UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

 Commission File Number 001-41255

 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

 Maryland

 87-1893965

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 2244 Westchester Avenue
 Bronx, NY

 10462

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 718) 931-9000

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading
 Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

 PDLB

 The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262 (b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2023 was $ 184,414,539.

 As of March 18, 2024, the registrant had 23,790,497 shares of common stock, $0.01par value per share, outstanding.

 Documents Incorporated by Reference: Portions of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, scheduled to be held on June 13, 2024, are incorporated into Part III hereof.

 Auditor Firm Id: 339 Auditor Name: Mazars USA LLP Auditor Location: New York, New York, USA

 Item 1. Business

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Item 2. Properties

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6. Reserved

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B. Other Information

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 i

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This annual report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as "estimate," "project," "intend," "anticipate," "assume," "plan," "seek," "expect," "will," "may," "should," "indicate," "would," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "target" and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

 • statements of the Company's goals, intentions and expectations;

 • statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

 • statements regarding the quality of its loan and investment portfolios; and

 • estimates of the risks and future costs and benefits.

 These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company's control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

 The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

 • the scope, duration and severity of rising interest rate and its effects on our business and operations, our customers, including their ability to make timely payments on loans, our service providers, and on the economy and financial markets in general;

 • changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

 • general economic conditions, either nationally or in the market areas, that are worse than expected;

 • the Company's ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk in the current economic environment;

 • changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses;

 • the ability to access cost-effective funding;

 • fluctuations in real estate values and real estate market conditions;

 • demand for loans and deposits in the market area;

 • the Company's ability to implement and change its business strategies;

 • competition among depository and other financial institutions;

 • inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce the Company's margins and yields, its mortgage banking revenues, the fair value of financial instruments or the level of loan originations, or increase the level of defaults, losses and prepayments on loans the Company have made and make;

 • adverse changes in the securities or secondary mortgage markets;

 • changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements;

 • adverse changes related to the businesses of our partners;

 • changes in the quality or composition of the Company's loan or investment portfolios;

 • technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

 • the inability of third party providers to perform as expected;

 • the Company's ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

 • the Company's ability to successfully integrate into its operations, any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel the Company may acquire and management's ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames, and any goodwill charges related thereto;

 ii

 • changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

 • the Company's ability to retain key employees;

 • the Company's compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to its employees; and

 • changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that the Company may own.

 Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. The Company is under no duty to and does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 iii

 Item 1. Business

 Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (hereafter referred to as "we," "our," "us," "Ponce Financial Group, Inc.," or the "Company"), is the holding company of Ponce Bank ("Ponce Bank" or the "Bank"), a federally chartered stock savings association. The Company is authorized to pursue other business activities permitted by applicable laws and regulations for savings and loan holding companies, which may include the acquisition of banking and financial services companies.

 The Company's cash flow is dependent on earnings from investments and any dividends received from Ponce Bank. Ponce Financial Group, Inc. does not own nor lease any property, but instead uses the premises, equipment and furniture of Ponce Bank. At the present time, the Company employs only persons who are officers of Ponce Bank to serve as officers of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. It uses the support staff of Ponce Bank from time to time. These persons are not separately compensated by Ponce Financial Group, Inc. Ponce Financial Group, Inc. may hire additional employees, as appropriate, to the extent it so determines in the future.

 The Company's executive office is located at 2244 Westchester Avenue, Bronx, New York 10462, and the telephone number at that address is (718) 931-9000.

 Available Information

 Under Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), Ponce Financial Group, Inc. is required to file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Company electronically files its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other reports as required with the SEC. The SEC website, www.sec.gov, provides access to all Company filings which have been filed electronically. Additionally, the Company's SEC filings and additional shareholders' information are available free of charge on the Bank's website, www.poncebank.com (within the Investor Relations section). The references to our website address and the SEC's website address do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in those websites and should not be considered part of this annual report.

 The Company's common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC under the symbol "PDLB."

 Ponce Bank

 Ponce Bank is a federally-chartered stock savings association headquartered in the Bronx, New York. Ponce Bank was originally chartered in 1960 as a federally-chartered mutual savings and loan association under the name Ponce De Leon Federal Savings and Loan Association. In 1985, the Bank changed its name to "Ponce De Leon Federal Savings Bank." In 1997, the Bank changed its name again to "Ponce De Leon Federal Bank." In 2017, the Bank adopted its current name. The assets and liabilities of Ponce De Leon Federal Bank were transferred to and assumed by the Bank. The Bank is designated as a Minority Depository Institution ("MDI") and a Community Development Financial Institution ("CDFI") under applicable regulations and is a certified Small Business Administration ("SBA') lender. The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC").

 The Company's business is conducted through the administrative office and 13 full service banking offices and 5 mortgage loan offices. The banking offices are located in New York City – the Bronx (4 branches), Queens (3 branches), Brooklyn (3 branches), Manhattan (2 branches) and Union City (1 branch), New Jersey. The mortgage loan offices are located in Queens (3) and Brooklyn (1), New York and Bergenfield (1), New Jersey. The Company's primary market area currently consists of the New York City metropolitan area.

 The Bank's business primarily consists of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings, in mortgage loans, consisting of one-to-four family residential (both investor-owned and owner-occupied), multifamily residential, nonresidential properties and construction and land, and, to a lesser extent, in business and consumer loans. The Bank also invests in securities, which have historically consisted of U.S. government and federal agency securities and securities issued by government-sponsored or owned enterprises, corporate securities, mortgage-backed securities and Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (the "FHLBNY") stock. The Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts, including demand, savings, money markets and certificates of deposit accounts.

 Business Strategy

 The Company's goal is to provide long-term value to our stockholders, customers, employees and the communities we serve (collectively our "stakeholders") by executing a safe and sound business strategy that produces increasing value. The Company believes there is a significant opportunity for an immigrant community-focused, minority directed bank to provide a full range of financial services to commercial and retail customers in our market area and other similar communities.

 Our current business strategy consists of the following:

 • Execute balance sheet reallocation strategy. Focus on reducing cost of funds and increase net interest margin. Apply for the Banking Development District program to obtain subsidized public deposits, re-train sales personnel to cross sell deposit products, increase amount of mission driven deposits and develop loan participation capabilities.

 • Invest in technology. Invest in technology and innovation to maximize efficiencies and effectiveness, expand distribution channels and enhance customer experience by developing systematic workflow improvement processes to maximize efficiency and effectiveness across operations and launching Digital banking.

 • Build bank profitability year over year. Optimize income statement through sound financial management by reevaluating operating expenses, ensuring CDFI grant initiatives are prioritized and evaluating the 1-4 retail mortgage operation. Participate in the U.S. Department of the treasury mentor-prot g program.

 • Attract, develop and retain an engaged, high performing workforce. Refine performance management system to align with strategic initiatives and continue to build and leverage Ponce culture.

 • Build Ponce Bank 2.0. Ensure risk management and compliance controls are aligned with strategic priorities. Evaluate and select appropriate charter to support strategy.

 For additional information related to our business strategies, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Vision 2025 Evolves."

 Employees and Human Capital Resources

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 237 full time equivalent employees. None of the Company's employees are represented by a labor union, and management considers its relationship with employees to be good. The Company believes its ability to attract and retain employees is key to its success. Accordingly, the Company strives to offer competitive salaries and employee benefits to all employees and monitors salaries and other compensation in its market area.

 The Company encourages and supports the growth and development of our employees. Continual learning and career development is advanced through ongoing performance and development conversations with employees, internally developed training programs and educational reimbursement programs.

 The Company is responsible for creating an equitable workplace ensuring diversity at all management levels. The Company prides itself on establishing a diverse workforce that serves our diverse customer base in the New York metro area. The Company's inclusion and diversity program focuses on its workforce, workplace, and community. The Company believes that its business is strengthened by a diverse workforce that reflects the communities in which it operates. The Company believes that all of its team members should be treated with respect and equality, regardless of gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, religious beliefs, or other characteristics. The Company has also broadened its focus on inclusion and diversity by including social and racial equity in its conversations and equipping and empowering its team leaders with appropriate tools and training.

 Market Area

 The Bank is headquartered in the Bronx, New York, with a primary market in the other boroughs of New York City (excluding Staten Island) and Hudson County, New Jersey. The size and complex nature of the geographic footprint makes for diverse demographics that continue to undergo significant changes, in terms of economic, racial, ethnic and age parameters, all with potentially substantial long-term institutional ramifications.

 The Bank's primary deposit base includes a large and stable base of locally employed blue-collar workers with low-to-medium income, middle-aged, and with limited investment funds. Within the base of locally employed blue-collar workers there is a significant, and growing, portion of recently immigrated, younger, lower-skilled laborers. The influx of immigrant lower-skilled workers, however, has been hampered by the increases in rental rates in the rental housing market within the New York City metropolitan area.

 Another significant customer segment of the Bank consists of middle aged and older white-collar, high-income individuals, many of whom are self-employed real estate investors and developers. They constitute a large percentage of the borrowing base of the Bank and, increasingly, are becoming the source of a significant percentage of commercial deposits.

 The Bank has historically been funded through local community deposits. The Bank continues to rely primarily on community deposits from its market areas to fund investments and loans. However, the mix of community deposits now includes demand and money market funds of consumer, commercial and not-for-profit entities, with a decreasing reliance on time deposits. Additionally, the Bank has been using alternative funding sources such as brokered deposits, FHLBNY and Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY") advances to support loan growth.

 Competition

 The Company faces significant competition within its market area both in originating loans and attracting deposits. There is a high concentration of financial institutions in the market area, including national, regional and other locally-operated commercial banks, savings banks, savings associations and credit unions whose activities include banking as well as mortgage lending. Several "mega" banks exist in the market, such as JPMorgan Chase, Citibank and Capital One, many of whom are continuing to push for retail deposits and home mortgages. A number of the Bank's competitors offer non-deposit products and services that the Bank does not currently offer, such as trust services, private banking, insurance services and asset management. Additionally, the Company faces an increasing level of competition from non-core financial service providers that do not necessarily maintain a physical presence in the Bank's market area, such as Radius Bank, Quicken Loans, Freedom Mortgage and many internet financial service providers. The amount of competition facing the Company is extensive and can negatively impact its growth.

 The market share of bank deposits in the New York area can be difficult to quantify, as some "mega" banks will include large scale deposits from around the world as held at headquarters. However, in Bronx County, New York, where the Bank maintains four branches, it holds 1.63% (as of June 30, 2023) of the market's deposits. This represents the Bank's largest market share in a county-level area. The Bank continues to work to improve its market position by expanding its brand within its current market area, and building its capacity to provide more products and services to its customers.

 Lending Activities

 General. The Bank's principal lending activity is originating real estate-secured loans, including one-to-four family investor-owned and owner-occupied residential, multifamily residential, nonresidential property, construction and land loans, and commercial and industrial ("C&I") business loans and consumer loans. It originates real estate and other loans through its loan officers, marketing efforts, customer base, walk-in customers and referrals from real estate brokers, builders and attorneys. Subject to market conditions and its asset-liability analysis, the Bank looks to maintain its emphasis on multifamily residential and nonresidential property loans while growing the overall loan portfolio and increasing the overall yield earned on loans.

 In 2020, the Bank had entered into a partnership with Grain. Through Grain, the Bank provides a consumer line of credit using a mobile application geared nationally to the underbanked and new generations entering the financial services market that uses non-traditional underwriting methodologies. In establishing these lines of credit, the Company reserved the right to modify borrowers' credit limits at its sole discretion. As discussed under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Factors Affecting the Comparability of Results, Write-off and Write-Down of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company has taken a write-off and write-down relative to these loans due to cyber-fraud experienced by Grain. These Grain loans are reflected in the consumer loan portfolio and are now serviced by the Bank. On November 1, 2023, Ponce Financial Group, Inc. and Grain signed a Perpetual Software License Agreement in order for the Bank to assume the servicing of the remaining Grain loans. In order to facilitate the transfer of the servicing responsibilities to the Bank, Grain granted the Bank a perpetual right and license to use the Grain software, including the source code to service the remaining loans.

 Lending activities are conducted primarily by the Bank's salaried loan officers operating at its main and branch office locations as well as remotely. It also conducts lending activities through its subsidiary Ponce De Leon Mortgage Corporation. All loan originations are underwritten pursuant to the Bank's policies and procedures. The Bank currently intends that substantially all of its mortgage loan originations will have adjustable interest rates. For its non-PPP business loan originations, variable rate pricing is offered based on prime rate plus a margin.

 Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the Bank's loan portfolio by type of loan (excluding mortgage loans held for sale) at the dates indicated. Loans in process at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $520.3 million and $205.6 million, respectively.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 $

 17.89

 %

 $

 22.54

 %

 $

 317,304

 24.01

 %

 $

 319,596

 27.27

 %

 $

 305,272

 31.60

 %

 7.93

 %

 8.84

 %

 96,947

 7.33

 %

 98,795

 8.43

 %

 91,943

 9.52

 %

 28.65

 %

 32.42

 %

 348,300

 26.34

 %

 307,411

 26.23

 %

 250,239

 25.90

 %

 properties

 17.81

 %

 20.19

 %

 239,691

 18.13

 %

 218,929

 18.68

 %

 207,225

 21.45

 %

 26.22

 %

 12.13

 %

 134,651

 10.19

 %

 105,858

 9.03

 %

 99,309

 10.28

 %

 1,892,827

 98.50

 %

 1,466,574

 96.12

 %

 1,136,893

 86.00

 %

 1,050,589

 89.64

 %

 953,988

 98.75

 %

 1.03

 %

 2.62

 %

 150,512

 11.38

 %

 94,947

 8.10

 %

 10,877

 1.13

 %

 8,966

 0.47

 %

 1.26

 %

 34,693

 2.62

 %

 26,517

 2.26

 %

 1,231

 0.12

 %

 Total nonmortgage
 loans

 28,745

 1.50

 %

 59,094

 3.88

 %

 185,205

 14.00

 %

 121,464

 10.36

 %

 12,108

 1.25

 %

 Total loans, gross

 %

 %

 1,322,098

 %

 1,172,053

 %

 966,096

 %

 Net deferred loan
 origination costs

 2,051

 (668

)

 1,457

 1,970

 Allowance for loan losses

 (26,154

)

 (34,592

)

 (16,352

)

 (14,870

)

 (12,329

)

 Loans receivable, net

 $

 1,895,886

 $

 1,493,127

 $

 1,305,078

 $

 1,158,640

 $

 955,737

 (1) As of December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019, business loans include $1.0 million, $20.0 million, $136.8 million, $85.3 million and $0.0 million, respectively, of SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans.

 (2) As of December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019, consumer loans include $8.0 million, $18.2 million, $33.9 million, $25.5 million and $0.0 million, respectively, of microloans that had originated by Grain. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 Loan Products Offered by the Bank. The following table provides a breakdown of the Bank's loan portfolio by product type and principal balance outstanding at December 31, 2023, excluding mortgage loans held for sale.

 At December 31, 2023

 Loan Type

 # of Loans

 Principal

 % of Portfolio

 $

 17.89

 %

 7.93

 %

 28.65

 %

 17.81

 %

 Construction 1-4 Investor

 1,917

 0.10

 %

 Construction Multifamily

 465,512

 24.22

 %

 Construction Nonresidential

 29,616

 1.54

 %

 Land loan

 6,880

 0.36

 %

 Business loans

 C&I lines of credit

 12,004

 0.63

 %

 C&I loans (term)

 6,805

 0.35

 %

 PPP loans

 0.05

 %

 Consumer loans

 Unsecured (1)

 14,755

 7,996

 0.42

 %

 Passbook

 0.05

 %

 Grand Total

 16,420

 $

 %

 (1) Includes 14,727 microloans totaling $8.0 million which were originated by Grain. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 One-to-four Family Investor-Owned Loans. At December 31, 2023, one-to-four family investor-owned loans were $343.7 million, or 17.9% of the Bank's total loans. Investor-owned mortgage loans secured by non-owner-occupied one-to-four family residential property represents the Bank's third largest lending concentration. The majority of the portfolio, $303.7 million, or 88.4%, are two-to-four family properties (459 accounts), while the remaining $39.9 million, or 11.6%, are primarily single family, non-owner-occupied investment properties (95 accounts). The three largest loans outstanding in this category had outstanding balances of $5.3 million, $3.4 million and $2.9 million. In this category, loans totaling $120.5 million, or 35.1%, are secured by properties located in Queens County, $85.2 million, or 24.8%, in Kings County, $25.5 million, or 7.4%, in Nassau County, $25.4 million, or 7.4%, in Essex County, $20.4 million, or 5.9%, in New York County, $18.3 million, or 5.3%, in Bronx County, $10.3 million, or 3.0%, in Hudson County, $9.5 million, or 2.8% in Bergen County, and $6.0 million, or 1.7% in Suffolk County. The rest of this category, 6.6%, is spread out in other counties and no other concentration exceeded $2.8 million, or 0.8%.

 The Bank imposes prudent underwriting guidelines in the origination of such loans, including lower maximum loan-to-value ratios ("LTVs") of 70% on purchases and 65% on refinances, a required minimum debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR," net operating income divided by debt service requirement) of 1.20x that must be met by either the property on a standalone basis or by the inclusion of the owner(s) as co-borrower(s). In addition, all origination of such loans currently require that the transaction exhibit a global debt service coverage ratio (net operating income divided by debt service requirement) of no less than 1.0x. This coverage ratio indicates that the owner has the capacity to support the loan along with all personal obligations. On occasion, the Bank has required that the borrower establish a cash reserve to be held at the Bank in order to provide additional security. The maximum term on such loans is 30 years, typically with five-year adjustable rates.

 One-to-four family investor-owned real estate loans involve a greater degree of risk than one-to-four family owner-occupied real estate loans. Rather than depending on the borrower's repayment ability from employment or other income, the borrower's repayment ability is primarily dependent on ensuring that a tenant occupies the investor property and has the financial capacity to pay sufficient rent to cover the borrower's debt. In addition, if an investor borrower has several loans secured by properties in the same market, the loans have risks similar to a multifamily real estate loan and repayment of those loans is subject to adverse conditions in the rental market or the local economy.

 One-to-four Family Owner-occupied Loans. One-to-four family owner-occupied loans totaled $152.3 million, or 7.9% of the Bank's total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. The three largest loans outstanding in this category had outstanding balances of $2.6 million, $2.2 million and $2.0 million. There are 26 loans with an outstanding balance in excess of $1.0 million, totaling $36.8 million, or approximately 23.5% of this category. At December 31, 2023, approximately $51.9 million, or 34.1%, of this category was secured by properties located in Queens County, $39.1 million, or 25.6%, in Kings County, $13.2 million, or 8.7%, in Bronx County, $12.3 million, or 8.1%, in New York County, $11.0 million, or 7.3%, in Nassau County, $7.7 million, or 5.1%, in Essex County, $7.0 million, or 4.6%, in Richmond County, $3.8 million, or 2.5%, in Bergen County, and $3.2 million, or 2.1%, in Suffolk County. The rest of this category, less than 2.0%, is spread out in other counties and no other concentration exceeded $1.5 million, or 0.9%.

 It is the Bank's policy to underwrite loans secured by one-to-four family owner-occupied residential real estate in a manner that ensures strict compliance with Dodd-Frank regulatory requirements. This includes underwriting only mortgages that have a debt-to-income ratio of 43% or less or that meet non-qualified mortgage standards. A qualified mortgage is presumed to meet the borrower's ability to repay the loan. As part of this effort, the Bank employs software that tests each loan for qualified mortgage compliance. As a CDFI, the Bank is authorized to originate non-qualified mortgages. Non-qualified mortgages generally require greater down payments and have higher yields.

 The Bank generally limits one-to-four family loans to a maximum loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio of 90% for a purchase and 80% for a refinance, based on the lower of the purchase price or appraised value. The maximum loan term is 30 years, self-amortizing. As a portfolio lender, the Bank presently does offer a fixed-rate product. The Bank currently offers mostly 5/1 and 5/5 adjustable rate loans that adjust based on a spread ranging between 2.75% to 3.00% over the one or five-year FHLBNY rate. The maximum amount by which the interest rate may increase generally is limited to 2% for the first two adjustments and 5% for the life of the loan.

 Additionally, the Bank offers 1-4 loan family residential loans that are saleable in the secondary market, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and investors. The programs give the Bank the option to offer Federal Housing Administration ("FHA"), conventional, and non-qualified loans to its consumers. These programs are underwritten specifically to the Government agencies guidelines and the designated investors requirements. These loan products may allow up to 97% LTV ( with mortgage insurance) and Debt ratios as high as 50%, based on credit and other factors, as well as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Automated underwriting system risk assessment. The terms offered are generally 10,15,20,25, and 30 years fixed rate.

 Multifamily Loans. Multifamily loans totaled $550.6 million, or 28.7% of the Bank's total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Loans secured by multifamily properties represent the Bank's largest real estate lending category. The three largest loans were $20.7 million, $18.3 million and $17.3 million. Of the total of $550.6 million in multifamily loans, 154 loans have balances in excess of $1.0 million and account for $442.1 million, or approximately 80.5%, of this lending concentration. In terms of geographical concentrations, $205.0 million, or 37.2%, are secured by properties located in Queens County, $148.9 million, or 27.1%, in Kings County, $61.3 million, or 11.1%, in Nassau County, $53.1 million, or 9.6%, in Bronx County, $33.1 million, or 6.0%, in New York County, $21.9 million, or 4.0%, in Essex County, $8.4 million, or 1.5%, in Bergen County, $4.7 million, or 0.9%, in Suffolk County, $3.9 million, or 0.7%, in Hudson County, and $3.8 million, or 0.7%, in Fairfield County. All other concentrations by county, which account for 1.2% of this category, have balances of $1.7 million or less.

 Nonresidential Loans. Nonresidential loans totaled $342.3 million, or 17.8% of the Bank's total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Loans secured by nonresidential properties that represent the Bank's fourth largest concentration. The three largest loans were $24.2 million, $12.6 million and $10.5 million. Of the total of $342.3 million in nonresidential loans, 83 loans have balances in excess of $1.0 million and account for $279.7 million, or approximately 81.7%, of this lending concentration. In terms of geographical concentrations, $83.6 million, or 24.4%, are secured by properties located in Queens County, $55.8 million, or 16.3%, in Kings County, $55.4 million, or 16.2%, in Bronx County, $30.0 million, or 8.8%, in New York County, $24.2 million, or 7.1%, in Dallas County, $22.3 million, or 6.5%, in Nassau County, $16.3 million, or 4.8%, in Essex County, $10.5 million, or 3.1%, in Passaic County, $10.2 million, or 3.0%, in Bergen County, $9.4 million, or 2.8%, in Suffolk County, $6.8 million, or 2.0%, in Cobb County, $5.1 million, or 1.4%, in Richmond County, and $2.5 million, or 0.6%, in Hudson County. All other concentrations by county, which account for 3.0% of this category, have balances of $2.4 million or less.

 In the nonresidential portfolio, the overall mix is diverse in terms of property types, with the largest concentration being retail and wholesale at $117.0 million, or 34.2% of the portfolio, industrial and warehouse at $78.6 million, or 23.0%, offices at $43.3 million, or 12.7%, hotels and motels at $36.3 million, or 10.6%, service, doctor, dentist, daycare and schools at $22.6 million, or 6.6%, land at $15.9 million, or 4.7%, churches at $8.9 million, or 2.6%, medical, nursing home and hospital at $7.7 million, or 2.2%, restaurants at $7.6 million, or 2.2%, and the rest of the portfolio accounts for other property types, with none exceeding 1.0% as a portfolio concentration.

 The Bank considers a number of factors when originating multifamily and nonresidential mortgages. Loans secured by multifamily and nonresidential real estate generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one-to-four family residential real estate loans. The primary concern in this type of lending is the borrower's creditworthiness and the viability and cash flow potential of the property. Payments on loans secured by income-producing properties often depend on successful operation and management of the

 properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be more subject to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy as compared to residential real estate loans. To address the risks involved, the Bank evaluates the qualifications and financial resources of the underlying principal(s) of the borrower, including credit history, profitability and expertise, as well as the value of cash flows and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, the Bank considers the financial resources of the borrower, the experience of the underlying principal(s) of the borrower in owning or managing similar properties and the borrower's payment history with the Bank and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors considered include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value or purchase price of the mortgaged property (whichever is lower), and the debt service coverage ratio. All multifamily and nonresidential loans are supported by appraisals that conform to the Bank's appraisal policy. The Bank generally limits the maximum LTVs on these loans to 75%, based on the lower of the purchase price or appraised value of the subject property (70% on the refinance of nonresidential properties such as retail spaces, office buildings, and warehouses) and a DSCR of 1.20%. The maximum loan term ranges between 5 to 15 years. As is the Bank's general policy, the Bank offers only adjustable rates on its multifamily and nonresidential mortgages with adjustments based on a spread currently ranging between 2.50% to 3.00% over the five-year FHLBNY rate.

 Construction and Land Loans. Construction and land loans totaled $503.9 million, or 26.2%, of the Bank's total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023, (68 projects), with $448.1 million consisting of multifamily residential (57 projects). Loans secured by construction properties represent the Bank's second largest concentration. In terms of geographical concentrations, $180.3 million, or 35.8%, are secured by properties located in Queens County, $168.0 million, or 33.3%, in Kings County, $53.5 million, or 10.6%, in Nassau County, $28.8 million, or 5.7%, in New York County, $28.4 million, or 5.6%, in Bronx County, $18.3 million, or 3.6%, in Hudson County, $13.4 million, or 2.7%, in Richmond County, $8.0 million, or 1.6%, in Essex County, and $5.2 million, or 1.0%, in Bergen County. At December 31, 2023, loans in process related to construction loans totaled $520.3 million.

 The Bank's typical construction loan has a term of up to 36 months and contains:

 • an approximate 50% of the loan value down payment by the borrower;

 • a minimum of 5% contingency;

 • a minimum of 5% retainage;

 • a loan-to-cost ratio of 70% or less;

 • a loan-to-value ratio of 65% or less;

 • an interest reserve;

 • guarantees of all owners / partners / shareholders of a closely held organization owning 20% or more of company stock or entity ownership;

 • a conditional option to convert to a permanent mortgage loan upon completion of the project, at which time the interest rate is generally adjusted based on the five-year FHLBNY rates plus 300 basis points for loans without cash out to the borrower; and

 • debt service coverage using projected rental net income must be at least 1.2x the estimated debt service when operating at stabilized levels.

 The Bank's approach to the underwriting of construction loans is driven by five factors: analysis of the developer; analysis of the contractor; analysis of the project; valuation of the project; and evaluation of the source of repayment. The developer's character, capacity and capital are analyzed to determine that the individual or entity has the ability to first complete the project and then either sell it or carry permanent financing. The general contractor is analyzed for reputation, sufficient expertise and capacity to complete the project within the allotted time. The project is analyzed in order to ensure that the project will be completed within a reasonable period of time according to the plans and specifications, and can either be sold, rented or refinanced once completed. All construction loans are supported by appraisals which conform to the Bank's appraisal policy and affirm the value of the project both "As Is" and "As Completed." Lastly, the Bank reviews the developer's cash flow estimations for the project on an "As Completed" basis. These projections are compared to the appraiser's estimates.

 Upon closing of the construction loan, the Bank begins monitoring the project and funding requisitions for completed stages upon inspection and confirmation by third party firms, such as engineers, of the work performed and its value and quality. Conversion to permanent financing usually occurs upon a conversion underwriting and receipt of certificates of occupancy, as applicable.

 Most construction loans are made to borrowers that qualify for real estate tax abatements due to a percentage of the units being rent stabilized, generally 30% or less. The effects of rent stabilization may increase the risks related to such loans. See Item 1A.Risk

 Factors - The performance of our multi-family real estate loans could be adversely impacted by law or regulation relating to rent control and rent stabilization. Additional risks of our construction loans are also discussed under See Item 1A.Risk Factors – "We have increased our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans. These loans may carry greater credit risk than loans secured by one-to-four family real estate that could adversely affect our financial condition and net income."; "The unseasoned nature of our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans portfolio may result in changes to our estimates of collectability, which may lead to additional provisions or charge-offs, which could hurt our profits."; and "Our emphasis on construction lending involves risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations."

 C&I Loans and Lines of Credit. C&I loans (excluding PPP loans) and lines of credit represent 1.0% of the Bank's total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Unlike real estate loans, which are secured by real property, and whose collateral value tends to be more easily ascertainable, commercial and industrial loans are of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower's business. The collateral, such as accounts receivable, securing these loans may fluctuate in value.

 Although the Bank's loan policy allows for the extension of secured and unsecured financing, the Bank usually seeks to obtain collateral when in initial discussions with potential borrowers. Unsecured credit facilities are made only to strong borrowers that possess established track records with the Bank (or come highly recommended) and are supported by guarantors. Guarantees are required of any individual or entity owning or controlling 20% or more of the borrowing entity, with exceptions requiring approval from the Board of Directors. When credits are not secured by a specific lien on an asset, the Bank usually requires a general lien on all business assets as evidenced by a UCC filing. Pricing is typically based on the Wall Street Journal prime rate plus a spread driven by risk-rating variables.

 Underwriters are required to identify at least two sources of repayment, usually recommend that loans contain covenants, such as minimum debt service coverage ratios, minimum global debt service coverage ratios, maximum leverage ratios, 30-day "cleanups" or "clean-downs," as applicable, and must require periodic financial reporting. In addition, every effort is made to set up borrowers with auto-debit for loan payments and strongly encourage them to maintain operating accounts at the Bank.

 Lines of credit are typically short-term facilities (12 months) that are provided for occasional or seasonal needs. They are extended to only qualifying borrowers who have established cash flow from operations and a clean credit history. At a minimum, a bi-annual 30-day clean-up, or 75% bi-annual pay-down period is required, although annually is preferred. A clean-up period generally is not required on amortizing secured lines. Guarantors, which are usually required, must have clean credit histories and a substantial outside net worth. Most lines contain an option to convert to a term loan upon maturity.

 Secured term loans are long-term facilities extended typically for the purpose of financing the purchase of a long term asset. At a minimum, they will be collateralized by the asset being purchased. They may also be secured by an existing long term business asset or outside collateral pledged by the guarantor or borrower. Unsecured term loans are usually extended only to well-known borrowers who have established strong cash flow from operations and a clean credit history. Although Bank policy allows term loans for up to ten years, the preference is to offer self-amortizing term loans based on a term of no more than five-to-seven years.

 Consumer Loans. Consumer loans generally have higher interest rates than mortgage loans. The risk involved in consumer loans fluctuates based on the type and nature of the collateral and, in certain cases, the absence of collateral. Consumer loans include passbook loans and other secured and unsecured loans that have been made for a variety of consumer purposes. As of December 31, 2023, there were $8.0 million, or 0.4% of total loans, in unsecured consumer loans, of which $8.0 million comprised of 14,727 individual loans were outstanding and are held by the Bank pursuant to its former arrangement with Grain.

 Loan Originations, Purchases and Sales. The following table sets forth the Bank's loan originations, sales, purchases and principal repayment activities, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, during the periods indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Total loans at beginning of year

 $

 $

 1,322,098

 $

 1,172,053

 $

 966,096

 $

 929,761

 Loans originated:

 28,999

 58,333

 42,631

 36,522

 32,827

 24,137

 54,001

 15,346

 15,090

 9,117

 88,464

 181,227

 73,128

 90,481

 53,288

 55,649

 89,370

 65,463

 34,154

 37,975

 700,904

 231,334

 109,294

 81,465

 69,240

 898,153

 614,265

 305,862

 257,712

 202,447

 Business (1)

 14,285

 6,325

 122,254

 89,110

 1,175

 Consumer (2)

 3,898

 59,760

 30,050

 15,022

 10,223

 182,014

 119,160

 1,930

 Total loans originated

 913,175

 624,488

 487,876

 376,872

 204,377

 Loans purchased:

 —

 —

 5,845

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 5,540

 —

 —

 Total loans purchased

 —

 —

 11,385

 —

 —

 Loans sold and transferred to held-for-sale:

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (2,129

)

 (3,040

)

 (5,661

)

 (781

)

 (3,520

)

 —

 (311

)

 —

 —

 —

 (1,435

)

 —

 (2,299

)

 (2,748

)

 —

 —

 (767

)

 (2,713

)

 (510

)

 (196

)

 (5,017

)

 (5,734

)

 (3,500

)

 —

 —

 Total loans sold

 (8,581

)

 (9,852

)

 (14,173

)

 (4,039

)

 (3,716

)

 Principal repayments and other

 (508,690

)

 (411,066

)

 (335,043

)

 (166,876

)

 (164,326

)

 Net loan activity

 395,904

 203,570

 150,045

 205,957

 36,335

 Total loans at end of year

 $

 $

 $

 1,322,098

 $

 1,172,053

 $

 966,096

 (1) For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, business loans originated include $117.3 million and $85.3 million, respectively, of PPP loans. The PPP program ended on May 31, 2021.

 (2) For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, consumer loans originated include $3.2 million, $59.3 million and $29.5 million, respectively, of microloans pursuant to the Bank's former arrangement with Grain. No new Grain loans were made by the Bank after May 31, 2022. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 Contractual Maturities. The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of the Bank's total loan portfolio, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, at December 31, 2023. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. The table presents contractual maturities and does not reflect repricing or the effect of prepayments. Actual maturities may differ.

 At December 31, 2023

 One year
or less

 More than
one year
 to five years

 More than
five years

 Revolving

 Total

 $

 2,984

 $

 4,079

 $

 336,626

 $

 —

 $

 1,095

 150,720

 —

 2,312

 22,269

 525,978

 —

 23,602

 47,862

 270,879

 —

 239,953

 263,972

 —

 —

 269,347

 339,277

 1,284,203

 —

 1,892,827

 11,457

 7,443

 —

 —

 7,985

 8,966

 11,554

 8,327

 7,985

 28,745

 Total

 $

 280,901

 $

 347,604

 $

 1,285,082

 $

 7,985

 $

 (1) Includes $1.0 million of PPP loans at December 31, 2023.

 (2) Includes $8.0 million of loans which were outstanding and are now serviced by the Bank at December 31, 2023.

 The following table sets forth the Bank's fixed and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2023 that are contractually due after December 31, 2024.

 Due After December 31, 2024

 Fixed

 Adjustable

 Total

 $

 54,664

 $

 286,041

 $

 340,705

 53,645

 98,170

 151,815

 80,917

 467,330

 548,247

 49,536

 269,205

 318,741

 263,972

 —

 263,972

 502,734

 1,120,746

 1,623,480

 7,643

 8,322

 8,869

 —

 8,869

 9,548

 7,643

 17,191

 Total

 $

 512,282

 $

 1,128,389

 $

 1,640,671

 (1) Includes $1.0 million of PPP loans at December 31, 2023.

 (2) Includes $8.0 million of microloans which were outstanding and serviced by the Bank pursuant to its former arrangement with Grain at December 31, 2023.

 Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. The Bank's total loans or extensions of credit to a single borrower or group of related borrowers cannot exceed, with specified exemptions, 15% of its total regulatory capital. The Bank's lending limit as of December 31, 2023 was $73.9 million, with the ability to lend additional amounts up to 10% if the loans or extensions of credit are fully secured by readily-marketable collateral. At December 31, 2023, the Bank complied with these loans-to-one borrower limitations.

 At December 31, 2023, the Bank's largest aggregate exposure to one borrower was $58.0 million with an outstanding balance of $38.4 million. The second largest exposure was $55.0 million with outstanding balances of $18.9 million and two customers with the third largest exposures of two customers with $47.0 million each with outstanding balances of $22.1 million and $10.9 million, respectively. No other loan or loans-to-one borrower, individually or cumulatively, exceeded $44.0 million, or 59.5% of the lending limit.

 The Bank's real estate lending is subject to written policies, underwriting standards and operating procedures. Decisions on loan requests are made on the basis of detailed applications submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that the Bank obtains and property valuations, consistent with the appraisal policy. The appraisals are prepared by outside independent licensed appraisers and reviewed by third parties, all approved by the Board of Directors. The Loan Committee usually reviews appraisals in considering a loan application. The performance of the appraisers is also subject to internal evaluations using scorecards and are assessed periodically. The loan applications are designed primarily to determine the borrower's ability to repay the requested loan, and all information provided with the application and checklists provided as part of the application package are evaluated by the loan underwriting department.

