UNITED STATES

 UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 1-16725
 PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

 711 High Street,
 Des Moines, Iowa 50392
(Address of principal executive offices)

 42-1520346
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

 ( 515) 247-5111
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Common Stock, par value $0.01

 Trading symbol(s)
 PFG

 Name of each exchange on which registered
 Nasdaq Global Select Market

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes No
 As of February 2, 2024, there were outstanding 235,868,487 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share of the Registrant.
 The aggregate market value of the shares of the Registrant's common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $ 18.7 billion based on the closing price of $75.84 per share of Common Stock on June 30, 2023.
 Documents Incorporated by Reference
 The information required to be furnished pursuant to Part III of this Form 10-K is set forth in, and is hereby incorporated by reference herein from, the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 21, 2024, to be filed by the Registrant with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2023.

 PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Information about our Executive Officers

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Signatures

 Schedule I — Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties

 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only)

 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information

 Schedule IV — Reinsurance

 NOTE CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements relating to trends in operations and financial results and the business and the products of the Registrant and its subsidiaries, as well as other statements including words such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect," "intend" and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are made based upon management's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.
 Actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties. Those risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors listed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors."

 Item 1. Business
 Principal Financial Group, Inc. ("PFG") is a leader in global financial services offering businesses, individuals and institutional clients a wide range of financial products and services, including retirement, asset management and workplace benefits and protection solutions through our diverse family of financial services companies. We had $1,578.7 billion in assets under administration ("AUA"), including $694.5 billion in assets under management ("AUM") as of December 31, 2023.
 Our global asset management businesses serve a broad range of institutional, retirement, high net worth, and retail investors worldwide. Our focused investment teams provide diverse, long-term investment capabilities including equity, fixed income, real estate, and other alternative investments, as well as fund offerings. Our international asset management and accumulation businesses focus on the opportunities created as aging populations around the world drive increased demand for retirement accumulation, retirement asset management and retirement income management solutions.
 In the U.S., we offer a broad array of retirement and employee benefit and insurance solutions to meet the needs of the business owner and their employees. We are a leading provider of defined contribution plans, nonqualified plans, defined benefit plans and pension risk transfer services. We are also a leading employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") consultant. In addition, we are one of the largest providers of specialty benefits and insurance solutions for business owners and their employees. We believe small and medium-sized businesses are an underserved market, offering attractive growth opportunities in the retirement and employee benefit markets.
 Our Reportable Segments
 We organize our businesses into the following reportable segments:

 Retirement and Income Solutions;

 Principal Asset Management and

 Benefits and Protection.

 We also have a Corporate segment, which consists of the assets and activities that have not been allocated to any other segment.
 See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 20, Segment Information" for financial results of our segments.
 Talcott Reinsurance Transaction
 During 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life &Annuity Re, Ltd. ("Talcott Life & Annuity Re"), a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and universal life insurance with secondary guarantee ("ULSG") blocks of business (the "Talcott Reinsurance Transaction"). See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Reinsurance, for further details.
 Retirement and Income Solutions Segment
 Our asset accumulation activities in the U.S. date back to the 1940s when we first began providing pension plan products and services. We offer a comprehensive portfolio of products and services for retirement savings along with select products for retirement income:

 To businesses of all sizes, we offer products and services for defined contribution plans, including 401(k) and 403(b) plans; defined benefit plans; nonqualified executive benefit plans; stock services, including ESOPs and equity compensation; and pension risk transfer services;

 To large institutional clients, we also offer investment only products, including guaranteed investment contracts ("GICs");

 To employees of businesses and other individuals, we offer the ability to accumulate savings and provide an income stream for retirement and other purposes through mutual funds, individual variable annuities, registered index-linked annuities ("RILAs") and bank products; and

 To non-retirement businesses, we offer trust and custody services.

 Workplace Savings and Retirement Solutions ("WSRS")
 We offer a wide variety of investment and administrative products and services for defined contribution plans, including 401(k) and 403(b) plans; defined benefit plans; nonqualified executive benefit plans and stock services, including ESOPs and equity compensation.
 WSRS products respond to the needs of plan sponsors seeking both administrative and investment services for defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. The investment component of both the defined contribution and defined benefit plans may be in the form of a guaranteed account, separate account, a mutual fund offering or a collective investment trust. In addition, defined contribution plan sponsors may also offer their own employer securities as an investment option under the plan.
 We deliver both administrative and investment services to our defined contribution plan and defined benefit plan customers through annuity contracts, collective investment trusts and mutual funds. Group annuity contracts and collective investment trusts used to fund qualified plans are not required to be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our mutual fund service platform is called Principal Advantage. It is a qualified plan service package based on our series mutual fund, Principal Funds, Inc. ("PFI"). We offer investments covering the full range of stable value, equity, fixed income, real estate and international investment options managed by our Principal Asset Management segment as well as third party asset managers. In addition, WSRS offers plan sponsors trust services through an affiliated trust company.
 As of December 31, 2023, we provided WSRS products to (a) over 40,000 defined contribution plans including $462.9 billion in assets and covering approximately 11.1 million eligible plan participants, and (b) to over 1,700 defined benefit plans, including $17.9 billion in assets and covering over 418,000 eligible plan participants. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 32% of our WSRS account values were managed by our Principal Asset Management segment, 63% were managed entirely by the third party asset managers that were not under contract to sub-advise a PFG product, 2% were sub-advised and 3% represented employer securities.
 We offer our WSRS products and services to plans, including qualified and nonqualified defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans. These products and services are offered to businesses of all sizes including plans sponsored by small and mid-sized businesses, which we believe remains underpenetrated, and large institutional clients. We distribute our WSRS products and services nationally, primarily through a captive retirement services sales force. As of December 31, 2023, 88 retirement services sales representatives in 14 offices, operating as a wholesale distribution network, maintained relationships with over 11,000 independent advisors, consultants and agents. Retirement services sales representatives are an integral part of the sales process alongside the referring consultant or independent advisor. We compensate retirement services sales representatives through a blend of salary and production-based incentives. We administer, on behalf of the plan, commission or fee payments to independent advisors, consultants and agents.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had a staff of over 320 service and education specialists located across the U.S. These specialists play a key role in the ongoing servicing of plans by providing local services to our customers, such as reviewing plan performance, investment options and plan design; communicating the customers' needs and feedback to us and helping employees understand the benefits of their plans. The following summarizes our distribution channels:

 We distribute our annuity-based products through intermediaries who are primarily state licensed individuals.

 Principal Advantage platform is targeted at defined contribution plans through broker-dealer distribution channels. Principal Advantage gives us access to Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") registered distributors who are not traditional sellers of annuity-based products and broadens opportunities for us in the investment advisor and broker-dealer distribution channels.

 Through our Retire Secure strategy we provide financial education and other assistance to individual investors who are participants/members of employer-based accumulation solutions to help them achieve financial security.

 We believe our approach to WSRS plan services distribution, which gives us a targeted sales and service presence, along with our offering of Principal Total Retirement Solutions differentiates us from many of our competitors. We have also established a number of marketing and distribution relationships to increase the sales of our products and services.

 Individual Variable Annuities and RILAs
 Individual variable annuities and RILAs, which are savings vehicles through which the customer makes one or more deposits of varying amounts and intervals, are offered to individuals.
 Our individual variable deferred annuities provide customers with the flexibility to allocate their deposits to mutual funds managed by the Principal Asset Management segment or unaffiliated third party asset managers, with variable and guaranteed options. Generally speaking, the customers bear the investment risk for the variable options and have the right to allocate their assets among various separate mutual funds. The value of the annuity fluctuates in accordance with the experience of the mutual funds chosen by the customer. Customers have the option to allocate all or a portion of their account to our guaranteed option, in which case we credit interest at rates we determine, subject to contractual minimums. As of December 31, 2023, of our $9.4 billion variable annuity account balances invested in mutual funds, 91% was allocated to mutual funds managed by the Principal Asset Management segment and our guaranteed option. The remaining balance was allocated to mutual funds managed by unaffiliated third party asset managers.
 Customers may elect a living benefit guarantee (commonly known in the industry as a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit, or "GMWB"). We bear the GMWB investment risk. Our goal is to hedge the GMWB investment risk through the use of sophisticated risk management techniques. As of December 31, 2023, $6.5 billion of the $9.3 billion of variable annuity separate account values had the GMWB rider. Our major source of revenue from individual variable annuities is mortality and expense fees we charge to the customer, generally determined as a percentage of the market value of the assets held in a separate investment sub-account. Account balances of variable annuity contracts with the GMWB rider were invested in separate account investment options as follows:

 Balanced funds

 $

 6,272.4

 $

 5,995.7

 Equity funds

 140.1

 123.7

 Bond funds

 59.0

 61.0

 Money market funds

 12.6

 12.0

 Specialty funds

 0.7

 0.7

 Total

 $

 6,484.8

 $

 6,193.1

 Percent of total variable annuity separate account values

 %

 %

 In the second quarter of 2023, we began offering a new RILA, which provides policyholders with index-linked investment options and a fixed interest investment option, with different available term lengths. The index-linked investment options include protection against negative index performance through floor or buffer rates.
 Our target markets for individual variable annuities and RILAs include owners, executives and employees of small and medium-sized businesses and individuals seeking to accumulate and/or eventually receive distributions of assets for retirement. We market variable annuities and RILAs to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings.
 We sell our individual variable annuity products primarily through our affiliated financial representatives, including Principal Connection, who collectively accounted for 85%, 87% and 86% of annuity sales for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The remaining sales were made primarily through unaffiliated broker-dealer firms. Principal Connection is our direct distribution channel for retail financial services products to individuals. Principal Connection's services are available by phone, email or mail.
 Investment Only
 The two primary products for which we provide investment only services are GICs and funding agreements.
 GICs and funding agreements pay a specified rate of return. The rate of return can be a floating rate based on an external market index or a fixed rate. Our investment only products contain provisions disallowing or limiting early surrenders, including penalties for early surrenders and minimum notice requirements.

 Deposits to investment only products are predominantly in the form of single payments. As a result, the level of new deposits can fluctuate from one fiscal quarter to another. The amounts earned by us are derived in part from the difference between the investment income earned by us and the amount credited to the customer. The Principal Asset Management segment manages the assets supporting the contractual promises.
 Funding agreements are issued directly to non-qualified institutions, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB Des Moines") and unconsolidated special purpose entities. As part of our funding agreement-backed note programs, U.S. and foreign institutional investors purchase debt obligations from the special purpose entity which, in turn, purchases the funding agreement from us with terms similar to those of the debt obligations. The strength of this market is dependent on debt capital market conditions. As a result, our sales through this channel can vary widely from one quarter to another.
 Pension Risk Transfer
 Pension risk transfer products respond primarily to the needs of pension plan sponsors in the form of single premium group annuities, which are immediate or deferred annuities that provide a current or future specific income amount, fully guaranteed by us. The majority of our business originates from defined benefit plans that are being terminated. In these situations, the plan sponsor transfers all its obligations under the plan to an insurer by paying a single premium. Generally, plan sponsors restrict their purchases to insurance companies with superior or excellent financial quality ratings because the Department of Labor ("DOL") has mandated that annuities be purchased only from the "safest available" insurers.
 Since premium received from pension risk transfer products is generally in the form of single payments, the level of premiums can fluctuate depending on the number of large-scale annuity sales in a particular quarter. The Principal Asset Management segment manages the assets supporting pension risk transfer account values.
 Our primary distribution channel for pension risk transfer products is comprised of several specialized home office sales consultants working through consultants and brokers that specialize in this type of business. Our sales consultants also make sales directly to institutions. Our nationally dispersed retirement services sales representatives act as a secondary distribution channel for these products.
 Banking Services
 Principal Bank is a U.S. federal savings bank that was formed in February 1998. As of December 31, 2023, Principal Bank had nearly 708,000 customers and approximately $8.2 billion in assets. Principal Bank operates under a limited purpose charter and may only accept deposits held in a fiduciary capacity; however, it may not hold demand deposits. It also may not own commercial loans or originate loans.
 Individual retirement accounts ("IRAs") are provided by Principal Bank, primarily funded by retirement savings rolled over from qualified retirement plans. Principal Bank offers Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured cash solutions for customers in the form of savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. The deposit products provide a relatively stable source of funding and liquidity for Principal Bank and are backed by purchases of investment securities and residential mortgage loans. In addition, Principal Bank serves as a trustee or custodian for institutional customers and facilitates cash sweep services for its affiliates and their customers through the Principal Deposit Sweep program.
 Principal Bank offers products and services primarily to participants rolling out of qualified retirement plans largely serviced by affiliates of PFG. Principal Bank services customers by telephone, mail and internet and offers digital advice services through its subsidiary, Principal Advised Services, LLC.

 Individual Fixed Annuities
 In 2021, we ceased sales of individual fixed annuity products, and in 2022, we reinsured the block of business existing as of January 1, 2022, with Talcott Life & Annuity Re as part of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Annuitizations from existing products occurring after this date are not reinsured.
 Principal Asset Management Segment
 Our Principal Asset Management segment provides global investment solutions to institutional, retirement, retail and high net worth investors in the U.S. and select emerging markets.
 Principal Global Investors
 Our Principal Global Investors operations manages assets for sophisticated investors around the world using focused investment teams that provide diverse investment capabilities including equity, fixed income, real estate and other alternative investments. We also have experience in asset allocation, stable value management and other structured investment strategies. We focus on providing services to our other segments in addition to our retail mutual fund and third party institutional clients. We maintain offices in Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.
 We deliver our products and services through our network of focused investment teams including Principal Global Equities; Principal Global Fixed Income (including Finisterre emerging market debt teams); Aligned Investors; Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC; Principal Real Estate Europe Limited; Spectrum Asset Management, Inc.; Post Advisory Group, LLC; Principal Dynamic Growth; Edge Asset Management; Claritas Administra o de Recursos Ltda. ("Claritas"); Origin Asset Management Limited Liability Partnership and Principal Asset Allocation. The Principal Global Investors focused investment teams managed $499.5 billion in assets as of December 31, 2023.
 We have been providing mutual funds to customers since 1969. We offer mutual funds to individuals, businesses and institutional investors for use within variable life contracts, variable annuity contracts and employer-sponsored pension plans; as a rollover investment option and for general investment purposes. As of December 31, 2023, as reported by Morningstar, we ranked 19 th in terms of U.S. mutual fund AUM and 40 th in terms of exchange traded fund AUM.
 We also maintain various other domestic and global fund platforms, separately managed accounts and segregated accounts for some larger institutional and retail investors.
 Our products and services are provided for a fee as defined by client mandates. Our fees are generally driven by AUM.
 Focused Investment Teams
 Our focused investment team strategy is diversified across the following primary asset classes and service delivery options.
 Equity Investments. As of December 31, 2023, Principal Global Equities, Aligned Investors and Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC along with Principal Dynamic Growth, Edge Asset Management, Origin Asset Management Limited Liability Partnership and Claritas managed $232.7 billion in global equity assets. Our equity capabilities encompass large-cap stocks, mid-cap stocks, small-cap stocks and real estate investment trusts in developed and emerging markets worldwide.
 Fixed Income Investments. As of December 31, 2023, Principal Global Fixed Income and Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC along with Spectrum Asset Management, Inc. and Post Advisory Group, LLC managed $192.3 billion in global fixed income assets. Collectively, our experience in fixed income management spans multiple economic and credit market cycles and encompasses all major fixed income security types and sectors, including commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"). Our research and risk management capabilities in worldwide debt markets provide a strong foundation for broadly diversified "multi-sector" portfolios, tailored to specific client objectives.
 Real Estate and Other Alternative Investments. We offer products and services through other alternative asset classes including managing private real estate equity through Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC and Principal Real Estate Europe Limited; managing commercial mortgages and bridge/mezzanine loans through Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC and managing real estate and timber investments through Claritas. As of December 31, 2023, we managed $74.5 billion in alternative asset classes.
 Principal Asset Allocation. Principal Asset Allocation is a specialized asset allocation investment team offering multi-asset and/or multi-manager portfolio construction services that aim to deliver reliable, risk-adjusted investment outcomes to individual investors, institutional investors and participants in employer-sponsored plans.

 Products and Services
 Products offered by the Principal Global Investors operations include individually managed accounts, separately managed accounts for high net worth individuals and several fund platforms for retail and institutional investors, as described below.
 Principal Funds, Inc. PFI is a series mutual fund that offers investment options for defined contribution plans, individuals, institutional investors, adviser fee-based programs and other retirement plan clients. We report the results for this fund in the Retirement and Income Solutions segment or Principal Global Investors operations based on the distribution channel associated with the AUM.
 Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. is a series mutual fund that provides investment options for variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts issued by the Principal Life Insurance Company ("Principal Life") and other insurance companies not affiliated with Principal Life. AUM backing our variable annuity contracts is reported in the Retirement and Income Solutions segment. AUM backing our variable life insurance contracts is reported in the Benefits and Protection segment.
 Other Principal Global Investors Funds. Principal Global Investors maintains various fund platforms including Qualifying Investor Alternative Investment Fund and Undertaking for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities ("UCITS") funds domiciled in Dublin, collective investment trusts, exchange traded funds and other focused investment team sponsored funds. These funds are generally managed by our focused investment teams.
 To effectively reach and cater to a diverse range of investors, we employ a multi-channel distribution strategy. Our Global Institutional Advisory Services and Global Wealth Advisory Services teams, relationship managers and client service professionals collaborate with consultants and directly interact with investors to acquire and retain institutional, retail and other investors. These teams are organized into three geographic groups: U.S./Europe clients, Asia Pacific/Middle East clients and Latin America clients. Additionally, we leverage partnerships with independent broker-dealers to further broaden our distribution reach. With a global presence spanning over 80 countries, we are committed to serving a wide range of clients with diverse investment needs.
 Principal International
 Principal International has operations in Latin America and Asia. We focus on locations with growing middle classes and affluent segments, favorable demographics and increasing long-term savings, ideally with defined contribution retirement markets. We also focus on markets with relevant size where we have competitive advantages. We entered these locations through acquisitions, start-up operations and joint ventures.
 The activities of our Principal International operations reflect our efforts to provide long-term savings and retirement solutions to individuals in the locations in which we operate as well as asset management services for institutional clients. We offer pension accumulation products and services, mutual funds, asset management, income annuities and life insurance accumulation products.
 Markets, Products and Distribution
 Brazil. We offer pension accumulation, income annuity, and life insurance accumulation products through a co-managed joint venture, Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia S.A. ("Brasilprev"). We owned 25.005% of the economic interest and 50.01% of the voting shares as of December 31, 2023. The partner is Banco do Brasil ("Banco"), which had 3,984 Brazilian branches as of September 30, 2023.
 Brasilprev has the exclusive distribution rights of its pension accumulation and income annuity products through the Banco network until October 2032. Our joint venture provides products for the retirement needs of individuals and employers. Banco's employees sell these products directly to individual clients through its bank branches and digital channels. In addition, our joint venture reaches corporate clients through two wholesale distribution channels: (1) a network of independent brokers who sell to the public and (2) Banco's corporate account executives who sell to existing and prospective corporate clients. As of December 31, 2023, Brasilprev had $82.4 billion of AUM.
 We also distribute pension and other protection products through a digital insurance brokerage company, Ciclic Corretora de Seguros S.A. ("Ciclic"). Our partner is BB Corretora De Seguros e Administradora De Bens S.A. (a subsidiary of Banco). We owned 25.005% of the economic and 50.01% of the voting shares of Ciclic as of December 31, 2023.

 Chile. We offer a complete array of pension accumulation and income annuity solutions. We also offer mutual fund, asset management services and life insurance accumulation products. Our subsidiaries in Chile had $42.3 billion of AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 We offer mandatory employee-funded pension and voluntary savings plans through Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones Cuprum S.A. ("Cuprum"). We owned 97.97% of Cuprum as of December 31, 2023, and the rest is publicly floated. Cuprum's products are sold through digital means and via a proprietary sales network of approximately 800 sales employees as of December 31, 2023.
 We offer income annuity and life insurance accumulation solutions through Principal Compa a de Seguros de Vida Chile S.A., our wholly owned life insurance company. The annuity products are distributed directly by our sales teams and through a network of brokers and independent agents. Life insurance accumulation products are offered to individuals through brokers and financial advisors and through digital means.
 We offer voluntary savings plans, mutual funds, and asset management solutions through Principal Administradora General de Fondos S.A., our wholly owned mutual fund company. Products are distributed to retail and institutional clients through digital means (we launched an open architecture service platform that provides support to financial advisors) as well as through our proprietary sales force, financial advisors, brokerage houses and alliances with financial institutions.
 Mexico. We offer pension accumulation, mutual funds and asset management services through our wholly owned companies with $22.0 billion of AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 We offer mandatory and voluntary pension plans through Principal Afore, S.A. de C.V., Principal Grupo Financiero. We manage and administer individual retirement accounts under the mandatory privatized social security system for formal employees in Mexico. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 2.6 million individual retirement accounts. We distribute products and services through a proprietary sales force of approximately 294 sales representatives as of December 31, 2023, as well as independent brokers who sell directly to individuals.
 We offer mutual funds and asset management services through Principal Fondos de Inversi n, S.A. de C.V., Operadora de Fondos de Inversi n, Principal Grupo Financiero. We distribute products and services through a sales force of approximately 34 employees as of December 31, 2023, and through distribution agreements with other financial entities. We offer both domestic and international products, typically sold directly to institutional and retail clients. We work in close collaboration with our Principal Global Investors operations for both international products and for the institutional segment.
 Asia
 China. We offer mutual funds and asset management services to individuals and institutions through a joint venture, CCB Principal Asset Management Co., Ltd. ("CCB PAM"). We owned 25% of CCB PAM as of December 31, 2023. China Construction Bank ("CCB") is the majority partner with 65% ownership. China Huadian Capital Holdings owns 10%. CCB PAM distributes its mutual funds through CCB and third-party distributors such as banks, securities brokers and e-channels. CCB provides widespread distribution support for the joint venture via its extensive network of approximately 14,400 bank branches as of December 31, 2022, and brand awareness activities. Although not included in our reported AUM, CCB PAM had $151.2 billion of AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 We offer entrust, account services and investment management for individual and group retirement security products through a joint venture, CCB Pension Management Co., Ltd. ("CCBP"). We owned 17.647% of CCBP as of December 31, 2023. China Construction Bank is the majority partner with 70% ownership. The Social Security Fund of China owns 12.353%. Although not included in our reported AUM, CCBP had $77.5 billion of AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. We offer both pension saving and mutual fund products to corporate and individual clients through wholly owned companies with $10.9 billion in AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 We offer two types of pension saving schemes, Mandatory Provident Fund and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance, which we distribute through third party intermediaries such as insurance companies, independent financial advisors, brokers, and employee benefit consultants. Our most significant partnership is with AXA Hong Kong with whom we have a 15-year distribution partnership through 2030. We serviced approximately 655,000 accounts as of December 31, 2023. To help Hong Kong customers save for retirement beyond the mandatory pension schemes, Principal also offers mutual funds to retail customers through third party intermediaries, the most significant being banks.

 Southeast Asia. We offer mutual funds, asset management services and retirement solutions through our joint ventures in Malaysia, Principal Asset Management Berhad ("PAM") and Principal Islamic Asset Management Sdn. Bhd. ("PIAM"). The partner is CIMB Group ("CIMB"), a leading ASEAN universal bank that has strong presence in the region. The joint ventures had $22.4 billion of AUM as of December 31, 2023.
 PAM offers conventional and Islamic mutual funds, retirement solutions through the branches of CIMB (approximately 600 bank branches throughout ASEAN and beyond as of September 30, 2023) and through its agency sales force of 1,950 agents selling to retail customers as of December 31, 2023. PAM also distributes its mutual funds and retirement solutions through third party institutions including banks, security houses and digital platforms such as digital wallet and online marketplaces. PAM has subsidiaries in Singapore (Principal Asset Management (S) Pte. Ltd.), Indonesia (PT Principal Asset Management) and Thailand (Principal Asset Management Company Limited).
 PIAM offers Islamic asset management services to clients across Southeast Asia and the Middle East. PIAM also offers Islamic mutual funds in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Europe via Principal Global Investors' UCITS platform in Dublin.
 Benefits and Protection Segment
 Our Benefits and Protection segment activities date back to 1879 when we first began selling individual life insurance products. We expanded our offering to include group insurance products in the 1940s and have continued to expand our product portfolio over time. We are uniquely positioned to protect businesses through our broad set of solutions, our expertise and the experiences we offer.

 We protect their employees by offering a comprehensive set of employee benefits that helps recruit and retain talent including nonqualified deferred compensation, employer paid and voluntary group benefits, and guaranteed standard issue life and individual disability insurance.

 We protect their business in the event of a death, disability or resignation of a key employee or future change in management through business owner solutions and disability solutions.

 We protect business owners and their personal needs by helping maintain their lifestyle through life or disability insurance and building and protecting their retirement savings.

 We organize our operations into two divisions: Specialty Benefits and Life Insurance. However, we share key resources in our core areas such as strategic leadership, distribution, operations and marketing.
 Specialty Benefits, which includes group dental, vision, life, critical illness, accident, hospital indemnity, paid family and medical leave ("PFML"), disability insurance and individual disability insurance, is an important component of the employee benefit offering primarily at small and medium-sized businesses.
 Products and Services
 Group Dental and Vision Insurance. Our plans provide partial reimbursement for dental and vision expenses. As of December 31, 2023, we had over 117,000 group dental and vision insurance policies in force covering over 2.9 million employees. According to Life Insurance and Market Research Association ("LIMRA"), we were the 4th largest group dental insurer in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force in 2022. In addition to indemnity and preferred provider organization dental offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis, we offer a prepaid dental plan in Arizona through our Employers Dental Services, Inc. subsidiary. We also offer a discount dental product nationally. Our indemnity vision and our managed care vision products are offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis.
 Group Life and Other Insurance. Our group life insurance provides coverage to employees and their dependents for a specified period. As of December 31, 2023, we had over 95,000 group policies providing nearly $178 billion of group life insurance in force covering approximately 3.0 million employee lives. According to LIMRA, in 2022, we were ranked 1st in the U.S. in terms of the number of group life insurance contracts in force. We currently sell traditional group life insurance that does not provide for accumulation of cash values on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. Our group life insurance business remains focused on the traditional, annually renewable term product. Group term life and group universal life accounted for 99% and 1%, respectively, of our total group life insurance in force as of December 31, 2023. We no longer market group universal life insurance to new employer groups.

 Group Disability Insurance. Our group disability insurance provides a benefit to insured employees who become disabled. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. Our group disability products include both short-term and long-term disability, offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. As of December 31, 2023, long-term disability represented 59% of total group disability premium, while short-term disability represented 41% of total group disability premium. We also provide disability management services, called rehabilitation services, to assist individuals in returning to work as quickly as possible following disability. We work with disability claimants to improve the approval rate of Social Security benefits, thereby reducing payment of benefits by the amount of Social Security payments received. As of December 31, 2023, we served approximately 2.2 million employee lives through over 67,000 contracts. According to LIMRA, our group short-term disability business was ranked 4th and our group long-term disability business was ranked 3rd in the U.S. as of December 31, 2022, in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force. We also offer voluntary critical illness insurance, which provides a lump-sum benefit to pay for additional expenses associated with common critical illnesses; voluntary accident insurance, which pays a lump sum benefit when covered injuries occur because of an accident; and hospital indemnity insurance, which provides a lump sum benefit associated with hospitalization. In 2021, we began selling PFML on a limited basis, which provides paid time off to care for specified family needs or an employee's own serious health condition. As of December 31, 2023, we have sold PFML in three states. We plan to expand to other states in the future.
 Individual Disability Insurance. Individual disability insurance has been sold since the early 1950s. Our individual disability insurance products provide income protection to the insured member and/or business in the event of disability. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. In addition to income replacement, we offer products to pay business-related costs such as overhead expenses for a disabled business owner, buy-out costs for business owners purchasing a disabled owner's interest in the business, expenditures for replacement of a key person and business loan payments. We also offer a product to protect retirement savings in the event of disability. As of December 31, 2023, we served approximately 220,000 individual disability policyholders. According to LIMRA, our individual disability business was ranked 4th in the U.S. in terms of premium in force in the non-cancellable segment of the market and 4th overall, as of December 31, 2022.
 Fee-for-Service. We offer administration of group dental, disability and vision benefits on a fee-for-service basis.
 We specialize in providing solutions primarily for small to medium-sized businesses to protect against risk and loss, assist with succession planning and wealth transfer and to build and protect wealth for retirement. We also provide solutions to meet the personal needs of business owners, executives and key employees. As of September 30, 2021, we narrowed our focus to the business market and ceased sales to the retail consumer market. In 2022, we reinsured our ULSG block of business with Talcott Life & Annuity Re as part of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Our U.S. operations administered approximately 722,000 individual life insurance policies with over $539.0 billion of individual life insurance in force as of December 31, 2023.
 Products and Services
 Our Business Owner Solutions platform as well as our nonqualified deferred compensation offering combines administration and consulting to service our clients' needs. We focus on the business and personal insurance needs of owners, executives and key employees primarily of small and medium-sized businesses with an emphasis on providing insurance solutions for nonqualified executive benefits. We no longer market our products to retail customers. We offer a variety of individual life insurance products, both interest sensitive (including universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance) and traditional.
 Interest Sensitive. Interest sensitive includes universal life ("UL"), variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance products; however, we no longer market universal life insurance with lifetime secondary guarantee provisions. These products offer the policyholder the option of adjusting both the premium and the death benefit amounts of the insurance contract. Universal life insurance typically includes a cash value account that accumulates at a credited interest rate based on the investment returns of the block of business. Variable universal life insurance is credited with the investment returns of the various investment options selected by the policyholder. Indexed universal life is credited with investment returns tied to an external index, subject to a contractual minimum and maximum. For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest sensitive products represented 18% of individual life insurance in force and generated 75% of individual life insurance annualized first year premium sales.

 After a deduction for policy level expenses, we credit net deposits to an account maintained for the policyholder. For universal life contracts, the entire account balance is invested in the general account. Interest is credited to the policyholder's account based on the earnings on general account investments, subject to contractual minimums. For variable universal life contracts, the policyholder may allocate the account balance among our general account and a variety of separate accounts underlying the contract. Interest is credited on amounts allocated to the general account in the same manner as for universal life. Net investment performance on separate accounts is allocated directly to the policyholder accounts; the policyholder bears the investment risk. For indexed universal life, the policyholder may allocate the account balance among our general account and two index accounts. Interest is credited on amounts allocated to the general account in the same manner as for universal life. Net investment performance on the index accounts is allocated directly to the policyholder accounts, subject to the contractual minimum and maximum. Some of our interest sensitive contracts contain what are commonly referred to as "secondary" or "no-lapse" guarantee provisions. These no-lapse guarantees keep the contract in force, even if the policyholder's account balance is insufficient to cover all of the contract charges, provided that the policyholder has continually paid a specified minimum premium.
 Traditional Life Insurance. Traditional life insurance includes term, whole and adjustable life insurance products; however, we no longer market whole and adjustable life insurance products. Term insurance products provide a guaranteed death benefit for a specified period of time in return for the payment of a fixed premium. Term life insurance products represented 80% of individual life insurance in force as of December 31, 2023, and 25% of our individual life insurance annualized first year premium sales for the year ended December 31, 2023. Whole life policies provide a guaranteed death benefit and a cash surrender value in return for payment of fixed premiums. Adjustable life insurance products provide a guaranteed benefit in return for the payment of a fixed premium while allowing the policyholder to set the coverage period, premium and face amount combination.
 Benefits and Protection Markets and Distribution
 For each of our products, administration and distribution channels are customized to meet customer needs and expectations for that product.
 We market our group insurance products primarily to small and medium-sized businesses, through brokers and consultants. We sell our group insurance products in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We continually adapt our products and pricing to meet local market conditions and to comply with state and federal legislation. We market our fee-for-service capabilities to employers that self-insure their employees' dental, disability and vision benefits. We market our fee-for-service businesses in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
 The group insurance market continues to see a shift to voluntary/worksite products due to various pressures on employers. In keeping with this market change, which shifts the funding of such products from the employer to the employee, we continue to place an enhanced focus on our voluntary benefits platform. We believe the voluntary/worksite market presents growth opportunities and we will continue to develop strategies to capitalize on this expanding market.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had 141 sales representatives and 176 service representatives in 26 local markets. Our sales representatives accounted for 100% of our group insurance sales for the year ended December 31, 2023. The service representatives play a key role in servicing the case by providing local, responsive services to our customers and their brokers, such as renewing contracts, revising plans, solving administrative issues and communicating the customers' needs and feedback to us.
 We sell our individual life and individual disability insurance products in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, primarily targeting owners, executives and key employees of small and medium-sized businesses. In 2023, small and medium-sized business sales represented 100% of individual life sales and 70% of individual disability sales for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our life insurance sales efforts focus on the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation and the Business Solutions market. This strategy offers solutions to address business owner financial challenges such as exiting the business, business transition, retaining key employees and retirement planning. Key employees also have needs to supplement retirement income, survivor income and business protection. We believe the Business Owner Solutions segment offers growth opportunities and we will continue to develop strategies to capitalize on this expanding market.
 We distribute our individual life and individual disability insurance products through our affiliated financial representatives and independent brokers, as well as other marketing and distribution alliances. To meet the needs of the various marketing channels, particularly the independent brokers, we employ wholesale distributors — Regional Vice Presidents for nonqualified, business solutions and individual disability.

 Corporate Segment
 Our Corporate segment manages the assets representing capital that has not been allocated to any other segment. Financial results of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including financing costs), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items. Results of Principal Securities, Inc., our retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor, and our exited group medical and long-term care insurance businesses are reported in this segment.
 Competition
 Competition is based on several factors including customer segments, product types and features, external peer comparisons, go-to-market strategies, compensation structure, price, performance, capital markets, capital liquidity and financial strength ratings. We compete with many financial services companies, such as banks, mutual funds, institutional trust companies, broker-dealers, insurers, recordkeepers, asset managers and wealth managers. Some of these companies may offer a broader array of products, more competitive pricing, greater diversity of distribution sources, better brand recognition or, with respect to insurers, higher financial strength ratings. Some may have greater financial resources with which to compete or have better investment performance at various times. We distinguish ourselves from our competitors through three positional advantages:

 our favored customer access through valuable distribution relationships;

 our ability to integrate solutions and services; and

 our focus on high growth markets.

 Ratings
 Insurance companies are assigned financial strength ratings by rating agencies based upon factors relevant to policyholders. Financial strength ratings are generally defined as opinions as to an insurer's financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders. Information about ratings provides both industry participants and insurance consumers meaningful insights on specific insurance companies. Higher ratings generally indicate financial stability and a stronger ability to pay claims.
 Principal Life and Principal National Life Insurance Company ("PNLIC") have been assigned the following insurer financial strength ratings:

 Rating Agency

 Financial Strength Rating

 Rating Structure

 A.M. Best Company, Inc.

