022 dollars) from 2018 to 2022. Waukesha County had an estimated population of 410,434 in 2022, the most recent year for which information is

 available. Waukesha County has a diversified economy, including numerous educational institutions and a wide-ranging hospitality industry.
 Ozaukee County is primarily a suburban community, with a median household income of $92,253 (in 2022 dollars) from 2018 to 2022. Ozaukee County had an estimated population of 93,009 in 2022, the most recent year for which information is available. Ozaukee County's economy includes manufacturing, agricultural, healthcare, governmental and trade sectors.
 PyraMax Bank works with the City of Milwaukee and neighborhood housing agencies to support home ownership in all markets in which we operate.
 Competition
 We face significant competition within our market both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market area has a high concentration of financial institutions, including large money center and regional banks, community banks, fintech companies and credit unions. Some of our competitors offer products and services that we currently do not offer, such as trust services and private banking. Our competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from short-term money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies.
 As of June 30, 2023 (the latest date for which information is available), our market share was 0.46% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, making us the 15th largest out of 27 banks in Milwaukee County. Our market share was 0.64% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, making us the 24th largest out of 34 banks in Waukesha County. Our market share was 1.07% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, making us the 13th largest out of 14 banks in Ozaukee County.
 Lending Activities
 Our principal lending activity is in commercial real estate loans, one-to-four family residential real estate loans, commercial loans and consumer loans. Subject to market conditions and our asset-liability analysis, we expect to continue to increase our focus on commercial and commercial real estate loans, in an effort to grow and further diversify our overall loan portfolio and increase the overall yield earned on our loans. We compete by focusing on personalized service for consumers as well as businesses. Due to our structure, we are able to move quickly on client requests and are able to price competitively compared to our competitors. Our responsiveness has enabled us to grow and retain our customer base. Additionally, the Milwaukee market has demonstrated strong growth and diversity in the commercial segment. We believe that our focus on Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties enables us to utilize a limited sales force for maximum results. Our reputation for strong credit underwriting has also allowed us to build a network of smaller banks that purchase participations of loans which exceed our legal lending limit. We also purchase on a selective and limited basis, loan participations from other local financial institutions.

 Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 $

 231,893

 58.3

 %

 $

 210,858

 58.3

 %

 Other

 12.0

 %

 12.1

 %

 97,747

 24.6

 %

 85,444

 23.6

 %

 0.1

 %

 3,248

 0.9

 %

 5.0

 %

 18,590

 5.1

 %

 Other

 —

 —

 Subtotal

 100.0

 %

 100.0

 %

 Net deferred loan costs

 Allowance for credit losses for loans

 (3,734

)

 (3,203

)

 Loans, net

 $

 394,834

 $

 359,574

 Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following table sets forth certain information at December 31, 2023 regarding the dollar amount of loan principal repayments becoming due during the period indicated. The table does not include any estimate of prepayments that may significantly shorten the average loan life and cause actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below. Demand loans, which are loans having no stated repayment schedule or no stated maturity, are reported as due in one year or less.

 Residential
Real Estate
Loans

Loans

Loans

 Amounts due in:

 One year or less

 $

 3,268

 $

 37,061

 $

 7,331

 $

 47,660

 More than one year through five years

 13,213

 191,626

 10,546

 215,385

 More than five through fifteen years

 35,882

 48,565

 1,180

 85,627

 More than fifteen years

 45,743

 2,539

 49,042

 Total

 $

 98,106

 $

 279,791

 $

 19,817

 $

 Fixed vs. Adjustable Rate Loans
 The following table sets forth the dollar amount of all loans at December 31, 2023 that are due after December 31, 2024 and have either fixed interest rates or floating or adjustable interest rates. The amounts shown below exclude unearned loan origination fees.

 Fixed Rates

 Floating or Adjustable Rates

 Total

 Residential real estate loans

 $

 65,220

 $

 29,618

 $

 94,838

 Commercial loans

 167,519

 75,211

 242,730

 Consumer loans

 1,512

 10,974

 12,486

 Total

 $

 234,251

 $

 115,803

 $

 350,054

 Commercial Real Estate Lending. Consistent with our strategy to grow our loan portfolio and increase our yield, we continue to be focused on increasing our commercial real estate loan portfolio through organic growth and the purchase of loan participations. At December 31, 2023, we had $231.9 million in commercial real estate loans, representing 58.3% of our total loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $73.9 million in non-owner occupied non-residential real estate, $79.7 million in multi-family residential real estate, $40.9 million in owner occupied non-residential real estate, $6.2 million in non-owner occupied residential real estate loans and $31.2 million in commercial real estate construction loans.
 Our commercial real estate loans are generally secured by industrial buildings, warehouses, office buildings and other special purpose commercial properties, primarily in Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. Our multi-family loans, which are classified as commercial real estate loans in the tabular presentation, are generally secured by properties consisting of five or more rental units in our market area. We also selectively purchase participations in commercial real estate loans from a limited number of local financial institutions. Such loans are independently underwritten by our credit department according to our policies.
 Our commercial real estate loans generally have initial terms of five to ten years and amortization terms of 15 to 30 years, with a balloon payment at the end of the initial term, and may be fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans. Our adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans are generally tied to a margin above the prime rate, applicable U.S. Treasury rate or SOFR rate. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial real estate loans is generally 80% of the lower of cost or appraised value of the property securing the loan. Generally, we require personal guarantees.

 We originate a variety of adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 30 years, which may include balloon loans. Interest rates and payments on our adjustable-rate loans adjust periodically and generally are indexed to the prime rate or the corresponding U.S. Treasury or SOFR rate, plus a margin. We generally include pre-payment penalties on fixed-rate multi-family residential real estate loans we originate.
 At December 31, 2023, our largest commercial real estate borrowing relationships were each $10.0 million commitments for the construction of residential multi-family properties. At December 31, 2023, there were six such relationships. Two of these borrowers had not drawn on their available lines and the total outstanding balance of the remaining four relationships was $21.9 million. An additional $38.1 million remains available to draw on these loans. Each of these borrowing relationships is primarily collateralized by

 mortgages on the properties as well as personal guaranties. These loans were performing in accordance with their repayment terms at December 31, 2023.
 We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including project-level and global cash flows, credit history, and management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower's experience in owning or managing similar property and the borrower's payment history with us and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors we consider include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the mortgaged property and the debt service coverage ratio (the ratio of net operating income to debt service). We generally require a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.20x. All commercial real estate loans, with the exception of owner-occupied real estate, of $500,000 or more are appraised by outside independent appraisers. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate loans. We require property and casualty insurance and flood insurance if the property is determined to be in a flood zone area.
 In underwriting multi-family and non-owner occupied one- to four-family residential real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, which include the projected net cash flow to the loan's debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower's experience in owning or managing similar properties. Multi-family residential real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. When circumstances warrant, guarantees are obtained from multi-family and one-to four-family residential real estate customers. In addition, the borrower's and guarantor's financial information on such loans is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. The vast majority of the tenants occupying our financed multi-family properties continue to pay rent.
 Commercial real estate loans entail greater credit risks compared to one- to four-family residential real estate loans because they typically involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, the payment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the property, as repayment of the loan generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. Changes in economic conditions that are not in the control of the borrower or lender could affect the value of the collateral for the loan or the future cash flow of the property. Additionally, any decline in real estate values may be more pronounced for commercial real estate than residential properties. If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.
 We also originate loans to finance the construction of commercial properties, multi-family residential projects (including non-owner occupied one- to four-family residences) and professional complexes. At December 31, 2023, commercial construction loan balances were $31.2 million, or 7.8% of our total loan portfolio. Under these loans, an additional $44.9 million remains available to borrowers. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area.

 Our commercial real estate construction loans are generally structured as interest-only payments during the anticipated construction time. The interest rate may be a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate. Our adjustable-rate commercial real estate constructions loans are generally tied to a margin above the prime rate, applicable U.S. Treasury rate or SOFR rate. We generally offer commercial construction loans with a value up to 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate construction loans.
 Construction loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. In the event a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development or improvements, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a construction loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Construction loans also carry the risk that construction will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale or rental of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated.

 Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections warrant.
 One-to-four family Residential Real Estate Lending. At December 31, 2023, we had $97.7 million of loans secured by one-to-four family residential real estate, representing 24.6% of our total loan portfolio. We originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans. At December 31, 2023, 69.5% of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans, and 30.5% of such loans were adjustable-rate loans.
 Our fixed-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans typically have terms of 10 to 30 years and are generally underwritten according to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae guidelines when the loan balance meets such guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as "conforming loans." We generally originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency for Fannie Mae loans. As of December 31, 2023, the limit was $726,200 for single-family homes in our market area. The maximum conforming loan limits will increase to $766,550 for the year ended December 31, 2024. We sell, on both a servicing-released and servicing-retained basis, our conforming and eligible jumbo fixed-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans. We also originate loans above the lending limit for conforming loans, which are referred to as "jumbo loans" that we may retain in our portfolio. Jumbo loans that we originate typically have 15 to 30 year terms and maximum loan-to-value ratios of 80%. At December 31, 2023, we had $5.4 million in jumbo loans, which represented 5.5% of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans. The average outstanding balance for our jumbo loans was approximately $678,000 at December 31, 2023. Generally, all of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans are secured by properties located in southeastern Wisconsin.
 We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80% of the sales price or appraised value, whichever is lower. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made in excess of this limit.
 Our adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans carry terms to maturity ranging from 10 to 30 years and generally have fixed rates for initial terms of five years. We also offer an initial term of seven years, which adjusts annually thereafter at a margin, which in recent years has been tied to a margin above the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. The maximum amount by which the interest rate may be increased or decreased is generally 2% per adjustment period, with a lifetime interest rate cap of generally 5% over the initial interest rate of the loan and a rate floor. We typically hold in our loan portfolio our adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans.
 Although adjustable-rate mortgage loans may reduce to an extent our vulnerability to changes in market interest rates because they periodically re-price, as interest rates increase the required payments due from the borrower also increase (subject to rate caps), increasing the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the ability of the borrower to repay the loan and the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. Upward adjustments of the contractual interest rate are also limited by our maximum periodic and lifetime rate adjustments.

 Moreover, the interest rates on most of our adjustable-rate loans do not adjust for up to five years after origination. As a result, the effectiveness of adjustable-rate mortgage loans in compensating for changes in general interest rates may be limited during periods of rapidly rising interest rates.
 We do not offer "interest only" mortgage loans on permanent one-to-four family residential real estate loans (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan). We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as "Option ARM" loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not have a "subprime lending" program for one-to-four family residential real estate loans (i.e., loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories).
 Generally, residential mortgage loans that we originate include "due-on-sale" clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event that, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. All borrowers are required to obtain title insurance for the benefit of PyraMax Bank. We also require homeowner's insurance and fire and casualty insurance and, where circumstances warrant, flood insurance on properties securing real estate loans.

 Residential Real Estate Construction Lending. We originate loans to finance the construction of single-family residential properties to prospective homeowners for their primary residence. At December 31, 2023, residential construction loan balances were $359,000, or 0.1% of our total loan portfolio, with an additional $1.2 million available to these borrowers. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area.
 Our owner occupied one-to-four family residential construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for 12 months. Construction loan values for one-to-four family residential properties generally will not exceed 80% during the construction phase of the mortgage, however, if private mortgage insurance is obtained, we will consider loan-to-value limits up to 95%.
 Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within 12 months, the loan will convert to an amortizing loan for the remaining term of the loan. Upon completion, the loan will be evaluated for sale on the secondary market. The interest rate is generally a fixed rate for up to 30 years, or a five- to seven-year adjustable-rate mortgage.
 Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections by our approved inspector's warrant.
 Land Development Loans. We originate loans to finance the development of land for agricultural purposes and for the development of commercial and residential properties. Land development loans are generally secured by vacant land and/or property that is in the process of improvement. At December 31, 2023, we had no land development loans outstanding.
 Our land development loans may be structured as interest-only loans or amortizing. The interest rate generally floats, at the prime rate or prime rate plus a margin. We offer financing to purchase or refinance land for agricultural purposes or development with a maximum loan to value ratio of 65%. However, if we are providing financing to improve the land, the maximum loan to value ratio will generally be 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less.
 Land development loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. In the event a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a land development loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of development costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Land development loans also carry the risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate loans.
 Before making a commitment to fund a land development loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We generally monitor the land loan in a similar fashion to our comparable commercial real estate loan.

 Commercial Lending. At December 31, 2023, we had $47.9 million of commercial loans, representing 12.0% of our total loan portfolio. We originate commercial loans and lines of credit secured by non-real estate business assets. These loans are made based primarily on historical and projected cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not behave as forecasted, and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value because of economic or individual performance factors. Financial information is obtained from the borrowers to evaluate cash flow sufficiency to service debt and is periodically updated during the life of the loan. These loans are generally originated to small businesses in our primary market area. Our commercial loans are generally used by the borrowers for working capital purposes or for acquiring equipment, inventory or furniture, and are primarily secured by business assets other than real estate, such as business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Our commercial loans are generally term loans with terms of three to seven years and lines of credit with terms of one to two years, with a target loan size of $250,000 to $8.0 million. Our commercial and industrial lines of credit are generally priced on an adjustable-rate basis tied to the prime rate. Term loans are generally priced at a spread over the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. We generally obtain personal guarantees with commercial loans.
 At December 31, 2023, our largest outstanding commercial and industrial loan commitment totaled $10.0 million. The primary business of this company is providing lease and financing of commercial and office equipment. The outstanding balance on this relationship was $6.9 million at December 31, 2023. Our second largest commitment totaled $10.0 million, of which $9.1 million was outstanding at December 31, 2023. The primary business of this company is the sales, leasing, financing and rental services for the

 transportation industry. Our third largest commitment totaled $8.0 million, of which $7.2 million was outstanding at December 31, 2023. This borrower's primary business is providing leasing services to the transportation industry. All of these commitments were performing in accordance with their repayment terms at December 31, 2023.
 We typically originate commercial loans on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower's business, the experience and stability of the borrower's management team, earnings projections and their underlying assumptions, and the value and marketability of any collateral securing the loan. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial loans may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself and the general economic environment in our market area. Therefore, commercial loans that we originate have greater credit risk than one-to-four family residential real estate loans. In addition, commercial loans often result in larger outstanding balances to single borrowers, or related groups of borrowers, and also generally require substantially greater evaluation and oversight efforts.
 Consumer Lending. Our consumer lending portfolio, which totals $19.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and represented 5.0% of our total loan portfolio, consisted almost entirely of home equity loans. At December 31, 2023, there were $19.7 million of outstanding balances on home equity lines of credit, which the lines of credit had an additional $21.4 million available to draw. Although a very small percentage of our current loan portfolio and not a part of our primary business strategy, we also offer other types of consumer loans to individuals who reside or work in our market area. At December 31, 2023, we had $8,000 of unsecured consumer loans.
 Generally, our home equity lines of credit are underwritten with a maximum loan to value of 85%, a minimum credit score of 640 and a maximum debt to income ratio of 43%.
 Consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity, which reduces our exposure to changes in interest rates. In addition, management believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities.
 Originations, Sales and Purchases of Loans
 Our loan originations are generated by our loan personnel operating at our banking offices. While we originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans, our ability to generate each type of loan depends upon relative borrower demand and the pricing levels as set in the local marketplace by competing banks, thrifts, credit unions, and mortgage banking companies. Our volume of real estate loan originations is influenced significantly by market interest rates, and, accordingly, the volume of our real estate loan originations can vary from period to period.

 We consider our balance sheet as well as market conditions on an ongoing basis in making decisions as to whether to hold loans we originate for investment or to sell such residential loans to investors, choosing the strategy that is most advantageous to us from a profitability and risk management standpoint. We sell the majority of the fixed-rate conforming and eligible jumbo one- to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, on both a servicing-released and servicing-retained basis, with limited or no recourse, while retaining some non-eligible fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in order to manage the duration and time to repricing of our loan portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold $11.9 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans, of which $11.7 million were originated in 2023 and $125,000 were originated prior to 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold $23.3 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans.
 The loans that we originate to sell are closed in our name, and are subsequently sold to our investors who provide Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac conventional products as well as Federal Housing Administration and Veterans Affairs government loans. We recognize, at the time of sale, the cash gain or loss on the sale of the loans based on the difference between the net cash proceeds received and the carrying value of the loans sold. Subject to market and economic conditions, management intends to continue this sales activity in future periods to generate gain on sale income.
 Mortgage servicing rights, which are acquired when we sell a loan but retain the servicing rights, are recognized as a separate asset. As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.7 million in mortgage servicing rights. The fair value of our mortgage servicing rights is appraised by a third party provider. Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned.
 During 2023, we purchased additional commercial real estate and commercial loan participations secured by properties and/or business assets within and outside of our primary lending market area in which we are not the lead lender. In these circumstances, we follow our customary loan underwriting and approval policies. At December 31, 2023, the outstanding balances of commercial real estate and commercial loan participations purchased was $34.8 million, with the ability to draw an additional $30.7 million. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance was $31.6 million and the remaining available credit was $41.2 million. All of these

 loans were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. PyraMax Bank's growth strategy includes the purchase of loan participations that meet our underwriting standards from a limited number of local financial institutions with which we have existing relationships. We also have participated out portions of a loan that exceeded our loans-to-one borrower legal lending limit and for risk diversification. Historically, we have not purchased whole loans, however, pursuant to our growth strategy, we may purchase whole loans in the future.
 Loan Approval Procedures and Authority
 Pursuant to federal law, the aggregate amount of loans that PyraMax Bank is permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of PyraMax Bank's unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by "readily marketable collateral" or 30% for certain residential development loans). At December 31, 2023, based on the 15% limitation, PyraMax Bank's loans-to-one-borrower limit was $10.2 million. At December 31, 2023, PyraMax Bank had no individual borrower with outstanding balances in excess of this amount. Although PyraMax Bank currently has an internal limit of $8.0 million, the board of directors must approve all loans in excess of $2.0 million. In the future the board of directors may consider increasing or decreasing this internal limit.
 Our lending is subject to written underwriting standards and origination procedures. Decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of detailed information submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain, and property valuations (consistent with our appraisal policy) prepared by outside independent licensed appraisers approved by our board of directors as well as internal evaluations, where permitted by regulations. The loan information is primarily designed to determine the borrower's ability to repay the requested loan, and the more significant items are verified through use of credit reports, bank statements and tax returns.
 All loan approval amounts are based on the aggregate loans, including total balances of outstanding loans and the proposed loan to the individual borrower and any related entity. Our President and Chief Executive Officer has individual authorization to approve loans up to an aggregate exposure to one borrower of $2.0 million. Our Officers' Loan Committee, which consists of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Lending Officer, can approve loans up to $2.0 million in the aggregate. Loans in excess of $2.0 million require the approval of our board of directors, or, if exigent circumstances exist, the Chief Credit Officer and President and Chief Executive Officer may approve such loans if the board of directors is unavailable and such approval is based on a recommendation of the Chief Credit Officer and is subsequently approved by the board of directors.
 In addition, the following individuals have retail consumer loan authority for individual loans: our Chief Operating Officer can approve retail loans up to $200,000; our Vice President-Retail Operations and Senior Underwriters can approve retail loans up to $150,000; our Junior Underwriters can approve retail loans up to $100,000; and one Branch Executive Officer can approve retail loans up to $75,000 while all other Branch Executive Officers can approve retail loans up to $1,000.
 Our Chief Operating Officer, Vice President-Retail Loan Operations, and Senior Underwriters and Underwriters have authority to approve conforming mortgage loans up to the secondary market limit.
 Generally, we require title insurance or abstracts on our mortgage loans as well as fire and extended coverage casualty insurance in amounts at least equal to the principal amount of the loan or the value of improvements on the property, depending on the type of loan.
 From time to time, a loan applicant may not meet one or more of the loan policy or loan program requirements, resulting in a denial of the loan application. The loan officer may seek an exception, by providing detailed information to explain the policy/program exception along with other pertinent information. The following individuals have the authority to approve these requests with the indicated loan limits for commercial mortgage loans and consumer loans: the board of directors may approve loans with exceptions up to the legal lending limit of PyraMax Bank; the Officers Loan Committee and our President and Chief Executive Officer may approve loans with exceptions up to $2.0 million; and our Chief Credit Officer may approve loans with exceptions up to $1.0 million. Our Chief Operating Officer has the authority to approve exceptions on conforming mortgage loans up to the secondary market limits, however, the loan would still need to qualify for sale in the secondary market after granting the exception. Our Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice President-Mortgage Lending have exception authority for consumer loans with limits up to $200,000 and our Resolution Officer and Vice President-Retail Banking have exception authority for consumer loans with limits up to $150,000.
 Delinquencies and Non-Performing Assets
 Delinquency Procedures for Owner Occupied One- to Four-Family Residential and Consumer Loans. When an owner-occupied residential real estate or consumer loan payment becomes 16 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. A loan officer and/or members of our loan collection department may also contact the customer. If a loan payment becomes 30 days past due, we mail an additional late notice, and we also place telephone calls to the borrower. These loan collection efforts continue until a loan becomes 90-120 days past due, at which point we would generally refer the loan for foreclosure proceedings unless management determines that it is in the best interest of PyraMax Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a workout plan.

 The foreclosure process generally would begin when a loan becomes 120 days delinquent. From time to time, we may accept deeds in lieu of foreclosure.
 Delinquency Procedures for Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans. When a commercial loan or commercial real estate loan becomes 10 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. The loan officer assigned to the account may also contact the borrower. If the loan continues to run past due, the loan officer will continue to contact the borrower to determine the cause of the past due payment(s) and arrange for payments. This information will be discussed with the Chief Credit Officer to determine the nature of the past due payment and, if necessary, to develop a plan to bring the past due payment(s) current and determine if the likelihood of repayment is in question. The loan will also be evaluated for a change to the risk rating. Depending on the circumstances, the lender and Chief Credit Officer may develop a plan to protect PyraMax Bank's interest in the loan. If necessary, PyraMax Bank will engage an attorney to pursue further collection efforts.
 Our High-Risk Loan Committee, which consists of our President, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Lending Officer provides oversight of stressed commercial and retail loans to mitigate identified risks.
 Loans Past Due and Non-performing Assets. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is credit-deteriorated or non-performing when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When a loan is determined to be credit-deteriorated, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for credit losses analysis is based on the present value of expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans which are based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. All loans that become 90 days or more delinquent are placed on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received on a cash basis or cost recovery method.
 When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as foreclosed assets. Foreclosed assets are recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Soon after acquisition, we order a new appraisal, or evaluation when acceptable, to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for credit losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense, in either case during the applicable period of such determination. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell.
 Non-performing Loans. We generally cease accruing interest on our loans when contractual payments of principal or interest have become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is applied against principal or interest and is recognized on a cash basis. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.
 Non-accrual loans increased to $1.1 million, or 0.28% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 from $769,000 million, or 0.21% of total loans, at December 31, 2022. The increase in non-accrual loans was primarily due to an increase in non-accrual loans in the commercial real estate loan category.
 Collateral Dependent Loans. Collateral dependent loans are loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty.
 Foreclosed Assets. Foreclosed assets consist of property acquired through formal foreclosure, in-substance foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded at the lower of recorded investment or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs from recorded investment to fair value, which are required at the time of foreclosure, are charged to the allowance for credit losses. After transfer, adjustments to the carrying value of the properties that result from subsequent declines in value are charged to operations in the period in which the declines occur. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no loans were transferred into foreclosed assets.
 Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to be of lesser quality, as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss." An asset is considered "substandard" if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. "Substandard" assets include those characterized by the "distinct possibility" that the insured institution will sustain "some loss" if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as "doubtful" have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified

 "substandard," with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make "collection or liquidation in full," on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, "highly questionable and improbable." Assets classified as "loss" are those considered "uncollectible" and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as "special mention" by our management.
 When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses in the loan portfolio. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as "loss," it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution's determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.
 In accordance with our loan policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Loans are listed on the "watch/special mention list" where management has some concern that the collateral or debt service ability may not be adequate, although the collectability of the contractual loan payments is still probable. If a loan deteriorates in asset quality, the classification is changed to "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss" depending on the circumstances and the evaluation. For commercial loans, "substandard" ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability such that collectability of the contractual loan payments is no longer probable. For commercial loans, "doubtful" ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability, and collectability of the contractual loan payments is unlikely. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status and classified "substandard." Management reviews the status of each credit-deteriorated loan on our watch list on a quarterly basis.
 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
 Under the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model, the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on financial assets is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the financial assets' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses on loans based on the underlying assets' amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs.

 Expected credit losses are reflected in the allowance for credit losses through a charge to provision for credit losses. The Company's estimate of the allowance for credit losses reflects credit losses currently expected over the remaining contractual life of the assets. When the Company deems all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible, the appropriate amount is written off and the allowance for credit losses is reduced by the same amount. The Company applies judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible. When available information confirms that specific financial assets, or portions thereof, are uncollectible, these amounts are charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

 The Company measures the allowance for credit losses of financial assets on a collective portfolio segment basis when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses: commercial real estate, commercial and industrial loans, residential real estate – first mortgage, residential real estate – construction, consumer – home equity and lines of credit and other consumer loans. The Company further segments the commercial loan portfolios by risk rating and the residential and consumer loan portfolios by delinquency.