 The real estate lending approval process starts with the processing of the application package, which is reviewed for completeness and then all necessary agency reports are ordered. Upon initial review and preparation of preliminary documents by the processors in the underwriting department, the file is assigned to an underwriter. The underwriters are responsible for presenting the loan request along with a recommendation, to the Loan Committee, and to the Board of Directors when the credit exposure is greater than the Loan Committee's authority or there are exceptions to the loan policy. If approved, closed and booked, the loan reviewers then undertake the responsibility of monitoring the credit file for the life of the loan by assessing the borrower's creditworthiness periodically, given certain criteria and following certain operating procedures. An independent third party also performs loan reviews following similar criteria and scope under the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

 The Bank's non-real estate lending is also subject to written policies, underwriting standards and operating procedures. Decisions on these loans requests are made on the basis of applications submitted by the prospective borrowers credit histories that the Bank obtains where applicable, borrower cash flows, as obtained directly from bank statements and predictive algorithms based on expected cash flows. Certain of these loans maybe wholly or partly collateralized by cash or business assets.

 Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, was $10.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively, including residential mortgages that were originated in accordance with secondary market pricing and underwriting standards. The Bank's intent was to sell these loans on the secondary market.

 Delinquencies and Non-Performing Assets

 Delinquency Procedures. Collection efforts commence the day following the grace period, normally on the 17th of the month. Those loans that have experienced sporadic late payments over the previous 12 months are reviewed with a greater degree of diligence. Late notices are generated and distributed on the 17th and 30th day of the month. The Collection Department pursues collection efforts up until the 90th day past due. At that time, the Bank usually will initiate legal proceedings for collection or foreclosure unless it is in the best interest of the Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a suitable workout plan.

 Prior to acquiring property through foreclosure proceedings, the Bank will obtain an updated appraisal to determine the fair market value and proceed with net adjustments according to accounting principles. Board of Directors approval is required to pursue a foreclosure.

 Delinquent Loans. The following table sets forth the Bank's loan delinquencies, including non-accrual loans, by type and amount at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 30-59
Days

 60-89
Days

 30-59
Days

 60-89
Days

 30-59
Days

 60-89
Days

 Mortgages:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 1,530

 $

 $

 1,865

 $

 $

 2,969

 $

 1,096

 —

 —

 2,130

 2,553

 —

 2,961

 1,947

 1,109

 —

 2,979

 4,643

 —

 —

 1,704

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,246

 —

 1,168

 —

 —

 —

 6,659

 —

 4,100

 7,567

 —

 —

 —

 Nonmortgage Loans:

 1,466

 7,869

 2,973

 4,036

 1,007

 —

 1,267

 1,119

 —

 2,570

 1,759

 Total

 $

 2,011

 $

 1,015

 $

 $

 15,705

 $

 13,773

 $

 13,220

 $

 12,526

 $

 7,098

 $

 3,061

 2020

 2019

 30-59
Days

 60-89
Days

 30-59
Days

 60-89
Days

 Mortgages:

 $

 2,222

 $

 1,507

 $

 1,907

 $

 3,866

 $

 —

 $

 1,082

 1,572

 1,100

 3,405

 —

 1,295

 1,140

 —

 3,921

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,272

 —

 3,708

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Nonmortgage Loans:

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 5,531

 $

 2,171

 $

 7,400

 $

 11,195

 $

 —

 $

 6,085

 Non-Performing Assets. The following table sets forth information regarding non-performing assets excluding mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Non-performing assets are comprised of non-accrual loans and non-accrual modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. There was no other real estate owned at the dates indicated. Non-accrual loans include non-accruing previously existing troubled debt restructured loans, prior to ASU 2022-02, of $0.7 million, $2.3 million, $2.5 million, $3.1 million, and $3.6 million at December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There were no accruing loans past due 90 days or more at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Nonaccrual loans:

 $

 $

 2,844

 $

 3,349

 $

 2,808

 $

 2,312

 1,683

 1,284

 1,053

 1,009

 2,979

 —

 1,200

 —

 —

 —

 2,163

 3,776

 3,555

 6,659

 7,567

 —

 1,118

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total nonaccrual loans (not including non-accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty) (1)

 $

 12,279

 $

 11,372

 $

 8,913

 $

 8,583

 $

 7,994

 Non-accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1):

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 $

 2,027

 2,196

 2,197

 2,491

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total non-accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1)

 2,337

 2,530

 3,100

 3,604

 Total nonaccrual loans

 $

 $

 13,709

 $

 11,443

 $

 11,683

 $

 11,598

 Accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1):

 $

 2,112

 $

 2,207

 $

 3,089

 $

 3,378

 $

 5,191

 2,313

 1,328

 2,374

 2,505

 2,090

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,306

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1)

 $

 5,182

 $

 4,243

 $

 6,195

 $

 6,637

 $

 8,601

 Total non-performing assets and accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (1)

 $

 17,908

 $

 $

 17,638

 $

 18,320

 $

 20,199

 Total nonperforming loans to total gross loans

 0.66

 %

 0.90

 %

 0.87

 %

 1.00

 %

 1.20

 %

 Total nonperforming assets to total assets

 0.46

 %

 0.59

 %

 0.69

 %

 0.86

 %

 1.10

 %

 Total non-performing assets and accruing modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as a percentage of total assets (1)

 0.65

 %

 0.78

 %

 1.07

 %

 1.35

 %

 1.92

 %

 (1) For periods in 2023, balances include both modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, in accordance with ASU 2022-02 adopted on January 1, 2023, and previously existing troubled debt restructurings. For the periods in 2022 and prior, the balances only include troubled debt restructurings.

 Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities, considered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC") to be of lesser quality, as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss." An asset is considered "substandard" if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. "Substandard" assets include those characterized by the "distinct possibility" that the Bank will sustain "some loss" if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as "doubtful" have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified "substandard," with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make "collection or liquidation in full," on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, "highly questionable and improbable." Assets classified as "loss" are those considered "uncollectible" and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss allowance is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as "special mention" by our management.

 Under OCC regulations, when an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as "loss," it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution's determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

 In connection with the filing of the Bank's periodic reports with the OCC and in accordance with its classification of assets policy, it regularly reviews the loans in its portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

 On the basis of this review of loans, the Bank's classified and special mention loans at the dates indicated were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Classified Loans:

 Substandard

 $

 17,851

 $

 21,499

 $

 17,317

 $

 20,508

 $

 22,787

 Total classified loans

 17,851

 21,499

 17,317

 20,508

 22,787

 Special mention loans

 5,786

 9,735

 13,798

 19,546

 17,355

 Total classified and special mention loans

 $

 23,637

 $

 31,234

 $

 31,115

 $

 40,054

 $

 40,142

 Substandard loans decreased $3.6 million, or 16.97%, to $17.9 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $21.5 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease of substandard loans was primarily attributable to decreases of $5.0 million in construction and land loans and $0.9 million in 1-4 family loans, offset by an increase of $2.3 million in multifamily loans.

 Special mention loans decreased $3.9 million, or 40.6%, to $5.8 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $9.7 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases of $5.5 million in 1-4 family loans and $0.3 million in multifamily loans, offset by an increase of and $1.9 million in nonresidential loans.

 Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties.

 The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. Since adoption, the Company has not modified any loans with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include a reduction in interest rate, an extension in term, principal forgiveness and/or other than insignificant payment delay. At December 31, 2023, there were no loans with modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, the Company classified certain loans as troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") loans when credit terms to a borrower in financial difficulty were modified, in accordance with ASC 310-40. With the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023, the Company has ceased to recognize or measure for new TDRs but those existing at December 31, 2022 will remain until settled.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no loans restructured as a troubled debt restructuring.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 21 and 23 troubled debt restructured loans totaling $5.9 million and $6.6 million of which $5.2 million and $4.2 million are on accrual status, respectively. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring. The financial impact from the concessions made represents specific impairment reserves on these loans, which aggregated to $0.2 million December 31, 2022.

 The Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") on loans is management's estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the reporting date. The ACL on loans is increased through a provision for credit losses ("PCL") recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral-dependent individually analyzed loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

 According to ASC 326-20-30-9, estimating expected credit losses is highly judgmental and generally will require Ponce Bank to make specific judgments. Ponce Bank will make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected credit losses. Ponce Bank uses Federal Open Market Committee to obtain various forecasts for unemployment rate, national gross domestic product and the National Consumer Price Index. Ponce Bank has elected to forecast the first four quarters of the credit loss estimate and revert to a long-run average of each considered economic factor as permitted in ASC 326-20-30-9.

 The level of the ACL on loans is based on management's ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions and reasonable forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for calculation of probability of default, loss given default, exposure at default and the estimation of expected credit losses. As discussed further below, adjustments to historical information are made for differences in specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, that may not be reflected in historical loss rates.

 Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors. Under ASC 326-20-30-2 and 326-20-55-5, the Bank aggregates financial assets on the basis of similar risk characteristics. Management selected a Call Code segmentation, as based on the Bank's call report. Management's criteria for determining an appropriate segmentation (1) groups loans based on similar risk characteristics; (2) allows for mapping and utilization/application of publicly available external information (Call Report Filings); (3) allows for mapping and utilization/application of publicly available external information; (4) federal call code is granular enough to accommodate enough to accommodate a "like-kind" notion, yet broad enough to maintain statistical relevance and/or a meaningful number of loan observations within material segments and (5) federal call code designation is identifiable throughout historical data sets, which is critical component of segmentation selection.

 Quantitative loss factors are also supplemented by certain qualitative risk factors reflecting management's view of how losses may vary from those represented by quantitative loss rates. These qualitative risk factors include: (1) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; (2) economic conditions such as the Bank's market area, customer demographics, portfolio composition, along with national indicators considered impactful to the model; (3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio; (4) credit and lending staff/administration; (5) changes with loan trends; (6) concentrations; (7) loan review results; (8) collateral values and (9) regulatory and business environment.

 Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data, reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as management's judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Deteriorating conditions or assumptions could lead to further increases in the ACL on loans. The ACL on loans is determined by an estimate of future credit losses, and ultimate losses may vary from management's estimate.

 The following table sets forth activity in the ACL for the periods indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Allowance at beginning of year

 $

 $

 $

 14,870

 $

 12,329

 $

 12,659

 Provision (recovery) for loan losses

 1,237

 2,717

 2,443

 Adoption of CECL

 (3,090

)

 Charge-offs:

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (8

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (38

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (63

)

 —

 —

 —

 (724

)

 Consumer (1)

 (7,227

)

 (6,659

)

 (1,342

)

 (6

)

 —

 Total charge-offs

 (7,290

)

 (6,659

)

 (1,380

)

 (6

)

 (732

)

 Recoveries:

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Consumer (1)

 Total recoveries

 Net recoveries (charge-offs)

 (6,585

)

 (5,806

)

 (1,235

)

 (588

)

 Allowance at end of year

 $

 26,154

 $

 $

 $

 14,870

 $

 12,329

 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage for
 nonperforming loans

 205.52

 %

 252.33

 %

 142.90

 %

 127.28

 %

 106.30

 %

 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage
 of total loans

 1.36

 %

 2.27

 %

 1.24

 %

 1.27

 %

 1.28

 %

 Net recoveries (charge-offs) to average loans
 outstanding during the year

 (0.38

 %)

 (0.42

 %)

 (0.09

 %)

 0.01

 %

 (0.06

 %)

 (1) At December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, includes $7.2 million, $6.7 million and $1.2 million of charge-offs and $0.7 million, $0.6 million and $0.01 million of recoveries related to loans associated with Grain, respectively.

 Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table sets forth the ACL by loan category and the percent of the allowance in each category to the total allowance at the dates indicated. The ACL of each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

 2023

 2022

 2021

of Loans
Loans

of
Loans in
Each
Loans

of
Loans in
Each
Loans

 $

 4,415

 16.89

 %

 17.89

 %

 $

 3,863

 11.16

 %

 22.54

 %

 $

 3,540

 21.65

 %

 24.01

 %

 2,012

 7.69

 %

 7.93

 %

 1,723

 4.98

 %

 8.84

 %

 1,178

 7.20

 %

 7.33

 %

 4,365

 16.69

 %

 28.65

 %

 8,021

 23.19

 %

 32.42

 %

 5,684

 34.76

 %

 26.34

 %

 3,176

 12.14

 %

 17.81

 %

 2,724

 7.87

 %

 20.19

 %

 2,165

 13.24

 %

 18.13

 %

 4,807

 18.38

 %

 26.22

 %

 2,683

 7.76

 %

 12.13

 %

 2,024

 12.38

 %

 10.19

 %

 18,775

 71.79

 %

 98.50

 %

 19,014

 54.96

 %

 96.12

 %

 14,591

 89.23

 %

 86.00

 %

 2.03

 %

 1.03

 %

 0.35

 %

 2.62

 %

 1.87

 %

 11.38

 %

 6,848

 26.18

 %

 0.47

 %

 44.69

 %

 1.26

 %

 1,455

 8.90

 %

 2.62

 %

 7,379

 28.21

 %

 1.50

 %

 15,578

 45.04

 %

 3.88

 %

 1,761

 10.77

 %

 14.00

 %

 Total

 $

 26,154

 %

 %

 $

 %

 %

 $

 %

 %

 2020

 2019

Loans in
Each
Loans

Loans in
Each
Loans

 $

 3,850

 25.90

 %

 27.27

 %

 $

 3,503

 28.42

 %

 31.60

 %

 1,260

 8.47

 %

 8.43

 %

 1,067

 8.65

 %

 9.52

 %

 5,214

 35.06

 %

 26.23

 %

 3,865

 31.35

 %

 25.90

 %

 2,194

 14.75

 %

 18.68

 %

 1,849

 15.00

 %

 21.45

 %

 1,820

 12.24

 %

 9.03

 %

 1,782

 14.45

 %

 10.28

 %

 14,338

 96.42

 %

 89.64

 %

 12,066

 97.87

 %

 98.75

 %

 1.71

 %

 8.10

 %

 2.06

 %

 1.13

 %

 1.87

 %

 2.26

 %

 0.07

 %

 0.12

 %

 3.58

 %

 10.36

 %

 2.13

 %

 1.25

 %

 Total

 $

 14,870

 %

 %

 $

 12,329

 %

 %

 At December 31, 2023, allowance for credit losses represented 1.36% of total gross loans and 205.52% of nonperforming loans compared to 2.27% of total gross loans and 252.33% of nonperforming loans at December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses decreased to $26.2 million at December 31, 2023 from $34.6 million at December 31, 2022, of these amounts $6.8 million and $15.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were related to Grain. There were $6.6 million and $5.8 million in net charge-offs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Although the Bank believes that it uses the best information available to establish the ACL, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary and results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. Furthermore, although the Bank believes that it has established the ACL in conformity with GAAP, after a review of the loan portfolio by regulators, the Bank may determine it is appropriate to increase the ACL. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, the existing ACL may not be adequate and increases may be necessary should the quality of any loan deteriorate as a result of the factors discussed above. Any material increase in the ACL may adversely affect the Bank's financial condition and results of operations.

 Investment Activities

 General. The Bank's investment policy was adopted and is reviewed annually by the Board of Directors. The Chief Financial Officer (designated as the Chief Investment Officer) will plan and execute investment strategies consistent with the policies approved by the Board of Directors. The Chief Financial Officer provides an investment schedule detailing the investment portfolio which is reviewed at least quarterly by the Bank's asset-liability committee and the Board of Directors.

 The current investment policy permits, with certain limitations, investments in United States Treasury securities; securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies or government-sponsored enterprises including mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMO") issued by Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac; and corporate bonds and obligations, and certificates of deposit in other financial institutions.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the investment portfolio consisted of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities and obligations issued by the U.S. government and government-sponsored enterprises, corporate bonds and the FHLBNY stock. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank owned $19.4 million and $24.7 million, respectively, of FHLBNY stock. As a member of FHLBNY, the Bank is required to purchase stock from the FHLBNY which is carried at cost and classified as restricted equity securities.

 Securities Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities portfolios at the dates indicated, which consisted of U.S. government and federal agencies, corporate bonds, pass-through mortgage-backed securities and certificates of deposit.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

Cost

Cost

Cost

Cost

Cost

 Available-for-Sale
 Securities:

 U.S. Government and
 Federal Agencies

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 16,373

 $

 16,354

 2,990

 2,784

 2,985

 2,689

 2,981

 2,934

 —

 —

 —

 —

 25,824

 21,243

 21,184

 10,381

 10,463

 —

 —

 Mortgage-Backed
 Securities

 39,375

 44,503

 18,845

 18,348

 —

 —

 —

 —

 10,163

 8,681

 11,310

 9,634

 —

 —

 3,201

 3,196

 61,359

 67,199

 71,930

 70,699

 3,506

 3,567

 4,680

 4,659

 $

 $

 $

 151,943

 $

 $

 115,174

 $

 113,346

 $

 17,351

 $

 17,498

 $

 21,535

 $

 21,504

 Held-to-Maturity
 Securities:

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 78,738

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 212,093

 207,027

 235,479

 230,113

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,897

 3,653

 4,120

 3,852

 1,743

 1,722

 —

 —

 118,944

 131,918

 126,691

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 SBA Certificates

 19,712

 19,878

 21,803

 21,837

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (398

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 1,743

 $

 1,722

 $

 —

 $

 —

 (1) Comprised of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA") and Ginnie Mae ("GNMA") issued securities.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company invested primarily in held-to-maturity securities utilizing the $225.0 million the Company received from the issuance of preferred stock to the U.S. Treasury pursuant to its Emergency Capital Investment Program and from cash received from deposits made by its customers.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no securities of which the amortized cost or estimated value exceeded 10% of total equity.

 Mortgage-Backed Securities. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank had mortgage-backed securities with a carrying value of $465.6 million and $516.5 million, respectively. Mortgage-backed securities are securities issued in the secondary market that are collateralized by pools of mortgages. Certain types of mortgage-backed securities are commonly referred to as "pass through" certificates because the underlying loans are "passed through" to investors, net of certain costs, including servicing and guarantee fees. Mortgage-backed securities typically are collateralized by pools of one-to-four family residential or multifamily residential mortgages, although the Bank invests primarily in mortgage-backed securities backed by one-to-four family residential mortgages. The issuers of such securities sell the participation interests to investors such as the Bank. The interest rate of the security is lower than the interest rates of the underlying loans to allow for payment of servicing and guaranty fees. All of the Bank's mortgage-backed securities are backed by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, which are government-sponsored enterprises, or Ginnie Mae, which is a government-owned enterprise.

 Residential mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are more liquid than individual mortgage loans because there is an active trading market for such securities. In addition, residential mortgage-backed securities may be used to collateralize borrowings. Investments in residential mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual payments will be greater or less than the prepayment rate estimated at the time of purchase, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such interests, thereby affecting the net yield on the securities. Current prepayment speeds determine whether prepayment estimates require modification that could cause amortization or accretion adjustments.

 Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The composition and maturities of the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 are summarized in the following table. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment dates, and do not reflect the effect of scheduled principal repayments, prepayments, or early redemptions that may occur. Adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust.

 One Year or Less

 More than One Year
through Five Years

 More than Five Years
through Ten Years

 More than Ten Years

 Total

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

Yield

Cost

 Fair
Value

Yield

 Available-for-Sale
 Securities:

 $

 —

 —

 $

 2,990

 0.90

 %

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 2,990

 $

 2,784

 0.90

 %

 4,000

 0.80

 %

 1,000

 5.25

 %

 20,790

 4.15

 %

 —

 —

 3.67

 %

 Mortgage-Backed
 Securities

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 39,375

 1.47

 %

 39,375

 1.47

 %

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 10,163

 1.18

 %

 10,163

 8,681

 1.18

 %

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,660

 1.98

 %

 58,699

 1.77

 %

 61,359

 1.78

 %

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 5.44

 %

 5.44

 %

 $

 4,000

 0.80

 %

 $

 3,990

 1.99

 %

 $

 23,450

 3.90

 %

 $

 108,341

 1.61

 %

 $

 $

 1.98

 %

 Held-to-Maturity
 Securities:

 $

 —

 —

 $

 4.25

 %

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 4.25

 %

 4.25

 %

 4.80

 %

 7,500

 3.33

 %

 —

 —

 4.50

 %

 Mortgage-Backed
 Securities

 —

 —

 3,047

 3.46

 %

 —

 —

 209,046

 4.00

 %

 212,093

 207,027

 3.99

 %

 3,897

 5.01

 %

 3,897

 3,653

 5.01

 %

 —

 —

 2,485

 3.59

 %

 5,813

 3.39

 %

 110,646

 4.62

 %

 118,944

 4.53

 %

 SBA Certificates

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 10,593

 5.97

 %

 $

 9,119

 5.82

 %

 19,712

 $

 19,878

 5.90

 %

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 —

 (398

)

 $

 —

 —

 $

 4.25

 %

 $

 80,532

 4.54

 %

 $

 23,906

 4.52

 %

 $

 332,708

 4.27

 %

 $

 $

 4.33

 %

 (1) Comprised of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA") and Ginnie Mae ("GNMA") issued securities.

 Sources of Funds

 General. Deposits have traditionally been the Bank's primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. The Bank receives funds from large deposits made from corporations, nonprofits, and large banks. The Bank also uses borrowings, primarily from the FHLBNY and the FRBNY, brokered and listing service deposits, and unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks, to supplement cash flow needs, lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk and manage the cost of funds. In addition, the Bank receives funds from scheduled loan payments, investment principal and interest payments, maturities and calls, loan prepayments and income on earning assets. Although scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

 Deposits. Deposits are generated primarily from the Bank's primary market area. The Bank offers a selection of deposit accounts, including demand accounts, NOW/IOLA accounts, money market accounts, reciprocal deposits, savings accounts and certificates of deposit to individuals, business entities, non-profit organizations and individual retirement accounts. Deposit account terms vary, with the primary differences being the minimum balance required, the amount of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate.

 Interest rates paid, maturity terms, service fees and premature withdrawal penalties are established on a periodic basis. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current operating strategies and market rates, liquidity requirements, rates paid by competitors and growth goals. The Bank relies upon personalized customer service, long-standing relationships with customers and the favorable image of the Bank in the community to attract and retain deposits. The Bank also provides a fully functional electronic banking platform, including mobile applications, remote deposit capture and online bill pay, among others, as a service to retail and business customers.

 The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market and other prevailing interest rates and competition. The ability to attract and maintain these and other interest-bearing deposits, and the rates paid on them, have been, and will continue to be, significantly affected by competition and economic and market conditions.

 The following table sets forth the average balance and weighted average rate of deposits for the periods indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

Rate

Rate

Rate

 Deposit type:

 NOW/IOLA

 $

 22,168

 1.60

 %

 0.15

 %

 $

 30,151

 2.34

 %

 0.22

 %

 $

 30,851

 2.59

 %

 0.35

 %

 Money market

 424,160

 30.58

 %

 4.34

 %

 393,555

 30.55

 %

 1.59

 %

 310,611

 26.06

 %

 0.38

 %

 Savings

 121,550

 8.76

 %

 0.10

 %

 138,137

 10.72

 %

 0.09

 %

 133,244

 11.18

 %

 0.11

 %

 528,999

 38.13

 %

 3.13

 %

 382,022

 29.65

 %

 0.91

 %

 430,164

 36.09

 %

 0.99

 %

 Interest-bearing deposits

 1,096,877

 79.07

 %

 3.20

 %

 943,865

 73.26

 %

 1.05

 %

 904,870

 75.92

 %

 0.63

 %

 Non-interest bearing demand

 290,335

 20.93

 %

 —

 %

 344,505

 26.74

 %

 —

 %

 287,008

 24.08

 %

 —

 %

 $

 1,387,212

 %

 2.53

 %

 $

 1,288,370

 %

 0.77

 %

 $

 1,191,878

 %

 0.48

 %

 The following table sets forth deposit activities for the periods indicated.

 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Beginning balance

 $

 $

 1,204,716

 $

 1,029,579

 Net deposits before interest credited

 220,067

 37,746

 169,466

 Interest credited

 35,141

 9,950

 5,671

 Net increase in deposits

 255,208

 47,696

 175,137

 Ending balance

 $

 1,507,620

 $

 $

 1,204,716

 The following table sets forth certificates of deposit classified by interest rate as of the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest Rate:

 0.05% - 0.99%

 $

 91,279

 $

 161,070

 $

 319,684

 1.00% - 1.49%

 5,442

 31,228

 44,411

 1.50% - 1.99%

 5,789

 17,659

 17,012

 2.00% - 2.49%

 11,806

 33,737

 40,671

 2.50% - 2.99%

 13,054

 29,170

 5,544

 3.00% - 3.49%

 48,071

 67,438

 2,157

 3.50% - 3.99%

 35,224

 22,109

 —

 4.00% - 4.49%

 105,591

 13,970

 —

 4.50% - 4.99%

 25,602

 —

 —

 5.00% and greater

 258,968

 —

 Total

 $

 $

 376,618

 $

 429,479

 The following table sets forth the amount and maturities of certificates of deposit by interest rate at December 31, 2023.

 Period to Maturity

 Less Than
or Equal to
 One Year

 More Than
One to
Two Years

 More Than
Two to
Three Years

 More Than
Three Years

 Total

Total

 Interest Rate Range:

 0.05% - 0.99%

 $

 18,226

 $

 27,816

 $

 39,998

 $

 5,239

 $

 91,279

 15.19

 %

 1.00% - 1.49%

 1,514

 2,366

 1,506

 5,442

 0.91

 %

 1.50% - 1.99%

 3,750

 1,779

 —

 5,789

 0.96

 %

 2.00% - 2.49%

 10,834

 11,806

 1.97

 %

 2.50% - 2.99%

 8,723

 3,397

 13,054

 2.17

 %

 3.00% - 3.49%

 13,575

 3,893

 —

 30,603

 48,071

 8.00

 %

 3.50% - 3.99%

 24,021

 —

 11,164

 35,224

 5.86

 %

 4.00% - 4.49%

 91,173

 13,561

 105,591

 17.58

 %

 4.50% - 4.99%

 23,757

 —

 25,602

 4.26

 %

 5.00% and greater

 253,897

 5,071

 —

 —

 258,968

 43.10

 %

 Total

 $

 449,470

 $

 59,406

 $

 41,363

 $

 50,587

 $

 %

 At December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of all certificates of deposit in amounts greater than or equal to $100,000 was $472.1 million. The following table sets forth the maturity of those certificates as of December 31, 2023.

 Maturity Period:

 $

 154,709

 Over three months through six months

 53,279

 Over six months through one year

 131,954

 Over one year to three years

 86,099

 Over three years

 46,106

 Total

 $

 472,147

 At December 31, 2023, certificates of deposit equal to or greater than $250,000 totaled $132.2 million of which $117.8 million matures on or before December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, passbook savings accounts and certificates of deposit with a passbook feature totaled $119.9 million, reflecting depositors' preference for traditional banking services.

 Borrowings. The Bank may obtain advances from the FHLBNY by pledging as security its capital stock at the FHLBNY and certain of its mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The Bank may also obtain advances from the FRBNY. Such advances may be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. To the extent such borrowings have different terms to repricing than the Bank's deposits, they can change the Bank's interest rate risk profile. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Bank had $684.4 million and $517.4 million of outstanding FHLBNY and FRBNY advances,

 respectively. Additionally, the Bank has two unsecured lines of credit in the amount of $75.0 million and $90.0 million with two correspondent banks, under which there was nothing outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table sets forth information concerning balances and interest rates on borrowings at the dates and for the periods indicated.

 At or For the Years

 2023

 2022

 2021

 FHLBNY and FRBNY Advances:

 Balance outstanding at end of period

 $

 $

 $

 106,255

 Average amount outstanding during the period

 633,116

 206,969

 108,005

 Maximum outstanding at any month-end during the period

 109,255

 Weighted average interest rate during the period

 4.02

 %

 3.00

 %

 2.02

 %

 Weighted average interest rate at the end of the period

 4.10

 %

 3.90

 %

 2.02

 %

 Warehouse Lines of Credit:

 Balance outstanding at end of period

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 15,090

 Average amount outstanding during the period

 —

 —

 11,675

 Maximum outstanding at any month-end during the period

 —

 —

 16,385

 Weighted average interest rate during the period

 —

 —

 3.29

 %

 Weighted average interest rate at the end of the period

 —

 —

 3.21

 %

 Subsidiaries

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had one operating subsidiary, Ponce Bank, and Ponce Bank had one subsidiary, Ponce de Leon Mortgage Corp., a New York State chartered mortgage brokerage entity, whose employees are registered in New York and New Jersey.

 Regulation and Supervision

 General

 As a federally-chartered, stock savings association, the Bank is subject to examination, supervision and regulation, primarily by the OCC, and, secondarily, by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") as the insurer of deposits. The federal system of regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which the Bank is engaging and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund.

 The Bank is regulated to a lesser extent by the Federal Reserve Board which governs the reserves to be maintained against deposits and other matters. In addition, the Bank is a member of and owns stock in the FHLBNY, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank's relationship with its depositors and borrowers is also regulated, to a great extent, by federal law and, to a lesser extent, state law, including in matters concerning the ownership of deposit accounts and the form and content of loan documents.

 As a savings and loan holding company, the Company is subject to examination and supervision by, and is required to file certain reports with, the Federal Reserve Board. The Company is subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws.

 Mortgage World was a mortgage banking entity which primarily operated in the New York City metropolitan area. It was a FHA approved Title II lender. To maintain its license, Mortgage World needed to comply with certain regulations set forth by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD"). Mortgage World was subject to the comprehensive regulation and examination of the New York State Department of Financial Services ("NYDFS"). The business operated by Mortgage World was integrated as a division of Ponce Bank effective January 26, 2022, and ceased to be separately regulated as a mortgage banking entity by the NYDFS at that time. Mortgage World ceased to conduct business as a separate entity and is now operated as a division of the Bank.

 Set forth below are certain material regulatory requirements that are applicable to the Company and the Bank. This description of statutes and regulations is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on the Company

 and the Bank. Any change in these laws or regulations, whether by Congress or the applicable regulatory agencies, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and the Bank and their respective operations.

 CARES Act

 In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020. Among other things, the CARES Act includes provisions impacting financial institutions like the Bank. The CARES Act allowed banks to elect to suspend requirements under GAAP for loan modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic (for loans that were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019) that would otherwise be categorized as a TDR, including impairment for accounting purposes, until the earlier of 60 days after the termination date of the national emergency or December 31, 2020. This relief was extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act enacted on December 27, 2020 to the earlier of January 1, 2022 or 60 days after the termination of the national emergency. This relief was not extended beyond January 1, 2022 and the Bank has made appropriate adjustments which are not material. Federal banking agencies were required to defer to the determination of the banks making such suspension.

 The CARES Act created the PPP. The PPP authorized small business loans to pay payroll and group health costs, salaries and commissions, mortgage and rent payments, utilities, and interest on certain debt. The loans were provided through participating financial institutions, such as Bank, that processed loan applications and service the loans. The CARES Act appropriated $349.0 billion for PPP loans. On April 24, 2020, the PPP received another $310.0 billion in funding. On December 27, 2020, the Economic Aid Act appropriated another $284.0 billion for both first and second draw of PPP loans bringing the total appropriations for PPP loans to $943.0 billion. Loans under the PPP that meet SBA requirements may be forgiven in certain circumstances, and are 100% guaranteed by the SBA. The authorization for making PPP loans expired on May 31, 2021.

 Federal Bank Regulations

 Business Activities. A federal savings association derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners' Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, the Bank may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial business and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to applicable limits. The Bank may also establish, subject to specified investment limits, service corporation subsidiaries that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for Ponce Bank, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.

 Examinations and Assessments. The Bank is primarily supervised by the OCC. The Bank is required to file reports with and is subject to periodic examination by the OCC. The Bank is required to pay assessments to the OCC to fund the agency's operations. The Company is required to file reports with and is subject to periodic examination by the Federal Reserve Board. It is also required to pay assessments to the Federal Reserve Board to fund the agency's operations.

 Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require FDIC-insured depository institutions, including federal savings associations, to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio, a total capital to risk-based assets and a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. The existing capital requirements were effective January 1, 2015 and are the result of a final rule implementing regulatory amendments based on recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act").

 The capital standards require the maintenance of common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, 6.0% and 8.0%, respectively. The regulations also establish a minimum required leverage ratio of at least 4.0% Tier 1 capital. Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital generally includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus Additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised an opt-out election regarding the treatment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values. In 2015, Ponce De Leon Federal Bank, the predecessor of Ponce Bank, made a one-time, permanent election to opt-out regarding the treatment of AOCI. Institutions that have not exercised the AOCI opt-out have AOCI incorporated into common equity Tier 1 capital (including unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale-securities). Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.

 In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, an institution's assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests), are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risk deemed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0.0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50.0% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one-to-four family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100.0% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150.0% is assigned to certain past due loans and a risk weight of between 0.0% to 600.0% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors.

 In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer requirement is 2.5% of risk-weighted assets.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank's capital exceeded all applicable requirements. See Note 16, "Regulatory Capital Requirements" of the Notes to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

 Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a federal savings association may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15.0% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be lent, equal to 10.0% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if secured by "readily marketable collateral," which generally includes certain financial instruments (but not real estate). As of December 31, 2023, the Bank was in compliance with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

 Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems, audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency pronouncements set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the pronouncements, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

 Prompt Corrective Action Regulations. Under the Federal Prompt Corrective Action statute, the OCC is required to take supervisory actions against undercapitalized institutions under its jurisdiction, the severity of which depends upon the institution's level of capital. A savings institution that has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5% or a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% is considered to be "undercapitalized." A savings institution that has total risk-based capital of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0% or a leverage ratio that is less than 3.0% is considered to be "significantly undercapitalized." A savings institution that has a tangible capital to assets ratio equal to or less than 2.0% is deemed to be "critically undercapitalized."

 Generally, the OCC is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for a federal savings association that becomes "critically undercapitalized" within specific time frames. The regulations also provide that a capital restoration plan must be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date that a federal savings association is deemed to have received notice that it is "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized" or "critically undercapitalized." Any holding company of a federal savings association that is required to submit a capital restoration plan must guarantee performance under the plan in an amount of up to the lesser of 5.0% of the savings association's assets at the time it was deemed to be undercapitalized by the OCC or the amount necessary to restore the savings association to adequately capitalized status. This guarantee remains in place until the OCC notifies the savings association that it has maintained adequately capitalized status for each of four consecutive calendar quarters. Institutions that are undercapitalized become subject to certain mandatory measures such as restrictions on capital distributions and asset growth. The OCC may also take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions against undercapitalized federal savings associations, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.

 At December 31, 2023, the Bank met the criteria for being considered "well capitalized," which means that its total risk-based capital ratio exceeded 10.0%, its Tier 1 risk-based ratio exceeded 8.0%, its common equity Tier 1 ratio exceeded 6.5% and its leverage ratio exceeded 5.0%.

 Qualified Thrift Lender Test. As a federal savings association, the Bank must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or "QTL," test. Under the QTL test, the Bank must maintain at least 65% of its "portfolio assets" in "qualified thrift investments" (primarily residential mortgages and related investments, including mortgage-backed securities) in at least nine months of every 12-month period. "Portfolio assets" generally means total assets of a savings association, less the sum of specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, and the value of property used in the conduct of the savings association's business.

 Alternatively, the Bank may satisfy the QTL test by qualifying as a "domestic building and loan association" as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

 A savings association that fails the qualified thrift lender test must operate under specified restrictions set forth in the Home Owners' Loan Act. The Dodd-Frank Act made noncompliance with the QTL test subject to agency enforcement action for a violation of law. At December 31, 2023, the Bank satisfied the QTL test.

 Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings association, which include cash dividends, stock repurchases and other transactions charged to the savings association's capital account. A federal savings association must file an application with the OCC for approval of a capital distribution if:

 • the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceeds the sum of the savings association's net income for that year to date plus the savings association's retained net income for the preceding two years;

 • the savings association would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;

 • the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, agreement or regulatory condition; or

 • the savings association is not eligible for expedited treatment of its filings.

 Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings association that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Bank, must file a notice with the Federal Reserve Board at least 30 days before its board of directors declares a dividend.

 An application or notice related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:

 • the federal savings association would be undercapitalized following the distribution;

 • the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or

 • the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

 In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that an insured depository institution shall not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement. A federal savings association also may not make a capital distribution that would reduce its regulatory capital below the amount required for the liquidation account established in connection with its conversion to stock form.

 Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All federal savings associations have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low and moderate-income borrowers. In connection with its examination of a federal savings association, the OCC is required to assess the federal savings association's record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings association's failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications, such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the OCC, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.

 The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the FDIC to publicly disclose their rating. Ponce Bank, received a "satisfactory" Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent federal examination.

 Transactions with Related Parties. As a federal savings association, the Bank's authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and federal regulation. An affiliate is generally a company that controls, or is under common control with an insured depository institution such as the Bank. The Company is an affiliate of the Bank because of its control of the Bank. In general, transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates are subject to certain quantitative limits and collateral requirements. In addition, federal regulations prohibit a savings association from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary. Finally, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, not involve the purchase of low-quality assets and be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates.

 The Bank's authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10.0% stockholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders:

 • be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and

 • not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Bank's capital.

 In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by the Bank's Board of Directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

 Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings associations and has authority to bring enforcement action against all "institution-affiliated parties," including directors, officers, stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on a federal savings association. Formal enforcement action by the OCC may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and to the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil money penalties ("CMP") cover a wide range of violations and actions. CMPs are classified into three tiers based on the actionable conduct and the level of culpability. The law sets maximum amounts that the OCC may assess for each day the actionable conduct continues. The FDIC also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federal savings association. If such action is not taken, the FDIC has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.

 Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC insures deposits at FDIC insured financial institutions such as the Bank. Deposit accounts in the Bank are insured by the FDIC generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor and up to a maximum of $250,000 for self-directed retirement accounts.

 The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. The Dodd-Frank Act required the FDIC to base its assessments upon each insured institution's total assets less tangible equity. The FDIC has set the assessment range at 1.5 to 40 basis points of total assets less tangible equity. Assessments for most institutions are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of failure within three years.

 The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. Management cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.

 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not currently know of any practice, condition or violation that may lead to termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.

 Federal Reserve System

 Generally, Federal Reserve Board regulations require depository institutions to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily NOW and regular checking accounts). In an effort to respond to the negative effects on the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic, effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve Board eliminated the reserve requirement for depository institutions in order to support lending to households and businesses.

 Federal Home Loan Bank System

 The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions as well as other entities involved in home mortgage lending. As a member of the FHLBNY, the Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of the capital stock of the FHLBNY. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank was in compliance with this requirement. The Bank may also utilize advances from the FHLBNY as a source of investable funds.

 Other Regulations

 Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by the Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. The Bank's operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

 • Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

 • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

 • Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;

 • Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies;

 • Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies;

 • Truth in Savings Act, mandating certain disclosures to depositors; and

 • Rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

 The operations of the Bank are subject to the:

 • Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;

 • Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers' rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services;

 • Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as "Check 21"), which gives "substitute checks," such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check;

 • The USA PATRIOT Act, which requires financial institutions to, among other things, establish broadened anti-money laundering compliance programs, and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such required compliance programs are intended to supplement existing compliance requirement that also apply to financial institutions under the Bank Secrecy Act and the Foreign Assets Control regulations;

 • The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which places limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information by financial institutions with unaffiliated third parties. Specifically, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires all financial institutions offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution's privacy policy and provide such customers the opportunity to "opt out" of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties; and

 • The Dodd-Frank Act made significant changes to the regulatory structure for depository institutions and their holding companies and also affected the lending, investments and other operations of all depository institutions. The Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to set minimum capital levels for both bank holding companies and savings and loan holding companies that are as stringent as those required for their insured depository subsidiaries. The Dodd-Frank Act created a new regulator, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), and gave it broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws

 that apply to all banks and savings institutions, such as Ponce Bank, including the authority to prohibit "unfair, deceptive or abusive" acts and practices.

 Holding Company Regulations

 General. The Company is a unitary savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the Home Owners' Loan Act. As such, the Company is registered with the Federal Reserve Board and are subject to the regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements applicable to savings and loan holding companies. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings association subsidiaries, if any. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities of those entities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution.

 Permissible Activities. Under present law, the business activities of the Company are generally limited to those activities permissible for financial holding companies under Section 4(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, provided certain conditions are met and financial holding company status is elected, or for multiple savings and loan holding companies. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, including underwriting equity securities and insurance, as well as activities that are incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. A multiple savings and loan holding company is generally limited to activities permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act, subject to regulatory approval, and certain additional activities authorized by federal regulations. The Company's predecessor was designated as a financial holding company. The Company anticipates that it will elect financial holding company status and request Federal Reserve Board notification of effectiveness.

 Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, including the Company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5.0% ("control") of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company, without prior Federal Reserve Board approval. The Federal Reserve Board adopted a final rule on January 30, 2020, effective April 1, 2020, providing further guidance regarding under what circumstances "control" will be found to exist. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the Federal Reserve Board considers factors such as the financial and managerial resources, future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.

 The Federal Reserve Board is prohibited from approving any acquisition that would result in a multiple savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, subject to two exceptions:

 • the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies; and

 • the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the state of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisition.

 Capital. Savings and loan holding companies had historically not been subjected to consolidated regulatory capital requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to establish minimum consolidated capital requirements that are as stringent as those required for the insured depository subsidiaries. However, pursuant to legislation passed in December 2014, the Federal Reserve Board extended to savings and loan holding companies the applicability of its "Small Bank Holding Company" exception to its consolidated capital requirements and, pursuant to a law enacted in May 2018, increased the threshold for the exception to $3.0 billion. As a result, savings and loan holding companies with less than $3.0 billion in consolidated assets, such as the Company, are generally not subject to the capital requirements unless otherwise advised by the Federal Reserve Board.

 Source of Strength. The Dodd-Frank Act extended the "source of strength" doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. The Federal Reserve Board has issued regulations requiring that all savings and loan holding companies serve as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions.

 Dividends and Stock Repurchases. The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends by holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization's capital needs, asset quality and overall supervisory financial condition. Separate regulatory guidance provides for prior consultation with Federal Reserve Bank staff concerning dividends in certain circumstances such as where the company's net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company's capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a savings and loan holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary savings association becomes undercapitalized. The regulatory guidance also states that a savings and loan holding company should inform Federal Reserve Bank supervisory staff prior to redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the savings and loan holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction, at the end of a quarter, in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with

 the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions. Additionally, as a participant in the ECIP, the Company cannot pay dividends or repurchase its common stock unless it meets certain income-based tests and has paid the required dividends on the Preferred Stock. The Company does not currently meet such income-based tests, so any future repurchase program adopted by the Company would require approval from the Treasury, and the Treasury has indicated it will only grant such approvals in certain limited circumstances. The Treasury approved our prior stock repurchase program, but there is no assurance that they would approve a similar program in the future.

 Acquisition. Under the Federal Change in Bank Control Act, a notice must be submitted to the Federal Reserve Board if any person (including a company), or group acting in concert, seeks to acquire direct or indirect "control" of a savings and loan holding company. Under certain circumstances, a change of control may occur, and prior notice is required, upon the acquisition of 10% or more of the company's outstanding voting stock, unless the Federal Reserve Board has found that the acquisition will not result in control of the company. A change in control definitively occurs upon the acquisition of 25% or more of the company's outstanding voting stock. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, the Federal Reserve Board generally has 60 days from the filing of a complete notice to act, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. The Federal Reserve Board adopted a final rule on January 30, 2020, effective April 1, 2020, providing further guidance regarding under what circumstances "control" will be found to exist.

 Federal Securities Laws

 The Company's common stock is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). The Company is subject to the public disclosure, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Exchange Act.

 Securities and Exchange Commission Climate Rules

 On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted new rules (the "Climate Rules") that require reporting companies, such as the Company, to disclose climate-related risks, metrics, and other information in their audited financial statements, registration statements, annual reports (such as Form 10-K) and other SEC filings. The Climate Rules build upon earlier SEC climate risk disclosure guidance and in many ways draws upon recommendations by the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures, as well as accounting and reporting standards from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The Climate Rules will materially increase requirements associated with tracking and quantification of GHGs, but also impose further layers of disclosure obligations. Compliance with the Climate Rules will require significant coordination between our operational, financial, and environmental functions.

 Loss of Emerging Growth Company Status

 The Company ceased to qualify as an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the "JOBS Act") effective December 31, 2022.

 Although the Company is no longer an emerging growth company, so long as it remains a "smaller reporting company" under SEC regulations (public float less than $250 million of voting and non-voting equity held by non-affiliates) and a non-accelerated filer (annual revenues of less than $100 million), it is not subject to the requirement that its auditors attest to the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting and has the right to provide scaled disclosure in its periodic reports and proxy statements with respect to a number of disclosure requirements.

 Taxation

 The Company and the Bank are subject to federal and state income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal and state taxation is intended only to summarize material income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company and the Bank.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company was subject to U.S. federal income tax, New York State income tax, Connecticut income tax, New Jersey income tax, Florida income tax, Pennsylvania income tax and New York City income tax. The Company is generally no longer subject to examination by taxing authorities for years before 2020.

 Federal Taxation

 Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, the Bank currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal income tax returns. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return. The Small Business Protection Act of 1996 eliminated

 the use of the reserve method of accounting for income taxes on bad debt reserves by savings institutions. For taxable years beginning after 1995, Ponce De Leon Federal Bank, the predecessor of Ponce Bank, and Ponce Bank have been subject to the same bad debt reserve rules as commercial banks. The Bank currently utilizes the specific charge-off method under Section 582(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.

 Net Operating Loss Carryovers. A financial institution may not carry back net operating losses ("NOL") to earlier tax years. The NOL can be carried forward indefinitely. The use of NOLs to offset income is limited to 80% of taxable income. At December 31, 2023, the Bank has a federal NOL carryforwards of $7.6 million.

 State Taxation

 The Company is treated as a financial institution under Connecticut, Florida, New York, and New Jersey state income tax law. The states of Connecticut, Florida, New York, and New Jersey subject financial institutions to all state and local taxes in the same manner and to the same extent as other business corporations in Connecticut, Florida, New York and New Jersey. Additionally, depository financial institutions are subject to local business license taxes and a special occupation tax.

 Consolidated Group Return. With tax years beginning after January 1, 2015, New York State and New York City require unitary combined reporting for all entities engaged in a unitary business that meet certain ownership requirements. All applicable entities meet the ownership requirements in the Bank filing group and a combined return is appropriately filed. Furthermore, New Jersey changed its tax laws and now requires combined reporting for tax years that end on or after July 31, 2019 for entities that engage in a unitary business.

 Net Operating Loss Carryovers. The state and city of New York allow for a three-year carryback period and carryforward period of twenty years on net operating losses generated on or after tax year 2015. For tax years prior to 2015, no carryback period is allowed. Ponce De Leon Federal Bank, the predecessor of Ponce Bank, has pre-2015 carryforwards of $0.6 million for New York State purposes and $0.5 million for New York City purposes. Furthermore, there are post-2015 carryforwards available of $64.1 million for New York State purposes and $33.2 million for New York City purposes. Finally, for New Jersey purposes, losses may only be carried forward 20 years, with no allowable carryback period. At December 31, 2023, the Bank has federal net operating loss carryforward of $7.6 million, Connecticut net operation loss carryforward of $0.01 million and New Jersey net operating loss carryforward of $0.2 million.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Summary

 Specific risks related to our business include, but are not limited to, those related to: (1) our status as a CDFI and MDI; (2) inflationary pressures; (3) our planned increase in multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land lending and the unseasoned nature of these loans; (4) residential property and investor-owned properties; (5) loans that we make through our FinTech partnerships; (6) our allowance for credit losses; (7) local and national economic conditions, including conditions specific to the banking industry; (8) environmental liability risks; (9) our ability to achieve and manage our growth strategy; (10) our minority investments in financial technology related companies; (11) competition within the financial services industry, nationally and within our market area and that our small size makes it more difficult to compete; (12) our implementation of new lines of business or offering new products and services; (13) our reliance on our management team; (14) changes in interest rates and the valuation of securities held by us; (15) changes in and compliance with laws and regulations; (16) operational risks including technology, cybersecurity and reputational risks; (17) changes in accounting standards and in management's estimates and assumptions; (18) our liquidity management; (19) dilution of our stockholders' ownership interests from our Equity Incentive Plan and stock-based benefit plans; (20) societal responses to climate change; and (21) the gentrification of our markets; (22) the Russia-Ukraine conflicts.

 You should read this entire document carefully, including the Risk Factors below that discusses the above risks in further detail.

 Risks Related to CDFI and MDI Status.

 If we were to lose our status as a CDFI and/or MDI, we may lose the ability to obtain grants and awards available to such institutions.

 The Bank and the Company are certified as CDFIs and MDIs by the United States Department of the Treasury. Such status increases a financial institution's potential for receiving grants and awards that, in turn, enable the financial institution to increase the level of community development financial services that it provides to communities. We have received over $4.2 million in such awards over the last two years. We reinvest the proceeds from such grants and awards back into the communities we serve. While we believe

 we will be able to meet the certification criteria required to continue our CDFI and MDI status, there is no certainty that we will be able to do so. If we do not meet one or more of the criteria, we may be provided an opportunity for us to cure deficiencies prior to issuing a notice of termination of certification. A loss of CDFI and/or MDI status, and the resulting inability to obtain certain grants and awards received in the past, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or business.

 Risks Related to our Lending Activities.

 We have increased our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans. These loans may carry greater credit risk than loans secured by one-to-four family real estate that could adversely affect our financial condition and net income.

 Our focus is primarily on prudently growing our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loan portfolio. At December 31, 2023, $1.40 billion, or 72.7%, of our loan portfolio consisted of multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans as compared to $987.7 million, or 64.7%, of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2022. Because the repayment of multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans depends on the successful management and operation of the borrower's properties or related businesses, repayment of such loans can be affected by adverse conditions in the local real estate market or economy. A downturn in the real estate market or the local economy could adversely impact the value of properties securing the loan or the revenues from the borrower's business, thereby increasing the risk of non-performing loans. In addition, many of our commercial real estate loans are not fully amortizing and require large balloon payments upon maturity. Such balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the payment, which may increase the risk of default or nonpayment. Further, the physical condition of non-owner occupied properties may be below that of owner occupied properties due to lax property maintenance standards, which have a negative impact on the value of the collateral properties. As our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loan portfolios increase, the corresponding risks and potential for losses from these loans may also increase.

 Given their larger balances and the complexity of the underlying collateral, multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans generally expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by one-to-four family real estate. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential real estate loan. In addition, any adverse developments with respect to borrowers or groups of borrowers that have more than one of these types of loans outstanding can expose us to significantly greater risk of loss compared to borrowers or groups of borrowers that only have one type of these loans. If loans that are collateralized by real estate or other business assets become troubled and the values of the underlying collateral have been significantly impaired, we may not be able to recover the full contractual amounts of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loans, which could cause us to increase our provision for loan losses which would, in turn, adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Further, if we foreclose on this type of collateral, our holding period for that collateral may be longer than for one-to-four family real estate loans because there are fewer potential purchasers of that collateral, which can result in substantial holding costs.

 Some of our borrowers have more than one of these types of loans outstanding. At December 31, 2023, 16,218 loans with an aggregate balance of $1.77 billion are to borrowers with only one loan. Another 170 loans are to borrowers with two loans each with a corresponding aggregate balance of $128.5 million. In addition, 24 loans are to borrowers with three loans each with a corresponding aggregate balance of $17.9 million and 8 loans are to borrowers with four loans with an aggregate balance of $0.9 million.

 Our business and our customers are impacted by inflationary pressures.

 Although inflationary pressures have begun to stabilize, inflation is currently expected to remain high throughout 2024. Small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more during periods of high inflation as they are not as able to leverage economics of scale to mitigate cost pressures compared to larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of many of our business customers to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

 The unseasoned nature of our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans portfolio may result in changes to our estimates of collectability, which may lead to additional provisions or charge-offs, which could hurt our profits.

 Our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loan portfolio has increased approximately $409.1 million, or 41.4%, to $1.40 billion at December 31, 2023 from $987.7 million at December 31, 2022 and increased approximately $265.1 million, or 36.7%, to $987.7 million at December 31, 2022 from $722.6 million at December 31, 2021. A large portion of our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loan portfolio is unseasoned and does not provide us with a significant payment or charge-off history pattern from which to judge future collectability. Currently, we estimate potential charge-offs using a rolling 12 quarter average and peer data adjusted for qualitative factors specific to us. As a result, it may be difficult to predict the future performance of this part of our loan portfolio. These loans may have delinquency or charge-off levels above our historical experience or current estimates, which could adversely affect our future performance. Further, these types of loans generally have larger balances and involve a greater risk than one-to-four family owner-occupied residential mortgage loans. Accordingly, if we make any errors in judgment in the collectability of our multifamily, nonresidential and construction and land loans, any resulting charge-offs may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred historically with our residential mortgage loans.

 Our business may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with residential property.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, one-to-four family residential real estate loans amounted to $496.0 million and $478.8 million, or 25.8% and 31.4%, respectively, of our total loan portfolio. Of these amounts, $343.7 million and $344.0 million, or 69.3% and 71.8%, respectively, is comprised of one-to-four family residential investor-owned properties. One-to-four family residential mortgage lending, whether owner-occupied or non-owner occupied is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations. Declines in real estate values could cause some of our one-to-four family residential mortgages to be inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to a greater risk of loss if we seek to recover on defaulted loans by selling the real estate collateral.

 One-to-four family residential mortgage lending, whether owner-occupied or non-owner-occupied, with higher combined loan-to-value ratios are more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and therefore may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses. In addition, if the borrowers sell their properties, they may be unable to repay their loans in full from the sale proceeds. For those home equity loans and lines of credit secured by a second mortgage, it is unlikely that we will be successful in recovering all or a portion of our loan proceeds in the event of default unless we are prepared to repay the first mortgage loan and such repayment and the costs associated with a foreclosure are justified by the value of the property. In addition, the current judicial and legal climate makes it difficult to foreclose on residential properties expeditiously and with reasonable costs. For these reasons, we may experience higher rates of delinquencies, default and losses on our one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. We have made initial and extended forbearances to one-to-four family residential loans as short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and in furtherance of governmental policies. We actively monitor borrowers in forbearance and seek to determine their capacity to resume payments as contractually obligated upon the termination of the forbearance period.

 Loans secured by non-owner occupied properties generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment and loss than loans secured by owner occupied properties because repayment of such loans depend primarily on the tenant's continuing ability to pay rent to the property owner, who is our borrower, or, if the property owner is unable to find a tenant, the property owner's ability to repay the loan without the benefit of a rental income stream. In addition, the physical condition of non-owner occupied properties is often below that of owner occupied properties due to lax property maintenance standards, which has a negative impact on the value of the collateral properties.

 If our allowance for credit losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan losses, our earnings and capital could decrease.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our ACL totaled $26.2 million and $34.6 million, which represented 1.36%, and 2.27% of total loans, respectively. Included in the allowance for loan losses were $6.8 million and $15.4 million related to Grain at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, we review our loans, loss and delinquency experience, and business and commercial real estate peer data, and we evaluate other factors including, but not limited to, current economic conditions. If our assumptions are incorrect, or if delinquencies or non-performing loans increase, our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, which would require additions to our allowance, which in turn, could materially decrease our net income.

 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL. CECL requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses.

 In addition, our regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the allowance for credit losses and, as a result of such reviews, we may determine that it is appropriate to increase the allowance for credit losses by recognizing additional provisions for loan losses charged to income, or to charge off loans, which, net of any recoveries, would decrease the allowance for credit losses. Any such additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 A worsening of economic conditions in our market area could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of nonperforming loans, which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and earnings.

 Although there is not a single employer or industry in our market area on which a significant number of our customers are dependent, a substantial portion of our loan portfolio is composed of loans secured by property located in the greater New York metropolitan area. This can make us vulnerable to a downturn in the local economy and real estate markets. Adverse conditions in the local economy could have a significant impact on the ability of our borrowers to repay loans and the value of the collateral securing their loans, which could adversely impact our net interest income. Any deterioration in economic conditions could have the following consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations:

 • demand for our products and services may decline;

 • loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures may increase;

 • collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, thereby reducing customers' future borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans; and

 • the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us.

 Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities, or other international or domestic calamities, unemployment or other factors beyond our control could further impact these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of underlying collateral securing their loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.

 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities or properties we own.

 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties, or with respect to properties that we own in operating our business. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Our policies, which require us to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on non-residential real property, may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

 Risks Related to our Business Strategy.

 Our business strategy includes growth, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. Growing our operations could also cause our expenses to increase faster than our revenues.

 Our business strategy includes growth in assets, loans, deposits and the scale of our operations. Achieving such growth will require us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market area. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competition from other financial institutions in our market area and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. Furthermore, there can be considerable costs involved in expanding deposit and lending capacity that generally require a period of time to generate the necessary revenues to offset their costs, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence and require alternative delivery methods. Accordingly, any such business expansion can be expected to negatively impact our earnings for some period of time until certain economies of scale are reached. Our expenses could be further increased if we encounter delays in modernizing existing facilities, opening of new branches or deploying new services.

 We may incur losses due to minority investments in other financial technology related companies.

 As part of our business strategy, we have made minority investments in technology related companies, and may from time to time make or consider making similar additional investments. During 2022, the Company had wrote-off its entire $1.0 million investment in Grain, and may be subject to similar losses in connection with other investments in the future. We may not be able to influence the activities of companies in which we invest and may suffer additional losses in the future due to these activities.

 New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

 From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. In addition, we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development and introduction of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. Furthermore, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, the burden on management and our information technology of introducing any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our emphasis on construction lending involves risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 As interest rates have increased and competition has diminished, we have shifted our loan originations to focus more on higher-yielding construction loans while reducing the growth in our originations of consumer, commercial and industrial loans, multifamily, mixed-use and non-residential real estate loans. As a result, our construction loan portfolio has increased to $503.9 million, net of loans-in-process of $520.3 million, or 26.22% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 from $185.0 million, net of loans-in-process of $205.6 million, or 12.13% of total loans, at December 31, 2022.

 Construction lending involves additional risks when compared with permanent lending because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value prior to its completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. In addition, during the term of our construction loans, no payment from the borrower is required since the accumulated interest is added to the principal of the loan through an interest reserve. As a result of these uncertainties, construction lending often involves the disbursement of substantial funds, with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project rather than the ability of a borrower or guarantor to repay the loan. If we are forced to foreclose on a project prior to completion, there is no assurance that we will be able to recover the entire unpaid portion of the loan. In addition, we may be required to fund additional amounts to complete a project, and it may be necessary to hold the property for an indeterminate period of time subject to the regulatory limitations imposed by local, state or federal

 laws. Loans on land under development or held for future construction also pose additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and the potential illiquid nature of the collateral.

 Additionally, as discussed under "Risks Related to Laws and Regulations" – "We may be limited in our ability to originate new construction loans in our market area due to legislative changes." and – "Imposition of limits by the bank regulators on construction lending activities could curtail our growth and adversely affect our earnings. " below, we be limited in our ability to make such loans in the future.

 Our efficiency ratio is high, and we anticipate that it may remain high, as a result of the ongoing implementation of our business strategy.

 Our non-interest expense totaled $68.7 million and $85.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Although we continue to analyze our expenses and pursue efficiencies where available, our efficiency ratio remains high as a result of the implementation of our business strategy combined with operating in an expensive market. Our efficiency ratio was 90.96% and 117.53% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our efficiency ratio for the year ended December 31, 2023 improved compared with prior year due to the $17.9 million Grain write-off and write-down of Grain receivable and a $5.0 million of contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation in 2022. If we are unable to successfully implement our business strategy and increase our revenues, our profitability could be adversely affected.

 We have received an investment under the Emergency Capital Investment Program ("ECIP") from the U.S. Treasury, in exchange for the issuance of senior perpetual preferred stock, which preferred stock has certain rights and preferences as compared to shares of our common stock. We are subject to certain contractual and regulatory restrictions under the ECIP which may hinder our operations.

 On June 7, 2022, the Company issued 225,000 shares of the Company's Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 for an aggregate purchase price equal to $225,000,000 in cash to the Treasury, pursuant to the Treasury's ECIP. Under the ECIP, Treasury provided investment capital directly to depository institutions that are CDFIs or MDIs or their holding companies, to provide loans, grants, and forbearance for small businesses, minority-owned businesses, and consumers, in low-income and underserved communities. No dividends will accrue or be due for the first two years after issuance. For years three through ten, depending upon the level of qualified and/or deep impact lending made in targeted communities, as defined in the ECIP guidelines, dividends will be at an annual rate of either 2.0%, 1.25% or 0.5% and, thereafter, will be fixed at one of the foregoing rates. If we are unable to make qualified and/or deep impact loans at required levels, we will be required to pay dividends at the higher annual rates. Additionally, we may make qualified and/or deep impact loans that are riskier than we otherwise would in an effort to meet the lending requirements for the lower dividend rates.

 Holders of Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, with the exception of voting rights on certain matters as outlined in the Certificate of Designations. The Treasury is the holder of the Preferred Stock and a governmental entity, and the Treasury may hold interests that are different from a private investor in exercising its voting and other rights. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a liquidation preference, subject to certain limitations, in the amount of the sum of $1,000 per share plus declared and unpaid dividends (without accumulation of undeclared dividends) on each share.

 As a participant in the ECIP, the Company must comply with certain operating requirements. Specifically, the Company must adopt the Treasury's standards for executive compensation and luxury expenses for the period during which the Treasury holds equity issued under the ECIP. These restrictions may make it difficult to adequately compensate our management team, which could impact our ability to retain qualified management. Additionally, under the ECIP regulations, the Company cannot pay dividends or repurchase its common stock unless it meets certain income-based tests and has paid the required dividends on the Preferred Stock. The Company does not currently meet such income-based tests, so any future repurchase program adopted by the Company would require approval from the Treasury, and the Treasury has indicated it will only grant such approvals in certain limited circumstances. The Treasury approved our prior stock repurchase program, but there is no assurance that they would approve a similar program in the future.

 We may be dependent on borrowings from the FHLBNY and FRB to grow our lending activities, which may negatively impact our results of operations.

 In recent periods, we have relied on non-core funding sources, primarily borrowings from the FHLBNY and FRB, to fund a portion of our lending activities when we do not have sufficient core deposits. Borrowings from the FHLBNY and FRB are generally higher cost as compared to core deposits, which will generally lead to decreases in our net interest margin and lower net revenues. Additionally, the Bank's FHLBNY and FRB membership does not represent a legal commitment to extend credit to the Bank. The amount that the Bank can potentially borrow is currently dependent on the amount of unencumbered eligible securities and loans that the Bank can use as collateral and the collateral margins required by the lenders. The Bank's borrowing capacity may be adjusted by the FHLBNY and FRB and may take into account factors such as the Bank's tangible common equity ratio, collateral margins required by the lender or other factors. A possible future downgrade of securities and loans pledged as collateral could also impact the amount of available funding. If we are unable to obtain funding through the FHLBNY and FRB, we may be forced to seek additional alternative funding sources, which may be higher cost, in order to fund our loan growth.

 There are current proposals from the Federal Housing Finance Agency ("FHFA"), the regulatory of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") system, to adopt certain changes to its eligibility criteria for borrowing to refocus on the FHLB's housing mission. Additionally, the Company must maintain a satisfactory rating pursuant to the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") to maintain its ability to access FHLB funding. If the FHFA makes significant changes to the eligibility criteria to maintain access to FHLB funding or if the Company fails to maintain its satisfactory rating under the CRA, this could impact the Company's ability to borrow from the FHLB and require it to find other sources of credit, including borrowing directly from the FRB.

 Risks Related to Competitive Matters

 Strong competition within our market areas may limit our growth and profitability.

 Competition in the banking and financial services industry is intense. In our market area, we compete with commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms and unregulated or less regulated non-banking entities, operating locally and elsewhere. Many of these competitors have substantially greater resources and higher lending limits than we have and offer certain services that we do not or cannot provide. In addition, some of our competitors offer loans with lower interest rates on more attractive terms than loans we offer. Competition also makes it increasingly difficult and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete in our market area. If we must raise interest rates paid on deposits or lower interest rates charged on our loans, our net interest margin and profitability could be adversely affected.

 The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of new legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant banking. Also, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. Many of our competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. Additionally, due to their size, many competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services as well as better pricing for those products and services than we can. We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. For additional information see "Business —Market Area and—Competition."

 Our small size makes it more difficult for us to compete.

 Our small asset size makes it more difficult to compete with other financial institutions that are larger and can more easily afford to invest in the marketing and technologies needed to attract and retain customers. Because our principal source of income is the net interest income we earn on our loans and investments after deducting interest paid on deposits and other sources of funds, our ability to generate the revenues needed to cover our expenses and finance such investments is limited by the size of our loan and investment portfolios. Accordingly, we are not always able to offer new products and services as quickly as our competitors. Our lower earnings may also make it more difficult to offer competitive salaries and benefits. In addition, our smaller customer base may make it difficult to generate meaningful non-interest income from such activities as securities and insurance brokerage. Finally, as a smaller institution, we are disproportionately affected by the continually increasing costs of compliance with new banking and other regulations.

 Risks Related to Our Management.

 We depend on our management team to implement our business strategy and execute successful operations and we could be harmed by the loss of their services.

 We are dependent upon the services of the members of our senior management team who direct our strategy and operations. Members of our senior management team, or lending personnel who possess expertise in our markets and key business relationships, could be difficult to replace. Our loss of these persons, or our inability to hire additional qualified personnel, could impact our ability to implement our business strategy and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to compete in our markets. See "Management."

 Adherence to our internal policies and procedures by management is critical to our performance and how we are perceived by our regulators.

 Our internal policies and procedures are a critical component of our corporate governance and, in some cases, compliance with applicable regulations. We adopt internal policies and procedures to guide management and employees regarding the operation and conduct of our business. We may not always achieve absolute compliance with all of our policies and procedures. Any deviation or non-adherence to these internal policies and procedures, whether intentional or unintentional, could have a detrimental effect on our management, operations or financial condition.

 Risks Related to Interest Rates.

 Interest rates may continue to rise and the possibility that we may access higher-cost funds to support our loan growth and operations may adversely affect our net interest income and profitability.

 The Federal Reserve had raised the target range for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 5.25%-5.50% during its July 26, 2023 meeting, pushing borrowing costs to the highest level in 22 years. At the January 31, 2024 meeting, the Federal Reserve signaled that it will holds interest steady and indicated it is not ready to start cutting rates. The recent increase and the anticipated increases are in response to inflation rising at a rate not seen in over 40 years. Because of this rising rate environment, the speed with which it is anticipated to be implemented, the significant competitive pressures in our markets and the potential negative impact of these factors on our deposit and loan pricing, our net interest margin may be negatively impacted. Our net interest income may also be negatively impacted if the demand for loans decreases due to the rate increases, alone or in tandem with the concurrent inflationary pressures. We may be negatively impacted if we are unable to appropriately time adjustments to our funding costs and the rates we earn on our loans.

 An important component of our ability to mitigate pressures of a rising rate environment will be our ability to prudently increase the rates we pay on deposits, including core deposits. If we were to increase these rates, because of competitive pricing pressures in our markets, liquidity purposes or otherwise, our net interest margin may be negatively impacted. In addition, as our growth in earning assets has outpaced growth in our core deposits in recent quarters, we have had to increase our reliance on noncore funding. These funding sources may be more rate sensitive than our core depositors, and, accordingly, we may be compelled to increase the rates we pay on these funds which may limit our ability to maintain on-balance sheet liquidity levels consistent with our policies, which would negatively impact our net interest margin. We seek to limit the amount of non-core funding we utilize to support our growth. If we are unable to grow our core funding at rates that are sufficient to match or exceed our loan growth we may be required to slow our loan growth.

 As interest rates change, we expect that we will periodically experience "gaps" in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings) will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets (usually loans and investment securities), or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this "gap" may work against us, and our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected. We attempt to manage our risk from changes in market interest rates by adjusting the rates, maturity, repricing characteristics, and balances of the different types of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rate risk management techniques are not exact. From time to time, we reposition a portion of our investment securities portfolio in an effort to better position our balance sheet for potential changes in short-term rates. We employ the use of models and modeling techniques to quantify the levels of risks to net interest income, which inherently involve the use of assumptions, judgments, and estimates. While we strive to ensure the accuracy of our modeled interest rate risk profile, there are inherent limitations and imprecisions in this determination and actual results may differ.

 Future changes in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values.

 Net income (loss) is the amount by which net interest income and non-interest income exceeds (or does not exceed) non-interest expense and the provisions for loan losses and taxes. Net interest income makes up a majority of our income and is based on the difference between:

 • the interest income we earn on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities; and

 • the interest expense we pay on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings.

 The rates we earn on our assets and the rates we pay on our liabilities are generally fixed for a contractual period of time. Like many savings institutions, our liabilities generally have shorter contractual maturities than our assets. This imbalance can create significant earnings volatility because market interest rates change over time. In a period of rising interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may not increase as rapidly as the interest we pay on our liabilities as the demand for loans may decrease materially. In a period of declining interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may decrease more rapidly than the interest we pay on our liabilities, as borrowers prepay mortgage loans, and mortgage-backed securities and callable investment securities are called, requiring us to reinvest those cash flows at lower interest rates.

 In addition, any future rate increases can affect the average life of loans and mortgage-backed and related securities. A rise in interest rates may result in lower demand for loans and mortgage-backed and related securities as borrowers may reduce their debts due to the higher costs of borrowings.

 Any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Changes in the level of interest rates also may negatively affect the value of our assets and ultimately affect our earnings.

 We monitor interest rate risk through the use of simulation models, including estimates of the amounts by which the economic value of our assets and liabilities (the Economic Value of Equity Model "EVE") and our net interest income would change in the event of a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. At December 31, 2023, in the event of an instantaneous 100 basis point increase in interest rates, we estimate that we would experience a 4.33% decrease in EVE and a 2.78% decrease in net interest income. For further discussion of how changes in interest rates could impact us, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management of Market Risk—Net Interest Income Simulation Models and—Economic Value of Equity Model."

 Changes in the valuation of securities held could adversely affect us.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our securities portfolio totaled $581.7 million and $640.3 million, which represented 21.1% and 27.7% of total assets, respectively. The securities portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were classified as available-for-sale in the amount of $119.9 and $129.5 million and held-to-maturity in the amount of $461.7 million and $510.8 million, respectively. A decline in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities could cause a material decline in our reported equity and/or net income. At least quarterly, and more frequently when warranted by economic or market conditions, management evaluates all securities with a decline in fair value below the amortized cost of the investment to determine whether the impairment is deemed to be credit related impairment. For impaired debt securities that are intended to be sold, or more likely than not will be required to be sold, the full amount of market decline is recognized through earnings. Credit-related impairment for all other impaired debt securities is recognized through earnings. Non-credit related impairment for debt securities is recognized in other comprehensive income net of applicable taxes for all securities classified as available-for-sale. A decline in the market value of our securities portfolio could adversely affect our earnings.

 Risks Related to Laws and Regulations.

 Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations.

 The Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC, and the Company is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board. Such regulation and supervision governs the activities in which the Bank and the Company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, the depositors and borrowers of the Bank and consumers, rather than for our stockholders. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets

 and influencing the level of our allowance for loan losses. These regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance and monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations, control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in interpretation by us. These changes could materially impact, potentially even retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of operations.

 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act") significantly changed the regulation of banks and savings institutions and affects the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. The various federal agencies have adopted a broad range of rules and regulations in compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act. Compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act and its regulations and policies has resulted in changes to our business and operations, as well as additional costs, and has diverted management's time from other business activities, all of which have adversely affected our financial condition and results of operations. Among other provisions recently enacted, the threshold to qualify for the Federal Reserve Board's Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement was increased to $3.0 billion and federally-chartered savings banks and associations have been provided flexibility to adopt the powers of a national bank.

 Our New York State multi-family loan portfolio could be adversely impacted by changes in legislation or regulation, primarily rent control and rent stabilization.

 Multi-family real estate loans generally involve a greater risk than 1-4 family residential real estate loans in part because of legislation and government regulations involving rent regulation, such as rent control and rent stabilization, which are outside the control of the borrower or the Bank and could impair the value of the security for the loan or the future cash flow of such properties. Federal regulation of interest rates could also impair the future cash flows of such properties that have variable- or adjustable-rate mortgages or whose existing mortgages are maturing.