 A+ ("Superior") with a stable outlook

 Second highest of 13 rating levels

 Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 AA- ("Very Strong") with a stable outlook

 Fourth highest of 19 rating levels

 Moody's Investors Service

 A1 ("Good") with a stable outlook

 Fifth highest of 21 rating levels

 S&P Global Ratings

 A+ ("Strong") with a stable outlook

 Fifth highest of 20 rating levels

 A.M. Best Company, Inc. ("A.M. Best") ratings for insurance companies range from "A++" to "S". A.M. Best indicates that "A++" and "A+" ratings are assigned to those companies that in A.M. Best's opinion have superior ability to meet ongoing insurance obligations. Fitch Ratings Ltd. ("Fitch") ratings for insurance companies range from "AAA" to "C". Fitch "AA" ratings indicate very strong capacity to meet policyholder and contract obligations. Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") ratings for insurance companies range from "Aaa" to "C". Moody's indicates that "A" ratings are assigned to those companies that offer good financial security. S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") has ratings that range from "AAA" to "D" for insurance companies. S&P indicates that "A" ratings are assigned to those companies that have strong financial security characteristics. In evaluating a company's financial and operating performance, these rating agencies review its profitability, leverage and liquidity, as well as its book of business, the adequacy and soundness of its reinsurance, the quality and estimated market value of its assets, the adequacy of its policy reserves, the soundness of its risk management programs, the experience and competency of its management and other factors.
 We believe our strong ratings are an important factor in marketing our products to our distributors and customers, as ratings information is broadly disseminated and generally used throughout the industry. Our ratings reflect each rating agency's opinion of our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders and are not evaluations directed toward the protection of investors. Such ratings are neither a rating of securities nor a recommendation to buy, hold or sell any security, including our common stock. For more information on ratings, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financial Strength and Credit Ratings."

 Regulation
 Our businesses are subject to regulation and supervision by U.S. federal, state and broker dealer regulatory authorities as well as non-U.S. regulatory authorities for our operations and customers outside the U.S. Our businesses are also subject to U.S. federal, state and local tax laws as well as tax laws for jurisdictions outside the U.S. As we continue to expand our global footprint, we are subject to laws and regulations of jurisdictions where we register and sell products, even if we do not have a physical operating presence.
 PFG, our parent holding company, is not licensed as an insurer, investment advisor, broker-dealer, bank or other regulated entity. However, because it is the holding company for our collective operations, it is subject to regulation in connection with our regulated entities, including as an insurance holding company. We are subject to legal and regulatory requirements applicable to public companies, including public reporting and disclosure, securities trading, accounting and financial reporting and corporate governance.
 U.S. Insurance Laws and Regulations
 We are subject to the insurance holding company laws in the states where our insurance companies are domiciled. Principal Life and PNLIC are domiciled in Iowa and their principal insurance regulatory authority is the Insurance Division of the Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa. Our other U.S. insurance companies are principally regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled. These laws generally require each insurance company directly or indirectly owned by the holding company to register with the insurance department in the insurance company's state of domicile and to furnish financial and other information about the operations of the companies within the holding company system. Transactions affecting the insurers in the holding company system must be fair and at arm's length. Most states have insurance laws that require regulatory approval of a direct or indirect change in control of an insurer or an insurer's holding company and laws that require prior notification to state insurance departments of a change in control of a non-domiciliary insurance company doing business in that state.
 Annually, our U.S. insurance companies must submit an opinion from a board-appointed qualified actuary to state insurance regulators, where licensed, on whether the statutory assets backing statutory reserves are sufficient to meet contractual obligations and related expenses of the insurer. If such an opinion cannot be rendered noting the sufficiency of assets, the insurance company must set up additional statutory reserves drawing from available statutory surplus until such an opinion can be given.
 State insurance departments have broad administrative powers over the insurance business, including insurance company licensing and examination, agent licensing, establishment of reserve requirements and solvency standards, premium rate regulation, admittance of assets to statutory surplus, policy form approval, unfair trade and claims practices regulation and other matters. State insurance statutes also typically place restrictions and limitations on the amount of dividends or other distributions payable by insurance company subsidiaries to their parent companies. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for further details.
 In order to enhance the regulation of insurer solvency, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") has established risk-based capital ("RBC") standards. The standards require life insurers to submit a report to state regulators on an annual basis regarding their RBC based upon categories of risk including the following: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business and operational risk. As of December 31, 2023, the statutory surplus of each of our U.S. life insurance companies exceeded the minimum RBC requirements.
 The following authorities regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations regarding our compliance with applicable laws and regulations:

 state and federal insurance regulatory authorities;

 state and federal securities regulatory authorities;

 federal agencies, such as the DOL;

 state law enforcement agencies and

 state attorneys general.

 Each state has insurance guaranty association laws under which insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, in order to cover contractual benefit obligations of insolvent insurance companies. The guaranty associations levy assessments on each member insurer in a jurisdiction on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by such insurer in the lines of business in which the insolvent insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit the member insurers to recover the assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets.

 U.S. Executive Orders
 The President of the United States manages the operations of the Executive branch of Government through Executive orders. As a U.S.-based business, we are subject to certain Executive orders that could affect our business, operations, regional footprint, risk management strategies and investments and increase our costs of compliance.
 Securities Regulation
 Insurance and investment products that require registration with the SEC, such as variable annuities, RILA, variable life insurance and some funding agreements that constitute securities and mutual fund products are subject to securities laws and regulations, including U.S. state securities regulation as well as U.S. federal regulation under the SEC, FINRA and other regulatory authorities. These regulations affect investment advice, sales and related activities for these products and the compliance oversight construct.
 We also have entities that are registered as investment advisers with the SEC under, and are therefore subject to, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
 Employee Retirement Income Security Act
 As we provide products and services for U.S. and Puerto Rico employee benefit plans, we are subject to regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"). ERISA provisions include reporting and disclosure requirements and standards of conduct.
 Banking Regulation
 Principal Bank, a wholly owned subsidiary, is a U.S. federal savings bank regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Principal Bank's depositors are insured by the FDIC up to specified limits, making Principal Bank subject to certain of the FDIC's regulations.
 Trust Regulation
 Delaware Charter Guarantee & Trust Company conducting business as Principal Trust Company, a wholly owned subsidiary, is a Delaware state chartered trust company regulated by the State of Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner. Principal Trust Company is subject to Delaware banking and trust law.
 Principal Global Investors Trust Company, a wholly owned subsidiary, is an Oregon state registered banking corporation with trust powers regulated by the State of Oregon Division of Financial Regulations. Principal Global Investors Trust Company is subject to Oregon banking regulations.
 Environmental Regulation
 As we own and operate real property, we are subject to U.S. federal, state and local environmental laws, as well as international environmental laws and could be subject to environmental liabilities and costs associated with required remediation of our properties. We routinely have environmental assessments performed for real estate being acquired or used as collateral for commercial mortgages we use for investment.
 Regulation of International Businesses
 Our international businesses are supervised by regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they operate, including regulation and supervision by insurance, securities, tax and privacy regulatory authorities. The purpose of these regulations is similar to the U.S., to protect our customers and the overall financial system. Regulations such as the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, local sanctions directives and the European Union ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") have a global impact on our businesses.

 Risk Management
 Like all financial services companies, we are exposed to a wide variety of financial, operational and other risks, as described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." We have formalized our enterprise risk management approach to enable us to have the right people, culture, tools, knowledge, information, processes and controls in place to effectively identify, measure, monitor, communicate and manage risks within established limits and risk tolerances. Enterprise Risk Management is a key component of our business model at Principal. It helps us:

 Identify and successfully manage those risks that present profitable growth opportunities and avoid those that don't.

 Balance the sometimes-competing demands of our various constituencies; meet our customer obligations, satisfy regulatory requirements and optimize shareholder returns relative to the risks we take.

 We utilize an integrated risk management framework to help us identify, assess, monitor, report, manage and aggregate our material risks within established risk appetites and risk tolerances. The framework delivers important perspective that is used in strategic and tactical decision making and is adaptable to changes in our businesses and in the external environments in which we operate. Our approach also requires a commitment to continuous improvement and ongoing validation.
 Our governance structure includes Board of Directors ("Board") oversight, internal risk committees, an enterprise risk management function and embedded risk professionals in our business units and functional areas. The Board and its committees, which include Audit Committee, Finance Committee, Human Resources Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee, provide oversight no less frequently than quarterly, addressing relevant aspects of our risk profile.
 Our internal risk committees meet on a regular and frequent basis to discuss various issues and review profile status. Each business unit has its own committee that is responsible for oversight of the material risks within the unit or area. These committees may include corporate leaders. We also have internal committees that provide oversight around a certain risk or group of related risks across the organization. This matrix approach helps us maintain comprehensive risk coverage and preserve an integrated view of risks. The Enterprise Risk Management Committee, comprised of members from the Executive Management Group ("EMG"), exercises enterprise-wide oversight for our most significant risk profiles.
 The business units and functional areas have primary responsibility for identifying, assessing, monitoring, reporting and managing their own risks. Our Chief Enterprise Risk Management Officer and supporting staff (independent of the business units) work closely with the dedicated risk professionals in the business units to provide objective oversight, framework enablement and aggregated risk analysis. This results in a model where risk management can be closer to actual risks while also facilitating effective oversight and consolidation at the enterprise level.
 Internal Audit provides independent, risk-based and objective assurance and advice designed to add value and improve our operations. It helps us accomplish our objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, internal control and governance processes; and by promoting continuous improvement. The Chief Internal Auditor reports functionally to the Board Audit Committee and administratively to our Chief Risk Officer.
 Risk appetites, tolerances and limits have been established from an enterprise-wide and business unit perspective for specific risk categories, where appropriate. We monitor a variety of risk metrics on an ongoing basis and take the appropriate steps to manage our established risk appetites and tolerances. Quarterly risk reporting provides a feedback loop between business units, functional areas, our internal risk committees and the enterprise risk management function. This reporting also includes perspectives on emerging risk. To the extent potentially significant business activities or operational initiatives are considered, analysis of the possible impact on our risk profile takes place. This analysis includes, but is not limited to, the capital implications; the impact on near term and long-term earnings; the ability to meet our targets with respect to return on equity, liquidity, debt/capital, cash coverage, business risk and operational risk; and the impact to our reputation.
 Human Capital
 As of December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 19,800 people across the globe. Our employees work from many locations across multiple businesses and are united behind a common purpose: to help more people and businesses around the globe gain greater access to financial security. We start by listening to our customers to understand their needs, goals and barriers. From there, we leverage our global expertise to provide the guidance, products and experiences to create opportunities for more people to save, invest and protect their financial futures. Our purpose serves as a foundation for attracting, retaining and developing a workforce motivated by quality employment and purposeful work.

 In 2023, our commitment to enabling high performing teams remained strong. We continued to attract, retain and develop the top talent needed to deliver on our enterprise strategy. Our talent initiatives focus on fostering a community that cares, enabling a tailored approach to life and work, providing meaningful work and granting access to boundless opportunities across the enterprise. Because of the employee value proposition offered, we are confident in our ability to build teams with the diverse, global talent necessary to succeed.
 We invest in the development of our employees in a variety of ways, including through experiential learning, growth assignments, relationships with colleagues, formal programming and just-in-time resources. We have an enterprise learning platform that allows us to curate learning content that aligns with enterprise priorities to ensure employees have the skills necessary to contribute to our success now and into the future. These investments also make certain that our employees can develop the skills most critical to their current and future career aspirations. We continue to pilot new programs, such as our Career Development Network, that create the space for employees to learn new skills and navigate their career. Additional targeted development opportunities exist for leaders and employees identified as high potential talent.
 We know a diverse workforce and inclusive culture make us stronger and remain committed to providing a work environment where every employee feels welcomed, respected and has an opportunity to thrive. We are committed to providing our leaders across the globe with regular implicit bias and inclusive leadership training, with the goal of establishing better-connected teams and enabling thoughtful decision-making. As of December 31, 2023, we had eight employee resource groups ("ERGs"), comprised of employees motivated to listen, reflect and provide cultural insights. Our ERGs play an integral role in creating an inclusive workplace. In 2023, our global mentoring program entered its fourth year, enabling colleagues from around the world to build relationships, encourage and educate each other. In addition, we held our second Global Inclusion Summit, at which senior executives and employees hosted sessions on a variety of inclusion-related topics.
 Internally, we measure the progress of our diversity, equity and inclusion efforts in multiple ways, including through our U.S. Diversity Index comprised of predominantly objective metrics across our U.S. workforce. We also survey employees about their sense of belonging and report the results through our Global People Inclusion Index. The results of our U.S. Diversity Index and Global People Inclusion Index help us to measure company-wide performance. On an annual basis we partner with an external consultant to conduct a global pay equity study; we believe the results of this study place us in a best-in-class category as compared to financial services industry peers.
 In 2023, we also continued to receive external recognition. We were included by Forbes in its lists of Best Employers for Women (July 2023) and Best Employers for Diversity (April 2023). We earned a perfect score on the Disability: IN Disability Equality Index (July 2023) and 90% on the Human Rights Campaign Foundation's 2023 Corporate Equality Index (November 2023), the latter of which resulted in the designation of a Best Place to Work for LGBTQ+ Equality. In addition, we participated in the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index, which resulted in recognition on the national Diversity MBA Media's list "50 Out Front; Best Places to Work for Women and Diverse Managers." On top of these inclusion-focused accolades, we have recently been recognized as one of Newsweek's America's Greatest Workplaces (July 2023), by IDG's Computerworld as one of its 100 Best Places to Work in IT (November 2023), and by Pensions & Investments as one of the Best Places to Work in Money Management (December 2023).
 We continuously strive to evolve our human capital policies and processes. To better understand and improve upon talent trends, we use an enterprise people scorecard, where we report employee data and insights on retention, learning, hiring, engagement and productivity. In 2023 we provided company-wide exit surveys to departing employees and their leaders, enabling us to better understand turnover trends and rationales. Leaders conducted proactive employee stay conversations and quarterly performance check-ins. In addition, we actively monitored our Engagement Index, which is a clear indicator of employee engagement across the organization. These tools allowed us to gather insights and create actions to manage turnover, including tailored development opportunities and compensation increases for roles in high demand. Our customer focus, commitment to ethical practices, continuous learning opportunities and inclusive environment drive a strong culture where employees can thrive.
 The following table provides retention data for our employee workforce as of December 31, 2023.

 Global

 U.S.

 Average tenure, continuous years of service (1)

 8.5

 11.1

 Annual turnover rate

 16.8

 %

 10.2

 %

 (1)
 Continuous years of service represents the number of years employed by us in the most recent employment period.

 Our competitive total rewards offerings are also critical components of our employee value proposition. The programs for the broader employee population include our employee stock purchase plan and our annual incentive program. For select roles, we offer a long-term incentive plan, which is a stock-based compensation plan. Critical talent and high performing employees are eligible to receive stock awards under our discretionary stock program. Retirement programming for U.S. employees includes eligibility for our 401(k) plan, with a robust company match. Additionally, employees outside our asset management business are eligible to participate in a cash balance defined benefit plan. Outside of the U.S., retirement programming varies by country but commonly exceeds statutory requirements. We also offer employees a comprehensive suite of health and welfare benefits, designed to support them through all stages of their career and life. We put a special emphasis on employee wellbeing by offering a wide range of programming aimed at improving overall health, including a state-of-the-art wellness center at our global headquarters and gym reimbursement at other locations.
 In addition to providing competitive total rewards, we provide our global workforce a myriad of opportunities to support their communities and causes that are important to them. We encourage in-person and virtual volunteerism through our volunteer time off policy. As an example of this, at the Community Learning Center housed at our global headquarters in Des Moines, Iowa, employees have ready access to a variety of volunteer opportunities, including the ability to mentor students, provide professional development coaching and teach future ready job skills like coding. A generous Dollars for Doers program provides employees a microgrant credit based on volunteer hours they record in our Corporate Social Responsibility platform, enabling employees to contribute earned credits to any nonprofit they choose. We also offer a giving program through which we provide a 50% match on employee monetary contributions, with the company match going directly to the organization to which an employee has donated.
 The following tables provide demographic data for our employee workforce as of December 31, 2023. The Employees category represents our entire employee workforce, including Management, Senior Management and members of our EMG. The Management category includes all people leaders who have at least one direct report, excluding Senior Management and EMG members. The Senior Management category is comprised of Senior Vice Presidents and employees with equivalent titles, excluding EMG members. Our EMG includes our Chief Executive Officer and primarily our Chief Executive Officer's direct reports.

 Global

 Senior

 Employees

 EMG

 Female

 %

 %

 %

 %

 Male

 U.S. (1)

 Senior

 Employees

 EMG

 American Indian or Alaska Native

 < 1

 %

 < 1

 %

 %

 —

 %

 Asian

 Black

 —

 Latino

 —

 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

 < 1

 < 1

 —

 —

 Two or more races

 —

 —

 White

 All other races

 < 1

 —

 —

 —

 (1)

 Reporting on ethnic and racial diversity is more nuanced, and in many cases, not disclosed outside the U.S. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 7,700 Employees, approximately 1,100 people in Management, 1 person in Senior Management and 1 EMG member were based outside the U.S.

 The following table provides demographic data for the Directors on the Board as of December 31, 2023.

 Board

 Female

 %

 Male

 Black

 %

 Latino

 White

 Internet Website
 Our internet website can be found at www.principal.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our internet website, access to our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with or furnished to the SEC. These reports are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Also available free of charge on our internet website is our code of business conduct and ethics, corporate governance guidelines and charters for the Audit, Finance, Human Resources and Nominating and Governance committees of the Board. Also see Item 10. "Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance."

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Summary of Risk Factors
 This section provides a summary of the risks that may impact our performance in the future. For details of our various risk factors and their impacts, see "Risk Factors Discussion."
 Our risk factors are organized into the following categories: 1) Risks relating to economic conditions, market conditions and investments, 2) Risks relating to estimates, assumptions and valuations, 3) Risks relating to laws, regulations and taxation, 4) Risks relating to our business and 5) General risks.
 Risks relating to economic conditions, market conditions and investments
 In general, economic and market conditions can cause variability in the following factors: demand for our products and services, short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation and deflation, equity returns, credit spreads, liquidity of investments, level of premiums and deposits, level of delinquencies and defaults, level of claims, level of surrenders and withdrawals and foreign exchange rates. The net effect of this variability can include reductions in business volumes or AUM, reductions in revenues, additional operating expenses, reductions or volatility in net income, inability to meet liquidity needs, inability to access capital and increased cost of capital.
 Risks relating to estimates, assumptions and valuations
 We use financial models to price our products, calculate reserves and other actuarial balances, value our investments and determine the amount of allowances or impairments taken on our investments. These models include the use of methodologies, assumptions and estimates. If actual experience is different than our models, our financial results could be impacted. This could impact the timing of our net income or adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 Risks relating to laws, regulations and taxation
 Many different regulatory bodies govern our company. We are required to comply with securities laws; insurance regulations; employee benefit plan regulations; financial services regulations; U.S. and international tax regulations; environmental, social and governance ("ESG") requirements; and cybersecurity and privacy regulations. Complying with the various regulations can increase our cost of doing business, limit our available capital or impact how we do business. We could also face potential fines or reputational risk if we do not comply. In addition, changes in tax laws can reduce sales of certain tax-advantaged products or increase our operating expenses. Changes in accounting standards may adversely impact reported results of operations and financial condition. Litigation and tax audits can increase costs and create adverse publicity.
 Risks relating to our business
 Business risks include risks associated with competition, products, fraud, external business partner relationships and acquisitions. In general, the risks related to our business can cause variability in the following factors: demand for our products and services, level of premiums and deposits, level of claims and level of surrenders and withdrawals. The net effect of this variability can include reductions in business volumes, disruptions in business operations, reductions in revenues, increased claims or operating expenses, reduced economic activity, reductions or volatility in net income or adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition.

 General risks
 These risks are of a general nature and include the risk of catastrophic event; the risk of global climate change; the risk of technological and societal changes; reputational risk; intellectual property risk; risks associated with attracting, developing and retaining qualified employees; the risk of interruptions in information technology, infrastructure or other systems; loss of key vendor relationships and risks associated with our enterprise risk management framework. General risks can result in reductions in business volumes, reductions in revenues, additional operating expenses, reductions or volatility in net income, or adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition.
 Risk Factors Discussion
 In the discussion below, when providing details related to our investment portfolio, we have excluded discussion of investments held as part of a coinsurance with funds withheld agreement. We believe the details of the composition of our investment portfolio excluding the funds withheld are most relevant to an understanding of our risks that are pertinent to investors because all funds withheld assets support obligations and liabilities relating to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction.
 Risks relating to economic conditions, market conditions and investments
 Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, as well as our access to capital and cost of capital.
 Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and capital position could be materially adversely affected by volatility, uncertainty and disruption in the capital and credit markets.
 We maintain a level of cash and securities which, combined with expected cash inflows from investments and operations, is believed adequate to meet anticipated short-term and long-term benefit and expense payment obligations. However, withdrawal and surrender levels may differ from anticipated levels for a variety of reasons, such as changes in economic conditions or changes in our claims paying ability and financial strength ratings. For additional information regarding our exposure to interest rate risk and the impact of a downgrade in our financial strength ratings, see risk factors entitled "Changes in interest rates or credit spreads or a prolonged low interest rate environment may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our net income can vary from period to period" and "A downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales, terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our cost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition." In addition, mark-to-market adjustments on our investments and derivative instruments may lead to fluctuations in our reported capital. Volatility, uncertainty or disruptions in the capital or credit markets may result in the need for additional capital to maintain a targeted level of U.S. statutory capital relative to the NAIC's RBC requirements. In the event our current internal sources of liquidity do not satisfy our needs, we may have to seek additional financing and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as customers' or lenders' perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us.
 Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may limit our access to capital required to operate our business, most significantly our insurance operations. Such market conditions may limit our ability to replace, in a timely manner, maturing liabilities; satisfy statutory capital requirements; fund redemption requests on insurance or other financial products; generate fee income and market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue shorter tenor securities than we prefer, utilize available internal resources or bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility and liquidity.
 In addition, we maintain credit facilities with various financial institutions as a potential source of excess liquidity. These facilities are in place to bridge timing in cash flows to minimize the cost of meeting our obligations, particularly during periods when alternative sources of liquidity are limited. Our ability to borrow funds under these facilities is conditioned on our satisfaction of covenants and other requirements contained in the facilities. Our failure to comply with these covenants, or the failure of lenders to fund their lending commitments, would restrict our ability to access these credit facilities and, consequently, could limit our flexibility in meeting our cash flow needs.
 For further discussion on liquidity risk management, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources."

 Conditions in the global capital markets, including the equity, bond or real estate markets, and the economy generally may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally, both in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. Continued adverse economic conditions may result in a decline in our AUM, AUA and revenues and erosion of our profit margins. In addition, in the event of extreme prolonged market events and economic downturns, we could incur significant losses. Even in the absence of a market downturn, we are exposed to substantial risk of loss due to market volatility.
 Because the revenues of our asset accumulation and management businesses are largely based on the value of AUM and AUA, a decline in domestic and global equity, bond or real estate markets will decrease our revenues. Turmoil in these markets could lead investors to withdraw from these markets, decrease their rates of investment or refrain from making new investments, which may reduce our AUM, AUA, revenues and net income.
 For further discussion on equity risk management, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Equity Risk."
 Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, investor and consumer confidence, foreign currency exchange rates, inflation levels and our ability to manage inflation risk effectively all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the amount and profitability of our business. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment, negative investor sentiment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our financial and insurance products could be adversely affected. In addition, we may experience an elevated incidence of claims and lapses or surrenders of policies. Our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. In addition, reductions in employment levels of our existing employer customers may result in a reduction in membership levels and premium income for our specialty benefits products. Participants within the retirement plans for which we provide administrative services may elect to reduce or stop their payroll deferrals to these plans, which would reduce AUM, AUA and revenues. In addition, reductions in employment levels may result in a decline in employee deposits into retirement plans. Adverse changes in the economy could affect net income negatively and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 An economic downturn may also lead to weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, which would adversely affect the translation of segment pre-tax operating earnings and equity of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. For further discussion on foreign currency exchange risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
 Changes in interest rates or credit spreads or a prolonged low interest rate environment may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our net income can vary from period to period.
 During periods of declining interest rates or prolonged low interest rates, the interest rates we earn on our assets may be lower than the rates assumed in pricing our products, thereby reducing our profitability. For some of our products, such as GICs and funding agreements, we are unable to lower the rate we credit to customers in response to the lower return we will earn on our investments. In addition, guaranteed minimum interest rates on our life insurance and annuity products may constrain our ability to lower the rate we credit to customers. Declining interest rates may also lead to a reduction in revenues related to our trust and custody business. Declining interest rates may result in increases in our reserves and other actuarial balances, potentially reducing net income or other comprehensive income ("OCI"). During periods of declining interest rates, borrowers may prepay or redeem mortgages and bonds that we own, which would force us to reinvest the proceeds at lower interest rates. Furthermore, declining interest rates may reduce the rate of policyholder surrenders and withdrawals on our life insurance and annuity products, thus increasing the duration of the liabilities and creating asset and liability duration mismatches. Low interest rates may also increase the cost of hedging certain product features or riders. Declining interest rates or a prolonged low interest rate environment may also result in changes to the discount rate used for valuing our pension, and other postretirement employee benefit ("OPEB") obligations, which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, certain statutory capital and reserve requirements are based on formulas or models that consider interest rates and a prolonged period of low interest rates may increase the statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves. Declining interest rates may cause a decrease in the value of market risk benefit ("MRB") assets and an increase in the value of MRB liabilities and other liabilities held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position, potentially reducing net income or OCI.

 Increases in market interest rates may also adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on our insurance and annuity products to keep these products competitive. Because returns on our portfolio of invested assets may not increase as quickly as current interest rates, we may have to accept lower spreads, thus reducing our profitability. Rapidly rising interest rates may also result in an increase in policy surrenders, withdrawals and requests for policy loans as customers seek to achieve higher returns. In addition, rising interest rates may cause a decrease in the value of financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position. We may be required to sell assets to raise the cash necessary to respond to an increase in surrenders, withdrawals and loans, thereby realizing capital losses on the assets sold. An increase in policy surrenders and withdrawals may also require us to accelerate amortization of our deferred acquisition cost ("DAC") asset relating to these products. Rising interest rates may also cause a decline in the value of the fixed income assets we manage, resulting in a reduction in our fee revenue in the short term. In addition, a significant increase in interest rates may cause a reduction in the fair value of intangible assets in our reporting units, potentially leading to an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.
 For further discussion about interest rate risk management, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk."
 Our exposure to credit spreads primarily relates to market price variability and reinvestment risk associated with changes in credit spreads. A widening of credit spreads would cause unrealized losses in our investment portfolio, would increase losses associated with credit-based derivatives we have sold that do not qualify or have not been designated for hedge accounting where we assume credit exposure and, if issuer credit spreads increase as a result of fundamental credit deterioration, would likely result in higher allowances. Credit spread tightening will reduce net investment income associated with new purchases of fixed maturities. Credit spread tightening may also cause an increase in the reported value of certain liabilities that are valued using a discount rate that reflects our own credit spread. In addition, market volatility may make it difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent. As such, valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period-to-period changes from market volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
 Our investment portfolio is subject to several risks that may diminish the value of our invested assets and the investment returns credited to customers, which could reduce our sales, revenues, AUM and net income.
 An increase in defaults or write-downs on our fixed maturities portfolio may reduce our profitability.
 We are subject to the risk that the issuers of the fixed maturities we own will default on principal and interest payments. As of December 31, 2023, our U.S. investment operations held $47.8 billion of fixed maturities, or 66% of total U.S. invested assets, of which approximately 6% were below investment grade, and $109.3 million, or 0.1% of our total fixed maturities, were classified as either "problem," "potential problem" or "restructured." See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — U.S. Investment Operations — Fixed Maturities."
 As of December 31, 2023, the international investment operations of our fully consolidated subsidiaries held $2.8 billion of fixed maturities, or 41%, of total international invested assets, of which 3% are government bonds. Some non-government bonds have been rated on the basis of the issuer's country credit rating. However, the ratings relationship between national ratings and global ratings is not linear with the U.S. The starting point for national ratings differs by country, which makes the assessment of credit quality more difficult. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — International Investment Operations." An increase in defaults on our fixed maturities portfolio could harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
 An increased rate of delinquency and defaults on our commercial mortgage loans, including balloon maturities with and without amortizing payments, may adversely affect our profitability.
 Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio faces both delinquency and default risk. Commercial mortgage loans of $14.1 billion represented 18% of our total invested assets as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans in the process of foreclosure in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. The performance of our commercial mortgage loan investments, however, may fluctuate in the future. An increase in the delinquency rate of, and defaults under, our commercial mortgage loan portfolio could harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.

 As of December 31, 2023, approximately $11.7 billion, or 85%, of our U.S. investment operations commercial mortgage loans before valuation allowance had balloon payment maturities. A balloon maturity is a loan with all or a meaningful portion of the loan amount due at the maturity of the loan. The default rate on commercial mortgage loans with balloon payment maturities has historically been higher than commercial mortgage loans with a fully amortizing loan structure. Since a significant portion of the principal is repaid at maturity, the amount of loss on a default is generally greater than fully amortizing commercial mortgage loans. An increase in defaults on balloon maturity loans as a result of the foregoing factors could harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.
 Mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities, trading securities and derivative instruments may reduce our profitability or cause volatility in our net income.
 Our investment portfolio includes equity securities, trading securities and derivative instruments that are reported at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position with changes in fair value reported in net income. Mark-to-market adjustments on these investments may reduce our profitability or cause our net income to vary from period to period. We anticipate that acquisition and investment activities may increase the number and magnitude of these investments in the future.
 We may have difficulty selling our privately placed fixed maturities, mortgage loans and real estate investments because they are less liquid than our publicly traded fixed maturities.
 We hold certain investments that may be less liquid than our publicly traded fixed maturities, such as privately placed fixed maturities, mortgage loans and real estate investments. These asset classes represented approximately 40% of the value of our total invested assets as of December 31, 2023.
 If we require significant amounts of cash on short notice, we may have difficulty selling these investments in a timely manner, be forced to sell them for less than we otherwise would have been able to realize or both. The reported value of our relatively illiquid types of investments, our investments in the asset classes described above and, at times, our high quality, generally liquid asset classes, do not necessarily reflect the lowest possible price for the asset. If we were forced to sell certain of our assets in the current market, there can be no assurance we will be able to sell them for the prices at which we have recorded them, and we may be forced to sell them at significantly lower prices.
 The impairment of derivative counterparties could adversely affect us.
 We use derivative instruments to hedge various risks we face in our businesses. See Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." We enter into a variety of derivative instruments with a number of counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, clearinghouses, exchanges and other institutions. For transactions where we are in-the-money, we are exposed to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. We establish collateral agreements with nominal thresholds for a large majority of our counterparties to limit our exposure. However, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the derivative exposure. With regard to our derivative exposure, we have over-collateralization requirements on the portion of collateral we hold, based on the risk profile of the assets posted as collateral. We also have exposure to these financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments and equity investments. Such losses or impairments to the carrying value of these assets may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 Our requirements to post collateral or make payments related to declines in market value of specified assets may adversely affect our liquidity and expose us to counterparty credit risk.
 Many of our derivative transactions with financial and other institutions specify the circumstances under which the parties are required to post collateral. We are also required to post collateral in connection with funding agreements with the FHLB Des Moines, reinsurance agreements, and various other transactions. The amount of collateral we may be required to post under these agreements may increase under certain circumstances, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, under the terms of some of our transactions we may be required to make payment to our counterparties related to any decline in the market value of the specified assets. Such payments could have an adverse effect on our liquidity. Furthermore, with respect to any such payments, we will have unsecured risk to the counterparty as these amounts are not required to be segregated from the counterparty's other funds, are not held in a third party custodial account and are not required to be paid to us by the counterparty until the termination of the transaction.
 Environmental liability exposure may result from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments.
 Liability under environmental protection laws resulting from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability. Under the laws of several states and other jurisdictions, contamination of a property may give rise to a lien on the property to secure recovery of the costs of cleanup. In some states, this kind of lien has priority over the lien of an existing mortgage against the property, which would impair our ability to foreclose on that property should the related loan be in default. In addition, under the laws of some states and under the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, we may be liable for costs of addressing releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that require remedy at a property securing a mortgage loan held by us, if our agents or employees have become sufficiently involved in the hazardous waste aspects of the operations of the related obligor on that loan, regardless of whether or not the environmental damage or threat was caused by the obligor. We also may face this liability after foreclosing on a property securing a mortgage loan held by us. This may harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.
 Regional concentration of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio in California may subject us to losses attributable to economic downturns or catastrophes in that state.
 Commercial mortgage lending in the state of California accounted for 25%, or $3.4 billion, of our U.S. investment operations commercial mortgage loan portfolio before valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023. Due to this concentration of commercial mortgage loans in California, we are exposed to potential losses resulting from the risk of an economic downturn in California as well as to catastrophes, including but not limited to earthquakes, that may affect the region. While we generally do not require earthquake insurance for properties on which we make commercial mortgage loans, we do take into account property specific engineering reports, construction type and geographical concentration by fault lines in our investment underwriting guidelines. If economic conditions in California deteriorate or catastrophes occur, we may in the future experience delinquencies or defaults on the portion of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio located in California, which may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
 Gross unrealized losses may be realized or result in future credit losses, resulting in a reduction in our net income.
 Fixed maturities that are classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported on the consolidated statements of financial position at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS securities, excluding those in fair value hedging relationships, are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and are, therefore, excluded from net income. Our U.S. investment operations had gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $4,022.0 million pre-tax as of December 31, 2023, and the component of gross unrealized losses for securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for over twelve months and for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded was $3,915.9 million pre-tax. The accumulated change in fair value of the AFS securities is recognized in net income when the gain or loss is realized upon the sale of the asset or in the event that the decline in fair value requires an allowance for credit loss. Realized losses or credit losses may have a material adverse impact on our net income in a particular quarterly or annual period.

 Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could adversely impact our profitability and financial condition.
 We are exposed to foreign currency risk in our international operations. Principal International sells products denominated in various local currencies and generally invests the associated assets in local currencies. For diversification purposes, assets backing the products may be partially invested in non-local currencies. In our U.S. operations, we also issue foreign currency-denominated funding agreements to nonqualified investors in the institutional market or invest in foreign currency-denominated investments. The associated foreign currency exchange risk in each instance is hedged or managed to specific risk tolerances. Although our investment and hedging strategies limit the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on operating results, weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar would adversely affect the translation of the results of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. For further discussion on foreign currency exchange risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
 Risks relating to estimates, assumptions and valuations
 Our valuation of investments and the determinations of the amount of allowances and impairments taken on our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and, if changed, could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
 Fixed maturities, equity securities and derivatives represent most assets and liabilities reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position, excluding separate account assets and market risk benefit assets and liabilities. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). Fair value estimates are made based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument at a specific point in time. Considerable judgment is often required to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
 For additional information on our valuation methodology, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements."
 During periods of market disruption including periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain securities, for example collateralized mortgage obligations and collateralized debt obligations, if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the current financial environment. In such cases, the valuation process may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that require greater estimation, which could result in values that are different from the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Further, rapidly changing credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
 The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments varies by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments require significant judgment and are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Additional impairments may need to be taken or allowances provided for in the future, and the ultimate loss may exceed management's current loss estimates.
 Additionally, our management considers a wide range of factors about the instrument issuer and uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the instrument and in assessing the prospects for recovery. Inherent in management's evaluation of the instrument are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. For further information regarding our impairment and allowance methodologies, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — U.S. Investment Operations" under the captions "Fixed Maturities" and "Mortgage Loans" and Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Valuation and Allowance for Credit Loss of Fixed Income Investments."