 The Company utilizes the weighted average remaining maturity methodology to measure the ACL. This methodology incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information to assess lifetime expected credit losses at the portfolio segment level. The quantitative component includes the calculation of loss rates that are based on historical lookback periods. The Company calculates a loss rate based on historical loan level loss experience for portfolio segments with similar risk characteristics. The historical loss rate is adjusted for select macroeconomic variables that consider both historical trends as well as forecasted trends. The Company utilizes a period of two years for these forecasted trends, with immediate reversion. The Company measures expected credit losses of these financial assets by applying loss rates to the amortized cost basis of each asset taking into consideration amortization, prepayment and default assumptions.

 The Company considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. Qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments will not be made for information that has already been considered and included in the quantitative component. Qualitative loss factors are based on management's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data, changes in loan composition, performance trends, regulatory changes, uncertainty of macroeconomic forecasts, and other asset specific risk characteristics. For collateral dependent loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the allowance

 for credit losses is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. Fair value is generally calculated based on the value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell.
 As an integral part of their examination process, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will periodically review our allowance for credit losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for credit losses. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process for establishing the allowance for credit losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.
 The following table sets forth information related to our allowance for credit losses as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Allowance for credit losses at end of period

 $

 3,734

 Non-accrual loans at end of period

 $

 1,110

 Total loans at end of period

 $

 Allowance for credit losses to total loans outstanding at end
 of period

 0.94

 %

 Non-accrual loans to total loans outstanding at end of period

 0.28

 %

 Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans at end of
 period

 336.40

 %

 during period – Commercial loans

 (0.01

)%

 during period – Residential real estate loans

 —

 during period – Consumer loans

 (0.05

)%

 during period – Total

 (0.01

)%

 The following table sets forth information related to our allowance for loan losses as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, prior to the adoption of CECL:

 Allowance for loan losses at end of period

 $

 3,203

 Non-accrual loans at end of period

 $

 Total loans at end of period

 $

 Allowance for loan losses to total loans outstanding at end
 of period

 0.89

 %

 Non-accrual loans to total loans outstanding at end of period

 0.21

 %

 Allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans at end of
 period

 416.72

 %

 during period – Commercial loans

 (0.03

)%

 during period – Residential real estate loans

 (0.01

)%

 during period – Consumer loans

 (0.30

)%

 during period – Total

 (0.04

)%

 Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category, and the percent of loans in each category to total loans as of December 31, 2023. The allowance for credit losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

for Credit
Losses

 Percent of
in Category
to Total
Allocated

 Percent of
Loans in
Each
Category to

 Residential real estate

 $

 22.7

 %

 24.7

 %

 2,693

 72.1

 %

 70.3

 %

 5.2

 %

 5.0

 %

 Total allocated allowance

 $

 3,734

 100.0

 %

 100.0

 %

 The following table sets forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category, and the percent of loans in each category to total loans as of December 31, 2022, prior to the adoption of CECL.

for Loan
Losses

 Percent of
in Category
to Total
Allocated

 Percent of
Loans in
Each
Category to

 Residential real estate

 $

 23.5

 %

 24.5

 %

 1,944

 60.7

 %

 70.3

 %

 15.8

 %

 5.2

 %

 Total allocated allowance

 $

 3,203

 100.0

 %

 100.0

 %

 Although we believe that we use the best information available to establish the allowance for credit losses, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary and results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. Because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, the existing allowance for credit losses may not be adequate and management may determine that increases in the allowance are necessary if the quality of any portion of our loan portfolio deteriorates as a result. Any material increase in the allowance for credit losses may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments
 In addition to the ACL for loans, the Company has established an allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments. The ACL for unfunded commitments represents the expected credit losses resulting from contractual obligations to extend credit and which are expected to fund. The ACL for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level that management believes is sufficient to absorb any losses related to the unfunded commitments and is determined based on the same methodology for determining the ACL for loans.
 Investment Activities
 General. The goals of our investment policy are to provide and maintain liquidity to meet deposit withdrawal and loan funding needs, to help mitigate interest rate and market risk, to diversify our assets, and to generate a reasonable rate of return on funds within the context of our interest rate and credit risk objectives. Our board of directors is responsible for adopting our investment policy. The investment policy is reviewed annually by the board of directors. Authority to make investments under the approved investment policy guidelines is delegated to our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer. All investment transactions are reviewed at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the board of directors. All of our investment securities are classified as available-for-sale.
 We have legal authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored enterprises and municipal governments, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, investment grade corporate bonds and investment grade marketable equity securities. We also

 are required to maintain an investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock. While we have the authority under applicable law to invest in derivative securities, we had no investments in derivative securities at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table sets forth the stated maturities and weighted average yields of investment securities at December 31, 2023. Certain mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have adjustable interest rates and will reprice annually within the various maturity ranges. These repricing schedules are not reflected in the table below. Weighted average yield calculations on investment securities available-for-sale do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of equity.

 One Year or Less

 More than One Year to
Five Years

 More than Five Years to
Ten Years

 More than Ten
Years

 Total

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

 Fair
Value

Yield

 Securities available-for-sale:

 Obligations of states
 and political
 subdivisions

 $

 2.40

 %

 1,070

 3.42

 %

 12,774

 1.86

 %

 3,114

 2.02

 %

 17,043

 14,231

 1.99

 %

 Government-
 sponsored
 mortgage-backed
 securities

 —

 —

 2.49

 %

 17,535

 1.89

 %

 79,260

 4.16

 %

 97,674

 3.74

 %

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,593

 6.50

 %

 3,593

 3,572

 6.50

 %

 2.79

 %

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2.79

 %

 Total

 $

 2.75

 %

 $

 1,949

 3.00

 %

 $

 30,309

 1.88

 %

 $

 85,967

 4.18

 %

 $

 119,055

 $

 3.56

 %

 Obligations of State and Political Subdivision ("Municipal") Securities. At December 31, 2023, we had municipal securities totaling $14.2 million, which constituted 13.0% of our securities portfolio. Our current municipal securities have a weighted average maturity of 8.25 years. These securities often provide slightly higher after-tax yields than U.S. government and agency securities and mortgage-backed securities, but are not as liquid as other investments, so we typically maintain investments in municipal securities, to the extent appropriate, for generating returns in our investment portfolio.
 Government-sponsored Mortgage-Backed Securities. At December 31, 2023, we had government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities totaling $91.0 million, which constituted 83.0% of our securities portfolio. Mortgage-backed securities are securities issued in the secondary market that are collateralized by pools of mortgages. Certain types of mortgage-backed securities are commonly referred to as "pass-through" certificates because the principal and interest of the underlying loans is "passed through" to investors, net of certain costs, including servicing and guarantee fees. We invest primarily in mortgage-backed securities backed by one- to four-family mortgages. All of our mortgage-backed securities are either backed by Ginnie Mae, a U.S. government agency, the SBA, or government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
 Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are more liquid than individual mortgage loans because there is an active trading market for such securities. In addition, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities may be used to collateralize our borrowings with the Federal Home Loan and the Federal Reserve Banks. Investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual payments will be greater or less than the prepayment rate estimated at the time of purchase, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such interests, thereby affecting the net yield on our securities. Current prepayment speeds determine whether prepayment estimates require modification that could cause amortization or accretion adjustments.
 Asset-backed Securities. At December 31, 2023, we had asset-backed securities comprised of pools of student loans totaling $3.6 million, which constituted 3.3% of our securities portfolio, and had a weighted average maturity of 12.71 years. All of our asset-backed securities are investment grade and have interest rates tied to an index (SOFR).

 Certificates of Deposit. At December 31, 2023, we had certificates of deposit totaling $737,000, which constituted 0.7% of our securities portfolio, and had a weighted average maturity of 0.38 years. While these securities generally provide lower yields than other investments in our securities investment portfolio, we maintain these investments, to the extent we deem appropriate, for liquidity purposes.
 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock. We held common stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago in connection with our borrowing activities totaling $4.2 million at December 31, 2023. The Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago common stock is carried at cost. We may be required to purchase additional Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock if we increase borrowings in the future.
 Bank-Owned Life Insurance. We invest in bank-owned life insurance to provide us with a funding source for certain of our benefit plan obligations, to provide for the potential loss in revenue and replacement costs associated with the loss of a key member of the management team and provide supplemental death benefits to key personnel. Bank-owned life insurance also generally provides us non-interest income that is non-taxable. At December 31, 2023, our balance in bank-owned life insurance totaled $14.0 million and was issued by two insurance companies, each of which was rated AA+ by Standard & Poor's.
 Sources of Funds
 General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also use borrowings, primarily Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago advances, to supplement cash flow needs, lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk purposes and to manage the cost of funds. In addition, we receive funds from scheduled loan payments, loan and mortgage-backed securities prepayments, maturities and calls of available-for-sale securities, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

 Deposits. Our deposits are generated primarily from residents within our primary market area. We offer a selection of deposit accounts, including non-interest-bearing checking accounts, interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts, statement savings, health savings and certificates of deposit. Deposit account terms vary, with the principal differences being the minimum balance required, the amount of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate. At December 31, 2023, our core deposits, which are deposits other than certificates of deposit, were $242.5 million, representing 60.1% of total deposits. As part of our business strategy, we intend to continue our effort to increase our core deposits.
 Interest rates, maturity terms, service fees and withdrawal penalties are established on a periodic basis. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current operating strategies and market rates, liquidity requirements, rates paid by competitors and growth goals. The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in interest rates and competition. The variety of deposit accounts that we offer allows us to be competitive in generating deposits and to respond with flexibility to changes in our customers' demands. Our ability to gather deposits is impacted by the competitive market in which we operate, which includes numerous financial institutions of varying sizes offering a wide range of products. We believe that deposits are a stable source of funds, but our ability to attract and maintain deposits at favorable rates will be affected by market conditions, including competition and prevailing interest rates.
 Our strategy is to not be the market leader in overall pricing for deposits. We find it more profitable to concentrate on specific special rate and term accounts, which allows us to add accounts without impacting our overall liability costs for existing accounts. We concentrate on odd-month, longer term certificates and larger minimum balance non-maturity deposits to generate new funds. Additionally, we have an established Treasury Management department, which concentrates on gathering deposits from both existing commercial loan clients and new commercial prospects. We anticipate that Treasury Management activities will continue to have a positive impact on lower cost deposits and will aid in retaining full-service clients.
 The following tables set forth the distribution of total deposit accounts, by account type, for the periods indicated.

 2023

 2022

 Rate

 Rate

 Noninterest-bearing checking

 $

 78,476

 19.4

 %

 0.00

 %

 $

 92,465

 23.8

 %

 0.00

 %

 Interest bearing checking

 28,899

 7.2

 %

 0.89

 %

 32,514

 8.4

 %

 0.21

 %

 Money market

 88,687

 22.0

 %

 2.06

 %

 121,215

 31.3

 %

 0.59

 %

 Statement savings

 46,473

 11.5

 %

 0.05

 %

 61,969

 16.0

 %

 0.05

 %

 Certificates of deposit (1)

 161,148

 39.9

 %

 3.42

 %

 79,558

 20.5

 %

 0.55

 %

 Total

 $

 403,683

 100.0

 %

 1.69

 %

 $

 387,721

 100.0

 %

 0.27

 %

 (1) We had no brokered deposits as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 As of December 31, 2023, the amount of total uninsured deposits (i.e., deposits that exceeded the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit) was $106.9 million, or 26.5% of total deposits. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of total uninsured deposits was $140.4 million, or 36.2% of total deposits.
 The amount of time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, all of which are certificates of deposits, was $29.8 million, or 18.5% of total time deposits as of December 31, 2023.
 The following table indicates the amount of time deposits in uninsured accounts by time remaining until maturity at December 31, 2023.

 Maturity Period

 Dollar Amount

 At December 31, 2023:

 Three months or less

 $

 5,096

 Over three through six months

 4,274

 Over six through twelve months

 16,066

 Over twelve months

 4,341

 Total

 $

 29,777

 Borrowed Funds. We have an agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago that allows us to participate in their credit programs. The amount that we are able to borrow is based upon the amount of capital stock that we own in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and the amount of mortgage loans that we pledge as collateral to them. Such advances may be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. We use such advances to provide funding as a supplement to our deposits. To the extent such borrowings have different repricing terms than our deposits, they can change our interest rate risk profile. At December 31, 2023, we had $71.0 million in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At December 31, 2023 our available and unused portion of this borrowing agreement totaled $100.9 million, although we may access additional advances if we purchase additional Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago capital stock.
 Additionally, at December 31, 2023 we had a $12.0 million federal funds line of credit with the BMO Harris Bank, none of which was drawn at December 31, 2023. We also had a $9.5 million line of credit at the Federal Reserve based on pledged commercial real estate loans of approximately $12.4 million at December 31, 2023. We had not drawn on the Federal Reserve line as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 Subsidiary and Other Activities
 PyraMax Bank is the wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, which in turn has a wholly owned subsidiary, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC.
 Expense and Tax Allocation
 PyraMax Bank entered into a tax sharing agreement on January 8, 2019 with the Company's predecessor to provide it with certain administrative support services for compensation at a rate not less than the fair market value of the services provided. In addition, PyraMax Bank and the Company's predecessor entered into an agreement on January 8, 2019 to establish a method for allocating and for reimbursing the payment of their consolidated tax liability.
 Personnel
 As of December 31, 2023, we had 79 full-time and 86 full-time equivalent employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management believes that we have a good working relationship with our employees.

 TAXATION
 PyraMax Bank, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC and the Company are subject to federal and state income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal and state taxation is intended only to summarize material income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company, PyraMax Bank and PyraMax Insurance Services LLC.

 The Company is generally no longer subject to federal tax examinations for years before 2020 and state tax examinations before 2019.
 Federal Taxation
 Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, the Company and PyraMax Bank currently report their income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and use a tax year ending December 31 for filing their federal income tax returns. The Company and PyraMax Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return. The Small Business Protection Act of 1996 eliminated the use of the reserve method of accounting for income taxes on bad debt reserves by savings institutions. For taxable years beginning after 1995, PyraMax Bank has been subject to the same bad debt reserve rules as commercial banks. It currently utilizes the specific charge-off method under Section 166 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code").
 Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, for federal losses originating in tax years after January 1, 2018, the Company is allowed an indefinite carryforward period limited to 80% of each subsequent year's net income. At December 31, 2023, the Company had a federal net operating loss carryover of $16.2 million that will begin to expire in 2030. Of this $16.2 million, $8.3 million has no expiration due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Company also has $515,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.
 As a result of our reorganization and conversion from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to a fully converted stock holding company and contemporaneous stock offering, we incurred an "ownership change" under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code ("Section 382"). The persons who were considered our "owners" within the three-year period before the reorganization and stock offering, i.e., the members of the Mutual Holding Company and public stockholders, owned less than 50% of the stock holding company's common stock immediately after the reorganization. In addition, an ownership change will occur if, over a rolling three-year period, the percentage of the company stock owned by shareholders holding 5% or more of our common stock has increased by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of common stock owned by such shareholders during such three-year period.
 In general, if a company incurs an ownership change under Section 382, the company's ability to utilize its NOL carryforward to offset its taxable income becomes limited to a certain amount per year. This limitation is generally computed by multiplying the fair market value of the company immediately before the ownership change by an IRS published rate equal to the long-term tax-exempt rate for the month in which the ownership change occurs. If we are unable to offset our taxable income to the maximum permitted amount, we may incur additional income tax liability, which would adversely affect our results of operations. At this time, we do not expect the Section 382 change in ownership to have a material impact on the results of operations.
 Corporate Dividends. The Company may generally exclude from its income 100% of dividends received from PyraMax Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations.
 State Taxation
 The Company is subject to the Wisconsin corporate franchise (income) tax. Wisconsin imposes a corporate franchise tax of 7.9% on the combined taxable incomes of the members of the Company's consolidated income tax group, which will include PyraMax Bank and PyraMax Bank Insurance Services, LLC.
 On July 5, 2023, the Wisconsin legislature enacted 2023 Wisconsin Act 19 (the "Act"). The Act contains a provision that provides financial institutions with a state tax-exemption for interest, fees and penalties earned on qualifying loans. For the exemption to apply, the loan must be $5 million or less, for primarily a business or agricultural purpose, and made to borrowers residing or located in Wisconsin. The exemption first applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, and applies to loans on the books as of January 1, 2023 and to new loans made after January 1, 2023, that meet the qualifications. The Company currently projects that its Wisconsin state taxable income will be significantly reduced and/or eliminated in the future as a result of this provision. Also a result of this provision, the Company reversed $98,000 in income tax benefits which had been recorded during the first two quarters of 2023 and increased the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $1.8 million, resulting in a one-time $1.9 million increase in tax expense in the third quarter of 2023.
 Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Wisconsin law allows financial institutions to carry forward a Wisconsin net operating loss to the succeeding 20 taxable years. At December 31, 2023, the Company had Wisconsin net operating loss carryovers of $33.0 million that will begin to expire in 2024. The Company also has $518,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.

 SUPERVISION AND REGULATION
 General
 As a federal savings bank, PyraMax Bank is subject to examination and regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and is also subject to the FDIC's backup examination authority as its deposit insurer. The federal system of regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which PyraMax Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund, and not for the protection of security holders. PyraMax Bank also is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

 Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels; restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; provide oversight for the adequacy of credit loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees. Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings associations relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings, interest rate sensitivity and other factors. These ratings are inherently subjective and the receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as PyraMax Bank or its holding company, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to access the capital markets, pay dividends, acquire other financial institutions or establish new branches.
 In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Many financial "consumer protection" statutes are implemented by regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. For federal savings banks of PyraMax Bank's asset size, compliance with such statutes and regulations is determined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency through its examinations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.
 As a savings and loan holding company, the Company is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. It is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board. The Company is also subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws.
 Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of the Company and PyraMax Bank.
 Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are or will be applicable to PyraMax Bank and the Company. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on PyraMax Bank and the Company.
 Federal Banking Regulation
 Business Activities. A federal savings bank derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners' Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, PyraMax Bank may generally invest in mortgage loans secured by residential real estate without an aggregate limit and may invest in commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to applicable limits. PyraMax Bank may also establish, subject to specified investment limits, "operating subsidiaries" that engage in activities permitted for PyraMax itself, and service corporation subsidiaries that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for PyraMax Bank, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.
 Effective July 1, 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a final rule implementing a section of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act ("EGRRCPA") which permits an eligible federal savings bank with assets of $20.0 billion or less as of December 31, 2017 to elect to operate with the business powers of a national bank, generally subject to the same limitations and restrictions, without converting to a national bank charter. A federal savings bank that makes the so-called "covered savings association" election must divest any activities or investments that are not permitted for a national bank. PyraMax Bank had not made such an election as of December 31, 2023.

 Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio.
 In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.
 EGRRCPA required the federal banking agencies, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, to establish a "community bank leverage ratio" of between 8% and 10% for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. Institutions with a capital level at or exceeding the ratio and otherwise meeting the specified requirements, and electing the alternative framework, are considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. Final rules issued by the agencies established the community bank leverage ratio at 9% Tier 1 capital to total average assets, effective January 1, 2020. A qualifying institution may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on its quarterly call report. An institution that temporarily ceases to meet any qualifying criteria is provided with a two-quarter grace period to regain compliance. Failure to meet the qualifying criteria within the grace period or maintain a leverage ratio of 8% or greater requires the institution to comply with the generally applicable regulatory capital requirements.
 In 2020, the CARES Act lowered the community bank leverage ratio to 8%. The community bank leverage ratio was increased to 8.5% for calendar year 2021 and to 9% thereafter. The Company did not opt in to the community bank leverage ratio framework for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 At December 31, 2023, PyraMax Bank exceeded all applicable capital requirements.
 Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a federal savings bank may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the excess is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. At December 31, 2023, PyraMax Bank was in compliance with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.
 Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings bank, which include cash dividends and other transactions charged to the savings bank's capital account. A federal savings bank must file an application with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for approval of a capital distribution if:

 • the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceed the sum of the savings bank's net income for that year to date plus the savings bank's retained net income for the preceding two years;
 • the savings bank would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;
 • the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, agreement or regulatory condition; or
 • the savings bank is not eligible for expedited treatment of its filings, generally due to an unsatisfactory CAMELS rating or being subject to a cease-and-desist order or formal written agreement that requires action to improve the institution's financial condition.
 Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings bank that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as PyraMax Bank, must still file a notice with the Federal Reserve Board at least 30 days before the board of directors declares a dividend or approves a capital distribution.
 A notice or application related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:
 • the federal savings bank would be undercapitalized following the distribution;
 • the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or
 • the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.
 In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act generally provides that an insured depository institution may not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement. A federal savings bank also may not make a capital distribution that would reduce its regulatory capital below the amount required for the liquidation account established in connection with its conversion to stock form.
 Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All insured depository institutions have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income borrowers. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is required to assess a federal savings bank's record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings bank's failure to comply with the provisions of the Community

 Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the FDIC to publicly disclose their rating. PyraMax Bank received an "Outstanding" Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent federal examination.
 On October 24, 2023, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the other federal banking agencies issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the Community Reinvestment Act regulations. Under the final rule, banks with assets of less than $600 million as of December 31 in either of the prior two calendar years will be a "small bank." Small banks will be subject to either the current regulations' small bank lending test or, at the banks' option, the Retail Lending Test set out in the new regulations. The applicability date for the majority of the provisions in the new Community Reinvestment Act regulations is January 1, 2026, and additional requirements will be applicable on January 1, 2027.
 In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.
 Transactions with Affiliates. An insured depository institution's authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and implementing regulation, Regulation W. An affiliate generally includes a company that controls, or is under common control with, an insured depository institution such as PyraMax Bank. The Company is an affiliate of PyraMax Bank because it controls PyraMax Bank. In general, "covered transactions" between an insured depository institution and its affiliates, as defined by Section 23A and Regulation W, are subject to certain quantitative limits and collateral requirements, must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, and not involve the purchase of low-quality assets. Under Section 23B and Regulation W, transactions with affiliates, including "covered transactions," must be on terms and under circumstances that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable to, the institution, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving non-affiliates. In addition, Regulation W prohibits a federal savings bank from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies, and from purchasing or investing in the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary.

 Loans to Insiders. PyraMax Bank's authority to extend credit to its and its affiliates' directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders (insiders), as well as to entities controlled by such persons (insiders' related interests), is governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and implementing Regulation O. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders and their related interests:
 • be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons, and not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and
 • not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of PyraMax Bank's unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus.

 In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved in advance by a majority of PyraMax Bank's board of directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

 Enforcement. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings banks and has authority to bring enforcement actions against all "institution-affiliated parties," including directors, officers, employees, and stockholders, as well as attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in specified misconduct which causes or is likely to cause loss or an adverse effect on a federal savings bank. Formal enforcement actions by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil money penalties cover a wide range of violations and practices and can be assessed for each day such violation or practice continues, in amounts adjusted annually for inflation. The FDIC also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federal savings bank. If such action is not taken, the FDIC has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.
 Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to meet these standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to implement an acceptable

 compliance plan. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.
 Branching. A federal savings bank that has not elected "covered savings association" status generally has authority to establish branches in any state or states of the United States and its territories. Such authority is subject to Office of the Comptroller of the Currency approval for new branches.
 Prompt Corrective Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take "prompt corrective action" with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Under applicable regulations, an institution is deemed to be "well capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is deemed to be "adequately capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is deemed to be "undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be "significantly undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is deemed to be "critically undercapitalized" if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.
 At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on the payment of dividends, and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank's compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution's total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an "undercapitalized" bank fails to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan, it is treated as if it is "significantly undercapitalized." "Significantly undercapitalized" banks must comply with one or more additional restrictions, including: a regulatory order to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized; requirements to reduce total assets, cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks, or dismiss of directors or officers; and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. "Critically undercapitalized" institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after they obtain such status.
 The previously referenced final rule establishing an elective "community bank leverage ratio" regulatory capital framework provides that a qualifying institution whose capital exceeds the community bank leverage ratio and opts to use that framework will be considered "well capitalized" for purposes of prompt corrective action.
 At December 31, 2023, PyraMax Bank met the criteria for being considered "well capitalized."
 Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured financial institutions such as PyraMax Bank, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor per account ownership category. The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund.
 Under the FDIC's risk-based assessment system, institutions deemed less risky of failure pay lower assessments. Assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of an institution's failure within three years.
 The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of PyraMax Bank. We cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.
 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that may lead to termination of our deposit insurance.

 Privacy Regulations. Federal regulations generally require that PyraMax Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer's "non-public personal information" to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, PyraMax Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to "opt-out" of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. PyraMax Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations.