 The State of New York, on June 14, 2019, enacted legislation increasing the restrictions on rent increases in a rent-regulated apartment building, including, among other provisions, (i) repealing the vacancy bonus and longevity bonus, which allowed a property owner to raise rents as much as 20% each time a rental unit became vacant, (ii) eliminating high-rent vacancy deregulation and high-income deregulation, which allowed a rental unit to be removed from rent stabilization once it crossed a statutory high-rent threshold and became vacant, or the tenant's income exceeded the statutory amount in the preceding two years, and (iii) eliminating an exception that allowed a property owner who offered preferential rents to tenants to raise the rent to the full legal rent upon renewal. The legislation still permits a property owner to charge up to the full legal rent once the tenant vacates. As a result of this legislation as well as previously existing laws and regulations, it is possible that rental income might not rise sufficiently over time to satisfy increases in the loan rate at repricing or increases in overhead expenses (e.g., utilities, taxes, maintenance, etc.).

 Additionally, the New York City Rent Guidelines Board established the maximum rent increase on certain apartments at 3.0% for a one-year lease beginning on or after October 1, 2023 and on or after September 30, 2024, while the overall inflation rate increased at a greater rate. In addition, overhead (including maintenance) expenses often increase significantly during inflationary periods. Finally, if the cash flow from a collateral property is reduced (e.g., if leases are not obtained or renewed), the borrower's ability to repay the loan and the value of the security for the loan may be impaired. At the same time, the Federal Reserve Board has increased the discount rate repeatedly since 2022, resulting in substantial increases in mortgage rates since 2022, which rate increases adversely affect the cash flows of real estate properties that are financed with adjustable and variable interest rate mortgages or that require refinancings due to maturities of existing mortgages. To the extent our borrowers cannot implement rent increases that are sufficient to cover expenses, including increased mortgage rates, there will be an increased risk of default for these loans.

 We may be limited in our ability to originate new construction loans in our market area due to legislative changes.

 The viability of a multi-family construction project is highly dependent on the project's ability to capitalize on available real estate tax abatements. The 421-a tax exemption program that offered real estate tax abatements for new multifamily residential housing buildings in New York City market area expired on December 31, 2023, and unless a similar new program is authorized, we expect that the demand for construction loans in our market area will be significantly diminished.

 Imposition of limits by the bank regulators on construction lending activities could curtail our growth and adversely affect our earnings.

 In 2006, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FDIC and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (collectively, the "Agencies") issued joint guidance entitled "Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices" (the "CRE Guidance"). Although the CRE Guidance did not establish specific construction lending limits, it

 provides that a bank's commercial real estate lending exposure could receive increased supervisory scrutiny where total non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings, investor commercial real estate, and construction and land loans, represent 300% or more of an institution's total risk-based capital, and the outstanding balance of the commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the preceding 36 months. Construction loans represented 102.5% of the Bank's total risk-based capital at December 31, 2023, and our multifamily, mixed-use and nonresidential real estate loan portfolio represented 166.6% of the Bank's total risk-based capital on that same date.

 In December 2015, the Agencies released a new statement on prudent risk management for commercial real estate lending (the "2015 Statement"). In the 2015 Statement, the Agencies, among other things, indicate the intent to continue "to pay special attention" to commercial real estate lending activities and concentrations going forward. While we monitor our concentration limits with respect to our construction, multifamily, mixed-use and non-residential real estate loans closely and have implemented various risk management practices to manage our exposure for such loans, if the OCC, our primary federal regulator, were to impose restrictions on the amount of such loans we can hold in our portfolio or require us to implement additional compliance measures, our earnings would be adversely affected.

 Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

 The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches. The policies and procedures we have adopted that are designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

 Our ability to originate loans could be restricted by recently adopted federal regulations.

 The CFPB has a rule intended to clarify how lenders can avoid legal liability under the Dodd-Frank Act, which holds lenders accountable for ensuring a borrower's ability to repay a mortgage loan. Under the rule, loans that meet the "qualified mortgage" definition will be presumed to have complied with the ability-to-repay standard. Under the rule, a "qualified mortgage" loan must not contain certain specified features, including:

 • excessive upfront points and fees (those exceeding 3% of the total loan amount, less "bona fide discount points" for prime loans);

 • interest-only payments;

 • negative amortization; and

 • terms of longer than 30 years.

 Also, to qualify as a "qualified mortgage," a loan must be made to a borrower whose total monthly debt-to-income ratio does not exceed 43%. Lenders must also verify and document the income and financial resources relied upon to qualify a borrower for the loan and underwrite the loan based on a fully amortizing payment schedule and maximum interest rate during the first five years, taking into account all applicable taxes, insurance and assessments.

 In addition, the CFPB has adopted rules and published forms that combine certain disclosures that consumers receive in connection with applying for and closing on certain mortgage loans under the Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act.

 We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact our return on equity, require us to raise additional capital, or limit our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares.

 The Bank's minimum capital requirements are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 6.0%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8.0%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. The capital requirements also establish a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.5%, which results in the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%; and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount.

 We have analyzed these capital requirements, and the Bank meets all of these requirements, including the 2.5% capital conservation buffer.

 The application of more stringent capital requirements could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, and result in regulatory actions if we are unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with the implementation of the requirements of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ("Basel III") could result in our having to lengthen the term of our funding sources, change our business models or increase our holdings of liquid assets. Ponce Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Company will be limited if it does not have the capital conservation buffer required by the capital rules, which may further limit the Company's ability to pay dividends to stockholders. See "Regulation and Supervision—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Requirements."

 The Federal Reserve Board may require us to commit capital resources to support Ponce Bank.

 Federal law requires that a holding company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the "source of strength" doctrine, the Federal Reserve Board may require a holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when the holding company may not have the resources to provide it and therefore may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital. Any loans by a holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a holding company's bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the institution's general unsecured creditors, including the holders of its note obligations. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by the Company to make a required capital injection becomes more difficult and expensive and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board. An important function of the Federal Reserve Board is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks' reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

 The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

 We are a smaller reporting company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

 The Company is a smaller reporting company. For as long as the Company continues to be a smaller reporting company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to smaller reporting companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. As a smaller reporting company and a non-accelerated filer, the Company is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

 Investors may find our common stock less attractive since we have chosen to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the price of our common stock may be more volatile.

 Risk Related to our Operations.

 We face significant operational risks because the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions and increased reliance on technology, including risk of loss related to cyber security breaches.

 We operate in diverse markets and rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process a high number of transactions and to collect, process, transmit and store significant amounts of confidential information regarding our customers, employees and others and concerning our own business, operations, plans and strategies. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including but not limited to, the risk of fraud by employees or persons outside our company, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, systems failures or interruptions, breaches of our internal control systems and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of operational deficiencies or as a result of non-compliance with applicable regulatory standards or customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. In addition, we outsource some of our data processing to certain third-party providers. If these third-party providers encounter difficulties, including as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected. We are also subject to risks related to the cyber vulnerabilities of our partners. We may experience negative impacts to our financial condition and results of operations if our partners are subject to cyber fraud or other security breaches, as we have experienced in our partnership with Grain.

 In the event of a breakdown in our internal control systems, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions, or a breach of our security systems, including if confidential or proprietary information were to be mishandled, misused or lost, we could suffer financial loss, face regulatory action, civil litigation and/or suffer damage to our reputation.

 Negative developments in the U.S. in our primary markets may adversely impact our results in the future.

 Our financial performance is highly dependent on the business environment in the markets where we operate and in the U.S. as a whole. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity, investor or business confidence, consumer sentiment, limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital, increases in inflation or interest rates, natural disasters, international trade disputes and retaliatory tariffs, supply chain disruptions, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, acts of war, or a combination of these or other factors. A worsening of business and economic conditions, or persistent inflationary pressures or supply chain disruptions, generally or specifically in the principal markets in which we conduct business could have adverse effects, including the following:

 • a decrease in deposit balances or the demand for loans and other products and services we offer;

 • an increase in the number of borrowers who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to us, which could lead to higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs and provisions for credit losses;

 • a decrease in the value of loans and other assets secured by real estate; and

 • a decrease in net interest income from our lending and deposit gathering activities.

 Although economic conditions have improved in most of our markets, we continue to focus on growing earning assets, we believe that it is possible we will continue to experience an uncertain and volatile economic environment during 2023, including as a result of issues of national security, international conflicts, inflation and supply chain disruptions. There can be no assurance that these conditions will improve in the near term or that conditions will not worsen. Such conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 The cost of finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls in order to satisfy our public company reporting requirements increases our expenses.

 The obligations of being a public company, including the substantial public reporting obligations, require significant expenditures and place additional demands on our management team. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price. In addition, we may need to hire additional compliance, accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical knowledge. As a result, we may need to rely on outside consultants to provide these services for us until qualified personnel are hired. These obligations will increase our operating expenses and could divert our management's attention from our operations.

 Risks Related to Accounting Matters

 Changes in accounting standards could affect reported earnings.

 The bodies responsible for establishing accounting standards, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and other regulatory bodies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively.

 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This ASU significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The Company has begun its evaluation of the amended guidance including the potential impact on its consolidated financial statements. As a result of the required change in approach toward determining estimated credit losses from the current "incurred loss" model to one based on estimated cash flows over a loan's contractual life, adjusted for prepayments (a "life of loan" model), the Company expects that the new guidance will result in an increase in the allowance for loan losses, particularly for longer duration loan portfolios and this could have an adverse effect on our earnings.

 Changes in management's estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and our financial condition or operating results.

 Our management is and will be required under applicable rules and regulations to make estimates and assumptions as of a specified date to file periodic reports under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, including our consolidated financial statements. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and experience as of that date and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas

 requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses, the valuation of loans held for sale, the valuation of deferred tax assets and investment securities, the estimates relating to the valuation for share-based awards, and our determinations with respect to amounts owed for income taxes.

 Other Risks Related to Our Business and Industry Generally

 Financial challenges at other banking institutions could lead to depositor concerns that spread within the banking industry causing disruptive deposit outflows and other destabilizing results.

 In March 2023, certain specialized banking institutions with elevated concentrations of uninsured deposits experienced large deposit outflows coupled with insufficient liquidity to meet withdrawal demands, resulting in the institutions being placed into FDIC receiverships. In the aftermath, there has been substantial market disruption and indications that diminished depositor confidence could spread across the banking industry, leading to deposit outflows and other destabilizing results. The Federal Reserve Board provided funding to ensure that banks had sufficient liquidity to meet the needs of their depositors, but there can be no assurance whether such funding will be provided in the future if similar issues recur. The Company maintains a diversified deposit base and has a comparatively low level of uninsured deposits. As of December 31, 2023, 74.6% of our deposits are estimated to be FDIC-insured, and an additional 4.4% of deposits were fully collateralized. The average account size of our consumer deposits is less than $40,000, and the average account size of our business deposits is less than $50,000.

 Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our financial results and condition.

 Effective liquidity management is essential for the operation of our business. We require sufficient liquidity to meet customer loan requests, customer deposit maturities/withdrawals, payments on our debt obligations as they come due and other cash commitments under both normal operating conditions and other unpredictable circumstances causing industry or general financial market stress. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy generally. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in the geographic markets in which our loans and operations are concentrated or difficult credit markets. Our access to deposits may also be affected by the liquidity needs of our depositors. In particular, a majority of our liabilities are checking accounts and other liquid deposits, which are payable on demand or upon several days' notice, while by comparison, a substantial majority of our assets are loans, which cannot be called or sold in the same time frame. Although we have historically been able to replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary, we might not be able to replace such funds in the future, especially if a large number of our depositors seek to withdraw their accounts, regardless of the reason. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

 By engaging in derivative transactions, we are exposed to additional credit and market risk in our banking business.

 We use interest rate swaps to help manage our interest rate risk in our banking business from recorded financial assets and liabilities when they can be demonstrated to effectively hedge a designated asset or liability and the asset or liability exposes us to interest rate risk. We may use other derivative financial instruments to help manage other economic risks, such as liquidity and credit risk, including exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known or uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Hedging interest rate risk is a complex process, requiring sophisticated models and routine monitoring. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in market value. The effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by income or loss on the derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. By engaging in derivative transactions, we are exposed to credit and market risk. If the counterparty fails to perform, credit risk exists to the extent of the fair value gain in the derivative. Market risk exists to the extent that interest rates change in ways that are significantly different from what we expected when we entered into the derivative transaction. The existence of credit and market risk associated with our derivative instruments could adversely affect our net interest income and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

 Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.

 We have been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings. We consider most of the proceedings to be in the normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and we may not prevail in any proceedings or litigation. There could be substantial cost and management diversion in such litigation and proceedings, and any adverse determination could have a materially adverse effect on our business, brand or image, or our financial condition and results of our operations.

 We are a community bank and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

 The Bank is a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area and contiguous areas. As such, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our customers and caring about our customers and associates. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees, by our inability to conduct our operations in a manner that is appealing to current or prospective customers, or otherwise, our business and, therefore, our operating results may be materially adversely affected.

 Our Equity Incentive Plans have increased our expenses and reduced our income, and may dilute your ownership interests.

 The Company maintains a Long-Term Incentive Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized in $1.8 million for both periods, in non-interest expense relating to its stock benefit plans, and we will recognize additional expenses in the future as additional grants are made and awards vest.

 The Company may fund the Long-Term Incentive Plan either through open market purchases or authorized but unissued shares of common stock. Our ability to repurchase shares of common stock to fund this plan will be subject to many factors, including, but not limited to, applicable regulatory restrictions on stock repurchases, the availability of stock in the market, the trading price of the stock, our capital levels, alternative uses for our capital and our financial performance. Stockholders would experience a reduction in ownership interest in the event newly issued shares of our common stock are used to fund stock issuances under the plan.

 Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.

 Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions and operating process changes. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

 Our historical markets, minority and immigrant individuals, may be threatened by gentrification and adverse political developments, which could decrease our growth and profitability.

 We believe that our historical strength has been our focus on the minority and immigrant markets. The continuing displacement of minorities due to gentrification of our communities may adversely affect us unless we are able to adapt and increase the acceptance of our products and services by non-minority customers. We may also be unfavorably impacted by political developments unfavorable to markets that are dependent on immigrant populations.

 Risks Related to Russia—Ukraine Conflict.

 The impact of the military action in Ukraine may affect our business.

 On February 24, 2022, Russian forces launched significant military action against Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region is possible. The impact to Ukraine as well as actions taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions imposed by Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the U.S. and other countries and companies and organizations against officials, individuals, regions, and industries in Russia, and actions taken by Russia in response to such sanctions, and each country's potential response to such sanctions, tensions, and military actions could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

 We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the situation, as the conflict and government reactions are rapidly developing and beyond our control. Prolonged unrest, military activities, or broad-based sanctions, could have a material adverse effect on the global, U.S. and local economics.

 The information contained in this section is accurate as of the date hereof, but may become outdated due to changing circumstances beyond our present awareness or control.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 Not applicable.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 The Company's cybersecurity program is integrated within its overall risk management function. The Company engages third parties, including an outsourced cybersecurity team and additional vendors that conduct cybersecurity testing. All critical vendors of the Company, including its cybersecurity vendors, are subject to the requirements of its vendor management policy and processes. The Company is a regulated entity and undergoes regulatory reviews to ensure the Bank remains in compliance with all appropriate standards, including related to its management of third-party vendors.

 Internally, the cybersecurity program is managed by the Company's Senior Vice President, Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Information Officer. She has held senior management positions in information technology, management information systems and information security for over 30 years. She reports regularly to the risk and audit committees of the Board of Directors about the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. Additionally, the full board annually assesses all critical risks of the Company, including cybersecurity risks, and also receives periodic updates relating to key cybersecurity issues as part of their oversight.

 The Company's Senior Vice President and Chief Information Systems Officer also regularly reports to the Company's executive risk management ("ERM") committee, which oversees Company-wide risk at the management level, regarding cybersecurity risks. Members of the ERM committee include our President and Chief Executive Officer.

 While to date, we have not had a major cyber incident, nor experienced significant data loss or any material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, it is possible that we could experience a significant event in the future. Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors." – "We face significant operational risks because the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions and increased reliance on technology, including risk of loss related to cyber security breaches. " for further discussion of potential risks related to cybersecurity incidents.

 Item 2. Properties.

 As of December 31, 2023, the net book value of the Company's office properties including leasehold improvements was $13.4 million, and the net book value of its furniture, fixtures and other equipment and software was $2.7 million. The Company's and Bank's executive offices are located at 2244 Westchester Avenue, Bronx, New York.

 The following table sets forth information regarding the Company's offices as of December 31, 2023.

 Location

 Leased or
Owned

 Year Acquired
or Leased

 Net Book Value of
Real Property

 Main Office:

 2244 Westchester Avenue

 2021

 $

 Bronx, NY 10462

 Other Properties:

 980 Southern Blvd.

 1990

 Bronx, NY 10459

 37-60 82nd Street

 2021

 —

 Jackson Heights, NY 11372

 51 East 170th Street

 2018

 Bronx, NY 10452

 169 Smith Street

 2021

 —

 Brooklyn, NY 11201

 207 East 106th Street

 2006

 1,374

 New York, NY 10029

 2244 Westchester Avenue

 2021

 —

 Bronx, NY 10462

 5560 Broadway

 2021

 1,476

 Bronx, NY 10463

 34-05 Broadway

 2001

 Astoria, NY 11106

 3821 Bergenline Avenue

 2021

 —

 Union City, NJ 07087

 1900 Ralph Avenue

 2007

 Brooklyn, NY 11234

 20-47 86th Street

 Owned

 2010

 3,340

 Brooklyn, NY 11214

 100-20 Queens Boulevard

 2010

 Forest Hills, NY 11375

 319 1st Avenue

 2010

 New York, NY 10003

 32-75 Steinway Street

 2020

 Astoria, NY 11103

 2612 East 16th Street

 2020

 —

 Brooklyn, NY 11235

 42 South Washington Avenue

 2020

 —

 Bergenfield, NJ 07621

 135-14 Northern Blvd.

 Owned

 2020

 3,505

 Flushing, NY 11354

 $

 13,347

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits against us, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business. We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 The Company's shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC under the symbol "PDLB".

 The number of stockholders of record of the Company's common stock as of March 18, 2024 was 352. The number of record-holders may not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and other nominees.

 To date, the Company has not paid any dividends to its stockholders. We have no current plan or intention to pay cash dividends to our common stockholders. However, if in the future the Board of Directors considers the payment of dividends, the amount of any dividend payments will be subject to statutory and regulatory limitations, and will depend upon a number of factors, including the following: regulatory capital requirements; our financial condition and results of operations; our other uses of funds for the long-term value of stockholders; tax considerations; and general economic conditions. No assurance can be given that the Board of Directors will ever consider the payment of dividends, and common stockholders should have no expectation of such. The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement providing that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if our prospective rate of earnings retention is consistent with our capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance also provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the holding company's net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the holding company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with its capital needs and overall financial condition. In addition, the Company's ability to pay dividends will be limited if it does not have the capital conservation buffer required by the capital rules, which may limit our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. See "Regulation and Supervision—Federal Bank Regulation—Capital Requirements." No assurances can be given that any dividends will be paid or that, if paid, will not be reduced or eliminated in the future.

 We will file a consolidated federal tax return. Accordingly, it is anticipated that any cash distributions that we make to our stockholders would be treated as cash dividends and not as a non-taxable return of capital for federal and state tax purposes.

 Pursuant to our charter, we are authorized to issue preferred stock. The Company closed a private placement of 225,000 shares of the Company's Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 for an aggregate purchase price equal to $225.0 million in cash, to the Treasury pursuant to the ECIP. The Preferred Stock has priority over the holders of our shares of common stock with respect to the payment of dividends. For a further discussion concerning the payment of dividends on our shares of common stock, see "Regulation and Supervision—Holding Company Regulations—Dividends and Stock Repurchases." Dividends we can declare and pay will depend, in part, upon receipt of dividends from Ponce Bank, because currently we will have no source of income other than dividends from Ponce Bank and earnings from the investment of funds held by the Company and interest payments received in connection with the loan to the employee stock ownership plan. Regulations of the Federal Reserve Board and the OCC impose limitations on "capital distributions" by savings institutions. See "Regulation and Supervision—Federal Bank Regulation—Capital Requirements."

 Any payment of dividends by Ponce Bank to the Company that would be deemed to be drawn out of Ponce Bank's bad debt reserves, if any, would require a payment of taxes at the then-current tax rate by Ponce Bank on the amount of earnings deemed to be removed from the reserves for such distribution. Ponce Bank does not intend to make any distribution to the Company that would create such a federal tax liability. See "Taxation."

 Item 6. Reserved.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 The following management's discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those described below. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors," within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Discussion and analysis of our 2022 fiscal year specifically, as well as the year-over-year comparison of our 2022 financial performance to 2021, are located under Part II, Item 7 — Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 21, 2023, which is available on our investor relations website at poncebank.gcs-web.com and the SEC's website at sec.gov.

 Overview

 We have made significant investments over the last several years in adding experienced bankers, expanding our lending and relationship staff, absorbing the costs of being a public company, upgrading technology and facilities. These investments have increased our operating expenses during those periods. However, during those same periods, we have been able to significantly grow the Bank's loan portfolio while maintaining a moderate risk profile and strengthening its capital.

 Abrupt changes in interest rates present us with a challenge in managing our interest rate risk. As a general matter, our interest-bearing liabilities reprice or mature more quickly than our interest-earning assets, which can result in interest expense increasing more rapidly than increases in interest income. Therefore, increases in interest rates adversely affect our net interest income and net economic value, which in turn would likely have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Conversely, decreases in interest rates may have a favorable effect on our net interest income and net economic value, which in turn would likely have a positive effect on our results of operations. As described in "—Management of Market Risk," we expect that our net interest income and our net economic value would react inversely to instantaneous changes in interest rates. To help manage interest rate risk, we promote core deposit products and we are diversifying our loan portfolio by introducing new lending programs. See "—Business Strategy", "—Management of Market Risk" and "Risk Factors—Future changes in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values."

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 The following discussion contains certain non-GAAP financial measures in addition to results presented in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures are intended to provide the reader with additional supplemental perspective on operating results, performance trends, and financial condition. Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for GAAP measures; they should be read and used in conjunction with the Company's GAAP financial information. The Company's non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similar non-GAAP information which may be presented by other companies. In all cases, it should be understood that non-GAAP operating measures do not depict amounts that accrue directly to the benefit of shareholders. An item that management excludes when computing non-GAAP adjusted earnings can be of substantial importance to the Company's results and condition for any particular year. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures is provided below.

 The SEC has exempted from the definition of non-GAAP financial measures certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating the Company's financial performance and facilitate comparisons with the performance of other financial institutions. However, the information should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

 The table below includes references to the Company's net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 before loss on sale of premises and equipment and the Company's contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation. In management's view, that information, which is considered non-GAAP information, may be useful to investors as it will improve an understanding of core operations for the current and future periods. The non-GAAP net income (loss) amount and earnings (loss) per share reflect adjustments related to the non-recurring loss on sale of premises and equipment and the Company's contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation, net of tax effect. A reconciliation of the non-GAAP information to GAAP net (loss) income and earnings (loss) per share is provided below.

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation – Net Income Before Loss on Sale of Premises and Equipment and Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation (Unaudited)

 2023

 2022

 (Dollars in thousands,
except per share data)

 Net income (loss) - GAAP

 $

 3,352

 $

 (30,001

)

 Loss on sale of premises and equipment

 —

 Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 4,995

 Income tax benefit

 —

 (1,141

)

 Net income (loss) - non-GAAP

 $

 3,352

 $

 (25,711

)

 Earnings (loss) per common share (GAAP) (1)

 $

 0.15

 $

 (1.32

)

 Earnings (loss) per common share (non-GAAP) (1)

 $

 0.15

 $

 (1.13

)

 (1) Earnings (loss) per share were computed (for the GAAP and non-GAAP basis) based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, (22,745,317 shares and 22,690,943 shares, respectively).

 The CARES Act

 On March 27, 2020, Congress passed, and the President signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") to address the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 The CARES Act appropriated $349.0 billion for PPP loans and on April 24, 2020, the U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") received another $310.0 billion in PPP funding. On December 27, 2020, the Economic Aid Act appropriated $284.0 billion for both first and second draw PPP loans, bringing the total appropriations for PPP loans to $943.0 billion. PPP ended on May 31, 2021. Loans under the PPP that meet SBA requirements may be forgiven in certain circumstances, and are 100% guaranteed by the SBA. The Company had received SBA approval and originated 5,340 PPP loans, of which 7 loans totaling $1.0 million were outstanding at December 31, 2023. PPP loans have a two-year or five-year term, provide for fees of up to 5% of the loan amount and earn interest at a rate of 1% per annum.

 Federal Economic Relief Funds To Aid Lending to Small Businesses

 Emergency Capital Investment Program

 On June 7, 2022, the Company closed a private placement (the "Private Placement") of 225,000 shares of the Company's Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 (the "Preferred Stock") for an aggregate purchase price equal to $225,000,000 in cash, to the United States Department of the Treasury (the "Treasury") pursuant to the Emergency Capital Investment Program ("ECIP"). The holders of the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a dividend payable in cash quarterly at an annual rate dependent on certain factors as reported by the Company to Treasury in a quarterly supplemental report. The initial dividend rate is zero percent for the first two years after issuance, and thereafter the floor dividend rate is 0.50% and the ceiling dividend rate is 2.00%. After 10 years of issuance, the perpetual dividend rate in effect, will be determined based on said floor and ceiling. The actual dividend rate that will be paid by the Company on the Preferred Stock cannot be determined at this time.

 The ECIP investment by the Treasury is part of a program to invest over $8.7 billion into CDFI or MDI, of which Ponce Bank is both. The ECIP is intended to incentivize CDFIs and MDIs to provide loans, grants, and forbearance to small businesses, minority-owned businesses, and consumers in low-income and underserved communities that may have been disproportionately impacted by the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a liquidation preference, subject to certain limitations, in the amount of the sum of $1,000 per share plus declared and unpaid dividends (without accumulation of undeclared dividends) on each share.

 CDFI Equitable Recovery Program

 On September 26, 2023, the Bank received a $3.7 million grant from the U.S. Treasury as part of the Community Development Financial Institutions ("CDFI") Equitable Recovery Program ("ERP") which aims to help CDFI's further their mission of helping low and low-to-moderate income communities recover from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Bank Enterprise Award Program

 On November 6, 2023, the Bank received a $0.5 million grant as part of the Bank Enterprise Award Program from the CDFI. Awards under the Bank Enterprise Award Program are subject to the program terms and must be used for qualified activities, which include providing loans, investments and financial services to residents and businesses in distressed communities.

 Derivatives and Hedging

 During 2023, the Company entered into two derivative financial instruments contracts to enhance its ability to manage interest rate risk that exist as part of its ongoing operations. The Company manages these risks as part of its asset and liability management process. The Company utilized derivative financial instruments to accommodate the business needs and to hedge the exposure that this creates for the Company. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

 Interest Rate Swaps

 On October 12, 2023 the Bank entered into two interest rate swap transactions with Goldman Sachs Bank USA. One interest rate swap is for a period of two years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2025 with a notional amount of $150.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.885% and receive the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rate. The other interest rate swap is for a period of three years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2026 with a notional amount of $100.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.62% and receive the SOFR rate.

 Critical Accounting Policies

 Accounting estimates are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and are particularly susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those involving significant judgments and assumptions by management and that could have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets, liabilities or on income under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes that the most critical accounting policy relates to the allowance for credit losses.

 The allowance for credit losses is established as probable incurred losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for credit losses charged to earnings. Credit losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

 The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on the Company's consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. The estimates and assumptions used are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.

 See Note 1, "Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the accompanying Financial Statements for a discussion of significant accounting policies.

 Factors Affecting the Comparability of Results

 Ponce De Leon Foundation.

 On January 27, 2022, the Company made a $5.0 million contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation as part of the conversion and reorganization, which is included in non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Write-off and Write-Down.

 In 2020, the Company entered into a business arrangement with the FinTech startup company Grain. Grain's product is a mobile application geared to the underbanked, minorities and new generations entering the financial services market. In employing this mobile application, the Bank uses non-traditional underwriting methodologies to provide revolving credit to borrowers who otherwise may gravitate to using alternative non-bank lenders. Under the terms of its former agreement with Grain, the Bank was the lender for Grain-originated microloans with credit lines currently up to $1,500 and, where applicable, the depository for related security deposits. Grain originated and serviced these microloans and is responsible for maintaining compliance with the Bank's origination and servicing standards, as well as applicable regulatory and legal requirements. If a microloan was found to be fraudulent, became 90 days delinquent upon 90 days of origination or defaulted due to a failure of Grain to properly service the microloan, the Bank's applicable standards for origination or servicing were deemed to have not been complied with and the microloan was put back to Grain, who then became responsible for the microloan and any related losses. The microloans put back to Grain were accounted for as an "other asset," specifically referred to herein as the "Grain Receivable." Grain was victimized by cyber fraud using synthetic and other forms of fraudulent identifications, a phenomenon that has become prevalent with Fintechs. Pursuant to the terms of its arrangement with Grain, loans found to be fraudulent were put back to Grain and the Company discontinued originating new loans with Grain after May 31, 2022. On November 1, 2023, the Company and Grain signed a Perpetual Software License Agreement in order for the Bank to assume the servicing of the remaining Grain loans. In order to facilitate the transfer of the servicing responsibilities to the Bank, Grain granted the Bank a perpetual right and license to use the Grain software, including the source code to service the remaining loans.

 At December 31, 2022, the Bank had 27,886 Grain microloans outstanding, net of put backs, with an aggregate balance totaling $18.2 million and which were performing, in management's opinion, comparably to similar portfolios, offset by a $15.4 million allowance for credit losses, resulting in $2.8 million in Grain microloans, net of allowance for credit losses.

 At December 31, 2023, the Bank had 14,727 Grain microloans outstanding, net of put backs, with an aggregate balance totaling $8.0 million and which were performing, in management's opinion, comparably to similar portfolios, offset by an $7.0 million allowance for credit losses, resulting in $1.0 million in Grain microloans, net of allowance for credit losses.

 Since the beginning of the Bank's agreement with Grain and through December 31, 2023, 45,322 microloans amounting to $24.1 million have been deemed to be fraudulent and put back to Grain. The Company has written-down a total of $15.5 million, net of recoveries, of the Grain Receivable and received $6.8 million in cash from Grain and through the application of security deposits connected to fraudulent loan accounts. The Bank also opted to use the $1.8 million grant it received from the U.S. Treasury Department's Rapid Response Program to defray the Grain Receivable. The application of those amounts resulted in no net receivable. Additionally, the Company wrote-off its equity investment in Grain of $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's total exposure related to Grain was $1.0 million of the remaining microloans, net of allowance for credit losses, excluding $2.4 million of unused commitments available to Grain borrowers and $1.6 million of security deposits by Grain borrowers. The $1.5 million of recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the $17.9 million write-off for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to Grain is included in non-interest expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Of the $1.5 million of recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023, $0.7 million were payments received from Grain on the Grain Receivable and the remainder were payments from Grain borrowers.

 Grain Technologies, Inc. ("Grain") Total Exposure as of December 31, 2023

 Receivable from Grain

 Microloans originated - put back to Grain (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 $

 24,104

 Write-downs, net of recoveries (year to date as of December 31, 2023)

 (15,459

)

 Cash receipts from Grain (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 (6,819

)

 Grant/reserve (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 (1,826

)

 Net receivable as of December 31, 2022

 $

 —

 Microloan receivables from Grain borrowers

 Grain originated loans receivable as of December 31, 2023

 $

 7,985

 Allowance for credit losses on loan as of December 31, 2023 (1)

 (7,026

)

 Microloans, net of allowance for credit losses on loans as of December 31, 2023

 $

 Investments

 Investment in Grain

 $

 1,000

 Investment in Grain write-off

 (1,000

)

 Investment in Grain as of December 31, 2023

 $

 —

 Total exposure related to Grain as of December 31, 2023 (2)

 $

 (1) Includes $0.3 million for allowance for unused commitments on the $2.4 million of unused commitments available to Grain originated borrowers reported in other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Conditions. Excludes $1.6 million of security deposits by Grain originated borrowers.

 (2) Total remaining exposure to Grain borrowers. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 Vision 2025 Evolves

 The Company has deployed a Fintech-based small business automated lending technology in partnership with LendingFront Technologies, Inc. The technology is a mobile application that digitizes the lending workflow from pre-approval to servicing and enables the Company to originate, close and fund small business loans within very short spans of time, without requiring a physical presence within banking offices and with automated underwriting using both traditional and non-traditional methods. The application has full loan origination and servicing capabilities and is integrated with Salesforce. All Commercial Relationship Officers and Business Development Managers will utilize these capabilities. The Company is seeking to establish loan origination partnerships with non-profit and community-based organizations to ensure penetration in underserved and underbanked markets.

 The Company also established a relationship with Raisin Solutions US LLC ("Raisin") (formerly known as SaveBetter, LLC), a fintech startup focusing on brokered deposits. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $386.6 million in such deposits. The recent regulatory easing of brokered deposit rules enables the Company to classify such deposits as core deposits.

 On October 1, 2022, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement with Bamboo Payment Holding LLC ("Bamboo"). Under the agreement, the Company purchased from Bamboo 180 Membership Interest Units representing an aggregate amount equal to up to 18% of total issued and outstanding Membership Interest in Bamboo for a purchase price of $2.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made three additional contributions for a total of $1.2 million for a total investment in Bamboo of $3.7 million. With over a decade processing payments in Latin America, Bamboo has a diverse network connects Latin American local payment processing to global companies as well as domestic solutions to locally based organizations.

 At December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $1.06 billion in assets, $918.5 million in loans and $809.8 million in deposits. The Company has since grown to $2.75 billion in assets, $1.90 billion in loans receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $26.2 million, and $1.51 billion in deposits at December 31, 2023, all while investing in infrastructure, implementing digital banking, adopting GPS, diversifying its product offering and partnering with Fintech companies. Now, the Company believes that it is poised to enhance its presence, locally and in similar communities outside New York, as a leading CDFI and MDI financial institution holding company.

 On June 7, 2022, the Company issued 225,000 shares of the Company's Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 for an aggregate purchase price equal to $225.0 million in cash to the Treasury, pursuant to the Treasury's ECIP. Under the ECIP, Treasury provided investment capital directly to depository institutions that are CDFIs or MDIs or their holding companies, to provide loans, grants, and forbearance for small businesses, minority-owned businesses, and consumers, in low-income and underserved communities. Treasury has indicated that the investment will qualify as Tier 1 capital. No dividends will accrue or be due for the first two years after issuance. For years three through ten, depending upon the level of qualified and/or deep impact lending made in targeted communities, as defined in the ECIP guidelines, dividends will be at an annual rate of either 2.0%, 1.25% or 0.5% and, thereafter, will be fixed at one of the foregoing rates. Holders of Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, with the exception of voting rights on certain matters as outlined in the Certificate of Designations. The Company has the option to redeem the shares of Preferred Stock (i) in whole or in part on any dividend payment date on or after June 15, 2027, or (ii) in whole but not in part at any time within ninety days following a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event, as defined below, in each case at a cash redemption price equal to the liquidation amount, with an amount equal to any dividends that have been declared but not paid prior to the redemption date. The Company may not redeem shares of Preferred Stock without having received the prior approval of the appropriate Federal banking agency for the Company, as defined in Section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, to the extent required under applicable capital rules. Such redemptions are subject to certain conditions and limitations. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a liquidation preference, subject to certain limitations, in the amount of the sum of $1,000 per share plus declared and unpaid dividends (without accumulation of undeclared dividends) on each share.