 Any impairments of or valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. We are required to evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets each quarter and establish a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realizable. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback years and implementation of any feasible and prudent tax planning strategies management would employ to realize the tax benefit.
 Inherent in the provision for income taxes are estimates regarding the deductibility of certain items, the timing of income and expense recognition and the current or future realization of operating losses, capital losses, certain tax credits and future enacted changes in applicable tax rates as well as the tax base. In the event these estimates differ from our prior estimates due to the receipt of new information, we may be required to significantly change the provision for income taxes recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Any such change could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these estimates change. A further significant decline in value of assets incorporated into our tax planning strategies could lead to an increase of our valuation allowance on deferred tax assets having an adverse effect on current and future results.
 For additional information, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Income Taxes."
 We may face losses on our insurance and annuity products if our actual experience differs significantly from our pricing and reserving assumptions.
 The profitability of our insurance and annuity products depends significantly upon the extent to which our actual experience is consistent with the assumptions used in setting prices for our products and establishing liabilities for future insurance and annuity policy benefits and claims. The premiums we charge and the liabilities we hold for future policy benefits are based on assumptions reflecting several factors, including the amount of premiums we will receive in the future, rate of return on assets we purchase with premiums received, expected claims, mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and expenses. However, due to the nature of the underlying risks and the high degree of uncertainty associated with the determination of the liabilities for unpaid policy benefits and claims, we cannot precisely determine the amounts we will ultimately pay to settle these liabilities, the timing of such payments, or whether the assets supporting the liabilities, together with any future premiums, will be sufficient to satisfy the liabilities. As a result, we may experience volatility in the level of our profitability and our reserves from period to period. To the extent that actual experience is less favorable than our underlying assumptions, we may have to update our assumptions and increase our liabilities, which may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
 Our results of operations may also be adversely impacted if our actual investment earnings differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions. Changes in economic conditions may lead to changes in market interest rates or changes in our investment strategies, either of which could cause our actual investment earnings to differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions.
 For additional information on our insurance reserves, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Insurance Reserves."
 The pattern of amortizing our DAC asset and other actuarial balances may change, impacting both the level of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances and the timing of our net income.
 Amortization of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances depends on several assumptions, including but not limited to, mortality and policy lapse. Due to the uncertainty associated with establishing these assumptions, we cannot, with precision, determine the exact pattern of amortization. To the extent actual experience emerges less favorably than expected, the amortization pattern of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances may be adjusted, which may impact the timing of our net income.
 For additional information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances."

 Risks relating to laws, regulations and taxation
 Changes in laws or regulations may reduce our profitability or impact how we do business.
 Our businesses are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision throughout the U.S. and in the international markets in which we operate. We are also impacted by federal legislation and administrative policies in areas such as securities laws, employee benefit plan regulations, financial services regulations, U.S. federal taxation and international taxation. Changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation thereof could significantly increase our compliance costs and reduce our profitability. Failure to comply with applicable regulations may expose us to significant penalties, the suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business and reputational damage.
 Changes in insurance regulations may reduce our profitability.
 Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive supervision and regulation. In particular, in the U.S., the laws of the various states establish insurance departments with broad powers to supervise and regulate insurance companies. The supervision and regulation relate to numerous aspects of our business and financial condition, including insurance company laws that apply to PFG and to various transactions between our insurance companies and subsidiaries and other affiliates. The primary purpose of insurance regulation is to protect policyholders, not stockholders or creditors.
 State insurance regulators, federal regulators and the NAIC continually reexamine existing laws and regulations and may impose changes in the future. New interpretations of existing laws and the passage of new legislation may harm our ability to sell new policies, increase our claims exposure on policies we issued previously and adversely affect our profitability and financial strength.
 State insurance guaranty associations have the right to assess insurance companies doing business in their state for funds to help pay the obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. Because the amount and timing of an assessment is beyond our control, the liabilities we have established for these potential assessments may not be adequate. In addition, regulators may change their interpretation or application of existing laws and regulations.
 The NAIC regularly reviews and updates its U.S. statutory reserve and RBC requirements. Changes to these requirements may increase the amount of reserves and capital our U.S. insurance companies are required to hold and may adversely impact Principal Life's ability to pay dividends or other distributions to its parent. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay dividends or other distributions. In addition, changes in statutory reserve or RBC requirements may adversely impact our financial strength ratings. See the risk factor entitled "A downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales, terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our cost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition" for a discussion of risks relating to our financial strength ratings.
 The NAIC continues to implement a principle-based reserving ("PBR") approach to valuation of life insurance and annuities. In recent years, the PBR framework has been implemented for life insurance and variable annuities. Regulators plan to implement PBR for non-variable annuities in the next few years. The ultimate financial impact of these changes is uncertain, but they could result in more volatile and less predictable reserve and capital levels for these products.
 We have implemented, or may implement at any time, reinsurance transactions utilizing affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers to reinsure or finance a portion of the reserves for certain products. Our ability to enter new reinsurance or reserve financing transactions will continue to be dependent on the cost and forms of transactions available in the market and our ability to obtain required regulatory approvals. For additional information regarding our use of affiliated reinsurance transactions, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 19, Statutory Insurance Financial Information."
 The NAIC is pursuing a variety of reforms to its RBC framework, which could increase our capital requirements for our U.S. insurance businesses.
 The NAIC has adopted a group capital calculation. This calculation is not intended to be a regulatory capital requirement, but it will be used by regulators in their supervisory process and could create an additional data point for regulators to consider in evaluating our capital position.
 Our international insurance businesses are also subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision from central and/or local governmental authorities in each country in which we operate. New interpretations of existing laws and regulations or the adoption of new laws and regulations may harm our international businesses, increase the cost of compliance and reduce our profitability in those businesses.

 The International Association of Insurance Supervisors has adopted its common framework for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups ("IAIGs"). We currently are not designated as an IAIG. If we were so designated in the future, we may be subject to supervision and capital requirements beyond those applicable to any competitors without those designations. These international frameworks may influence the regulatory capital requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate, potentially leading to an increase in our capital requirements.
 Changes in federal, state and international securities laws may reduce our profitability.
 Our asset management and accumulation and life insurance businesses are subject to various levels of regulation under federal, state and international securities laws. For example, insurance and investment products such as variable annuities, RILA, variable life insurance, mutual fund products and some funding agreements that constitute securities are subject to securities laws and regulations, including state securities regulation as well as federal regulation under the SEC, FINRA and other regulatory authorities. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investors in the securities markets or investment advisory or brokerage clients and generally grant supervisory agencies and self-regulatory organizations broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. In addition, we are subject to local laws and regulations in the global jurisdictions in which we offer or provide asset management services and products. Changes to these laws or regulations, or the interpretation thereof, that restrict the conduct of our business could significantly increase our compliance costs and reduce our profitability.
 Changes in employee benefit regulations may reduce our profitability.
 We provide products and services to certain employee benefit plans that are subject to ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The U.S. Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation relating to changes in ERISA to permit application of state law remedies, such as consequential and punitive damages, in lawsuits for wrongful denial of benefits, which, if adopted, could increase our liability for damages in future litigation. In addition, reductions in contribution levels to defined contribution plans may decrease our profitability.
 On October 31, 2023, the DOL proposed a new regulation redefining what it means to provide investment advice as a fiduciary. The DOL also proposed changes to several of its prohibited transaction exemptions relating to fiduciary investment advice. Similarly, some states may change their insurance and securities laws and/or regulations to address personalized investment advice. New states may adopt an updated NAIC model regulation, which made best interest enhancements to its existing annuity suitability model. Continuing related state fiduciary or "best interest" legislation and/or regulation could occur in 2024.
 Financial services regulatory reform may reduce our profitability, impact how we do business or limit our ability to engage in certain capital expenditures.
 On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act became law. The Act made extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and required various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementation rules and regulations, including those surrounding the use of derivatives. Some aspects of Dodd-Frank continue to be implemented, and there are some efforts to eliminate or adjust certain elements of the law. Uncertainty remains regarding the continued implementation of and potential adjustments to Dodd-Frank and it is uncertain whether changes to Dodd-Frank will result in a material effect on our business operations.
 Changes in cybersecurity or privacy regulations may increase our compliance costs, limit our ability to gain insight from data and lead to increased scrutiny.
 We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information from and about our customers, employees plan participants and website, mobile and application users. Any actual or perceived failure by us or our service providers to comply with our privacy policies, privacy-related obligations to customers, employees or third parties, data disclosure consent obligations and data protection obligations may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements critical of us. Such actual or perceived failures could also cause our customers, suppliers and employees to lose trust in us, which may have an adverse effect on our business. See the risk factor entitled "Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect information of our customers or employees could adversely affect our business or result in losses" for further discussion of third party impacts.
 Restrictions on data collection and use may limit opportunities to gain business insights useful to running our business and offering innovative products and services.

 We are subject to numerous federal, state and international regulations regarding the privacy and security of personal information. These laws vary widely by jurisdiction. The laws and regulations that affect our business include, but are not limited to the EU GDPR, U.S. federal, state and local data protection laws such as the New York Department of Financial Services Part 500 cybersecurity requirements for financial services companies, the California Consumer Privacy Act and California Privacy Rights Act, China's Cybersecurity Law and the China Personal Information Protection Law. Regulations such as these, which are designed to protect privacy and prevent misuse of personal information, are complex and change frequently. The public, consumer and privacy advocates, legislatures and regulators are increasingly concerned about the collection, use, sharing and cross-border transfer of personal data, especially personal information that may be deemed sensitive, such as U.S. Social Security Numbers, other federal identifiers (non-U.S.), financial information, behavioral data, biometric data and health data. Additional legislative or regulatory action in the United States and globally could further regulate our collection, use, sharing and other processing of personal data. Changes in existing cybersecurity and privacy regulations or the enactment of new regulations may increase our compliance costs and failure to comply with these regulations may lead to reputational damage, fines or civil damages and increased regulatory scrutiny and oversight.
 Our financial results may be adversely impacted by environmental, social and governance requirements.
 Our financial and operational results could be impacted by emerging risk and changes to the regulatory landscape in areas like ESG requirements. While we closely monitor and respond to topics like social, environmental, and demographic changes that include longer lifespans, income and wealth inequalities, environmental challenges and opportunities to expand global access to the financial system across all segments of the population, updated and changing regulatory and societal environment requirements could impact financial and operational results.
 Changes and uncertainty in U.S. and non-U.S. legislation, policy or regulation regarding climate risk management or other ESG practices may result in higher regulatory costs, compliance costs and increased capital expenditures. Changes in regulations may also impact market conditions and our financial results, leading to realized or unrealized losses and decreased revenues. Actual or perceived failure to adequately address ESG expectations of our various stakeholders (which continue to evolve and may, at times, be in conflict) could lead to a tarnished reputation, loss of customers and clients and could negatively impact our access to capital.
 Changes in tax laws could increase our tax costs and reduce sales of our insurance, annuity and investment products.
 Many of the insurance, annuity and investment products we issue receive favorable tax treatment under current U.S. federal income tax laws. Changes in U.S. federal income tax laws could reduce or eliminate the tax advantages of certain of our products, thus making these products less attractive to our customers. This may lead to a reduction in sales and deposits, which may adversely impact our profitability.
 In addition, we benefit from certain tax items, including but not limited to, dividends received deductions, tax credits (such as foreign tax credits), tax-exempt bond interest and insurance reserve deductions. From time to time, the U.S. Congress, as well as foreign, state and local governments, consider legislative changes that could reduce or eliminate the benefits associated with these and other tax items. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has released proposed policies around base erosion and profit shifting and modernizing global tax systems originally designed to only account for physical presence. Our profitability could be negatively impacted as legislation is adopted by participating countries. We continue to evaluate the impact potential tax reform proposals may have on our future results of operations and financial condition.
 On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA 2022") was enacted by the U.S. government. IRA 2022 contains several provisions, including the implementation of a new corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") and an excise tax on stock repurchases by certain corporations, which became effective January 1, 2023. Uncertainty remains regarding the continued implementation of and potential adjustments to IRA 2022 and until regulations are finalized it remains uncertain as to whether IRA 2022 will result in a material effect on our business operations, profitability, or our ability to engage in certain capital expenditures.
 For a further discussion of tax matters, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes."

 Our ability to pay stockholder dividends, make share repurchases and meet our obligations may be constrained by the limitations on dividends or other distributions Iowa insurance laws impose on Principal Life.
 We are an insurance holding company whose assets include all of the outstanding shares of the common stock of Principal Life and other subsidiaries. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders, make share repurchases and meet our obligations, including paying operating expenses and any debt service, depends upon the receipt of dividends or other distributions from Principal Life. Iowa insurance laws impose limitations on the ability of Principal Life to pay dividends or make other distributions to its parent. Any inability of Principal Life to pay dividends or make other distributions in the future may cause us to be unable to pay dividends to our stockholders and meet our other obligations. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay dividends or make other distributions.
 Changes in accounting standards may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition.
 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). From time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The required adoption of future accounting standards may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition and may result in significant incremental costs associated with initial implementation and ongoing compliance. For a discussion of the impact of accounting pronouncements issued but not yet implemented, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies".
 Litigation and regulatory investigations may affect our financial strength or reduce our profitability.
 We are regularly involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff, but primarily as a defendant. Litigation naming us as a defendant ordinarily arises out of our business operations as a provider of asset management and accumulation products and services, Life Insurance and Specialty Benefits products and services, and our investment activities. We are, from time to time, also involved in various governmental, regulatory and administrative proceedings and inquiries.
 Legal liability or adverse publicity with respect to current or future legal or regulatory actions, whether or not involving us, may affect our financial strength or reduce our profitability. For further discussion on litigation and regulatory investigation risk, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases" under the caption, "Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes" under the caption "Other Tax Information."
 From time to time, we may become subject to tax audits, tax litigation or similar proceedings, and as a result we may owe additional taxes, interest and penalties in amounts that may be material.
 We are subject to income taxes in the United States as well as many other jurisdictions. In determining our provisions for income taxes and our accounting for tax-related matters in general, we are required to exercise judgment. We regularly make estimates where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The final determination of any tax audit, appeal of the decision of a taxing authority, tax litigation or similar proceedings may be materially different from that reflected in our historical financial statements. The assessment of additional taxes, interest and penalties could be materially adverse to our current and future results of operations and financial condition.
 Applicable laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may discourage takeovers and business combinations that some stockholders might consider in their best interests.
 State laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may delay, defer, prevent, or render more difficult a takeover attempt that some stockholders might consider in their best interests. For instance, they may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.
 State laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment, which may delay, defer or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders.

 The following provisions, included in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, may also have anti-takeover effects and may delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt that some stockholders might consider in their best interests. In particular, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws:

 permit our Board to issue one or more series of preferred stock;

 divide our Board into three classes;

 limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors;

 prohibit stockholders from filling vacancies on our Board;

 prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders;

 impose advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations of directors to be considered at stockholder meetings and

 require the approval of at least 75% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock for the amendment of our by-laws and provisions of our certificate of incorporation governing:

 the classified board,

 the director's discretion in determining what he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of PFG,

 the liability of directors,

 the removal of directors by shareholders,

 the prohibition on stockholder actions by written consent and

 the supermajority voting requirements.

 In addition, Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware may limit the ability of an "interested stockholder" to engage in business combinations with us. An interested stockholder is defined to include persons owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock.
 Risks relating to our business
 Competition, including from companies that may have greater financial resources, broader arrays of products, higher ratings and stronger financial performance, may impair our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and maintain our profitability.
 We compete with many financial services companies, many of which may have advantages over us in one or more of the competitive factors described in Item 1. "Business, Competition."
 Retirement and Income Solutions segment and Principal Asset Management segment primarily compete with asset managers, wealth managers, banks, mutual funds, institutional trust companies, broker-dealers, recordkeepers and insurers. Our ability to increase and retain AUM is directly related to the quality of our recordkeeping system and services and the performance of our investments as measured against market averages and the performance of our competitors. Even when securities prices are generally rising, performance can be affected by investment styles.
 Benefits and Protection segment primarily competes with other insurance companies. In the event competitors charge lower premiums or fees for substantially similar products, we may face pressure to lower our prices to attract and retain customers and distributors. Reductions in the premiums and fees we charge may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

 A downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales, terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our cost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.
 A.M. Best, Fitch, Moody's and S&P publish financial strength ratings on U.S. life insurance companies as well as some of our international insurance companies. These ratings indicate the applicable rating agency's opinion regarding an insurance company's ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations. These rating agencies also assign credit ratings on non-life insurance entities, such as PFG and Principal Financial Services, Inc. ("PFS"). Credit ratings indicate the applicable rating agency's opinion regarding a debt issuer's ability to meet the terms of debt obligations in a timely manner and are important factors in overall funding profile and ability to access external capital.
 Ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and maintaining public confidence in products being offered. Our ratings could be downgraded at any time without advance notice by any rating agency. A ratings downgrade, or the potential for such a downgrade, could, among other things:

 materially increase the number of surrenders for all or a portion of the net cash values by the owners of policies and contracts we have issued, and materially increase the number of withdrawals by policyholders of cash values from their policies;

 result in the termination of our relationships with broker-dealers, banks, agents, wholesalers and other distributors of our products and services;

 reduce new sales, particularly with respect to pension risk transfer products and general account GICs and funding agreements purchased by pension plans and other institutions;

 cause some of our existing liabilities to be subject to acceleration, additional collateral support, changes in terms, or creation of additional financial obligations; and

 increase our cost of capital and limit our access to the capital markets.

 Any of these consequences could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.
 For further discussion on financial strength and credit ratings outlook, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources."
 Client terminations or withdrawals or changes in investor preferences may lead to a reduction in revenues for our asset management and accumulation businesses.
 Revenues from our asset management and accumulation products are primarily fee-based. Our asset-based fees are typically calculated as a percentage of the market value of AUM. Our asset management and accumulation clients may elect to terminate their relationship with us or withdraw funds, generally on short notice. Client terminations and withdrawals may be driven by a variety of factors, including economic conditions, investment performance, investor preferences or changes in our reputation in the marketplace. Significant terminations or withdrawals may reduce our AUM, thus adversely affecting our revenues and profitability.
 In addition, fee levels can vary significantly among different types of investments. We generally earn higher fees on liquid alternatives and equity investments vs. fixed income investments and on actively managed investments vs. indexed or passive investment strategies. Therefore, our fee revenue is impacted by both the value and the composition of our AUM. Investor preferences with respect to asset classes and investment strategies may shift over time due to market conditions, tax law changes, regulatory changes and various other factors. Changes in the composition of our AUM may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

 Guarantees within certain of our products that protect policyholders may decrease our net income or increase the volatility of our results of operations or financial position under U.S. GAAP if our hedging or risk management strategies prove ineffective or insufficient.
 Certain of our variable annuity products include guaranteed minimum death benefits and/or guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits. We use derivative instruments to attempt to mitigate changes in the exposure related to interest rate, equity market and volatility movements, and the volatility of net income associated with the liabilities for such products. However, we remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. The liability exposure and volatility of net income or OCI may also be influenced by changes in market credit spreads reflecting our own creditworthiness, for which we do not attempt to hedge. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other management procedures prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed. These, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on our net income, financial condition or liquidity. We are also subject to the risk that the cost of hedging these guaranteed minimum benefits increases as implied volatilities increase and/or interest rates decrease, resulting in a reduction to net income.
 Our international businesses face political, legal, operational and other risks that could reduce our profitability in those businesses.
 Our international businesses face political, legal, operational and other risks that we do not face in our operations in the U.S. We face the risk of discriminatory regulation, nationalization or expropriation of assets, price controls and exchange controls or other restrictions that prevent us from transferring funds from these operations out of the locations in which they operate or converting local currencies we hold into U.S. dollars or other currencies. Our international businesses could also be negatively impacted by rising geopolitical tension, competing legal requirements and increased strategic competition between the U.S. and other countries, such as China. In addition, our international businesses face the risk of political instability and social unrest, which heightens our risks as those may lead to disruptions to those businesses and to local financial markets and commerce and reduced economic activity in the countries in which we operate. Some of our international businesses are, and are likely to continue to be, in emerging or potentially volatile markets. For example, in Chile, a new government proposal to reform the mandatory pension system implies potential changes for fund managers and participants. A complex political environment creates uncertainty regarding the ultimate outcome of the lengthy legislative process toward reform. In addition, we rely on local staff, including local sales forces, in those locations where there is a risk and we may encounter labor problems with local staff, especially in locations where workers' associations and trade unions are strong.
 Laws in some countries may require more stringent data security such as requiring the processing and storage of their citizens' personal information to remain in-country. This may result in higher compliance and technology expenses, as well as the suboptimization of business processes.
 We face risks arising from fraudulent activities.
 Our policyholders may submit fraudulent requests for claim payments. This can result in higher claims expense and higher operational expenses associated with preventing and detecting fraudulent claim requests and other fraudulent activities.
 We face risks arising from our participation in joint ventures.
 We participate in joint ventures, primarily in our international businesses and real estate investment operations. In these joint ventures, we lack complete management and operational control over the operations, and our joint venture partners may have objectives that are not fully aligned with our interests. These factors may limit our ability to take action to protect or increase the value of our investment in the joint venture.

 We may need to fund deficiencies in our Closed Block assets.
 In connection with its conversion in 1998 into a stock life insurance company, Principal Life established an accounting mechanism, known as a "Closed Block" for the benefit of participating ordinary life insurance policies that had a dividend scale in force on July 1, 1998. We allocated assets to the Closed Block as of July 1, 1998, in an amount such that we expected the cash flows, together with anticipated revenues from the policies in the Closed Block, to be sufficient to support the Closed Block business, including payment of claims, certain direct expenses, charges and taxes and to provide for the continuation of aggregate dividend scales in accordance with the 1997 policy dividend scales if the experience underlying such scales continued, and to allow for appropriate adjustments in such scales if the experience changed. We will continue to pay guaranteed benefits under the policies included in the Closed Block, in accordance with their terms. The Closed Block assets, cash flows generated by the Closed Block assets and anticipated revenues from policies included in the Closed Block may not be sufficient to provide for the benefits guaranteed under these policies. If they are not sufficient, we must fund the shortfall. Even if they are sufficient, we may choose for business reasons to support dividend payments on policies in the Closed Block with our general account funds.
 The Closed Block assets, cash flows generated by the Closed Block assets and anticipated revenues from policies in the Closed Block will benefit only the holders of those policies. In addition, to the extent these amounts are greater than the amounts estimated at the time we funded the Closed Block, dividends payable in respect of the policies included in the Closed Block may be greater than they would have been in the absence of a Closed Block. Any excess net income will be available for distribution over time to Closed Block policyholders but will not be available to our stockholders. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, Closed Block" for further details.
 Our reinsurers could default on their obligations or increase their rates, which could adversely impact our net income and financial condition.
 We cede life, annuity, disability, medical and long-term care insurance to other insurance companies through reinsurance. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Reinsurance." See Item 1. "Business," for information about the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. The collectability of reinsurance recoverables is largely dependent on the solvency of the individual insurers. We remain liable to the policyholder, even if the reinsurer defaults on its obligations with respect to the ceded business. In addition, a reinsurer's insolvency may cause us to lose our reserve credits on the ceded business, in which case we would be required to establish additional reserves.
 The premium rates we charge are based, in part, on the assumption that reinsurance will be available at a certain cost. Most of our reinsurance contracts contain provisions that limit the reinsurer's ability to increase rates on in-force business; however, some do not. If a reinsurer raises the rates it charges on a block of in-force business, our profitability may be negatively impacted if we are not able to pass the increased costs on to the customer. If reinsurers raise the rates they charge on new business, we may be forced to raise the premiums we charge, which could have a negative impact on our competitive position.
 We face risks arising from future acquisitions of businesses.
 We have acquired businesses in the past and expect to continue to do so in the future. We face a number of risks arising from future acquisition transactions, including difficulties in integrating the acquired business into our operations, difficulties in assimilating and retaining employees and intermediaries, difficulties in retaining the existing customers of the acquired entity, unforeseen liabilities that arise in connection with the acquired business, unfavorable market conditions that could negatively impact our growth expectations for the acquired business and sustained declines in the equity market that could reduce the AUM and fee revenues for certain acquired businesses. These risks may prevent us from realizing the expected benefits from future acquisitions and could result in the impairment of goodwill and/or intangible assets recognized at the time of acquisition.
 For additional information on our goodwill and other intangible assets, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
 We face risks in administering the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction.
 We have a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG blocks of business. We face a number of on-going risks, including managing the relationships under reinsurance agreements, managing a smaller portfolio of general account assets and managing relationships with our distribution channels. These risks may prevent us from realizing the expected benefits from the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction and could result in the recapture of the ceded business upon the occurrence and continuation of certain events and higher costs related to managing the reinsured blocks of business.

 General risks
 A pandemic, terrorist attack, military action or other catastrophic event could adversely affect our operations, net income or financial condition.
 The occurrence of pandemic disease, man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks and military actions, and natural disasters could adversely affect our operations, net income or financial condition. For example, our mortality and morbidity experience could be adversely impacted by a catastrophic event. In addition, a severe catastrophic event may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. Ongoing economic disruptions may lead to declines and volatility in interest rates or equity prices, either of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The resulting macroeconomic conditions could adversely affect our cash flows, as well as the value and liquidity of our invested assets. We may also experience operational disruptions if our employees or third party service providers are unable or unwilling to work due to a catastrophic event.
 Our financial results may be adversely impacted by global climate changes.
 Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased dramatically since the industrial revolution, resulting in a gradual increase in global average temperatures and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. These trends are expected to continue in the future and have the potential to impact nearly all sectors of the economy. We cannot predict the long-term impacts of climate change, but we will continue to monitor new developments in the future.
 Potential impacts may include the following:

 Changes in temperatures and air quality may adversely impact our mortality and morbidity rates. For example, increases in the level of pollution and airborne allergens may cause an increase in upper respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, leading to increased claims in our insurance businesses. However, the risk of increased mortality on our life insurance business may be partly offset by our payout annuity business, where an increase in mortality results in a decrease in benefit payments.

 Climate change may impact asset prices, as well as general economic conditions. For example, rising sea levels may lead to decreases in real estate values in coastal areas. Additionally, government policies to slow climate change (e.g., setting limits on carbon emissions) may have an adverse impact on sectors such as utilities, transportation and manufacturing. Changes in asset prices may impact the value of our fixed income, real estate and commercial mortgage investments. We manage our investment risks by maintaining a well-diversified portfolio, both geographically and by sector. We also monitor our investments on an ongoing basis, allowing us to adjust our exposure to sectors and/or geographical areas that face severe risks due to climate change.

 We maintain extensive business continuity and disaster recovery planning programs, including scenario planning and assessments. Nonetheless, a natural disaster that affects one of our office locations, or the office of a key service provider, could disrupt our operations and pose a threat to the safety of our employees.

 Technological and societal changes may disrupt our business model and impair our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and maintain our profitability.
 Technological advances, innovation in the financial services industry and societal changes may impact our business model and competitive position. These changes may lead to significant changes in the marketing, distribution, underwriting and pricing of financial services products. In addition, technological and societal changes may lead to changes in customers' preferences as to how they want to interact with us and the types of products they want to buy. We may need to change our distribution channels, our customer service model or our product offerings to accommodate evolving customer preferences. Implementing these changes may require significant expenditures. To the extent our competitors are more successful than us at adapting to technological changes and evolving customer preferences, our competitive position and profitability may be adversely impacted.
 Advances in medical technology may also adversely impact our profitability. Increases in the availability and accuracy of genetic testing may increase our exposure to anti-selection risk. In addition, medical advances may lead to increased longevity. As a result, we may be required to pay annuity benefits over a longer period of time than we had projected, thereby reducing the profitability of our annuity products.

 Damage to our reputation may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
 Our continued success is dependent upon our ability to earn and maintain the trust and confidence of customers, distributors, employees and other stakeholders. Damage to our reputation may arise from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, litigation or regulatory actions, compliance failures, employee misconduct, conduct of third parties working on our behalf, cybersecurity incidents or other fraudulent activities, unfavorable press coverage and unfavorable comments on social media. Adverse developments within our industry may also, by association, negatively impact our reputation or result in greater regulatory or legislative scrutiny. Any damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, distributors and employees, potentially leading to a reduction in our revenues and profitability.
 We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
 We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability, which represents a diversion of resources that may be significant in amount and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to secure or enforce the protection of our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete.
 We also may be subject to costly litigation in the event another party alleges our operations or activities infringe upon such other party's intellectual property rights. Third parties may have, or may eventually be issued, patents or other protections that could be infringed by our products, methods, processes or services or could otherwise limit our ability to offer certain product features. Any party that holds such a patent could make a claim of infringement against us. We may also be subject to claims by third parties for breach of copyright, trademark, license usage rights or misappropriation of trade secret rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant liability for damages. If we were found to have infringed or misappropriated a third party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial liability, and in some circumstances could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses, or alternatively could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 If we are unable to attract, develop and retain qualified employees and sales representatives and develop new distribution sources, our results of operations, financial condition and sales of our products may be adversely impacted.
 Our continued success is largely dependent on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified employees. We face intense competition in attracting and retaining key employees, including investment, marketing, finance, actuarial, data analytics, information security, technology, client service and other professionals. If we are unable to attract, develop and retain qualified employees, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted.
 We distribute our asset accumulation, asset management, Life Insurance and Specialty Benefits products and services through a variety of distribution channels, including our own internal digital channels, sales representatives, independent brokers, banks, broker-dealers and other third party marketing organizations. We must attract and retain sales representatives to sell our products and digital professionals to build and enhance our customers' digital experience. Strong competition exists among financial services companies for these roles. We compete with other financial services companies for sales representatives primarily on the basis of our financial position, support services and compensation and product features. If we are unable to attract and retain sufficient sales representatives to sell our products, our ability to compete and revenues from new sales would suffer.
 Our ability to increase and retain AUM is directly related to the performance of our investments as measured against market averages and the performance of our competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified portfolio managers, we may face reduced sales and increased cash outflows in our asset accumulation and asset management businesses.

 Interruptions in information technology, infrastructure or other internal or external systems used for our business operations, or a failure to maintain the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data residing on such systems, could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and adversely impact our profitability.
 We rely on external infrastructure, proprietary information technology and third party systems and services to conduct business, including customer service, marketing and sales activities, customer relationship management, producing financial statements and technology/data centers. In addition, we store and process confidential and proprietary business information on both company-owned and third party and/or vendor managed systems, including cloud service providers. We increasingly rely on the internet in order to conduct business and may be adversely impacted by outages in critical infrastructure such as electric grids, undersea cables, satellites or other communications used by us or our third parties.
 Financial services companies are regularly targeted by cyber criminals, and face various cybersecurity risks, resulting in unauthorized access, theft of funds, extortion, disruption or degradation of service or other damage. These attacks may take a variety of forms, including web application attacks, denial of service attacks, ransomware, malware, and social engineering, including phishing. We may also be adversely impacted by successful cyberattacks of partners, vendors and others in our supply chain with whom we conduct business or share information. Information security incidents may also occur due to the failure to control access to, and use of, sensitive systems or information by our workforce. The tactics and techniques used by cyber criminals to obtain unauthorized access, or otherwise impact our business negatively change frequently, and we, and our supply chain partners, may be unable to anticipate their schemes to implement preventative measures. The failure of our controls (such as policies, procedures, monitoring, software testing, incident response, and backup plans) designed to prevent, or limit the effect of, failure, inadvertent use or abuse could result in disruptions, reputational damage, legal liability, regulatory actions, remediation costs and competitive disadvantage.
 Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect information of our customers or employees could adversely affect our business or result in losses.
 We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the United States and abroad. These include, for example, vendors of computer hardware and software and vendors of services. In the event that one or more of our vendors suffers a bankruptcy or otherwise becomes unable to continue to provide products or services or fails to protect personal information of our customers or employees, we may suffer operational impairments, reputational damage and financial losses.
 Our enterprise risk management framework may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating all the risks to which we are exposed.
 We utilize an integrated risk management framework, which is designed to manage material risks within established risk appetites and risk tolerances. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating every risk to which we are exposed. Many of our methods for managing and mitigating risk rely on models and assumptions that are based, in part, on observed historical data. As a result, these methods, models or assumptions may not accurately predict future exposures, which may be significantly greater than our historical measures indicate. We may be exposed to unanticipated risks as a result of changes in market conditions, new products or new business strategies, catastrophes or other unforeseen circumstances. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we may suffer unexpected losses, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Risk management is an essential component of our culture and business model. Guarding against the specific risks posed by cybersecurity threats has been and will continue to be very dynamic in nature, requiring that we remain agile and aware of internal and external changes. We recognize that cybersecurity threats can be among the most critical risks facing large companies. As a result, cybersecurity is treated as a Board-level matter and overseen by the Board. However, both the Board and management have an integral role in the identification, assessment and management of cybersecurity risk.