 The Bank Secrecy Act, USA PATRIOT Act, and Anti-Money Laundering Regulations. PyraMax Bank must comply with the anti-money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, and implementing regulations issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Together, the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act require PyraMax Bank to implement a compliance program to detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, and illicit crime, to establish a customer identification program and other internal controls, conduct customer due diligence, administer training, maintain specified records, and report suspicious activity, among other things. The USA PATRIOT Act gave federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures and expanded surveillance powers, and contained provisions intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies.
 Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Federal savings banks are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution or its affiliates.
 Other Regulations
 Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by PyraMax Bank are subject to applicable state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:
 • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;
 • Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;
 • Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies; and
 • Rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.
 The deposit operations of PyraMax Bank also are subject to, among others, the:
 • Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;
 • Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as "Check 21"), which gives "substitute checks," such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check; and
 • Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers' rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services.
 Federal Home Loan Bank System
 PyraMax Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. Members of the Federal Home Loan Bank are required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank. PyraMax Bank was in compliance with this requirement at December 31, 2023. Based on redemption provisions of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. PyraMax Bank reviews for impairment, based on the ultimate recoverability, the cost basis of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock. At December 31, 2023, no impairment had been recognized.
 Holding Company Regulation
 The Company is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings association subsidiaries. Among

 other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to PyraMax Bank.
 As a savings and loan holding company, the Company's activities are limited to those activities permissible by law for financial holding companies (if the Company makes an election to be treated as a financial holding company and meets the other requirements to be a financial holding company) or multiple savings and loan holding companies. The Company has no present intention to make an election to be treated as a financial holding company. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. Such activities include lending and other activities permitted for bank holding companies under the Bank Holding Company Act, insurance and underwriting equity securities. Multiple savings and loan holding companies are authorized to engage in activities specified by federal regulation, including activities permitted for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act.
 Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings association or savings and loan holding company without prior written approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and from acquiring or retaining control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings associations, the Federal Reserve Board must consider such factors as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on and the risk to the federal Deposit Insurance Fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors. A savings and loan holding company may not acquire a savings association in another state and hold the target institution as a separate subsidiary unless it is a supervisory acquisition or the law of the state in which the target is located authorizes such acquisitions by out-of-state savings and loan holding companies.
 Savings and loan holding companies with less than $3 billion in consolidated assets are exempt from consolidated regulatory capital requirements, unless the Federal Reserve Board determines otherwise in particular cases.
 The Federal Reserve Board has promulgated regulations implementing the "source of strength" doctrine that require holding companies, including savings and loan holding companies, to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.
 The Federal Reserve Board has issued supervisory policies regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies and savings and loan holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Federal Reserve Board guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances, such as where the holding company's net income for the past four quarters, net of capital distributions previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company's capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. Federal Reserve Board guidance also states that a holding company should inform the Federal Reserve Board supervisory staff before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or if the repurchase or redemption would result, at the end of a quarter, in a net reduction in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.
 Law and Regulations Relating to Change in Control

 Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire "control" of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Company, unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days' prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under federal law and regulation, means ownership, control, or the power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting stock of the company. There is a presumption of control upon the acquisition of 10% or more of a class of voting stock under certain circumstances, such as where the holding company involved has its shares registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 Federal Securities Laws
 The Company's common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. We have policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with this Act and its implementing regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with this Act and its implementing regulations.
 Emerging Growth Company Status
 The Company is an emerging growth company. For as long as the Company continues to be an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to "emerging growth companies," including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, the Company also is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have also elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Such an election is irrevocable during the period a company is an emerging growth company. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.
 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
 Risks Related to our Lending Activities
 We have a substantial amount of commercial real estate and commercial loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans both directly and through participations. These loans involve credit risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 At December 31, 2023, commercial real estate and land development loans (which includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family, owner occupied commercial real estate and one- to four-family non-owner-occupied real estate loans) totaled $231.9 million, or 58.3% of our loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $73.9 million in non-owner occupied non-residential real estate, $79.7 million in multi-family residential real estate, $40.9 million in owner occupied non-residential real estate, $6.2 million in non-owner occupied residential real estate and $31.2 million in commercial real estate construction loans. At December 31, 2023, our commercial loans (which includes commercial and industrial loans) totaled $47.9 million, or 12.0% of our loan portfolio. We intend to increase originations of these types of loans.
 Given their larger balances and the complexity of the underlying collateral, commercial real estate and commercial loans generally have more risk than the one- to four-family residential real estate loans we originate. Because the repayment of commercial real estate and commercial loans depends on the successful management and operation of the borrower's properties or related businesses, repayment of such loans can be affected by adverse conditions in the local, regional and national real estate market or economy. A downturn in the real estate market or the local, regional and national economy could adversely impact the value of properties securing the loan or the revenues from the borrower's business, thereby increasing the risk of non-performing loans. Further, unlike residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans and commercial loans may be secured by collateral other than real estate, such as inventory and accounts receivable, the value of which may depreciate over time, may be more difficult to appraise or liquidate and may be more susceptible to fluctuation in value at default. In addition, the physical condition of non-owner-occupied properties may be below that of owner-occupied properties due to lax property maintenance standards, which have a negative impact on the value of the collateral properties. As our commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolios increase, and to the extent that we choose to take advantage of our greater lending limit and increase the average size of our commercial real estate loans and commercial loans, the corresponding risks and potential for losses from these loans may also increase.
 Our portfolio of loans with a higher risk of loss has and is expected to increase, which may lead to additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs, which would reduce our profits or cause losses.
 Our commercial real estate loan portfolio increased to $231.9 million, or 58.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 from $210.9 million, or 58.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2022. Our commercial loan portfolio increased to $47.9 million, or 12.0% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 from $43.7 million, or 12.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2022. We intend to continue our emphasis on originating commercial real estate and commercial loans. Many of these loans that we have recently put on our books have not been subjected to a prolonged period of unfavorable economic conditions. As a result, it is difficult to predict the future

 performance of this part of our loan portfolio. These loans may have delinquency or charge-off levels above our historical experience, which could adversely affect our future performance.
 If our allowance for credit losses is not sufficient to cover actual credit losses, our earnings could decrease.
 The Company adopted a new accounting standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL), effective January 1, 2023. CECL requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses. This represents a change from our previous method of recording allowances for credit losses that are probable.
 We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, we review our loans and our loss and delinquency experience, and we evaluate economic conditions. If our assumptions or the results of our analyses are incorrect, our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our allowance. In addition, our emphasis on loan growth and on increasing our portfolios of commercial real estate and commercial business loans, as well as any future credit deterioration, including as a result of COVID-19, could require us to increase our allowance for credit losses in the future. At December 31, 2023, our allowance for credit losses was 0.94% of total loans and 336.4% of non-performing loans.
 In addition, bank regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and, as a result of such reviews, we may be required to increase our provision for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. Any increase in our allowance for credit losses or loan charge-offs as a result of such review or otherwise may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Loan participations comprise a portion of our loan portfolio and a decrease in loan participations purchased could decrease profits and growth levels.
 During 2023, we increased our purchases of commercial real estate and commercial loan participations originated by other financial institutions, both within and outside of our primary market area, to help meet loan portfolio growth goals. The outstanding balance of loan participations purchased totaled $34.8 million, or 8.8% of total loans, and $31.6 million, or 8.7% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, the amount available for future draws totaled $30.7 million at December 31, 2023. Although we underwrite any loan participation as if we were originating the loan, a primary difference is that financial information is received from the lead financial institution and not directly from the borrower, and we rely on the lead lender to monitor the performance of the loan and provide information to us that we use to classify the loan and make any associated credit loss provisions. If our underwriting or monitoring of these loans or the information provided to us by the lead lender is not sufficient, our non-performing loans may increase and our earnings may decrease. Additionally, in circumstances where we hold a minority participation interest, we may be bound by decisions of the lead lender or majority interest to which we would otherwise object, and may need the consent of these other parties to exercise our rights with respect to a loan. Further, because participations factor into our growth strategy, our profits and loan growth could be significantly and adversely affected if the volume of loan participations materially decreases, whether because of loan demand declines, loan payoffs, lead lenders perceiving us as a potential competitor in their respective market areas, or otherwise.
 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities or properties we own.
 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties, or with respect to properties that we own in operating our business. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Our policies, which require us to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on non-residential real property, may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

 Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
 Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations.
 PyraMax Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Company is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board. Such regulation and supervision govern the activities in which an institution and its holding company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of the federal deposit insurance fund and the depositors of PyraMax Bank, rather than for our stockholders. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets and determination of the adequacy of the level of our allowance for credit losses. These regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance and monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations, control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in their interpretation by us and our independent accounting firm. These changes could materially impact, potentially even retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of operations.
 Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.
 The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are suspected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on pursuing acquisitions or establishing new branches. The policies and procedures we have adopted that are designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Furthermore, these rules and regulations continue to evolve and expand. We have not been subject to fines or other penalties, nor have we suffered business or reputational harm, as a result of money laundering activities in the past.
 We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact our return on equity, require us to raise additional capital, or limit our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares.
 Federal regulations establish minimum capital requirements for insured depository institutions, including minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, and define "capital" for calculating these ratios. The minimum capital requirements are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. The regulations also establish a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.5%, and the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%; and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the capital conservation buffer amount.
 The application of these capital requirements could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, and result in regulatory actions if we are unable to comply with such requirements. Specifically, PyraMax Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Company will be limited if it does not maintain the capital conservation buffer required by the capital rules, which may further limit the Company's ability to pay dividends to its stockholders. See "Supervision and Regulation—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Requirements."
 The Federal Reserve Board may require us to commit capital resources to support PyraMax Bank.
 Federal law requires that a holding company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the "source of strength" doctrine, the Federal Reserve Board may require a holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when the holding company may not have the resources to provide it and therefore the holding company may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital. Any loans by a holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a holding company's bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by the Company to make a required capital injection becomes more difficult and expensive and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which regulates the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks' reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. See "Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values" below.
 The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.
 We are an emerging growth company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.
 The Company is an emerging growth company. For as long as the Company continues to be an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, the Company also is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have also elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Investors may find our common stock less attractive since we have chosen to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the price of our common stock may be more volatile.
 Risks Related to Market Interest Rates
 Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values.
 Net interest income makes up a majority of our income and is based on the difference between (i) the interest income we earn on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and (ii) the interest expense we pay on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings.
 The rates we earn on our assets and the rates we pay on our liabilities are generally fixed for a contractual period of time. Like many savings institutions, our interest-bearing liabilities generally have shorter contractual maturities than our interest-earning assets. This imbalance can create significant earnings volatility because market interest rates change over time. We are unable to predict fluctuations of market interest rates, which are influenced by many factors.
 During 2022 and 2023, in response to accelerated inflation, the Federal Reserve implemented monetary tightening policies, resulting in significantly increased interest rates. The Federal Reserve has indicated that further rate increases may be necessary to curb inflation. In a period of rising interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may not increase as rapidly as the interest we pay on our liabilities. Changes in market interest rates may also affect the demand for the Company's products and services, the Company's ability to originate real estate loans, competition for deposits, the secondary mortgage market, our ability to realize gains from the sale of assets, and loan delinquencies and defaults, all of which ultimately affect earnings. Changes in interest rates may also affect the market value of the Company's investment securities portfolio.
 Conversely, in a period of declining interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may decrease more rapidly than the interest we pay on our liabilities, as borrowers prepay mortgage loans, and mortgage-backed securities and callable investment securities are called, requiring us to reinvest those cash flows at lower, current interest rates. This creates reinvestment risk, which is the risk that we may not be able to reinvest prepayments at rates that are comparable to the rates we earned on the prepaid loans or securities. Furthermore, an inverted interest rate yield curve, where short-term interest rates (which are usually the rates at which financial institutions borrow funds) are higher than long-term interest rates (which are usually the rates at which financial institutions

 lend funds for fixed-rate loans) can reduce a financial institution's net interest margin and create financial risk for financial institutions that originate longer-term, fixed rate mortgage loans.
 Any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Changes in the level of interest rates also may negatively affect the value of our assets and ultimately affect our earnings.
 We monitor interest rate risk through the use of simulation models, including estimates of the amounts by which the fair value of our assets and liabilities (our economic value of equity or "EVE") and our net interest income would change in the event of a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. As of December 31, 2023, in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point increase in interest rates, we estimate that we would experience a 6.4% decrease in EVE and a 5.9% increase in net interest income. As of December 31, 2023, in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, we estimate that we would experience a 6.2% increase in EVE and a 4.0% decrease in net interest income. For further discussion of how changes in interest rates could impact us, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management of Market Risk."
 Risks Related to our Business Strategy
 Our business strategy includes managed growth, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. Growing our operations could also cause our expenses to increase faster than our revenues.
 Our business strategy includes growth in loans and deposits. Achieving such growth will require us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market area. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including the ability of our executive officers to execute our business strategy to increase commercial real estate and commercial loans and to increase our new and existing customers' deposit relationships, our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competition from other financial institutions in our market area and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. Furthermore, there can be considerable costs involved in expanding lending capacity, and generally a period of time is required to generate the necessary revenues to offset these costs, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence. Accordingly, any such business expansion can be expected to negatively impact our earnings unless and until the expected benefits of such growth are achieved.
 We depend on our management team to implement our business strategy and execute successful operations and we could be harmed by the loss of their services.
 We depend on the services of the members of our senior management team who direct our strategy and operations. Our executive officers and lending personnel possess substantial expertise, extensive knowledge of our markets and key business relationships, and have been integral in the restructuring of our operations, including the implementation of a more aggressive sales culture within our institution. Any one of them could be difficult to replace. Our loss of these persons, or our inability to hire additional qualified personnel, could impact our ability to implement our business strategy and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to compete in our markets.

 A lack of liquidity could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

 Liquidity is essential to the Company's business. The Company relies on its ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment of its liabilities to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale and maturities of loans and securities and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on liquidity. The Company's most important source of funds is its deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk adjusted return, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, local and national economic conditions and the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as negative trends in the banking sector, the level of and/or composition of our uninsured deposits, demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers' disposable income, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, the Company would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase its funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity. Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities and/or loans, brokered deposits, borrowings from the FHLB and/or FRB discount window, and unsecured borrowings. The Company also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. The Company's access to funding sources in amounts

 adequate to finance or capitalize its activities, or on terms that are acceptable, could be impaired by factors that affect the Company directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, a decrease in the level of the Company's business activity as a result of a downturn in markets or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against the Company or the financial sector in general. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact the Company's ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on its liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our reliance on deposits, including brokered certificates of deposit, as a source of funds for loans and our other liquidity needs could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.
 We rely primarily on deposits for funds to make loans and provide for our other liquidity needs, including time deposits and, from time to time, brokered certificates of deposit (although as of December 31, 2023, we had no brokered deposits). Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff, which are strongly influenced by external factors such as changes in interest rates, local and national economic conditions, the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments, and perceptions of the stability of the financial services industry generally and of our institution specifically. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers' disposable income, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve, or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase our funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity.
 Certificates of deposit in particular may not be as stable as other types of deposits and, in the future, depositors may not renew those time deposits when they mature, or we may have to pay a higher rate of interest to attract or keep them or to replace them with other deposits or with funds from other sources. Not being able to attract those deposits or to keep or replace them as they mature may adversely affect our liquidity. Additionally, we are regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which requires us to maintain certain capital levels to be considered "well capitalized." If we fail to maintain these capital levels, we could lose our ability to obtain funding through brokered deposits. In addition, we may also be restricted from paying higher deposit rates to attract, keep or replace those deposits, which could have a negative effect on our operating results and the value of our common stock.

 While our Board of Directors takes an active role in cybersecurity risk tolerance, we rely to a large degree on management and outside consultants in overseeing cybersecurity risk management.

 Our Board of Directors takes an active role in the cybersecurity risk tolerance of the Company and all members receive cybersecurity training annually. The Board reviews the annual risk assessments and approves information technology policies, which include cybersecurity. Furthermore, our Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing all audit findings related to information technology general controls, internal and external vulnerability, and penetration testing. We also engage outside consultants to support our cybersecurity efforts. However, our directors do not have significant experience in cybersecurity risk management outside of the Company and therefore, its ability to fulfill its oversight function remains dependent on the input it receives from management and outside consultants.
 Our cost of operations is high relative to our revenues.
 The cost of generating our income is measured by our efficiency ratio (the ratio of non-interest expense to the sum of net interest income and non-interest income). Our efficiency ratio was 155.8% (110.2%, excluding the loss on sale of securities) and 100.7% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our efficiency ratio lags our peer group as our competitors for loans and deposits are often larger banks who can offer very competitive terms to originate and retain commercial real estate and commercial loans, as well as very competitive rates on deposit products. Additionally, our interest expense is higher than our peer group as our sources of funding tend to rely on FHLB advances more than our competitors. We have also had a series of significant one-time expenses over the last several years, including core data processing conversion, branch sale costs and expenses related to our healthcare coverage.
 We face additional risks due to our mortgage banking activities that could negatively impact net income and liquidity.
 We sell the majority of the fixed-rate conforming and eligible jumbo one-to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate. The sale of these loans generates noninterest income and are a source of liquidity for us. Disruption in the secondary market for residential mortgage loans could result in our inability to sell mortgage loans, which could negatively impact our liquidity position and earnings. In addition, declines in real estate values or increases in interest rates could reduce the potential for robust mortgage

 originations, which could negatively impact our earnings. As we do sell mortgage loans, we also face the risk that such loans may have been made in breach of our representations and warranties to the buyers and we could be forced to repurchase such loans or pay other damages.
 Gain on sales of loans comprises a significant portion of our revenue.
 The increase in mortgage interest rates has resulted in our net gain on sales of loans becoming a less meaningful component of our revenue. The gain on such sales for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $190,000 and $310,000, respectively. Any increase in market interest rates may reduce our mortgage loan originations, resulting in fewer loans available for sale. This would result in a decrease in our non-interest income. Further, when we sell loans, we are required to make customary representations and warranties about such loans to the purchaser. Our loan sale agreements may require us to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or indemnify investors if we breach certain representations and warranties made to purchasers. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of a payment default on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our ability to recognize the benefits of deferred tax assets is dependent on taxable income.
 The Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.
 We recognize the expected future tax benefit from deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that the tax benefit will be realized. Otherwise, a valuation allowance is applied against deferred tax assets, reducing the value of such assets. Assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires management to make significant estimates related to expectations of future taxable income from all sources, including reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies. Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecasted income from operations and the application of existing tax laws in each jurisdiction.
 Each quarter, the Company assesses its deferred tax asset position, including the recoverability of this asset or the need for a valuation allowance. This assessment takes into consideration positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that a portion of the asset will not be realized. If the Company is not able to recognize deferred tax assets in future periods, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.
 From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. In addition, we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development and introduction of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. Furthermore, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, the burden on management and our information technology of introducing any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.
 We evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions with consideration consisting of cash, debt, and/or equity securities may occur at any time. We would seek acquisition partners that offer us either significant market presence or the potential to expand our market footprint and improve profitability through economies of scale or expanded services.

 Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches may have an adverse effect on our financial results and may involve various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:
 • difficulty in estimating the value of the target company;

 • payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute our tangible book value and earnings per share in the short and long term;

 • potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target company;

 • exposure to potential asset quality problems of the target company;

 • potential volatility in reported income associated with goodwill impairment losses;

 • difficulty and expense of integrating the operations and personnel of the target company;

 • inability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits of the acquisition;

 • potential disruption to our business;

 • potential diversion of our management's time and attention;

 • the possible loss of key employees and customers of the target company; and

 • potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company.

 Risks Related to Economic Conditions
 A worsening of economic conditions in our market area could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and earnings.
 The success of our business depends on general economic conditions in the markets in which we operate, particularly southeastern Wisconsin. Difficult economic conditions or adverse changes in such local markets, whether caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, changes in housing or securities markets, or other factors, could reduce demand for our loans and deposits; increase problem loans, charge-offs and foreclosures; cause a decline in the value of collateral securing loans; and otherwise negatively affect our performance and financial condition.
 Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, civil unrest, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, an epidemic or pandemic, unemployment, the anticipation of any of these events, or other factors beyond our control could further impact these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations.
 Risks Related to Competitive Matters
 Strong competition within our market area may limit our growth and profitability.
 Competition in the banking and financial services industry is intense. We compete with commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms and unregulated or less regulated non-banking entities. Many of these competitors are substantially larger than us and have substantially greater resources and higher lending limits than we have and offer certain services that we do not or cannot provide. In addition, some of our competitors offer loans with lower interest rates and/or more attractive terms than loans we offer. Competition also makes it increasingly difficult and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete for business and qualified employees in our market areas. The greater resources and deposit and loan products offered by some of our competitors may limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets. For additional information see "Business of PyraMax Bank, FSB—Competition."
 Our small size may make it more difficult for us to compete.
 Our small asset size may make it more difficult to compete with other financial institutions that are larger and can more easily afford to invest in the marketing and technologies needed to attract and retain customers. Because our principal source of income is the net interest income we earn on our loans and investments after deducting interest paid on deposits and other sources of funds, our ability to generate the revenues needed to cover our expenses and finance such investments is limited by the size of our loan and investment portfolios. Accordingly, we are not always able to offer new products and services as quickly as our competitors. Lower earnings may also make it more difficult to offer competitive salaries and benefits. In addition, our smaller customer base may make it difficult to generate meaningful non-interest income from such activities as securities and insurance brokerage. Finally, as a smaller

 institution, we are disproportionately affected by the continually increasing costs of compliance with new banking and other regulations.
 Technology has made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products and made it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions.
 Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services, such as loans and payment services, that traditionally were banking products, and made it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions. Competition with non-banks, including financial technology ("fintech") companies, to provide financial products and services is intensifying. In particular, the activity of fintechs has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to continue to grow. In addition to fintechs, the large technology companies have begun to make efforts toward providing financial services directly to their customers and are expected to continue to explore new ways to do so. Many of these companies have fewer regulatory constraints, and some have lower cost structures, in part due to lack of physical locations. Some of these companies also have greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we currently have. Competition from non-banks and technology companies may cause us to increase the amount we spend on developing new products and services, including our mobile banking applications. Such competition may also prevent us from achieving our growth objectives.
 Risks Related to Operational Matters
 We face significant operational risks because of our reliance on technology. Our information technology systems may be subject to failure, interruption or security breaches.
 Information technology systems are critical to our business. Our business requires us to collect, process, transmit and store significant amounts of confidential information regarding our customers, employees and our own business, operations, plans and business strategies. We use various technology systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, securities investments, deposits, and loans. Our computer systems, data management and internal processes, as well as those of third parties, are integral to our performance. Our operational risks include the risk of malfeasance by employees or persons outside our company, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, systems failures or interruptions, breaches of our internal control systems and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. There have been increasing efforts by third parties to breach data security at financial institutions. Such attacks include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information, damages to systems, or other material disruptions to network access or business operations. Although we take protective measures and believe that we have not experienced any of the data breaches described above, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have an impact on information security. Because the techniques used to cause security breaches change frequently, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.
 In the event of a breakdown in our internal control systems, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions, or a breach of our security systems, including if confidential or proprietary information were to be mishandled, misused or lost, we could suffer financial loss, loss of customers and damage to our reputation, and face regulatory action or civil litigation. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits.
 In addition, we outsource a majority of our data processing requirements to third-party providers. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to the risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with our contractual agreements with them, or we also could be adversely affected if such an agreement is not renewed by the third-party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with those service providers, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel. To our knowledge, the services and programs provided to us by third parties have not experienced any material security breaches. However, the existence of cyber-attacks or security breaches at third parties with access to our data, such as vendors, may not be disclosed to us in a timely manner.
 We may not be able to successfully implement future information technology system enhancements, which could adversely affect our business operations and profitability.
 We invest significant resources in information technology system enhancements in order to provide functionality and security at an appropriate level. We may not be able to successfully implement and integrate future system enhancements, which could adversely

 impact the ability to provide timely and accurate financial information in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, which could result in sanctions from regulatory authorities. Such sanctions could include fines and suspension of trading in our stock, among others. In addition, future system enhancements could have higher than expected costs and/or result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase the costs associated with the implementation as well as ongoing operations.
 Failure to properly utilize system enhancements that are implemented in the future could result in impairment charges that adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and could result in significant costs to remediate or replace the defective components. In addition, we may incur significant training, licensing, maintenance, consulting and amortization expenses during and after systems implementations, and any such costs may continue for an extended period of time.
 Risks Related to Accounting Matters
 Changes in management's estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and our financial condition or operating results.
 In preparing our periodic reports, as well as periodic reports we will be required to file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our consolidated financial statements, our management is and will be required under applicable rules and regulations to make estimates and assumptions as of a specified date. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and experience as of that date and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses, fair value measurement (including the value of our mortgage servicing rights), valuation allowances associated with the realization of deferred tax assets and our determinations with respect to amounts owed for income taxes.
 Changes in accounting standards could affect reported earnings.
 The bodies responsible for establishing accounting standards, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory bodies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively.
 Our internal controls, procedures and policies may fail or be circumvented.
 Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Our recent shift to a remote working model due to COVID-19 has required us to modify some of these controls, which are approved in advance by management and reviewed by the financial reporting internal controls manager and through internal audits. Similar to our other systems of controls, these new modifications can provide only reasonable assurances that the objectives of the system are being met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Other Risks Related to Our Business
 We are a community bank and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business. The failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.
 We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area and contiguous areas. Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, cybersecurity incidents and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, customers, or environmental, social and governance matters, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers and employees, costly litigation and increased governmental regulation, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

 Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.
 We have been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings. We consider most of the proceedings to be in the normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and we may not prevail in any proceedings or litigation. There could be substantial costs and management diversion in such litigation and proceedings, and any adverse determination could have a materially adverse effect on our business, reputation, or our financial condition and results of our operations.
 Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.
 Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.
 Our existing stock-based benefit plans will increase our expenses and reduce our income, and may dilute your ownership interests.
 Our stockholders previously approved the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $678,000 in non-interest expense relating to these stock benefit plans, and we will recognize additional expenses in the future as additional grants are made and awards vest. No further grants will be made under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, which remains in existence solely for the purpose of administering outstanding grants thereunder. We may fund the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan either through open market purchases or from the issuance of authorized but unissued shares of common stock. Our ability to repurchase shares of common stock to fund this plan will be subject to many factors, including, but not limited to, applicable regulatory restrictions on stock repurchases, the availability of stock in the market, the trading price of the stock, our capital levels, alternative uses for our capital and our financial performance. Stockholders would experience a reduction in ownership interest in the event newly issued shares of our common stock are used to fund stock issuances under the plan.
 The impact of public health emergencies, like the COVID-19 outbreak, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 As the result of a public health emergency, including the COVID-19 pandemic, we could be subject to the following risks, among others, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations: a worsening of business and economic conditions; declines in demand for products and services; supply chain interruptions; government restrictions on consumer and business activities; increased loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures; increased to our allowance for credit losses; declines in the value of collateral for loans, especially real estate: loss or unavailability of key employees; unavailability of third-party service providers; increased FDIC insurance premiums; and increased operating expenses.
 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 ITEM 1C. Cybersecurity

 PyraMax Bank recognizes the critical importance of cybersecurity in maintaining the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of its systems and data. As a financial institution entrusted with sensitive customer information and financial assets, PyraMax Bank is committed to implementing robust cybersecurity risk management practices, strategies, and governance mechanisms.