 A "Regulatory Capital Treatment Event" means a good-faith determination that, as a result of (i) any amendment to, or change in, the laws, rules or regulations of the United States or any political subdivision of or in the United States (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any agency or instrumentality of the United States, including the Federal Reserve and other appropriate federal bank regulatory agencies) that is enacted or becomes effective after the initial issuance of any share of the Preferred Stock; (ii) any proposed change in those laws, rules or regulations that is announced after the initial issuance of any share of the Preferred Stock; or (iii) any official administrative or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying those laws, rules or

 regulations or policies with respect thereto that is announced or becomes effective after the initial issuance of the Preferred Stock, there is more than an insubstantial risk that we will not be entitled to treat the full liquidation preferences of the shares of Preferred Stock then outstanding as "Additional Tier 1 Capital" (or its equivalent) for purposes of the capital adequacy standards of Federal Reserve Regulation Q, 12 C.F.R. Part 217 (or, as and if applicable, the successor capital adequacy guidelines, rules or regulations of the Federal Reserve or the capital adequacy guidelines, rules or regulations of any successor appropriate federal banking agency), as then in effect and applicable, for as long as any share of Preferred Stock is outstanding.

 Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 Total Assets. Total consolidated assets increased $438.7 million, or 19.0%, to $2.75 billion at December 31, 2023 from $2.31 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in total assets is largely attributable to increases of $402.8 million in net loans receivable, $84.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, $10.7 million in other assets and $8.0 million in mortgage loans held for sale, partially offset by decreases of $49.1 million in held-to-maturity securities, $9.6 million in available-for-sale securities and $5.3 million in Federal Home Loan Bank of New York stock.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents increased $84.8 million, or 156.1%, to $139.2 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $54.4 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was primarily attributable to an increase of $255.2 million in net deposits, $167.0 million net proceeds from advances from the FRBNY and FHLBNY, $61.0 million in proceeds from maturities/calls of securities, $10.6 million increases in accrued interest payable and $5.3 million in proceeds from the FHLBNY stock. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was offset from increases of $402.7 million in net loans, and $11.0 million share repurchases.

 Securities. The composition of securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the amounts maturing of each classification are summarized as follows:

 Fair

 Fair

 Cost

 Value

 Cost

 Value

 U.S. Government Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,990

 2,784

 2,985

 2,689

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,990

 2,784

 2,985

 2,689

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,000

 3,863

 —

 —

 1,000

 4,000

 3,710

 20,790

 19,269

 21,824

 19,649

 25,824

 111,001

 93,450

 123,134

 103,457

 Total Available-for-Sale Securities

 $

 $

 $

 151,943

 $

 U.S. Agency Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 24,650

 —

 —

 48,265

 75,000

 71,328

 7,500

 6,894

 7,500

 7,410

 78,738

 354,646

 345,414

 393,320

 382,493

 (398

)

 —

 —

 —

 Total Held-to-Maturity Securities

 $

 $

 $

 $

 The Company securities portfolio decreased $49.1 million in held-to-maturity and $9.6 million in available-for-sale during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a call on one of the securities in the amount of $10.0 million and changes in principal.

 Gross Loans Receivable. The composition of gross loans receivable at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the percentage of each classification to total loans are summarized as follows:

 Increase (Decrease)

 Dollars

 Investor-Owned

 $

 17.9

 %

 $

 22.6

 %

 $

 (279

)

 (0.1

 %)

 Owner-Occupied

 7.9

 %

 8.8

 %

 17,433

 12.9

 %

 28.7

 %

 32.4

 %

 55,892

 11.3

 %

 17.8

 %

 20.2

 %

 34,300

 11.1

 %

 26.2

 %

 12.1

 %

 318,907

 172.4

 %

 1,892,827

 98.5

 %

 1,466,574

 96.1

 %

 426,253

 29.1

 %

 1.0

 %

 2.6

 %

 (20,186

)

 (50.5

 %)

 8,966

 0.5

 %

 1.3

 %

 (10,163

)

 (53.1

 %)

 28,745

 1.5

 %

 59,094

 3.9

 %

 (30,349

)

 (51.4

 %)

 Total

 $

 100.0

 %

 $

 100.0

 %

 $

 395,904

 26.0

 %

 (1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, business loans include $1.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, of PPP loans.

 (2) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, consumer loans include $8.0 million and $18.2 million, respectively, of microloans originated by the Bank pursuant to its former arrangement with Grain. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 ACL were $26.2 million and $34.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in allowance for credit losses were $6.8 million and 15.4 million related to Grain at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Based on current internal loan reviews, the Company believes that the quality of our underwriting, our weighted average loan-to-value ratio of 57.8% and our customer selection processes have served us well and provided us with a reliable base with which to maintain a well-protected loan portfolio.

 Commercial real estate loans, as defined by applicable banking regulations, include multifamily residential, nonresidential properties, and construction and land mortgage loans. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 5.3% and 6.4%, respectively, of the outstanding principal balance of the Bank's commercial real estate mortgage loans were secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate. Owner-occupied commercial real estate is similar in many ways to commercial and industrial lending in that these loans are generally made to businesses predominantly on the basis of the cash flows of the business rather than on valuation of the real estate.

 Banking regulations have established guidelines relating to the amount of construction and land mortgage loans and investor- owned commercial real estate mortgage loans of 100% and 300% of total risk-based capital, respectively. Should a bank's ratios be in excess of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. The Bank's policy is to operate within the 150% guideline for construction and land mortgage loans and up to 450% for investor owned commercial real estate mortgage loans. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by the Bank's total risk-based capital. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank's construction and land mortgage loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital was 102.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Investor owned commercial real estate mortgage loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital was 269.1% and 194.0% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the Bank was slightly above the 100% guidelines established by the banking regulations but under the 150% guidelines set by the Bank for construction and land mortgage loans and within the 300% guideline for investor owned commercial real estate mortgage loans established by banking regulators. Management believes that it has established the appropriate level of controls to monitor the Bank's lending in these areas.

 Mortgage Loans Held For Sale. Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, at December 31, 2023 increased $8.0 million to $10.0 million from $2.0 million at December 31, 2022.

 Deposits. The composition of deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and changes in dollars and percentages are summarized as follows:

 Increase (Decrease)

 of Total

 of Total

 Dollars

 Demand

 $

 16.1

 %

 $

 23.1

 %

 $

 (45,765

)

 (15.8

 %)

 Interest-bearing deposits:

 NOW/IOLA accounts

 19,676

 1.3

 %

 24,349

 1.9

 %

 (4,673

)

 (19.2

 %)

 Money market accounts (1)

 432,735

 28.7

 %

 236,143

 18.9

 %

 196,592

 83.3

 %

 Reciprocal deposits

 96,860

 6.4

 %

 114,049

 9.1

 %

 (17,189

)

 (15.1

 %)

 Savings accounts

 114,139

 7.6

 %

 130,432

 10.4

 %

 (16,293

)

 (12.5

 %)

 Total NOW, money market, reciprocal and savings

 44.0

 %

 40.3

 %

 158,437

 31.4

 %

 Certificates of deposit of $250K or more (1)

 132,153

 8.8

 %

 106,336

 8.5

 %

 25,817

 24.3

 %

 Brokered certificates of deposit (2)

 98,729

 6.6

 %

 98,754

 7.9

 %

 (25

)

 (0.0

 %)

 Listing service deposits (2)

 14,433

 1.0

 %

 35,813

 2.9

 %

 (21,380

)

 (59.7

 %)

 Certificates of deposit less than $250K (1)

 355,511

 23.6

 %

 217,387

 17.4

 %

 138,124

 63.5

 %

 Total certificates of deposit

 39.9

 %

 36.6

 %

 142,536

 31.1

 %

 Total interest-bearing deposits

 1,264,236

 83.9

 %

 963,263

 76.9

 %

 300,973

 31.2

 %

 $

 1,507,620

 100.0

 %

 $

 100.0

 %

 $

 255,208

 20.4

 %

 (1) As of December 31, 2022, $81.7 million of Raisin (formerly known as SaveBetter) deposits were reclassified from money market accounts to certificates of deposits. $36.2 million were reclassified to Certificates of deposits of $250K or more and $45.5 million were reclassified to certificates of deposit less than $250K.

 (2) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $0.3 million and $13.6 million, respectively, in individual listing service deposits amounting to $250,000 or more. All brokered certificates of deposit individually amounted to less than $250,000.

 When wholesale funding is necessary to complement the Company's core deposit base, management determines which source is best suited to address both liquidity risk and interest rate risk in line with management objectives. The Company's Interest Rate Risk Policy imposes limitations on overall wholesale funding and noncore funding reliance. The overall reliance on wholesale funding and noncore funding were within those policy limitations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Management Asset/Liability Committee generally meets on a bi-weekly basis to review funding needs, if any, and to ensure the Company operates within the approved limitations.

 Borrowings. The Bank had outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2023 of $684.4 million in term advances from the FHLBNY and FRBNY and $511.4 million of outstanding term advances from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2022. The Bank also had $6.0 million of overnight line of credit advance from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2022. The Bank had no overnight line of credit advance at December 31, 2023. Additionally, the Bank had two unsecured lines of credit in the amount of $75.0 million and $90.0 million with two correspondent banks at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, under which there was nothing outstanding at both December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Stockholders' Equity. The Company's consolidated stockholders' equity decreased $1.3 million, or 0.3%, to $491.4 million at December 31, 2023, from $492.7 million at December 31, 2022. This decrease in stockholders' equity was largely attributable to $11.0 million in share repurchases during 2023, offset by $3.4 million in net income, $2.2 million in other comprehensive loss, $1.9 million impact to additional paid in capital as a result of share-based compensation, $1.1 million as a result of implementation of CECL and $1.1 million from release of ESOP shares.

 Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 The discussion of the Company's results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below. The results of operations for periods may not be indicative of future results.

 The following table presents the results of operations for the periods indicated:

 Increase (Decrease)

 2023

 2022

 Dollars

 Interest and dividend income

 $

 125,867

 $

 82,752

 $

 43,115

 52.1

 %

 Interest expense

 44,452

 275.3

 %

 65,266

 66,603

 (1,337

)

 (2.0

 %)

 Provision for loan losses

 (23,073

)

 (96.0

 %)

 Net interest income after provision for loan losses

 64,293

 42,557

 21,736

 51.1

 %

 Non-interest income

 10,223

 6,419

 3,804

 59.3

 %

 Non-interest expense

 68,663

 85,822

 (17,159

)

 (20.0

 %)

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 5,853

 (36,846

)

 42,699

 (115.9

 %)

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes

 2,501

 (6,845

)

 9,346

 (136.5

 %)

 $

 3,352

 $

 (30,001

)

 $

 33,353

 (111.2

 %)

 Earnings (loss) per share:

 Basic

 $

 0.15

 $

 (1.32

)

 $

 1.47

 (111.3

 %)

 Diluted

 $

 0.15

 $

 (1.32

)

 $

 1.47

 (110.9

 %)

 Net Income (Loss). Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $3.4 million compared to net loss of ($30.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Earnings per basic and diluted share was $0.15 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to loss per basic and diluted share of ($1.32) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net income was attributable to an increase in benefit for credit losses and a decrease in non-interest expense and an increase in non-interest income, partially offset by an increase in provision for income taxes and a decrease in net interest income.

 Interest and Dividend Income. Interest and dividend income increased $43.1 million, or 52.1%, to $125.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $82.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest income on loans receivable, which is the Bank's primary source of income, increased $25.9 million, or 37.1% to $95.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $69.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest and dividend income on securities, FHLBNY stock and deposits due from banks increased $17.2 million, or 133.3%, to $30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The following table presents interest income on loans receivable for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 $

 28,937

 $

 21,406

 $

 7,531

 35.2

 %

 26,772

 17,696

 9,076

 51.3

 %

 15,934

 11,963

 3,971

 33.2

 %

 21,122

 10,443

 10,679

 102.3

 %

 Business loans

 1,599

 4,860

 (3,261

)

 (67.1

 %)

 Consumer loans

 1,441

 3,497

 (2,056

)

 (58.8

 %)

 Total interest income on loans receivable

 $

 95,805

 $

 69,865

 $

 25,940

 37.1

 %

 The following table presents interest and dividend income on securities and FHLBNY stock and deposits due from banks for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 Interest on deposits due from banks

 $

 4,973

 $

 $

 4,260

 597.5

 %

 Interest on securities

 23,343

 11,709

 11,634

 99.4

 %

 Dividend on FHLBNY stock

 1,746

 1,281

 275.5

 %

 Total interest and dividend income

 $

 30,062

 $

 12,887

 $

 17,175

 133.3

 %

 Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $44.5 million, or 275.3%, to $60.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher market interest rates.

 2023

 2022

 $

 10,114

 $

 4,148

 $

 5,966

 143.8

 %

 Money market

 24,870

 5,604

 19,266

 343.8

 %

 Savings

 (12

)

 (9.4

 %)

 NOW/IOLA

 (32

)

 (49.2

 %)

 Advance payments by borrowers

 60.0

 %

 25,460

 6,199

 19,261

 310.7

 %

 Total interest expense

 $

 $

 $

 44,452

 275.3

 %

 Net Interest Income. Net interest income decreased $1.3 million, or 2.0%, to $65.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $66.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $1.3 million decrease in net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to an increase of $44.4 million in interest expense due primarily to a higher average cost of funds on interest bearing liabilities, offset by an increase of $43.1 million in interest and dividend income primarily due to increases in average loans receivable and interest and dividend on securities and FHLBNY stock and deposits due from banks.

 Net interest rate spread decreased by 151 basis point to 1.65% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 3.16% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the net interest rate spread for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities of 208 basis points to 3.47% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 1.39% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and an increase in the average yields on interest-earning assets of 57 basis points to 5.12% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 4.55% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Net interest margin decreased 100 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2023, to 2.66% from 3.66% for the year ended December 31, 2022, reflecting an increase in our securities portfolio and our organic loan growth.

 The Federal Reserve raised the target range for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 5.25%-5.50% during its July 26, 2023 meeting, pushing borrowing costs to the highest level in 22 years. At the January 31, 2024 meeting, the Federal Reserve signaled that it will hold interest steady and indicated it is not ready to start cutting rates. The prior rate increases were in response to inflation rising at a rate not seen in over 40 years. Because of this rising rate environment, the speed with which it is anticipated to be implemented, the significant competitive pressures in our markets and the potential negative impact of these factors on our deposit and loan pricing, our net interest margin may be negatively impacted. Our net interest income may also be negatively impacted if the demand for loans decreases due to the rate increases, alone or in tandem with the concurrent inflationary pressures. We may be negatively impacted if we are unable to appropriately time adjustments to our funding costs and the rates we earn on our loans.

 Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income increased $3.8 million, or 59.3%, to $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $3.8 million increase from the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to two grants totaled $4.2 million received from the U.S. Treasury and an increase of $1.7 million in late and prepayment charges, partially offset by decreases of $1.3 million in loan origination and $0.9 million in brokerage commission.

 The following table presents non-interest income for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 Service charges and fees

 $

 1,986

 $

 1,830

 $

 8.5

 %

 Brokerage commissions

 1,020

 (940

)

 (92.2

 %)

 Late and prepayment charges

 2,365

 1,742

 279.6

 %

 Income on sale of mortgage loans

 (143

)

 (19.3

 %)

 Loan origination

 —

 1,286

 (1,286

)

 (100.0

 %)

 Grant income

 4,156

 —

 4,156

 —

 %

 Loss on sale of premises and equipment

 —

 (436

)

 (100.0

 %)

 Other

 1,038

 1,355

 (317

)

 (23.4

 %)

 Total non-interest income

 $

 10,223

 $

 6,419

 $

 3,804

 59.3

 %

 Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense decreased $17.2 million, or 20.0%, to $68.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $85.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $17.2 million decrease of non-interest expense from the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to a $17.9 million of Grain consumer microloan write-off during the corresponding period last year compared with $1.5 million of Grain consumer microloan recoveries recognized during the current period. The decrease in non-interest expense was also impacted by a $5.0 million contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation during the corresponding period last year, partially offset by increases of $2.8 million in compensation and benefits, $2.2 million in provision for contingencies, $1.3 million in data processing expenses and $1.2 million in professional fees.

 The following table presents non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 Compensation and benefits

 $

 30,699

 $

 27,914

 $

 2,785

 10.0

 %

 Occupancy and equipment

 14,568

 13,968

 4.3

 %

 Data processing expenses

 5,083

 3,779

 1,304

 34.5

 %

 Direct loan expenses

 1,623

 2,487

 (864

)

 (34.7

 %)

 Provision for contingencies

 2,311

 2,185

 1,734.1

 %

 Insurance and surety bond premiums

 1,018

 17.0

 %

 Office supplies, telephone and postage

 1,483

 1,555

 (72

)

 (4.6

 %)

 Professional fees

 7,092

 5,904

 1,188

 20.1

 %

 Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 4,995

 (4,995

)

 ( —

 %)

 Grain (recoveries) and write-off

 (1,481

)

 17,940

 (19,421

)

 (108.3

 %)

 Marketing and promotional expenses

 39.1

 %

 Directors fees and regulatory assessment

 (48

)

 (6.8

 %)

 Other operating expenses

 4,785

 4,986

 (201

)

 (4.0

 %)

 Total non-interest expense

 $

 68,663

 $

 85,822

 $

 (17,159

)

 (20.0

 %)

 Income Tax Provision. The Company had a provision for income taxes of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a benefit for income taxes of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Average Balance Sheets

 The following table sets forth average outstanding balances, average yields and rates, and certain other information for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as the effects would be immaterial. Average balances are derived from average daily balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense.

 2023

 2022

 Outstanding

 Outstanding

 Interest

 Yield/Rate

 Interest

 Yield/Rate (1)

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans (1)

 $

 1,730,275

 95,805

 5.54

 %

 $

 1,375,723

 $

 69,865

 5.08

 %

 Securities (2)

 606,815

 23,342

 3.85

 %

 357,446

 11,709

 3.28

 %

 Other (3) (4)

 119,923

 6,720

 5.60

 %

 84,133

 1,178

 1.40

 %

 Total interest-earning assets

 2,457,013

 125,867

 5.12

 %

 1,817,302

 82,752

 4.55

 %

 Non-interest-earning assets (4)

 115,760

 124,351

 Total assets

 $

 2,572,773

 $

 1,941,653

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 NOW/IOLA

 $

 22,168

 $

 0.15

 %

 $

 30,151

 $

 0.22

 %

 Money market (5)

 424,160

 18,413

 4.34

 %

 367,838

 5,604

 1.52

 %

 Savings

 121,550

 0.10

 %

 138,137

 0.09

 %

 Certificates of deposit (5)

 528,999

 16,571

 3.13

 %

 407,739

 4,148

 1.02

 %

 1,096,877

 35,133

 3.20

 %

 943,865

 9,945

 1.05

 %

 Advance payments by borrowers

 14,869

 0.05

 %

 11,514

 0.04

 %

 633,116

 25,460

 4.02

 %

 206,969

 6,199

 3.00

 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities

 1,744,862

 3.47

 %

 1,162,348

 1.39

 %

 Non-interest-bearing liabilities:

 Non-interest-bearing demand

 290,335

 —

 344,505

 —

 Other non-interest-bearing liabilities

 45,858

 —

 33,225

 —

 Total non-interest-bearing liabilities

 336,193

 —

 377,730

 —

 Total liabilities

 2,081,055

 1,540,078

 Total equity

 491,718

 401,575

 Total liabilities and total equity

 $

 2,572,773

 3.47

 %

 $

 1,941,653

 1.39

 %

 $

 65,266

 $

 66,603

 Net interest rate spread (6)

 1.65

 %

 3.16

 %

 Net interest-earning assets (7)

 $

 712,151

 $

 654,954

 Net interest margin (8)

 2.66

 %

 3.66

 %

 Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities

 140.81

 %

 156.35

 %

 (1) Loans include loans and mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value.

 (2) Securities include available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.

 (3) Includes FHLBNY demand account, FHLBNY stock dividends and Interest Rate Swap (see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

 (4) FRB demand deposits for prior period have been reclassified for consistency.

 (5) Includes reclassification of $25.7 million of average outstanding balances and $0.7 million of interest expenses from money market to certificates of deposit for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 (6) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate of interest-bearing liabilities.

 (7) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

 (8) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

 Rate/Volume Analysis

 The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on the Company's net interest income for the periods indicated. The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume.

 2023 vs. 2022

 Increase (Decrease) Due to

 Total Increase

 Volume

 Rate

 (Decrease)

 (In thousands)

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans (1)

 $

 18,006

 $

 7,934

 $

 25,940

 Securities (2)

 8,169

 3,464

 11,633

 Other

 5,041

 5,542

 Total interest-earning assets

 26,676

 16,439

 43,115

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 NOW/IOLA

 (17

)

 (15

)

 (32

)

 Money market

 11,951

 12,809

 Savings

 (15

)

 (12

)

 1,234

 11,189

 12,423

 2,060

 23,128

 25,188

 Advance payments by borrowers

 (5

)

 12,764

 6,497

 19,261

 Total interest-bearing liabilities

 14,819

 29,633

 44,452

 Change in net interest income

 $

 11,857

 $

 (13,194

)

 $

 (1,337

)

 (1) Loans include loans and mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value.

 (2) Securities include available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.

 Management of Market Risk

 General. The most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk because, as a financial institution, the majority of the Bank's assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Therefore, a principal part of our operations is to manage interest rate risk and limit the exposure of its financial condition and results of operations to changes in market interest rates. The Bank's Asset/Liability Committee ("ALCO") is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in the Bank's assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate, given the business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with policies and guidelines approved by the Board of Directors. The Bank currently utilizes a third-party modeling solution that is prepared on a quarterly basis, to evaluate its sensitivity to changing interest rates, given the Bank's business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the Board of Directors.

 The Bank engages in hedging activities, such as swap transactions. On October 12, 2023 the Bank entered into two interest rate swap transactions with Goldman Sachs Bank USA. One interest rate swap is for a period of two years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2025 with a notional amount of $150.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.885% and receive the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rate. The other interest rate swap is for a period of three years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2026 with a notional amount of $100.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.62% and receive the SOFR rate (see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

 Net Interest Income Simulation Models. Management utilizes a respected, sophisticated third party designed asset liability modeling software that measures the Bank's earnings through simulation modeling. Earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments are combined with forecasts of interest rates for the next 12 months and are combined with other factors in order to produce various earnings simulations over that same 12-month period. To limit interest rate risk, the Bank has policy guidelines for earnings risk which seek to limit the variance of net interest income in both gradual and instantaneous changes to interest rates. As of December 31, 2023, in the event of an instantaneous upward and downward change in rates from management's interest rate forecast over the next twelve months, assuming a static balance sheet, the following estimated changes are calculated:

 Net Interest Income

 Year 1 Change

 Rate Shift (1)

 Year 1 Forecast

 from Level

 +400

 $

 61,046

 (11.37%)

 +300

 63,004

 (8.53%)

 +200

 65,000

 (5.63%)

 +100

 66,964

 (2.78%)

 Level

 68,878

 — %

 -100

 70,068

 1.73%

 -200

 70,932

 2.98%

 -300

 70,130

 1.82%

 -400

 69,333

 0.66%

 (1) Assumes an instantaneous uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

 Although an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, management believes that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Further, the earnings simulation model does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could alter any potential adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

 The behavior of the deposit portfolio in the baseline forecast and in alternate interest rate scenarios set out in the table above is a key assumption in the projected estimates of net interest income. The projected impact on net interest income in the table above assumes no change in deposit portfolio size or mix from the baseline forecast in alternative rate environments. In higher rate scenarios, any customer activity resulting in the replacement of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits with higher-yielding deposits or market-based funding would reduce the benefit in those scenarios.

 At December 31, 2023, the earnings simulation model indicated that the Bank was in compliance with the Board of Directors approved Interest Rate Risk Policy.

 Economic Value of Equity Model. While earnings simulation modeling attempts to determine the impact of a changing rate environment to net interest income, the Economic Value of Equity Model ("EVE") measures estimated changes to the economic values of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as a result of interest rate changes. Economic values are determined by discounting expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items, which establishes a base case EVE. Rates are then shocked as

 prescribed by the Interest Rate Risk Policy to measure the sensitivity in EVE values for each of those shocked rate scenarios versus the base case. The Interest Rate Risk Policy sets limits for those sensitivities. At December 31, 2023, the EVE modeling calculated the following estimated changes in EVE due to instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates:

 EVE as a Percentage of Present

 Value of Assets (3)

 Estimated Increase (Decrease) in

 Increase

 Change in Interest

 Estimated

 EVE

 EVE

 (Decrease)

 Rates (basis points) (1)

 EVE (2)

 Ratio (4)

 (basis points)

 +400

 $

 383,085

 $

 (91,006

)

 (19.20

 %)

 15.27

 %

 (1,920

)

 +300

 409,168

 (64,923

)

 (13.69

 %)

 15.99

 %

 (1,369

)

 +200

 431,197

 (42,894

)

 (9.05

 %)

 16.55

 %

 (905

)

 +100

 453,568

 (20,523

)

 (4.33

 %)

 17.10

 %

 (433

)

 Level

 474,091

 —

 0.00

 %

 17.56

 %

 —

 -100

 495,280

 21,189

 4.47

 %

 18.01

 %

 -200

 515,555

 41,464

 8.75

 %

 18.40

 %

 -300

 538,835

 64,744

 13.66

 %

 18.84

 %

 1,366

 -400

 571,312

 97,221

 20.51

 %

 19.50

 %

 2,051

 (1) Assumes an instantaneous uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

 (2) EVE is the discounted present value of expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet contracts.

 (3) Present value of assets represents the discounted present value of incoming cash flows on interest-earning assets.

 (4) EVE Ratio represents EVE divided by the present value of assets.

 Although an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, management believes that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Since EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships and changing product spreads that could alter the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

 At December 31, 2023, the EVE model indicated that the Bank was in compliance with the Board of Directors approved Interest Rate Risk Policy.

 Most Likely Earnings Simulation Models. Management also analyzes a most-likely earnings simulation scenario that projects the expected change in rates based on a forward yield curve adopted by management using expected balance sheet volumes forecasted by management. Separate growth assumptions are developed for loans, investments, deposits, etc. Other interest rate scenarios analyzed by management may include delayed rate shocks, yield curve steepening or flattening, or other variations in rate movements to further analyze or stress the balance sheet under various interest rate scenarios. Each scenario is evaluated by management and weighted to determine the most likely result. These processes assist management to better anticipate financial results and, as a result, management may determine the need to review other operating strategies and tactics which might enhance results or better position the balance sheet to reduce interest rate risk going forward.

 Each of the above analyses may not, on its own, be an accurate indicator of how net interest income will be affected by changes in interest rates. Income associated with interest-earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by changes in interest rates. In addition, the magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates may have a significant impact on net interest income. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities fluctuate in advance of changes in general market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in general market rates. In addition, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features (generally referred to as interest rate caps and floors) which limit changes in interest rates. Prepayment and early withdrawal levels also could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the maturity of certain instruments. The ability of many borrowers to service their debts also may decrease during periods of rising interest rates. The ALCO Committee reviews each of the above interest rate sensitivity analyses along with several different interest rate scenarios as part of its responsibility to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing and capital policies.

 Management's model governance, model implementation and model validation processes and controls are subject to review in the Bank's regulatory examinations to ensure they are in compliance with the most recent regulatory guidelines and industry and regulatory

 practices. Management utilizes a respected, sophisticated third party designed asset liability modeling software to help ensure implementation of management's assumptions into the model are processed as intended in a robust manner. That said, there are numerous assumptions regarding financial instrument behaviors that are integrated into the model. The assumptions are formulated by combining observations gleaned from the Bank's historical studies of financial instruments and the best estimations of how, if at all, these instruments may behave in the future given changes in economic conditions, technology, etc. These assumptions may prove to be inaccurate. Additionally, given the large number of assumptions built into Bank's asset liability modeling software, it is difficult, at best, to compare its results to other banks.

 The ALCO Committee may determine that the Company should over time become more or less asset or liability sensitive depending on the underlying balance sheet circumstances and its conclusions regarding interest rate fluctuations in future periods. The historically low benchmark federal funds interest rate of the last several years implemented in response the turmoil resulting from COVID-19 pandemic has ended. The Federal Reserve raised the target range for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 5.25%-5.50% during its July 26, 2023 meeting, pushing borrowing costs to the highest level in 22 years. At the January 31, 2024 meeting, the Federal Reserve signaled that it will holds interest steady and indicated it is not ready to start cutting rates. The recent increases were in response to inflation rising at a rate not seen in over 40 years. Because of this rising rate environment, the speed with which it is anticipated to be implemented, the significant competitive pressures in our markets and the potential negative impact of these factors on our deposit and loan pricing, our net interest margin may be negatively impacted. Our net interest income may also be negatively impacted if the demand for loans decreases due to the rate increases, alone or in tandem with the concurrent inflationary pressures. We may be negatively impacted if we are unable to appropriately time adjustments to our funding costs and the rates we earn on our loans.

 GAP Analysis. In addition, management analyzes interest rate sensitivity by monitoring the Bank's interest rate sensitivity "gap." The interest rate sensitivity gap is the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific time period and the amount of interest bearing-liabilities maturing or repricing within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets maturing or repricing during a period exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities maturing or repricing during the same period, and a gap is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities maturing or repricing during a period exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive assets maturing or repricing during the same period.

 The following table sets forth the Company's interest-earning assets and its interest-bearing liabilities at December 31, 2023, which are anticipated to reprice or mature in each of the future time periods shown based upon certain assumptions. The amounts of assets and liabilities shown which reprice or mature during a particular period were determined in accordance with the earlier of term to repricing or the contractual maturity of the asset or liability. The table sets forth an approximation of the projected repricing of assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023, on the basis of contractual maturities, anticipated prepayments and scheduled rate adjustments. The loan amounts in the table reflect principal balances expected to be redeployed and/or repriced as a result of contractual amortization and as a result of contractual rate adjustments on adjustable-rate loans.

 Time to Repricing

 Zero to 90 Days

 Zero to
180 Days

to One
Year

to Two
Years

to Five
Years

 Five
Years Plus

 Total
Earning
Assets &
Costing
Liabilities

 Non
Earning
Assets &
Non
Costing
Liabilities

 Total

 Assets:

 Interest-bearing deposits in banks

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 28,930

 $

 Securities (1)

 26,981

 68,513

 116,391

 208,107

 359,754

 242,162

 601,916

 (20,266

)

 581,650

 —

 —

 Net loans (includes LHFS)

 192,336

 295,027

 500,951

 982,210

 1,797,535

 111,445

 1,908,980

 (3,114

)

 1,905,866

 FHLBNY stock

 —

 (15

)

 Other assets

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 104,390

 104,390

 Total

 $

 349,218

 $

 493,441

 $

 747,243

 $

 1,320,218

 $

 2,287,190

 $

 353,607

 $

 2,640,797

 $

 109,925

 $

 2,750,722

 Liabilities:

 Non-maturity deposits

 $

 43,026

 $

 86,052

 $

 172,104

 $

 344,208

 $

 647,511

 $

 69,506

 $

 717,017

 $

 189,777

 $

 906,794

 220,322

 291,437

 449,484

 508,888

 —

 —

 204,000

 304,000

 363,321

 413,321

 634,421

 —

 Other liabilities

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 67,286

 67,286

 Total liabilities

 467,348

 681,489

 984,909

 1,266,417

 1,882,758

 119,506

 2,002,264

 257,063

 2,259,327

 Capital

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total liabilities and capital

 $

 467,348

 $

 681,489

 $

 984,909

 $

 1,266,417

 $

 1,882,758

 $

 119,506

 $

 2,002,264

 $

 748,458

 $

 2,750,722

 Asset/liability gap

 $

 (118,130

)

 $

 (188,048

)

 $

 (237,666

)

 $

 53,801

 $

 404,432

 $

 234,101

 $

 638,533

 Gap/assets ratio

 74.72

 %

 72.41

 %

 75.87

 %

 104.25

 %

 121.48

 %

 295.89

 %

 131.89

 %

 (1) Includes available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.

 The following table sets forth the Company's interest-earning assets and its interest-bearing liabilities at December 31, 2022, which are anticipated to reprice or mature in each of the future time periods shown based upon certain assumptions. The amounts of assets and liabilities shown which reprice or mature during a particular period were determined in accordance with the earlier of term to repricing or the contractual maturity of the asset or liability. The table sets forth an approximation of the projected repricing of assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022, on the basis of contractual maturities, anticipated prepayments and scheduled rate adjustments. The loan amounts in the table reflect principal balances expected to be redeployed and/or repriced as a result of contractual amortization and as a result of contractual rate adjustments on adjustable-rate loans.

 Time to Repricing

 Zero to

 Zero to
180 Days

to One
Year

to Two
Years

to Five
Years

 Five
Years Plus

 Total
Earning
Assets &
Costing
Liabilities

 Non
Earning
Assets &
Non
Costing
Liabilities

 Total

 Assets:

 Interest-bearing deposits in banks

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 34,074

 $

 Securities (1)

 21,817

 56,680

 87,373

 185,290

 442,280

 224,760

 667,040

 (26,715

)

 640,325

 Placement with banks

 1,494

 1,494

 1,494

 1,494

 1,494

 —

 1,494

 —

 1,494

 Net loans (includes LHFS)

 146,397

 239,265

 372,573

 560,220

 1,400,720

 111,402

 1,512,122

 (17,016

)

 1,495,106

 FHLBNY stock

 —

 (4

)

 Other assets

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 96,043

 96,043

 Total

 $

 214,659

 $

 342,390

 $

 506,391

 $

 791,955

 $

 1,889,445

 $

 336,162

 $

 2,225,607

 $

 86,382

 $

 2,311,989

 Liabilities:

 Non-maturity deposits

 $

 31,380

 $

 62,760

 $

 43,848

 $

 169,369

 $

 476,959

 $

 73,985

 550,944

 243,178

 $

 794,122

 59,736

 103,461

 278,011

 327,468

 —

 —

 159,600

 177,375

 184,375

 234,375

 467,375

 —

 Other liabilities

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 49,502

 49,502

 Total liabilities

 250,716

 343,596

 506,234

 731,212

 1,402,624

 123,985

 1,526,609

 292,680

 1,819,289

 Capital

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total liabilities and capital

 $

 250,716

 $

 343,596

 $

 506,234

 $

 731,212

 $

 1,402,624

 $

 123,985

 $

 1,526,609

 $

 785,380

 $

 2,311,989

 Asset/liability gap

 $

 (36,057

)

 $

 (1,206

)

 $

 $

 60,743

 $

 486,821

 $

 212,177

 $

 698,998

 Gap/assets ratio

 85.62

 %

 99.65

 %

 100.03

 %

 108.31

 %

 134.71

 %

 271.13

 %

 145.79

 %

 (1) Includes available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.

 Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodologies used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes require making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the net interest income and EVE tables presented assume that the composition of the interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the net interest income and EVE tables provide an indication of the interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on net interest income and EVE and will differ from actual results. Furthermore, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates both on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset.

 In the event of changes in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the gap table.

 Interest rate risk calculations also may not reflect the fair values of financial instruments. For example, decreases in market interest rates can increase the fair values of loans, deposits and borrowings.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Liquidity describes the ability to meet the financial obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Liquidity is primarily needed to meet the borrowing and deposit withdrawal requirements of the Company's customers and to fund current and future planned expenditures. The primary sources of funds are deposits, principal and interest payments on loans and available-for-sale securities and proceeds from the sale of loans.

 Although maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. The most liquid assets are cash and interest-bearing deposits in banks. The levels of these assets are dependent on operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period. The Bank had $380.4 million and $511.4 million of outstanding term advances from FHLBNY at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and $6.0 million of overnight line of credit advance from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2022. The Bank had no overnight line of credit advance from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2023. The Bank also has additional borrowing capacity of $344.0 million with the FHLBNY secured by the Bank's loans portfolio at December 31, 2023.

 The Bank had $304.0 million of outstanding term advances from the FRBNY at December 31, 2023. No amounts were outstanding at December 31, 2022.

 Net cash provided by operating activities was $6.5 million and $9.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities, which consists primarily of disbursements for loan originations, purchases of new securities, and purchase of equipment offset by principal collections on loans, proceeds from maturities, calls and principal repayments on securities was ($332.9) million and ($777.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities, consisting of activities in borrowing and deposit accounts, was $411.2 million and $667.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The Bank's management took steps to enhance the Company's liquidity position by increasing its on balance sheet cash and cash equivalents position in order to meet unforeseen liquidity events and to fund upcoming funding needs.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, all regulatory capital requirements were met, resulting in the Company and the Bank being categorized as well capitalized at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Management is not aware of any conditions or events that would change this categorization.