 The Board oversees management's execution and performance of its risk management responsibilities, which includes cybersecurity threats. The Board receives at least one cybersecurity report every quarter from our Chief Information Officer, our Chief Information Security Officer, our Chief Risk Officer or other professionals. The Board also reviews and approves the business resiliency and information security programs intended to guard against cybersecurity and related risks. Lastly, the Board receives input on cybersecurity issues from external entities such as our independent auditor, regulators and consultants. Each of these steps further the Board's efforts to ensure we have established and are proactively maintaining an enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk program with appropriate policies, practices and controls designed to ensure resiliency in the face of emerging threats.
 Management holds relevant expertise in assessing and managing cybersecurity threats. Numerous members of management and employees across the information security and risk functions hold nationally recognized designations or certifications, including the Certified Information Systems Security Professional designation, Global Information Assurance Certifications or Amazon Web Services Cloud Certifications. We also provide role-based security training to workers with assigned information security-related roles and responsibilities. This includes topics on social engineering tactics and other general threats posed for system compromise and data loss. The initiatives and processes discussed further below also contribute to the expertise and experience of management.
 The framework for our overall process for managing risk encompasses the management of risks posed by cybersecurity threats and is discussed further in Item 1. "Business, Risk Management." As a general matter, we take a proactive approach to assessing and monitoring cybersecurity-specific risks that is oriented around monitoring emerging external threats, ensuring controls are in place to identify and manage risk within our technology environment and creating a culture of vigilance across the organization.
 We test for and resolve weaknesses and vulnerabilities within our systems and applications by using network and infrastructure vulnerability testing and adversary emulation, also known as red teaming, and hire a third party to do the same at least once a year. We also undergo a third party maturity assessment of our information security program every two years and a third party enterprise penetration test annually. We leverage external resources to help define information security and technology standards for our environment.
 Our cybersecurity controls are monitored and refined based on learnings from regular red team engagements and analysis by threat hunters. All cyber defense operations are enriched through a dedicated cybersecurity threat intelligence function. We collaborate with information security peers across the industry to maximize threat intelligence. Our threat intelligence program helps create awareness and understanding of potential cybersecurity threats and adversaries. We proactively assess potential risks presented by new services or systems integrated with our network or data and ensure appropriate controls are applied under such circumstances. We perform due diligence and monitor third party relationships based on risk profile to assess the suitability of their cybersecurity controls and protocols for the business operations or services for which they are engaged.
 Our awareness and training program creates a risk-aware culture to ensure employees understand cybersecurity threats and are accountable for completing required training. We have empowered and conditioned our global workforce to recognize and resist phishing attempts with our simulated phishing program. At least quarterly, our employees are presented with simulated phishing scenarios that deliver hands-on experience and on-the-spot education opportunities. All engineers and employees holding equivalent roles who are involved in software development also receive mandated secure software development training.
 We have an enterprise incident management plan that provides a framework for preparing for, managing and responding to cybersecurity incidents that may arise. The plan ensures stakeholders across the organization are identified who have the appropriate experience, training and expertise in incident management, and that the organization is well positioned to address incidents. For example, we carry out cybersecurity incident response exercises to develop widespread familiarity and experience in responding to cybersecurity incidents.
 No risks from any known cybersecurity incidents have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For further discussion related to how cybersecurity risks may impact our performance in the future, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors."
 Item 2. Properties
 As of December 31, 2023, we owned properties in our home office complex in Des Moines, Iowa, and leased space for various offices located throughout the U.S. and internationally. We believe that our owned and leased properties are suitable and adequate for our current business operations.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 Disclosure concerning legal proceedings can be found in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases" under the caption, "Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes" under the caption, "Other Tax Information," which are incorporated here by this reference.
 Information about our Executive Officers
 The following information is furnished with respect to our executive officers, each of whom is elected by and serves at the pleasure of the Board.
 Vivek Agrawal, 56, has been Executive Vice President and Chief Growth Officer of the Company and Principal Life since March 2023. Prior to joining the Company and Principal Life, he was a senior partner at McKinsey & Company, where he led consulting practices in both the United States and Asia and contributed to the growth of top-tier asset management, retirement, wealth management and insurance organizations.
 Kamal Bhatia, 52, has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Principal Asset Management of the Company and Principal Life since February 10, 2024, and President and Chief Executive Officer of Principal Funds since August 2019. Prior to his current position, he was the Global Head of Investments for Principal Asset Management from 2023 to February 10, 2024, and Chief Operating Officer of Principal Asset Management from 2020 to 2023. Previously, he held leadership roles at OC Private Capital, OppenheimerFunds, TIAA, Mellon Asset Management and Citigroup.
 Thomas Cheong, 55, has been Executive Vice President of the Company since January 2021 and President, Principal Asia of the Company since March 2019. Thomas is from Singapore and is located in our Hong Kong office. Prior to his current position, he was Senior Vice President of the Company from 2019 to 2020 and served as Vice President, Head of North Asia of the Company from 2015 to 2019. Previously, he held several leadership roles in various Asia markets at Manulife Financial Corporation and Prudential UK.
 Amy Friedrich, 53, has been President of Benefits and Protection since May 2017. Prior to her current position, she was Senior Vice President of the Specialty Benefits division of U.S. Insurance Solutions from 2015 to 2017 and Vice President of Specialty Benefits from 2008 to 2015.
 Patrick Halter, 64, was President and Chief Executive Officer of Principal Asset Management of the Company and Principal Life from November 2022 until February 10, 2024. He is serving in an interim role of Division President of Principal Asset Management beginning on February 10, 2024, until his retirement from the Company and Principal Life on April 2, 2024. Previously, he was President of Global Asset Management of the Company and Principal Life from 2020 to 2022, Chief Executive Officer for Principal Global Investors from 2018 to 2022 and held leadership roles in Principal Global Investors and Principal Real Estate Investors.
 Daniel Houston, 62, has been a director of the Company and Principal Life and President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Principal Life since August 2015. Prior to his current position, he held the same positions except was Chief Operating Officer (and not Chief Executive Officer) from 2014 to 2015. Previously, he served as President, Retirement, Insurance and Financial Services of the Company and Principal Life from 2010 to 2014 and held several leadership roles in Retirement and Income Solutions of the Company and Principal Life.
 Kathleen Kay, 61, has been Executive Vice President of the Company and Principal Life since March 2022 and Chief Information Officer of the Company and Principal Life since May 2020. Prior to her current position, she was Senior Vice President of the Company and Principal Life from 2020 to 2022. Previously, she was Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Pacific Gas & Electric Company from 2015 to 2020, Enterprise Chief Technology Officer at SunTrust from 2012 to 2015 and held leadership roles at Comerica Bank and OnStar of General Motors.
 Natalie Lamarque, 47, has been Executive Vice President and General Counsel of the Company and Principal Life since July 2022 and Secretary of the Company and Principal Life since October 2022. Prior to her current position, she was with New York Life Insurance Company in various roles, including General Counsel from 2020 to 2022 and Deputy General Counsel from 2019 to 2020, both while a Senior Vice President; Vice President in Corporate Compliance from 2016 to 2019; and Associate General Counsel from 2014 to 2016. Previously, she served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Criminal Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York and worked as an attorney at Debevoise & Plimpton LLP.
 Christopher Littlefield, 57, has been President, Retirement and Income Solutions since March 2022. Prior to his current position, he was Executive Vice President and General Counsel of the Company and Principal Life from 2020 to 2022 and Secretary of the Company and Principal Life from 2020 to 2022. Previously, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance Holdings from 2014 to 2018 and held several leadership roles at Aviva USA Corporation and AmerUS Group Co.

 Kenneth McCullum, 59, has been Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of the Company and Principal Life since April 2023. Prior to his current position, he was Senior Vice President and Chief Risk Officer from 2020 to 2023 and Vice President and Chief Actuary from 2015 to 2020. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President responsible for business development and in force management at Delaware Life Insurance Company from 2013 to 2015 and held several leadership roles at Sun Life Financial and the Hartford.
 Deanna Strable-Soethout, 55, has been Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and Principal Life since February 2017. Prior to her current position, she was Executive Vice President of the Company and Principal Life from 2016 to 2017 and President, U.S. Insurance Solutions of the Company and Principal Life from 2015 to 2017. Previously, she served as Senior Vice President of the Company and Principal Life from 2006 to 2015.
 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Our common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "PFG" on October 23, 2001. Prior to such date, there was no established public trading market for our common stock. Effective December 15, 2017, we changed our listing to the Nasdaq Global Select Market and continue trading under the symbol "PFG". On February 2, 2024, there were 210,544 stockholders of record of our common stock.
 We have historically paid cash dividends on our common stock. Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a number of factors, including our results and financial requirements and the impact of regulatory restrictions. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay dividends or make other distributions.
 The following table presents the amount of our share purchase activity for the periods indicated:

 Total number

 of shares

 Maximum dollar

 purchased as

 value of shares that

 Total number

 Average

 part of publicly

 may yet be purchased

 of shares

 price paid

 announced

 under the programs

 Period

 purchased (1)

 per share

 programs

 (in millions) (2)

 January 1, 2023 - January 31, 2023

 673,543

 $

 87.99

 673,543

 $

 930.0

 February 1, 2023 - February 28, 2023

 907,130

 $

 89.61

 580,602

 $

 877.7

 March 1, 2023 - March 31, 2023

 547,054

 $

 87.06

 449,119

 $

 838.8

 April 1, 2023 - April 30, 2023

 728,248

 $

 74.84

 725,154

 $

 784.5

 May 1, 2023 - May 31, 2023

 606,186

 $

 70.92

 599,336

 $

 742.0

 June 1, 2023 - June 30, 2023

 48,442

 $

 68.35

 47,680

 $

 738.7

 July 1, 2023 - July 31, 2023

 665,447

 $

 79.91

 665,447

 $

 685.6

 August 1, 2023 - August 31, 2023

 1,284,889

 $

 78.13

 1,281,566

 $

 585.4

 September 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023

 617,532

 $

 76.35

 615,920

 $

 538.4

 October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023

 1,869,450

 $

 69.08

 1,868,044

 $

 409.4

 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023

 636,388

 $

 68.93

 636,388

 $

 365.5

 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023

 997,020

 $

 77.96

 995,694

 $

 287.9

 Total

 9,581,329

 9,138,493

 (1)
 Includes the number of shares of common stock utilized to execute certain stock incentive awards and shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs.

 (2)
 In January 2022, our Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.6 billion of our outstanding common stock, which has no expiration. In February 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock, which has no expiration and is in addition to the $287.9 million that remained available under our existing share repurchase authorization as of December 31, 2023.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following analysis discusses our financial condition as of December 31, 2023, compared with December 31, 2022, our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and, where appropriate, factors that may affect our future financial performance. The discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes to the financial statements and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. On January 1, 2023, we adopted the guidance commonly referred to as long-duration targeted improvements ("LDTI"). Results for 2022 and 2021 are also presented under the new LDTI guidance in this Form 10-K.
 Forward-Looking Information
 Our narrative analysis below contains forward-looking statements intended to enhance the reader's ability to assess our future financial performance. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements that represent our beliefs concerning future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments, and contain words and phrases such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect," "intend" and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are made based upon management's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.
 Actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties. Those risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors listed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors."
 Overview
 We provide financial products and services through the following reportable segments:

 Retirement and Income Solutions;

 Principal Asset Management and

 Benefits and Protection.

 We also have a Corporate segment, which consists of the assets and activities that have not been allocated to any other segment. See Item 1. "Business" for a description of our reportable segments.
 Economic Factors and Trends
 Positive market performance led to an increase in account values in our Retirement and Income Solutions segment in 2023. Since account values are the base by which this business generates revenues, market performance volatility may impact our revenues in future quarters.
 Positive market performance led to an increase in AUM managed by our Principal Global Investors operations in 2023. Since AUM is the base by which this business generates revenues, market performance volatility may impact our revenues in future quarters. Also included in revenues are borrower fees, transaction fees and performance fees, which can fluctuate between years. In our Principal International operations, local currency AUM is a key indicator of earnings growth. AUM and revenues were positively impacted by foreign currency fluctuations in 2023.
 In our Benefits and Protection segment, premium and fee growth is a key indicator of earnings growth. Higher levels of unemployment may impact new sales in our businesses and reduce in-group growth in our Specialty Benefits business in the short-term.
 Profitability
 Our profitability depends in large part upon our amount of AUM and our ability to:

 manage the difference between the investment income we earn and the interest we credit to policyholders;

 generate fee revenues by providing trust and custody, administrative and investment management services;

 price our insurance products at a level that enables us to earn a margin over the cost of providing benefits and the related expenses;

 manage our investment portfolio to maximize investment returns and minimize risks such as interest rate changes or defaults or impairments of invested assets;

 effectively hedge fluctuations in foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates on certain transactions and

 manage our operating expenses.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 The increasing complexity of the business environment and applicable authoritative accounting guidance requires us to closely monitor our accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are described in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies." We have identified critical accounting policies that are complex and require significant judgment and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A summary of our critical accounting policies is intended to enhance the reader's ability to assess our financial condition and results of operations and the potential volatility due to changes in estimates and changes in guidance. The identification, selection and disclosure of critical accounting policies and estimates have been discussed with the Board Audit Committee.
 Valuation and Allowance for Credit Loss of Fixed Income Investments
 Fixed Maturities. Fixed maturities include bonds, asset-backed securities ("ABS"), redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. We classify our fixed maturities as either AFS or trading and, accordingly, carry them at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. Volatility in net income can result from changes in fair value of fixed maturities classified as trading. Volatility in other comprehensive income can result from changes in fair value of fixed maturities classified as AFS.
 We measure the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset, or nonperformance risk, including our own credit risk. For additional details concerning the methodologies, assumptions and inputs utilized see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" under the caption, "Determination of Fair Value."
 The fair values of our public fixed maturities are primarily based on market prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interactions with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. In addition, 15% of our invested asset portfolio as of December 31, 2023, was invested in privately placed fixed maturities with no readily available market quotes to determine the fair market value. The majority of these assets are valued using a matrix pricing valuation approach that utilizes observable market inputs. In the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on observable public market data. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread. Although the matrix valuation approach provides a fair valuation of each pricing category, the valuation of an individual security within each pricing category may be impacted by company specific factors. This excludes privately placed securities subject to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933 that are primarily based on market prices from third party pricing vendors, similar to public fixed maturities.
 If we are unable to price a fixed maturity security using prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources specific to the asset class, we may obtain a broker quote or utilize an internal pricing model specific to the asset utilizing relevant market information, to the extent available and where at least one significant unobservable input is utilized. In addition, there may be certain securities managed by external managers where we obtain the valuation from the external manager when we are unable to obtain prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources. These are reflected in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and can include fixed maturities across all asset classes. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3% of our total fixed maturities were Level 3 securities valued using internal pricing models. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion.
 The $1,517.5 million decrease in net unrealized losses from U.S. investment operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, can primarily be attributed to a tightening of credit spreads. For additional information about interest rate risk see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
 We have a process in place to identify fixed maturity securities that could potentially require an allowance for credit loss. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers' credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.

 Each reporting period, all securities in an unrealized loss position are reviewed to determine whether a decline in value is due to credit. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent the fair value is below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value; (3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events and (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows. To the extent we determine an unrealized loss is due to credit, an allowance for credit loss is recognized through a reduction to net income. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Allowance for Credit Loss" for further discussion.
 A number of significant risks and uncertainties are inherent in the process of monitoring credit losses and determining the allowance for credit loss. These risks and uncertainties include: (1) the risk that our assessment of an issuer's ability to meet all of its contractual obligations will change based on changes in the credit characteristics of that issuer; (2) the risk that the economic outlook will be worse than expected or have more of an impact on the issuer than anticipated; (3) the risk that our investment professionals are making decisions based on fraudulent or misstated information in the financial statements provided by issuers and (4) the risk that new information obtained by us or changes in other facts and circumstances lead us to change our intent to not sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. Any of these situations could result in a charge to net income in a future period. As of December 31, 2023, we had $48,178.6 million in AFS fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses totaling $5,872.9 million. Included in the gross unrealized losses are losses attributable to both movements in market interest rates as well as movement in credit spreads.
 For more detailed information concerning allowances for credit loss, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Allowance for Credit Loss."
 Mortgage Loans. Mortgage loans consist primarily of commercial mortgage loans on real estate. Commercial mortgage loans on real estate are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. We establish a valuation allowance for the risk of credit losses inherent in our mortgage loans, which is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated expected credit losses. The valuation allowance is based on amortized cost excluding accrued interest receivable and includes reserves for pools of financing receivables with similar risk characteristics. Amounts on loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. The change in the valuation allowance provision is included in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations.
 For more detailed information concerning mortgage loan valuation allowances, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance."
 We use derivatives primarily to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks. The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are determined through quoted market prices. Exchange-traded derivatives include futures that are settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives, that are cleared through centralized clearinghouses are determined through market prices published by the clearinghouses. Variation margin associated with OTC cleared derivatives is settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of non-cleared OTC derivatives are determined using either pricing valuation models that utilize market observable inputs or broker quotes. On an absolute fair value basis as of December 31, 2023, the majority of our OTC derivative assets and liabilities were valued using pricing valuation models using market observable data with less than 1% using broker quotes. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion. The fair values of our derivative instruments can be impacted by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads, equity indices and volatility, as well as other contributing factors. For additional information see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
 We also issue certain annuity, universal life and other contracts that include embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract. They are valued using a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion. We include our assumption for own nonperformance risk in the valuation of these embedded derivatives. As our credit spreads widen or tighten, the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities decrease or increase, leading to an increase or decrease in net income. If the current market credit spreads reflecting our own creditworthiness move to zero (tighten), the reduction to net income would be approximately $4.9 million, net of income taxes, based on December 31, 2023, reported amounts. In addition, the policyholder behavior assumptions used in the valuation of embedded derivatives include risk margins, which increase the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities.

 We have entered into coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance arrangements. For funds withheld agreements the economic benefit of the assets flow to reinsurance counterparties, however, we retain legal ownership of the assets within the funds withheld account. Therefore, the assets held under funds withheld agreements are included on our consolidated statements of financial position, with a corresponding funds withheld payable. The funds withheld payable also includes an embedded derivative that has been bifurcated from the host contract. The fair value of the embedded derivative is based on the change in the fair value of the underlying funds withheld investments using the valuation methods and assumptions described for our investments held.
 The accounting for derivatives is complex and interpretations of the applicable accounting standards continue to evolve. Judgment is applied in determining the availability and application of hedge accounting designations and the appropriate accounting treatment. Judgment and estimates are used to determine the fair value of some of our derivatives. Volatility in net income can result from changes in fair value of derivatives that do not qualify or are not designated for hedge accounting and changes in fair value of embedded derivatives.
 Market Risk Benefits
 MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk such as equity, interest rate or foreign exchange risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk. We have certain annuity and other investment contracts that have GMWB and GMDB riders or a guarantee on the minimum account balance under certain qualifying events. These MRBs have been bifurcated from the host contract and are measured at fair value. The change in fair value is recognized in net income, with the exception of the change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. We use various derivative instruments to hedge against changes in fair value of MRBs related to market risk.
 MRBs are valued using a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Market Risk Benefits and Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion. We include our assumption for own nonperformance risk in the valuation of these MRBs, which is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. As our credit spreads widen or tighten, the fair value of MRB assets increase or decrease and the fair value of MRB liabilities decrease or increase, leading to an increase or decrease in OCI, respectively. If the current market credit spreads reflecting our own creditworthiness move to zero (tighten), the reduction to OCI would be approximately $113.1 million, net of income taxes, based on December 31, 2023, reported amounts. In addition, the policyholder behavior assumptions used in the valuation of MRBs include risk margins, which decrease the fair value of MRB assets and increase the fair value of MRB liabilities.
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. Intangibles with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We formally conduct our annual goodwill and other intangible asset impairment testing during the third quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not create an impairment. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segment.
 Annual goodwill impairment testing consists of qualitative or quantitative assessments. In the qualitative assessment, we assess relevant events and circumstances that could affect the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If when reviewing the qualitative factors it is determined it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative impairment test is performed.
 The determination of fair value for our reporting units is primarily based on an income approach whereby we use discounted cash flows for each reporting unit. We apply significant judgment to our discounted cash flow models when determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units. The valuation methodologies utilized are subject to key judgments and assumptions that are sensitive to change. Estimates of fair value are inherently uncertain and represent only management's reasonable expectation regarding future developments. These estimates and the judgments and assumptions upon which the estimates are based will in all likelihood differ in some responses from actual future results.
 The key inputs, judgments and assumptions necessary in determining estimated fair value include:

 weighted average cost of capital

 long-term growth rate

 corporate income tax rate

 AUM growth rate

 net revenue growth rate

 business margins on AUM and net revenue

 For reporting units that performed a qualitative test of goodwill, we concluded the estimated fair values of all such reporting units were in excess of their carrying values and, therefore, goodwill was not impaired. Similarly, for reporting units that performed a quantitative test of goodwill, the estimated fair values of all such reporting units were in excess of their carrying values and, therefore, goodwill was not impaired.
 For information about our goodwill and other intangible assets, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies," and "Note 2, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
 Sensitivities. In connection with our annual impairment testing process, we performed a sensitivity analysis for goodwill impairment with respect to each of our reporting units and determined that a hypothetical 10% decline in the fair value would not result in an impairment of goodwill for any reporting unit. We cannot predict certain future events that might adversely affect the reported value of goodwill and other intangible assets that totaled $1,608.5 million and $1,469.8 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Such events include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on our customer base, interest rate movements, declines in the equity markets, the legal environment in which the businesses operate or a material negative change in our relationships with significant customers.
 Insurance Reserves
 Reserves are liabilities representing estimates of the amounts that will come due, at some point in the future, to or on behalf of our policyholders. U.S. GAAP, allowing for some degree of managerial judgment, provides guidance for establishing reserves.
 Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for individual traditional and group life insurance, disability, medical and long-term care insurance and individual and group annuities that provide periodic income payments. These reserves are computed using assumptions of mortality, interest, morbidity and lapse. These assumptions are based on our experience, industry results, emerging trends and future expectations.
 For long-duration insurance contracts, reserves for individual and group annuities are generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefit payments, while the reserves for non-participating term life insurance, individual disability income contracts and individual and group long-term care contracts is generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefits less the present value of expected net premiums. Issue-year cohorts are used for the reserve calculation and assumptions are periodically reviewed and updated. Separate cohorts are used for the calculation of ceded reserves. An interest accretion rate is determined for an identified cohort and remains unchanged after the issue year. Reserves are remeasured as of each reporting date to reflect the current upper-medium grade fixed income instruments yields, with the impact reported in OCI. If the current upper-medium grade yields decrease 100 basis points, the reduction in OCI would be approximately $2.3 billion, net of income taxes, based on December 31, 2023, reported amounts.
 Reserves for participating life insurance contracts are based on the net level premium reserve for death and endowment policy benefits. This net level premium reserve is calculated based on dividend fund interest rates and mortality rates guaranteed in calculating the cash surrender values described in the contract.
 For short-duration contracts, significant changes in experience or assumptions may require us to provide for expected future losses on a product by establishing premium deficiency reserves. Our reserve levels are reviewed throughout the year using internal analysis including, among other things, experience studies, claim development analysis and annual loss recognition analysis. To the extent experience indicates potential loss recognition, we recognize losses on certain lines of business. The ultimate accuracy of the assumptions on these insurance products cannot be determined until the obligation of the entire block of business on which the assumptions were made is extinguished. Short-term variances of actual results from the assumptions used in the computation of the reserves are reflected in current period net income and can impact quarter-to-quarter net income.

 Future policy benefits and claims also include reserves for incurred but unreported disability, medical, dental, vision, critical illness, accident, hospital indemnity, PFML and life insurance claims. We recognize claims costs in the period the service was provided to our policyholders. However, claims costs incurred in a particular period are not known with certainty until after we receive, process and pay the claims. We determine the amount of this liability using actuarial methods based on historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging cost trends, where applicable, to determine our estimate of claim liabilities. We also look back to assess how our prior periods' estimates developed. To the extent appropriate, changes in such development are recorded as a change to current period claim expense. Historically, the amount of the claim reserve adjustment made in subsequent reporting periods for prior period estimates have been within a reasonable range given our normal claim fluctuations.
 Future policy benefits and claims also include benefit reserves that are established for universal life-type contracts that provide benefit features that are expected to produce gains in early years followed by losses in later years. The liabilities are accrued in relation to estimated contract assessments.
 See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims" for further discussion.
 We periodically review and update actuarial assumptions that are used to project cash flows that are used to compute reserves. For more information see ''Transactions Affecting Comparability of Results of Operations — Actuarial Assumption Updates."
 Benefit Plans
 The reported expense and liability associated with pension and OPEB plans requires the use of assumptions. Numerous assumptions are made regarding the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, turnover, expected compensation increases, health care claim costs, health care cost trends, retirement rates and mortality. The discount rate and the expected return on plan assets have the most significant impact on the level of expense.
 The assumed discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the Projected Benefit Obligation and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. Our assumed discount rates were 4.90% for our pension plans and 4.80% for our OPEB plans as of December 31, 2023. Typically, a 0.25% decrease in the discount rate would increase the pension benefits Projected Benefit Obligation by approximately $96.4 million and increase the Net Periodic Pension Cost ("NPPC") by approximately $7.2 million. Typically, a 0.25% decrease in the discount rate would increase the OPEB accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by approximately $1.3 million and would have a nominal impact on the Net Periodic Benefit Cost ("NPBC"). Typically, a 0.25% increase in the discount rate would result in decreases in benefit obligations and changes in expenses at a level generally commensurate with those noted above.
 The assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets is set at the long-term rate expected to be earned based on the long-term investment policy of the plans and the various classes of the invested funds. Historical and future expected returns of multiple asset classes were analyzed to develop a risk-free real rate of return and risk premiums for each asset class. The overall long-term rate for each asset class was developed by combining a long-term inflation component, the real risk-free rate of return and the associated risk premium. A weighted average rate was developed based on long-term returns for each asset class, the plan's target asset allocation policy and the tax structure of the trusts. For the 2023 NPPC and 2023 NPBC, a 6.20% and 5.05% weighted average long-term rate of return was used, respectively. For the 2024 NPPC and 2024 NPBC, a 6.10% and 4.65% weighted average long-term rate of return assumption, respectively, will be used. Typically, a 0.25% decrease in the assumed long-term rate of return would increase the NPPC by approximately $7.0 million and the NPBC by approximately $0.2 million. Typically, a 0.25% increase in this rate would result in a decrease to expense at the same levels. The assumed return on plan assets is based on the fair market value of plan assets as of December 31, 2023.
 The compensation increase assumption is generally set at a rate consistent with current and expected long-term compensation and salary policy, including inflation.
 For pension costs, actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average remaining service period of plan participants, which is approximately 10 years. For OPEB costs, actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average future lifetime of the remaining covered group of retirees, which is approximately 14 years. The qualified pension plan does not utilize the allowable corridor, while the nonqualified pension plan and OPEB plans utilize the 10% corridor. Prior service costs are amortized on a weighted average basis over approximately 4 years for pension costs and 4 years for OPEB costs. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, Employee and Agent Benefits" for further discussion.

 We provide for income taxes based on our estimate of the liability for taxes due. Our tax accounting represents management's best estimate of various events and transactions, such as completion of tax audits or establishment of, or changes to, a valuation allowance associated with certain deferred tax assets, which could affect our estimates and effective income tax rate in a particular quarter or annual period. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. We are required to evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets each quarter and establish a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realizable. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback years and implementation of any feasible and prudent tax planning strategies management would employ to realize the tax benefit.
 Deferred income taxes (including federal, state and foreign withholding) have not been provided on approximately $1,362.6 million of accumulated but undistributed earnings from operations of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023. We do not record deferred income taxes on foreign earnings not expected to be distributed to the U.S. We apply an exception to the general rule, which under U.S. GAAP otherwise requires the recording of deferred income taxes on the anticipated repatriation of foreign earnings as recognized for financial reporting purposes. The exception permits us to not record a deferred income tax liability on foreign earnings we expect to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign operations. The related deferred income taxes will be recorded in the period it becomes apparent we can no longer positively assert some or all the undistributed earnings will remain invested into the foreseeable future.
 Inherent in the provision for income taxes are estimates and our expectations regarding the deductibility of certain items, the timing of income and expense recognition, future performance and the current or future realization of operating losses, capital losses and certain tax credits. We regularly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign operations considering all available information, including operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as tax laws applicable to our domestic and foreign subsidiaries. In the event these estimates differ from our prior estimates due to the receipt of new information, we may be required to significantly change the provision for income taxes recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Any such change could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these estimates change. A significant decline in value of financial assets could lead to establishment of a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets having an adverse effect on current and future results. In management's judgment, total deferred income tax assets are more-likely-than-not to be realized.
 In addition, the amount of income taxes paid is subject to audits in the U.S. as well as various state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax benefits are recognized for book purposes when the more-likely-than-not threshold is met with regard to the validity of an uncertain tax position. Once this threshold is met, for each uncertain tax position we recognize in earnings the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the Internal Revenue Service or other income taxing authorities for audits ongoing or not yet commenced.
 We had $223.8 million of current income tax payables associated with outstanding audit issues as of December 31, 2023. We believe there are adequate defenses against, or sufficient provisions for, the contested issues, but final resolution of contested issues could take several years while legal remedies are pursued. Consequently, we do not anticipate the ultimate resolution of audits ongoing or not yet commenced to have a material impact on our net income.
 See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes" for further discussion.
 Transactions Affecting Comparability of Results of Operations
 Acquisition
 China Pension Joint Venture. On December 28, 2022, we finalized the acquisition of a 17.647% interest in CCB Pension Management Co., Ltd. ("CCBP"), China Construction Bank's pension business with the Social Security Fund of China. CCBP is the first and only asset manager to be permitted to run all types of pension investment portfolios within the country. The joint venture investment is reported using the equity method within the Principal Asset Management segment.

 Other
 Actuarial Assumption Updates. We periodically review and update actuarial assumptions that are inputs to the models for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional limited-payment long-duration contracts and other actuarial balances. Assumption updates and model refinements made during the third quarter resulted in a change in cash flow assumptions that increased (decreased) consolidated net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. by $(9.7) million, $51.2 million and $(44.4) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The following table presents the increase (decrease) to pre-tax operating earnings for each segment.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 53.4

 $

 1.8

 $

 (96.6)

 9.8

 61.2

 3.4

 Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG blocks of business. The economics of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022.
 Other Factors Affecting Comparability
 Fluctuations in Foreign Currency to U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates
 Fluctuations in foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates for locations in which we have operations can affect reported financial results. In years when foreign currencies weaken against the U.S. dollar, translating foreign currencies into U.S. dollars results in fewer U.S. dollars to be reported. When foreign currencies strengthen, translating foreign currencies into U.S. dollars results in more U.S. dollars to be reported.
 Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations create variances in our financial statement line items. The most significant impact occurs within our Principal International operations where pre-tax operating earnings were positively impacted $6.8 million and negatively impacted $17.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates. These impacts were calculated by comparing (a) the difference between current year results and prior year results to (b) the difference between current year results and prior year results translated using current year exchange rates for both periods. We use this approach to calculate the impact of exchange rates on all revenue and expense line items. For a discussion of our approaches to managing foreign currency exchange rate risk, see Item 7A "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
 Effects of Inflation
 The impact of inflation has not had a material effect on our annual consolidated results of operations over the past three years. However, we may be materially affected by inflation in the future.
 Variable Investment Income
 Variable investment income includes certain types of investment returns such as prepayment fees and income (loss) from certain elements of our other alternative asset classes, including results of value-add real estate sales activity. Due to its unpredictable nature, variable investment income may or may not be material to our financial results for a given reporting period and may create variances when comparing different reporting periods. For additional information, see "Investment Results."
 Recent Accounting Changes
 For recent accounting changes, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies" under the captions, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" and "Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance."

 Results of Operations
 The following table presents summary consolidated financial information for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues:

 $

 $

 $

 $

 1,131.2

 $

 498.2

 4,095.9

 4,137.8

 5,041.3

 (41.9)

 (903.5)

 253.4

 (591.1)

 Net realized capital gains (losses)

 (72.2)

 (182.1)

 115.4

 109.9

 (297.5)

 165.0

 749.4

 —

 (584.4)

 749.4

 (1,085.7)

 —

 (4,738.5)

 13,665.8

 17,536.1

 14,427.8

 (3,870.3)

 3,108.3

 Expenses:

 1,156.9

 (626.9)

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain

 (51.6)

 (264.5)

 (4.4)

 212.9

 (260.1)

 Market risk benefit remeasurement loss

 29.1

 125.3

 98.3

 (96.2)

 27.0

 Dividends to policyholders

 89.2

 94.8

 94.8

 (5.6)

 —

 5,072.1

 4,962.2

 5,070.0

 109.9

 (107.8)

 12,927.0

 11,549.1

 12,516.9

 1,377.9

 (967.8)

 Income before income taxes

 738.8

 5,987.0

 1,910.9

 (5,248.2)

 4,076.1

 Income taxes

 68.7

 1,189.5

 283.9

 (1,120.8)

 905.6

 670.1

 (4,127.4)

 3,170.5

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest

 46.9

 40.6

 46.8

 6.3

 (6.2)

 Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 $

 623.2

 $

 $

 $

 (4,133.7)

 $

 3,176.7

 Net Income Attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.
 Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. decreased primarily due to the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.
 Total Revenues
 Premiums and other considerations increased $975.3 million for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily due to higher sales of single premium group annuities with life contingencies. The single premium group annuity product, which is typically used to fund defined benefit plan terminations, can generate large premiums from very few customers and therefore premiums tend to vary from period to period.
 Fees and other revenues decreased for the Principal Asset Management segment due to $62.7 million lower management fee revenue as a result of decreased average AUM managed by our Principal Global Investors operations and $35.4 million lower performance fee revenue for our Principal Global Investors operations primarily in our real estate business. These decreases were partially offset by $22.0 million foreign currency tailwinds for our Principal International operations in the Principal Asset Management segment and a $21.1 million increase to fees and other revenues for the Benefits and Protection segment primarily due to growth in the Life Insurance business.
 For net investment income and net realized capital gains (losses) variance information, see "Investments — Investment Results" under the captions "Net Investment Income" and "Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)," respectively.
 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets decreased due to lower net gains on sales of funds withheld assets as a result of lower sales in 2023 resulting from less portfolio re-positioning by the external reinsurer.
 The change in the fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative resulted in a loss in 2023 due primarily to a tightening of credit spreads as compared to a gain in 2022 due primarily to increased interest rates.
 Total Expenses
 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $1,325.4 million for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily due to an increase in reserves, stemming from higher sales of single premium group annuities with life contingencies.

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain decreased primarily due to re-cohorting in the UL business in 2022 within the Benefits and Protection segment with no corresponding activity in 2023. See Item 1. "Financial Statements, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Actuarial Balance Re-Cohorting" for further discussion.
 The market risk benefit remeasurement loss decreased primarily due to a $226.0 million favorable impact from periodic and final settlements for derivatives used to hedge MRBs. This change was partially offset by a $129.9 million unfavorable impact from the change in fair value of the MRB asset (liability), excluding impacts of nonperformance risk, primarily driven by changes in market movements. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Market Risk Benefits" for further information on market effects.
 Operating expenses increased primarily due to a $122.6 million increase in compensation costs and a $105.6 million increase in amounts credited to employee accounts in a nonqualified defined contribution pension plan. These increases were partially offset by $160.5 million in strategic review costs and impacts related to the exited business incurred in 2022 with no corresponding activity in 2023.
 The effective income tax rate decreased to 9% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 20% for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to a decrease in pre-tax income with no proportionate change in permanent tax differences. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes" under the caption, "Effective Income Tax Rate" for further discussion.
 Net Income Attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.
 Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. increased primarily due to the change in the fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.
 Total Revenues
 Premiums and other considerations increased for the Benefits and Protection segment primarily due to a $274.7 million increase from growth in the Specialty Benefits business and a $201.9 million increase in premiums in the Life Insurance business primarily related to the retrocession of ceded premiums as a result of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction in 2022.
 Fees and other revenues decreased $559.1 million for the Benefits and Protection segment primarily due to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Fees and other revenues decreased $142.3 million for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily resulting from declining financial markets. Fees and other revenues decreased for the Principal Asset Management segment largely due to $79.4 million lower management fee revenue as a result of decreased average AUM managed by our Principal Global Investors operations.
 For net investment income and net realized capital gains (losses) variance information, see "Investments — Investment Results" under the captions "Net Investment Income" and "Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)," respectively.
 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets increased as a result of the sale of funds withheld assets associated with the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction in 2022.
 The change in the fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative increased due to an increase in interest rates following the establishment of the funds withheld payable associated with the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction in 2022.
 Total Expenses
 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses decreased $515.6 million for the Benefits and Protection segment primarily due to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses decreased $219.2 million for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily due to a decrease in reserves, stemming from the impact of our exited retail fixed annuity business.
 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain increased primarily due to a $201.1 million benefit from re-cohorting in the UL business in 2022 within the Benefits and Protection segment with no corresponding activity in 2021 and a $43.3 million favorable effect of changes in cash flow assumptions for the Benefits and Protection segment driven by actuarial assumption updates and model refinements. See Item 1. "Financial Statements, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies - Actuarial Balance Re-Cohorting" for further discussion.