 Our Information Security Officer is primarily responsible for this cybersecurity component and reports directly to the EVP-Chief Operations Officer. The Board of Directors has approved an Information Technology Steering Committee, which focuses on technology and business impact. The committee provides oversight and governance of the technology and information security programs. The committee is chaired by the ISO and compiled of managers throughout the entire company. The committee generally meets quarterly to provide oversight of the risk management strategy, standards, policies, practices, controls, mitigation and prevention efforts employed to manage security risks. More frequent meetings occur from time to time in accordance with the Incident Response Plan in order to facilitate timely information and monitoring efforts. The Information Security Officer reports summaries of key issues, including significant cybersecurity and/or privacy incidents, discussed at committee meetings and the actions taken in the IT Steering Committee to our board of directors on a quarterly basis (or more frequently as may be required by the Incident Response Plan).

 Cybersecurity Risk Management: PyraMax Bank employs a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity risk management to avoid or minimize the impacts of external threat events or other efforts to penetrate, disrupt or misuse our systems or information.
 1. Risk Assessment: Regular assessments of cybersecurity risks are conducted annually to identify potential threats, vulnerabilities, and their potential impact on the Bank's operations. These assessments encompass both internal and external factors affecting PyraMax's IT infrastructure and systems.

 2. Risk Mitigation: Upon identifying risks, PyraMax Bank's Information Security Program may be revised to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information. This involves deploying advanced security technologies, implementing security best practices, and ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulations.

 3. Monitoring and Response: PyraMax Bank maintains continuous monitoring capabilities to detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents promptly. Automated tools, as well as internal and external dedicated security teams, are utilized to monitor network traffic, system logs, and other relevant indicators of compromise.

 4. Audit and Testing: Independent third-party penetration testing, IT Control Audits, and vulnerability assessments are completed at least annually to test the effectiveness of security controls and preparedness measures (or more often if warranted by the risk assessment or other external factors). The Information Security Officer determines the scope and objectives of the penetration analysis. Results of audit and testing are reported to the IT Steering Committee for management and the board of directors for oversight.

 Cybersecurity Strategy: PyraMax Bank's cybersecurity strategy is aligned with its overall business objectives and risk appetite. Key components of the Bank's cybersecurity strategy include:
 1. Defense-in-Depth: PyraMax Bank employs a multi-layered approach to cybersecurity, incorporating multiple defensive measures at various levels of its IT infrastructure. This includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, endpoint protection, and data encryption.

 2. Employee Awareness and Training: PyraMax Bank recognizes that employees are a critical line of defense against cyber threats. Therefore, the Bank invests in comprehensive cybersecurity awareness training programs to educate employees about potential risks and best practices for safeguarding sensitive information.

 3. Vendor Risk Management: PyraMax Bank evaluates and manages the cybersecurity risks associated with third-party vendors. Vendor contracts include provisions for security requirements, regular assessments, and compliance with industry standards.

 4. Incident Response Plan: PyraMax Bank maintains an Incident Response Plan that provides a documented framework for responding to actual or potential cybersecurity incidents. The Incident Response Plan is coordinated through the Information Security Officer and key members of management are embedded into the Plan by its design. The Incident

 Response Plan if tested, reviewed, and approved by the IT Steering Committee annually and reported to the board of directors.

 Cybersecurity Governance: PyraMax Bank maintains a cybersecurity governance framework to ensure effective oversight and accountability. Key elements of the Bank's cybersecurity governance structure include:
 1. Board Oversight: The Board of Directors provides oversight of PyraMax Bank's cybersecurity posture, including reviewing and approving cybersecurity policies, strategies, testing, and investments.

 2. Executive Leadership Involvement: Senior management actively participate in setting cybersecurity objectives, allocating resources, and monitoring performance against established goals through the IT Steering Committee.

 3. Risk Committees: PyraMax Bank has established an IT Steering Committee responsible for overseeing cybersecurity risks and ensuring alignment with the Bank's overall risk management framework.

 PyraMax Bank remains committed to maintaining the highest standards of cybersecurity to protect the interests of its customers, shareholders, and other stakeholders. By implementing robust risk management practices, strategic initiatives, and effective governance mechanisms, PyraMax Bank strives to mitigate cybersecurity risks and safeguard its operations against evolving threats.
 ITEM 2. Properties
 As of December 31, 2023, the net book value of our real and personal properties, including land, was $5.2 million. The following is a list of our offices:

 Location

 Year
Opened

 Square
Footage

 Owned/
Leased

 Lease
Expiration
Date

 Net Book
Value

 Corporate Office:

 7001 West Edgerton Avenue Greenfield, WI 53220

 1980

 23,186

 Owned

 N/A

 $

 2,238

 Branch Offices:

 9000 West Drexel Avenue Franklin, WI 53132

 2004

 3,930

 Owned

 N/A

 1150 Washington Street Grafton, WI 53024 (1)

 2016

 5,700

 Leased

 2/28/2024

 405 Rivercrest Court Mukwonago, WI 53149

 1999

 3,097

 Owned

 N/A

 1015 Marquette Avenue South Milwaukee, WI 53172

 1972

 3,942

 Owned

 N/A

 1500 East Moreland Avenue Waukesha, WI 53186

 1969

 4,546

 Owned

 N/A

 1,279

 Total

 $

 5,182

 (1)The lease for the Grafton office was amended in January 2024, extending the lease expiration date to February 28, 2027.
 ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
 We are not involved in any pending legal proceedings as a plaintiff or defendant other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business, and at December 31, 2023, we were not involved in any legal proceedings, the outcome of which would be material to our financial condition or results of operations.
 ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Market, Holder and Dividend Information. The Company's common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol "BCOW." The approximate number of holders of record of the Company common stock as of March 20, 2024 was 362. Certain shares of the Company are held in "nominee" or "street" name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number.
 The Company does not currently pay cash dividends on its common stock. Dividend payments by the Company are dependent on dividends it receives from PyraMax Bank, because the Company has no source of income other than dividends from PyraMax Bank, earnings from the investment of proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock retained by the Company and interest payments with respect to the Company's loan to the Employee Stock Ownership Plan. See "Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Distributions."
 Common Stock Repurchases. The following table presents information regarding shares of our common stock repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2023.

 Period

 Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchases (1)

 Weighted Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)

 Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Plans or Programs

 Maximum Number of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs

 October 1 to October 31, 2023

 9,488

 6.67

 9,488

 575,472

 November 1 to November 30, 2023

 5,542

 6.28

 5,542

 569,930

 December 1 to December 31, 2023

 19,437

 6.81

 19,437

 550,493

 (1)On April 28, 2023, the Company adopted a second stock repurchase program. On June 9, 2023, the Company received a non-objection letter from the FRB permitting the Company to repurchase 621,522 shares of its common stock, which represented 10% of the shares outstanding at the time discussions were held with the FRB. The Company began purchasing shares on June 15, 2023 and as of December 31, 2023, the Company had repurchased 71,029 shares for a total purchase price of $501,000.
 ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
 ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist the reader in understanding and evaluating of the Company's financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the consolidated financial statements, footnotes, and supplemental financial data appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction therewith. The detailed discussion in the sections below focuses on the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 2022, and the financial condition as of December 31, 2023 compared to the financial condition as of December 31, 2022. For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, see "Part II, Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" Discussion of Results of Operations included in our 2022 Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 30, 2023. The information in this section has been derived from the audited financial statements, which appear beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Business Strategy
 Our goal is to provide long-term value to our stockholders, customers and employees and the communities we serve by executing a safe and sound business strategy that produces increasing earnings. We believe there is a significant opportunity for a community-focused bank to provide a full range of financial services to commercial and retail customers in our market area.

 Our current business strategy consists of the following:
 • Grow our balance sheet and improve profitability. Given our attractive market area, we believe we are well-positioned to increase the size of our balance sheet without a proportional increase in overhead expense or operating risk. Accordingly, we intend to increase, on a disciplined basis, our assets and liabilities, particularly loans and deposits. As we grow our assets, particularly higher-yielding commercial loans, while controlling our expenses, we anticipate improving our earnings.

 • Grow our loan portfolio prudently and on a managed basis with a focus on diversifying the portfolio, particularly in commercial real estate and commercial lending. Our principal business activity historically has been the origination of residential mortgage loans, supplemented with commercial real estate loans (which includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family, owner occupied commercial real estate and one- to four-family non-owner-occupied loans). We intend to retain our presence as a mortgage lender in our market area and continue to increase our origination of commercial real estate and commercial loans (which includes commercial and industrial loans) including loan participations purchased. Over the last several years, we have incrementally increased the amount of some of our commercial real estate and commercial loan originations to preferred borrowers, and we intend to continue to originate similarly-sized loans within our present underwriting standards.

 Increasing the number of larger commercial real estate loans and commercial business loan originations involves risk, as described in "Risk Factors—We have a substantial amount of commercial real estate and commercial loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans both directly and through participations. These loans involve credit risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations" and "Our portfolio of loans with a higher risk of loss has and is expected to increase, which may lead to additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs, which would reduce our profits or cause losses."
 • Continue to increase core deposits, with an emphasis on low-cost demand deposits. We seek core deposits to provide a stable source of funds to support loan growth at costs consistent with improving our net interest rate spread and margin. Core deposits also help us maintain loan-to-deposit ratios at levels consistent with regulatory expectations. We consider our core deposits to include checking accounts, money market accounts and statement savings. In particular, our Treasury Management unit focuses on generating and retaining business deposits, which assists in generating fee income.

 •

 • Manage credit risk to maintain a low level of non-performing assets. We believe strong asset quality is a key to our long-term financial success. Our strategy for credit risk management focuses on having an experienced team of credit professionals, well-defined policies and procedures, appropriate loan underwriting criteria and active credit monitoring. In recent years we have conducted an extensive review of, and have enhanced, our credit, underwriting and loan processing policies and procedures.

 • Continue to grow organically while being aware of acquisition opportunities. In addition to organic growth, we will also consider acquisition opportunities that we believe would enhance the value of our franchise and yield potential financial benefits for our stockholders. Although we believe opportunities exist to increase our market share in our historical markets, we expect to continue to expand into nearby markets in Wisconsin. We will consider expanding our branch network by establishing new ("de novo") branches and/or through acquisitions, although we have no current acquisitions or new branches planned.

 • Continue to provide value to our shareholders and our community. Our goal is to provide long-term value to our shareholders, customers, employees and the communities we serve by executing a safe and sound service-oriented business strategy that produces increasing earnings. We believe there is a significant opportunity for a community-focused bank to provide a full range of financial services to commercial and retail customers in our market area.

 Critical Accounting Policies
 The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical accounting policies. The estimates and assumptions that we use are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.
 The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an "emerging growth company" we may delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to

 public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.
 The following represent our critical accounting policies:
 Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans. Management's determination of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for loans (ACL-Loans) is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates and assumptions. The evaluation process involves gathering and interpreting many qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect our estimate of lifetime expected credit losses. Because interpretation and analysis involves judgment, current economic or business conditions can change, and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses and therefore the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans could change significantly.
 The allowance methodology applied by the Company is designed to assess the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans and includes allocations for individually evaluated credit-deteriorated loans and loss factor allocations for all remaining loans, with a component primarily based on historical loss rates and a component primarily based on other qualitative and environmental factors. The methodology includes evaluation and consideration of several factors, including but not limited to: management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio, evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, consideration of historical credit loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio segment, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the risk characteristics of specific loans or various loan segments, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, the fair value of underlying collateral, existing economic conditions, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect expected credit losses. In addition, the model considers reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to assess the collectability of future cash flows. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the ACL-Loans may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic conditions (both current and forecast) or circumstances underlying the collectability of loans. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the allocation of the ACL-Loans is made for analytical purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future credit losses in any particular loan category. The ACL-Loans is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio. Management believes the ACL-Loans is appropriate at December 31, 2023. The allowance analysis is reviewed by the board of directors on a quarterly basis.

 Consolidated net income and stockholders' equity could be affected if management's estimate of the ACL-Loans necessary to cover expected credit losses is subsequently materially different, requiring a change in the level of provision for credit losses to be recorded. While management uses currently available information to recognize expected credit losses on loans, future adjustments to the ACL-Loans may be necessary based on newly received appraisals, updated commercial customer financial statements, rapidly deteriorating customer cash flow, and changes in economic conditions or forecasts that affect the Company's customers. As an integral part of their examination process, federal regulatory agencies also review the ACL-Loans. Such agencies may require additions to the ACL-Loans or may require that certain loan balances be charged-off or downgraded into classified loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.
 Fair Value Measurements. The fair value of a financial instrument is defined as the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. We estimate the fair value of a financial instrument and any related asset impairment using a variety of valuation methods. Where financial instruments are actively traded and have quoted market prices, quoted market prices are used for fair value. When the financial instruments are not actively traded, other observable market inputs, such as quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, may be used, if available, to determine fair value. When observable market prices do not exist, we estimate fair value. These estimates are subjective in nature and any imprecision in estimating these factors can impact the amount of gain or loss recorded. A more detailed description of the fair values measured at each level of the fair value hierarchy and the methodology utilized by us can be found in Note 15 of the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements titled "Fair Value."
 Deferred Tax Assets. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income including consideration of applicable tax planning strategies. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets, which are inherently subjective, weigh all positive and negative evidence and are reviewed on a regular basis as regulatory and business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

 Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
 Total Assets. Total assets increased $14.6 million, or 2.7%, to $557.6 million at December 31, 2023, from $543.0 million at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $35.8 million increase in loans, net of deferred costs, partially offset by a $15.1 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents, a $4.9 million decrease in available-for-sale securities and a $2.2 million decrease in other assets.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $15.1 million, or 53.4%, to $13.2 million at December 31, 2023, from $28.3 million at December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to $109.0 million in principal payments on FHLB advances, the purchase of $50.3 million in available-for-sale securities, a $35.7 million increase in loans and the origination of $12.4 million in mortgage loans held for sale. These decreases were partially offset by $108.5 million in proceeds from FHLB advances, $44.4 million from proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities, a $16.0 million increase in deposits, $12.5 million from maturities and payments on available-for-sale securities and $12.1 million from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale.
 Available-for-Sale Securities. Available-for-sale securities decreased $4.9 million, or 4.3%, to $109.6 million at December 31, 2023, from $114.5 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to the sale of $44.4 million of available-for-sale securities, maturities, prepayments and calls of securities totaling $12.5 million and a $4.5 million net loss on the sale of available-for-sale securities. These decreases were partially offset by the purchase of $50.3 million in available-for-sale securities and a $6.2 million decrease in the unrealized loss on securities held within the portfolio.
 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company completed its first balance sheet repositioning strategy related to its investment portfolio. This strategy included the sale of $21.4 million in book value of its lower-yielding U.S. Treasury securities. Proceeds from the sale were used to purchase $21.4 million of U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed securities, which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. The purchased securities have a positive spread differential of approximately 456 basis points compared to the securities that were sold, which is anticipated to result in approximately $1.0 million in additional pre-tax earnings, on an annualized basis. The pre-tax loss on the sale of securities was $1.9 million, which the Company estimates will be recouped within approximately two years. The effective duration of the securities sold was 2.8 years, while the effective duration of the securities purchased is 1.7 years.

 During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company completed its second balance sheet repositioning strategy related to its investment portfolio. This strategy included the sale of $27.5 million in book value of its lower-yielding investment securities. Proceeds from the sale were used to purchase approximately $28.9 million of U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed securities, which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. The purchased securities have a positive spread differential of approximately 343 basis points compared to the securities that were sold, which is anticipated to result in approximately $1.0 million in additional pre-tax earnings, on an annualized basis. The pre-tax loss on the sale of securities was $2.6 million, which the Company estimates will be recouped within approximately 2.8 years. The effective duration of the securities sold was 3.6 years, while the effective duration of the securities purchased is 2.0 years.
 Loans Held for Sale. Loans held for sale increased $579,000, or 463.2%, from $125,000 at December 31, 2022 to $704,000 at December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the timing of loans originated as compared to the timing of loan sales. The volume of loans originated and sold continued to decline and remained relatively low during 2023, as a result of the higher interest rate environment and lower inventory of housing available in our market. Mortgage loan originations and sales were $12.4 million and $12.1 million, respectively, during 2023 compared to $21.9 million and $23.6 million, respectively, in 2022.
 Net loans. Loans held for investment, net of deferred costs, increased $35.8 million, or 9.9%, to $398.6 million at December 31, 2023 from $362.8 million at December 31, 2022. The majority of this growth was the result of a $21.0 million, or 10.0%, increase in commercial real estate loans, to $231.9 million, a $12.3 million, or 14.4%, increase in first mortgage residential real estate loans to $97.7 million and a $4.2 million, or 9.6%, increase in non-real estate commercial loans to $47.9 million. The growth in the level of commercial real estate and other commercial loans is consistent with the Company's long-term loan strategy to increase these types of loans within our portfolio. The Company also purchases loan participations from other financial institutions. The outstanding balance of loans purchased are included in the totals above and totaled $34.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and $31.6 million as of December 31, 2022. In addition, the amount available for future draws on these loans totaled $30.7 million at December 31, 2023. Loans purchased are primarily comprised of commercial real estate and other commercial loans. The increase in first mortgage loans is primarily due to an increase in adjustable rate mortgages, as a result of the current interest rate environment, which resulted in higher interest rates on fixed rate mortgages.
 Allowance for Credit Losses. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 which replaced the incurred loss methodology, which was previously used to calculate the allowance for loan losses, with an expected lifetime loss methodology ("CECL"), as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 resulted in an initial increase of $412,000 to the allowance for credit losses for loans ("ACL for loans") and the establishment of a $665,000 allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments ("ACL for unfunded loan commitments"). The ACL for loans is included as a separate line item on the Company's Consolidated Balance

 Sheets and the ACL for unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities. The total allowance for credit losses was $4.6 million at December 31, 2023.

 The ACL for loans was $3.7 million, or 0.94%, of loans, net of deferred costs, at December 31, 2023 compared to an allowance for credit losses of $3.2 million, or 0.89% of loans, net of deferred costs, at December 31, 2022. The increase in the ACL for loans was primarily the result of the $412,000 increase related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, a $90,000 provision for credit losses and $29,000 in net recoveries. The ACL for unfunded loan commitments was $875,000 at December 31, 2023. The increase in the ACL for unfunded loan commitments was primarily the result of the $665,000 increase related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and a $210,000 provision for credit losses. The additional provision was due to a $6.2 million increase in unfunded loan commitments which are expected to fund, from $41.1 million at December 31, 2022 to $47.3 million at December 31, 2023. Nonaccrual loans represented 0.28% of total loans at December 31, 2023, compared to 0.21% of total loans at December 31, 2022. Net recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $29,000 compared to net recoveries of $123,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Other Assets. Other assets decreased $2.2 million, or 19.6%, to $9.0 million at December 31, 2023, from $11.2 million at December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in net deferred tax assets, primarily a result of changes in Wisconsin tax law in July 2023 and a $590,000 decrease in other real estate owned as a result of the sale of the former branch facility in West Allis, Wisconsin.

 FHLB Stock. FHLB stock increased $800,000, or 23.5%, from $3.4 million at December 31, 2022 to $4.2 million at December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the requirement by the FHLB to hold additional stock, relative to the level of advances.
 Deposits. Deposits increased $16.0 million, or 4.1%, to $403.7 million at December 31, 2023, from $387.7 million at December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $81.6 million increase in certificates of deposit, partially offset by a $32.5 million decrease in money market deposits, a $14.0 million decrease in non-interest bearing checking deposits, a $3.6 million decrease in interest bearing checking deposits and a $15.5 million decrease in statement savings deposits. As market interest rates have increased, there has been a shift in our deposit mix from noninterest bearing checking accounts, negotiable order of withdrawal ("NOW") accounts, savings accounts and money market accounts into higher rate certificates of deposits as customers sought higher yields on their funds. The decrease in noninterest bearing and money market deposits was also partially due to the use of these funds by our commercial customers to fund their operations, as their borrowing cost have increased during the current interest rate environment.
 FHLB Advances. Borrowings, consisting entirely of FHLB advances, decreased $457,000, or 0.6%, to $71.0 million at December 31, 2023, from $71.5 million at December 31, 2022. The Company utilizes FHLB advances to partially fund loan growth. During 2023, the Company borrowed an additional $108.5 million in FHLB advances, which were offset by $109.0 million in maturities of and principal payments on outstanding FHLB advances.
 Total Equity. Total equity decreased $2.6 million, or 3.4%, to $72.8 million at December 31, 2023, from $75.4 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a net loss of $6.8 million, a $783,000 adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and the purchase of shares under the Company's stock repurchase plans in the amount of $702,000. These decreases were partially offset by a $4.9 million increase in accumulated other comprehensive income and $678,000 in stock compensation expense. The increase in accumulated other comprehensive income was primarily the result of the decrease in the unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities less realized losses on sale of available-for-sale securities, both net of taxes.
 Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
 Net Income. We recorded a net loss of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which represented a decrease of $6.7 million from a net loss of $148,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily the result of a $3.1 million decrease in noninterest income, a $2.1 million decrease in net interest income, a $763,000 increase in noninterest expense and a $559,000 increase in income tax expense.
 Interest and Dividend Income. Interest and dividend income increased $4.5 million, or 27.4%, to $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to a $3.4 million increase in interest income on loans, which increased from $13.6 million in 2022 to $17.0 million in 2023. The increase in interest income on loans was primarily due to a 56 basis point increase in the yield earned on loans, from 3.93% in 2022 to 4.49% in 2023 and a $33.0 million increase in the average amount of loans outstanding, from $346.0 million in 2022 to $379.0 million in 2023. The increase in the yield earned on loans was primarily due to the increase in market rates. The increase in the average balance of loans is consistent with the Company's strategy to grow the loan portfolio.
 Average interest-earning assets increased $4.6 million, or 0.9%, to $506.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $502.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The weighted average yield on interest-earning assets increased 85 basis points, to 4.12% for 2023, from 3.27% for 2022.

 Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $6.5 million, or 325.0%, to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $5.2 million increase in interest expense on deposits and a $1.3 million increase in interest expense on FHLB advances. The increase in interest expense on deposits was primarily due to an increase in the average cost of deposits of 172 basis points, from 0.40% in 2022 to 2.12% in 2023 and a $20.0 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits outstanding. The increase in interest expense on deposits was primarily due to the increase in market rates of interest and a shift in our deposit mix. As market rates increased, we experienced a decrease in noninterest bearing checking accounts and lower rate deposit accounts and an increase in higher rate certificates of deposit. From 2022 to 2023, the average balance of noninterest bearing checking accounts decreased $28.7 million, or 27.2%, NOW accounts decreased $4.8 million, or 13.6% and savings accounts decreased $14.3 million, or 21.4%. During the same period, the average balance of certificates of deposits increased $37.0 million, or 45.9% and money market accounts increased $2.1 million, or 2.2%. Interest expense on certificates of deposit increased $3.6 million from 2022 to 2023 as a result of the increase in average balance and also a 287 basis point increase in the average rate paid. Interest expense on money market accounts increased $1.4 million from 2022 to 2023 as a result of the increase in average balance and also a 147 basis point increase in the average rate paid.