 Material Cash Requirements

 Commitments. As a financial services provider, the Company routinely is a party to various financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risks, such as commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit. Although these contractual obligations represent the Company's future cash requirements, a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans originated. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had outstanding commitments to originate loans, and extend credit of $591.5 million and $284.1 million, respectively.

 It is anticipated that the Company will have sufficient funds available to meet its current lending commitments. Certificates of deposits that are scheduled to mature in less than one year from December 31, 2023 totaled $449.5 million. Management expects that a substantial portion of the maturing time deposits will be renewed. However, if a substantial portion of these deposits are not retained, the Company may utilize FHLBNY and FRBNY advances, unsecured credit lines with correspondent banks, or raise interest rates on deposits to attract new accounts, which may result in higher levels of interest expense.

 Contractual Obligations. In the ordinary course of its operations, the Company enters into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include data processing services, operating leases for premises and equipment, agreements with respect to borrowed funds and deposit liabilities.

 The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 for the periods indicated below:

 For the Years Ending December 31,

 Total

 2024

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Operating leases

 $

 43,957

 $

 3,866

 $

 3,818

 $

 3,668

 $

 3,537

 $

 3,594

 $

 25,474

 Vendor obligations (1)

 35,437

 7,273

 5,662

 5,633

 5,623

 5,623

 5,623

 363,321

 —

 212,000

 9,100

 449,470

 59,404

 41,365

 48,378

 2,209

 —

 Total contractual obligation

 $

 1,364,641

 $

 823,930

 $

 118,884

 $

 50,666

 $

 269,538

 $

 20,526

 $

 81,097

 (1) Amounts are for data processing services and service implementation.

 The obligations related to our uncertain tax positions, which are not considered material, have been excluded from the table above because of the uncertainty surrounding the timing and final amounts of settlement, if any.

 Other Material Cash Requirements. In addition to contractual obligations, the Company's material cash requirements also includes compensation and benefits expenses for its employees, which were $30.7 million the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company also has material cash requirements for occupancy and equipment expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization of $1.8 million, related to rental expenses, general maintenance and cleaning supplies, guard services, software licenses and other miscellaneous expenses, which were $12.8 million the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 Information regarding quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk appears under Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Management of Market Risk."

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 December 31, 2021

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 339)

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ponce Financial Group, Inc.

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Change in Accounting Principle

 As discussed in Note 1 and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, as of January 1, 2023, the Company changed its method of accounting for credit losses on financial instruments due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326: Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements and referred to in the change in accounting principle explanatory paragraph above, the Company adopted ASC 326 as of January 1, 2023, which among other things, required the Company to recognize expected credit losses over the contractual lives of financial assets carried at amortized costs, including loans receivables, utilizing the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") methodology. The Company's allowance for credit losses on loans ("ACL") was $26.2 million as of December 31, 2023.The ACL is estimated by management using information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts on the collectability of the loan portfolio. The Company collectively evaluates loan pools that share similar risk characteristics which results in the most significant portion of the ACL. A discounted cash flow method is used to evaluate the cash flows for each loan in each collectively evaluated pool which relies on lifetime probabilities of default and loss given default applied to a projective model of the pool's cash flow while considering prepayment and principal curtailment effects. Management has determined that peer loss data provides the best basis for assessing expected credit losses and has incorporated macroeconomic drivers using a statistical regression modeling methodology, where considered appropriate, to adjust historical loss information for current

 conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Included in management's systematic methodology is consideration of the need to qualitatively adjust the ACL for risks not already incorporated within the loss estimation process. The Company considers qualitative adjustments which can either increase or decrease the quantitative model within their qualitative framework.

 We identified the allowance for credit losses on loans as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination included the high degree of judgment and subjectivity related to management's determination of reasonable and supportable forecasts and the identification and measurement of qualitative adjustments. Considering the significant estimation and judgment required by management in determining qualitative adjustments, our audit of the ACL and the related disclosures required a high degree of auditor effort, specialized skills and knowledge, and significant auditor judgment.

 How the Critical Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

 • We obtained an understanding of the Company's model and process for determining the ACL, and evaluated the design and tested operating effectiveness of controls relating to the ACL, including:

 o Controls over the completeness and accuracy of data input into the model used to determine the ACL, and

 o Controls over management's review and approval of the ACL, including management's determination of a reasonable and supportable forecast and qualitative factor adjustments applied within the qualitative framework to address risks not already incorporated within the model.

 • We evaluated management's determination of reasonable and supportable forecasts, including comparing key factors to independent sources:

 o We evaluated the appropriateness of the quantitative models and reasonableness of management's qualitative factor adjustment framework, including substantively testing management's evaluation of risks not already incorporated within the model, the application of qualitative factor adjustments within the framework, and assessing the completeness and accuracy of data utilized in development of the qualitative adjustments.

 o We evaluated management's judgments and assumptions related to the qualitative adjustments for reasonableness by assessing relevant trends in credit quality and evaluating the relationship of the trends to the qualitative adjustments applied to the ACL.

 • We evaluated analytics and trends of the overall allowance credit loss analysis to assess for reasonableness.

 • We evaluated the mathematical accuracy of formulas used in setting qualitative factors and applications of the factors to loan segments.

 • We utilized professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the quantitative models and the reasonableness of judgments used by management in determining certain qualitative adjustments.

 /s/ Mazars USA LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

 New York, New York

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

 December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (Dollars in thousands, except share data)

 2023

 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Cash (1)

 $

 28,930

 $

 31,977

 Interest-bearing deposits (1)

 22,383

 Total cash and cash equivalents

 Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (Note 3)

 Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 398 at December 31, 2023 and $ 0 at December 31, 2022; at amortized cost (fair value 2023 $ 450,042; 2022 $ 495,851) (Note 3)

 1,494

 Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value (Note 4)

 9,980

 1,979

 Loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses - 2023 $ 26,154; 2022 $ 34,592 (Note 5)

 1,895,886

 1,493,127

 Accrued interest receivable

 18,010

 15,049

 Premises and equipment, net (Note 6)

 16,053

 17,446

 Right of use assets (Note 7)

 31,272

 33,423

 Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (FHLBNY) stock, at cost

 Deferred tax assets (Note 11)

 14,332

 16,137

 Other assets

 24,723

 13,988

 Total assets

 $

 2,750,722

 $

 2,311,989

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Liabilities:

 Deposits (Note 8)

 $

 1,507,620

 $

 Operating lease liabilities

 32,684

 34,532

 Accrued interest payable

 11,965

 1,390

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 10,778

 9,724

 Borrowings (Note 9)

 Other liabilities

 11,859

 3,856

 Total liabilities

 2,259,327

 1,819,289

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

 Stockholders' Equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 225,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 24,886,711 shares issued and 23,785,520 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 24,861,329 shares issued and 24,859,353 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022

 Treasury stock, at cost; 1,101,191 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 1,976 shares as of December 31, 2022 (Note 12)

 ( 9,747

)

 ( 2

)

 Additional paid-in-capital

 207,106

 206,508

 Retained earnings

 97,420

 92,955

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 17)

 ( 15,649

)

)

 Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP); 1,435,732 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 1,569,475 shares as of December 31, 2022 (Note 12)

 ( 12,984

)

 ( 14,150

)

 Total stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 2,750,722

 $

 2,311,989

 (1) As of December 31, 2022, $ 2.1 million of FRBNY cash were reclassified from Cash to Interest-bearing deposits.

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest and dividend income:

 Interest on loans receivable

 $

 95,805

 $

 69,865

 $

 65,532

 Interest on deposits due from banks

 4,973

 Interest and dividend on securities and FHLBNY stock

 25,089

 12,174

 1,546

 Total interest and dividend income

 125,867

 82,752

 67,098

 Interest expense:

 Interest on certificates of deposit (1)

 16,571

 4,148

 4,244

 Interest on other deposits (1)

 18,570

 5,802

 1,427

 Interest on borrowings

 25,460

 6,199

 2,581

 Total interest expense

 8,252

 65,266

 66,603

 58,846

 Provision for credit losses (Note 3) (Note 5)

 2,717

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses

 64,293

 42,557

 56,129

 Non-interest income:

 Service charges and fees

 1,986

 1,830

 1,657

 Brokerage commissions

 1,020

 1,324

 Late and prepayment charges

 2,365

 1,207

 Income on sale of mortgage loans

 5,265

 Loan origination

 —

 1,286

 3,021

 Grant income

 4,156

 —

 —

 Loss on sale of premises and equipment

 —

 ( 436

)

 20,270

 Other

 1,038

 1,355

 1,893

 Total non-interest income

 10,223

 6,419

 34,637

 Non-interest expense:

 Compensation and benefits

 30,699

 27,914

 23,262

 Occupancy and equipment

 14,568

 13,968

 11,328

 Data processing expenses

 5,083

 3,779

 3,015

 Direct loan expenses

 1,623

 2,487

 3,888

 Provision for contingencies

 2,311

 Insurance and surety bond premiums

 1,018

 Office supplies, telephone and postage

 1,483

 1,555

 2,054

 Professional fees

 7,092

 5,904

 7,629

 Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation (Note 2)

 —

 4,995

 —

 Grain (recoveries) and write-off (Note 5)

 ( 1,481

)

 17,940

 —

 Marketing and promotional expenses

 Directors' fees and regulatory assessment

 Other operating expenses

 4,785

 4,986

 4,522

 Total non-interest expense

 68,663

 85,822

 57,142

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 5,853

 ( 36,846

)

 33,624

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes (Note 11)

 2,501

 ( 6,845

)

 8,209

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 $

 Earnings (loss) per share: (Note 13)

 Basic

 $

 0.15

 $

 ( 1.32

)

 $

 1.52

 Diluted

 $

 0.15

 $

 ( 1.32

)

 $

 1.51

 Weighted average shares outstanding: (Note 13)

 Basic

 22,745,317

 22,690,943

 16,744,561

 Diluted

 22,822,313

 22,690,943

 16,791,443

 (1) For the year ended December 31, 2022, $ 0.7 million of interest expense were reclassified from Interest on other deposits to Interest on certificates of deposits.

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 $

 Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities:

 Unrealized gain (losses)

 2,758

 ( 20,781

)

 ( 1,971

)

 Income (tax) benefit effect

 ( 547

)

 4,377

 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 2,211

)

 ( 1,591

)

 Total comprehensive income (loss)

 $

 5,563

 $

 ( 46,405

)

 $

 23,824

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 (Dollars in thousands, except share data)

 Unearned

 Accumulated

 Employee

 Treasury

 Additional

 Other

 Stock

 Preferred Stock

 Common Stock

 Stock,

 Paid-in

 Retained

 Comprehensive

 Ownership

 Shares

 Shares

 At Cost

 Capital

 Earnings

 Income (Loss)

 Plan (ESOP)

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2020

 —

 $

 —

 17,125,969

 $

 $

 ( 18,114

)

 $

 85,105

 $

 97,541

 $

 $

 ( 5,308

)

 $

 159,544

 Net income

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,591

)

 —

 ( 1,591

)

 Release of restricted stock units

 —

 —

 98,232

 —

 1,385

 ( 1,385

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Treasury stock

 —

 —

 201,786

 —

 3,042

 —

 —

 —

 3,136

 ESOP shares committed to be released ( 96,500 shares)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,345

 Share-based compensation

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,407

 —

 —

 —

 1,407

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 —

 $

 —

 17,425,987

 $

 $

 ( 13,687

)

 $

 85,601

 $

 122,956

 $

 ( 1,456

)

 $

 ( 4,343

)

 $

 189,256

 Net loss

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

 —

)

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

)

 Second-step conversion and reorganization:

 Conversion and reorganization of PDL Community Bancorp

 —

 —

 5,788,972

 —

 117,952

 —

 —

 —

 118,010

 Retirement of treasury stock

 —

 —

 —

 ( 11

)

 13,687

 ( 13,676

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Purchase of shares by the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP")

 —

 —

 1,097,353

 —

 10,963

 —

 —

 ( 10,974

)

 —

 Issuance of shares to the Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 —

 399,522

 —

 3,991

 —

 —

 —

 3,995

 Issuance of preferred shares

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Release of restricted stock units

 —

 —

 149,495

 —

 ( 1

)

 —

 —

 —

 Treasury stock

 —

 —

 ( 1,976

)

 —

 ( 2

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ESOP shares committed to be released ( 133,744 shares)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,167

 1,276

 Share-based compensation

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,567

 —

 —

 —

 1,567

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 24,859,353

 $

 $

 ( 2

)

 $

 206,508

 $

 92,955

 $

)

 $

 ( 14,150

)

 $

 Net income

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,352

 —

 —

 3,352

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,211

 —

 2,211

 Impact of CECL adoption, net of tax

 1,113

 1,113

 Repurchases of common stock

 ( 1,235,000

)

)

 —

)

 Release of restricted stock units

 —

 —

 161,167

 —

 1,264

 ( 1,264

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ESOP shares committed to be released ( 133,744 shares)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 24

)

 —

 —

 1,166

 1,142

 Share-based compensation

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,886

 —

 —

 —

 1,886

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $

 23,785,520

 $

 $

 ( 9,747

)

 $

 207,106

 $

 97,420

 $

 ( 15,649

)

 $

 ( 12,984

)

 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:

 Amortization of premiums/discounts on securities, net

 ( 118

)

 Gain on sale of mortgage loans

 ( 558

)

 ( 184

)

 ( 69

)

 Loss (gain) on sale of real property

 —

 ( 20,270

)

 Gain on derivatives

 —

 ( 22

)

 ( 172

)

 Grain (recoveries) write-off

 ( 1,481

)

 17,940

 —

 Provision for credit losses

 2,717

 Depreciation and amortization

 4,526

 4,266

 2,473

 ESOP compensation expense

 1,142

 1,372

 1,395

 Share-based compensation expense

 1,886

 1,567

 1,405

 Deferred income taxes

 1,258

 ( 7,939

)

 1,260

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 (Increase) decrease in mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value

 ( 7,403

)

 13,857

 18,759

 Increase in accrued interest receivable

 ( 2,961

)

 ( 2,687

)

 ( 966

)

 Increase in other assets

 ( 10,735

)

 ( 11,774

)

 ( 10,579

)

 Increase in accrued interest payable

 10,575

 1,162

 Decrease in operating lease liabilities

 ( 2,421

)

 ( 2,149

)

 —

 Increase in advance payments by borrowers

 1,054

 2,067

 Decrease in mortgage loan funding payable

 —

 —

 ( 1,483

)

 Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities

 7,404

 ( 2,500

)

 ( 2,258

)

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 6,493

 9,799

 18,553

 Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

 Proceeds from redemption of FHLBNY Stock

 241,818

 213,416

 1,111

 Purchases of FHLBNY Stock

 ( 236,545

)

 ( 232,076

)

 ( 686

)

 Purchases of available-for-sale securities

 —

 ( 58,383

)

 ( 109,878

)

 Purchases of held-to-maturity securities

 —

 ( 528,929

)

 —

 Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities

 —

 —

 3,641

 Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal repayments on securities

 60,954

 40,318

 9,251

 1,245

 Proceeds from sales of loans

 2,779

 9,665

 14,382

 Net increase in loans

 ( 402,748

)

 ( 221,576

)

 ( 162,657

)

 Proceeds from sale of real property

 —

 —

 37,619

 Purchases of premises and equipment

 ( 411

)

 ( 492

)

 ( 4,171

)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 332,908

)

 ( 777,061

)

 ( 211,139

)

 Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

 Net increase in deposits

 255,208

 47,696

 175,137

 Funds received in connection with second-step conversion

 —

 —

 122,000

 Common stock issued from vesting of restricted stock units

 —

 —

 Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock

 —

 —

 Repurchase of treasury stock

)

 —

 ( 1,607

)

 Proceeds from the sale of treasury stock

 —

 —

 4,743

 Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 ( 1,000

)

 —

 Net proceeds from borrowings

 167,046

 411,120

 ( 11,000

)

 Net advances on warehouse lines of credit

 —

 ( 15,090

)

 ( 14,871

)

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 411,245

 667,728

 274,402

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 84,830

 ( 99,534

)

 81,816

 Cash and Cash Equivalents, including restricted cash:

 Beginning

 153,894

 72,078

 Ending

 $

 $

 $

 153,894

 Supplemental Disclosures:

 Cash paid during the year:

 Interest

 $

 50,026

 $

 14,987

 $

 8,084

 Income taxes

 $

 1,006

 $

 $

 5,970

 Supplemental disclosure related to adoption of ASU 2016-02, detailed in Note 7:

 ROU Assets

 $

 —

 $

 35,870

 $

 —

 Operating lease liabilities

 —

 36,681

 —

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 Note 1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of Presentation and Consolidation:
 Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (hereafter referred to as "we," "our," "us," "Ponce Financial Group, Inc.," or the "Company"), is the holding company of Ponce Bank ("Ponce Bank" or the "Bank"), a federally chartered stock savings association. The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements presented herein have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP").
 The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiary Ponce Bank (the "Bank") and the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary, Ponce De Leon Mortgage Corp., which is a mortgage banking entity. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

 Nature of Operations:
 The Company is a savings and loan holding company. The Company is subject to the regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The Company's business is conducted through the administrative office and 13 full service banking and 5 mortgage loan offices. The banking offices are located in New York City – the Bronx ( 4 branches), Queens ( 3 branches), Brooklyn ( 3 branches), Manhattan ( 2 branches) and Union City ( 1 branch), New Jersey. The mortgage loan offices are located in Queens ( 3) and Brooklyn ( 1), New York and Bergenfield ( 1), New Jersey. The Company's primary market area currently consists of the New York City metropolitan area.

 The Bank is a federally chartered stock savings association headquartered in the Bronx, New York. It was originally chartered in 1960 as a federally chartered mutual savings and loan association under the name Ponce De Leon Federal Savings and Loan Association. In 1985, the Bank changed its name to "Ponce De Leon Federal Savings Bank." In 1997, the Bank changed its name again to "Ponce De Leon Federal Bank." Upon the completion of its reorganization into a mutual holding company structure in September of 2017, the assets and liabilities of Ponce De Leon Federal Bank were transferred to and assumed by the Bank. The Bank is a Minority Depository Institution ("MDI"), a Community Development Financial Institution ("CDFI"), and a certified Small Business Administration ("SBA") lender. The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC").

 The Bank's business primarily consists of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings, in mortgage loans, consisting of one-to-four family residential (both investor-owned and owner-occupied), multifamily residential, nonresidential properties and construction and land, and, to a lesser extent, in business and consumer loans. The Bank also invests in securities, which have historically consisted of U.S. government and federal agency securities and securities issued by government-sponsored or owned enterprises, mortgage-backed securities and Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (the "FHLBNY") stock. The Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts, including demand, savings, money markets and certificates of deposit accounts.

 Risks and Uncertainties:
 Inflation and interest rates may continue to adversely impact several industries within our geographic footprint and impair the ability of the Company's customers to fulfill their contractual obligations to the Company. This could cause the Company to experience adverse effects on its business operations, loan portfolio, financial condition, and results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, total interest expenses increased $ 44.5 million, or 275.3 %, to $ 60.6 million when compared to $ 16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:

 Use of Estimates: In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the consolidated statement of financial condition, and revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans, the valuation of loans held for sale, the valuation of deferred tax assets and investment securities and the estimates relating to the valuation for share-based awards.

 Significant Group Concentrations of Credit Risk: Most of the Bank's activities are with customers located within New York City. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Bank's loan portfolio and the ability of Mortgage World, a division of the Bank, to sell originated loans in the secondary markets are susceptible to changes in the local market conditions. Note 3 discusses the types of securities in which the Bank invests. Notes 5 and 14 discuss the types of lending that the Bank engages in, and other concentrations.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and amounts due from banks (including items in process of clearing). For purposes of reporting cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash flows from loans originated by the Company, interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions, and deposits are reported net. Included in cash and cash equivalents are restricted cash from escrows and good faith deposits. Escrows consist of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD") upfront mortgage insurance premiums and escrows on unsold mortgages that are held on behalf of borrowers. Good faith deposits consist of deposits received from commercial loan customers for use in various disbursements relating to the closing of a commercial loan.
 Securities: Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the date individual investment securities are acquired, and the appropriateness of such classification is reassessed at each statement of financial condition date.
 Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as "held-to-maturity" and recorded at amortized cost. Trading securities, if any, are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings. Securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading, are classified as "available-for-sale" and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities.

 Held-to maturity securities: Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Topic 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" which replaced the previously existing U.S. GAAP "incurred loss" approach to "expected credit losses" approach, which is referred as Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL"). CECL modifies the accounting of impairment on held-for-sale debt securities by recognizing a credit loss through an allowance for credit losses ("ACL"). The Company methodology to measure the ACL incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information to assess lifetime expected credit losses at the portfolio level. The quantitative component includes the calculation of loss rates using an open pool method. The Company differentiates its loss-rate method for a pool of held-to-maturity corporate securities by looking to publicly available historical default and recovery statistics based on the attributes of issuer type, rating category and time to maturity. The Company measures expected credit losses of these financial assets by applying loss rates to the amortized cost basis of each asset taking into consideration amortization, prepayment and default assumptions.

 The Company considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit losses for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. Qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments will not be made for information that has already been considered and included in the quantitative allowance.

 Available-for-sale securities: The impairment model for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities since AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Bank first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income.

 On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates the available-for-sale securities for impairment. Securities that are in an unrealized loss position are reviewed to determine if a securities credit loss exists based on certain quantitative and qualitative factors. The primary factors considered in evaluating whether an impairment exists include: (a) the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, (b) the financial condition, credit rating and future prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the debtor is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, and (d) whether the Company intends to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not the Company will not be required to sell the security.

 If a determination is made that a security is impaired, the Company will estimate the amount of the unrealized loss that is attributable to credit and all other non-credit related factors. The credit related component will be recognized as a securities credit loss as a provision expense through the establishment of an allowance for available for sale securities. The securities credit loss expense will be limited to the difference between the security's amortized cost basis and fair value and any future changes may be reversed, limited to the amount

 previously expensed in the period they occur. The non-credit related component will be recorded as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax.

 The evaluation of securities for impairment is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties and is intended to determine whether declines in the estimated fair value of investments should be recognized in current period earnings. The risks and uncertainties include change in general economic conditions, the issuer's financial condition and/or future prospects, the effects of changes in interest rates or credit spreads, and the expected recovery period. See Note 3 ("Securities") of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Stock: The Bank is a member of the FHLBNY. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLBNY stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

 Loans Receivable: Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are stated at current unpaid principal balances, net of the ACL on loans and including net deferred loan origination fees and costs.

 Interest income is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the interest method without anticipating prepayments.

 A loan is moved to nonaccrual status in accordance with the Company's policy typically after 90 days of non-payment. The accrual of interest on mortgage and commercial loans is generally discontinued at the time the loan becomes 90 days past due unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection. Consumer loans are typically charged-off no later than 90 days past due. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. All nonaccrual loans are considered impaired loans.

 All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual are reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash basis or recorded against principal balances, until qualifying for return to accrual. Cash basis interest recognition is only applied on nonaccrual loans with a sufficient collateral margin to ensure no doubt with respect to the collectability of principal. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and remain current for a period of time (typically six months) and future payments are reasonably assured. Accrued interest receivable is closely monitored for collectability and will be charged-off in a timely manner if deemed uncollectable. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income in a timely manner. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis and therefore excludes it from the measurement of the ACL.

 Allowance for Credit Losses: The ACL on loans is management's estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the reporting date. The ACL on loans is increased through a provision for credit losses ("PCL") recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off. The ACL on loans is reduced by charge-offs on loans. Loan charge-offs are recognized when Management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral-dependent individually analyzed loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

 According to ASC 326-20-30-9, estimating expected credit losses is highly judgmental and generally will require Ponce Bank to make specific judgments. One of these specific judgments around how Ponce Bank will make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected credit losses. Ponce Bank uses the Federal Open Market Committee to obtain various forecasts for unemployment rate, national gross domestic product and the National Consumer Price Index. Ponce Bank has elected to forecast the first four quarters of the credit loss estimate and revert to a long-run average of each considered economic factor as permitted in ASC 326-20-30-9.

 The level of the ACL on loans is based on Management's ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions and reasonable forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for calculation of probability of default, loss given default, exposure at default and the estimation of expected credit losses. As discussed further below, adjustments to historical information are made for differences in specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, that may not be reflected in historical loss rates.

 Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACL on loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative factors. Under ASC 326-20-30-2 and 326-20-55-5, Ponce Bank should aggregate financial assets on the basis of similar risk characteristics.

 Management selected a Call Code segmentation, as based on the Bank's call report. Management's criteria for determining an appropriate segmentation (1) groups loans based on similar risk characteristics; (2) allows for mapping and utilization/application of publicly available external information (Call Report Filings); (3) allows for mapping and utilization/application of publicly available external information; (4) federal call code is granular enough to accommodate enough to accommodate a "like-kind" notion, yet broad enough to maintain statistical relevance and/or a meaningful number of loan observations within material segments and (5) federal call code designation is identifiable throughout historical data sets, which is critical component of segmentation selection.

 Quantitative loss factors are also supplemented by certain qualitative risk factors reflecting Management's view of how losses may vary from those represented by quantitative loss rates. These qualitative risk factors include: (1) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; (2) economic conditions such as the Bank's market area, customer demographics, portfolio composition, along with national indicators considered impactful to the model; (3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio; (4) credit and lending staff/administration; (5) problem with loan trends; (6) concentrations; (7) loan review results; (8) collateral values and (9) regulatory and business environment.

 Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data, reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as Management's judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Deteriorating conditions or assumptions could lead to further increases in the ACL on loans. The ACL on loans is determined by an estimate of future credit losses, and ultimate losses may vary from Management's estimate.

 Allowances for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments: The ACL on unfunded commitments is Management's estimate of expected credit losses over the expected contractual term (or life) in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditional cancellable by the Company. For each portfolio, estimated loss rates and funding factors are applied to the corresponding balance of unfunded commitments and the estimated loss rates applied to unfunded commitments are the same quantitative and qualitative loss rates applied to the corresponding on-balance sheet amounts in determining the ACL on loans. The estimated funding factor applied to unfunded commitments is used to project future average funding and is based upon the Company's average historical utilization rate for each portfolio.

 The ACL on unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Conditions. The ACL on unfunded commitments is adjusted through non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value: Loans held for sale, at fair value, include residential mortgages that were originated in accordance with secondary market pricing and underwriting standards. These loans are loans originated by the Bank's Mortgage World division and the Company intends to sell these loans on the secondary market. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value under the fair value option accounting guidance for financial assets and financial liabilities. The gains or losses for the changes in fair value of these loans are included in income on sale of loans on the consolidated statements of operations. Interest income on mortgage loans held for sale measured under the fair value option is calculated based on the principal amount of the loan and is included in interest loans receivable on the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 19 loans and 4 loans in the amount of $ 10.0 million and $ 2.0 million, respectively, were held for sale and accounted for under the fair value option accounting guidance for financial assets and financial liabilities.

 Revenue from Contracts with Customers: The Company's revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contract with Customers, is recognized within noninterest income. ASC 606 outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Management determined the revenue streams impacted by ASC 606 included those related to service charges on deposit accounts, ATM and card fees and other services fees. The Company's revenue recognition pattern for these revenue streams did not change from current practice. The Company's primary sources of revenue are interest income on financial assets and income from mortgage banking activities, which are explicitly excluded from the scope of ASC 606.

 Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when all of the components meet the definition of a participating interest and when control over the assets has been surrendered. A participating interest generally represents (1) a proportionate (pro rata) ownership interest in an entire financial asset, (2) a relationship where from the date of transfer all cash flows received from the entire financial asset are divided proportionately among the participating interest holders in an amount equal to their share of ownership, (3) the priority of cash flows has certain characteristics, including no reduction in priority, subordination of interest, or recourse to the transferor other than standard representation or warranties, and (4) no party has the right to pledge or exchange the entire financial asset unless all participating interest holders agree to pledge or exchange the entire financial asset. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Bank, (2) the transferee obtains the right

 (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Bank does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through either (a) an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets, other than through a clean-up call.

 Premises and Equipment: Premises include the cost of land and buildings actually owned and occupied (or to be occupied) by the Bank, its branches, or consolidated subsidiaries. Equipment includes all movable furniture, fixtures, and equipment, including automobiles and other vehicles of the Bank, its branches and consolidated subsidiaries. Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation.

 Depreciation is the concept of allocating the cost of fixed assets over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation is computed and charged to operations using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as follows:

 Years

 Building

 Building improvements

 15 - 39

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment

 3 - 10

 Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the improvements' estimated economic lives or the related lease terms, including extensions expected to be exercised. Gains and losses on dispositions are recognized upon realization. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and improvements are capitalized. Leasehold improvements in process are not amortized until the assets are placed in operation.

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including premises and leasehold improvements, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If impairment is indicated by that review, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value through a charge to noninterest expense.

 Leases: The Company leases office space and certain equipment under non-cancellable operating lease agreements and determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company does not currently have any financing lease arrangements.

 Right of use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right of use assets are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term adjusted for initial direct costs, if any, and lease incentives received or deemed probable of being received. The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease if it is readily determinable or otherwise the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate. The implicit rates of Company leases are not readily determinable and accordingly, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date for all leases. The Company's incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest it would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms and in a similar economic environment. The Company uses its FHLBNY borrowing rate based on the information available on the commencement date plus a spread of 2.50 % in determining the present value of lease payments.

 Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in "Occupancy and equipment" in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Some of the Company's lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation which are accounted for as variable lease amounts but are not reflected as a component of the Company's lease liability. Certain leases also require the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance, maintenance and other operating expenses associated with the leased premises or equipment which are also not reflected as a component of the Company's lease liability.

 Other Real Estate Owned: Other Real Estate Owned ("OREO") represents properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure or other proceedings. OREO is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated disposal costs, at the date of foreclosure, which establishes a new cost basis. After foreclosure, the properties are held for sale and are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs of disposal. Any write-down to fair value, at the time of transfer to OREO, is charged to the allowance for credit losses.
 Properties are evaluated regularly to ensure that the recorded amounts are supported by current fair values and charges against earnings are recorded as necessary to reduce the carrying amount to fair value, less estimated costs to dispose. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property are capitalized, subject to the limit of fair value of the OREO, while costs relating to holding the property are expensed. Gains or losses are included in operations upon disposal.

 Income Taxes: The Company recognizes income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income, in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 % likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination.

 Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits, if any, would be classified as additional provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Related Party Transactions: Directors and officers of the Company and their affiliates have been customers of and have had transactions with the Company, and it is expected that such persons will continue to have such transactions in the future. Management believes that all deposit accounts, loans, services and commitments comprising such transactions were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other customers who are not directors or officers. In the opinion of management, the transactions with related parties did not involve more than normal risk of collectability, nor favored treatment or terms, nor present other unfavorable features. Note 18 contains details regarding related party transactions.

 Employee Benefit Plans: The Company maintains a KSOP, an Employee Stock Ownership Plan with 401(k) provisions incorporated, a Long-Term Incentive Plan that includes grants of restricted stock units and stock options, and a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the "SERP").
 KSOP, the Employee Stock Ownership Plan with 401(k) Provisions: Compensation expense is recorded as shares are committed to be released with a corresponding credit to unearned KSOP equity account at the average fair market value of the shares during the period and the shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the service period based upon management's estimate of the number of shares expected to be allocated by the KSOP. The difference between the average fair market value and the cost of the shares allocated by the KSOP is recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in-capital. Unallocated common shares held by the Company's KSOP are shown as a reduction in stockholders' equity and are excluded from weighted-average common shares outstanding for both basic and diluted earnings per share calculations until they are committed to be released. The 401(k) provisions provide for elective employee/participant deferrals of income. Discretionary matching, profit-sharing, and safe harbor contributions, not to exceed 4 % of employee compensation and profit-sharing contributions may be provided.

 Stock Options: The Company recognizes the value of shared-based payment transactions as compensation costs in the financial statements over the period that an employee provides service in exchange for the award. The fair value of the share-based payments for stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur during the period.

 Restricted Stock Units: The Company recognizes compensation cost related to restricted stock units based on the market price of the stock units at the grant date over the vesting period. The product of the number of units granted and the grant date market price of the Company's common stock determines the fair value of restricted stock units. The Company recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of the restricted stock units on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

 Comprehensive Income (Loss): Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss), which are both recognized as separate components of stockholder's equity. Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale.

 Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there are any such matters that will have a material effect on the operations and financial position of the Company.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 15. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

 Segment: Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the "CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the Company's CODM. The CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company has determined that it operates as one operating segment and one reportable segment.

 Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

 Earnings (Loss) per Share ("EPS"): Basic EPS represents net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders divided by the basic weighted average common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the basic weighted average common shares outstanding, plus the effect of potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Basic weighted common shares outstanding is weighted average common shares outstanding less weighted average unallocated ESOP shares.

 Treasury Stock: Shares repurchased under the Company's share repurchase programs were purchased in open-market transactions and are held as treasury stock. The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method and includes treasury stock as a component of stockholders' equity.

 Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation: Certain prior periods amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reporting results of operations and did not affect previously reported amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Deposits (Note 8) for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 for details on the reclassification.

 CDFI Equitable Recovery Program: On September 26, 2023, the Bank received a $ 3.7 million grant from the U.S. Treasury as part of the Community Development Financial Institutions ("CDFI") Equitable Recovery Program ("ERP") which aims to help CDFI's further their mission of helping low and low-to-moderate income communities recover from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Bank Enterprise Award Program: On November 6, 2023, the Bank received a $ 0.5 million grant as part of the Bank Enterprise Award Program from the CDFI. Awards under the Bank Enterprise Award Program are subject to the program terms and must be used for qualified activities, which include providing loans, investments and financial services to residents and businesses in distressed communities.

 Derivative Financial Instruments: From time to time the company enters into interest rate swaps, a type of derivative instrument, to protect against the risk of adverse price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets and liabilities and on future cash flows. The interest rate swaps involve future commitments to exchange interest payment streams with a counterparty based on a notional or contractual amount. All derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps, are subject to counterparty credit risk due to the possibility that the Company will incur a loss because a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations. Interest rates swap contracts may be executed only with financial institutions approved by the Company's Board of Directors.

 If certain conditions are met, a derivative may be designated as a hedge related to fair value, cash flow, or foreign exposure risk. The recognition of changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument varies depending on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation. The Company accounts for hedges of customer loans as fair value hedges. The change in fair value of the hedging derivative

 and the change in fair value of the hedged exposure are recorded in non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any hedge ineffectiveness is also reflected in non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company formally documents any relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking each hedged transaction. All derivative instruments are reported at fair value netted with the respective hedged assets/liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted:

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" (Topic 740)." The amendment to this update address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This update also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

 Note 2. Preferred Stock Issuance; Plan of Conversion and Stock Offering

 Preferred Stock Issuance

 On June 7, 2022, the Company closed a private placement (the "Private Placement") of 225,000 shares of the Company's Senior Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $ 0.01 (the "Preferred Stock") for an aggregate purchase price equal to $ 225.0 million in cash, to the United States Department of the Treasury (the "Treasury") pursuant to the Emergency Capital Investment Program ("ECIP"). The holders of the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a dividend payable in cash quarterly at an annual rate dependent on certain factors as reported by the Company to Treasury in a quarterly supplemental report. The initial dividend rate is zero percent for the first two years after issuance, and thereafter the floor dividend rate is 0.50 % and the ceiling dividend rate is 2.00 %. After 10 years of issuance, the perpetual dividend rate in effect, will be determined based on said floor and ceiling. The actual dividend rate that will be paid by the Company on the Preferred Stock cannot be determined at this time.

 The ECIP investment by the Treasury is part of a program to invest over $ 8.7 billion into Community Development Financial Institution ("CDFI") or Minority Depository Institution ("MDI"), of which Ponce Bank is both. The ECIP is intended to incentivize CDFIs and MDIs to provide loans, grants, and forbearance to small businesses, minority-owned businesses, and consumers in low-income and underserved communities that may have been disproportionately impacted by the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the Preferred Stock will be entitled to a liquidation preference, subject to certain limitations, in the amount of the sum of $ 1,000 per share plus declared and unpaid dividends (without accumulation of undeclared dividends) on each share.

 Plan of Conversion and Common Stock Offering

 On May 25, 2021, Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company and PDL Community Bancorp, the then holding company for Ponce Bank and Mortgage World Bankers, Inc., announced that their Boards of Directors had unanimously adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization (the "Plan") pursuant to which Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company and PDL Community Bancorp reorganized into a new stock holding company and conducted a second-step stock offering of new shares of common stock.