 The market risk benefit remeasurement loss increased primarily due to a $199.1 million unfavorable impact from periodic and final settlements for derivatives used to hedge MRBs. This change was partially offset by a $172.0 million favorable impact from the change in fair value of the MRB asset (liability), excluding impacts of nonperformance risk, primarily driven by changes in market movements. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Market Risk Benefits" for further information on market effects.
 Operating expenses decreased primarily due to $157.0 million of lower incentive compensation costs and a $139.5 million decrease in amounts credited to employee accounts in a nonqualified defined contribution pension plan. These decreases were partially offset by $160.5 million in strategic review costs and impacts related to the exited business incurred in 2022 with no corresponding activity in 2021.
 The effective income tax rate increased to 20% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from 15% for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to a 3% impact related to a decrease of available foreign tax credits on the U.S. taxation of international operations and a 2% impact of an increase in pre-tax income with no proportionate increase in permanent tax differences. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes" under the caption, "Effective Income Tax Rate" for further discussion.
 Results of Operations by Segment
 For results of operations by segment see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 20, Segment Information." Beginning in 2022, segment pre-tax operating earnings excludes amounts associated with our exited U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG businesses, including strategic review costs and impacts, amortization of reinsurance gain (loss), other impacts of reinsured businesses, net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets and the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.
 Retirement and Income Solutions Segment
 Retirement and Income Solutions Trends
 Several key factors impact revenue and earnings growth in the Retirement and Income Solutions segment. These factors include: the ability of our distribution channels to generate new sales and retain existing business; pricing decisions that take account of competitive conditions, persistency, investment returns, mortality trends, and operating expense levels; investment management performance; equity market returns and interest rate changes. Profitability ultimately depends on our ability to price products and invest assets at a level that enables us to earn a margin over the cost of providing benefits and the expense of acquiring and administering those products.
 Net revenue and average monthly account values are key metrics used to understand Retirement and Income Solutions earnings growth. Net revenue, which is used only at the segment level, is defined as operating revenues less benefits, claims and settlement expenses; liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss; market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss and dividends to policyholders. Net revenue is impacted by: (1) changes in the equity markets and interest rates and (2) the difference between investment income earned on the underlying general account assets and the interest rate credited to the contracts. Average monthly account values include the net balances that customers have accumulated within their account, along with future policy benefits for retirement payout products. Average monthly account values are primarily impacted by net customer cash flows and credit market performance.
 The following table presents the Retirement and Income Solutions segment net revenue for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net revenue (in millions)

 $

 2,690.3

 $

 2,616.5

 $

 2,792.3

 $

 73.8

 $

 (175.8)

 Average monthly account values (in billions)

 $

 476.5

 $

 477.2

 $

 459.9

 $

 (0.7)

 $

 17.3

 Retirement and Income Solutions Segment Summary Financial Data
 The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Retirement and Income Solutions segment for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating revenues:

 $

 2,935.0

 $

 1,959.7

 $

 1,883.6

 $

 975.3

 $

 76.1

 1,675.0

 1,665.4

 1,817.0

 9.6

 (151.6)

 2,640.2

 2,274.1

 2,728.8

 366.1

 (454.7)

 7,250.2

 5,899.2

 6,429.4

 1,351.0

 (530.2)

 Expenses:

 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses, including dividends to policyholders

 4,624.2

 3,290.7

 3,547.0

 1,333.5

 (256.3)

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain

 (68.0)

 (11.1)

 (3.8)

 (56.9)

 (7.3)

 Market risk benefit remeasurement loss

 3.7

 3.1

 93.9

 0.6

 (90.8)

 1,638.9

 1,657.4

 1,819.7

 (18.5)

 (162.3)

 6,198.8

 4,940.1

 5,456.8

 1,258.7

 (516.7)

 Pre-tax operating earnings

 $

 1,051.4

 $

 959.1

 $

 972.6

 $

 92.3

 $

 (13.5)

 Pre-tax operating earnings increased primarily due to an increase in net revenue and a decrease in operating expenses as described below.
 Net Revenue
 Net revenue increased $83.4 million primarily due to the rising interest rate environment and a $51.6 million impact associated with actuarial assumption updates and model refinements, which were more favorable in 2023 compared to 2022. These increases were partially offset by a $63.6 million decrease in variable investment income.
 Operating Expenses
 Operating expenses decreased primarily due to a $13.9 million decrease associated with the integration of the IRT business of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., which was completed in the second quarter of 2022.
 Pre-tax operating earnings decreased due to a decrease in our net revenue partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses as described below.
 Net Revenue
 Net revenue decreased primarily due to a $285.6 million decrease associated with the impacts of our exited retail fixed annuity business, a $152.7 million decrease in fee revenue primarily resulting from declining financial markets and a $149.9 million decrease in variable investment income. These decreases were partially offset by a $229.0 million increase associated with higher net yields, a $133.8 million impact associated with actuarial assumption updates and model refinements, which were favorable in 2022 compared to unfavorable in 2021 and a $46.0 million increase in revenue from our Principal Deposit Sweep program resulting from growth in the business.
 Operating Expenses
 Operating expenses decreased primarily due to a $75.1 million impact from our exited retail fixed annuity business and a $67.6 million decrease associated with the integration of the IRT business of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., which was completed in the second quarter of 2022.

 Principal Asset Management Segment
 Principal Global Investors AUM
 AUM is the base by which we generate management fee revenues. Market performance and net cash flow are the two main drivers of AUM growth. Market performance reflects equity, fixed income, real estate and other alternative investment performance. Net cash flow reflects client deposits and withdrawals. The fee levels on these client deposits and withdrawals are increasingly becoming the more important factor to revenue growth and will vary widely based on business and/or product mix.
 Our overall AUM increased $34.8 billion in 2023 driven by positive market performance. We continue to expand our global presence and believe we are well positioned to capture changing market conditions and client needs.
 The following table provides a summary of AUM managed by Principal Global Investors by the business area that sourced or generated the AUM. Principal Global Investors sourced represents institutional and fund platform AUM sourced by Principal Global Investors' distribution teams. General account represents general account assets of domestic insurance companies and other balance sheet assets. Other affiliated sources represents AUM sourced by other PFG businesses (e.g., separate account assets). The amounts include assets managed by Principal Global Investors on behalf of Principal International, which are also reported in the Principal International AUM table below.

 December 31, 2021

 (in billions)

 Principal Global Investors sourced

 $

 255.0

 $

 241.6

 $

 275.9

 General account

 67.4

 63.2

 98.1

 Other affiliated sources

 177.1

 159.9

 172.5

 Total AUM

 $

 499.5

 $

 464.7

 $

 546.5

 The following table presents the AUM rollforward for assets managed by Principal Global Investors for the periods indicated. The amounts include assets managed by Principal Global Investors on behalf of Principal International, which are also reported in the Principal International AUM table below.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in billions)

 AUM, beginning of period

 $

 464.7

 $

 546.5

 $

 502.1

 Net cash flow

 (10.6)

 4.4

 (0.5)

 Market performance

 45.8

 (81.1)

 53.3

 Operations acquired (1)

 —

 18.6

 —

 Operations disposed (2)

 (0.2)

 (23.1)

 (1.2)

 Other (3)

 (0.2)

 (0.6)

 (7.2)

 AUM, end of period

 $

 499.5

 $

 464.7

 $

 546.5

 (1)

 Includes the integration of Institutional Asset Advisory, which is associated with our IRT business, in 2022.

 (2)

 $23.1 billion of Principal Global Investors managed AUM was transferred to third parties per the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction in 2022.

 (3)

 2021 includes the removal of $4.7 billion of AUM due to an internal definition change relating to AUM and AUA.

 Principal International AUM
 AUM is generally a key indicator of earnings growth for Principal International, as AUM is the base by which we can generate local currency profits. The Cuprum business in Chile differs in that the majority of fees are collected with each deposit by the mandatory retirement customers, based on a capped salary level, as opposed to asset levels. Net customer cash flow and market performance are the two main drivers of local currency AUM growth. Net customer cash flow reflects our ability to attract and retain client deposits. Market performance reflects the investment returns on our underlying AUM. Our financial results are also impacted by fluctuations of the foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates for the locations in which we have business. AUM of our foreign subsidiaries is translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the end of the reporting period using the spot foreign exchange rates. Revenue and expenses for our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the average foreign exchange rates for the reporting period.

 The following table presents the Principal International AUM rollforward for the periods indicated. The amounts include assets managed by Principal Global Investors on behalf of Principal International, which are also reported in the Principal Global Investors AUM table above, as well as assets managed by other managers.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in billions)

 AUM, beginning of period

 $

 156.5

 $

 152.1

 $

 165.2

 Net cash flow

 2.1

 (0.8)

 2.0

 Market performance

 15.3

 2.7

 4.3

 Operations disposed (1)

 (0.2)

 —

 (1.2)

 Effect of exchange rates

 7.0

 2.8

 (13.7)

 Other (2)

 (0.3)

 (0.3)

 (4.5)

 AUM, end of period

 $

 180.4

 $

 156.5

 $

 152.1

 (1)
 During 2021, we exited our retail investment and retirement business in India.

 (2)
 Includes Chile hardship withdrawals of $2.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021. Also includes the 2021 removal of $1.7 billion of distribution only AUM since it has no impact on the Principal International's future management fee revenues.

 Principal Asset Management Segment Summary Financial Data
 The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Principal Asset Management segment for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating revenues:

 $

 29.0

 $

 77.7

 $

 127.5

 $

 (48.7)

 $

 (49.8)

 2,018.9

 2,108.9

 2,294.3

 (90.0)

 (185.4)

 734.4

 994.7

 771.2

 (260.3)

 223.5

 2,782.3

 3,181.3

 3,193.0

 (399.0)

 (11.7)

 Expenses:

 422.9

 758.9

 599.6

 (336.0)

 159.3

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss

 0.9

 (4.7)

 (4.9)

 5.6

 0.2

 1,534.2

 1,516.5

 1,552.2

 17.7

 (35.7)

 1,958.0

 2,270.7

 2,146.9

 (312.7)

 123.8

 Pre tax operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest

 6.6

 7.9

 10.0

 (1.3)

 (2.1)

 Pre tax operating earnings

 $

 817.7

 $

 902.7

 $

 1,036.1

 $

 (85.0)

 $

 (133.4)

 Pre-tax operating earnings decreased in our Principal Global Investors operations primarily due to $62.7 million lower management fee revenue as a result of decreased average AUM and $35.4 million lower performance fee revenue primarily in our real estate business.
 Pre-tax operating earnings decreased in our Principal Global Investors operations primarily due to $79.4 million lower management fee revenue as a result of decreased average AUM and a $28.3 million increase in non-variable staff costs. Pre-tax operating earnings decreased in our Principal International operations primarily due to $27.3 million of unfavorable relative market performance on our required regulatory investments.

 Benefits and Protection Segment
 Benefits and Protection Segment Summary Financial Data
 Premium and fees are a key metric for growth in the Benefits and Protection segment. We receive premiums on our specialty benefits insurance products as well as our traditional life insurance products. Fees are generated from our universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance products. We use several reinsurance programs to help manage the mortality and morbidity risk. Premium and fees are reported net of reinsurance premiums.
 The following table presents the Benefits and Protection segment premium and fees for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 3,055.0

 $

 2,804.8

 $

 2,530.3

 $

 250.2

 $

 274.5

 922.2

 922.5

 1,279.6

 (0.3)

 (357.1)

 The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Benefits and Protection segment for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating revenues:

 $

 3,534.1

 $

 3,306.5

 $

 2,830.4

 $

 227.6

 $

 476.1

 441.3

 420.2

 979.3

 21.1

 (559.1)

 575.9

 576.1

 982.7

 (0.2)

 (406.6)

 4,551.3

 4,302.8

 4,792.4

 248.5

 (489.6)

 Expenses:

 2,576.3

 2,453.4

 3,065.1

 122.9

 (611.7)

 Dividends to policyholders

 89.0

 94.6

 94.6

 (5.6)

 —

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss

 16.0

 (43.8)

 4.3

 59.8

 (48.1)

 1,332.4

 1,228.3

 1,261.5

 104.1

 (33.2)

 4,013.7

 3,732.5

 4,425.5

 281.2

 (693.0)

 Pre tax operating earnings

 $

 537.6

 $

 570.3

 $

 366.9

 $

 (32.7)

 $

 203.4

 Pre-tax operating earnings in our Specialty Benefits business increased $32.4 million due to growth in the business. Pre-tax operating earnings in our Life Insurance business decreased $35.6 million due to lower investment income ($17.8 million resulting from the impacts of 2022 reserve financing transactions and $17.8 million from lower variable investment income) and $12.0 million due to unfavorable actuarial assumption updates in 2023 compared to favorable impacts in 2022.
 Operating Revenues
 Premiums and fees in our Specialty Benefits business increased $250.2 million primarily due to growth in business.
 Total Expenses
 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses in our Specialty Benefits business increased $154.3 million from growth in the business, offset by $41.2 million from improved claims experience and $29.8 million in lower COVID-19 claims. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses in our Life Insurance business increased $42.7 million from mark-to-mark changes on options associated with our indexed universal life insurance.
 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss changed due to less favorable actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2023 compared to favorable in 2022.
 Operating expenses increased primarily due to growth in the business.

 Pre-tax operating earnings increased in our Specialty Benefits business due to $57.2 million in more favorable actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2022 compared to 2021, $55.4 million in lower COVID-19 claims in 2022 compared to 2021, $30.6 million due to growth in the business and $21.5 million from strong expense management.
 Operating Revenues
 Premium and fees in our Specialty Benefits business increased $274.5 million from growth in the business. Premium and fees decreased in our Life Insurance business $365.7 million primarily due to the impact of our exited ULSG business.
 Net investment income in our Life Insurance business decreased $325.9 million primarily due to the impact of our exited ULSG business and $40.7 million due to lower variable investment income.
 Total Expenses
 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses in our Specialty Benefits business increased $174.3 million from growth in the business, partially offset by $55.4 million in lower COVID-19 claims and $51.1 million from improved claims experience. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses in our Life Insurance business decreased $604.9 million primarily due to the impact of our exited ULSG business, $27.0 million from mark-to-market changes on options associated with our indexed universal life insurance and $24.3 million due to lower COVID-19 claims.
 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss in our Specialty Benefits business changed $52.5 million due to more favorable actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2022 compared to 2021.
 Operating expenses in our Specialty Benefits business increased $86.3 million primarily due to growth in the business, offset by $21.5 million from expense management. Operating expenses in our Life insurance business decreased $95.7 million primarily associated with the impact of our exited ULSG business.
 Corporate Segment
 Corporate Segment Summary Financial Data
 The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Corporate segment for the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 76.4

 $

 17.1

 $

 27.9

 $

 59.3

 $

 (10.8)

 453.6

 424.3

 372.4

 29.3

 51.9

 Pre tax operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest

 19.6

 62.2

 23.5

 (42.6)

 38.7

 Pre-tax operating losses

 $

 (396.8)

 $

 (469.4)

 $

 (368.0)

 $

 72.6

 $

 (101.4)

 Pre-Tax Operating Losses
 Pre-tax operating losses decreased primarily due to higher net investment income largely resulting from mark-to-market gains on investments in 2023 relative to mark-to-market losses in 2022.
 Pre-Tax Operating Losses
 Pre-tax operating losses increased primarily due to lower net investment income largely resulting from mark-to-market losses on investments in 2022 relative to mark-to-market gains in 2021.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Liquidity and capital resources represent the overall strength of a company and its ability to generate strong cash flows, borrow funds at a competitive rate and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs. We are monitoring our liquidity closely and feel confident in our ability to meet all long-term obligations to customers, policyholders and debt holders. Our sources of strength include our laddered long-term debt maturities with the next maturity occurring in 2025, access to revolving credit facility and contingent funding arrangements, a strong risk-based capital position and our available cash and liquid assets. Our legal entity structure has an impact on our ability to meet cash flow needs as an organization. Following is a simplified organizational structure.

 Liquidity
 Our liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be met by funds from consolidated operations as well as the issuance of commercial paper, common stock, debt or other capital securities and borrowings from credit facilities. We believe the cash flows from these sources are sufficient to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of our operations, including reasonably foreseeable contingencies.
 We maintain a level of cash and securities which, combined with expected cash inflows from investments and operations, we believe to be adequate to meet anticipated short-term and long-term payment obligations. We will continue our prudent capital management practice of regularly exploring options available to us to maximize capital flexibility, including accessing the capital markets and careful attention to and management of expenses.
 We perform rigorous liquidity stress testing to ensure our asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster our liquidity position under increasingly stressed market conditions. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed.
 We also manage liquidity risk by limiting the sales of liabilities with features such as puts or other options that can be exercised at inopportune times. For example, as of December 31, 2023, approximately $14.8 billion, or 99%, of our institutional guaranteed investment contracts and funding agreements cannot be redeemed by contractholders prior to maturity. Our individual annuity liabilities also contain surrender charges and other provisions limiting early surrenders.
 The following table summarizes the withdrawal characteristics of our domestic general account investment contracts as of December 31, 2023.

 Contractholder funds,

 net of reinsurance

 Percentage

 Not subject to discretionary withdrawal

 $

 15,746.6

 57.2

 %

 Subject to discretionary withdrawal with adjustments:

 Specified surrender charges

 7,084.7

 25.8

 Market value adjustments

 4,666.1

 17.0

 Subject to discretionary withdrawal without adjustments

 0.7

 —

 Total domestic investment contracts

 $

 27,498.1

 100.0

 %

 Universal life insurance and certain traditional life insurance policies are also subject to discretionary withdrawals by policyholders. However, life insurance policies tend to be less susceptible to withdrawal than our investment contracts because policyholders may be subject to a new underwriting process in order to obtain a new life insurance policy. In addition, our life insurance liabilities include surrender charges to discourage early surrenders.
 We had the following short-term credit available with various financial institutions as of December 31, 2023:

 Financing

 Obligor/Applicant

 structure

 Maturity

 Capacity

 outstanding (3)

 Principal Life (1)

 Credit facility

 October 2027

 $

 800.0

 $

 —

 Principal International Chile (2)

 Unsecured lines of credit

 130.9

 58.6

 Other short-term borrowings

 Uncollateralized debt

 2.5

 2.5

 Total

 $

 933.4

 $

 61.1

 (1)
 The credit facility is supported by sixteen banks.

 (2)
 The unsecured lines of credit can be used for repurchase agreements or other borrowings. Each line has a maturity of less than one year.

 (3)
 The amount outstanding is reported in short-term debt on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 The revolving credit facility is committed and available for general corporate purposes. The credit facility also provides 100% back-stop support for our commercial paper program, of which we had no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Most of the banks supporting the credit facility have other relationships with us. Due to the financial strength and the strong relationships we have with these providers, we are comfortable we have very low risk the financial institutions would be unable or unwilling to fund this facility.
 The Holding Companies: PFG and PFS. The principal sources of funds available to our parent holding company, PFG, are dividends from subsidiaries as well as its ability to borrow funds at competitive rates and raise capital to meet operating and growth needs. These funds are used by PFG to meet its obligations, which include the payment of dividends on common stock, debt service and the repurchase of stock. The declaration and payment of common stock dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board and will depend on our overall financial condition, results of operations, capital levels, cash requirements, future prospects, receipt of dividends or other distributions from Principal Life (as described below), risk management considerations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. No significant restrictions limit the payment of dividends by PFG, except those generally applicable to corporations incorporated in Delaware.
 Dividends or other distributions from Principal Life, our primary subsidiary, are limited by Iowa law. Under Iowa law, Principal Life may pay dividends or make other distributions only from the earned surplus arising from its business and must receive the prior approval of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Iowa (the "Commissioner") to pay stockholder dividends or make any other distribution if such distribution would exceed certain statutory limitations. Iowa law gives the Commissioner discretion to disapprove requests for distributions in excess of these limitations. Extraordinary dividends include those made, together with dividends and other distributions, within the preceding twelve months that exceed the greater of (i) 10% of statutory policyholder surplus as of the previous year-end or (ii) the statutory net gain from operations from the previous calendar year, not to exceed earned surplus. Based on statutory results for the year ended December 31, 2023, the ordinary stockholder dividend limitation for Principal Life is approximately $1,497.8 million in 2024.
 Total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent in 2023 were $1,200.0 million, all of which was extraordinary and approved by the Commissioner. As of December 31, 2023, we had $2,631.3 million of cash and liquid assets held in our holding companies and other subsidiaries, which is available for corporate purposes. Corporate balances held in foreign holding companies meet the indefinite reinvestment exception (see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes").
 In 2022, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $1,425.0 million, all of which was extraordinary and approved by the Commissioner.
 In 2021, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $1,250.0 million, $950.0 million of which was extraordinary and approved by the Commissioner.

 Operations. Our primary consolidated cash flow sources are premiums from insurance products, pension and annuity deposits, asset management fee revenues, administrative services fee revenues, income from investments and proceeds from the sales or maturity of investments. Cash outflows consist primarily of payment of benefits to policyholders and beneficiaries, income and other taxes, current operating expenses, payment of dividends to policyholders, payments in connection with investments acquired, payments made to acquire subsidiaries, payments relating to policy and contract surrenders, withdrawals, policy loans, interest payments and repayment of short-term debt and long-term debt. Our investment strategies are generally intended to provide adequate funds to pay benefits without forced sales of investments. For a discussion of our investment objectives and strategies, see "Investments."
 Cash Flows. Cash flow activity, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, provides relevant information regarding our sources and uses of cash. The following discussion of our operating, investing and financing portions of the cash flows excludes cash flows attributable to the separate accounts.
 Net cash provided by operating activities was $3,792.4 million, $3,172.9 million and $3,254.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance business typically generates positive cash flows from operating activities, as premiums collected from our insurance products and income received from our investments exceed acquisition costs, benefits paid, redemptions and operating expenses. These positive cash flows are then invested to support the obligations of our insurance and investment products and required capital supporting these products. Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by the timing of premiums, fees and investment income received and benefits and expenses paid. The increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to fluctuations in receivables and payables associated with the timing of settlements, and net sales of fixed maturity trading securities in 2023 as compared to net purchases in 2022. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to fluctuations in receivables and payables associated with the timing of settlements.
 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $(1,346.9) million, $1,058.5 million and $(5,693.7) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was due to net purchases of available-for sale securities in 2023 compared to net sales and maturities of available-for sale securities in 2022, our 2023 settlement for our acquisition of an interest in CCB Pension Management Co., Ltd., and net purchases of real estate in 2023 compared to net sales of real estate in 2022. These were partially offset by lower net acquisitions and originations of mortgage loans. The 2022 portfolio changes are due in part to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction and the associated funds withheld portfolio activity. The increase in cash provided by investing activities in 2022 compared to 2021 was due to net sales and maturities of available-for sale securities in 2022 compared to net purchases of available-for sale securities in 2021 and decreased net purchases of mortgage loans. The portfolio changes are due in part to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction and the associated funds withheld portfolio activity during 2022.
 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $(2,585.8) million, $(1,715.4) million and $1,921.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in cash used in financing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was due to a decrease in banking operation deposits due to interest rate changes and outflows to higher rate alternatives and net investment contract withdrawals, most pronounced in large market cases. The increase in cash used was partially offset by decreased share repurchases due to the accelerated share repurchase program in 2022. The increase in cash used in financing activities in 2022 compared to 2021 was due to a lower net increase in banking operation deposits and increased share repurchases primarily related to our accelerated share repurchase programs. Additionally, we paid off $300.0 million of long-term debt that matured during 2022.
 Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities. PFG has issued certain notes pursuant to transactions registered under the Securities Act of 1933. Such notes include all currently outstanding senior notes and junior subordinated notes, which are subordinated to all our senior debt (collectively, the "registered notes"). For additional information on the senior notes and junior subordinated notes, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Debt."
 PFS, a wholly owned subsidiary of PFG, has guaranteed each of the registered notes on a full and unconditional basis. The full and unconditional guarantees require PFS to satisfy the obligations of the guaranteed security immediately, if and when PFG has failed to make a scheduled payment thereunder. If PFS does not make such payment, any holder of the guaranteed security may immediately bring suit directly against PFS for payment of amounts due and payable. No other subsidiary of PFG has guaranteed any of the registered notes.

 Summary financial information is presented below on a combined basis for PFG and PFS (the "obligor group") and transactions between the obligor group have been eliminated. The summary financial information excludes subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors. Any investments by the obligor group in other subsidiaries have been excluded.

 Summary Statements of Financial Position Information:

 Total investments

 $

 471.7

 $

 320.7

 603.6

 952.0

 Goodwill

 618.5

 618.5

 Other intangibles

 419.3

 447.4

 344.4

 385.4

 Due from non-obligor subsidiaries

 59.5

 47.7

 2,529.0

 2,789.5

 3,927.9

 3,929.2

 406.3

 584.6

 Due to non-obligor subsidiaries

 821.6

 793.9

 5,266.6

 5,371.1

 Summary Statements of Operations Information:

 $

 61.8

 $

 (7.5)

 509.6

 524.2

 Net loss

 (414.9)

 (462.1)

 Shelf Registration. On February 27, 2023, our shelf registration statement was filed with the SEC and became effective. The shelf registration replaced the shelf registration that had been in effect since April 2020. Under our current shelf registration, we have the ability to issue, in unlimited amounts, unsecured senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities, junior subordinated debt, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, depositary shares, purchase contracts and purchase units of PFG. Our wholly owned subsidiary, PFS, may guarantee, fully and unconditionally or otherwise, our obligations with respect to any non-convertible securities, other than common stock, described in the shelf registration. For information on senior notes issued from our shelf registration, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Debt."
 Short-Term Debt. For short-term debt information, see "Liquidity" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Debt."
 Long-Term Debt. For long-term debt information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Debt."
 Contingent Funding Agreements for Senior Debt Issuance. For information on the contingent funding agreements, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Debt" under the caption "Contingent Funding Agreements for Senior Debt Issuance."
 Stockholders' Equity. Proceeds from the issuance of our common stock were $57.8 million, $181.7 million and $86.7 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The following table summarizes our return of capital to common stockholders.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Dividends to stockholders

 $

 625.5

 $

 642.3

 $

 654.1

 Repurchase of common stock

 748.8

 1,661.1

 937.2

 Total cash returned to stockholders

 $

 1,374.3

 $

 2,303.4

 $

 1,591.3

 Number of shares repurchased

 9,581,329

 23,061,204

 14,620,652

 In March 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $700.0 million of common stock. This program closed in June 2022. In August 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $400.0 million of common stock. This program closed in September 2022.

 In February 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock, which has no expiration. See Item 5. "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," for information about our share repurchase authorizations. For additional stockholders' equity information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 17, Stockholders' Equity."
 Capitalization
 The following table summarizes our capital structure:

 Debt:

 $

 61.1

 $

 80.7

 3,930.9

 3,997.0

 Total debt

 3,992.0

 4,077.7

 Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG

 10,916.0

 9,976.7

 Total capitalization

 $

 14,908.0

 $

 14,054.4

 Debt to equity

 %

 %

 Debt to capitalization

 %

 %

 Pension and OPEB Plan Funding
 We have defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all of our U.S. employees and certain agents. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Employee and Agent Benefits" for a complete discussion of these plans and their effect on the consolidated financial statements.
 We report the net funded status of our pension and OPEB plans in the consolidated statements of financial position. The net funded status represents the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation for pension and OPEB plans. The measurement of the net funded status can vary based upon the fluctuations in the fair value of the plan assets and the actuarial assumptions used for the plans as discussed below. The net underfunded status of the pension and OPEB obligation was $449.9 million pre-tax and $459.7 million pre-tax as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Nonqualified pension plan assets are not included as part of the funding status mentioned above. The nonqualified pension plan assets are held in Rabbi trusts for the benefit of all nonqualified plan participants. The assets held in a Rabbi trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors only in the event of bankruptcy. Therefore, these assets are fully consolidated in our consolidated statements of financial position and are not reflected in our funded status as they do not qualify as plan assets under U.S. GAAP. The market value of assets held in these trusts was $342.2 million and $336.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Our funding policy for the qualified pension plan is to fund the plan annually in an amount at least equal to the minimum annual contributions required under ERISA and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We do not anticipate contributions will be needed in 2024 to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of ERISA for our qualified pension plan. We are unable to estimate the amount that may be contributed, but it is possible that we may fund the plans in 2024 up to $75.0 million. This includes funding for both our qualified and nonqualified pension plans. We may contribute to our other postretirement benefit plans in 2024 pending future analysis.
 Effective January 1, 2021, $656.5 million of assets in excess of the expected liability to cover the postretirement medical benefits for retirees were re-designated for non-retiree benefits. The elections were made pursuant to plan provisions which provide for assets in excess of 125% of expected liabilities to fund other benefits covered under the plans. As of December 31, 2023, $308.6 million of re-designated assets remained for non-retiree benefits.
 Contractual Obligations and Contractual Commitments
 We have contractual obligations identified within Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note 9, Contractholder Funds, Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, Note 12, Reinsurance, Note 13, Debt and Note 16, Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases." As of December 31, 2023, we had no unique material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations.
 We have made commitments to fund certain limited partnerships and other funds. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of unfunded commitments was $1,536.2 million. We are only required to fund additional equity under these commitments when called upon to do so by the partnership or fund; therefore, these commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 Variable Interest Entities. We have relationships with various types of special purpose entities and other entities where we have a variable interest as described in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 3, Variable Interest Entities." We have made commitments to fund certain limited partnerships, as previously discussed in "Contractual Obligations and Contractual Commitments", some of which are classified as unconsolidated variable interest entities.
 Guarantees and Indemnifications. As of December 31, 2023, no significant changes to guarantees and indemnifications have occurred since December 31, 2022. For guarantee and indemnification information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases" under the caption, "Guarantees and Indemnifications."
 Financial Strength and Credit Ratings
 Our ratings are influenced by the relative ratings of our peers/competitors as well as many other factors including our operating and financial performance, capital levels, asset quality, liquidity, asset/liability management, overall portfolio mix, financial leverage (i.e., debt), risk exposures, operating leverage and other factors.
 We have had no significant changes or actions in ratings and rating outlooks that have occurred from January 1, 2023, through the date of this filing.
 The following table summarizes our significant financial strength and debt ratings from the major independent rating organizations. A rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Such a rating may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

 A.M. Best

 Fitch

 Moody's

 S&P

 Last review date

 March 2023

 June 2023

 January 2022

 April 2023

 Current outlook

 Stable

 Stable

 Stable

 Stable

 Principal Financial Group

 Senior Unsecured Debt

 a

 A-

 Baa1

 A-

 Junior Subordinated Debt

 a-

 Baa2

 BBB

 Long-Term Issuer Default Rating

 A

 Principal Life Insurance Company

 Insurer Financial Strength

 A+

 AA-

 A1

 A+

 Issuer Credit Rating

 aa

 Commercial Paper

 AMB-1+

 P-1

 A-1+

 Principal National Life Insurance Company

 Insurer Financial Strength

 A+

 AA-

 A1

 A+

 Impacts of Income Taxes
 For income tax information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Income Taxes."
 Fair Value Measurement
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority (Level 1) to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and gives the lowest priority (Level 3) to unobservable inputs. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety considering factors specific to the asset or liability. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further details, including a reconciliation of changes in Level 3 fair value measurements.
 As of December 31, 2023, 46% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 51% were Level 2 and 3% were Level 3. Excluding separate account assets as of December 31, 2023, 3% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 88% were Level 2 and 9% were Level 3.
 As of December 31, 2022, 43% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 54% were Level 2 and 3% were Level 3. Excluding separate account assets as of December 31, 2022, 4% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 88% were Level 2 and 8% were Level 3.

 Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 Net assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2023, were $7,447.8 million as compared to $6,842.2 million as of December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily related to net purchases and transfers into Level 3 for certain fixed maturities, available-for-sale, partially offset by a decrease in the funds withheld payable embedded derivative net asset.
 Net assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2022, were $6,842.2 million as compared to $1,142.4 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily related to an increase in the funds withheld payable embedded derivative net asset, an increase in manually priced private corporate credit securities and a reduction of the market risk benefit net liability.
 We had total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2023, of $305,046.7 million, of which $98,320.4 million were invested assets. A portion of our invested assets represent funds withheld backing reserves as part of a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreement. The funds withheld assets and associated net investment income and net realized capital gains (losses) are not included in the discussions below as the investment risk is passed to the reinsurer. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Reinsurance" for more information on the funds withheld assets. The rest of our total consolidated assets are comprised primarily of separate account assets for which we do not bear investment risk; therefore, the discussion and financial information below does not include such assets.
 Overall Composition of Invested Assets
 Invested assets as of December 31, 2023, were predominantly high quality and broadly diversified across asset class, individual credit, industry and geographic location. Asset allocation is determined based on cash flow and the risk/return requirements of our products. As shown in the following table, the major categories of invested assets are fixed maturities and mortgage loans.

 excluding

 Funds

 funds withheld

 withheld

 Total

 $

 50,605.0

 $

 15,904.3

 $

 66,509.3

 1,477.8

 0.3

 17,756.9

 2,385.9

 2,345.3

 —

 2,345.3

 809.3

 —

 809.3

 6,414.2

 621.4

 7,035.6

 Total invested assets

 79,408.5

 18,911.9

 98,320.4

 3,889.3

 818.4

 4,707.7

 Total invested assets and cash

 $

 83,297.8

 $

 19,730.3

 $

 103,028.1

 excluding

 Funds

 funds withheld

 withheld

 Total

 $

 47,856.3

 $

 15,794.3

 $

 63,650.6

 1,697.6

 11.0

 1,708.6

 17,819.0

 2,810.8

 20,629.8

 2,239.7

 —

 2,239.7

 784.7

 —

 784.7

 5,942.2

 179.8

 6,122.0

 Total invested assets

 76,339.5

 18,795.9

 95,135.4

 3,085.1

 1,762.9

 4,848.0

 Total invested assets and cash

 $

 79,424.6

 $

 20,558.8

 $

 99,983.4

 Investment Results
 Net Investment Income
 The following table presents the yield and investment income, excluding net realized capital gains and losses, for our invested assets for the years indicated. We calculate annualized yields using a simple average of asset classes at the beginning and end of the reporting period. The yields for available-for-sale fixed maturities are calculated using amortized cost. All other yields are calculated using carrying amounts.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Yield

 Yield (1)

 Yield

 Yield

 Yield

 4.8

 %

 $

 2,552.2

 4.1

 %

 $

 2,137.1

 3.9

 %

 $

 2,785.6

 0.7

 %

 $

 415.1

 0.2

 %

 $

 (648.5)

 4.2

 66.3

 0.4

 8.9

 2.6

 57.7

 3.8

 57.4

 (2.2)

 (48.8)

 Mortgage loans - commercial

 4.0

 561.6

 3.9

 542.7

 4.1

 653.5

 0.1

 18.9

 (0.2)

 (110.8)

 Mortgage loans - residential

 5.3

 200.1

 6.4

 229.0

 5.2

 136.7

 (1.1)

 (28.9)

 1.2

 92.3

 7.7

 177.2

 12.9

 277.7

 10.0

 194.4

 (5.2)

 (100.5)

 2.9

 83.3

 5.2

 41.3

 4.7

 36.5

 5.0

 38.8

 0.5

 4.8

 (0.3)

 (2.3)

 5.6

 196.6

 2.1

 57.4

 0.2

 4.3

 3.5

 139.2

 1.9

 53.1

 8.7

 534.7

 12.0

 689.0

 12.3

 673.7

 (3.3)

 (154.3)

 (0.3)

 15.3

 Total

 5.1

 4,330.0

 4.8

 3,978.3

 4.4

 4,544.7

 0.3

 351.7

 0.4

 (566.4)

 Investment expenses

 (0.3)

 (238.1)

 (0.2)

 (139.8)

 (0.1)

 (115.1)

 (0.1)

 (98.3)

 (0.1)

 (24.7)

 4.8

 %

 $

 4.6

 %

 $

 4.3

 %

 $

 0.2

 %

 $

 253.4

 0.3

 %

 $

 (591.1)

 (1)
 The 2022 yield is calculated using beginning balances adjusted for the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction.