 Interest expense on FHLB advances increased $1.3 million, or 154.0%, from $866,000 in 2022 to $2.2 million in 2023. This increase was primarily due to a 126 basis point increase in the average rate paid on the advances from 1.46% in 2022 to 2.72% in 2023 and a $21.2 million, or 35.6%, increase in the average balance outstanding, from $59.5 million in 2022 to $80.7 million in 2023. The increase in the average rate paid on FHLB advances was primarily due to the increase in market interest rates.
 Net Interest Income. Net interest income decreased $2.1 million, or 14.6%, from $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was the result of a $6.5 million increase in interest expense, partially offset by a $4.5 million increase in interest and dividend income. Our net interest spread decreased 78 basis points from 2.69% in 2022 to 1.91% in 2023. Our net interest margin decreased 45 basis points from 2.88% in 2022 to 2.43% in 2023.
 Provision for Credit Losses. The provision for credit losses was $300,000 for 2023, compared to a $222,000 provision for 2022. The increase in provision was primarily due to continued growth in the loan portfolio and an increase in unfunded loan commitments.
 Noninterest Income. Noninterest income decreased $3.1 million, or 182.4%, from $1.7 million for 2022 to ($1.4 million) for 2023. The decrease was primarily the result of a $4.5 million loss on the sale of available-for-sale securities. The loss on sale of securities was the result of the implementation of the Company's balance sheet repositioning strategies which were executed in the third and fourth quarters of 2023. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company completed its first balance sheet repositioning strategy related to its investment portfolio. This strategy included the sale of $21.4 million in book value of its lower-yielding U.S. Treasury securities. Proceeds from the sale was used to purchase $21.4 million of U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed securities, which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. The purchased securities have a positive spread differential of approximately 456 basis points compared to the securities that were sold, which is expected to result in approximately $1.0 million in additional pre-tax earnings, on an annualized basis. The pre-tax loss on the sale of securities was $1.9 million, which the Company estimates will be recouped within approximately two years. The effective duration of the securities sold was 2.8 years, while the effective duration of the securities purchased is 1.7 years. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company completed its second balance sheet repositioning strategy related to its investment portfolio. This strategy included the sale of $27.5 million in book value of its lower-yielding available-for-sale securities. Proceeds were used to purchase approximately $28.9 million of U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed securities, which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. The purchased securities have a positive spread differential of approximately 343 basis points compared to the securities that were sold, which is expected to result in approximately $1.0 million in additional pre-tax earnings, on an annualized basis. The pre-tax loss on the sale of securities was $2.6 million, which the Company estimates will be recouped within approximately 2.8 years. The effective duration of the securities sold was 3.6 years, while the effective duration of the securities purchased is 2.0 years.

 This decrease was partially offset by a $1.4 million increase in income (loss) associated with changes in the market value of equity securities, from an unrealized loss of $714,000 in 2022, to an unrealized gain of $663,000 in 2023. The increase in the market value of marketable equity securities was due to an increase in the market value of mutual funds held in our deferred compensation plan. We record an offsetting amount for the change in the market of equity securities in noninterest expense. Also offsetting the decrease, was a $220,000 increase in other noninterest income. This increase was primarily due to the $110,000 gain on the sale of the West Allis facility and a $157,000 gain from the collection of benefits from a bank owned life insurance policy.
 Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $700,000, or 4.3%, from $16.3 million in 2022 to $17.0 million in 2023. This increase was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in the market value of mutual funds held in our deferred compensation plan. We record an offsetting amount for the change in the market of equity securities in noninterest income. This increase was partially offset by a $347,000 decrease in salaries and employee benefits, a $227,000 decrease in other noninterest expenses and a $168,000 decrease in occupancy and equipment expense. The decrease in these expenses are primarily due to cost savings initiatives implemented by the Company.

 The Company has taken a number of cost savings initiatives to reduce salary and benefits related expenses. In April 2023, a reduction-in-force ("RIF") was implemented which resulted in the termination of five employees and a $575,000 reduction in annual salaries and benefits expense. Severance costs related to the RIF were $418,000. As part of the RIF, we eliminated the majority of our IT staff and outsourced our network administration to an external third party. The projected annual cost for these IT related services is expected to be $257,000. In addition to the RIF, the Company continued its initiative to review all open positions prior to rehiring. As a result of this

 initiative, we eliminated an additional ten full-time equivalent positions during 2023. The elimination of these ten positions is projected to result in a $1.0 million reduction in salaries and benefits expense, on an annual basis, for a total reduction of $1.6 million, including the RIF. In addition, we significantly adjusted our bonus program for 2023 (paid in 2024), which resulted in a $613,000 reduction in salaries and benefits expense for 2023. This included the elimination of projected bonuses for our three executive officers as well as a reduction in bonuses for other positions. The positive impact of these cost savings initiatives was offset by the $418,000 in severance costs related to the RIF, a $315,000 increase in stock-based compensation expense and $163,000 related to the buyout of the employment agreement of the Company's former Executive Vice President, which eliminated future payment obligations under the agreement. The increase in stock based compensation expense was primarily due to the issuance of stock options and awards granted in the third quarter of 2022 under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan.
 The reduction in noninterest expenses was also primarily due to cost savings initiatives by the Company, including a $211,000 reduction in professional and consulting services and a $55,000 reduction in insurance expense.
 Income Tax (Benefit) Expense. Income tax expense (benefit) was $388,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and ($171,000) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The increase in tax expense was primarily due to the enactment of 2023 Wisconsin Act 19 (the "Act"), on July 5, 2023, by the Wisconsin legislature. The Act contains a provision that provides financial institutions with a state tax-exemption for interest, fees and penalties earned on qualifying loans. For the exemption to apply, the loan must be $5 million or less, for primarily a business or agricultural purpose, and made to borrowers residing or located in Wisconsin. The exemption first applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, and applies to loans on the books as of January 1, 2023 and to new loans made after January 1, 2023, that meet the qualifications. As a result of this provision, the Company reversed $98,000 in income tax benefits which had been recorded during the first two quarters of 2023 and increased the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $1.8 million, resulting in a one-time $1.9 million increase in tax expense in the third quarter of 2023. The Company also anticipates that its Wisconsin state taxable income will be significantly reduced and/or eliminated in the future as a result of this provision.
 Deferred tax assets are deferred tax consequences attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards. After the deferred tax asset has been measured using the applicable enacted tax rate and provisions of the enacted tax law, it is then necessary to assess the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is needed when, based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred asset will not be realized. As required by generally accepted accounting principles, available evidence is weighted heavily on cumulative losses, with less weight placed on future projected profitability. Realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent on whether there will be sufficient future taxable income, including available tax strategies of the appropriate character in the period during which deductible temporary differences reverse or within the carryforward periods available under tax law.
 The Company has federal loss carryforwards of approximately $16.2 million as of December 31, 2023. Of this amount, $8.3 million represents tax loss carryforwards which have an indefinite carryforward period due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The remaining $7.9 million of losses begin to expire in 2030. The Company also has $515,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.
 The Company had an ownership change during 2021 which resulted in an annual limitation on the future utilization of both Federal and Wisconsin net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards.
 The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards totaling approximately $33.0 million as of December 31, 2023, that may be applied against future state taxable income and begin to expire in 2024. The Company also has $518,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income which begin to expire in 2024.
 Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit realization of the existing deferred tax assets. Such objective historical evidence limits the ability to consider projections for future growth as subjective evidence.
 On the basis of this evaluation, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, a valuation allowance of $3.1 million and $934,000, respectively, has been recorded to recognize only the portion of the deferred tax asset that is more likely than not to be realized, reducing our net deferred tax assets to $6.9 million and $8.3 million, at each respective date. The increase in the valuation allowance was primarily due to the Act. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.

 Average Balances and Yields. The following tables sets forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information at and for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments were made, as the effect thereof was not material. All average balances are daily average balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances, but have been reflected in the table as loans carrying a zero yield. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense.

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

Outstanding
Balance

 Interest and
Dividends

 Yield/Cost
Rate

Outstanding
Balance

 Interest and
Dividends

 Yield/Cost
Rate

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans(1)

 $

 379,028

 $

 17,029

 4.49

 %

 $

 345,964

 $

 13,584

 3.93

 %

 Securities available-for-sale

 108,503

 2,685

 2.47

 %

 125,529

 2,343

 1.87

 %

 Other interest-earning assets

 19,186

 1,141

 5.95

 %

 30,636

 1.67

 %

 Total interest-earning
 assets

 506,717

 20,855

 4.12

 %

 502,129

 16,438

 3.27

 %

 Non-interest-earning assets

 36,486

 35,474

 Total assets

 $

 543,203

 $

 537,603

 Interest-earning liabilities:

 NOW accounts

 $

 30,582

 $

 0.89

 %

 $

 35,426

 $

 0.21

 %

 Money market accounts

 98,306

 2,029

 2.06

 %

 96,182

 0.59

 %

 Savings accounts

 52,588

 0.05

 %

 66,928

 0.05

 %

 117,629

 4,020

 3.42

 %

 80,597

 0.55

 %

 Total interest-bearing
 deposits

 299,105

 6,346

 2.12

 %

 279,133

 1,116

 0.40

 %

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances

 80,702

 2,193

 2.72

 %

 59,491

 1.46

 %

 Other interest-bearing liabilities

 7,204

 0.07

 %

 7,404

 0.12

 %

 Total interest-bearing
 liabilities

 387,011

 8,544

 2.21

 %

 346,028

 1,991

 0.58

 %

 Non-interest-bearing deposits

 76,770

 105,372

 Other non-interest-bearing
 liabilities

 7,771

 6,620

 Total liabilities

 471,552

 458,020

 Total stockholders' equity

 71,651

 79,583

 Total liabilities and
 stockholders' equity

 $

 543,203

 $

 537,603

 Net interest income

 $

 12,311

 $

 14,447

 Net interest-earning assets

 $

 119,706

 $

 156,101

 Interest rate spread(2)

 1.91

 %

 2.69

 %

 Net interest margin(3)

 2.43

 %

 2.88

 %

 Average interest-earning
 assets to average interest-bearing
 liabilities

 130.93

 %

 145.11

 %

 (1) Includes net loan fees of ($47,000) for 2023 and $434,000 for 2022.

 (2) Interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate of interest-bearing liabilities.

 (3) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

 Rate/Volume Analysis
 The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in average rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior period average rate). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately, based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. There were no out-of-period items or adjustments included within the following table.

 Year Ended December 31,
2023 vs. 2022

 Increase (Decrease) Due to

 Volume

 Rate

 Total
Increase
(Decrease)

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans

 $

 1,373

 $

 2,072

 $

 3,445

 Securities

 (244

)

 Other

 (107

)

 Total interest-earning assets

 1,022

 3,395

 4,417

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 NOW

 (205

)

 (196

)

 Money market deposits

 (13

)

 (1,451

)

 (1,464

)

 Savings

 (289

)

 (3,289

)

 (3,578

)

 Total interest-bearing deposits

 (287

)

 (4,943

)

 (5,230

)

 Borrowings

 (387

)

 (940

)

 (1,327

)

 Other

 —

 Total interest-bearing liabilities

 (674

)

 (5,879

)

 (6,553

)

 Change in net interest income

 $

 $

 (2,484

)

 $

 (2,136

)

 Management of Market Risk
 General. Our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk because, as a financial institution, the majority of our assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Therefore, a principal part of our operations is to manage interest rate risk and limit the exposure of our financial condition and results of operations to changes in market interest rates. Our Asset/Liability Committee is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in our assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate, given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the policy and guidelines approved by our board of directors.
 Our asset/liability management strategy attempts to manage the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income, our primary source of earnings. Among the techniques we use to manage interest rate risk are:
 • originating commercial real estate and commercial loans, which tend to have shorter terms and higher interest rates than owner occupied one- to four-family residential real estate loans, and which generate customer relationships that can result in larger non-interest-bearing checking accounts;

 • selling substantially all of our conforming and eligible jumbo, longer-term, fixed-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans and retaining the non-conforming and shorter-term, fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, subject to market conditions and periodic review of our asset/liability management needs; and

 • reducing our dependence on jumbo and brokered certificates of deposit to support lending and investment activities and increasing our reliance on core deposits, including checking accounts and savings accounts, which are less interest rate sensitive than certificates of deposit.

 Our board of directors is responsible for the review and oversight of our executive management team and other essential operational staff which are responsible for our asset/liability analysis. These officers act as an Asset/Liability Committee and are charged with developing and implementing an asset/liability management plan. The committee meets at least quarterly to review pricing and liquidity needs and assess our interest rate risk. We currently utilize a third-party modeling program, prepared on a quarterly basis, to evaluate our sensitivity to changing interest rates, given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the board of directors.

 We do not engage in material hedging activities, such as engaging in futures, options or swap transactions, or investing in high-risk mortgage derivatives, such as collateralized mortgage obligation residual interests, real estate mortgage investment conduit residual interests or stripped mortgage-backed securities.
 The table below sets forth, as of December 31, 2023, the calculation of the estimated changes in our net interest income that would result from the designated immediate changes in the U.S. Treasury yield curve

 Change in Interest
Rates (basis points) (1)

 Net Interest Income
Year 1 Forecast

 Year 1 Change
from Level

 +400

 $

 13,899

 6.22

 %

 +300

 13,919

 6.37

 %

 +200

 13,861

 5.93

 %

 +100

 13,462

 2.88

 %

 Level

 13,086

 —

 %

 -100

 12,915

 (1.30

)%

 -200

 12,560

 (4.02

)%

 -300

 12,311

 (5.92

)%

 -400

 12,009

 (8.23

)%

 (1) Assumes an immediate uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

 Economic Value of Equity. We also monitor interest rate risk through the use of a simulation model that estimates the amounts by which the fair value of our assets and liabilities (our economic value of equity or "EVE") would change in the event of a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. The quarterly reports developed in the simulation model assist us in identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling interest rate risk to ensure compliance within our policy guidelines.
 The table below sets forth, as of December 31, 2023, the estimated changes in our EVE that would result from the designated instantaneous changes in market interest rates. Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results.

 Estimated Increase (Decrease) in EVE

 Basis Point ("bp") Change in Interest Rates(1)

 Estimated EVE(2)

 +400

 $

 58,154

 $

 (9,462

)

 (13.99

)%

 +300

 60,641

 (6,975

)

 (10.32

)%

 +200

 63,322

 (4,294

)

 (6.35

)%

 +100

 65,352

 (2,264

)

 (3.35

)%

 Level

 67,616

 —

 —

 -100

 70,000

 2,384

 3.53

 %

 -200

 71,793

 4,177

 6.18

 %

 -300

 72,025

 4,409

 6.52

 %

 -400

 69,400

 1,784

 2.64

 %

 (1) Assumes an instantaneous uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

 (2) EVE is the discounted present value of expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet contracts.

 Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurement. Modeling changes in EVE requires making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the EVE table presented assumes that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the EVE table provides an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on EVE and will differ from actual results.
 The table above indicates that at December 31, 2023, in the event of a 100-basis point increase in interest rates, we would have experienced a 3.35% decrease in our EVE and in the event of a 100-basis point decrease in interest rates, we would have experienced a 3.53% increase in our EVE. In the event of a 200-basis point increase in interest rates at December 31, 2023, we would have

 experienced a 6.35% decrease in our EVE and in the event of a 200-basis point decrease in interest rates, we would have experienced a 6.18% increase in our EVE.
 EVE calculations also may not reflect the fair values of financial instruments. For example, decreases in market interest rates can increase the fair values of our loans, deposits and borrowings.
 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Liquidity. Liquidity describes our ability to meet the financial obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Liquidity is primarily needed to meet the borrowing and deposit withdrawal requirements of our customers and to fund current and planned expenditures. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, FHLB advances, principal and interest payments on loans and securities, proceeds from the sale of loans, and proceeds from maturities of securities. At December 31, 2023, we had $71.0 million in advances outstanding, and had additional borrowing capacity of $100.9 million, from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, based on the level of qualifying collateral currently pledged to the FHLB. Additionally, at December 31, 2023, we had a $12.0 million federal funds line of credit with the BMO Harris Bank, none of which was drawn at December 31, 2023. We also had a $9.5 million line of credit at the Federal Reserve based on pledged commercial real estate loans of approximately $12.4 million at December 31, 2023. We had not drawn on the Federal Reserve line as of December 31, 2023.
 While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale investment securities. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period.
 Our cash flows are comprised of three primary classifications: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Net cash used in operating activities was $709,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $2.6 million net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily consisted of the origination of $12.4 million in mortgage loans held for sale and a net loss of $6.8 million, partially offset by $12.1 million in proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale and a $4.5 million net loss on the sale of available-for-sale securities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily consisted of $23.6 million in proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale, partially offset by $21.9 million in originations of mortgage loans held for sale. Net cash used in investing activities was $29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $55.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash used in investment activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted primarily of a $35.7 million net increase in loans and $50.3 million for the purchase of available-for-sale securities, partially offset by $44.4 million from proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities and $12.5 million from maturities, calls and payments on available-for-sale securities. Net cash used in investment activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted primarily of the purchase of $37.1 million of available-for-sale securities and a $36.3 million net increase in loans, partially offset by $19.0 million from maturities, calls and payments on available-for-sale securities. Net cash provided by financing activities was $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily resulted from borrowings of $108.5 million of FHLB advances and a $16.0 million increase in deposits, partially offset by $109.0 million in principal payments on FHLB advances. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily resulted from borrowings of $37.0 million of FHLB advances and a $3.2 million increase in deposits, partially offset by $21.0 million in principal payments on FHLB advances, $3.2 million to repurchase the company's common stock and $1.1 million to purchase additional shares for the company's ESOP.
 We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position. We monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments based on our current strategy to increase core deposits along with the continued use of FHLB advances as well as brokered certificates of deposits, as needed.
 Capital. At December 31, 2023, PyraMax Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements with total risk-based capital of $67.7 million, or 16.2% of adjusted total assets, which is above the well-capitalized required level of $41.7 million, or 10.0%. The Bank had tier 1 leverage capital of $63.1 million, or 11.2% of adjusted total assets, which is above the well-capitalized required level of $28.2 million, or 5.0%. Management is not aware of any conditions or events since December 31, 2023 that would have changed our regulatory capital classification of well-capitalized. For additional information, see Note 16 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
 Commitments. As a financial services provider, we routinely are a party to various financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risks, such as commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit. While these contractual obligations represent our potential future cash requirements, a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans we make. For additional information, see Note 11 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.

 Contractual Obligations. In the ordinary course of our operations, we enter into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include operating leases for premises and equipment, agreements with respect to borrowings and deposits, and agreements with respect to securities.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 For a discussion of the impact of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 of the notes to our financial statements.
 Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
 The financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The primary impact of inflation on our operations is reflected in increased operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates, generally, have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than does inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.
 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 For information regarding market risk, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis."
 ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning at page F-1.
 ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.
 ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
 (a) An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
 (b) The Bank's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Bank conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Bank's system on internal control over financial reporting was effective and met the criteria of the "Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)" as of December 31, 2023.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15-d15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.
 ITEM 9B. Other Information
 During the fourth quarter of 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Corporation's securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as that term is used in SEC regulations.
 ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 None

 ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the Code is available on the Company's website at www.pyramaxbank.com under "Investor Relations – Governance Documents."
 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.
 ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.
 ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 (a) Securities Authorized for Issuance under Stock-Based Compensation Plans

 Set forth below is information as of December 31, 2023 regarding the Company's equity compensation plans that have been approved by shareholders. The Company has no equity-based benefit plans, other than its employee stock ownership plan, that were not approved by shareholders.

 Number of
shares to be
issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options and
rights

average option
exercise price

 Number of
securities
remaining
available for
issuance
 under plan

 Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders

 744,407

 $

 8.30

 65,837

 (1) No further grants will be made under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, which remains in existence solely for the purpose of administering outstanding grants thereunder. On December 31, 2023, 600,110 options were outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $8.30 of which 229,818 were exercisable as of that date. On December 31, 2023, 144,297 restricted stock awards were nonvested with a weighted average grant date fair value of $8.95.

 (b) Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.
 (c) Security Ownership of Management

 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.
 (d) Changes in Control

 Management of the Company knows of no arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.
 ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.
 ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 31, 2024.

 ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)(1)

 Financial Statements

 The documents filed as a part of this Form 10-K are:

 (A)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 (B)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (C)

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (D)

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (E)

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (F)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (G)

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 (a)(2)

 Financial Statement Schedules

 All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the required information is inapplicable or has been included in the Notes to Financial Statements.

 (a)(3)

 Exhibits

 3.1

 Articles of Incorporation of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed March 11, 2021.)

 3.2

 Bylaws of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed March 11, 2021.)

 4.1

 Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed March 11, 2021.)

 4.2

 Description of the Company's Securities (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on March 29, 2022.)

 10.1

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, the Company and Richard Hurd (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on January 4, 2022)

 10.2

 First Amendment to Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, FSB, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. and Richard Hurd (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on October 4, 2022)

 10.3

 Employment Agreement between PyraMax Bank and David Ball (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed on March 11, 2021.)

 10.4

 First Amendment to Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, FSB, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. and David Ball (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on October 4, 2022)

 10.5

 Employment Agreement between PyraMax Bank and Monica Baker (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed March 11, 2021.)

 10.6

 First Amendment to Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, FSB, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. and Monica Baker (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on October 4, 2022)

 10.7

 Form of Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, the Company and Steven T. Klitzing (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on September 21, 2021)

 10.8

 First Amendment to Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, FSB, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. and Steven Klitzing (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-40609), filed on October 4, 2022)

 10.9

 Form of Employment Agreement among PyraMax Bank, the Company and Daniel Kempel (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File no. 001-40609), filed on October 13, 2021)

 10.10

 Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), initially filed March 11, 2021.)

 10.11

 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-254135), filed on May 5, 2021)

 10.12

 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Definitive Proxy Statement (file no. 001-40609), filed on July 18, 2022.)

 Subsidiaries

 Consent of Wipfli LLP (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm ID 344)

 31.1

 Certification required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2

 Certification required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 Clawback Policy

 Stockholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements*

 * Furnished, not filed

 ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc.

 Date: March 29, 2024

 By:

 /s/ David R. Ball

 David R. Ball
 Chief Executive Officer
 (Duly Authorized Representative)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signatures

 Title

 Date

 /s/ David R. Ball

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 David R. Ball

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Richard B. Hurd

 Richard B. Hurd

 /s/ Steven T. Klitzing

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Steven T. Klitzing

 /s/ Darrell Francis

 Chairman of the Board

 Darrell Francis

 /s/ Monica Baker

 Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and Director

 Monica Baker

 /s/ Clarence Harris

 Clarence Harris

 /s/ Kristina Hill

 Kristina Hill

 /s/ James Spiegelberg

 James Spiegelberg

 /s/ John Talsky

 John Talsky

 /s/ Gary Zenobi

 Gary Zenobi

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc.
 Greenfield, Wisconsin

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. and Subsidiary (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Wipfli LLP

 Wipfli LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.