 On January 26, 2022, Mortgage World transferred its assets and liabilities to Ponce Bank and ceased operating as an independent mortgage banking entity. Mortgage World's business is now conducted as a division of Ponce Bank.

 On January 27, 2022, Ponce Financial Group, Inc. and PDL Community Bancorp announced that the conversion and reorganization of Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company from the mutual to stock form of organization and related stock offering was consummated at the close of business. As a result of the closing of the conversion and reorganization and stock offering, Ponce Financial Group, Inc. is now the holding company for Ponce Bank. Ponce Bank's former mutual holding companies, PDL Community Bancorp and Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company, have ceased to exist.

 PDL Community Bancorp's stock ceased trading at the close of the market on January 27, 2022. Ponce Financial Group, Inc.'s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the same trading symbol "PDLB" on January 28, 2022.

 As a result of the conversion and reorganization, each issued and outstanding share of PDL Community Bancorp common stock was converted into the right to receive 1.3952 shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock. Cash was paid in lieu of any fractional shares based on the sale price in the offering of $ 10.00 per share. Ponce Financial Group Inc.'s total issued and outstanding shares on January 28, 2022 was 24,711,834 shares. All shares of treasury stock of PDL Community Bancorp were eliminated on January 27, 2022.

 On January 27, 2022, the Company made $ 5.0 million in contributions to the Ponce De Leon Foundation as part of the conversion and reorganization, which is included in the non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Note 3. Securities

 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

 Gross

 Gross

 Cost

 Gains

 $

 2,990

 $

 —

 $

 ( 206

)

 $

 2,784

 —

 ( 2,122

)

 39,375

 —

 ( 6,227

)

 10,163

 —

 ( 1,482

)

 8,681

 61,359

 —

 ( 9,842

)

 —

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 ( 19,879

)

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 ( 181

)

 $

 —

 ( 2,691

)

 212,093

 ( 5,170

)

 207,027

 3,897

 —

 ( 244

)

 3,653

 118,944

 —

 ( 4,088

)

 SBA Certificates

 19,712

 —

 19,878

 ( 398

)

 —

 —

 —

 $

 $

 $

 ( 12,374

)

 $

 (1) Comprised of FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA issued securities.

 Gross

 Gross

 Cost

 Gains

 $

 2,985

 $

 —

 $

 ( 296

)

 $

 2,689

 25,824

 —

 ( 2,465

)

 44,503

 —

 ( 6,726

)

 11,310

 —

 ( 1,676

)

 9,634

 67,199

 —

 ( 11,271

)

 —

 ( 4

)

 $

 151,943

 $

 —

 $

 ( 22,438

)

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 ( 380

)

 $

 ( 3,819

)

 78,738

 235,479

 ( 5,558

)

 230,113

 4,120

 —

 ( 268

)

 3,852

 131,918

 —

 ( 5,227

)

 126,691

 SBA Certificates

 21,803

 —

 21,837

 $

 $

 $

 ( 15,252

)

 $

 (1) Comprised of FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA issued securities.

 The Company's securities portfolio had 40 and 42 available-for-sale securities and 35 and 34 held-to-maturity securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities sold during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. One held-to-maturity security in the amount of $ 10.0 million matured and/or was called during the year ended December 31, 2023. Two available-for-sale securities in the amount of $ 5.4 million matured and/or were called during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company did no t purchase any available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and purchased $ 58.4 million in available-for-sale securities and $ 528.9 million in held-to-maturity securities during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The following tables present the Company's securities gross unrealized losses and fair values, aggregated by the length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Securities With Gross Unrealized Losses

 Less Than 12 Months

 12 Months or More

 Total

 Total

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 Value

 Value

 Value

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,784

 $

 ( 206

)

 $

 2,784

 $

 ( 206

)

 —

 —

 ( 2,122

)

 ( 2,122

)

 —

 —

 ( 6,227

)

 ( 6,227

)

 —

 —

 8,681

 ( 1,482

)

 8,681

 ( 1,482

)

 —

 —

 ( 9,842

)

 ( 9,842

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 119,798

 $

 ( 19,879

)

 $

 119,798

 $

 ( 19,879

)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 ( 181

)

 $

 $

 ( 181

)

 3,288

 ( 212

)

 76,521

 ( 2,479

)

 ( 2,691

)

 81,875

 ( 725

)

 112,339

 ( 4,445

)

 194,214

 ( 5,170

)

 —

 —

 3,653

 ( 244

)

 3,653

 ( 244

)

 —

 —

 ( 4,088

)

 ( 4,088

)

 $

 85,163

 $

 ( 937

)

 $

 332,188

 $

 ( 11,437

)

 $

 417,351

 $

 ( 12,374

)

 Securities With Gross Unrealized Losses

 Less Than 12 Months

 12 Months or More

 Total

 Total

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 Value

 Value

 Value

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,689

 $

 ( 296

)

 $

 2,689

 $

 ( 296

)

 13,138

 ( 1,186

)

 10,221

 ( 1,279

)

 ( 2,465

)

 4,537

 ( 300

)

 33,240

 ( 6,426

)

 ( 6,726

)

 —

 —

 9,634

 ( 1,676

)

 9,634

 ( 1,676

)

 12,111

 ( 1,230

)

 43,817

 ( 10,041

)

 ( 11,271

)

 ( 4

)

 —

 —

 ( 4

)

 $

 29,904

 $

 ( 2,720

)

 $

 99,601

 $

 ( 19,718

)

 $

 $

 ( 22,438

)

 $

 24,620

 $

 ( 380

)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 24,620

 $

 ( 380

)

 75,181

 ( 3,819

)

 —

 —

 75,181

 ( 3,819

)

 215,300

 ( 5,558

)

 —

 —

 215,300

 ( 5,558

)

 3,177

 ( 115

)

 ( 153

)

 3,852

 ( 268

)

 126,691

 ( 5,227

)

 —

 —

 126,691

 ( 5,227

)

 $

 444,969

 $

 ( 15,099

)

 $

 $

 ( 153

)

 $

 445,644

 $

 ( 15,252

)

 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 40 and 42 available-for-sale securities and 31 and 27 held-to-maturity securities with gross unrealized loss positions, respectively. Management reviewed the financial condition of the entities underlying the securities at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. The unrealized losses related to the Company debt securities were issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. The Company does not believe that the debt securities that were in an unrealized loss

 position as of December 31, 2023 represents a credit loss impairment. The gross unrealized loss positions related to mortgage-backed securities and other obligations issued by the U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government and have a long history of zero credit loss. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities.

 Management reviewed the collectability of the corporate bonds taking into consideration of such factors as the financial condition of the issuers, reported regulatory capital ratios of the issuers, credit ratings, including ratings in effect as of the reporting date. Management believes the unrealized losses on the corporate bonds are primarily attributable to changes in the interest rates and not changes in the credit quality of the issuers of the corporate bonds.
 The following is a summary of maturities of securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Amounts are shown by contractual maturity. Because borrowers for mortgage-backed securities have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties, at any time, these securities are included as a total within the table.

 Fair

 Cost

 Value

 U.S. Government Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 2,990

 2,784

 —

 —

 2,990

 2,784

 $

 —

 $

 —

 4,000

 3,863

 1,000

 20,790

 19,269

 111,001

 93,450

 $

 $

 U.S. Agency Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 24,650

 48,265

 7,500

 6,894

 354,646

 345,414

 ( 398

)

 —

 $

 $

 Fair

 Cost

 Value

 U.S. Government Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 2,985

 2,689

 —

 —

 2,985

 2,689

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 4,000

 3,710

 21,824

 19,649

 25,824

 123,134

 103,457

 $

 151,943

 $

 U.S. Agency Bonds:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 —

 75,000

 71,328

 7,500

 7,410

 78,738

 393,320

 382,493

 $

 $

 At December 31, 2023, 26 available-for-sale securities with a fair value totaling $ 93.3 million and 17 held-to-maturity securities with an amortized cost totaling $ 193.3 million were pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY") as collateral for borrowing activities. At December 31, 2022 six held-to-maturity securities with an amortized costs totaling $ 194.9 million were pledged at the FHLBNY as collateral for borrowing activities. No available-for-sale securities were pledged at December 31, 2022.

 The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities.

 2023

 2022

 Beginning balance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Impact on CECL adoption

 —

 Benefit for credit losses

 ( 264

)

 —

 Allowance for credit losses

 $

 $

 —

 Note 4. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

 The following table provides the fair value and contractual principal balance outstanding of loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value options:

 2023

 2022

 Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value

 $

 9,980

 $

 1,979

 Mortgage loans held for sale, contractual principal outstanding

 9,864

 1,979

 Fair value less unpaid principal balance

 $

 $

 —

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank had 19 loans and 4 loans in the amount of $ 10.0 million and $ 2.0 million, respectively, were held for sale and accounted for under the fair value option accounting guidance for financial assets and financial liabilities.

 At December 31, 2023, there were $ 4.4 million in loans held for sale that were greater than 90 days past due and non-accrual with a substandard risk rating. At December 31, 2022, there were no loans held for sale that were greater than 90 days past due.

 Note 5. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
 Loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Investor-Owned

 $

 $

 Owner-Occupied

 1,892,827

 1,466,574

 8,966

 Total non-mortgage loans

 28,745

 59,094

 Total loans, gross

 Net deferred loan origination costs

 2,051

 Allowance for loan losses

 ( 26,154

)

 ( 34,592

)

 Loans receivable, net

 $

 1,895,886

 $

 1,493,127

 (1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, business loans include $ 1.0 million and $ 20.0 million, respectively, of PPP loans.

 (2) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, consumer loans include $ 8.0 million and $ 18.2 million, respectively, of microloans originated by the Bank pursuant to its former arrangement with Grain. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 The Company's lending activities are conducted principally in metropolitan New York City. The Company primarily grants loans secured by real estate to individuals and businesses pursuant to an established credit policy applicable to each type of lending activity in which it engages. Although collateral provides assurance as a secondary source of repayment, the Company ordinarily requires the primary source of repayment to be based on the borrowers' ability to generate continuing cash flows. The Company also evaluates the collateral and creditworthiness of each customer. The credit policy provides that depending on the borrowers' creditworthiness and type of collateral, credit may be extended up to predetermined percentages of the market value of the collateral or on an unsecured basis. Real estate is the primary form of collateral. Other important forms of collateral are time deposits and marketable securities.

 For disclosures related to the ACL and credit quality, the Company does not have any disaggregated classes of loans below the segment level.
 Credit-Quality Indicators: Internally assigned risk ratings are used as credit-quality indicators, which are reviewed by management on a quarterly basis.

 The objectives of the Company's risk-rating system are to provide the Board of Directors and senior management with an objective assessment of the overall quality of the loan portfolio, to promptly and accurately identify loans with well-defined credit weaknesses so that timely action can be taken to minimize credit loss, to identify relevant trends affecting the collectability of the loan portfolio, to isolate potential problem areas and to provide essential information for determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

 Below are the definitions of the Company's internally assigned risk ratings:

 Strong Pass – Loans to new or existing borrowers collateralized at least 90 percent by an unimpaired deposit account at the Company.

 Good Pass – Loans to a new or existing borrower in a well-established enterprise in excellent financial condition with strong liquidity and a history of consistently high level of earnings, cash flow and debt service capacity.

 Satisfactory Pass – Loans to a new or existing borrower of average strength with acceptable financial condition, satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt.

 Performance Pass – Loans that evidence strong payment history but document less than average strength, financial condition, record of earnings, or projected cash flows with which to service debt.

 Special Mention – Loans in this category are currently protected but show one or more potential weaknesses and risks which may inadequately protect collectability or borrower's ability to meet repayment terms at some future date if the weakness or weaknesses are not monitored or remediated.

 Substandard – Loans that are inadequately protected by the repayment capacity of the borrower or the current sound net worth of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans in this category have well defined weaknesses and risks that jeopardize their repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that some loss may be sustained if the deficiencies are not remedied.

 Doubtful – Loans that have all the weaknesses of loans classified as "Substandard" with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

 Loans within the top four categories above are considered pass rated, as commonly defined. Risk ratings are assigned as necessary to differentiate risk within the portfolio. Risk ratings are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised to reflect changes in the borrowers' financial condition and outlook, debt service coverage capability, repayment performance, collateral value and coverage as well as other considerations.

 The following tables present credit risk ratings by loan segment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Nonmortgage Loans

 Total

 1-4 Family

 Loans

 Risk Rating:

 Pass

 $

 485,747

 $

 546,471

 $

 339,726

 $

 497,266

 $

 19,759

 $

 8,966

 $

 1,897,935

 Special mention

 2,150

 1,109

 2,527

 —

 —

 —

 5,786

 Substandard

 8,103

 2,979

 6,659

 —

 17,851

 Total

 $

 496,000

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 8,966

 $

 Nonmortgage Loans

 Total

 1-4 Family

 Loans

 Risk Rating:

 Pass

 $

 462,126

 $

 492,556

 $

 307,307

 $

 173,351

 $

 $

 $

 1,494,434

 Special mention

 7,692

 1,437

 —

 —

 —

 9,735

 Substandard

 9,028

 11,667

 —

 —

 21,499

 Total

 $

 478,846

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 An aging analysis of loans, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:

 30-59

 60-89

 Days

 Days

 Nonaccrual

 Current

 Total

 Loans

 Accruing

 Investor-Owned

 $

 342,896

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 Owner-Occupied

 150,181

 —

 —

 2,130

 2,130

 —

 546,471

 1,109

 —

 2,979

 2,979

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 497,266

 —

 —

 6,659

 6,659

 —

 19,240

 —

 7,423

 1,007

 —

 8,966

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 1,905,820

 $

 2,011

 $

 1,015

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 30-59

 60-89

 Days

 Days

 Nonaccrual

 Current

 Total

 Loans

 Accruing

 Investor-Owned

 $

 340,495

 $

 1,530

 $

 $

 1,865

 $

 $

 3,061

 $

 —

 Owner-Occupied

 131,510

 2,553

 —

 2,987

 —

 490,024

 4,643

 —

 —

 —

 —

 303,190

 4,246

 —

 —

 173,351

 —

 4,100

 7,567

 7,567

 —

 27,657

 1,466

 7,869

 2,973

 —

 2,973

 16,743

 1,267

 1,119

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 1,482,970

 $

 15,705

 $

 13,773

 $

 13,220

 $

 $

 13,708

 $

 2,973

 The following schedules detail the composition of the ACL and the related recorded investment in loans as of December 31, 2023, and allowance for loan losses for December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Nonmortgage
Loans

 Total

 1-4
Investor
Owned

 1-4
Owner
Occupied

 For the
Period

 Allowance for credit losses:

 Balance, beginning of period

 $

 3,863

 $

 1,723

 $

 8,021

 $

 2,724

 $

 2,683

 $

 $

 $

 (Benefit) provision charged to expense

 ( 214

)

 ( 126

)

 3,035

 ( 2,142

)

 1,237

 Impact of CECL adoption

 ( 3,962

)

 ( 911

)

 ( 3,090

)

 Losses charged-off

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 63

)

 ( 7,227

)

 ( 7,290

)

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, end of period

 $

 4,415

 $

 2,012

 $

 4,365

 $

 3,176

 $

 4,807

 $

 $

 6,848

 $

 26,154

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 4,415

 1,940

 4,365

 3,176

 4,807

 6,848

 25,921

 Total

 $

 4,415

 $

 2,012

 $

 4,365

 $

 3,176

 $

 4,807

 $

 $

 6,848

 $

 26,154

 Loans:

 $

 $

 2,130

 $

 2,979

 $

 —

 $

 6,659

 $

 $

 —

 $

 342,896

 150,181

 547,580

 497,266

 19,614

 8,966

 1,908,846

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 8,966

 $

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Nonmortgage Loans

 Total

 1-4
Investor
Owned

 1-4
Owner
Occupied

 For the
Period

 Allowance for loan losses:

 Balance, beginning of period

 $

 3,540

 $

 1,178

 $

 5,684

 $

 2,165

 $

 2,024

 $

 $

 1,455

 $

 Provision charged to expense

 2,337

 ( 280

)

 20,098

 Losses charged-off

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 6,660

)

 ( 6,660

)

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, end of period

 $

 3,863

 $

 1,723

 $

 8,021

 $

 2,724

 $

 2,683

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 3,800

 1,627

 8,021

 2,687

 2,683

 34,396

 Total

 $

 3,863

 $

 1,723

 $

 8,021

 $

 2,724

 $

 2,683

 $

 $

 $

 Loans:

 $

 5,269

 $

 4,315

 $

 —

 $

 $

 7,567

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 338,699

 130,563

 307,242

 177,451

 1,507,716

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021

 Nonmortgage Loans

 Total

 1-4
Investor
Owned

 1-4
Owner
Occupied

 For the
Period

 Allowance for loan losses:

 Balance, beginning of year

 $

 3,850

 $

 1,260

 $

 5,214

 $

 2,194

 $

 1,820

 $

 $

 $

 14,870

 Provision charged to expense

 ( 318

)

 ( 127

)

 ( 29

)

 ( 32

)

 2,511

 2,717

 Losses charged-off

 —

 —

 ( 38

)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,342

)

 ( 1,380

)

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, end of year

 $

 3,540

 $

 1,178

 $

 5,684

 $

 2,165

 $

 2,024

 $

 $

 1,455

 $

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 3,449

 1,064

 5,684

 2,127

 2,024

 1,455

 16,109

 Total

 $

 3,540

 $

 1,178

 $

 5,684

 $

 2,165

 $

 2,024

 $

 $

 1,455

 $

 Loans:

 $

 6,672

 $

 5,854

 $

 1,200

 $

 2,995

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 17,651

 310,632

 91,093

 347,100

 236,696

 133,734

 150,499

 34,693

 1,304,447

 Total

 $

 317,304

 $

 96,947

 $

 348,300

 $

 239,691

 $

 134,651

 $

 150,512

 $

 34,693

 $

 1,322,098

 Loans are considered impaired when current information and events indicate all amounts due may not be collectable according to the contractual terms of the related loan agreements. Impaired loans are identified by applying normal loan review procedures in accordance with the allowance for credit losses methodology. Management periodically assesses loans to determine whether impairment exists. Any loan that is, or will potentially be, no longer performing in accordance with the terms of the original loan contract is evaluated to determine impairment.
 The following information relates to impaired loans as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Unpaid
Contractual

 Total

 Interest Income

 Principal

 With No

 With

 Related

 Recognized

 As of and For the Year Ended

 on a Cash Basis

 $

 2,906

 $

 2,475

 $

 $

 2,923

 $

 $

 4,812

 $

 2,966

 2,979

 —

 2,979

 —

 1,463

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 6,650

 6,659

 —

 6,659

 —

 8,211

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 12,687

 $

 12,113

 $

 $

 $

 $

 14,788

 $

 Unpaid
Contractual

 Total

 Interest Income

 Principal

 With No

 With

 Related

 Recognized

 As of and For the Year Ended

 on a Cash Basis

 $

 9,986

 $

 7,827

 $

 1,757

 $

 9,584

 $

 $

 11,072

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,930

 7,567

 7,567

 —

 7,567

 —

 6,408

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 18,396

 $

 15,851

 $

 2,101

 $

 $

 $

 20,043

 $

 Unpaid
Contractual

 Total

 Interest Income

 Principal

 With No

 With

 Related

 Recognized

 As of and For the Year Ended
 December 31, 2021

 on a Cash Basis

 $

 13,333

 $

 10,535

 $

 1,991

 $

 12,526

 $

 $

 12,145

 $

 1,200

 1,200

 —

 1,200

 —

 1,139

 3,494

 2,637

 2,995

 3,941

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 18,957

 $

 15,302

 $

 2,349

 $

 17,651

 $

 $

 17,569

 $

 The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. Since adoption, the Company has not modified any loans with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may include a reduction in interest rate, an extension in term, principal forgiveness and/or any other than insignificant payment delay. At December 31, 2023, there were no loans with modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, the Company classified certain loans as troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") loans when credit terms to a borrower in financial difficulty were modified, in accordance with ASC 310-40. With the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023, the Company has ceased to recognize or measure for new TDRs but those existing at December 31, 2022 will remain until settled.
 During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no loans restructured as a troubled debt restructuring.
 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 21 and 23 troubled debt restructured loans totaling $ 5.9 million and $ 6.6 million of which $ 5.2 million and $ 4.2 million are on accrual status. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring. The financial impact from the concessions made represents specific impairment reserves on these loans, which aggregated to $ 0.2 million at December 31, 2022.

 Write-off and write-down of Microloans

 In 2020, the Company entered into a business arrangement with the FinTech startup company Grain. Grain's product is a mobile application geared to the underbanked, minorities and new generations entering the financial services market. In employing this mobile application, the Bank uses non-traditional underwriting methodologies to provide revolving credit to borrowers who otherwise may gravitate to using alternative non-bank lenders. Under the terms of its agreement with Grain, the Bank is the lender for Grain-originated microloans with credit lines currently up to $ 1,500 and, where applicable, the depository for related security deposits. Grain originates and services these microloans and is responsible for maintaining compliance with the Bank's origination and servicing standards, as well

 as applicable regulatory and legal requirements. If a microloan is found to be fraudulent, becomes 90 days delinquent upon 90 days of origination or defaults due to a failure of Grain to properly service the microloan, the Bank's applicable standards for origination or servicing are deemed to have not been complied with and the microloan is put back to Grain, who then becomes responsible for the microloan and any related losses. The microloans put back to Grain are accounted for as an "other asset," specifically referred to herein as the "Grain Receivable." At December 31, 2022, the Bank had 27,886 Grain microloans outstanding, net of put backs, with an aggregate balance totaling $ 18.2 million and which were performing, in management's opinion, comparably to similar portfolios, offset by a $ 15.4 million ACL, resulting in $ 2.8 million in Grain microloans, net of allowance for loan losses.

 On November 1, 2023, Ponce Financial Group, Inc. and Grain signed a Perpetual Software License Agreement in order for the Bank to assume the servicing of the remaining Grain loans. In order to facilitate the transfer of the servicing responsibilities to the Bank, Grain granted the Bank a perpetual right and license to use the Grain software, including the source code to service the remaining loans.

 At December 31, 2023, the Bank had 14,727 Grain microloans outstanding, net of put backs, with an aggregate balance totaling $ 8.0 million and which were performing, in management's opinion, comparably to similar portfolios, offset by a $ 7.0 million allowance for credit losses, resulting in $ 1.0 million in Grain microloans. Since the beginning of the Bank's agreement with Grain and through December 31, 2023, 45,322 microloans amounting to $ 24.1 million have been deemed to be fraudulent and put back to Grain. The Company has written-down a total of $ 15.5 million, net of recoveries, of the Grain Receivable and received $ 6.8 million in cash from Grain and through the application of security deposits connected to fraudulent loan accounts. The Bank also opted to use the $ 1.8 million grant it received from the U.S. Treasury Department's Rapid Response Program to defray the Grain Receivable. The application of those amounts resulted in no net receivable. Additionally, the Company has written-off its equity investment in Grain of $ 1.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's total exposure to Grain was $ 1.0 million of the remaining microloans, net of allowance for credit losses, excluding $ 2.4 million of unused commitments available to Grain borrowers and $ 1.6 million of security deposits by Grain borrowers. The $ 1.5 million of recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the $ 17.9 million write-off for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to Grain is included in non-interest expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Of the $ 1.5 million of recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023, $ 0.7 million were payments received from Grain on the Grain Receivable and the remainder were payments from Grain borrowers.

 Grain Technologies, Inc. ("Grain") Total Exposure as of December 31, 2023

 Receivable from Grain

 Microloans originated - put back to Grain (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 $

 24,104

 Write-downs, net of recoveries (year to date as of December 31, 2023)

 ( 15,459

)

 Cash receipts from Grain (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 ( 6,819

)

 Grant/reserve (inception-to-December 31, 2023)

 ( 1,826

)

 Net receivable as of December 31, 2022

 $

 —

 Microloan receivables from Grain borrowers

 Grain originated loans receivable as of December 31, 2023

 $

 7,985

 Allowance for credit losses on loan as of December 31, 2023 (1)

 ( 7,026

)

 Microloans, net of allowance for credit losses on loans as of December 31, 2023

 $

 Investments

 Investment in Grain

 $

 1,000

 Investment in Grain write-off

 ( 1,000

)

 Investment in Grain as of December 31, 2023

 $

 —

 Total exposure related to Grain as of December 31, 2023 (2)

 $

 (1) Includes $ 0.3 million for allowance for unused commitments on the $ 2.4 million of unused commitments available to Grain originated borrowers reported in other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Conditions. Excludes $ 1.6 million of security deposits by Grain originated borrowers reported in deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Conditions.
 (2) Total remaining exposure to Grain borrowers. As of November 2023, these loans are now serviced by the Bank.

 Note 6. Premises and Equipment
 A summary of premises and equipment at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Land

 $

 $

 Buildings and improvements

 4,717

 4,717

 Leasehold improvements

 15,982

 15,808

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment

 8,611

 8,497

 30,242

 29,954

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization

 ( 14,189

)

 ( 12,508

)

 Total premises and equipment

 $

 16,053

 $

 17,446

 Depreciation and amortization expense amounted to $ 1.8 million both for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and are included in occupancy and equipment in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

 Note 7. Leases

 Effective January 1, 2022, the Company adopted the provisions of Topic 842 using the prospective transition approach. Therefore, prior period comparative information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of Topic 842.

 The Company has 15 operating leases for branches (including headquarters) and office spaces and five operating leases for equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than one year to approximately 15 years, none of which has a renewal option reasonably certain of exercise, which has been reflected in the Company's calculation of lease term.

 Certain leases have escalation clauses for operating expenses and real estate taxes. The Company's non-cancelable operating lease agreements expire through 2038.

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Operating lease ROU assets

 $

 31,272

 $

 33,423

 Operating lease liabilities

 32,684

 34,532

 Weighted-average remaining lease term-operating leases

 12.6 years

 13.5 years

 Weighted average discount rate-operating leases

 4.9

 %

 4.9

 %

 The components of lease expense and cash flow information related to leases were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Lease Cost

 Operating lease cost

 Occupancy and equipment

 $

 4,150

 $

 4,416

 $

 2,158

 Operating lease cost

 Other operating expenses

 Short-term lease cost

 Other operating expenses

 Variable lease cost

 Occupancy and equipment

 Total lease cost

 $

 4,315

 $

 4,589

 $

 2,345

 The Company's minimum annual rental payments under the terms of the leases are as follows at December 31, 2023:

 Minimum Rental

 Years ended December 31:

 2024

 3,866

 2025

 3,818

 2026

 3,668

 2027

 3,537

 2028

 3,594

 Thereafter

 25,474

 Total Minimum payments required

 43,957

 Less: implied interest

 11,273

 Present value of lease liabilities

 $

 32,684

 Lease Commitments: As of December 31, 2023, there are noncancelable operating leases for office space that expire on various dates through 2038. Certain of these leases contains escalation clauses providing for increased rental based on pre-scheduled annual increases or on increases in real estate taxes.

 Note 8. Deposits

 Deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Demand

 $

 $

 Interest-bearing deposits:

 NOW/IOLA accounts

 19,676

 24,349

 Money market accounts (1)

 432,735

 236,143

 Reciprocal deposits

 96,860

 114,049

 Savings accounts

 114,139

 130,432

 Total NOW, money market, reciprocal and savings

 Certificates of deposit of $250K or more (1)

 132,153

 106,336

 Brokered certificates of deposits (2)

 98,729

 98,754

 Listing service deposits (2)

 14,433

 35,813

 Certificates of deposit less than $250K (1)

 355,511

 217,387

 Total certificates of deposit

 Total interest-bearing deposits

 1,264,236

 963,263

 $

 1,507,620

 $

 (1) As of December 31, 2022, $ 81.7 million of Raisin deposits were reclassified from money market accounts to certificates of deposits. $ 36.2 million were reclassified to Certificates of deposits of $250K or more and $ 45.5 million were reclassified to Certificates of deposit less than $250K.

 (2) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $ 0.3 million and $ 13.6 million, respectively, in individual listing service deposits amounting to $ 250,000 or more. All brokered certificates of deposit individually amounted to less than $ 250,000.

 At December 31, 2023, scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit were as follows:

 2024

 $

 449,470

 2025

 59,404

 2026

 41,365

 2027

 48,378

 2028

 2,209

 $

 Overdrawn deposit accounts that have been reclassified to loans amounted to $ 0.1 million both as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Note 9. Borrowings

 The Bank had outstanding term advances from the FHLBNY and the FRBNY at December 31, 2023 and outstanding term advances from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2022, respectively.
 FHLBNY Advances: As a member of FHLBNY, the Bank has the ability to borrow from the FHLBNY based on a certain percentage of the value of the Bank's qualified collateral, as defined in FHLBNY Statement of Credit Policy, at the time of the borrowing. In accordance with an agreement with FHLBNY, the qualified collateral must be free and clear of liens, pledges and encumbrances.
 The Bank had $ 380.4 million and $ 511.4 million of outstanding term advances from FHLBNY at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and $ 6.0 million of overnight line of credit advance from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2022. The Bank had no overnight line of credit advance from the FHLBNY at December 31, 2023. The Bank also had a guarantee from the FHLBNY through letters of credit of up to $ 71.2 million and $ 21.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 FRBNY Advances: The Bank also has additional borrowing capacity under a secured line with the FRBNY secured by 50.5 % of our total securities portfolio with amortized cost of $ 304.2 million at December 31, 2023. The Bank had $ 304.0 million of outstanding term advances from the FRBNY at December 31, 2023. No amounts were outstanding at December 31, 2022.
 Borrowed funds at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following and are summarized by maturity and call date below:

 2023

 2022

 Scheduled
Maturity

 Redeemable
at Call Date

Rate

 Scheduled
Maturity

 Redeemable
at Call Date

Rate

 FHLBNY Overnight line of credit
 advance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 %

 $

 6,000

 $

 6,000

 4.61

 %

 FHLBNY and FRBNY Term advances ending:

 2023

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 178,375

 $

 178,375

 4.32

 2024

 363,321

 363,321

 4.55

 4.75

 2025

 4.41

 4.41

 2026

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2027

 212,000

 212,000

 3.44

 183,000

 183,000

 3.25

 2028

 9,100

 9,100

 3.84

 —

 —

 —

 Thereafter

 3.35

 3.35

 $

 $

 4.10

 %

 $

 $

 3.90

 %

 Interest expense on FHLBNY term advances totaled $ 15.4 million, $ 5.4 million and $ 2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense on FRBNY term advances totaled $ 10.0 million, for the year ended December 31, 2023. There was no interest expense on the FRBNY term advances for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

 Note 10. Derivatives and Hedging

 During 2023, the Company entered into two derivative financial instruments contracts to enhance its ability to manage interest rate risk that exist as part of its ongoing operations. The Company manages these risks as part of its asset and liability management process. The Company utilized derivative financial instruments to accommodate the business needs and to hedge the exposure that this creates for the Company. All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

 Interest Rate Swaps

 On October 12, 2023 the Bank entered into two interest rate swap transactions designated as fair value hedges. One interest rate swap is for a period of two years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2025 with a notional amount of $ 150.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.885 % and receive the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rate. The other interest rate swap is for a period of three years effective October 12, 2023 and terminates on November 1, 2026 with a notional amount of $ 100.0 million. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of interest of 4.62 % and receive the SOFR rate.

 The table presents the notional amount and fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments, as well as their location on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Notional

 Loans Receivable

 Other Liabilities

 As of December 31, 2023

 Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

 Interest rate swap contracts

 $

 250,000

 $

 4,435

 $

 4,435

 Total Derivatives

 $

 250,000

 $

 4,435

 $

 4,435

 There were no hedging instruments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Note 11. Income Taxes
 The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Federal:

 Current

 $

 $

 —

 $

 6,107

 Deferred

 ( 6,064

)

 ( 6,064

)

 6,753

 State and local:

 Current

 1,452

 1,094

 Deferred

 ( 7,467

)

 1,733

 2,148

 ( 6,373

)

 2,575

 Valuation allowance

 ( 525

)

 5,592

 ( 1,119

)

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes

 $

 2,501

 $

 ( 6,845

)

 $

 8,209

 Total income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21 % for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 to income before income taxes as a result of the following:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income tax, at federal rate

 $

 1,229

 $

 ( 7,738

)

 $

 7,195

 State and local tax, net of federal benefit

 1,697

 ( 5,035

)

 2,034

 Valuation allowance, net of federal benefit

 ( 525

)

 5,592

 ( 1,119

)

 Other

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes

 $

 2,501

 $

 ( 6,845

)

 $

 8,209

 Management maintains a valuation allowance against its net New York State and New York City deferred tax as it is unlikely these deferred tax assets will be utilized to reduce the Company's tax liability in future years. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the valuation allowance decreased by $ 0.5 million and increased by $ 5.6 million, respectively. In 2022, the Company generated large net operating losses in New York State and New York City which increased the 2022 valuation allowance.

 Management has determined that it is not required to establish a valuation allowance against any other deferred tax assets since it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be fully utilized in future periods. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers the scheduled reversal of the deferred tax liabilities, the level of historical taxable income, and the projected future taxable income over the periods that the temporary differences comprising the deferred tax assets will be deductible.

 For federal income tax purposes, a financial institution may carry net operating losses ("NOLs") to forward tax years indefinitely. The use of NOLs to offset income is limited to 80 % of taxable income. At December 31, 2023, the Company had a federal NOL carryforward of $ 7.6 million.

 The state and city of New York allow for a three-year carryback period and carryforward period of twenty years on NOLs generated on or after tax year 2015. For tax years prior to 2015, no carryback period is allowed. Ponce De Leon Federal Bank, the predecessor of Ponce Bank, has pre-2015 carryforwards of $ 0.6 million for New York State purposes and $ 0.5 million for New York City purposes. Furthermore, there are post-2015 carryforwards available of $ 64.1 million for New York State purposes and $ 33.2 million for New York City purposes. Finally, for New Jersey purposes, losses may only be carried forward 20 years, with no allowable carryback period. At December 31, 2023, the Bank had a New Jersey NOL carryforward of $ 0.2 million.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits recorded. The Company does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase in the next twelve months.

 The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax, New York State income tax, Connecticut income tax, New Jersey income tax, Florida income tax, Pennsylvania income tax and New York City income tax. The Company is no longer subject to examination by taxing authorities for years before 2020.