 Net investment income increased primarily due to higher yields and average invested assets in fixed maturities and cash and due to foreign currency tailwinds. These increases were partially offset by lower income associated with derivatives in fair value hedges, lower value-add real estate sales in our U.S. operations and lower inflation-based investment returns on Latin America average invested assets.
 Net investment income decreased primarily due to impacts of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction in 2022 partially offset by higher inflation-based investment returns on our Latin America average invested assets and cash.
 Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)
 The following table presents the contributors to net realized capital gains and losses for the periods indicated. The amounts below do not include net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets that are not passed to the reinsurer, which are separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale – credit losses, including credit sales (1)

 $

 (43.8)

 $

 (27.1)

 $

 (45.2)

 $

 (16.7)

 $

 18.1

 Commercial mortgage loans credit losses

 (58.4)

 (31.2)

 (1.3)

 (27.2)

 (29.9)

 Other credit gains (losses)

 (0.1)

 (3.1)

 7.7

 3.0

 (10.8)

 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale and trading – noncredit

 (81.3)

 (145.2)

 7.9

 63.9

 (153.1)

 Derivatives and related hedge activities

 (21.7)

 260.1

 (1.6)

 (281.8)

 261.7

 Other gains (losses)

 133.1

 (235.6)

 147.9

 368.7

 (383.5)

 Net realized capital gains (losses) (2)

 $

 (72.2)

 $

 (182.1)

 $

 115.4

 $

 109.9

 $

 (297.5)

 (1)
 Includes credit sales, adjustments to the credit loss valuation allowance, write-offs and recoveries on available-for-sale securities.

 (2)
 Net realized capital gains (losses) can be volatile due to credit losses from invested assets, mark-to-market adjustments of certain invested assets and our decision to sell invested assets.

 Net realized capital losses decreased primarily due to reduced non-credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturities, gains versus losses on equity securities and sponsored investment funds due to equity market improvement, and increased gains on equity real estate sales. These decreases were partially offset by losses versus gains on interest rate derivatives not designated as hedging instruments due to changes in interest rates, increased losses from strengthening commercial mortgage loan reserves and increased losses on residential whole loan trust deconsolidations.
 Net realized capital losses increased primarily due to losses on equity securities and sponsored investment funds due to equity market declines, non-credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturities and losses on a residential whole loan trust deconsolidation. These were partially offset by increased gains on interest rate swaps not designated as hedging instruments due to changes in interest rates, gains versus losses on currency derivatives and increased gains on real estate asset swaps.
 U.S. Investment Operations
 In the following sections, we provide details about U.S. Investment Operations, excluding investments held as part of the coinsurance with funds withheld agreement. We believe the details of the composition of our investment portfolio excluding the funds withheld are most relevant to an understanding of our operations that are pertinent to investors because all funds withheld assets support obligations and liabilities relating to the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Guidelines are in place to ensure the investment risk associated with these fund withheld assets are appropriately managed. See Footnote 12, Reinsurance, for further information on the funds withheld assets.
 Of our invested assets, $72,520.1 million were held by our U.S. operations as of December 31, 2023. Our U.S. invested assets are managed primarily by Principal Global Investors. Our Investment Committee, appointed by our Board, is responsible for establishing investment policies and monitoring risk limits and tolerances. Our primary investment objective is to maximize after-tax returns consistent with acceptable risk parameters. We seek to protect customers' benefits by optimizing the risk/return relationship on an ongoing basis, through asset/liability matching, reducing credit risk, avoiding high levels of investments that may be redeemed by the issuer, maintaining sufficiently liquid investments and avoiding undue asset concentrations through diversification. We are exposed to two primary sources of investment risk:

 credit risk, relating to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of an obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest and

 interest rate risk, relating to the market price and/or cash flow variability associated with changes in market yield curves.

 Our ability to manage credit risk is essential to our business and our profitability. We devote considerable resources to the credit analysis of each new investment. We manage credit risk through industry, issuer and asset class diversification.
 A dedicated committee, comprised of senior investment professional staff members, approves the credit rating for the fixed maturities we purchase. We have teams of security analysts, organized by industry and asset class, that analyze and monitor these investments. Investments held in the portfolio are monitored on a continuous basis with a formal review annually or more frequently if material events affect the issuer. The analysis includes both fundamental and technical factors. The fundamental analysis encompasses both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the issuer. The qualitative analysis includes an assessment of both accounting and management aggressiveness of the issuer. In addition, technical indicators such as stock price volatility and credit default swap levels are monitored. We regularly review our investments to determine whether we should re-rate them, employing the following criteria:

 material changes in the issuer's revenues, margins, capital structure or collateral values;

 significant management or organizational changes;

 significant changes regarding the issuer's industry;

 debt service coverage or cash flow ratios that fall below industry-specific thresholds;

 violation of financial covenants and

 other business factors that relate to the issuer.

 We purchase credit default swaps to hedge certain credit exposures in our investment portfolio. We economically hedged credit exposure in our portfolio by purchasing credit default swaps with a notional amount of $85.0 million and $130.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We sell credit default swaps to offer credit protection to investors when entering into synthetic replicating transactions. When selling credit protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security. For further information on credit derivatives sold, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments" under the caption, "Credit Derivatives Sold."
 Our use of derivatives exposes us to counterparty risk, or the risk that the counterparty fails to perform the terms of the derivative contract. We actively manage this risk by:

 obtaining approval of all new counterparties by the Investment Committee;

 establishing exposure limits that take into account non-derivative exposure we have with the counterparty as well as derivative exposure;

 performing similar credit analysis prior to approval on each derivatives counterparty that we do when lending money on a long-term basis;

 diversifying our risk across numerous approved counterparties;

 implementing credit support annex (collateral) agreements ("CSAs") for over-the-counter derivative transactions or similar agreements with a majority of our counterparties to further limit counterparty exposures, which provide for netting of exposures;

 limiting exposure to A credit or better for over-the-counter derivative counterparties without CSAs;

 conducting stress-test analysis to determine the maximum exposure created during the life of a prospective transaction;

 daily monitoring of counterparty credit ratings, exposures and associated collateral levels and

 trading mandatorily cleared contracts through centralized clearinghouses.

 We manage our exposure on a net basis, whereby we net positive and negative exposures for each counterparty with agreements in place. For further information on derivative exposure, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Balance Sheet Offsetting."
 A dedicated risk management team is responsible for centralized monitoring of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio. We apply a variety of guidelines to minimize credit risk in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. When considering new commercial mortgage loans, we review the cash flow fundamentals of the property, make a physical assessment of the underlying commercial real estate, conduct a comprehensive market analysis and compare against industry lending practices. We use a proprietary risk rating model to evaluate all new and substantially all existing loans within the portfolio. The proprietary risk model is designed to stress projected cash flows under simulated economic and market downturns. Our lending guidelines are typically 75% or less loan-to-value ratio and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.2 times. We analyze investments outside of these guidelines based on cash flow quality, tenancy and other factors. The following table presents loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios for our brick and mortar commercial mortgage loans:

 Weighted average loan to value ratio

 Debt service coverage ratio

 New mortgages

 %

 %

 1.4

 x

 2.3

 x

 Entire mortgage portfolio

 %

 %

 2.5

 x

 2.5

 x

 We also seek to manage call or prepayment risk arising from changes in interest rates. We assess and price for call or prepayment risks in all of our investments and monitor these risks in accordance with asset/liability management policies.
 The amortized cost and weighted average yield, calculated using amortized cost, of non-structured fixed maturity securities that will be callable at the option of the issuer, excluding securities with a make-whole provision, were $2,159.0 million and 4.0%, respectively, as of December 31, 2023, and $2,539.0 million and 3.9%, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. In addition, the amortized cost and weighted average yield of RMBS, residential collateralized mortgage obligations, and asset-backed securities - home equity with material prepayment risk were $6,959.0 million and 3.7%, respectively, as of December 31, 2023, and $5,546.1 million and 2.9%, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

 Our investment decisions and objectives are a function of the underlying risks and product profiles of each primary business operation. In addition, we diversify our product portfolio offerings to include products that contain features that will protect us against fluctuations in interest rates. Those features include adjustable crediting rates, policy surrender charges and market value adjustments on liquidations. For further information on our management of interest rate risk, see Item 7A "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk."
 Overall Composition of U.S. Invested Assets
 As shown in the following table, the major categories of U.S. invested assets are fixed maturities and mortgage loans.

 % of total

 % of total

 $

 47,802.3

 %

 $

 44,745.4

 %

 667.9

 532.2

 16,792.1

 16,866.3

 2,343.4

 2,237.4

 793.2

 770.2

 4,121.2

 3,745.7

 Total invested assets

 72,520.1

 %

 68,897.2

 %

 3,668.8

 2,894.5

 Total invested assets and cash

 $

 76,188.9

 $

 71,791.7

 Fixed Maturities
 Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities.
 Fixed maturities were diversified by category of issuer, as shown in the following table for the years indicated.

 Percent of total

 Percent of total

 $

 1,231.9

 %

 $

 1,432.4

 %

 378.5

 400.0

 5,143.7

 4,544.9

 Corporate - public

 13,690.1

 15,661.4

 Corporate - private

 11,258.2

 9,144.4

 3,061.8

 2,172.3

 3,854.5

 3,861.9

 Residential collateralized mortgage obligations

 3,214.8

 2,666.9

 Asset-backed securities

 5,968.8

 4,861.2

 Total fixed maturities

 $

 47,802.3

 %

 $

 44,745.4

 %

 We believe it is desirable to hold residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities due to their credit quality and liquidity as well as portfolio diversification characteristics. Our portfolio is comprised of Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation pass-through securities. In addition, our residential collateralized mortgage obligation portfolio offers structural features that allow cash flows to be matched to our liabilities.
 We purchase CMBS to diversify the overall credit risks of the fixed maturities portfolio and to provide attractive returns. The primary risks in holding CMBS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the security's priority in the issuer's capital structure, the adequacy of and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral and the potential for prepayments. Credit risks involve collateral and issuer/servicer risk where collateral and servicer performance may deteriorate. CMBS are predominantly comprised of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The risks to any CMBS deal are determined by the credit quality of the underlying loans and how those loans perform over time. Another key risk is the vintage of the underlying loans and the state of the markets during a particular vintage.
 Similar to CMBS, we purchase ABS for diversification and to provide attractive returns. The primary risks in holding ABS are also structural and credit risks, which are similar to those noted above for CMBS. Our ABS portfolio is diversified by type of asset, issuer, and vintage. We actively monitor holdings of ABS to recognize adverse changes in the risk profile of each security. Prepayments in the ABS portfolio are, in general, insensitive to changes in interest rates or are insulated from such changes by call protection features. In the event we are subject to prepayment risk, we monitor the factors that impact the level of prepayment and prepayment speed for those ABS. In addition, we hold a diverse class of securities, which limits our exposure to any one security.

 The international exposure held in our U.S. operation's fixed maturities portfolio was 14% of total fixed maturities as of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. It is comprised of corporate and foreign government fixed maturities.

 European Union

 $

 1,826.8

 $

 1,547.7

 Australia/New Zealand

 1,389.6

 1,283.4

 United Kingdom

 1,147.7

 1,167.4

 995.6

 1,023.3

 Asia-Pacific

 530.2

 584.7

 Middle East and Africa

 451.3

 424.5

 Europe, non-European Union

 258.1

 302.5

 Other

 115.1

 137.3

 Total

 $

 6,714.4

 $

 6,470.8

 International fixed maturities exposure is determined by the country of risk of the obligor entity. All international fixed maturities held by our U.S. operations are either denominated in U.S. dollars or have been swapped into U.S. dollar equivalents. Our international investments are analyzed internally by country and industry credit investment professionals. We control concentrations using issuer and country level exposure benchmarks, which are based on the credit quality of the issuer and the country. Our investment policy limits total international fixed maturities investments and we are within those internal limits. Exposure to Canada is not included in our international exposure. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our investments in Canada totaled $958.0 million and $982.9 million, respectively.
 Fixed Maturities Credit Concentrations. One aspect of managing credit risk is through industry, issuer and asset class diversification. Our credit concentrations are managed to established limits. The top 10 exposures comprised 4.8% of single-name credit fixed maturity exposures as of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
 Fixed Maturities Valuation and Credit Quality. Valuation techniques for the fixed maturities portfolio vary by security type and the availability of market data. The use of different pricing techniques and their assumptions could produce different financial results. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements" for further details regarding our pricing methodology. Once prices are determined, they are reviewed by pricing analysts for reasonableness based on asset class and observable market data. Investment analysts who are familiar with specific securities review prices for reasonableness through direct interaction with external sources, review of recent trade activity or use of internal models. All fixed maturities placed on the "watch list" are periodically analyzed by investment analysts. These analysts periodically meet with the Chief Investment Officer and the Portfolio Managers to determine reasonableness of the analysts' prices. The valuation of bonds for which a credit loss exists and there is no quoted price is typically based on relative value analysis and the present value of the future cash flows expected to be received. Although we believe these values reasonably reflect the fair value of those securities, the key assumptions about risk premiums, performance of underlying collateral (if any) and other market factors involve qualitative and unobservable inputs.
 The Securities Valuation Office ("SVO") of the NAIC monitors the bond investments of insurers for regulatory capital and reporting purposes and, when required, assigns securities to one of six categories referred to as NAIC designations. Although NAIC designations are not produced to aid the investment decision making process, NAIC designations may serve as a reasonable proxy for Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations' ("NRSRO") credit ratings for certain bonds. For most corporate bonds, NAIC designations 1 and 2 include bonds generally considered investment grade by such rating organizations. Bonds are considered investment grade when rated ''Baa3'' or higher by Moody's, or ''BBB-'' or higher by S&P. NAIC designations 3 through 6 include bonds generally referred to as below investment grade. Bonds are considered below investment grade when rated ''Ba1'' or lower by Moody's, or ''BB+'' or lower by S&P.
 For loan-backed and structured securities, as defined by the NAIC, the NAIC designation is not always a reasonable indication of an NRSRO rating as described below. For CMBS and non-agency RMBS, Blackrock Solutions undertakes the modeling of those NAIC designations. This may result in a final designation being higher or lower than the NRSRO credit rating.

 The following table presents our total fixed maturities by NAIC designation as of the years indicated as well as the percentage, based on fair value, that each designation comprises.

 Percent of

 Percent of

 carrying

 carrying

 NAIC designation

 cost

 cost

 $

 34,601.1

 $

 32,078.6

 %

 $

 32,398.0

 $

 29,011.9

 %

 13,624.2

 12,749.5

 14,143.5

 12,735.3

 2,727.3

 2,615.1

 2,871.9

 2,656.1

 354.1

 327.4

 357.0

 312.1

 9.1

 7.5

 —

 15.3

 14.5

 —

 31.1

 24.2

 —

 20.2

 15.5

 —

 Total fixed maturities

 $

 51,346.9

 $

 47,802.3

 %

 $

 49,805.9

 $

 44,745.4

 %

 Fixed maturities included 39 securities with an amortized cost of $433.3 million, gross gains of $21.5 million, gross losses of $3.9 million, valuation allowance of $0.0 million and a carrying amount of $450.9 million as of December 31, 2023, that were still pending a review and assignment of a designation by the SVO or NRSRO ratings to be assigned. Due to the timing of when fixed maturities are purchased, legal documents are filed and the review by the SVO is completed, or NRSRO ratings that have expired or been withdrawn, we will always have securities in our portfolio that are unrated over a reporting period. In these instances, an equivalent designation is assigned based on our fixed income analyst's assessment.
 Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. As of December 31, 2023, based on amortized cost, 96% of our CMBS portfolio had an NAIC designation of 1.
 The following table presents our exposure by credit quality based on NAIC designations for our CMBS portfolio as of the years indicated.

 NAIC designation

 cost

 cost

 $

 4,207.2

 $

 3,732.2

 $

 4,340.6

 $

 3,801.5

 156.1

 118.5

 70.8

 55.8

 2.9

 2.2

 2.2

 1.9

 3.0

 1.3

 3.9

 2.4

 —

 —

 —

 —

 0.6

 0.3

 0.6

 0.3

 Total (1)

 $

 4,369.8

 $

 3,854.5

 $

 4,418.1

 $

 3,861.9

 (1)
 The CMBS portfolio included agency CMBS with a $546.5 million amortized cost and a $518.2 million carrying amount as of December 31, 2023, and a $508.4 million amortized cost and a $473.0 million carrying amount as of December 31, 2022.

 Fixed Maturities Watch List. We monitor any decline in the credit quality of fixed maturities through the designation of "problem securities," "potential problem securities" and "restructured securities". We define problem securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities: (i) with principal and/or interest payments in default or where default is perceived to be imminent in the near term, or (ii) issued by a company that went into bankruptcy subsequent to the acquisition of such securities. We define potential problem securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities included on an internal "watch list" for which management has concerns as to the ability of the issuer to comply with the present debt payment terms and which may result in the security becoming a problem or being restructured. The decision whether to classify a performing fixed maturity security as a potential problem involves significant subjective judgments by our management as to the likely future industry conditions and developments with respect to the issuer. We define restructured securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities where a concession has been granted to the borrower related to the borrower's financial difficulties that would not have otherwise been considered. We determine that restructures should occur in those instances where greater economic value will be realized under the new terms than through liquidation or other disposition and may involve a change in contractual cash flows. If the present value of the restructured cash flows is less than the current cost of the asset being restructured, a realized capital loss is recorded in net income and a new cost basis is established.

 The following table presents the total carrying amount of our fixed maturities portfolio, as well as its problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities for the years indicated.

 Total fixed maturities

 $

 47,802.3

 $

 44,745.4

 Problem fixed maturities (1)

 $

 42.6

 $

 20.9

 Potential problem fixed maturities

 66.7

 21.8

 Total problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities

 $

 109.3

 $

 42.7

 Total problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities as a percent of total fixed maturities

 0.23

 %

 0.10

 %

 (1)
 The problem fixed maturities carrying amount is net of the credit loss valuation allowance.

 Fixed Maturities Credit Losses. Each reporting period, a group of individuals including the Chief Investment Officer, our Portfolio Managers, the assigned analysts and representatives from Investment Accounting review all securities to determine whether a credit loss exists. The analysis focuses on each issuer's ability to service its debts in a timely fashion. Formal documentation of the analysis and our decision is prepared and approved by management. For additional details regarding our process to identify and evaluate securities with credit losses, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption "Allowance for Credit Loss."
 We would not consider a security with unrealized losses to have a decline in value due to credit when it is not our intent to sell the security, it is not more likely than not that we would be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be maturity, and we expect to recover the amortized cost basis. However, we do sell securities under certain circumstances, such as when we have evidence of a change in the issuer's creditworthiness, when we anticipate poor relative future performance of securities, when a change in regulatory requirements modifies what constitutes a permissible investment or the maximum level of investments held or when there is an increase in capital requirements or a change in risk weights of debt securities. Sales generate both gains and losses.
 A number of significant risks and uncertainties are inherent in the process of monitoring credit losses and determining the allowance for credit loss. These risks and uncertainties include: (1) the risk that our assessment of an issuer's ability to meet all of its contractual obligations will change based on changes in the credit characteristics of that issuer, (2) the risk that the economic outlook will be worse than expected or have more of an impact on the issuer than anticipated, (3) the risk that our investment professionals are making decisions based on fraudulent or misstated information in the financial statements provided by issuers and (4) the risk that new information obtained by us or changes in other facts and circumstances lead us to change our intent to not sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. Any of these situations could result in a charge to net income in a future period.
 The net realized loss relating to the change in the allowance for credit loss and credit related sales of fixed maturities was $48.9 million, $29.7 million and $34.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Fixed Maturities Available-for-Sale
 The following tables present our fixed maturities available-for-sale by industry category, as of the years indicated.

 Gross

 Gross

 cost

 gains

 loss

 Finance — Banking

 $

 1,885.8

 $

 8.2

 $

 151.9

 $

 —

 $

 1,742.1

 Finance — Brokerage

 674.1

 5.4

 58.3

 —

 621.2

 Finance — Finance Companies

 377.6

 1.9

 43.1

 —

 336.4

 Finance — Financial Other

 1,435.9

 12.8

 123.3

 —

 1,325.4

 Finance — Insurance

 1,759.4

 29.0

 152.3

 —

 1,636.1

 Finance — Real estate investment trusts ("REITs")

 1,729.3

 0.3

 175.7

 —

 1,553.9

 Industrial — Basic Industry

 1,203.9

 22.8

 85.5

 —

 1,141.2

 Industrial — Capital Goods

 1,350.1

 17.1

 101.5

 —

 1,265.7

 Industrial — Communications

 2,261.1

 58.0

 149.3

 —

 2,169.8

 Industrial — Consumer Cyclical

 1,129.8

 6.4

 85.7

 —

 1,050.5

 Industrial — Consumer Non-Cyclical

 2,929.8

 23.7

 188.1

 1.6

 2,763.8

 Industrial — Energy

 1,869.7

 57.1

 113.5

 —

 1,813.3

 Industrial — Other

 767.6

 7.5

 33.0

 —

 742.1

 Industrial — Technology

 1,357.5

 12.4

 107.5

 —

 1,262.4

 Industrial — Transportation

 1,771.2

 24.2

 123.2

 —

 1,672.2

 Utility — Electric

 2,898.6

 27.9

 279.3

 —

 2,647.2

 Utility — Natural Gas

 423.3

 5.2

 49.5

 —

 379.0

 Utility — Other

 270.4

 2.9

 29.2

 —

 244.1

 Government guaranteed

 271.7

 15.9

 14.5

 —

 273.1

 Total corporate securities

 26,366.8

 338.7

 2,064.4

 1.6

 24,639.5

 3,187.8

 25.1

 161.4

 —

 3,051.5

 4,316.7

 —

 515.3

 —

 3,801.4

 Residential collateralized mortgage obligations

 3,598.6

 13.8

 410.1

 0.1

 3,202.2

 Asset-backed securities — Home equity (1)

 139.0

 2.9

 4.3

 —

 137.6

 Asset-backed securities — All other

 2,209.6

 13.6

 76.2

 —

 2,147.0

 Collateralized debt obligations — Credit

 16.6

 —

 4.9

 —

 11.7

 Collateralized debt obligations — Loans

 3,669.6

 6.1

 20.3

 —

 3,655.4

 Total mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities

 17,137.9

 61.5

 1,192.5

 0.1

 16,006.8

 1,257.9

 19.3

 73.0

 —

 1,204.2

 5,748.6

 42.6

 651.3

 —

 5,139.9

 400.3

 17.0

 40.8

 —

 376.5

 $

 50,911.5

 $

 479.1

 $

 4,022.0

 $

 1.7

 $

 47,366.9

 (1)
 This exposure is all related to sub-prime mortgage loans.

 Gross

 Gross

 cost

 gains

 loss

 Finance — Banking

 $

 2,396.8

 $

 3.7

 $

 234.6

 $

 —

 $

 2,165.9

 Finance — Brokerage

 667.3

 1.6

 88.4

 —

 580.5

 Finance — Finance Companies

 338.6

 —

 61.9

 —

 276.7

 Finance — Financial Other

 1,120.5

 1.5

 162.6

 —

 959.4

 Finance — Insurance

 1,882.8

 27.2

 190.9

 —

 1,719.1

 Finance — REITs

 1,785.4

 0.4

 237.6

 —

 1,548.2

 Industrial — Basic Industry

 1,220.6

 10.6

 116.7

 —

 1,114.5

 Industrial — Capital Goods

 1,518.7

 5.5

 158.5

 —

 1,365.7

 Industrial — Communications

 2,286.8

 47.4

 219.1

 —

 2,115.1

 Industrial — Consumer Cyclical

 1,216.9

 5.5

 135.0

 —

 1,087.4

 Industrial — Consumer Non-Cyclical

 3,329.2

 15.4

 292.9

 —

 3,051.7

 Industrial — Energy

 1,872.0

 39.9

 159.2

 —

 1,752.7

 Industrial — Other

 807.9

 0.7

 65.9

 —

 742.7

 Industrial — Technology

 1,392.8

 2.6

 153.1

 —

 1,242.3

 Industrial — Transportation

 1,637.0

 5.4

 176.2

 —

 1,466.2

 Utility — Electric

 2,886.8

 17.8

 382.2

 —

 2,522.4

 Utility — Natural Gas

 389.3

 0.7

 58.9

 —

 331.1

 Utility — Other

 359.8

 —

 66.3

 —

 293.5

 Government guaranteed

 171.8

 10.3

 13.3

 —

 168.8

 Total corporate securities

 27,281.0

 196.2

 2,973.3

 —

 24,503.9

 2,348.8

 5.8

 187.6

 —

 2,167.0

 4,334.7

 —

 556.2

 —

 3,778.5

 Residential collateralized mortgage obligations

 3,113.8

 2.6

 451.8

 0.1

 2,664.5

 Asset-backed securities — Home equity (1)

 73.5

 1.6

 2.9

 —

 72.2

 Asset-backed securities — All other

 1,662.1

 —

 125.2

 —

 1,536.9

 Collateralized debt obligations — Credit

 16.8

 —

 5.2

 —

 11.6

 Collateralized debt obligations — CMBS

 —

 0.3

 —

 —

 0.3

 Collateralized debt obligations — Loans

 3,264.7

 1.1

 108.9

 —

 3,156.9

 Total mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities

 14,814.4

 11.4

 1,437.8

 0.1

 13,387.9

 1,443.9

 0.1

 90.2

 —

 1,353.8

 5,281.8

 9.8

 751.4

 —

 4,540.2

 423.0

 18.8

 44.0

 —

 397.8

 $

 49,244.1

 $

 236.3

 $

 5,296.7

 $

 0.1

 $

 44,183.6

 (1)
 This exposure is all related to sub-prime mortgage loans.

 Of the $4,022.0 million in gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023, $13.9 million in losses were attributed to securities scheduled to mature in one year or less, $238.3 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature between one to five years, $662.9 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature between five to ten years, $1,914.4 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature after ten years and $1,192.5 million related to mortgage-backed and other ABS that are not classified by maturity year. As of December 31, 2023, we were in a $3,542.9 million net unrealized loss position as compared to a $5,060.4 million net unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022. The $1,517.5 million decrease in net unrealized loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, can be attributed to a tightening of credit spreads.
 Fixed Maturities Available-For-Sale Unrealized Losses. We believe our long-term fixed maturities portfolio is well diversified among industry types and between publicly traded and privately placed securities. Each year, we direct the majority of our net cash inflows into investment grade fixed maturities. Our current policy is to limit the percentage of fixed maturities invested in below investment grade assets to 15%.
 We invest in privately placed fixed maturities to enhance the overall value of the portfolio, increase diversification and obtain higher yields than are possible with comparable quality public market securities. Generally, private placements provide broader access to management information, strengthened negotiated protective covenants, call protection features and, where applicable, a higher level of collateral. They are, however, generally not freely tradable because of restrictions imposed by U.S. federal and state securities laws and illiquid trading markets.

 The following table presents our fixed maturities available-for-sale by investment grade and below investment grade as of the years indicated.

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 cost

 gains

 loss

 cost

 gains

 loss

 Investment grade:

 Public

 $

 37,197.9

 $

 324.9

 $

 3,077.1

 $

 —

 $

 34,445.7

 $

 37,338.9

 $

 217.2

 $

 3,951.8

 $

 0.1

 $

 33,604.2

 Private

 10,738.5

 137.7

 782.7

 —

 10,093.5

 8,752.7

 11.2

 1,070.8

 —

 7,693.1

 Below investment grade:

 Public

 1,352.1

 6.2

 139.1

 —

 1,219.2

 1,728.2

 5.5

 245.3

 —

 1,488.4

 Private

 1,623.0

 10.3

 23.1

 1.7

 1,608.5

 1,424.3

 2.4

 28.8

 —

 1,397.9

 $

 50,911.5

 $

 479.1

 $

 4,022.0

 $

 1.7

 $

 47,366.9

 $

 49,244.1

 $

 236.3

 $

 5,296.7

 $

 0.1

 $

 44,183.6

 Included in the public category as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were $12,017.4 million and $10,829.2 million, respectively, of securities subject to certain holding periods and resale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933.
 The following tables present the fair value and the gross unrealized losses on our fixed maturities available-for-sale for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 Less than

 Greater than or

 twelve months

 equal to twelve months

 Total

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 value

 value

 $

 316.4

 $

 3.1

 $

 672.5

 $

 69.8

 $

 988.9

 $

 72.9

 37.4

 1.0

 208.8

 39.8

 246.2

 40.8

 563.6

 18.2

 3,622.4

 633.0

 4,186.0

 651.2

 1,968.7

 57.8

 16,294.4

 2,005.4

 18,263.1

 2,063.2

 633.0

 4.9

 1,272.1

 157.4

 1,905.1

 162.3

 246.1

 3.6

 3,319.7

 510.8

 3,565.8

 514.4

 357.0

 1.4

 2,039.6

 23.9

 2,396.6

 25.3

 806.1

 14.7

 3,281.9

 475.8

 4,088.0

 490.5

 $

 4,928.3

 $

 104.7

 $

 30,711.4

 $

 3,915.9

 $

 35,639.7

 $

 4,020.6

 (1)
 Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded.

 (2)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 Less than

 Greater than or

 twelve months

 equal to twelve months

 Total

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 value

 value

 $

 1,142.3

 $

 48.4

 $

 181.5

 $

 41.8

 $

 1,323.8

 $

 90.2

 253.1

 38.1

 17.2

 6.1

 270.3

 44.2

 3,703.9

 625.8

 382.6

 125.6

 4,086.5

 751.4

 18,548.4

 2,352.8

 2,407.8

 620.4

 20,956.2

 2,973.2

 1,149.9

 88.7

 573.5

 104.5

 1,723.4

 193.2

 2,720.5

 352.4

 986.6

 201.8

 3,707.1

 554.2

 1,813.1

 63.9

 1,207.2

 50.1

 3,020.3

 114.0

 1,976.3

 197.6

 1,895.6

 377.0

 3,871.9

 574.6

 $

 31,307.5

 $

 3,767.7

 $

 7,652.0

 $

 1,527.3

 $

 38,959.5

 $

 5,295.0

 (1)
 Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded.

 (2)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 Mortgage Loans
 Mortgage loans consist of commercial mortgage loans on real estate and residential mortgage loans. For further details about residential mortgage loans, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Financing Receivables."
 Commercial Mortgage Loans. We generally report commercial mortgage loans on real estate at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances.
 Commercial mortgage loans play an important role in our investment strategy by:

 providing strong risk-adjusted relative value in comparison to other investment alternatives;

 enhancing total returns and

 providing strategic portfolio diversification.

 As a result, we have focused on constructing a high quality portfolio of mortgages. Our portfolio is generally comprised of mortgages originated with conservative loan-to-value ratios, high debt service coverages and general purpose property types with a strong credit tenancy.
 Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of non-recourse, fixed rate mortgages on fully or near fully leased properties. The mortgage portfolio is comprised primarily of office properties, apartments, well anchored retail properties and general-purpose industrial properties.
 Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geography and specific collateral property type. Commercial mortgage lending in the state of California accounted for 25% and 26% of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio before valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We are, therefore, exposed to potential losses resulting from the risk of catastrophes, such as earthquakes, that may affect the region. Like other lenders, we generally do not require earthquake insurance for properties on which we make commercial mortgage loans. With respect to California properties, however, we obtain an engineering report specific to each property. The report assesses the building's design specifications, whether it has been upgraded to meet seismic building codes and the maximum loss that is likely to result from a variety of different seismic events. We also obtain a report that assesses, by building and geographic fault lines, the amount of loss our commercial mortgage loan portfolio might suffer under a variety of seismic events.
 The typical borrower in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is a single purpose entity or single asset entity. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the total number of commercial mortgage loans outstanding were 596 and 656, of which 38% and 43% were for loans with principal balances less than $10.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The average loan size of our commercial mortgage portfolio was $22.9 million and $20.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 Commercial Mortgage Loan Credit Monitoring. For further details on monitoring and management of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Financing Receivables Credit Monitoring."
 We categorize loans that are 60 days or more delinquent, loans in process of foreclosure and loans with borrowers or credit tenants in bankruptcy that are delinquent as "problem" loans. We categorize loans that are delinquent less than 60 days where the default is expected to be cured and loans with borrowers or credit tenants in bankruptcy that are current as "potential problem" loans. The decision whether to classify a loan delinquent less than 60 days as a potential problem involves significant subjective judgments by management as to the likely future economic conditions and developments with respect to the borrower. We categorize loans for which the original note rate has been reduced below market and loans for which the principal has been reduced as "restructured" loans. We also consider loans that are refinanced more than one year beyond the original maturity or call date at below market rates as restructured.

 We had two potential problem commercial mortgage loans with a carrying amount of $95.4 million for which we had a valuation allowance of $11.9 million as of December 31, 2023. We also had two restructured problem commercial mortgage loans with a carrying amount of $92.7 million for which we had a valuation allowance of $34.1 million and one delinquent problem commercial mortgage loan with a carrying amount of $7.9 million for which we had a valuation allowance of $7.9 million as of December 31, 2023. We also had one restructured problem commercial mortgage loan with a carrying amount of $35.5 million for which we had a valuation allowance of $20.0 million and one delinquent problem commercial mortgage loan with a carrying amount of $8.3 million for which we had a valuation allowance of $8.3 million as of December 31, 2022.