 Atlanta, Georgia

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (In thousands, except share and per share data)

2023

2022

 Assets

 Cash and due from banks

 $

 11,220

 $

 26,029

 Fed funds sold

 2,030

 2,315

 Cash and cash equivalents

 13,250

 Marketable equity securities, stated at fair value

 3,625

 2,924

 Available-for-sale securities, stated at fair value (amortized cost $ 119,055 and $ 130,233)

 Loans held for sale

 Loans, net of deferred costs

 398,568

 362,777

 Allowance for credit losses for loans

 ( 3,734

)

 ( 3,203

)

 Total loans, net of deferred loan costs and allowance for credit losses

 394,834

 359,574

 Premises and equipment, net

 5,182

 5,451

 Mortgage servicing rights, net

 1,720

 1,860

 Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock, at cost

 4,164

 3,429

 Accrued interest receivable

 1,554

 1,257

 Cash value of life insurance

 14,027

 14,316

 Other assets

 8,988

 11,244

 TOTAL ASSETS

 $

 557,607

 $

 543,016

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Deposits

 $

 403,683

 $

 387,721

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 1,233

 1,029

 FHLB advances

 71,007

 71,464

 Accrued interest payable

 1,106

 Other liabilities

 7,817

 7,149

 TOTAL LIABILITIES

 484,846

 467,654

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023
 and December 31, 2022

 —

 —

 Common stock (par value $ 0.01 per share) Authorized - 90,000,000 shares at
 December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; Issued – 6,114,183 at
 December 31, 2023 and 6,236,168 at December 31, 2022 (includes 144,297 and
 211,349 unvested shares, respectively); Outstanding – 6,084,665 at
 December 31, 2023 and 6,206,105 at December 31, 2022 (includes 144,297 and
 211,349 unvested shares, respectively)

 Additional paid-in capital

 49,778

 49,931

 Unallocated common stock of Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), 434,062 and
 453,792 shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 ( 4,120

)

 ( 4,307

)

 Less treasury stock at cost, 29,518 shares at December 31, 2023 and 30,063 shares at December 31, 2022

 ( 295

)

 ( 301

)

 Retained earnings

 33,892

 41,468

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes

 ( 6,555

)

 ( 11,491

)

 Total stockholders' equity

 72,761

 75,362

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 $

 557,607

 $

 543,016

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (In thousands, except share per share data)

 Year ended

 2023

 2022

 Interest and dividend income:

 Loans, including fees

 $

 17,029

 $

 13,584

 Securities, taxable

 2,685

 2,343

 Other

 1,141

 Total interest and dividend income

 20,855

 16,438

 Interest expense:

 Interest-bearing deposits

 6,346

 1,116

 Borrowed funds

 2,193

 Other interest-bearing funds

 Total interest expense

 8,544

 1,991

 Net interest income

 12,311

 14,447

 Provision for credit losses

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses

 12,011

 14,225

 Noninterest income:

 Service charges and other fees

 Loan servicing, net

 Net gain on sale of loans

 Net loss on sale of securities

 ( 4,529

)

 —

 Increase in cash surrender value of insurance

 Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable equity securities

 ( 714

)

 Other

 Total noninterest income

 ( 1,371

)

 1,737

 Noninterest expense:

 Salaries and employee benefits

 10,145

 10,492

 Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable equity securities

 ( 714

)

 Advertising and promotions

 Data processing

 Occupancy and equipment

 1,156

 1,324

 FDIC assessment

 Other

 3,786

 4,013

 Total noninterest expense

 17,044

 16,281

 Loss before income taxes

 ( 6,404

)

 ( 319

)

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 ( 171

)

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 Loss per share:

 Basic

 $

 ( 1.23

)

 $

 ( 0.03

)

 Diluted(1)

 $

 ( 1.23

)

 $

 ( 0.03

)

 Average common shares outstanding:

 Basic

 5,533,959

 5,775,140

 Diluted(1)

 5,533,959

 5,775,140

 (1) Diluted loss per share and average shares outstanding excludes all common shares as their effect is anti-dilutive.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 Year ended

 2023

 2022

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the
 period on available-for-sale securities

 1,716

 ( 15,935

)

 Net realized losses on available-for-sale securities included in income

 4,529

 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before tax effect

 6,245

 ( 15,935

)

 Tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items

 ( 1,309

)

 4,302

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 4,936

 ( 11,633

)

 Comprehensive loss

 $

 ( 1,856

)

 $

 ( 11,781

)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Common Stock

 Additional Paid-In Capital

 Unallocated Common Stock of ESOP

 Treasury Stock

 Retained Earnings

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Total Stockholders' Equity

 Balance as of January 1, 2022

 $

 $

 52,805

 $

 ( 3,432

)

 $

 ( 301

)

 $

 41,615

 $

 $

 90,893

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 148

)

 —

 ( 148

)

 Other comprehensive loss

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 11,633

)

 ( 11,633

)

 Reimbursement of stock offering costs

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Purchase of 96,446 shares by ESOP

 —

 —

 ( 1,062

)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,062

)

 ESOP shares committed to be released ( 19,730 shares)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Repurchase and cancellation of shares-stock repurchase program ( 296,918 shares)

 ( 3

)

 ( 3,170

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 3,173

)

 Purchase and retirement of common stock

 —

 ( 81

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 81

)

 Restricted stock award grants

 ( 1

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock compensation expense

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Transactional rounding

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2022

 $

 $

 49,931

 $

 ( 4,307

)

 $

 ( 301

)

 $

 41,468

 $

 ( 11,491

)

 $

 75,362

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

)

 Other comprehensive income

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,936

 4,936

 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle due to adoption of ASU 2016-13

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 783

)

 —

 ( 783

)

 ESOP shares committed to be released ( 19,730 shares)

 —

 ( 58

)

 —

 —

 —

 Repurchase and cancellation of common stock-stock repurchase program ( 93,877 shares)

 ( 1

)

 ( 701

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 702

)

 Sale of common stock by Rabbi Trust

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Purchase and retirement of common stock

 —

 ( 91

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 91

)

 Stock options exercised ( 3,159 shares)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock compensation expense

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Transactional rounding

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1

)

 —

 ( 1

)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 $

 $

 49,778

 $

 ( 4,120

)

 $

 ( 295

)

 $

 33,892

 $

 ( 6,555

)

 $

 72,761

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 Year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash from operating activities

 Net amortization of investment securities

 Depreciation

 Provision for credit losses

 Gain on sale of other real estate owned

 ( 110

)

 —

 Net change in fair value of marketable equity securities

 ( 663

)

 Net loss on sale of available for sale securities

 4,529

 —

 Stock compensation expense

 Deferred income tax expense (benefit)

 ( 171

)

 Originations of mortgage loans held for sale

 ( 12,445

)

 ( 21,941

)

 Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale

 12,056

 23,634

 Net gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale

 ( 190

)

 ( 310

)

 ESOP compensation

 Net change in cash value of life insurance

 ( 432

)

 ( 424

)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities

 Net change in mortgage servicing rights

 Accrued interest receivable and other assets

 ( 520

)

 Accrued interest payable and other liabilities

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 ( 709

)

 2,585

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities

 44,437

 —

 Maturities, prepayments, and calls of available-for-sale securities

 12,479

 19,006

 Purchases of available-for-sale securities

 ( 50,349

)

 ( 37,138

)

 Purchase of marketable equity securities

 ( 100

)

 ( 94

)

 Net increase in loans

 ( 35,728

)

 ( 36,331

)

 Net increase in FHLB stock, net

 ( 735

)

 ( 397

)

 Proceeds from cash value life insurance death benefits

 —

 Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned

 —

 Distribution of marketable equity securities

 —

 Net capital expenditures for premises and equipment

 ( 812

)

 ( 187

)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 29,320

)

 ( 55,141

)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Net increase in deposits

 15,962

 3,220

 Net increase (decrease) in advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 ( 831

)

 Proceeds from the issuance of Federal Home Loan Bank advances

 108,500

 37,000

 Principal payments on Federal Home Loan Bank advances

 ( 108,957

)

 ( 20,978

)

 Reimbursement of stock offering costs

 —

 Stock options exercised

 Repurchase and cancellation of common stock

 ( 702

)

 ( 3,173

)

 Purchase and retirement of common stock

 ( 91

)

 ( 81

)

 Purchases of ESOP shares

 —

 ( 1,062

)

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 14,935

 14,097

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 15,094

)

 ( 38,459

)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

 66,803

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

 $

 13,250

 $

 Supplemental cash flow information

 Cash paid during the year for interest

 $

 7,729

 $

 1,809

 Noncash activities

 Loans transferred to held for sale

 —

 Change in right-of-use lease asset and liability

 —

 NOTE 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Organization
 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the "Company", "New 1895 Bancorp") was formed to serve as the stock holding company for PyraMax Bank, FSB (the "Bank") as part of the mutual-to-stock conversion of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC. Upon completion of the conversion, which occurred on July 14, 2021, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC and 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, a federal corporation ("Old 1895 Bancorp") ceased to exist and New 1895 Bancorp became the successor corporation to Old 1895 Bancorp. The conversion was accomplished by the merger of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC with and into Old 1895 Bancorp followed by the merger of Old 1895 Bancorp with and into New 1895 Bancorp. The shares of New 1895 Bancorp common stock that were offered for sale in connection with the conversion represented the majority ownership interest in Old 1895 Bancorp owned by 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC. On July 14, 2021, public stockholders of Old 1895 Bancorp received 1.3163 shares of common stock of New 1895 Bancorp in exchange for each of their shares of Old 1895 Bancorp. The shares of Old 1895 Bancorp common stock owned by 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC were canceled at that time. The conversion and offering were completed on July 14, 2021, and New 1895 Bancorp was organized as a fully public stock holding company, with 100 % of the common stock being held by the public. The audited consolidated financial statements and other financial information contained in these consolidated financial statements are for New 1895 Bancorp.
 The cost of the reorganization and the issuing of the common stock totaling $ 2.0 million were deferred and deducted from the sales proceeds of the offering.
 PyraMax Bank is a stock savings bank headquartered in Greenfield, Wisconsin. PyraMax Bank operates as a full-service financial institution, providing a full range of financial services, including the granting of commercial, residential, and consumer loans and acceptance of deposits from individual customers and small businesses in the metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, area. PyraMax Bank is subject to competition from other financial and nonfinancial institutions providing financial products. In addition, PyraMax Bank is subject to the regulations of certain regulatory agencies and undergoes periodic examination by those regulatory agencies.
 Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act

 On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the "JOBS Act") was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies and define an "emerging growth company." As an emerging growth company, the Company may delay adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that the standards are required to be adopted by non-issuer companies. If such standards would not apply to non-issuer companies, no deferral would be applicable. The Company intends to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition periods allowed under the JOBS Act.

 Accordingly, the Company's financial statements may not be comparable to those of public companies that adopt new or revised financial accounting standards as of an earlier date. The effective dates of the recent accounting standards in Note 1 reflect those that relate to non-issuer companies.

 Use of Estimates
 In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, mortgage servicing rights, the fair values of financial instruments, and the valuation of deferred income tax assets.

 Revenue Recognition
 Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), established principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.
 The majority of the Company's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to Topic 606, including all interest and dividend income generated from financial instruments. Certain noninterest income items, including loan servicing income, gain on sales of loans, gain on sales of securities, and other noninterest income have been evaluated to not fall within the scope of Topic 606. Elements of noninterest income that are within Topic 606 are as follows:
 Fee income on deposit accounts – Revenue from fees charged on deposit accounts is earned through deposit-related services; as well as account maintenance and management, overdraft, non-sufficient funds and other deposit-related fees. Revenue is recognized

 either over time, corresponding with the deposit accounts' monthly cycle, or at a point in time when transactional based fees and services occur. The review of service charges assessed on deposit accounts included the amount of variable consideration that is a part of the monthly charges.
 Sale of foreclosed assets – Revenue from the sale of foreclosed assets is recognized at a point in time when control of the promised asset transfers to the buyer. The Company uses the following indicators to determine when control of a promised asset has been transferred: the seller has a present right to payment for the asset; the buyer has legal title of the asset; the seller has transferred physical possession of the asset; the buyer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset; or the buyer has accepted the asset.
 Merchant card arrangement fees – Customers use a Bank-issued debit or credit card to purchase goods and services, and the Company earns interchange fees on these transactions, typically a percentage of the sale amount of the transaction. The Company records the amount due when it receives the settlement from the payment network. Payments from the payment network are received and recorded into income on a daily basis. There are no contingent debit or credit card interchange fees recorded by the Company that could be subject to a clawback in future periods.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing accounts in other financial institutions, and federal funds sold, all of which have original maturities of three months or less.

 Marketable Equity Securities
 The Company holds marketable equity securities, which have a readily determinable fair value, and consist of mutual fund investments and common equity. These securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, due to change in fair value, reflected in noninterest income. Gains and losses on the sale of marketable equity securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific-identification method. The portion of unrealized gains (losses) for the period related to marketable equity securities still held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 663 and ($ 714), respectively.
 Available-for-Sale Securities
 Securities classified as available-for-sale are those securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available for sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company's assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital requirements, and other similar factors. Securities classified as available for sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses are reported as increases or decreases in other comprehensive income (loss), net of the related deferred tax effect. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific-identification method. Interest and dividends on available securities are recognized as income when earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts for noncallable securities are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the estimated lives of the securities. The estimated lives of callable securities are calculated using the first call date. The Company excludes accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of securities available for sale when estimating credit losses and when presenting required disclosures in the financial statements. Accrued interest on securities available for sale totaling $ 473 and $ 382 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was excluded from the amortized cost basis of securities available for sale. The accrual of interest on a security available for sale is discontinued when management believes the issuer will be unable to make payments as they become due. When securities are placed on nonaccrual status, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against income. No accrued interest was written off during 2023 and 2022.

 Credit Losses for Available-for-Sale Securities
 For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria are met, the Company will write-down the security to fair value as a component of current period earnings. For available-for-sale securities that do not meet either of these criteria, the Company determines whether the decline is value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This evaluation takes into consideration current market conditions, issuer rating changes and trends, the credit worthiness of the obligator of the security, current analysts' evaluations, and failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments. If the Company determines a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are less than the amortized cost, an allowance for credit losses is recorded, which is limited by the amount the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that is not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

 Loans Held for Sale
 Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value in the aggregate. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Gains or losses on sales of mortgage loans are recognized based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related mortgage loan sold.

 Loans
 Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for deferred loan fees and costs, charge-offs, and an allowance for credit losses. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to income based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan-origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.
 The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in the opinion of management, there is an indication that the borrower may be unable to make payments as they become due. When loans are placed on non-accrual status or charged off, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is subsequently accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 Under the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model, the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on financial assets is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the financial assets' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. The CECL model also applies to certain off-balance sheet credit exposures.

 The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses on loans based on the underlying assets' amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income at the time of this determination. This write-off will occur within 90 days of the determination that the collection of principal becomes uncertain. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis and therefore excludes it from the measurement of the allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest on loans totaling $ 1.1 million and $ 874 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was excluded from the amortized cost basis of loans.

 Expected credit losses are reflected in the allowance for credit losses through a charge to provision for credit losses. The Company's estimate of the allowance for credit losses reflects credit losses currently expected over the remaining contractual life of the assets. When the Company deems all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible, the appropriate amount is written off and the allowance for credit losses is reduced by the same amount. The Company applies judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible. When available information confirms that specific financial assets, or portions thereof, are uncollectible, these amounts are charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.
 The Company measures the allowance for credit losses of financial assets on a collective portfolio segment basis when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:

 Commercial real estate: These loans are dependent on the industries tied to these loans. Commercial real estate loans are secured primarily by office and industrial buildings, warehouses, small retail shopping facilities, and various special-purpose properties, including hotels and restaurants. Financial information is obtained from borrowers and/or the individual project to evaluate cash flow sufficiency to service debt and is periodically updated during the life of the loan. Loan performance may be adversely affected by factors impacting the general economy or conditions specific to the real estate market, such as geographic location and/or property type.

 Land development: These loans are secured by vacant land and/or property that are in the process of improvement, including (a) land development preparatory to erecting vertical improvements or (b) the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, residential, or farm buildings. Repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third parties or the successful completion of the improvements by the builder for the end user. In the event a loan is made on property that is not yet improved for the planned development, there is the risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Construction loans also run the risk that improvements will not be completed on time or in accordance with specifications and projected costs.

 Commercial Other: This loan category is comprised of commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans are extended primarily to small and middle market customers. Such credits typically comprise working capital loans, asset acquisition loans, and loans for other business purposes. Loans to closely held businesses are generally guaranteed in full by the owners of the business. Commercial and industrial loans are made based primarily on the historical and projected cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of the borrowers, however, may not behave as forecasted and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value due to economic or individual performance factors. Minimum standards and underwriting guidelines have been established for commercial and industrial loans.

 Residential real estate: These loans are generally to individuals and are underwritten by evaluating the credit history of the borrower, the ability of the borrower to meet the debt service requirements of the loan and total debt obligations, the underlying collateral, and the loan to collateral value. Underwriting standards for residential real estate owner-occupied loans are heavily influenced by statutory requirements, which include, but are not limited to, loan-to-value and affordability ratios, risk-based pricing strategies, and documentation requirements.

 Consumer: These loans may take the form of installment loans, demand loans, or single payment loans, and are extended to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures. These loans generally include direct consumer automobile loans and credit card loans. Also included in this category are junior liens on 1-4 family residential properties. These loans are generally smaller in size and are underwritten by evaluating the credit history of the borrower, the ability of the borrower to meet the debt service requirements of the loan and total debt obligations.

 The Company further segments the commercial loan portfolios by risk rating and the residential and consumer loan portfolios by delinquency.

 The Company utilizes the weighted average remaining maturity methodology to measure the ACL. This methodology incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information to assess lifetime expected credit losses at the portfolio segment level. The quantitative component includes the calculation of loss rates that are based on historical lookback periods. The Company calculates a loss rate based on historical loan level loss experience for portfolio segments with similar risk characteristics. The historical loss rate is adjusted for select macroeconomic variables that consider both historical trends as well as forecasted trends. The Company utilizes a period of two years for these forecasted trends, with immediate reversion. The Company measures expected credit losses of these financial assets by applying loss rates to the amortized cost basis of each asset taking into consideration amortization, prepayment and default assumptions.

 The Company considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. Qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments will not be made for information that has already been considered and included in the quantitative component. Qualitative loss factors are based on management's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data, changes in loan composition, performance trends, regulatory changes, uncertainty of macroeconomic forecasts, and other asset specific risk characteristics.

 Prior to January 1, 2023, the Company used an incurred loss model to estimate the allowance for loan losses. This methodology included allocations for specifically identified impaired loans and loss factors for all remaining loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information, it is probable that the Company will not collect all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The allowance for impaired loans was generally based on the present value of expected future cash flows or the fair value of the collateral. Loans that were not determined to be impaired were collectively evaluated for impairment based on loan segments with similar risk characteristics and the historical loss rates for each for each segment and other qualitative factors.

 Collateral Dependent Financial Assets

 For collateral dependent financial assets where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. Fair value is generally calculated based on the value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell.

 Loan Commitments and Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

 Financial assets include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The Company's exposure to loan credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.
 The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures through a charge to provision for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by portfolio segment at each balance sheet date under the CECL model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration management's assumption of the likelihood that funding will occur, and is included in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Premises and Equipment
 Depreciable assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Provisions for depreciation are computed on straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

 Operating Leases
 The Company accounts for its operating leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, which requires lessees to record all leases with a term longer than 12 months on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and lease liability for leases. Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company's current lease agreement is classified as an operating lease. The operating lease right-of-use asset represents the right to use an underlying asset during the lease term (included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets), while the operating lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease (included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets). The right-of-use asset and lease liability are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments, considering a discount rate that represents the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recognized in occupancy and equipment on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 5 for additional information and disclosures on operating leases.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights
 The Company sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and, on a selective basis, retains the right to service the loans sold. Upon sale, a mortgage servicing rights asset is capitalized, which represents the then current fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. Mortgage servicing rights, when purchased, are initially recorded at fair value. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized over the period of estimated net servicing income, and assessed for impairment at each reporting date. Mortgage servicing rights are carried at the lower of the initial capitalized amount, net of accumulated amortization, or estimated fair value, and are included in other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. To the extent that the Company sells mortgage servicing rights, a gain is recognized for the amount of which sale proceeds exceed the remaining unamortized cost of the servicing rights that were sold. Recognized gains on sale of mortgage servicing rights are included in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of operations.
 The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is estimated using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as costs to service, a discount rate, the custodial earnings rate, ancillary income, default rates and losses, and prepayment speeds. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights may change because of changes in the discount rates, prepayment expectations, default rates, and other factors. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized into income in proportion to and over the period of the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.
 Mortgage servicing rights are evaluated for impairment at each reporting date and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The evaluation includes stratifying the mortgage servicing rights by predominant characteristics such as interest rates and terms and estimating fair value of each stratum. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual stratum to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount for the stratum.

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
 The Company's investment in Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock is carried at cost. The Company is required to hold the stock as a member of the FHLB, and transfer of the stock is substantially restricted. The stock is pledged as collateral for outstanding FHLB advances. The stock is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis.

 Foreclosed Assets
 Assets acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management, and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in net foreclosed asset expense. There were no foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no residential real estate loans in process of foreclosure at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Cash value of life insurance
 The Company purchased bank owned life insurance on the lives of certain employees. The Company is the beneficiary of the life insurance policies. The cash surrender value of life insurance is reported at the amount that would be received in cash if the policies were surrendered. Increases in the cash value of the policies and proceeds of death benefits received are recorded in noninterest income. The increase in cash value of life insurance is not subject to income taxes, as long as the Company has the intent and ability to hold the policies until the death benefits are received.

 Income Taxes
 Amounts provided for income tax expense are based on income reported for financial statement purposes and do not necessarily represent amounts currently payable under tax laws. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed annually for differences between the financial statement and income tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income including consideration of applicable tax planning strategies. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets, which are inherently subjective, weigh all positive and negative evidence and are reviewed on a regular basis as regulatory and business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to increase the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.
 As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. The differences relate principally to the allowances for credit losses, deferred compensation, and mortgage servicing rights. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
 The tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the consolidated financial statements only if the position is more likely than not to be sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its consolidated financial statements.
 The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax issues as components of income tax expense. During the periods shown, the Company did not recognize any interest or penalties related to income tax expense in its statements of operations.

 Employee Benefit Plans
 The Company has employee benefit plans for qualified employees. The Company's policy is to fund contributions as accrued.

 Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments
 In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into off-balance-sheet financial instruments including commitments to extend credit, unfunded commitments under lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when they become payable.

 Transfers of Financial Assets
 Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

 Rate Lock Commitments
 The Company enters into commitments to originate loans, whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (rate lock commitments). Rate lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. Accordingly, such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in other assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the net gain or loss on sale of mortgage loans. Fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and for fixed-rate commitments also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates.

 Advertising
 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.

 Other Comprehensive Loss
 Other comprehensive loss is shown on the statements of comprehensive loss. The Company's accumulated other comprehensive loss is composed of the unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale, net of tax and is shown on the statements of changes in stockholders' equity. Reclassification adjustments out of other comprehensive loss for losses realized on sales of securities available for sale comprise the entire balance of "net loss on sale of securities" on the statements of operations. As part of this reclassification, income tax expense of approximately $ 951 and $ 0 was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in "income tax expense (benefit)" on the statements of operations.

 Reclassifications
 Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2022 consolidated financial statements to conform to the 2023 classifications.
 Subsequent events
 Management has reviewed the Company's operations for potential disclosure or financial statement impacts related to events occurring after December 31, 2023, but prior to the release of these consolidated financial statements.
 There were no additional subsequent event disclosures or financial statement impacts related to events occurring after December 31, 2023 that warranted adjustment to or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), as amended. ASU 2016-13 requires organizations to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 resulted in an initial increase of $ 412,000 to the ACL for loans and the establishment of a $ 665,000 ACL for unfunded loan commitments. The ACL for unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The after-tax cumulative-effect adjustment of $ 783,000 was recorded in retained earnings as of January 1, 2023.
 In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, ASU 2022-02 requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023

 New Accounting Standards That Have Not Yet Been Adopted

 The following Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") have been issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") and may impact the Company's consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods:

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, that requires presentation of specific categories of reconciling items, as well reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, in the reconciliation between the income tax provision and the income tax provision using statutory tax rates. The standard also requires disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction with separate disclosure of income taxes paid to individual jurisdictions that meet a quantitative threshold. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, on a prospective basis. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting standard to have an impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements but will require certain additional disclosures.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, that requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The standard also requires disclosure of the composition of other segment items included in the measure of segment profit or loss that are not separately disclosed. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting standard to have an impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 NOTE 2 — Cash and Due from Banks
 Under Regulation D, savings institutions are generally required to maintain reserve balances in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank, based upon a percentage of deposits. Effective March 12, 2021, the Federal Reserve Board reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent, eliminating the requirement to maintain reserve balances in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank. This reduction in reserve requirement ratios does not have a defined timeframe and may be revised by the Federal Reserve Board in the future.
 In the normal course of business, the Company maintains cash and due from bank balances with correspondent banks. Balances in these accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's insured limit of $ 250,000. Management believes these financial institutions have strong credit ratings and that the credit risk related to these deposits is minimal.

 NOTE 3— Available for Sale Securities
 Amortized costs and fair values of available for sale securities are summarized as follows:

 Amortized Cost

 Gross Unrealized Gains

 Gross Unrealized Losses

 17,043

 ( 2,815

)

 14,231

 97,674

 ( 6,960

)

 3,593

 —

 ( 21

)

 3,572

 —

 ( 8

)

 Total

 $

 119,055

 $

 $

 ( 9,804

)

 $

 Amortized Cost

 Gross Unrealized Gains

 Gross Unrealized Losses

 U.S. Treasury notes

 $

 29,597

 $

 —

 $

 ( 2,970

)

 $

 21,379

 ( 3,729

)

 17,656

 73,235

 $

 —

 ( 8,968

)

 64,267

 4,563

 $

 —

 ( 46

)

 4,517

 1,459

 $

 —

 ( 34

)

 1,425

 Total

 $

 130,233

 $

 $

 ( 15,747

)

 $

 Fair values of securities are estimated based on financial models or prices paid for similar securities. It is possible interest rates could change considerably, resulting in a material change in estimated fair value.
 The Company's mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government sponsored enterprises are guaranteed by one of the following government enterprises: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae.
 The fair value of available-for-sale securities that were pledged as collateral at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $ 426 and $ 3.6 million, respectively.

 The amortized costs and fair values of available-for-sale securities, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. In addition, expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities for mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, as the expected repayment terms may be less than the underlying mortgage pool contractual maturities. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the maturity summary below.