 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Allowance for loan losses

 $

 8,118

 $

 11,324

 Interest on nonaccrual loans

 Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities

 4,230

 4,777

 Amortization of intangible assets

 Operating lease liabilities

 10,145

 11,304

 Net operating losses

 8,131

 9,119

 Charitable contribution carryforward

 1,751

 1,859

 Compensation and benefits

 Other

 1,748

 Total gross deferred tax assets

 35,517

 39,772

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Depreciation of premises and equipment

 1,049

 Right of use assets

 9,707

 10,941

 Deferred loan fees

 Other

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities

 10,764

 12,690

 Valuation allowance

 10,421

 10,945

 Net deferred tax assets

 $

 14,332

 $

 16,137

 The deferred tax expense (benefit) has been allocated between operations and equity as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Equity

 $

 $

 ( 4,378

)

 $

 ( 424

)

 Operations

 ( 7,939

)

 1,260

 $

 1,491

 $

 ( 12,317

)

 $

 Note 12. Compensation and Benefit Plans

 Ponce Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan with 401(k) Provisions (the "KSOP"). Effective January 1, 2021, Ponce Bank amended and restated the terms of the Ponce Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "ESOP") and merged the Ponce Bank 401(k) Plan into the ESOP to form the KSOP. There were no changes to the provisions of the ESOP as discussed below. The KSOP is for eligible employees of Ponce Bank and those of its affiliates. The named executive officers are eligible to participate in the KSOP just like other employees. An employee must attain the age of 21 and will be eligible to participate in the 401(k) features of the KSOP in the quarter following thirty days of service and the ESOP feature of the KSOP upon the first entry date commencing on or after the eligible employee's completion of one year of service. Employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan at the beginning of each quarter (January 1, April 1, July 1, or October 1).
 401(k) Component:
 Under the 401(k) features of the KSOP ("401(k) Component"), a participant may elect to defer, on a pre-tax basis, the maximum amount as permitted by the Internal Revenue Code. For 2023, the salary deferral contribution limit was $ 22,500; provided, however, that a participant over age 50 may contribute an additional $ 7,500 to the 401(k) for a total of $ 30,000. In addition to salary deferral contributions, Ponce Bank may make discretionary matching contributions, discretionary profit sharing contributions or safe harbor contributions to the 401(k) Component. Discretionary matching contributions are allocated on the basis of salary deferral contributions. Discretionary profit sharing contributions are based on three classifications set forth in the 401(k) feature (i) Class A — Chairman, President, and Executive Vice Presidents; (ii) Class B — Senior Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents and Assistant Vice Presidents; and (iii) Class C — all other eligible employees. The contribution for a class will be the same percentage of compensation for all participants in that class. If Ponce Bank decides to make a safe harbor contribution for a plan year, each participant will receive a contribution equal to 3 % of his or her compensation for the plan year. The 401(k) expenses recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations amounted to $ 0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. There were no 401(k) expenses recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as this is now part of the KSOP.
 A participant is always 100 % vested in his or her salary deferral contributions and safe harbor contributions. Discretionary matching and profit sharing contributions are 20 % vested after two years of service, plus an additional 20 % for each additional year of service; so all participants are fully vested in such contributions after six years of service. Participants also will become fully vested in his or her account balance in the 401(k) Component automatically upon normal retirement, death or disability, a change in control, or termination of the KSOP. Generally, participants will receive distributions from the KSOP upon separation from service in accordance with the terms of the governing document.
 ESOP Component:
 On September 29, 2017, in connection with the Bank's reorganization into the mutual holding company form of organization, the ESOP trustee purchased, on behalf of the ESOP, 723,751 shares of PDL Community Bancorp common stock. The ESOP funded its stock purchase with a loan ("First ESOP loan") from PDL Community Bancorp in the amount of $ 7.2 million, which was equal to the aggregate purchase price of the common stock. The First ESOP loan is being repaid principally through Ponce Bank's contributions to the ESOP over the 15 -year term of such loan. The interest rate for the First ESOP loan is 2.60 %.

 On January 27, 2022, concurrent with the completion of the conversion and reorganization of Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company from a mutual form to a stock form of organization and the merger of PDL Community Bancorp with and into Ponce Financial Group, Inc., the shares of PDL Community Bancorp common stock held by the KSOP were converted into 977,880 shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock.

 On January 27, 2022, the KSOP trustee purchased, on behalf of the ESOP feature of the KSOP ("ESOP Component"), an additional 1,097,353 shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock, or 4.44 % of the total number of shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock outstanding on January 27, 2022 (including shares issued to the Foundation). The KSOP funded this stock purchase with a loan ("Second ESOP loan") from Ponce Financial Group, Inc. in the amount of $ 11.0 million, which was equal to the aggregate purchase price of the common stock. The Second ESOP loan is being repaid principally through Ponce Bank's contributions to the ESOP Component over the 15 -year term of such loan. The interest rate for the Second ESOP loan is 1.82 %.

 The trustee of the trust funding the KSOP holds the shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock purchased by the KSOP in an unallocated suspense account, and shares will be released from the suspense account on a pro-rata basis as the loans are repaid. The trustee will allocate the shares released among participants on the basis of each participant's proportional share of qualifying compensation relative to all participants participating in the ESOP Component. A participant will become 100 % vested in his or her

 account balance in the ESOP Component after three years of service. In addition, participants will become fully vested in his or her account balance in the ESOP Component automatically upon normal retirement, death or disability, a change in control, or termination of the KSOP. Generally, participants will receive distributions from the KSOP upon separation from service in accordance with the terms of the plan document. The KSOP reallocates any unvested shares of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock forfeited upon termination of employment among the remaining participants in the ESOP Component.

 Contributions to the ESOP are to be sufficient to pay principal and interest currently due under the loan agreement. Under applicable accounting requirements, Ponce Bank will record a compensation expense for the ESOP at the average market price of the shares as they are committed to be released from the unallocated suspense account to participants' accounts, which may be more or less than the original issue price. The compensation expense resulting from the release of the common stock from the suspense account and allocation to plan participants will result in a corresponding reduction in the earnings of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. The ESOP shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations (see Note 13). As of December 31, 2023, the combined outstanding balance of both the First ESOP loan and Second ESOP loan was $ 13.0 million.

 A summary of the ESOP shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Shares committed-to-be released

 133,744

 133,744

 Shares allocated to participants

 437,880

 354,227

 Unallocated shares

 1,435,732

 1,569,475

 Total

 2,007,356

 2,057,446

 Fair value of unallocated shares

 $

 14,013

 $

 14,628

 The Company recognized ESOP related compensation expense, including ESOP equalization expense, of $ 1.2 million, $ 1.4 million and $ 1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan:

 The Bank maintains a non-qualified supplemental executive retirement plan ("SERP") for the benefit of two key executive officers. The SERP expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 0.1 million each for the one key executive officer. The SERP expenses recognized for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $ 0.3 million for the two key executive officers.
 2018 Incentive Plan

 The Company's stockholders approved the PDL Community Bancorp 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2018 Incentive Plan") at the Special Meeting of Stockholders on October 30, 2018. The maximum number of shares of common stock which can be issued under the 2018 Incentive Plan is 1,248,469. Of the 1,248,469 shares, the maximum number of shares that may be awarded under the 2018 Incentive Plan pursuant to the exercise of stock options or stock appreciation rights ("SARs") is 891,764 shares (all of which may be granted as incentive stock options), and the number of shares of common stock that may be issued as restricted stock awards or restricted stock units is 356,705 shares. However, the 2018 Incentive Plan contains a flex feature that provides that awards of restricted stock and restricted stock units in excess of the 356,705 share limitation may be granted but each share of stock covered by such excess award shall reduce the 891,764 share limitation for awards of stock options and SARs by 3.0 shares of common stock. The Company converted 462,522 awards of stock options into 154,174 restricted stock units in 2018, 45,000 awards of stock options into 15,000 restricted stock units in 2020 and 191,145 awards of stock options into 63,715 restricted stock units in 2022.

 Under the 2018 Incentive Plan, the Company made grants equal to 674,645 shares on December 4, 2018 which include 119,176 incentive options to executive officers, 44,590 non-qualified options to outside directors, 322,254 restricted stock units to executive officers, 40,000 restricted stock units to non-executive officers and 148,625 restricted stock units to outside directors. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company awarded 40,000 incentive options and 15,000 restricted stock units to non-executive officers under the 2018 Incentive Plan. Awards to directors generally vest 20 % annually beginning with the first anniversary of the date of grant. Awards to a director with fewer than five years of service at the time of grant vest over a longer period and will not become fully vested until the director has completed ten years of service. Awards to the executive officer who is not a director vest 20 % annually beginning on December 4, 2020. On April 1, 2022, the Company awarded 23,718 incentive options to an executive officer, 30,659 incentive options to non-executive officers and 13,952 non-qualified options to an outside director. In addition, on April 1, 2022 the Company awarded 40,460 restricted stock units to executive officers and 23,255 restricted stock units to outside directors. As of December 31,

 2023 and 2022, the maximum number of stock options and SARs remaining to be awarded under the Incentive Plan was 4,883, after the conversion from PDL Community Bancorp common stock to Ponce Financial Group, Inc. common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued as restricted stock or restricted stock units remaining to be awarded under the Incentive Plan was none, for both periods.

 The product of the number of units granted and the grant date market price of the Company's common stock determine the fair value of restricted stock units under the Company's 2018 Incentive Plan. Management recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of restricted stock units on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan

 The Company's stockholders approved the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 Incentive Plan") at the Special Meeting of Stockholders on June 15, 2023. The maximum number of shares of common stock which can be issued under the Plan is 1,920,368. Of the 1,920,368 shares, the maximum number of shares that may be awarded under the Plan pursuant to the exercise of stock options or stock appreciation rights ("SARs") is 1,371,691 shares (all of which may be granted as incentive stock options), and the number of shares of common stock that may be issued as restricted stock awards or restricted stock units is 548,677 shares.

 Under the 2023 Incentive Plan, the Company made grants equal to 1,102,464 shares on December 7, 2023 which include 302,500 premium incentive options to executive officers, 90,000 non-qualified premium options to outside directors, 47,500 non-premium incentive options to non-executive officers, 488,784 restricted stock units to executive officers, 2,500 restricted stock units to non-executive officers and 171,180 restricted stock units to outside directors. A total of 491,361 options were converted to restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum number of stock options and SARs remaining to be awarded under the 2023 Incentive Plan was 440,330. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued as restricted stock or restricted stock units remaining to be awarded under the 2023 Incentive Plan was 50,000.

 A summary of the Company's restricted stock units activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 Number
of Shares

 Weighted-
Grant Date
Per Share

 Non-vested, beginning of year

 245,840

 $

 9.40

 Granted

 662,464

 9.50

 Vested

 ( 161,734

)

 9.27

 Forfeited

 ( 697

)

 9.15

 Non-vested at December 31

 745,873

 $

 9.52

 Number
of Shares

 Weighted-
Grant Date
Per Share

 Non-vested, beginning of year

 237,687

 $

 12.65

 Conversion and reorganization

 93,933

 —

 Granted

 63,715

 10.44

 Vested

 ( 149,495

)

 9.11

 Forfeited

 —

 —

 Non-vested at December 31

 245,840

 $

 9.40

 Compensation expense related to restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 1.6 million, $ 1.4 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units was $ 6.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over the next 20 quarters.

 A summary of the Company's stock options awards activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 Options

 Weighted-
Exercise
Price
Per Share

 Outstanding, beginning of year

 352,621

 $

 8.97

 Granted

 440,000

 10.65

 Exercised

 —

 —

 Forfeited

 —

 —

 Outstanding at December 31

 792,621

 9.90

 Exercisable at December 31 (1)

 261,648

 $

 8.88

 Options

 Weighted-
Exercise
Price
Per Share

 Outstanding, beginning of year

 203,766

 $

 12.02

 Conversion and reorganization

 80,526

 —

 Granted

 68,329

 10.44

 Exercised

 —

 —

 Forfeited

 —

 —

 Outstanding at December 31 (1)

 352,621

 $

 8.97

 Exercisable at December 31 (1)

 190,508

 $

 8.83

 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value, which represents the difference between the price of the Company's common stock at respective periods and the stated exercise price of the underlying options, was $ 0 for outstanding options and $ 0.2 million for exercisable options at December 31, 2023 and $ 0.1 million for outstanding options and $ 0.1 million for exercisable options at December 31, 2022.

 The weighted-average exercise price for outstanding options as of December 31, 2023 was $ 9.90 per share and the weighted-average remaining contractual life is 8.2 years. The weighted-average period over which it is expected to be recognized is 5.1 years. There were 261,648 and 190,508 shares exercisable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Total compensation costs related to stock options recognized was $ 0.2 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $ 2.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over the next 20 quarters.

 The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

 2023

 2022

 Dividend yield

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 Expected life

 5.5 -7.5 years

 6.5 years

 Expected volatility

 37.19

 %

 41.34

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 4.71

 %

 2.65

 %

 Weighted average grant date fair value

 4.04

 $

 3.85

 The expected volatility is based on the Company's historical volatility. The expected life is an estimate based on management's review of the various factors and calculated using the simplified method for plain vanilla options. The dividend yield assumption is based on the Company's history and expectation of dividend payouts.

 Treasury Stock:

 The Company adopted a share repurchase program effective May 16, 2023 which was completed in August of 2023. Under the repurchase program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to 1,235,000 shares of the Company's stock or approximately 5 % of the Company's then current issued and outstanding shares. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased a total of 1,235,000 shares of the Company's common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 1,101,191 shares and 1,976 shares, respectively, were held as treasury stock as a result of share buy-backs and restricted stock units vested during 2023 and restricted stock units vested during 2022, respectively.

 Note 13. Earnings Per Common Share

 The following table presents a reconciliation of the number of common shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (Dollars in thousands except share data)

 Net (loss) income

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 $

 Common shares outstanding for basic EPS:

 Weighted average common shares outstanding

 24,263,952

 24,246,912

 17,256,837

 Less: Weighted average unallocated Employee Stock
 Ownership Plan (ESOP) shares

 1,518,635

 1,555,969

 512,276

 Basic weighted average common shares outstanding

 22,745,317

 22,690,943

 16,744,561

 Basic (loss) earnings per common share

 $

 0.15

 $

 ( 1.32

)

 $

 1.52

 Potential dilutive common shares:

 Add: Dilutive effect of restricted stock awards and stock options

 76,996

 —

 46,882

 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding

 22,822,313

 22,690,943

 16,791,443

 Diluted (loss) earnings per common share

 $

 0.15

 $

 ( 1.32

)

 $

 1.51

 Note 14. Commitments, Contingencies and Credit Risk

 Financial Instruments With Off-Balance-Sheet Risk: In the normal course of business, financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk may be used to meet the financing needs of customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement in particular classes of financial instruments.
 The contractual amounts of commitments to extend credit represent the amounts of potential accounting loss should the contract be fully drawn upon, the customer default, and the value of any existing collateral become worthless. The same credit policies are used in making commitments and contractual obligations as for on-balance-sheet instruments. Financial instruments whose contractual amounts represent credit risk at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Commitments to grant mortgage loans

 $

 529,768

 $

 207,105

 Commitments to sell loans at lock-in rates

 —

 1,676

 Unfunded commitments under lines of credit

 61,739

 72,530

 $

 591,507

 $

 281,311

 Commitments to Grant Mortgage Loans: Commitments to grant mortgage loans are agreements to lend to a customer as long as all terms and conditions are met as established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses, and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer's creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, residential real estate and income-producing commercial properties. Material losses are not anticipated as a result of these transactions.
 Commitments to Sell Loans at Lock-in Rates: In order to assure itself of a marketplace to sell its loans, Mortgage World has agreements with investors who will commit to purchase loans at locked-in rates. Mortgage World has off-balance sheet market risk to the extent that Mortgage World does not obtain matching commitments from these investors to purchase the loans. This will expose Mortgage World to the lower of cost or market valuation environment.
 Repurchases, Indemnifications and Premium Recaptures: Loans sold by Mortgage World under investor programs are subject to repurchase or indemnification if they fail to meet the origination criteria of those programs. In addition, loans sold to investors are also subject to repurchase or indemnifications if the loan is two or three months delinquent during a set period which usually varies from six months to a year after the loan is sold. There are no open repurchase or indemnification requests for loans sold as a correspondent lender or where the Company acted as a broker in the transaction as of December 31, 2023.
 Unfunded Commitments Under Lines of Credit: Unfunded commitments under commercial lines of credit, revolving credit lines and overdraft protection agreements are commitments for possible future extension of credit to existing customers. These lines of credit are uncollateralized and usually contain a specified maturity date and, ultimately, may not be drawn upon to the total extent to which the Company is committed.

 Unfunded Commitments with Oaktree: In December of 2021, the Bank committed to invest $ 5.0 million in Oaktree SBIC Fund, L.P. ("Oaktree"). As of December 31, 2023, the total unfunded commitment was $ 2.4 million.

 Unfunded Commitments with Silvergate: In April of 2022, the Company committed to invest $ 5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 in EJF Silvergate Ventures Fund LP ("Silvergate"). As of December 31, 2023, the total unfunded commitment was $ 2.3 million.
 Letters of Credit: Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Letters of credit are largely cash secured.
 Concentration by Geographic Location: Loans, commitments to extend credit and letters of credit have been granted to customers who are located primarily in the New York City metropolitan area. Generally, such loans most often are secured by one-to-four family residential properties. The loans are expected to be repaid from the borrowers' cash flows.
 Legal Matters: The Company is involved in various legal proceedings which have arisen in the normal course of business. Management believes that resolution of these matters will not have a material effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.

 Note 15. Fair Value

 The following fair value hierarchy is used based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
 Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

 Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
 Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
 The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:
 Cash and Cash Equivalents, Placements with Banks, Accrued Interest Receivable, Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes and Insurance, and Accrued Interest Payable: The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. These assets and liabilities were not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
 Available-for-Sale Securities: These financial instruments are recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models (e.g., matrix pricing) or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Examples of such instruments include government agency bonds and mortgage-backed securities. Level 3 securities are securities for which significant unobservable inputs are utilized. There were no changes in valuation techniques used to measure similar assets during the period.
 FHLBNY Stock: The carrying value of FHLBNY stock approximates fair value since the Bank can redeem such stock with FHLBNY at cost. As a member of the FHLBNY, the Company is required to purchase this stock, which we carry at cost and classified as restricted equity securities.
 Loans Receivable: For variable rate loans, which reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair values, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using estimated market rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities, adjusted for credit losses inherent in the portfolios. Impaired loans are valued using a present value discounted cash flow method, or the fair value of the collateral. Loans are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
 Mortgage Loans Held for Sale: Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, consists primarily of mortgage loans originated for sale by Mortgage World and accounted for under the fair value option. These assets are valued using stated investor pricing for substantially equivalent loans as Level 2. In determining fair value, such measurements are derived based on observable market data, investor commitments, or broker quotations, including whole-loan transaction pricing and similar market transactions adjusted for portfolio composition, servicing value and market conditions. Loans held for sale by the Bank are carried at the lower of cost or fair value as determined by investor bid prices.
 Under the fair value option, management has elected, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, fair value accounting for substantially all forms of mortgage loans originated for sale on a recurring basis. The fair value carrying amount of mortgages held for sale under the fair value option was $ 10.0 million and the aggregate unpaid principal balance amounted to $ 9.9 million.

 Other Real Estate Owned: Other real estate owned represents real estate acquired through foreclosure, and is recorded at fair value less estimated disposal costs on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management's estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, the asset is classified as Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the asset is classified as Level 3.

 Deposits: The fair values of demand deposits, savings, NOW, reciprocal deposits and money market accounts equal their carrying amounts, which represent the amounts payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-term, fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies market interest rates on certificates of deposit to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on such deposits. Deposits are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

 FHLBNY Advances: The fair value of the advances is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current market-based FHLBNY interest rates for advances of similar maturity to a schedule of maturities of such advances. These borrowings are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

 Derivatives: The Company works directly with a third-party vendor to provide periodic valuations for its interest-rate risk-management agreements to determine fair value of its interest rate swaps executed for interest-rate risk management. The vendor utilizes standard

 valuation methodologies applicable to interest rate derivatives based on readily observable market data and are therefore considered Level 2 valuations.

 Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments: Fair values for off-balance-sheet instruments (lending commitments and letters of credit) are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties' credit standing. Off-balance-sheet instruments are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

 The following tables detail the assets that are carried at fair value and measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine the fair value:

 Description

 Total

 Available-for-Sale Securities, at fair value:

 $

 2,784

 $

 2,784

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Corporate bonds

 23,132

 —

 —

 —

 8,681

 8,681

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at fair value

 9,980

 —

 9,980

 —

 Interest rate swap

 4,435

 —

 4,435

 —

 $

 134,317

 $

 3,320

 $

 130,997

 $

 —

 Description

 Total

 Available-for-Sale Securities, at fair value:

 $

 2,689

 $

 2,689

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Corporate bonds

 22,629

 —

 —

 —

 9,634

 —

 9,634

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at fair value

 1,979

 —

 1,979

 —

 Derivatives from interest rate lock commitments

 —

 —

 $

 131,506

 $

 3,419

 $

 128,065

 $

 Management's assessment and classification of an investment within a level can change over time based upon maturity or liquidity of the investment and would be reflected at the beginning of the quarter in which the change occurred.

 The following tables detail the assets carried at fair value and measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and indicate the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine the fair value:

 Total

 Impaired loans

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Total

 Impaired loans

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Losses on assets carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis were de minimis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments were as follows:

 Carrying

 Fair Value Measurements

 Total

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Available-for-sale securities, at fair value

 3,320

 116,582

 —

 Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value

 9,980

 —

 9,980

 —

 9,980

 Loans receivable, net

 1,895,886

 —

 —

 1,844,507

 1,844,507

 Accrued interest receivable

 18,010

 —

 18,010

 —

 18,010

 FHLBNY stock

 —

 —

 Interest rate swap

 4,435

 —

 4,435

 —

 4,435

 Financial liabilities:

 Deposits:

 Demand deposits

 —

 —

 Interest-bearing deposits

 —

 —

 —

 594,234

 —

 594,234

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 10,778

 —

 10,778

 —

 10,778

 —

 674,155

 —

 674,155

 Interest rate swap

 4,435

 —

 4,435

 —

 4,435

 Accrued interest payable

 11,965

 —

 11,965

 —

 11,965

 Carrying

 Fair Value Measurements

 Total

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Available-for-sale securities, at fair value

 3,419

 126,086

 —

 Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost

 —

 —

 1,494

 —

 1,494

 —

 1,494

 Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value

 1,979

 —

 1,979

 —

 1,979

 Loans receivable, net

 1,493,127

 —

 —

 1,430,864

 1,430,864

 Accrued interest receivable

 15,049

 —

 15,049

 —

 15,049

 FHLBNY stock

 —

 —

 Financial liabilities:

 Deposits:

 Demand deposits

 —

 —

 Interest-bearing deposits

 —

 —

 —

 450,224

 —

 450,224

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance

 9,724

 —

 9,724

 —

 9,724

 —

 503,406

 —

 503,406

 Accrued interest payable

 1,390

 —

 1,390

 —

 1,390

 The following table reconciles, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the beginning and ending balances for debt securities available-for-sale that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, using significant unobservable inputs.

 2023

 2022

 Beginning balance

 $

 —

 $

 4,929

 Total loss included in earnings

 —

 ( 344

)

 Securities sold

 —

 —

 Transfer out of level 3

 —

 ( 4,585

)

 Ending balance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the valuation hierarchy at the end of the applicable reporting periods. There was no transfer out of Level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2023 and one security transferred out of Level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2022. Fair value for Level 3 securities was determined using a third-party pricing service with limited levels of activity and price transparency.

 Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments: There loan commitments on which the committed interest rate is less than the current market rate insignificant at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The fair value information about financial instruments are disclosed, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company. The estimated fair value amounts for 2023 and 2022 have been measured as of their respective period-ends and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than amounts reported at each period.
 The information presented should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only required for a limited portion of the Company's assets and liabilities. Due to the wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company's disclosures and those of other banks may not be meaningful.

 Note 16. Regulatory Capital Requirements

 The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve Board, the OCC and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's operations and financial statements. Under the regulatory capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
 Quantitative measures established by regulation require the maintenance of minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total risk-based and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (as defined), common equity Tier 1 capital (as defined), and Tier 1 capital to adjusted total assets (as defined) adjusted total assets (as defined). As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the applicable capital adequacy requirements specified below have been met.
 The below minimum capital requirements exclude the capital conservation buffer required to avoid limitations on capital distributions including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The applicable capital buffer for the Bank was 15.30 % and 22.53 % at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 The most recent notification from the OCC categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Company and the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, common equity risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There were no conditions or events since then that have changed the Bank's category.

 The Company's and the Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2023 as compared to regulatory requirements are as follows:

 To Be Well

 Capitalized Under

 For Capital

 Prompt Corrective

 Actual

 Adequacy Purposes

 Action Provisions

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 $

 533,513

 25.06

 %

 $

 170,302

 8.00 %

 $

 212,878

 10.00

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 507,042

 23.82

 %

 127,727

 6.00 %

 170,302

 8.00

 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio

 282,042

 13.25

 %

 95,795

 4.50 %

 138,371

 6.50

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Total Assets

 507,042

 19.71

 %

 102,911

 4.00 %

 128,639

 5.00

 %

 Ponce Bank

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 $

 492,622

 23.30

 %

 $

 169,153

 8.00 %

 $

 211,441

 10.00

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 466,151

 22.05

 %

 126,865

 6.00 %

 169,153

 8.00

 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio

 466,151

 22.05

 %

 95,149

 4.50 %

 137,437

 6.50

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Total Assets

 466,151

 17.49

 %

 106,591

 4.00 %

 133,239

 5.00

 %

 To Be Well

 Capitalized Under

 For Capital

 Prompt Corrective

 Actual

 Adequacy Purposes

 Action Provisions

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 $

 530,241

 33.72

 %

 $

 125,791

 8.00 %

 $

 157,238

 10.00

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 510,537

 32.47

 %

 94,343

 6.00 %

 125,791

 8.00

 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio

 285,537

 18.16

 %

 70,757

 4.50 %

 102,205

 6.50

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Total Assets

 510,537

 26.29

 %

 77,665

 4.00 %

 97,082

 5.00

 %

 Ponce Bank

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 $

 476,519

 30.53

 %

 $

 124,883

 8.00 %

 $

 156,104

 10.00

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets

 456,816

 29.26

 %

 93,662

 6.00 %

 124,883

 8.00

 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio

 456,816

 29.26

 %

 70,247

 4.50 %

 101,468

 6.50

 %

 Tier 1 Capital to Total Assets

 456,816

 20.47

 %

 89,264

 4.00 %

 111,580

 5.00

 %

 Ponce Bank, through its Mortgage World division, is subject to various net worth requirements in connection with lending agreements that Ponce Bank has entered with purchase facility lenders. Failure to maintain minimum capital requirements could result in the Bank's Mortgage World division being unable to originate and service loans, and, therefore, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 The Bank 's minimum net worth requirements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are reflected below:

 Minimum

 Requirement

 HUD

 $

 1,000

 Minimum

 Requirement

 HUD

 $

 1,000

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was in compliance with all minimum capital requirements as specified above.

 Note 17. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
 The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:

2022

2023

 Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net

 $

)

 $

 2,211

 $

 ( 15,649

)

 Total

 $

)

 $

 2,211

 $

 ( 15,649

)

2021

2022

 Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net

 $

 ( 1,456

)

 $

)

 $

)

 Total

 $

 ( 1,456

)

 $

)

 $

)

 Note 18. Transactions with Related Parties
 Directors, executive officers and non-executive officers of the Company have been customers of and have had transactions with the Bank, and it is expected that such persons will continue to have such transactions in the future. Aggregate loan transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Beginning balance (1)

 $

 8,318

 $

 5,631

 $

 Originations (1)

 1,725

 6,418

 Payments

 ( 1,233

)

 ( 3,731

)

 ( 82

)

 Ending balance

 $

 8,810

 $

 8,318

 $

 (1) The beginning balance for 2022 includes loans held by James Perez who became a director on March 17, 2022.

 The Company held deposits in the amount of $8.4 million, $ 8.0 million and $ 6.2 million from officers and directors at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Note 19. Parent Company Only Financial Statements
 The following are the condensed financial statements of the Parent as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 ASSETS

 2023

 2022

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 13,808

 $

 28,318

 Investment in Ponce Bank

 450,502

 438,975

 Investment in Lending Front

 1,000

 1,000

 Investment in Bamboo

 3,723

 2,500

 Loan receivable - ESOP

 13,317

 14,377

 Other assets

 9,468

 7,702

 Total assets

 $

 491,818

 $

 492,872

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Other liabilities and accrued expenses

 $

 $

 Stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 491,818

 $

 492,872

 2023

 2022

 Interest on ESOP loan

 $

 $

 Interest on other deposits

 —

 Share-based compensation expense

 1,888

 1,567

 Management fee expense

 Office occupancy and equipment

 Professional fees

 2,042

 1,938

 Contribution to the Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 4,995

 Other noninterest expenses

 1,086

 Total noninterest expense

 4,838

 10,170

 Loss before income taxes

 ( 4,544

)

 ( 9,864

)

 Benefit for income taxes

 ( 834

)

 ( 2,009

)

 Equity in undistributed earnings of Ponce Bank

 7,062

 ( 22,146

)

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 2023

 2022

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

 $

 3,352

 $

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:

 Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries

 ( 7,062

)

 22,146

 Investment in Grain write-off

 —

 1,000

 Deferred income tax

 ( 798

)

 Share-based compensation expense

 1,888

 1,567

 Increase in other assets

 ( 968

)

 ( 750

)

 Net increase in other liabilities

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 3,338

)

 ( 4,807

)

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

 Investment in Lending Front

 —

 ( 1,000

)

 Investment in Bamboo

 ( 1,223

)

 ( 2,500

)

 Investment in Ponce Bank

 —

 ( 302,322

)

 Loan to the ESOP

 —

 ( 10,974

)

 Repayment of ESOP Loan

 1,060

 1,052

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 163

)

 ( 315,744

)

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

 Common stock issued from vesting of restricted stock units

 —

 Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock

 —

 Contribution to Ponce De Leon Foundation

 —

 ( 1,000

)

 Repurchase of treasury shares

)

 —

 Proceeds from the sale of treasury stock

 —

 —

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities

)

 224,002

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 14,510

)

 ( 96,549

)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 28,318

 124,867

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

 $

 13,808

 $

 28,318

 Note 20. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited)

 2023

 2022

 Fourth

 Third

 Second

 First

 Fourth

 Third

 Second

 First

 (Dollars in thousands except share data)

 $

 17,197

 $

 16,542

 $

 16,282

 $

 15,245

 $

 16,166

 $

 17,611

 $

 15,488

 $

 17,338

 (Benefit) provision for credit losses

 ( 375

)

 ( 174

)

 12,641

 9,330

 1,258

 Net interest income after
 (benefit) provision for credit losses

 17,572

 16,007

 15,295

 15,419

 3,525

 8,281

 14,671

 16,080

 Noninterest income

 1,285

 5,627

 1,492

 1,819

 1,577

 2,179

 2,226

 Noninterest expense

 17,897

 17,316

 17,089

 16,361

 15,765

 25,416

 16,567

 28,074

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 4,318

 ( 302

)

 ( 11,803

)

 ( 15,558

)

 ( 9,768

)

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes

 1,728

 ( 215

)

 ( 2,589

)

 ( 820

)

 ( 488

)

 ( 2,948

)

 $

 $

 2,590

 $

 ( 87

)

 $

 $

 ( 9,214

)

 $

 ( 14,738

)

 $

 $

 ( 6,820

)

 Basic earnings (loss) per share

 $

 0.02

 $

 0.12

 $

 —

 $

 0.01

 $

 ( 0.40

)

 $

 ( 0.64

)

 $

 0.03

 $

 ( 0.31

)

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 $

 0.02

 $

 0.12

 $

 —

 $

 0.01

 $

 ( 0.40

)

 $

 ( 0.64

)

 $

 0.03

 $

 ( 0.31

)

 Basic weighted average
 common shares

 22,224,945

 22,272,076

 23,208,168

 23,293,013

 23,168,097

 23,094,859

 23,056,559

 21,721,113

 Diluted weighted average
 common shares

 22,406,102

 22,349,217

 23,208,168

 23,324,532

 23,168,097

 23,094,859

 23,128,911

 21,721,113

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure

 a) Controls and Procedures

 An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company's management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

 b) Management's Annual Report

 The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of the Company's financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

 In designing and evaluating the Company's disclosure controls and procedures, the Company and its management recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only a reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on management's assessment, the Company believes that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting is effective based on the criteria established by Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Not applicable.

 d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 There were no significant changes made in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 None.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection.

 None.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 The "Proposal I - Election of Directors – Directors, and – Executive Officer who is not a Director" sections of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement") are incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 The "Executive Compensation" section of the 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 The "Voting Securities and Principal Holders" and "Executive Compensation – Benefit Plans and Agreements – Long-Term Incentive Plan" sections of the Company's 2024 Proxy statement are incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 The "Transactions with Certain Related Persons, - Board Independence and -Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors" sections of the Company's 2024 Proxy statement are incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 The "Proposal II - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" section of the 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a)(1) Financial Statements

 The following are filed as a part of this Form 10-K under Item 8:

 (A) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 (B) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 (C) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 (D) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 (E) Consolidated Statements Stockholders' Equity for the Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 (F) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 (G) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules

 None.

 (a)(3) Exhibits

 Exhibit Index

 Exhibit
 Number

 Description

 3.1

 Articles of Incorporation of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (attached as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Form S-1 (File No. 333-258394) filed with the Commission on August 3, 2021).

 3.2

 Bylaws of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (attached as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Form S-1 (File No. 333-258394) filed with the Commission on August 3, 2021).

 3.3

 Articles Supplementary to the Charter of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (attached as Exhibit 3.1 to Ponce Financial Group, Inc.'s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on June 9, 2022).

 4.1

 Form of Common Stock Certificate of Ponce Financial Group, Inc. (attached as Exhibit 4.0 to the Registrant's amendment No. 1 to the Form S-1 (File No, 333-258394) filed with the Commission on November 5, 2021).

 4.2

 Description of Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.(attached as Exhibit 4.2 to Ponce Financial Group's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on March 31, 2022).

 10.1

 Ponce Bank Employee Stock Ownership Program with 401(k) provisions. (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-K (Filed No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on March 21, 2023).

 10.2

 Amendment No.1 to the Ponce Bank Employee Stock Ownership Program with 401(k) provisions. (attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 10-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on March 21, 2003).

 10.3

 Ponce De Leon Federal Deferred Compensation Plan (attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.4

 Employment Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2017, by and between Ponce de Leon Federal Bank and Carlos P. Naudon (attached as Exhibit 10.4 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.5

 Employment Agreement entered into by and among Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company, PDL Community Bancorp and Carlos P. Naudon (attached as Exhibit 10.5 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.6

 Employment Agreement, dated March 23, 2017, by and between Ponce De Leon Federal Bank and Steven Tsavaris (attached as Exhibit 10.6 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.7

 Employment Agreement entered into by and among Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company, PDL Community Bancorp and Steven Tsavaris (attached as Exhibit 10.7 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.8

 Employment Agreement, dated March 31, 2017, by and between Ponce De Leon Federal Bank and Frank Perez (attached as Exhibit 10.8 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.9

 Employment Agreement entered into by and among Ponce Bank Mutual Holding Company, PDL Community Bancorp and Frank Perez (attached as Exhibit 10.9 to the PDL Community Bancorp's Form S-1 (File No. 333-217275) filed with the Commission on April 12, 2017).

 10.10

 Amendment to Employment Agreement of Frank Perez, dated May 25, 2022 (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to Ponce Financial Group, Inc.'s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on May 31, 2022).

 10.11

 Employment Agreement of Frank Perez dated April 26, 2023 (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on May 2, 2023).

 10.12

 Specimen Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-38224) filed with the Commission on December 12, 2018).

 10.13

 Specimen Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (attached as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-38224) filed with the Commission on December 12, 2018).

 10.14

 Specimen Form of Stock Option Agreement for Employees (attached as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-38224) filed with the Commission on December 12, 2018).

 10.15

 Specimen Form of Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (attached as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-38224) filed with the Commission on December 12, 2018).

 10.16 *

 Specimen Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees under the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 10.17 *

 Specimen Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 10.18 *

 Specimen Form of Stock Option Agreement for Employees under the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 10.19 *

 Specimen Form of Premium Stock Option Agreement for Employees under the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 10.20 *

 Specimen Form of Premium Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 10.21

 PDL Community Bancorp 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (attached as Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant's Form S-8 (File No. 333-262674) filed with the Commission on February 11, 2022).

 10.22

 Ponce Financial Group, Inc. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2023).

 10.23

 Letter Agreement and Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 7, 2022, by and among Ponce Financial Group and Treasury (attached as Exhibit 10.1 to Ponce Financial Group, Inc.'s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on June 9, 2022).

 10.24

 Registration Rights Agreement between Ponce Financial Group and the Treasury, dated June 7, 2022 (attached as Exhibit 10.2 to Ponce Financial Group, Inc.'s current report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41255) filed with the Commission on June 9, 2022).

 21.1*

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant.

 31.1*

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2*

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1*

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2*

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1*

 Compensation Recovery Policy.

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 * Filed herewith.

 Management contract or compensatory plan.

 Item 16. FORM 10-K Summary.

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date: March 19, 2024

 By:

 /s/ Carlos P. Naudon

 Carlos P. Naudon

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Name

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Carlos P. Naudon

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Carlos P. Naudon

 /s/ Sergio J. Vaccaro

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 Sergio J. Vaccaro

 /s/ Steven A. Tsavaris

 Executive Chairman and Director

 Steven A. Tsavaris

 /s/ James Demetriou

 James Demetriou

 /s/ William Feldman

 William Feldman

 /s/ Julio Gurman

 Julio Gurman

 /s/ Maria Alvarez

 Maria Alvarez

 /s/ Nick Lugo

 Nick Lugo

 /s/ James Perez

 James Perez