 Total commercial mortgage loans

 $

 13,544.9

 $

 13,487.5

 Potential problem commercial mortgage loans

 $

 83.5

 $

 —

 Restructured problem commercial mortgage loans

 58.6

 15.5

 Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgage loans

 $

 142.1

 $

 15.5

 Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgage loans as a percent of total commercial mortgage loans

 1.05

 %

 0.11

 %

 Commercial Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance. We establish the commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance at levels considered adequate to absorb estimated expected credit losses within the portfolio. For further details on the commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance."
 Real Estate
 Real estate consists primarily of commercial equity real estate. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the carrying amount of our equity real estate investment was $2,343.4 million and $2,237.4 million, respectively. Our commercial equity real estate is held in the form of wholly owned real estate, real estate acquired upon foreclosure of commercial mortgage loans and majority owned interests in real estate joint ventures.
 Equity real estate is categorized as either "real estate held for investment" or "real estate held for sale." The carrying value of real estate held for investment is generally adjusted for impairments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Such impairment adjustments are recorded as net realized capital losses in our consolidated results of operations. No such impairment adjustments were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023 or for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Once we identify a real estate property to be sold and it is probable that it will be sold, we classify the property as held for sale. We establish a valuation allowance subject to periodic revisions, if necessary, to adjust the carrying value of the property to reflect the lower of its current carrying value or the fair value, less associated selling costs. The valuation allowance did not change for the year ended December 31, 2023 or for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 We use research, both internal and external, to recommend appropriate product and geographic allocations and changes to the equity real estate portfolio. We monitor product, geographic and industry diversification separately and together to determine the most appropriate mix.
 Equity real estate is distributed across geographic regions of the country. As of December 31, 2023, our largest equity real estate portfolio concentration was in the Pacific (46%) region of the United States. By property type, our largest concentrations were in Apartments (34%) and Industrial (29%) as of December 31, 2023.
 Other Investments
 Our other investments totaled $4,121.2 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to $3,745.7 million as of December 31, 2022. Other investments include interests in unconsolidated entities, which include real estate properties owned jointly with venture partners and operated by the partners; sponsored investment funds; the cash surrender value of company owned and trust owned life insurance; derivative assets and other investments.

 International Investment Operations
 Of our invested assets, $6,888.4 million were held by our Principal International operations as of December 31, 2023. The assets are primarily managed by the local Principal International affiliate. Due to the regulatory constraints in each location, each company maintains its own investment policies. As shown in the following table, the major category of international invested assets is fixed maturities. The following table excludes invested assets of the separate accounts.

 Percent

 Percent

 of total

 of total

 $

 2,802.7

 %

 $

 3,110.9

 %

 809.9

 1,165.4

 964.8

 952.7

 1.9

 —

 2.3

 —

 16.1

 —

 14.5

 —

 Other investments:

 Direct financing leases

 649.2

 664.4

 Investment in unconsolidated operating entities

 1,190.0

 1,092.3

 Derivative assets and other investments

 453.8

 439.8

 Total invested assets

 6,888.4

 %

 7,442.3

 %

 220.5

 190.6

 Total invested assets and cash

 $

 7,108.9

 $

 7,632.9

 Regulations in certain locations require investment in the funds we manage. These required regulatory investments are classified as equity securities within our consolidated statements of financial position, with all mark-to-market changes reflected in net investment income. Our investment is primarily dictated by client activity and all investment performance is retained by us.
 Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Market Risk Exposures and Risk Management
 Market risk is the risk we will incur losses due to adverse fluctuations in market rates and prices. Our primary market risk exposures are to interest rates, equity markets and foreign currency exchange rates. The active management of market risk is an integral part of our operations. We manage our overall market risk exposure within established risk tolerance ranges using several approaches, including:

 rebalancing our existing asset or liability portfolios;

 controlling the risk structure of newly acquired assets and liabilities and

 using derivative instruments to modify the market risk characteristics of existing assets or liabilities or assets expected to be purchased.

 Interest Rate Risk
 Interest rate risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk arises primarily from our holdings in interest sensitive assets and liabilities. Changes in interest rates impact numerous aspects of our operations, including but not limited to:

 yield on our invested assets;

 rate of interest we credit to contractholder account balances;

 timing of cash flows on assets and liabilities containing embedded prepayment options;

 cost of hedging our GMWB rider;

 discount rate used in valuing our liability for future policy benefits for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts;

 discount rate used in valuing our pension and OPEB obligations;

 statutory reserve and capital requirements;

 asset-based fees earned on the fixed income assets we manage;

 interest expense on our long-term borrowings;

 fair value of intangible assets in our reporting units and

 fair value of financial assets and liabilities held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position.

 Lower interest rates generally result in lower profitability in the long-term. Conversely, higher interest rates generally result in higher profitability in the long-term. However, an increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in the value of financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position.
 Impact of Changes in Long-Term Interest Rate Assumptions
 We use long-term interest rate assumptions to calculate MRBs, certain reserves and benefit plan obligations in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In setting these assumptions, we consider a variety of factors, including historical experience, emerging trends and future expectations. We evaluate our assumptions on at least an annual basis. Due to the long-term nature of our assumptions, we generally do not revise our assumptions in response to short-term fluctuations in market interest rates. However, we will consider revising our assumptions if a significant change occurs in the factors noted above.
 A reduction in our long-term interest rate assumptions may result in increases in MRB liabilities and certain reserves.
 Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
 Changes in interest rates or a sustained low interest rate environment may result in the following impacts, which would impact our financial position and results of operations:

 Impact of Falling Interest Rates or Sustained Low Interest Rates

 Impact of Rising Interest Rates

 Adverse Impacts:

 Positive Impacts:

 A reduction in investment income, which may be partially offset by a reduction in the interest we credit on contractholder account balances; however, our ability to lower crediting rates may be constrained by guaranteed minimum interest rates and competitive pressures

 An increase in investment income, which may be partially or fully offset by an increase in the interest we credit on contractholder account balances

 An increase in the cost of hedging our GMWB rider

 A decrease in the cost of hedging our GMWB rider

 An increase in MRB liabilities and certain reserves

 A decrease in MRB liabilities and certain reserves

 A reduction in the discount rate used to measure reserves for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts, leading to an increase in our reserves

 An increase in the discount rate used to measure reserves for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts, leading to a decrease in our reserves

 A reduction in the discount rate used in valuing our pension and OPEB obligations, leading to an increase in our Projected Benefit Obligation, Net Periodic Pension Cost, Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation and Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 An increase in the discount rate used in valuing our pension and OPEB obligations, leading to a decrease in our Projected Benefit Obligation, Net Periodic Pension Cost, Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation and Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 An increase in statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves

 A decrease in statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves

 An increase in prepayments or redemptions on mortgages and bonds we own, which would force us to reinvest the proceeds at lower interest rates

 A decrease in prepayments or redemptions on mortgages and bonds we own, which would reduce our opportunity to reinvest the proceeds at higher interest rates

 An increase in the value of the fixed income assets we manage, resulting in an increase in our fee revenue in the short-term

 A decrease in the value of the fixed income assets we manage, resulting in a decrease in our fee revenue in the short-term

 A decrease in the interest expense on our long-term borrowings, to the extent the borrowings have adjustable rates or we are able to refinance our obligations at lower interest rates

 An increase in the interest expense on our long-term borrowings, to the extent the borrowings have adjustable rates or we refinance our obligations at higher interest rates

 An increase in the fair value of certain financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position

 A decrease in the fair value of certain financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position, as discussed below

 A reduction in the fair value of intangible assets in our reporting units, potentially leading to an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets

 We estimate a hypothetical 100 basis point immediate, parallel decrease in U.S. interest rates would impact segment pre-tax operating earnings between (1)% and 1% over the next twelve months. This estimate reflects the impact of routine management actions in response to changes in interest rates, such as reducing the interest rates we credit on contractholder account balances, but does not reflect the impact of other actions management may consider, such as curtailing sales of certain products.

 The selection of a 100 basis point immediate, parallel decrease in U.S. interest rates should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the impact of such an event. Our exposure will change as a result of ongoing portfolio transactions in response to new business, management's assessment of changing market conditions and changes in our mix of business.
 If market rates increase rapidly, policy surrenders, withdrawals and requests for policy loans may increase as customers seek to achieve higher returns. Excess lapses may result in an acceleration of amortization for our DAC and other actuarial balances. We may be required to sell assets to raise the cash necessary to respond to such surrenders, withdrawals and loans, thereby realizing capital losses on the assets sold.
 Guaranteed Minimum Interest Rate Exposure. The following table provides detail on the differences between the interest rates being credited to contractholders as of December 31, 2023, and the respective guaranteed minimum interest rates ("GMIRs"). Amounts for contracts without significant fee revenues such as GICs, funding agreements, retail fixed income annuities and guaranteed pension contracts are excluded. Additionally, amounts for contracts that are reinsured as part of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction are also excluded. Account values are broken down by GMIR level within the Retirement and Income Solutions and Benefits and Protection segments.

 Account values (1)

 Excess of crediting rates over GMIR:

 Up to 0.50%

 0.51% to 1.00%

 1.01% to 2.00%

 2.01% or more

 At GMIR

 Total

 Guaranteed minimum interest rate

 Up to 1.00%

 $

 22.6

 $

 3.3

 $

 101.8

 $

 1,006.0

 $

 312.8

 $

 1,446.5

 1.01% 2.00%

 5,139.6

 3.8

 1,153.1

 —

 874.6

 7,171.1

 2.01% 3.00%

 630.6

 0.1

 0.8

 59.1

 1,701.2

 2,391.8

 3.01% 4.00%

 7.4

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.4

 4.01% and above

 16.9

 —

 —

 —

 —

 16.9

 5,817.1

 7.2

 1,255.7

 1,065.1

 2,888.6

 11,033.7

 Up to 1.00%

 —

 —

 16.1

 1.0

 2.4

 19.5

 1.01% 2.00%

 —

 —

 —

 4.6

 415.4

 420.0

 2.01% 3.00%

 7.0

 9.9

 119.5

 350.6

 3.0

 490.0

 3.01% 4.00%

 1,606.6

 48.0

 37.5

 32.5

 3.2

 1,727.8

 4.01% and above

 40.5

 3.9

 8.3

 1.5

 —

 54.2

 1,654.1

 61.8

 181.4

 390.2

 424.0

 2,711.5

 Total

 $

 7,471.2

 $

 69.0

 $

 1,437.1

 $

 1,455.3

 $

 3,312.6

 $

 13,745.2

 Percentage of total

 54.4

 %

 0.4

 %

 10.5

 %

 10.6

 %

 24.1

 %

 100.0

 %

 (1)
 Includes only the account values, net of the account values with associated policy loans, for products with GMIRs and discretionary crediting rates, excluding amounts for contracts that are reinsured as part of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction.

 Impact of Rising Interest Rates on the Fair Value of Financial Assets. An increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in the value of financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position. Although changes in the fair value of our financial assets due to changes in interest rates may impact the amount of equity reported in our consolidated statements of financial position, these changes will not cause an economic gain or loss unless we sell investments, terminate derivative positions, record an allowance for credit loss, or determine a derivative instrument is no longer an effective hedge.

 We estimate a hypothetical 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase in interest rates would reduce the net reported fair value of our financial assets and derivatives by $2,670.3 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to$2,446.9 million as of December 31, 2022. This estimate only reflects the change in fair value for financial assets and derivatives reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position. Assets and liabilities not reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position – including mortgage loans, liabilities relating to insurance contracts, investment contracts, debt and bank deposits – are excluded from this sensitivity analysis. We believe the excluded liability items would economically serve as a partial offset to the net interest rate risk of the financial instruments included in the sensitivity analysis. Separate account assets and liabilities are also excluded from this estimate, as any interest rate risk is borne by the holder of the separate account. Assets backing reserves as part of a coinsurance with funds withheld agreement are excluded from this estimate, as any interest rate risk is passed to the reinsurer. For more information on fair value measurements, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 18, Fair Value Measurements."
 Our selection of a 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase in interest rates is a hypothetical rate scenario we use to demonstrate potential risk. While a 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase does not represent our view of future market changes, it is a near term reasonably possible hypothetical change that illustrates the potential impact of such events. While this sensitivity analysis provides a representation of interest rate sensitivity, it is based on our portfolio exposures at a point in time and may not be representative of future market results. These exposures will change as a result of ongoing portfolio transactions in response to new business, management's assessment of changing market conditions and available investment opportunities.
 Our net estimated potential loss in fair value as of December 31, 2023, increased $223.4 million from December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the fair value of our assets.
 Interest Rate Risk Management
 We manage interest rate risk through the use of an integrated risk management framework. This helps us identify, assess, monitor, report and manage our risks within established limits and risk tolerances. Our internal risk committees monitor and discuss our risk profile and identify necessary actions to mitigate impacts from interest rate risk.
 The product designs within our business units result in a variety of different interest rate risk profiles. Therefore, our business units use a variety of different approaches for managing their asset and liability interest rate risks.

 Retirement Business Stable Cash Flows — For stable and predictable cash flow liabilities, such as pension risk transfer, WSRS, and investment only, we use investment strategy and hedges to tightly align the cash flow run off of these asset and liability cash flows. Immunization analysis is also utilized in the management of interest rate risk.

 U.S. Insurance Stable Cash Flows — Our insurance businesses in many instances contain long-term guarantees with stable and predictable liability cash flows and recurring premiums. We manage the interest rate risk through investment strategy, product crediting rates and analyzing duration and embedded value sensitivity.

 Principal International — Our international businesses operate within local regulations and financial market conditions (e.g., derivative markets, assets available) to achieve similar asset and liability cash flow management objectives. In locations with a limited availability of long-dated assets and derivative markets, the duration gap is managed to risk tolerances specific to each location.

 We also limit our exposure to interest rate risk through our business mix and strategy. We have intentionally limited our exposure to specific products where investment margins are critical to the product's profitability, and we continue to emphasize the sale of products that generate revenues in the form of fees for service or premiums for insurance coverage and expose us to minimal interest rate risk.
 Prepayment risk is controlled by limiting our exposure to investments that are prepayable without penalty prior to maturity at the option of the issuer. We also require additional yield on these investments to compensate for the risk the issuer will exercise such option. Prepayment risk is also controlled by limiting the sales of liabilities with features such as puts or other options that can be exercised at inopportune times. We manage the interest rate risk associated with our long-term borrowings by monitoring the interest rate environment and evaluating refinancing opportunities as maturity dates approach.

 The plan fiduciaries use a Dynamic Asset Allocation strategy for our qualified defined benefit pension plan, which strategically allocates an increasing portion of the assets of the pension plan to fixed income securities as the funding status improves. The intended purpose of using the Dynamic Asset Allocation strategy is that the expected change in the value of the plan assets and the change in pension benefit obligation due to market movements are more likely to have more correlation versus a static allocation of assets between categories. For more information see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Benefit Plans" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, Employee and Agent Benefits."
 Use of Derivatives to Manage Interest Rate Risk. We use or have used various derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, including interest rate swaps, interest rate options, to be announced ("TBA") forwards, bond forwards, treasury forwards, swaptions and futures. We use interest rate swaps, treasury forwards and futures contracts to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB. We use interest rate swaps and have used TBA forwards primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities. They can be used to change the sensitivity to the interest rate of specific assets and liabilities as well as an entire portfolio. We use bond forwards to fix the purchase price of a bond at a specified date in the future. We use interest rate options to manage prepayment risks in our assets and minimum guaranteed interest rates and lapse risks in our liabilities. We have purchased swaptions to hedge interest rate exposure for certain assets and liabilities.
 Foreign Currency Risk
 Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements issued to nonqualified institutional investors in the international market, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity and equity securities, and our international operations, including expected cash flows and potential acquisition and divestiture activity.
 We estimate as of December 31, 2023, a 10% immediate unfavorable change in each of the foreign currency exchange rates to which we are exposed would result in no material change to the net fair value of our foreign currency-denominated instruments identified above because we effectively hedge foreign currency-denominated instruments to minimize exchange rate impacts, which is consistent with our estimate as of December 31, 2022. However, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates do affect the translation of segment pre-tax operating earnings and equity of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements.
 For our Principal International operations, we estimate a 10% immediate unfavorable change in each of the foreign currency exchange rates to which we were exposed would have resulted in a $285.0 million, or 10.0%, reduction in the total equity excluding noncontrolling interests of our international operations as of December 31, 2023, as compared to an estimated $258.5 million, or 10.0%, reduction as of December 31, 2022. We estimate a 10% unfavorable change in the average foreign currency exchange rates to which we were exposed through our international operations would have resulted in a $37.5 million, or 12.0%, reduction in segment pre-tax operating earnings of our international operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to an estimated $36.8 million, or 12.0%, reduction for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 The selection of a 10% immediate unfavorable change in all currency exchange rates should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such an event. These exposures will change as a result of a change in the size and mix of our foreign operations.
 Use of Derivatives to Manage Foreign Currency Risk. The foreign currency risk on funding agreements and fixed maturities in our U.S. operations is mitigated by using currency swaps that swap the foreign currency interest and principal payments to our functional currency. We did not have currency swap agreements associated with foreign-denominated liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The notional amount of our currency swap agreements associated with foreign-denominated fixed maturities was $1,888.5 million and $1,389.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 With regard to our international operations, in order to enhance the diversification of our investment portfolios we may invest in bonds denominated in a currency that is different than the currency of our liabilities. We use foreign exchange derivatives to economically hedge the currency mismatch. Our Principal International operations had currency swaps with a notional amount of $217.3 million and $244.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our Principal International operations also utilized currency forwards with a notional amount of $711.9 million and $672.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 We use currency forwards to hedge currency risk associated with expected cash flows in our foreign operations. We held currency forwards with a notional of $265.5 million and $388.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 Additionally, we use currency forwards to hedge net equity investments in our foreign operations, including certain sponsored investment funds. We held currency forwards with a notional amount of $31.0 million and $30.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 We also use currency forwards to hedge certain foreign-denominated investments in our domestic operations. We held currency forwards with a notional amount of $54.1 million and $32.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 Equity Risk
 Equity risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in equity markets. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of our equity securities was $1,478.1 million and $1,708.6 million, respectively. We estimate a 10% decline in the prices of the equity securities would result in a decline in fair value of our equity securities of $147.8 million as of December 31, 2023, as compared to a decline in fair value of our equity securities of $170.9 million as of December 31, 2022.
 We are also exposed to the risk that asset-based fees decrease as a result of declines in assets under management due to changes in investment prices and the risk that asset management fees calculated by reference to performance could be lower.
 We also have equity risk associated with (1) universal life contracts that credit interest to customers based on changes in an external equity index; (2) variable annuity contracts that have a GMWB rider that allows the customer to make withdrawals of a specified annual amount, either for a fixed number of years or for the lifetime of the customer, even if the account value is reduced to zero; (3) variable annuity contracts that have a GMDB that allows the death benefit to be paid, even if the account value has fallen below the GMDB amount; (4) SEC-registered annuity contracts with returns linked to an external equity index and (5) investment contracts in which the return is subject to minimum contractual guarantees. We are also subject to equity risk based upon the assets that support our employee benefit plans. For further discussion of equity risk associated with these plans, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Benefit Plans."
 We estimate an immediate 10% decline in the S&P 500 index, followed by a 2% per quarter increase would reduce our annual segment pre-tax operating earnings by approximately 5% to 8% over the next twelve months. The selection of a 10% unfavorable change in the S&P 500 index should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such an event. Our exposure will change as a result of changes in our mix of business.
 Separate and distinct from our equity risk associated with a decline in the S&P index, we also have equity risk associated with certain domestic alternative investments. These investments are comprised of several asset categories (including hedge funds, private equity, infrastructure and direct lending) that provide an attractive asset match to our long-dated liabilities and create diversification benefits to our fixed income investments. The risk profile of these investments is actively monitored by our Investment Committee and our corporate risk management function. Changes in the value of these investments will impact earnings. We estimate an immediate 10% decline in the value of those assets, followed by a 2% per quarter increase would reduce our annual segment pre-tax operating earnings by less than 8%. The selection of a 10% unfavorable change in the value of those assets should not be construed as a prediction of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such a decline in value of those assets.
 Use of Derivatives to Manage Equity Risk. We economically hedge the universal life products, where the interest credited is linked to an external equity index, by purchasing options that match the product's profile or selling options to offset existing exposures. We economically hedge RILA exposure using options and futures. We economically hedge the GMWB rider MRB exposure, which includes interest rate risk and equity risk, using futures, options, treasury forwards and interest rate swaps with notional amounts of $8,600.5 million and $8,950.4 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The fair value of both MRBs and associated hedging instruments are sensitive to financial market conditions and the variance related to the change in fair value of these items for a given period is largely dependent on market conditions at the end of the period.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1.

 Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies

 2.

 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 3.

 Variable Interest Entities

 4.

 5.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 6.

 Closed Block

 7.

 Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances

 8.

 Separate Account Balances

 9.

 Contractholder Funds

 10.

 Future Policy Benefits and Claims

 11.

 Market Risk Benefits

 12.

 13.

 Debt

 14.

 15.

 Employee and Agent Benefits

 16.

 Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases

 17.

 Stockholders' Equity

 18.

 Fair Value Measurements

 19.

 Statutory Insurance Financial Information

 20.

 Segment Information

 21.

 Revenues from Contracts with Customers

 22.

 Stock-Based Compensation Plans

 23.

 Earnings Per Common Share

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc.
 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Principal Financial Group, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 Des Moines, Iowa

 February 20, 2024

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc.
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Principal Financial Group, Inc.(the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Adoption of ASU No. 2018-12
 As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for long-duration contracts in each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Valuation of investments in securities

 Description of the Matter

 A subset of the Company's $66.5 billion fixed-income securities portfolio exhibits higher estimation uncertainty when determining fair value. The fixed-income securities, which include bonds, asset-backed securities, redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities, are classified as either available-for-sale or trading and, accordingly, are carried at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. As discussed in Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements, for certain securities the Company obtains prices from third party pricing vendors, a subset of which exhibit higher estimation uncertainty given the characteristics of the security. In addition, the Company uses a matrix priced internal model to develop the fair value for a subset of corporate bonds. The fair value is developed using a risk spread which creates higher estimation uncertainty.
 Auditing the fair value of the securities that exhibit higher estimation uncertainty was especially challenging because determining the fair value is complex and highly judgmental and involves using inputs and assumptions that are not directly observable in the market.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management's valuation process for the fixed income securities portfolio that exhibits higher estimation uncertainty. This included, among others, testing the review and approval process that management has in place over validating the fair value from third party pricing sources and the assumptions used in determining the fair value for matrix priced securities.
 To test the fair value calculation, we utilized the support of our valuation specialists which included, among others, independently calculating a reasonable range of fair values for a sample of securities by using a cash flow model and cash flow and yield assumptions based on independently obtained information or available transaction data for similar securities. We compared these ranges to management's estimates of fair value for the selected securities.

 Liability for future policy benefits and claims

 Description of the Matter

 At December 31, 2023, future policy benefits and claims related to traditional and limited payment long-duration contracts totaled $46.8 billion.
 The future policy benefits liability related to these products is based on estimates of how much the Company will need to pay for future benefits and the amount of fees to be collected from policyholders for these policy features. As described in Note 10, there is uncertainty inherent in estimating this liability because there is a significant amount of management judgment involved in developing certain assumptions that impact the liability balance, which include mortality rates, and lapse termination rates.
 Auditing the valuation of future policy benefits liabilities related to these products was complex and required the involvement of our actuarial specialist due to the high degree of judgment used by management in setting the assumptions used in the estimate of the future policy benefits liability related to these products.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the future policy benefits liability estimation processes, including among others, controls related to the review and approval processes that management has in place for the assumptions used in the valuation of the future policy benefits liability. This included testing controls related to management's evaluation of the need to update assumptions based on the comparison of actual company experience to previous assumptions.
 We involved actuarial specialists to assist with our audit procedures which included, among others, an evaluation of the methodology applied by management with those methods used in prior periods. To assess the significant assumptions used by management, we compared the significant assumptions noted above to historical experience, industry data or management's estimates of prospective changes in these assumptions. In addition, we performed an independent recalculation of cash flows related to the future policy benefit reserves for a sample of cohorts or contracts which we compared to the actuarial model used by management.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1967.

 Des Moines, Iowa

 February 20, 2024

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 2023

 2022

 $

 $

 62,889.9

 Fixed maturities, trading (2023 and 2022 include $ 81.2 million and $ 27.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 836.2

 760.7

 Equity securities (2023 and 2022 include $ 394.4 million and $ 740.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 1,708.6

 Mortgage loans (2023 and 2022 include $ 871.9 million and $ 1,179.7 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 20,629.8

 Real estate (2023 and 2022 include $ 779.1 million and $ 649.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 2,345.3

 2,239.7

 809.3

 784.7

 Other investments (2023 and 2022 include $ 596.4 million and $ 375.9 million related to consolidated variable interest entities and $ 163.2 million and $ 0.0 million measured at fair value under the fair value option)

 7,035.6

 6,122.0

 Total investments

 98,320.4

 95,135.4

 Cash and cash equivalents (2023 and 2022 include $ 83.6 million and $ 32.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 4,707.7

 4,848.0

 Accrued investment income

 786.2

 742.1

 20,611.7

 21,442.7

 Premiums due and other receivables

 3,998.8

 3,933.3

 Deferred acquisition costs

 3,950.5

 3,948.0

 Market risk benefit asset

 153.4

 109.2

 Property and equipment

 938.4

 996.1

 Goodwill

 1,608.5

 1,598.2

 Other intangibles

 1,469.8

 1,533.3

 Separate account assets (2023 and 2022 include $ 34,688.3 million and $ 34,193.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 895.7

 1,205.6

 $

 305,046.7

 $

 290,867.0

 Contractholder funds (2023 and 2022 include $ 0.0 million and $ 334.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 $

 41,501.1

 $

 42,825.3

 Future policy benefits and claims

 46,826.5

 43,314.0

 Market risk benefit liability

 133.2

 207.4

 Other policyholder funds

 916.8

 911.5

 61.1

 80.7

 3,930.9

 3,997.0

 Income taxes currently payable

 11.9

 19.2

 Deferred income taxes

 1,613.3

 1,324.2

 Separate account liabilities (2023 and 2022 include $ 34,688.3 million and $ 34,193.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 Funds withheld payable

 19,629.5

 20,436.1

 Other liabilities (2023 and 2022 include $ 87.7 million and $ 86.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 11,606.2

 12,096.7

 293,836.1

 280,587.2

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest (2023 and 2022 include $ 226.4 million and $ 235.3 million related to consolidated variable interest entities)

 248.9

 262.0

 Stockholders' equity

 Common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share; 2,500,000,000 shares authorized; 492,279,405 and 489,809,564 shares issued as of 2023 and 2022; 236,438,294 and 243,549,782 shares outstanding as of 2023 and 2022

 4.9

 4.9

 Additional paid-in capital

 10,908.6

 10,740.4

 16,683.5

 16,697.3

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 ( 5,345.3)

 ( 6,879.0)

 Treasury stock, at cost; 255,841,111 and 246,259,782 shares as of 2023 and 2022

 ( 11,335.7)

 ( 10,586.9)

 Total stockholders' equity attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 10,916.0

 9,976.7

 Noncontrolling interest

 45.7

 41.1

 Total stockholders' equity

 10,961.7

 10,017.8

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 305,046.7

 $

 290,867.0

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in millions, except per share data)

 Revenues

 $

 $

 $

 4,095.9

 4,137.8

 5,041.3

 Net realized capital gains (losses) (1)

 ( 182.1)

 115.4

 Net realized capital gains on funds withheld assets (1)

 165.0

 749.4

 —

 —

 13,665.8

 17,536.1

 14,427.8

 Expenses

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain

 ( 51.6)

 ( 264.5)

 ( 4.4)

 Market risk benefit remeasurement loss

 29.1

 125.3

 98.3

 Dividends to policyholders

 89.2

 94.8

 94.8

 5,072.1

 4,962.2

 5,070.0

 12,927.0

 11,549.1

 12,516.9

 Income before income taxes

 738.8

 5,987.0

 1,910.9

 Income taxes

 68.7

 1,189.5

 283.9

 670.1

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest

 46.9

 40.6

 46.8

 Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 $

 623.2

 $

 $

 Earnings per common share

 Basic earnings per common share

 $

 2.58

 $

 18.94

 $

 5.87

 Diluted earnings per common share

 $

 2.55

 $

 18.63

 $

 5.79

 (1)
 Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses). See Note 4, Investments, for further details.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 670.1

 $

 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net:

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities

 1,843.1

 ( 9,846.8)

 ( 2,085.3)

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments

 ( 41.8)

 ( 23.1)

 33.4

 Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)

 ( 312.7)

 4,778.5

 2,839.7

 Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (loss)

 ( 30.9)

 114.1

 73.7

 ( 22.1)

 ( 245.9)

 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation

 2.4

 90.6

 115.8

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 1,533.8

 ( 4,908.8)

 657.3

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 2,203.9

 ( 111.3)

 2,284.3

 Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest

 47.0

 41.2

 43.3

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 $

 2,156.9

 $

 ( 152.5)

 $

 2,241.0

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Accumulated

 Additional

 other

 Total

 Common

 paid-in

 Retained

 Treasury

 Noncontrolling

 stockholders'

 stock

 capital

 earnings

 income (loss)

 stock

 interest

 equity

 Balances as of January 1, 2021

 $

 4.8

 $

 10,321.6

 $

 11,838.0

 $

 2,383.1

 $

 ( 7,988.6)

 $

 58.4

 $

 16,617.3

 Common stock issued

 —

 86.7

 —

 —

 —

 —

 86.7

 —

 106.1

 ( 10.0)

 —

 —

 0.1

 96.2

 Treasury stock acquired, common

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 937.2)

 —

 ( 937.2)

 —

 —

 ( 654.1)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 654.1)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 33.7)

 ( 33.7)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.4

 7.4

 Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1)

 —

 ( 16.4)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 18.1)

 Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 3.1)

 Effects of implementation of accounting change related to long-duration insurance contracts, net

 —

 —

 ( 159.9)

 ( 5,128.0)

 —

 —

 ( 5,287.9)

 Net income (1)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 29.3

 1,609.5

 Other comprehensive income (1)

 —

 —

 —

 660.8

 —

 ( 3.3)

 657.5

 Balances as of December 31, 2021 (As recast)

 4.8

 10,495.0

 12,594.2

 ( 2,084.1)

 ( 8,925.8)

 56.4

 12,140.5

 Common stock issued

 0.1

 181.6

 —

 —

 —

 —

 181.7

 —

 102.7

 ( 11.5)

 —

 —

 0.4

 91.6

 Treasury stock acquired, common

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,661.1)

 —

 ( 1,661.1)

 Accelerated share repurchase

 —

 ( 33.9)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 33.9)

 —

 —

 ( 642.3)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 642.3)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 86.2)

 ( 86.2)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.3

 7.3

 Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1)

 —

 ( 5.7)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 2.4)

 ( 8.1)

 Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest

 —

 0.7

 —

 —

 —

 0.2

 Adjustment for reinsurance

 —

 —

 —

 114.5

 —

 —

 114.5

 Net income (1)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 66.4

 4,823.3

 Other comprehensive loss (1)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 4,909.4)

 —

 ( 4,909.7)

 Balances as of December 31, 2022 (As recast)

 4.9

 10,740.4

 16,697.3

 ( 6,879.0)

 ( 10,586.9)

 41.1

 10,017.8

 Common stock issued

 —

 57.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 57.8

 —

 110.7

 ( 11.5)

 —

 —

 0.5

 99.7

 Treasury stock acquired, common

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 748.8)

 —

 ( 748.8)

 —

 —

 ( 625.5)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 625.5)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 26.5)

 ( 26.5)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interest

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.6

 7.6

 Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest

 —

 0.9

 —

 —

 —

 0.2

 1.1

 Net income (1)

 —

 —

 623.2

 —

 —

 23.2

 646.4

 Other comprehensive income (1)

 —

 —

 —

 1,533.7

 —

 1,533.3

 Balances as of December 31, 2023

 $

 4.9

 $

 10,908.6

 $

 16,683.5

 $

 ( 5,345.3)

 $

 ( 11,335.7)

 $

 45.7

 $

 10,961.7

 (1)
 Excludes amounts attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. See Note 17, Stockholders' Equity, for further details.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating activities

 $

 670.1

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Net realized capital (gains) losses

 72.2

 182.1

 ( 115.4)

 ( 165.0)

 ( 749.4)

 —

 1,085.7

 ( 3,652.8)

 —

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 272.7

 295.9

 275.3

 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and contract costs

 428.1

 422.4

 405.8

 Additions to deferred acquisition costs and contract costs

 ( 429.3)

 ( 427.2)

 ( 522.1)

 Amortization of reinsurance loss

 17.7

 19.3

 23.0

 Market risk benefit remeasurement loss

 29.1

 125.3

 98.3

 99.4

 91.3

 96.1

 Income from equity method investments, net of dividends received

 ( 110.2)

 ( 111.0)

 ( 189.8)

 Changes in:

 Accrued investment income

 ( 44.1)

 ( 46.3)

 13.8

 Net cash flows for trading securities and equity securities with operating intent

 ( 56.0)

 ( 339.5)

 99.9

 Premiums due and other receivables

 ( 36.7)

 ( 3,301.9)

 8.3

 Contractholder and policyholder liabilities and dividends

 2,562.0

 1,914.7

 1,430.6

 Current and deferred income taxes (benefits)

 ( 40.5)

 854.8

 117.9

 Real estate acquired through operating activities

 ( 130.8)

 ( 164.4)

 ( 73.7)

 Real estate sold through operating activities

 164.8

 7.9

 1.8

 Funds withheld, net of reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable

 ( 665.2)

 3,038.6

 ( 36.0)

 Other assets and liabilities

 214.9

 341.5

 9.0

 Other

 ( 146.5)

 ( 125.9)

 ( 15.4)

 Net adjustments

 3,122.3

 ( 1,624.6)

 1,627.4

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 3,792.4

 3,172.9

 3,254.4

 Investing activities

 Fixed maturities available-for-sale and equity securities with intent to hold:

 ( 11,417.0)

 ( 19,352.6)

 ( 16,625.5)

 Sales

 5,888.3

 14,729.7

 2,735.3

 Maturities

 5,190.8

 6,853.7

 10,960.0

 Mortgage loans acquired or originated

 ( 2,044.2)

 ( 3,731.2)

 ( 5,223.5)

 Mortgage loans sold or repaid

 2,112.0

 2,614.6

 2,853.2

 Real estate acquired

 ( 187.5)

 ( 245.2)

 ( 281.4)

 Real estate sold

 132.0

 374.0

 133.7

 Net purchases of property and equipment

 ( 102.0)

 ( 116.3)

 ( 129.9)

 Sale of interests in subsidiaries

 —

 —

 27.0

 Net change in other investments

 ( 919.3)

 ( 68.2)

 ( 142.6)

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 ( 1,346.9)

 1,058.5

 ( 5,693.7)

 Financing activities

 Issuance of common stock

 57.8

 181.7

 86.7

 Accelerated stock repurchase settlement

 —

 ( 33.9)

 —

 Acquisition of treasury stock

 ( 740.4)

 ( 1,661.1)

 ( 937.2)

 Payments for financing element derivatives

 ( 42.1)

 ( 50.6)

 ( 39.9)

 Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest

 ( 2.8)

 ( 9.2)

 ( 24.2)

 ( 625.5)

 ( 642.3)

 ( 654.1)

 Issuance of long-term debt

 691.5

 15.4

 —

 Principal repayments of long-term debt

 ( 764.0)

 ( 302.0)

 ( 1.8)

 Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings

 ( 18.5)

 0.9

 10.2

 Investment contract deposits

 8,618.9

 7,346.7

 9,359.8

 Investment contract withdrawals

 ( 9,422.4)

 ( 7,647.3)

 ( 8,801.0)

 Net increase (decrease) in banking operation deposits

 ( 338.6)

 1,086.3

 2,922.9

 Other

 0.3

 —

 0.1

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 ( 2,585.8)

 ( 1,715.4)

 1,921.5

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 140.3)

 2,516.0

 ( 517.8)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

 4,848.0

 2,332.0

 2,849.8

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

 $

 4,707.7

 $

 4,848.0

 $

 2,332.0

 Supplemental information:

 Cash paid for interest

 $

 170.7

 $

 175.8

 $

 166.1

 Cash paid for income taxes

 68.1

 142.1

 109.9

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:

 Asset changes resulting from deconsolidation of residential whole loan securitizations:

 Decrease in mortgage loans

 $

 ( 389.7)

 $

 ( 220.7)

 $

 —

 Increase in fixed maturities, available-for-sale

 286.2

 167.6

 —

 Increase in fixed maturities, trading

 10.8

 —

 —

 Assets transferred in kind for settlement to reinsurer

 —

 ( 428.5)

 —

 Changes from re-designation of other postretirement employee benefits ("OPEB") plan assets to cover non-retiree benefits:

 Increases in equity securities re-designated from funded status of OPEB plan

 —

 —

 548.1

 Increases in other investments re-designated from funded status of OPEB plan

 —

 —

 117.5

 Decrease in tax receivable re-designated from funded status of OPEB plan

 —

 —

 ( 9.1)

 Decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") due to reclassifying excess assets out of funded status of OPEB plan

 —

 —

 9.1

 Decrease in other assets due to reclassifying excess assets out of funded status of OPEB plan

 —

 —

 ( 665.6)

 Assets received in kind from pension risk transfer transactions

 —

 —

 109.5

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
 Description of Business
 Principal Financial Group, Inc. ("PFG") is a leader in global investment management offering businesses, individuals and institutional clients a wide range of financial products and services, including retirement, asset management and insurance through our diverse family of financial services companies.
 Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of PFG and all other entities in which we directly or indirectly have a controlling financial interest as well as those variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which we are the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
 Uncertainties may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. See "Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements" for additional details. Our estimates and assumptions could change in the future. Our results of operations and financial condition may also be impacted by other uncertainties including evolving regulatory, legislative and standard-setter accounting interpretations and guidance.
 On January 1, 2023, we adopted the guidance commonly referred to as long-duration targeted improvements ("LDTI"), which updates certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. The guidance was applied as of the January 1, 2021, transition date. As such, results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast and are also presented under the new LDTI guidance.
 In the first quarter of 2023 we implemented changes to our organizational structure to better align businesses, distribution teams and product offerings for future growth. We integrated our global asset management and international pension businesses under one segment, Principal Asset Management. Results of our historically reported Principal Global Investors and Principal International segments are reported within this segment. Additionally, we are now reporting results for our Retirement and Income Solutions segment in total and not separated into Fee and Spread components. Finally, we updated the name of our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment to Benefits and Protection and will continue to report the results of Specialty Benefits and Life Insurance within this segment. Our segment results have been modified to reflect these changes, which did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 20, Segment Information, for financial results of our segments.
 Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods relating to the presentation of our loss adjustment expense ("LAE") liability and the change in that liability to conform to the current presentation. See Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims. The LAE liability was previously reported in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability was previously reported in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The LAE liability is now reported in future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position and the change in the liability is now reported in benefits, claims and settlement expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
 During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life &Annuity Re, Ltd. ("Talcott Life & Annuity Re"), a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands and an affiliate of Talcott Resolution Life, Inc., a subsidiary of Sixth Street, pursuant to which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and universal life insurance with secondary guarantee ("ULSG") blocks of business (the "Talcott Reinsurance Transaction"). The economics of the transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022. See Note 12, Reinsurance, for further details.