 Amortized Cost

 Debt and other securities:

 Due in one year or less

 $

 $

 Due after one through 5 years

 1,070

 1,054

 Due after 5 through 10 years

 12,774

 10,645

 Due after 10 years

 3,114

 2,448

 Total debt and other securities

 17,788

 14,968

 Mortgage-related securities

 97,674

 3,593

 3,572

 Total

 $

 119,055

 $

 Gross unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and the fair values of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows:

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Total

 Obligations of states and political
 subdivisions

 —

 —

 13,889

 ( 2,815

)

 13,889

 ( 2,815

)

 Government-sponsored mortgage-backed
 securities

 —

 —

 40,983

 ( 6,960

)

 40,983

 ( 6,960

)

 1,740

 ( 5

)

 1,832

 ( 16

)

 3,572

 ( 21

)

 —

 —

 ( 8

)

 ( 8

)

 Total

 $

 1,740

 $

 ( 5

)

 $

 57,441

 $

 ( 9,799

)

 $

 59,181

 $

 ( 9,804

)

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Total

 U.S. Treasury notes

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 ( 2,970

)

 $

 $

 ( 2,970

)

 Obligations of states and political
 subdivisions

 5,088

 ( 396

)

 12,145

 ( 3,333

)

 17,233

 ( 3,729

)

 Government-sponsored mortgage-backed
 securities

 19,084

 ( 1,310

)

 45,183

 ( 7,658

)

 64,267

 ( 8,968

)

 4,517

 ( 46

)

 —

 —

 4,517

 ( 46

)

 1,425

 ( 34

)

 —

 —

 1,425

 ( 34

)

 Total

 $

 30,114

 $

 ( 1,786

)

 $

 83,955

 $

 ( 13,961

)

 $

 114,069

 $

 ( 15,747

)

 The following table presents the number of debt securities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate depreciation from their amortized cost basis, by security type, as of December 31, 2023.

 Number of Securities

 Aggregate Depreciation

 $

 16.9

 %

 14.5

 %

 0.6

 %

 1.1

 %

 Total

 $

 14.2

 %

 The Company does not consider these unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. As a result, no allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was recognized as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, prior to the adoption of CECL, the Company had determined that none of the unrealized losses were other than temporary.

 The following is a summary of the proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale, as w ell as gross gains and losses, for each of the periods listed below:

 Year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale

 $

 44,437

 $

 —

 Gross realized gains

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Gross realized losses

 ( 4,529

)

 —

 Net realized loss

 $

 ( 4,529

)

 $

 —

 NOTE 4 — Loans
 Major classifications of loans are as follows:

2023

2022

 $

 231,893

 $

 210,858

 Other

 97,747

 85,444

 3,248

 18,590

 Other

 Subtotal

 Net deferred loan costs

 Allowance for credit losses for loans

 ( 3,734

)

 ( 3,203

)

 Loans, net

 $

 394,834

 $

 359,574

 Deposit accounts in an overdrawn position and reclassified as loans totaled $ 78 and $ 98 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Company provides several types of loans to its customers, including commercial, residential, construction and consumer loans. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to one borrower, or to multiple borrowers engaged in similar activities, that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. While credit risks tend to be geographically concentrated in the Company's metropolitan Milwaukee market area, and while a significant portion of the Company's loan portfolio is secured by commercial and residential real estate, there are no significant concentrations whose primary sources of repayment are reliant upon an individual or group of related borrowers.

 The Company also purchases loan participations from other financial institutions. The outstanding balance of loans purchased are included in the totals above and totaled $ 34.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and $ 31.6 million as of December 31, 2022. In addition, the amount available for future draws totaled $ 30.7 million at December 31, 2023. Loans purchased are primarily comprised of commercial real estate and other commercial loans.
 During the normal course of business, the Company may transfer a portion of a loan as a participation loan to another financial institution in order to manage portfolio risk. In order to be eligible for sales treatment, all cash flows from the loan must be divided proportionately, and rights of each loan holder must have the same priority, the loan holders must have no recourse to the transferor other than standard representations and warranties, and no loan holder can have the right to pledge or exchange the entire loan. As December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the Company had transferred $ 29.0 million and $ 30.3 million in participation loans which were eligible for sales treatment to other financial institutions, all of which were being serviced by the Company.

 A summary of the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment is as follows:

 Residential

 Total

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Allowance for credit losses for loans

 Beginning balance

 $

 1,944

 $

 $

 $

 3,203

 Provision for credit losses

 CECL Adoption Adjustment(1)

 ( 329

)

 Loans charged-off

 —

 —

 ( 10

)

 ( 10

)

 Recoveries

 —

 Ending balance

 $

 2,693

 $

 $

 $

 3,734

 Allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments(2)

 Beginning balance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Provision for credit losses

 —

 CECL Adoption Adjustment(1)

 —

 $

 Ending balance

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Total Allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded loan commitments

 $

 3,540

 $

 $

 $

 4,609

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Allowance for loan losses

 Beginning balance

 $

 1,657

 $

 $

 $

 2,858

 Provision for loan losses

 —

 —

 Loans charged-off

 —

 —

 ( 10

)

 ( 10

)

 Recoveries

 Ending balance

 $

 1,944

 $

 $

 $

 3,203

 (1) On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 ("CECL"). See Note 1 for additional information regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13.
 (2) The allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount that is to be added to the ACL accounts to bring the ACL to a level that, in management's judgment, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses:

 Year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Provision for credit losses for:

 Loans

 $

 $

 Unfunded loan commitments

 N/A

 Total

 $

 $

 The Company regularly evaluates various attributes of loans to determine the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The credit quality indicators monitored differ depending on the class of loan.
 • "Pass" ratings are assigned to loans with adequate collateral and debt service ability such that collectability of the contractual loan payments is highly probable.

 • "Watch / Special mention" ratings are assigned to loans where management has some concern that the collateral or debt service ability may not be adequate, though the collectability of the contractual loan payments is still probable.

 • "Substandard" ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability such that collectability of the contractual loan payments is no longer probable.

 • "Doubtful" ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability, and collectability of the contractual loan payments is unlikely.

 Residential real estate and consumer loans are generally evaluated based on whether or not the loan is performing or on nonaccrual status. See Note 1 for additional information on our nonaccrual policy.

 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our loans by credit quality indicator and origination year, at December 31, 2023:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 2018 and Prior

 Revolving Lines of Credit

 Revolving Lines of Credit Converted to Term Loans

 Commercial real estate:

 Pass

 $ 22,486

 $ 78,098

 $ 40,597

 $ 40,914

 $ 8,881

 $ 34,342

 $ 42

 $-

 $ 225,360

 Watch and special mention

 -

 -

 -

 1,706

 -

 -

 2,266

 Substandard

 -

 1,885

 -

 1,075

 -

 -

 3,845

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total commercial real estate

 22,486

 80,294

 41,195

 40,914

 10,874

 36,088

 -

 231,893

 Other commercial loans:

 Pass

 16,949

 11,347

 4,729

 1,488

 9,905

 -

 45,456

 Watch and special mention

 -

 -

 -

 1,119

 Substandard

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,323

 Total other commercial loans

 16,949

 11,583

 5,337

 1,005

 1,652

 11,293

 -

 Total commercial loans

 39,435

 91,877

 46,532

 41,919

 10,953

 37,740

 11,335

 -

 279,791

 Residential real estate - first mortgage:

 13,485

 14,419

 33,619

 15,854

 3,033

 16,680

 -

 -

 97,090

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total residential real estate - first mortgage

 13,485

 14,419

 33,619

 15,854

 3,033

 17,337

 -

 -

 97,747

 Residential real estate - construction:

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total residential real estate - construction

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total residential real estate

 13,844

 14,419

 33,619

 15,854

 3,033

 17,337

 -

 -

 98,106

 Consumer - home equity and lines of credit:

 1,504

 16,939

 19,652

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total consumer - home equity and lines of credit

 1,535

 16,939

 Consumer - other

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total consumer - other

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total consumer

 1,543

 16,939

 19,817

 Total loans

 $ 53,426

 $ 106,395

 $ 80,293

 $ 57,846

 $ 14,153

 $ 56,620

 $ 28,274

 $ 707

 $ 397,714

 A summary of the credit quality indicators for commercial loans, at amortized cost, prior to the adoption of CECL is presented below:

 Pass

 Watch and Special Mention

 Substandard

 Total

 $

 206,655

 $

 2,932

 $

 1,271

 $

 210,858

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 41,569

 2,104

 Total

 $

 248,224

 $

 2,967

 $

 3,375

 $

 254,566

 There were no commercial loans rated Doubtful or Loss as of December 31, 2022.
 A summary of the credit quality indicators for residential real estate and consumer loans, at amortized cost, prior to the adoption of CECL is presented below:

 Non-Performing

 Total

 $

 84,730

 $

 $

 85,444

 3,248

 —

 3,248

 18,535

 18,590

 Other

 —

 Total

 $

 106,612

 $

 $

 107,381

 The following table presents gross charge-offs of our loans for each portfolio class, by origination year, that occurred during 2023. See Note 1 for additional information on our charge-off policy.

 For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 2018 and Prior

 Revolving Lines of Credit

 Revolving Lines of Credit Converted to Term Loans

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 $-

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Other

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total commercial loans

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total residential real estate

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Other

 -

 -

 -

 Total consumer

 -

 -

 -

 Total current period charge-offs

 $ 1

 $ 3

 $ 1

 $ 1

 $-

 $ 4

 $-

 $-

 $ 10

 An analysis of past due loans, net of amortized costs, is presented below:

 Loans Past Due 30-89 Days

 Loans Past Due 90+ Days

 Total Past Due

 Current Loans

 $

 $

 $

 $

 231,471

 $

 231,893

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 97,396

 97,747

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 $

 396,941

 $

 Loans Past Due 30-89 Days

 Loans Past Due 90+ Days

 Total Past Due

 Current Loans

 $

 1,732

 $

 —

 $

 1,732

 $

 209,126

 $

 210,858

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 85,200

 85,444

 —

 —

 —

 3,248

 3,248

 18,497

 18,590

 Other

 —

 Total

 $

 1,987

 $

 $

 2,071

 $

 359,876

 $

 There are no loans 90 or more days past due and accruing interest as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

 The following table presents the amortized cost of our loans on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. All loans that were 90 days or more past due were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

2023

2022

 $

 $

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 Total nonaccrual loans

 $

 1,110

 $

 Total nonaccrual loans to total loans

 0.28

 %

 0.21

 %

 Total nonaccrual loans to total assets

 0.20

 %

 0.14

 %

 The Company had $ 1.1 million of loans that were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023, with no related allowance for credit losses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, there was no interest earned on nonaccrual loans and $ 11,000 in accrued interest was reversed on nonaccrual loans.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company held loans that were individually evaluated for impairment due to financial difficulties experienced by the borrower and for which the repayment, on the basis of our assessment, is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. The ACL for these collateral dependent loans is primarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral at the reporting date. The following describes the type of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:
 • Commercial real estate loans are primarily secured by office and industrial buildings and warehouses.

 • Commercial and industrial loans are primarily secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment.

 • One-to-four-family mortgages are primarily secured by first liens on residential real estate.

 • Home equity loans are primarily secured by first and junior loans on residential real estate.

 The table below summarizes collateral dependent loans and the related ACL at December 31, 2023 for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty:

 Loans

 ACL

 $

 4,457

 $

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 1,323

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 6,666

 —

 A summary of loans evaluated individually and collectively for impairment, at amortized cost, and the related allowance for loan losses, prior to the adoption of CECL is presented below:

 Residential

 Total

 Loans:

 Individually evaluated for impairment

 $

 3,525

 $

 $

 $

 4,497

 Collectively evaluated for impairment

 251,041

 87,775

 18,634

 357,450

 Total loans

 $

 254,566

 $

 88,692

 $

 18,689

 $

 Allowance for loan losses:

 Individually evaluated for impairment

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Collectively evaluated for impairment

 1,944

 3,203

 Total allowance for loan losses

 $

 1,944

 $

 $

 $

 3,203

 Information regarding impaired loans, at amortized cost, prior to the adoption of CECL is presented below:

 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Recorded Investment

 Unpaid Principal

 Reserve

 Average Investment

 Interest Recognized

 Impaired loans with reserve:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total impaired loans
with reserve

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Impaired loans with no reserve:

 $

 1,422

 $

 1,470

 NA

 $

 3,952

 $

 —

 —

 NA

 —

 —

 Other

 2,103

 2,103

 NA

 1,325

 1,138

 NA

 1,011

 —

 —

 NA

 —

 —

 NA

 Other

 —

 —

 NA

 —

 —

 Total impaired loans
with no reserve

 4,497

 4,771

 NA

 6,325

 Total impaired loans

 $

 4,497

 $

 4,771

 $

 —

 $

 6,325

 $

 The adoption of ASU 2022-02 eliminated troubled debt restructurings (TDR's) recognition and measurement guidance, as well as all TDR related disclosures. See Note 1 for additional information. TDRs were loan modifications where concessions were granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. The Company did not modify any loans for borrowers that are experiencing financial

 difficulty and did not have any previous modifications that were made during the past 12 months that experienced a payment default during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

 At December 31, 2022, the Company had $ 538 of TDR's, of which $ 183 were on nonaccrual status. There were no loan modifications that were classified as a TDR during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 NOTE 5 — Premises and Equipment
 Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and are summarized as follows:

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Land

 $

 $

 Buildings

 8,074

 8,072

 Leasehold improvements

 Furniture and equipment

 6,218

 6,212

 Totals

 15,156

 15,148

 Less: Accumulated depreciation

 9,974

 9,697

 Premises and equipment, net

 $

 5,182

 $

 5,451

 Depreciation expense was $ 492 in 2023 and $ 600 in 2022.
 The Company leases space under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement for a single bank branch facility with a remaining lease term of 3.1 years. The lease arrangement contains an extension option for an additional 3 years, which was exercised during the first quarter of 2024. The right-of-use asset and liability consider the renewal option when it is reasonably certain of being exercised. The right-of-use asset and liability as calculated at December 31, 2023, includes the extension option. At December 31, 2023, the balance of the right-of-use asset and the right-of-use liability was $ 282. The right-of-use asset is recorded in Other assets and the right-of-use liability is recorded in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 1 for the Company's accounting policy on operating leases.
 A summary of net lease cost and selected other information related to the operating lease follows:

 Year ended

 Net Lease Cost

 Operating lease cost

 $

 $

 Variable lease cost

 —

 —

 Net lease cost:

 Selected other operating lease information:

 Weighted average remaining lease terms (years)

 3.1

 1.2

 Weighted average discount rate

 1.70

 %

 1.79

 %

 The following table summarizes the maturity of remaining lease liabilities:

 2024

 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 Sub-total

 Amounts representing interest

 ( 7

)

 Total

 $

 NOTE 6 — Mortgage Servicing Rights
 Loans serviced for others are not included in the consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans serviced for others totaled $ 282.2 million at December 31, 2023, and $ 304.3 million at December 31, 2022.
 The following is a summary of changes in the balance of mortgage servicing rights for the periods indicated below:

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Mortgage servicing rights beginning balance

 $

 1,860

 $

 2,036

 Additions

 Amortization

 ( 192

)

 ( 244

)

 Mortgage servicing rights ending balance

 $

 1,720

 $

 1,860

 Fair value at beginning of period

 $

 3,376

 $

 2,477

 Fair value at end of period

 $

 3,269

 $

 3,376

 There was no valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The Company did not sell any mortgage servicing rights during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 The estimated fair value of mortgage servicing rights was determined using a valuation model that calculates the present value of expected future servicing and ancillary income, net of expected servicing costs. The model incorporates various assumptions such as discount rates, prepayment speeds, and ancillary income and servicing costs. As of December 31, 2023, the model used discount rates ranging from 10.1 % to 13.0 % and prepayment speeds ranging from 6.9 % to 34.4 %, respectively, both of which were based on market data from independent organizations. As of December 31, 2022, the model used discount rates of 10.0 % to 13.0 % and prepayment speeds ranging from 7.0 % to 33.9 %.
 The following table shows the estimated future amortization of mortgage servicing rights for the next five years. The projections of amortization expense are based on existing asset balances as of as of December 31, 2023. The actual amortization expense the Company recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending on changes in interest rates, market conditions, and regulatory requirements.

 Estimated future amortization as of December 31, 2023:

 2024

 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Total

 $

 1,720

 NOTE 7 — Deposits
 The composition of deposits is as follows:

2023

 Non-interest bearing checking

 $

 78,476

 $

 92,465

 Interest bearing checking

 28,899

 32,514

 Money market

 88,687

 121,215

 Statement savings

 46,473

 61,969

 161,148

 79,558

 Total(1)

 $

 403,683

 $

 387,721

 (1) There were no brokered deposits at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 Certificates of deposit that met or exceeded the FDIC insurance limit of $ 250 totaled $ 31.3 million and $ 8.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Interest bearing checking

 $

 $

 Money market

 2,029

 Statement savings

 4,020

 Total

 $

 6,346

 $

 1,116

 The scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit are as follows:

 2023

 $

 127,907

 2024

 20,710

 2025

 12,218

 2026

 2027

 Thereafter

 —

 Total

 $

 161,148

 NOTE 8 — FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings
 A summary of Federal Home Loan Bank advances follows:

 Rate

 Rate

 Open line of credit

 5.72

 %

 8,000

 —

 —

 Fixed-rate, fixed term advance, maturing February 2023

 N/A

 —

 1.62

 %

 6,500

 Fixed-rate, fixed term advance, maturing July 2027

 2.90

 %

 5,000

 2.90

 %

 5,000

 Putable advance, maturing July 2029 first option date January 2023

 N/A

 —

 1.68

 %

 5,000

 Putable advance, maturing February 2030 first option date February 2023

 N/A

 —

 0.98

 %

 5,000

 Putable advance, maturing October 2029 first option date July 2023

 N/A

 —

 2.96

 %

 5,000

 Putable advance, maturing January 2028 first option date January 2024

 3.44

 %

 5,000

 —

 Putable advance, maturing February 2028 first option date February 2024

 3.63

 %

 5,000

 —

 —

 Putable advance, maturing March 2028 first option date March 2024

 3.47

 %

 5,000

 —

 —

 Putable advance, maturing May 2026 first option date May 2024

 3.92

 %

 2,500

 —

 —

 Putable advance, maturing May 2028 first option date May 2024

 3.51

 %

 2,500

 —

 —

 Putable advance, maturing March 2030 first option date March 2025

 0.89

 %

 10,000

 0.89

 %

 10,000

 Putable advance, maturing March 2032 first option date March 2027

 1.74

 %

 10,000

 1.74

 %

 10,000

 Advanced structured note, payments due monthly, maturing April 2030

 1.05

 %

 6,454

 1.05

 %

 7,435

 Advanced structured note, payments due monthly, maturing May 2030

 1.19

 %

 6,553

 1.19

 %

 7,529

 SOFR Floater advance, maturing October 2023

 N/A

 —

 4.54

 %

 5,000

 SOFR Floater advance, maturing October 2024

 5.68

 %

 5,000

 4.59

 %

 5,000

 Total

 $

 71,007

 $

 71,464

 A summary of the scheduled maturities and principal payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances follows:

 Weighted Average Rate

 2024

 5.10

 %

 $

 14,979

 2025

 1.12

 %

 $

 2,002

 2026

 2.67

 %

 $

 4,524

 2027

 2.38

 %

 $

 7,047

 2028

 3.26

 %

 $

 19,570

 Thereafter

 1.29

 %

 $

 22,885

 Total

 2.83

 %

 $

 71,007

 Actual maturities may differ from the scheduled principal maturities due to call options on the various advances.
 The Company maintains a master contract agreement with the FHLB, which provides for borrowing up to the lesser of 22.22 times the FHLB stock owned, a determined percentage of the book value of the Company's qualifying real estate loans, or a determined percentage of the Company's assets. The FHLB provides both fixed and floating rate advances. Floating rates are tied to short-term market rates of interest such as the Secured Overnight Funding Rate ("SOFR"), federal funds or Treasury bill rates. FHLB advances are subject to a prepayment penalty if they are repaid prior to maturity. The Company had pledged qualifying real estate and commercial and industrial loans with collateral values of approximately $ 173.0 million at December 31, 2023, and $ 172.4 million at December 31, 2022. FHLB advances were also secured by $ 4.2 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 3.4 million at December 31, 2022 of FHLB stock owned by the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's available and unused portion of this borrowing agreement totaled $ 100.9 million and $ 100.0 million, respectively. Additional borrowing would require additional purchase of FHLB stock.
 Additionally, at December 31, 2023 we had a $ 12.0 million federal funds rate line of credit with the BMO Harris Bank, none of which was drawn at December 31, 2023. The Company also had a $ 9.5 million line of credit at the Federal Reserve based on pledged commercial real estate loans of approximately $ 12.4 million at December 31, 2023. The Company had no t drawn on the Federal Reserve line as of December 31, 2023. The Company also has the ability to participate in the Federal Reserve's new Bank Term Funding Program as needed.

 NOTE 9 — Employee Benefit Plan
 The Company sponsors a 401(k)-profit sharing plan covering substantially all employees certain age and minimum service requirements. The Company may then match a discretionary percentage of each eligible participant's contribution. The expense charge to operations for the Company's matching contributions were $ 425 and $ 411 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 10 — Income Taxes
 The provision for income taxes included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations consists of the following components:

 2023

 2022

 Current tax expense (benefit):

 Federal

 $

 —

 $

 —

 State

 —

 —

 Total current tax expense (benefit)

 —

 —

 Deferred tax expense:

 Federal

 ( 1,819

)

 ( 131

)

 State

 —

 ( 40

)

 Valuation allowance

 2,207

 —

 Total deferred tax expense

 ( 171

)

 Provision (credit) for income taxes

 $

 $

 ( 171

)

 A summary of the sources of differences between income taxes at the federal statutory rate and the provision (credit) for income taxes follows:

 2023

 2022

 % of Pretax Income

 % of Pretax Income

 Reconciliation of statutory to effective rates:

 Federal income taxes at statutory rate

 $

 ( 1,345

)

 21.00

 %

 $

 ( 67

)

 21.00

 %

 Adjustments for:

 Increase in cash value of life insurance

 ( 124

)

 1.94

 %

 ( 89

)

 27.90

 %

 Change in valuation allowance

 1,756

 ( 27.42

)%

 —

 —

 Other, net

 ( 1.58

)%

 ( 15

)

 4.70

 %

 Total income tax expense (benefit)

 $

 ( 6.06

)%

 $

 ( 171

)

 53.60

 %

 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

 The net deferred tax asset in the accompanying balance sheet includes the following amounts of deferred tax assets and liabilities:

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Allowance for credit losses

 $

 1,248

 $

 Deferred compensation

 1,046

 Accrued employee benefits

 NOL and charitable contribution carryforwards

 5,610

 3,657

 Net unrealized losses on available for sale securities

 2,564

 4,250

 Premises and equipment

 ESOP release of shares

 Other

 Total deferred tax assets

 $

 10,734

 $

 9,969

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Loan fees

 $

 $

 Mortgage servicing rights

 FHLB stock dividends

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 $

 $

 Net deferred tax asset/liability

 10,011

 9,208

 Valuation allowance

 ( 3,141

)

 ( 934

)

 Net deferred tax asset

 $

 6,870

 $

 8,274

 Income tax expense (benefit) was $ 388 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and ($ 171) for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $ 3.1 million and $ 934, respectively, reducing our net deferred tax assets to $ 6.9 million and $ 8.3 million, at each respective date.

 On July 5, 2023, the Wisconsin legislature enacted 2023 Wisconsin Act 19 (the "Act"). The Act contains a provision that provides financial institutions with a state tax-exemption for interest, fees and penalties earned on qualifying loans. For the exemption to apply, the loan must be $ 5 million or less, for primarily a business or agricultural purpose, and made to borrowers residing or located in Wisconsin. The exemption first applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, and applies to loans on the books as of January 1, 2023 and to new loans made after January 1, 2023, that meet the qualifications. The Company currently projects that its Wisconsin state taxable income will be significantly reduced and/or eliminated in the future as a result of this provision. Also a result of this provision, the Company reversed $ 98 in income tax benefits which had been recorded during the first two quarters of 2023 and increased the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets by $ 1.8 million, resulting in a one-time $ 1.9 million increase in tax expense in the third quarter of 2023.
 Deferred tax assets are deferred tax consequences attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards. After the deferred tax asset has been measured using the applicable enacted tax rate and provisions of the enacted tax law, it is then necessary to assess the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is needed when, based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred asset will not be realized. As required by generally accepted accounting principles, available evidence is weighted heavily on cumulative losses, with less weight placed on future projected profitability. Realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent on whether there will be sufficient future taxable income, including available tax strategies of the appropriate character in the period during which deductible temporary differences reverse or within the carryforward periods available under tax law.
 The Company has federal loss carryforwards of approximately $ 16.2 million as of December 31, 2023. Of this amount, $ 8.3 million represents tax loss carryforwards which have an indefinite carryforward period due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The remaining $ 7.9 million of losses begin to expire in 2030. The Company also has $ 515 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.
 The Company had an ownership change during 2021 which resulted in an annual limitation on the future utilization of both Federal and Wisconsin net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards.
 The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards totaling approximately $ 33.0 million as of December 31, 2023, that may be applied against future state taxable income and begin to expire in 2024. The Company also has $ 518 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income which begin to expire in 2024.
 With few exceptions, the Company is generally no longer subject to examinations by taxing authorities for years before 2020 for federal tax examinations and 2019 for state tax examinations.

 NOTE 11 — Commitments and Contingencies
 Legal Matters
 In the normal course of business, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings. In the opinion of management, any liability resulting from such proceedings would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. No legal proceedings existed at December 31, 2023 that would have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 Credit Commitments and Contingencies
 The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These instruments include commitments to extend credit and commitments to sell loans. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.
 The Company's exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual, or notional, amount of these commitments. The Company follows the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance- sheet instruments. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, and some of the commitments may not be drawn upon to the total extent of the commitment, the notional amount of these commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company.
 The contract amounts of credit-related financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized below:

 Fixed Rate

 Variable Rate

 Total

 Commitments to extend credit

 $

 1,136

 $

 86,201

 $

 87,337

 Standby letters of credit

 —

 Credit enhancement under the FHLB of Chicago Mortgage Partnership Finance Program

 1,095

 —

 1,095

 Commitments to sell loans

 —

 Overdraft protection program commitments

 3,758

 —

 3,758

 Fixed Rate

 Variable Rate

 Total

 Commitments to extend credit

 $

 3,391

 $

 80,631

 $

 84,022

 Standby letters of credit

 —

 Credit enhancement under the FHLB of Chicago Mortgage Partnership Finance Program

 —

 Commitments to sell loans

 1,292

 —

 1,292

 Overdraft protection program commitments

 3,881

 —

 3,881

 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer at fixed or variable rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The amount of collateral obtained upon extension of credit is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable; inventory; property, plant and equipment; real estate; and stocks and bonds. Commitments to sell loans represent commitments obtained by the Company from a secondary market agency to purchase mortgages from the Company at specified interest rates and within specified periods of time.
 Standby letters of credit are conditional lending commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Generally, all standby letters of credit have expiration dates within one year. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company generally holds collateral supporting these commitments. Standby letters of credit are not reflected in the consolidated financial statements, since recording the fair value of these guarantees would not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

 The Company participates in the FHLB Mortgage Partnership Finance Program (the "Program"). In addition to entering into forward commitments to sell mortgage loans to a secondary market agency, the Company enters into firm commitments to deliver loans to the FHLB through the Program. Under the Program, loans are funded by the FHLB, and the Company receives an agency fee reported as a component of gain on sale of loans. The Company had no commitments to deliver loans through the Program as of December 31, 2023. Once delivered to the Program, the Company provides a contractually agreed-upon credit enhancement and performs servicing of the loans. Under the credit enhancement, the Company is liable for losses on loans delivered to the Program after application of any mortgage insurance and a contractually agreed-upon credit enhancement provided by the Program subject to an agreed-upon maximum. The Company receives a fee for this credit enhancement. The Company records a liability for expected losses in excess of anticipated credit enhancement fees. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had no liability outstanding.
 Unfunded commitments under overdraft protection agreements are commitments for possible future extensions of credit to existing customers. These lines of credit may or may not require collateral and may or may not contain a specific maturity date.

 NOTE 12 — Concentration of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, and loans. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are held in demand accounts with various institutions. The Company's investments are held in a variety of interest-bearing investments including U.S. Treasury notes, obligations from states and political subdivisions, government sponsored agencies and certificates of deposit. Such certificates of deposits are generally within insured limits. The Company has not experienced any historical losses on its investments of cash and cash equivalents. Practically all of the Company's loans and commitments have been granted to customers in the Company's market area. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, the ability of their debtors to honor their contracts is dependent on the economic conditions of the counties surrounding the Company. The concentration of credit by type of loan is set forth in Note 4.

 NOTE 13 — Employee Stock Ownership Plan
 The Company established a tax qualified Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") for the benefit of its employees in conjunction with our 2019 reorganization. Eligible employees become 20 % vested in their accounts after 1 year of service, 40 % vested after 2 years of service, 60 % vested after 3 years of service, 80 % vested after 4 years of service, and 100 % vested after 5 or more years of service, or earlier, upon death, disability or attainment of normal retirement age.

 On January 8, 2019, the ESOP purchased 175,528 shares ( 231,047 adjusted for the 2021 conversion) of the Company's common stock, which was funded by a loan from Old 1895 Bancorp. Unreleased ESOP shares collateralize the loan payable, and the cost of the shares is recorded as contra-equity account in the stockholders' equity of the Company. Shares are to be released as debt payments are made by the ESOP to the loan. The ESOP's sources of repayment of the loan can include dividends, if any, on the unallocated stock held by the ESOP, and discretionary contributions from the Company to the ESOP and earnings thereon.

 As part of the mutual-to-stock conversion and stock offering completed on July 14, 2021, the ESOP refinanced the aforementioned loan with New 1895 Bancorp, enabling the ESOP to purchase an aggregate of 283,360 additional shares of common stock. The ESOP completed the purchase of all the additional 283,360 shares at an average price of $ 10.90 in the second quarter of 2022.

 Compensation expense for the ESOP is recorded at an amount equal to the shares allocated by the ESOP multiplied by the average fair market value of the shares during the period. The Company recognizes compensation expense ratably over the year based upon the Company's estimate of the number of shares expected to be allocated by the ESOP. Unearned compensation applicable to the ESOP is reflected as a reduction of stockholders' equity in the consolidated balance sheet. The difference between the average fair market value and the cost of the shares allocated by the ESOP is recorded as an adjustment to stockholders' equity. The Company recognized $ 129 and $ 200 in compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 The following table provides the allocated and unallocated shares of common stock associated with the ESOP as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

2023

2022

 Shares committed to be released

 19,730

 19,730

 Total allocated shares

 51,719

 36,170

 Total unallocated shares

 434,062

 453,792

 Total ESOP shares

 505,511

 509,692

 Fair value of unallocated shares (based on $ 6.99 and $ 10.00 share
 price as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)

 $

 3,034

 $

 4,538

 NOTE 14 — Related-Party Transactions
 A summary of loans to directors, executive officers, and their affiliates follows:

2023

 Beginning balance

 $

 1,015

 $

 Adjustments due to changes in directors, executive officers, and/or principal
 stockholders

 ( 167

)

 —

 New loans

 Repayments

 ( 71

)

 ( 86

)

 Ending balance

 $

 $

 1,015

 Deposits from directors, executive officers, and their affiliates totaled $ 729 and $ 583 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Company utilizes the services of law firms in which certain of the Company's directors are partners. Fees paid to the firms were $ 24 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 15 — Fair Value
 ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures defines fair values, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This accounting standard applies to reported balances that are required or permitted to be measured at fair value under existing accounting pronouncements. The standard also emphasizes that fair value (i.e., the price that would be received in an orderly transaction that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale at the measurement date), among other things, is based on exit price versus entry price, should include assumptions about risk such as nonperformance risk in liability fair values, and is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. When considering the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, this accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).
 The fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels.
 Level 1 inputs – In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs use quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.
 Level 2 inputs – Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs use inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets where there are few transactions and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
 Level 3 inputs – Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
 In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
 Some assets and liabilities, such as securities available for sale, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Other assets and liabilities, such as collateral dependent loans, may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
 Following is a description of the Company's valuation methodology and significant inputs used for each asset and liability measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis, as well as the classification of the asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy.
 Securities – Marketable equity securities and securities available-for-sale may be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Level 1 securities include equity securities traded on a national exchange. The fair value measurements of Level 1 securities are based on the quoted market price of those securities. Level 2 securities include U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. government and agency securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate debt securities and mortgage-related securities. The fair value measurements of Level 2 securities are obtained from independent pricing services and are based on recent sales of similar securities and other observable market data.
 Collateral dependent loans – Loans are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. However, loans determined to be collateral dependent may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value measurements of collateral-dependent loans are based on the fair values of the underlying collateral. Independent appraisals are obtained to determine the fair values of underlying collateral, and generally utilize one or more valuation methodologies, typically includes comparable sales and income approaches. Management routinely evaluates the fair value measurements of independent appraisers and adjusts those valuations based on differences noted between actual selling prices of collateral and the most recently appraised value. Such adjustments are usually significant, which results in a Level 3 classification. All other collateral dependent loan measurements are based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the applicable effective interest rate and are not considered fair value measurements.
 Rate lock commitments—Rate lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. Accordingly, such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in other assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the net gain or loss on sale of mortgage loans. Fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements for fixed-rate commitments and also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates. While there are Level 2 and 3 inputs used in the valuation models, the Company has determined that one or more of the inputs significant in the valuation of both of the mortgage banking derivatives fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of operations, within mortgage banking income.
 Mortgage servicing rights – The Company utilizes an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to

 estimate the fair value of mortgage servicing rights. The model utilizes prepayment assumptions to project cash flows related to the mortgage servicing rights based upon the current interest rate environment, which is then discounted to estimate an expected fair value of the mortgage servicing rights. The model considers characteristics specific to the underlying mortgage portfolio, such as: contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, delinquency rates, late charges and costs to service. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation process, mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company records the mortgage servicing rights at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.
 Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below, along with the level of the fair value hierarchy of the inputs utilized to determine such fair value:

 Recurring Fair Value Measurements Using

2023

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Marketable equity securities

 $

 3,625

 $

 3,625

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Securities available-for-sale:

 14,231

 —

 14,231

 —

 —

 —

 3,572

 —

 3,572

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 113,184

 $

 3,625

 $

 $

 —

 Recurring Fair Value Measurements Using

2022

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Marketable equity securities

 $

 2,924

 $

 2,924

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Securities available-for-sale:

 U.S. Treasury notes

 —

 —

 17,656

 —

 17,656

 —

 64,267

 —

 64,267

 —

 4,517

 —

 4,517

 —

 1,425

 —

 1,425

 —

 Total

 $

 117,416

 $

 2,924

 $

 $

 —

 Collateral dependent loans are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. There were no collateral dependent loans for which a specific valuation allowance was established as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
 Mortgage servicing rights are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. There was no impairment on mortgage servicing rights as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

 Significant Unobservable Input Value

 Fair Value at December 31, 2023

 Valuation Technique

 Significant Unobservable Input(s)

 Minimum Value

 Maximum Value

 Rate lock commitments

 Pricing model

 Pull through rate

 75.0

 %

 100.0

 %

 Mortgage servicing rights

 3,269

 Pricing models

 Prepayment rate

 6.9

 %

 34.4

 %

 Discount rate

 10.1

 %

 13.0

 %

 Cost to service

 $

 83.00

 $

 86.00

 The Company estimates fair value of all financial instruments regardless of whether such instruments are measured at fair value. The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company to estimate fair value of financial instruments not previously discussed.
 Cash and cash equivalents — Fair value approximates the carrying value.
 Loans held for sale — Fair value is based on commitments on hand from investors or prevailing market prices.
 Loans — Fair value of variable rate loans that reprice frequently is based on carrying values. Fair value of other loans is estimated by discounting future cash flows using current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. Fair value of collateral dependent and other non-performing loans is estimated using discounted expected future cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral, if applicable.
 FHLB stock — Fair value is the redeemable (carrying) value based on the redemption provisions of the Federal Home Loan Bank.
 Accrued interest receivable and payable — Fair value approximates the carrying value.
 Cash value of life insurance — Fair value is based on reported values of the assets.
 Deposits and advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance — Fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as demand deposits, savings, and money market accounts, including advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance, by definition, is the amount payable on demand on the reporting date. Fair value of fixed rate time deposits is estimated using discounted cash flows applying interest rates currently being offered on similar time deposits.
 FHLB Advances — Fair value of fixed rate, fixed term borrowings is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current rates at which similar borrowings would be made. Fair value of borrowings with variable rates or maturing within 90 days approximates the carrying value of those borrowings.

 The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments follow:

 Carrying Value

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 13,250

 $

 13,250

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Available-for-sale securities

 —

 —

 Marketable equity securities

 3,625

 3,625

 —

 —

 Loans held for sale

 —

 —

 Loans, net

 394,834

 —

 —

 368,133

 Rate lock commitments

 —

 —

 Accrued interest receivable

 1,554

 1,554

 —

 —

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

 4,164

 —

 —

 4,164

 Cash value of life insurance

 14,027

 —

 —

 14,027

 Financial liabilities:

 Deposits

 403,683

 242,535

 —

 160,303

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 1,233

 1,233

 —

 —

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances

 71,007

 —

 —

 68,462

 Accrued interest payable

 1,106

 1,106

 —

 —

 Carrying Value

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Available-for-sale securities

 —

 —

 Marketable equity securities

 2,924

 2,924

 —

 —

 Loans held for sale

 —

 —

 Loans, net

 359,574

 —

 —

 335,987

 Rate lock commitments

 —

 —

 Accrued interest receivable

 1,257

 1,257

 —

 —

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

 3,429

 —

 —

 3,429

 Cash value of life insurance

 14,316

 —

 —

 14,316

 Financial liabilities:

 Deposits

 387,721

 308,162

 —

 78,418

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 1,029

 1,029

 —

 —

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances

 71,464

 —

 —

 69,633

 Accrued interest payable

 —

 —

 Limitations — The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between market participants, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based on quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company's various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. Consequently, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.
 Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company's entire holdings of a particular instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company's financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters that could affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business. Deposits with no stated maturities are defined as having a fair value equivalent to the amount payable on demand. This prohibits adjusting fair value derived from retaining those deposits for an expected future period of time. This component, commonly referred to as a deposit base intangible, is neither considered in the above amounts, nor is it recorded as an intangible asset on the balance sheets. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

 NOTE 16 — Equity and Regulatory Matters
 The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.
 Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1, and Total capital to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. It is management's opinion, as of December 31, 2023, that the Bank met all applicable capital adequacy requirements.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Bank is categorized as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum regulatory capital ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2023 that management believes have changed the category.
 The Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios are presented in the following tables:

 Actual

 For Capital Adequacy Purposes

 To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 PyraMax Bank

 Leverage (Tier 1)

 $

 63,101

 11.2

 %

 $

 22,574

 4.0

 %

 $

 28,217

 5.0

 %

 Risk-based:

 Common Equity Tier 1

 63,101

 15.1

 %

 18,751

 4.5

 %

 27,085

 6.5

 %

 Tier 1

 63,101

 15.1

 %

 25,002

 6.0

 %

 33,336

 8.0

 %

 Total

 67,710

 16.2

 %

 33,336

 8.0

 %

 41,670

 10.0

 %

 Actual

 For Capital Adequacy Purposes

 To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 PyraMax Bank

 Leverage (Tier 1)

 $

 65,497

 11.9

 %

 $

 22,086

 4.0

 %

 $

 27,608

 5.0

 %

 Risk-based:

 Common Equity Tier 1

 65,497

 16.6

 %

 17,711

 4.5

 %

 25,583

 6.5

 %

 Tier 1

 65,497

 16.6

 %

 23,615

 6.0

 %

 31,486

 8.0

 %

 Total

 68,700

 17.5

 %

 31,486

 8.0

 %

 39,358

 10.0

 %

 On July 29, 2022, the Company adopted a stock repurchase program. On August 26, 2022, the Company received a non-objection letter from the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago ("FRB") permitting the Company to repurchase 319,766 shares of its common stock, which represented 5 % of the shares outstanding at the time discussions were held with the FRB. The Company began purchasing shares on September 1, 2022 and as of June 7, 2023, the Company had repurchased all 319,766 shares for a total purchase price of $ 3.4 million.
 On April 28, 2023, the Company adopted a second stock repurchase program. On June 9, 2023, the Company received a non-objection letter from the FRB permitting the Company to repurchase 621,522 shares of its common stock, which represented 10 % of the shares outstanding at the time discussions were held with the FRB. The Company began purchasing shares on June 15, 2023 and as of December 31, 2023, the Company had repurchased 71,029 shares for a total purchase price of $ 501.

 NOTE 17 — Deferred Compensation
 The Company has obligations to certain retired and active employees and directors under deferred compensation plans. A liability is recorded for the value of the deferred compensation obligations amounting to $ 3.9 million and $ 3.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company holds marketable equity securities consisting of mutual fund investments and common stock deferred under the plans, which are held in a Rabbi Trust. The Company may sell these securities on a periodic basis in order to pay retirement benefits to plan retirees. There are no gains or losses realized from the sales of marketable equity securities. Benefits of $ 68 were paid during the year ended December 31, 2023 and no benefits were paid during the year ended December 31, 2022. The amount charged to operations related to administrative fees for deferred compensation plans was $ 14 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 The Company has entered into various salary continuation agreements with former key officers. The agreements provide for the payment of specified amounts upon each employee's retirement or death. The liability outstanding under the agreements was $ 126 and $ 160 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The amount charged to operations was $ 9 and $ 12 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 18 — Earnings (Loss) Per Share (EPS)

 Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for weighted average unallocated ESOP shares, during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock compensation using the treasury stock method. Antidilutive options are disregarded in earnings per share calculations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 65,154 shares were excluded, based on average share price, from the computation of diluted earnings per share ("EPS") because the effect would be antidilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 177,059 shares were excluded, based on average share price, from the computation of diluted earnings per share ("EPS") because the effect would be antidilutive.
 Earnings (loss) per common share for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the following table.

 Year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 Weighted shares outstanding for basic EPS

 Weighted average shares outstanding

 5,977,859

 6,216,791

 Less: Weighted average unallocated ESOP shares

 443,900

 441,651

 Weighted average shares outstanding for basic EPS

 5,533,959

 5,775,140

 Additional dilutive shares (1)

 —

 —

 Weighted average shares outstanding for dilutive EPS

 5,533,959

 5,775,140

 Basic (loss) per share

 $

 ( 1.23

)

 $

 ( 0.03

)

 Diluted (loss) per share (1)

 $

 ( 1.23

)

 $

 ( 0.03

)

 (1) For 2023 and 2022, the effect of the stock options was anti-dilutive due to the net loss and therefore no dilutive shares are included in the weighted average shares outstanding or diluted (loss) calculations.

 NOTE 19 – Stock Based Compensation

 Stock-Based Compensation Plans

 On March 27, 2020, the Company's stockholders approved the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Equity Incentive Plan"). A total of 238,467 stock options ( 313,894 stock options adjusted for the 2021 conversion) and 95,387 restricted shares ( 125,557 shares adjusted for the 2021 conversion) were approved for award. As of December 31, 2023, no shares of common stock remained available for grant as stock options, restricted stock or restricted stock units under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan. The stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors under this plan vest in five installments with the first installment vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant. The exercise price for all stock options granted is equal to the quoted NASDAQ market close price on the date that the awards were granted and expire ten years after the grant date, if not exercised. The restricted stock awards granted to employees and non-employee directors under this plan vest in five installments with the first installment vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant.

 On August 26, 2022, the Company's shareholders approved the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Equity Incentive Plan"). A total of 354,200 stock options and 141,680 restricted shares were approved for award. As of December 31, 2023, 21,382 shares of common stock remained available for grant as stock options and 44,455 shares remain available for grant as restricted stock or stock units under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. The stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors under this plan vest in five installments with the first installment vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant. The exercise price for all stock options granted is equal to the quoted NASDAQ market close price on the date that the awards were granted and expire ten years after the grant date, if not exercised. The restricted stock awards granted to employees and non-employee directors under this plan vest in five installments with the first installment vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant.

 Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Plan

 The fair value of stock options granted is estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes pricing model. The fair value of restricted shares is equal to the quoted NASDAQ market closing price on the date of grant. The fair value of stock grants is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. Compensation expense is included in salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Assumptions are used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted. The weighted average expected life of the stock options represent the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding and is based on the historical results from the previous awards. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected volatility is based on the actual volatility of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. stock for the weighted average lifetime period prior to issuance date. The following assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of options granted in the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 For the Twelve Months Ended

2023

2022

 Dividend yield

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.59

 %

 3.83

 %

 Expected volatility

 24.64

 %

 24.64

 %

 Weighted average expected life (years)

 6.50

 6.50

 Weighted average per share value of options

 $

 3.37

 $

 3.47

 Based on the assumptions above, the estimated weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $ 10,000 during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 A summary of the Company's stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below.

 Stock Options

 Shares

 Weighted Average Exercise Price

 Weighted Average Remaining in Contractual Term (Years)

 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding December 31, 2021

 300,720

 $

 6.19

 8.40

 $

 1,443,067

 355,410

 10.02

 —

 —

 Exercised

 —

 —

 N/A

 N/A

 —

 —

 N/A

 N/A

 Outstanding December 31, 2022

 656,130

 8.27

 8.69

 $

 1,122,214

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2022

 112,824

 6.09

 7.35

 $

 432,408

 Stock Options

 Shares

 Weighted Average Exercise Price

 Weighted Average Remaining in Contractual Term (Years)

 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding December 31, 2022

 656,130

 $

 8.27

 8.69

 $

 1,122,214

 3,000

 9.94

 6.50

 —

 Exercised

 ( 3,159

)

 5.96

 N/A

 4,746

 ( 52,703

)

 8.22

 N/A

 N/A

 Vested shares expired

 ( 3,158

)

 5.96

 N/A

 N/A

 Outstanding December 31, 2023

 600,110

 8.30

 7.49

 238,951

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2023

 229,818

 7.24

 6.48

 152,831

 The following table summarizes information about the Company's nonvested stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Stock Options

 Shares

 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021

 248,043

 $

 1.58

 355,410

 3.47

 Vested (1)

 ( 60,147

)

 1.56

 —

 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 543,306

 $

 2.82

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 543,306

 $

 2.82

 3,000

 3.37

 Vested(2)

 ( 123,311

)

 2.57

 ( 52,703

)

 2.55

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023

 370,292

 $

 2.94

 (1) Includes 2,105 shares vested under a nonqualified stock option inducement award to the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer. (2) Includes 2,106 shares vested under a nonqualified stock option inducement award to the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer.

 The Company amortizes the expense related to stock options as compensation expense over the vesting period. The Company recognized $ 302,000 and $ 152,000 in stock option expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 977,000 in estimated unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.52 years.

 The following table summarizes information about the Company's restricted stock activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Restricted Stock

 Shares

 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021

 97,128

 $

 6.25

 137,753

 10.02

 Vested (1)(2)

 ( 23,532

)

 6.20

 —

 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 211,349

 $

 8.71

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 211,349

 $

 8.71

 —

 —

 Vested(1)(3)

 ( 48,667

)

 8.21

 ( 18,385

)

 8.15

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023

 144,297

 $

 8.95

 (1) Includes 263 shares vested under a restricted stock inducement award to the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer.
 (2) Includes 7,238 shares surrendered by employees to cover payroll tax costs related to the vested shares.
 (3) Includes 7,238 shares surrendered by employees to cover payroll tax costs related to the vested shares.

 The Company amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period. The Company recognized $ 376,000 and $ 211,000 in restricted stock expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 1.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock shares that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.43 years.

 NOTE 20 – Parent Company Only Financial Statements

 The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the parent holding company, 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and for the years then ended.

 2023

 2022

 Assets

 Cash in bank subsidiary

 $

 7,961

 $

 12,218

 Investment in subsidiary, at underlying equity

 59,030

 56,768

 Loans receivable-ESOP

 4,343

 4,477

 Other assets

 1,805

 2,237

 TOTAL ASSETS

 73,139

 75,700

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Due to subsidiary bank

 $

 —

 $

 Deferred compensation liability

 Other liabilities

 TOTAL LIABILITIES

 Total stockholders' equity

 72,761

 75,362

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 73,139

 75,700

 2023

 2022

 Interest and dividend income:

 Loans-ESOP

 $

 $

 Total interest and dividend income

 Interest expense:

 Total interest expense

 —

 —

 Net interest income

 Noninterest income

 Noninterest expense

 2,207

 1,972

 Loss before income taxes

 ( 1,932

)

 ( 1,778

)

 Income tax benefit

 ( 160

)

 ( 490

)

 Loss before equity in undistributed earnings of bank

 ( 1,772

)

 ( 1,288

)

 Equity in undistributed earnings of bank

 ( 5,020

)

 1,140

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 2023

 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $

)

 $

 ( 148

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash from operating activities:

 Equity in undistributed loss (income) of bank

 5,020

 ( 1,140

)

 Gain on sale of other real estate

 ( 110

)

 —

 Stock compensation expense

 Deferred income tax benefit

 ( 160

)

 ( 226

)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Net change in other assets

 ( 316

)

 Net change in other liabilities

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 1,316

)

 ( 1,451

)

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Capital contribution to bank subsidiary

 ( 3,000

)

 —

 Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned

 Principal payments received on ESOP loan receivable

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

 ( 2,167

)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Reimbursement of stock offering costs

 —

 Repurchase of common stock for cancellation

 ( 702

)

 ( 3,173

)

 Stock options exercised

 —

 Purchases of ESOP shares

 —

 ( 1,062

)

 Retirement of common stock

 ( 91

)

 ( 81

)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities

 ( 774

)

 ( 4,314

)

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 4,257

)

 ( 5,628

)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 12,218

 17,846

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

 $

 7,961

 $

 12,218