 Consolidation
 We have relationships with various special purpose entities and other legal entities that must be evaluated to determine if the entities meet the criteria of a VIE or a voting interest entity ("VOE"). This assessment is performed by reviewing contractual, ownership and other rights, including involvement of related parties, and requires use of judgment. First, we determine if we hold a variable interest in an entity by assessing if we have the right to receive expected losses and expected residual returns of the entity. If we hold a variable interest, then the entity is assessed to determine if it is a VIE. An entity is a VIE if the equity at risk is not sufficient to support its activities, if the equity holders lack a controlling financial interest or if the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. In addition to the previous criteria, if the entity is a limited partnership or similar entity, it is a VIE if the limited partners do not have the power to direct the entity's most significant activities through substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. A VIE is evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise with (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the entity in our financial statements. We reassess our involvement with VIEs on a quarterly basis. For further information about VIEs, refer to Note 3, Variable Interest Entities.
 If an entity is not a VIE, it is considered a VOE. VOEs are generally consolidated if we own a greater than 50% voting interest. If we determine our involvement in an entity no longer meets the requirements for consolidation under either the VIE or VOE models, the entity is deconsolidated. Entities in which we have management influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to consolidate, other than investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option, are reported using the equity method.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 Date of
adoption

 Effect on our consolidated
financial statements or other
significant matters

 Standards not yet adopted:

 Improvements to reportable segments disclosures
 This authoritative guidance enhances the disclosures about a public entity's reportable segments and addresses requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses.

 January 1, 2025

 We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

 Improvements to income tax disclosures
 This authoritative guidance provides improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information.

 January 1, 2025

 We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

 Standards adopted:

 Targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts
 This authoritative guidance updated certain requirements in the accounting for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts.

 1.
 The assumptions used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits on traditional and limited-payment contracts are reviewed and updated periodically. Cash flow assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated when necessary with the impact recognized in net income. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income instrument yield and are updated quarterly with the impact recognized in other comprehensive income ("OCI").

 2.
 MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI.

 January 1, 2023

 We created a governance framework and a plan to support implementation of the standard. Our implementation and evaluation process included, but was not limited to the following:

 identifying and documenting contracts and contract features in scope of the guidance;

 identifying the actuarial models, systems and processes to be updated;

 evaluating and selecting our systems solutions for implementing the new guidance;

 building models and evaluating preliminary output as models were developed;

 evaluating and finalizing our key accounting policies;

 assessing the impact to our chart of accounts;

 developing format and content of new disclosures;

 conducting financial dry runs using model output and updated chart of accounts;

 evaluating transition requirements and impacts and

 establishing and documenting appropriate internal controls.

 This guidance changed how we account for many of our insurance and annuity products.

 Date of
adoption

 Effect on our consolidated
financial statements or other
significant matters

 3.
 Deferred acquisition costs ("DAC") and other actuarial balances for all insurance and annuity contracts are amortized on a constant basis over the expected term of the related contracts.

 4.
 Additional disclosures are required, including disaggregated rollforwards of significant insurance liabilities and other account balances as well as disclosures about significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement.

 The guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC was applied on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented (January 1, 2021, also referred to as the transition date) based on their existing carrying amounts. An entity could elect to apply the changes retrospectively. The guidance for market risk benefits was applied retrospectively.

 The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations. Further details about transition impacts of the guidance are included under the caption "Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance."

 The additional disclosure requirements can be found in the following notes:

 Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances

 Note 8, Separate Account Balances

 Note 9, Contractholder Funds

 Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims

 Note 11, Market Risk Benefits

 Troubled debt restructurings and vintage disclosures
 This authoritative guidance eliminated the accounting requirements for Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructuring by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The update required entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The amendments in this update were applied prospectively, except for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings, for which an entity had the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method. Early adoption was permitted.

 January 1, 2023

 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 Date of
adoption

 Effect on our consolidated
financial statements or other
significant matters

 Targeted improvements to accounting for hedging activities – portfolio layer method
 This authoritative guidance is intended to further align the economics of a company's risk management activities in its financial statements with hedge accounting requirements. The guidance expanded the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedge layers of a single closed portfolio. Non-prepayable assets can also be included in the same portfolio. This guidance also clarified the current guidance on accounting for fair value basis adjustments applicable to both a single hedged layer and multiple hedged layers. Upon adoption, the application of these hedge strategies was applied prospectively. Early adoption was permitted.

 January 1, 2023

 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 Simplifying the accounting for income taxes
 This authoritative guidance simplified the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions, including exceptions related to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation, calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. Also, the guidance clarified the accounting for franchise taxes, transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill and enacted changes in tax laws or rates. It specifies that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements, although an entity may elect to do so. The guidance was applied based on varying transition methods defined by amendment. Early adoption was permitted.

 January 1, 2021

 This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 Date of
adoption

 Effect on our consolidated
financial statements or other
significant matters

 Facilitation of the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting
 This authoritative guidance provided optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform. An entity could elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform and instead account for the modified contract as a continuation of the existing contract. Also, an entity could apply optional expedients to continue hedge accounting for hedging relationships in which the critical terms changed due to reference rate reform. This guidance eased the financial reporting impacts of reference rate reform on contracts and hedging relationships and was effective until December 31, 2022. A subsequent amendment issued in December 2022 extended the relief date from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, and was effective upon issuance.

 March 12, 2020

 We adopted the guidance upon issuance prospectively and elected the applicable optional expedients and exceptions for contracts and hedging relationships impacted by reference rate reform through December 31, 2024. The guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

 When we adopt new accounting standards, we have a process in place to perform a thorough review of the pronouncement, identify the financial statement and system impacts and create an implementation plan among our impacted business units to ensure we are compliant with the pronouncement on the date of adoption. This includes having effective processes and controls in place to support the reported amounts. Each of the standards listed above is in varying stages in our implementation process based on its issuance and adoption dates. We are on track to implement guidance by the respective effective dates.
 Adoption of Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts Guidance
 As mentioned above, we adopted LDTI on January 1, 2023.
 For traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts, we review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure cash flows for the liability for future policy benefits during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if evidence suggests assumptions should be revised. The change in our liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions is recognized in net income. Actual cash flows are grouped into issue-year cohorts for the liability calculation and updated quarterly. Cohorts are used as the unit of account for liability measurement. Discount rate assumptions are prescribed as the current upper-medium grade (low-credit-risk) fixed-income instrument yield. The discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. The provision for risk of adverse deviation is eliminated, as is premium deficiency, or loss recognition, testing. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in AOCI, attributable to the impact of unrealized gains and losses on premium deficiency testing.
 Under LDTI, market risk benefits ("MRBs"), which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk, are measured at fair value. The periodic change in fair value is recognized in net income with the exception of the periodic change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk, which is recognized in OCI. Certain contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits are recorded as MRBs under LDTI.

 LDTI simplified the amortization of DAC and other actuarial balances such as the unearned revenue liability and sales inducement asset for long-duration contracts. These balances were previously amortized in proportion to premiums, estimated gross profits, estimated gross margins or estimated gross revenues; however, these balances are now amortized on a constant level basis over the expected life of the related contracts. Impairment testing is no longer applicable for DAC. We also removed unrealized gain (loss) adjustments, previously recorded in AOCI, as the LDTI amortization is not impacted by investment gains and losses.
 LDTI also requires disaggregated rollforwards for the liability for future policy benefits, additional liability for certain benefit features, MRBs, DAC and other actuarial balances required to be amortized on a basis consistent with DAC. Although the accounting for the additional liability for certain benefit features, separate account liabilities and contractholder funds does not change under LDTI, the guidance requires disaggregated rollforwards for those balances. Further, for certain actuarial balances, disclosures are required for the significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement, including changes in those inputs, judgments and assumptions, and the effect of those changes on measurement.
 The LDTI guidance is not prescriptive as to the appropriate level of aggregation for disclosures; however, amounts from different reportable segments cannot be aggregated. Factors to consider in determining the level of aggregation for disclosures include the type of coverage, geography and market or type of customer. We have identified the following levels of aggregation for LDTI disclosures. The disclosures do not include levels of aggregation for insignificant balances.

 o
 Workplace savings and retirement solutions – Group annuity contracts offered to the plan sponsors of defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans

 o
 Individual variable annuities – Variable deferred annuities and registered index-linked annuities ("RILAs") offered to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings

 o
 Pension risk transfer – Single premium group annuities offered to pension plan sponsors and other institutions

 o
 Individual fixed deferred annuities – An exited business that offered single premium deferred annuity contracts and flexible premium deferred annuities ("FPDAs") to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings

 o
 Individual fixed income annuities – An exited business that offered single premium immediate annuities ("SPIAs") and deferred income annuities ("DIAs") to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings; also includes supplementary contracts generated by annuitizations from other individual product lines

 o
 Investment only – Primarily guaranteed investment contracts ("GICs") and funding agreements offered to retirement plan sponsors and other institutions

 Principal Asset Management – Principal International

 o

 Individual fixed income annuities – SPIAs offered to individuals

 Pension – Certain retirement accumulation products where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within our financial statements as separate account assets and liabilities and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for separate accounts

 o
 Asia:

 Guaranteed pension – Pension savings schemes offered to both employers and employees

 Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits:

 o
 Individual disability – Disability insurance providing protection to individuals and/or business owners

 o
 Universal life – Universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners, which will be collectively referred to hereafter as "universal life" contracts; includes our exited ULSG business

 o
 Term life – Term life insurance products offered to individuals and/or business owners

 o
 Participating life – Participating life insurance contracts offered to individuals, some of which are part of a closed block of business and are only in the scope of LDTI disclosures for DAC

 o
 Long-term care insurance – A closed block of long-term care insurance that is fully reinsured, which was offered on both a group and individual basis.

 For the separate account liability disclosures, our Retirement and Income Solutions segment will use a Group retirement contracts level of aggregation. This consists primarily of separate account liabilities for the workplace savings and retirement solutions business as well as amounts for the investment only and pension risk transfer businesses.
 Impact of Adoption
 We adopted the guidance for the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts and DAC and other actuarial balances on a modified retrospective basis; that is, to contracts in force as of the beginning of the earliest period presented based on their existing carrying amounts. We adopted the guidance for MRBs and cost of reinsurance retrospectively. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021, within our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance.

 A cumulative effect adjustment of $ 159.9 million was recorded as a decrease to retained earnings and a cumulative effect adjustment of $ 5,128.0 million was recorded as a decrease to AOCI as of January 1, 2021, as shown below.

 Accumulated other

 comprehensive income

 Tax

 Tax

 DAC and other actuarial balances:

 Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (1) (2)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 421.5

 $

 ( 88.5)

 $

 333.0

 Cost of reinsurance asset (liability):

 Cumulative effect of amortization basis change

 ( 9.0)

 1.9

 ( 7.1)

 —

 —

 —

 Adjustment of unrealized loss in AOCI

 —

 —

 —

 16.1

 12.7

 Reinsurance recoverable:

 Adjustment for reversal of unrealized gain from AOCI (2)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 45.5)

 9.5

 ( 36.0)

 Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3)

 31.4

 ( 6.6)

 24.8

 —

 —

 —

 Effect of remeasurement of the recoverable at the current discount rate

 —

 —

 —

 201.8

 ( 42.4)

 159.4

 Liability for future policy benefits:

 Adjustment for reversal of unrealized loss from AOCI (2)

 —

 —

 —

 1,965.3

 ( 452.2)

 1,513.1

 Adjustment under the modified retrospective approach (3)

 ( 119.1)

 29.8

 ( 89.3)

 17.9

 13.1

 Effect of remeasurement of the liability at the current discount rate

 —

 —

 —

 ( 9,043.1)

 2,024.8

 ( 7,018.3)

 Market risk benefits:

 Cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date

 —

 —

 —

 1.0

 Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and measurement of the MRB

 20.9

 ( 4.4)

 16.5

 —

 —

 —

 Retained earnings adjustment for the valuation of contracts as MRBs (exclusive of nonperformance risk changes)

 ( 258.8)

 54.4

 ( 204.4)

 —

 —

 —

 Reclassification of nonperformance risk changes between retained earnings and AOCI (4)

 108.4

 ( 22.5)

 85.9

 ( 108.4)

 22.5

 ( 85.9)

 Investment in equity method subsidiary impacted by LDTI (5)

 22.8

 ( 9.1)

 13.7

 ( 25.5)

 10.2

 ( 15.3)

 Total impact on opening balance as of January 1, 2021

 $

 ( 203.4)

 $

 43.5

 $

 ( 159.9)

 $

 ( 6,604.7)

 $

 1,476.7

 $

 ( 5,128.0)

 (1)

 Includes the impact for DAC, sales inducement asset and the unearned revenue liability. We have not included the disaggregated rollforwards for the sales inducement asset within the footnote disclosures due to immateriality.

 (2)

 Prior period unrealized gain (loss) adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI.

 (3)

 The impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI. The foreign currency translation related to the liability for future policy benefits was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI.

 (4)

 The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI.

 (5)

 Reflects the impact from our equity method investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which had transition impacts for the liability for future policy benefits and the additional liability for certain benefit features.

 The table below reflects the increase (decrease) to the impacted line items in the consolidated statements of financial position related to the cumulative effect adjustment as of January 1, 2021.

 Other investments (1)

 $

 187.7

 Premiums due and other receivables (2)

 ( 24.4)

 Deferred acquisition costs

 450.9

 Market risk benefit asset (3)

 18.9

 Other assets (4)

 19.3

 $

 650.8

 Contractholder funds (5)

 $

 ( 397.9)

 Future policy benefits and claims (6)

 7,143.4

 Market risk benefit liability (3)

 663.5

 Other policyholder funds (7)

 48.8

 Deferred income taxes

 ( 1,519.1)

 5,938.7

 Stockholders' equity

 ( 159.9)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income

 ( 5,128.0)

 Total stockholders' equity

 ( 5,287.9)

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 650.8

 (1)

 Reflects the impact on our investment in Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, which is accounted for using the equity method.

 (2)

 Includes the impact on the cost of reinsurance asset.

 (3)

 This is a new line item on the consolidated statements of financial position as a result of implementing LDTI. These contract features were previously recorded as embedded derivatives within contractholder funds or additional liabilities for certain benefit features within future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 (4)

 Reflects the impact on the sales inducement asset.

 (5)

 Reflects the impact of contract features previously recorded as embedded derivatives that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI.

 (6)

 Includes the impact on the liability for future policy benefits and cost of reinsurance liability. Also includes the impact on contract features classified as additional liabilities for certain benefit features that are recorded as MRBs under LDTI.

 (7)

 Reflects the impact on the unearned revenue liability.

 The disaggregated rollforwards below reconcile the ending asset or liability balances as of December 31, 2020, to the opening balance as of January 1, 2021, which is the earliest period presented within the consolidated financial statements, for those balances impacted by LDTI with associated disaggregated disclosure requirements. The level of aggregation presented within the rollforwards is consistent with the disaggregated rollforwards required by the guidance. The balances as of December 31, 2020, shown in the rollforwards below, do not equal amounts reported on the consolidated statements of financial position as they do not include balances for short-duration contracts, insignificant balances not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures and other amounts not within the scope of the disaggregated rollforwards.

 Deferred Acquisition Costs

 Adjustment

 for reversal of

 unrealized loss

 December 31, 2020

 from AOCI (1)

 January 1, 2021 (2)

 $

 424.6

 $

 52.6

 $

 477.2

 281.7

 0.2

 281.9

 Pension risk transfer (3)

 —

 —

 —

 11.5

 181.2

 192.7

 Investment only

 12.6

 —

 12.6

 730.4

 234.0

 964.4

 529.8

 —

 529.8

 1,443.0

 165.3

 1,608.3

 607.9

 —

 607.9

 Participating life

 60.3

 51.6

 111.9

 2,641.0

 216.9

 2,857.9

 Total

 $

 3,371.4

 $

 450.9

 $

 3,822.3

 (1)

 Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI.

 (2)

 Does not include DAC for short-duration contracts or insignificant balances for long-duration contracts not included in our levels of aggregation for disclosures. Refer to Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on DAC.

 (3)

 This product began recording DAC upon implementing LDTI.

 The balances and changes in DAC for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows:

 Workplace

 savings and

 risk

 fixed deferred

 Investment

 solutions

 transfer (1)

 only

 $

 477.2

 $

 281.9

 $

 —

 $

 192.7

 $

 12.6

 50.1

 26.4

 2.7

 7.6

 9.1

 ( 38.3)

 ( 27.1)

 —

 ( 38.1)

 ( 3.6)

 $

 489.0

 $

 281.2

 $

 2.7

 $

 162.2

 $

 18.1

 (1)

 Amortization during 2021 was nominal.

 Specialty

 Benefits

 Participating life

 $

 529.8

 $

 1,608.3

 $

 607.9

 $

 111.9

 89.8

 84.3

 126.5

 1.9

 ( 38.9)

 ( 96.4)

 ( 55.5)

 ( 11.5)

 $

 580.7

 $

 1,596.2

 $

 678.9

 $

 102.3

 Unearned Revenue Liability

 Adjustment

 for reversal of

 unrealized gain

 December 31, 2020

 from AOCI (1)

 January 1, 2021 (2)

 Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance:

 $

 335.6

 $

 48.8

 $

 384.4

 Total

 $

 335.6

 $

 48.8

 $

 384.4

 (1)

 Prior period adjustments in AOCI were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI.

 (2)

 Reported within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for further information on the unearned revenue liability.

 The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows:

 December 31, 2021

 $

 384.4

 Deferrals

 66.1

 Revenue recognized

 ( 25.2)

 $

 425.3

 Liability for Future Policy Benefits

 Effect of

 Adjustment

 remeasurement

 Adjustment

 under the

 of the liability

 for reversal of

 modified

 at the current

 unrealized loss

 retrospective

 discount

 January 1,

 2020

 from AOCI (1)

 approach (2)

 rate (3)

 2021 (4)

 $

 21,982.8

 $

 ( 947.0)

 $

 —

 $

 4,827.9

 $

 25,863.7

 6,147.2

 ( 215.0)

 0.1

 1,213.5

 7,145.8

 28,130.0

 ( 1,162.0)

 0.1

 6,041.4

 33,009.5

 5,038.4

 ( 634.6)

 61.7

 2,096.0

 6,561.5

 2,173.8

 ( 168.7)

 2.4

 493.4

 2,500.9

 834.5

 —

 7.0

 318.8

 1,160.3

 3,008.3

 ( 168.7)

 9.4

 812.2

 3,661.2

 134.1

 —

 30.0

 93.5

 257.6

 Total

 $

 36,310.8

 $

 ( 1,965.3)

 $

 101.2

 $

 9,043.1

 $

 43,489.8

 (1)

 Prior period adjustments in AOCI related to premium deficiency testing were reversed as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI.

 (2)

 As a result of updating cash flow assumptions and measuring the liability for future policy benefits at the issue-year cohort level, the impact of loss cohorts, those with net premiums in excess of gross premiums, and cohorts with negative reserves, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption of LDTI.

 (3)

 The remeasurement of the liability at the current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, which was generally lower than the locked-in interest accretion rate, was reflected as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI upon the adoption of LDTI.

 (4)

 Reported within future policy benefits and claims in the consolidated statements of financial position. Refer to Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, for further information on the liability for future policy benefits.

 The balances and changes in the liability for future policy benefits for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows:
 Retirement and Income Solutions and Principal Asset Management – Principal International

 Asset

 Management –

 Retirement and Income

 Solutions

 International

 risk

 fixed income

 fixed income

 transfer

 $

 25,863.7

 $

 7,145.8

 $

 6,561.5

 ( 4,827.9)

 ( 1,213.5)

 ( 2,096.0)

 21,035.8

 5,932.3

 4,465.5

 ( 2.4)

 ( 4.9)

 21,033.4

 5,931.0

 4,460.6

 916.7

 240.5

 444.3

 ( 1,772.5)

 ( 532.0)

 ( 436.0)

 1,801.7

 82.9

 141.3

 —

 —

 ( 751.9)

 21,979.3

 5,722.4

 3,858.3

 3,386.5

 812.6

 478.5

 Future policy benefits

 $

 25,365.8

 $

 6,535.0

 $

 4,336.8

 Benefits and Protection and Corporate

 Specialty

 Life

 Benefits

 Insurance

 Long-term

 care insurance

 Present value of expected net premiums

 $

 3,148.3

 $

 3,799.0

 $

 66.7

 ( 340.7)

 ( 861.1)

 ( 17.6)

 2,807.6

 2,937.9

 49.1

 —

 —

 2.8

 122.0

 211.4

 2,929.6

 3,149.3

 51.1

 95.4

 151.1

 2.9

 Net premiums collected

 ( 280.4)

 ( 315.0)

 206.4

 518.2

 —

 2,951.0

 3,503.6

 48.8

 198.9

 690.1

 14.0

 $

 3,149.9

 $

 4,193.7

 $

 62.8

 $

 5,649.2

 $

 4,959.3

 $

 324.3

 ( 834.1)

 ( 1,179.9)

 ( 111.1)

 4,815.1

 3,779.4

 213.2

 —

 —

 0.5

 118.8

 216.0

 4,933.9

 3,995.4

 209.1

 181.0

 194.3

 12.4

 ( 179.7)

 ( 335.7)

 ( 13.5)

 212.1

 543.4

 —

 5,147.3

 4,397.4

 208.0

 501.0

 913.9

 89.5

 $

 5,648.3

 $

 5,311.3

 $

 297.5

 Future policy benefits (1)

 $

 2,498.4

 $

 1,117.6

 $

 234.7

 ( 549.9)

 ( 234.7)

 Future policy benefits after reinsurance

 $

 1,948.5

 $

 1,117.5

 $

 —

 (1)

 Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums.

 Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features
 The balances and changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for 2021 for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows:

 For the year ended,

 December 31, 2021

 $

 3,463.9

 ( 11.1)

 18.1

 158.3

 Net assessments collected

 324.7

 ( 83.1)

 Other (1)

 ( 56.6)

 $

 3,814.2

 (1)

 Reflects model refinements accounted for as a change in accounting estimate.

 Market Risk Benefits

 Cumulative

 effect of

 changes in the

 nonperformance

 adjustment

 risk between the

 for the valuation of

 original contract

 contracts as MRBs

 Asset (liability)

 issue date and

 (exclusive of

 Asset (liability)

 balance as of

 the transition

 nonperformance

 balance as of

 December 31, 2020 (1)

 date (2)

 risk changes) (3)

 January 1, 2021 (4)

 $

 ( 348.6)

 $

 $

 ( 237.9)

 $

 ( 591.3)

 Asia:

 Guaranteed pension (5)

 ( 53.3)

 —

 —

 ( 53.3)

 Total

 $

 ( 401.9)

 $

 $

 ( 237.9)

 $

 ( 644.6)

 (1)

 The balance as of December 31, 2020, for MRBs represents the contract features that meet the definition of an MRB under LDTI and the related carrying amount of those features prior to adoption. These contract features were previously accounted for as an embedded derivative, or as an additional liability for annuitization benefits or death or other insurance benefits.

 (2)

 The cumulative effect of the change in our own nonperformance risk between the original contract issuance date and the transition date of LDTI for contract features previously accounted for as an additional liability for certain benefit features was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI.

 (3)

 The cumulative difference, exclusive of the nonperformance risk change, between the pre-adoption carrying amount and the fair value measurement for MRBs was recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

 (4)

 Refer to Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on MRBs. The cumulative effect of changes in the nonperformance risk between the original contract issue date and the transition date for contract features previously accounted for as an embedded derivative was recorded as a reclassification from retained earnings to AOCI.

 (5)

 This product had nominal transition adjustments.

 The balances and changes in MRBs for 2021 for each level of aggregation were as follows:

 Retirement and Income

 Principal Asset Management –

 Solutions

 Principal International

 Asia

 Guaranteed pension

 $

 ( 591.3)

 $

 ( 53.3)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period

 106.7

 6.5

 Adjusted balance at beginning of period

 ( 484.6)

 ( 46.8)

 Effect of:

 Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior

 ( 120.7)

 ( 5.3)

 0.4

 5.7

 Changes in interest rates

 154.3

 7.6

 Changes in equity markets

 106.4

 1.4

 Changes in equity index volatility

 15.1

 —

 Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior

 2.3

 3.6

 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior

 ( 96.6)

 0.5

 Changes in other future expected assumptions

 38.2

 2.3

 —

 0.2

 Adjusted balance at end of period

 ( 385.2)

 ( 30.8)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period

 ( 109.5)

 $

 ( 494.7)

 $

 ( 35.1)

 Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
 The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed. These estimates and assumptions could change in the future as more information becomes known, which could impact the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

 the fair value of investments in the absence of quoted market values;

 investment impairments and valuation allowances;

 the fair value of derivatives;

 the fair value of MRBs;

 the measurement of goodwill, indefinite lived intangible assets, finite lived intangible assets and related impairments or amortization, if any;

 the liability for future policy benefits and claims, including the deferred profit liability;

 the value of our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations and

 accounting for income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets.

 A description of such critical estimates is incorporated within the discussion of the related accounting policies that follow. In applying these policies, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

 Closed Block
 Principal Life Insurance Company ("Principal Life") operates a closed block ("Closed Block") for the benefit of individual participating dividend-paying policies in force at the time of the 1998 mutual insurance holding company ("MIHC") formation. See Note 6, Closed Block, for further details.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments and other debt issues with a maturity date of three months or less when purchased.
 Fixed maturities include bonds, asset-backed securities ("ABS"), redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, non-redeemable preferred stock and required regulatory investments. We classify fixed maturities as either available-for-sale or trading at the time of the purchase and, accordingly, carry them at fair value. Equity securities are also carried at fair value. See Note 18, Fair Value Measurements, for methodologies related to the determination of fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to fixed maturities, available-for-sale, excluding those in fair value hedging relationships, are reflected in stockholders' equity, net of adjustments associated with related actuarial balances, derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships and applicable income taxes. Mark-to-market adjustments on certain equity securities and mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading are reflected in net realized capital gains (losses). Mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading are reflected in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss. Unrealized gains and losses related to hedged portions of fixed maturities, available-for-sale in fair value hedging relationships are reflected in net investment income. Mark-to-market adjustments related to certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reflected in net investment income.
 The amortized cost of fixed maturities includes cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and discounts, computed using the interest method. The amortized cost of fixed maturities, available-for-sale is adjusted for changes in fair value of the hedged portions of securities in fair value hedging relationships and excludes accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is reported in accrued investment income on the consolidated statements of financial position. Fixed maturities, available-for-sale are subject to an allowance for credit loss and changes in the allowance are reported in net income as a component of net realized capital gains (losses). Interest income, as well as prepayment fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income. For loan-backed and structured securities, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on currently anticipated cash flows.
 Commercial and residential mortgage loans are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. Interest income, as well as prepayment of fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest receivable is reported in accrued investment income on the consolidated statements of financial position. Any changes in the loan valuation allowances are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 4, Investments, for further details of our valuation allowance.

 Our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a case-by-case basis to evaluate whether a TDR has occurred. In response to the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19"), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, which was subsequently amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, (collectively the "CARES Act") provides a temporary suspension of TDR accounting for certain COVID-19 related loan modifications where the loan was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. We elected the TDR relief in the CARES Act beginning in the second quarter of 2020. The CARES Act TDR relief does not apply to modifications completed subsequent to the earlier of 60 days after the national emergency related to COVID-19 ends, or January 1, 2022. In addition, the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (As Revised on April 7, 2020) ("Interagency Statement") provides additional guidance to determine if a short-term COVID-19 related loan modification is a TDR. We consider the CARES Act and the Interagency Statement when assessing loan modifications to determine whether a TDR has occurred. As of January 1, 2022, the TDR relief ended. See Note 4, Investments, under the caption "Mortgage Loan Modifications" for further details.
 Real estate investments are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. The initial cost bases of properties acquired through loan foreclosures are the lower of the fair market values of the properties at the time of foreclosure or the outstanding loan balance. Buildings and land improvements are generally depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of improvements and tenant improvement costs are depreciated on the straight-line method over the term of the related lease. We recognize impairment losses for properties when indicators of impairment are present and a property's expected undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the property's carrying value. In such cases, the cost basis of the property is reduced to fair value. Real estate expected to be disposed is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less cost to sell, with valuation allowances established accordingly and depreciation no longer recognized. The carrying amount of real estate held for sale was $ 230.6 million and $ 240.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Any impairment losses and any changes in valuation allowances are reported in net income.
 Net realized capital gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. In general, in addition to realized capital gains and losses on investment sales and periodic settlements on derivatives not designated as hedges, we report gains and losses related to the following in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations: mark-to-market adjustments on certain equity securities, mark-to-market adjustments on certain fixed maturities, trading, mark-to-market adjustments on sponsored investment funds, mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not designated as hedges, cash flow hedge gains (losses) when the hedged item impacts realized capital gains (losses), changes in the valuation allowance for fixed maturities, available-for-sale and certain financing receivables, impairments of real estate held for investment and impairments of equity method investments. Investment gains and losses on sales of certain real estate held for sale due to investment strategy and mark-to-market adjustments on certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported as net investment income and are excluded from net realized capital gains (losses).
 Policy loans and certain other investments are reported at cost. Interests in unconsolidated entities, joint ventures and partnerships are generally accounted for using the equity method. We had certain real estate ventures for which the fair value option had been elected in prior periods. See Note 18, Fair Value Measurements, for detail on these investments.
 Overview
 Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are derived from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices or the values of securities. Derivatives generally used by us include swaps, options, futures and forwards. Derivative positions are either assets or liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position and are measured at fair value, generally by obtaining quoted market prices or through the use of pricing models. See Note 18, Fair Value Measurements, for policies related to the determination of fair value. Fair values can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices, values of securities, credit spreads, and market volatility and liquidity.

 Accounting and Financial Statement Presentation
 We designate derivatives as either:
 (a)
 a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, including those denominated in a foreign currency ("fair value hedge");

 (b)
 a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the exposure to variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability, including those denominated in a foreign currency ("cash flow hedge");

 (c)
 a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation or

 (d)
 a derivative not designated as a hedging instrument.

 Our accounting for the ongoing changes in fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and the designation, as described above, and is determined when the derivative contract is entered into or at the time of redesignation. Hedge accounting is used for derivatives that are specifically designated in advance as hedges and that reduce our exposure to an indicated risk by having a high correlation between changes in the value of the derivatives and the items being hedged at both the inception of the hedge and throughout the hedge period. Cash flows associated with derivatives are included within operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows, with the exception of cash paid for certain options with deferred premiums. Those derivatives are included in payments for financing element derivatives within financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
 Fair Value Hedges. When a derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in its fair value, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset, liability or firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk, are reported in the same consolidated statements of operations line item that is used to report the earnings effect of the hedged item. For fair value hedges of fixed maturities, available-for-sale, these changes in fair value are reported in net investment income or net realized capital gains (losses). For fair value hedges of liabilities, changes in fair value are reported in cost of interest credited. The change in the fair value of excluded components is recorded in OCI and is recognized in net income through periodic settlements. A fair value hedge determined to be highly effective may still result in a mismatch between the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument and the change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. Certain fair value hedges use the portfolio layer method to hedge a designated layer amount within a closed portfolio of prepayable assets that is expected to remain outstanding for the length of the hedging relationship and is not expected to be impacted by prepayments, defaults or other factors that affect the timing and amount of cash flows. Prepayment risk is excluded when measuring the change in fair value attributable to the hedged risk under the portfolio layer method.
 Cash Flow Hedges. When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in its fair value are recorded as a component of OCI. At the time the variability of cash flows being hedged impacts net income, the related portion of deferred gains or losses on the derivative instrument is reclassified and reported in net income.
 Net Investment in a Foreign Operation Hedge. When a derivative is used as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, its change in fair value, to the extent effective as a hedge, is recorded as a component of OCI. If the foreign operation is sold or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation, the deferred gains or losses on the derivative instrument are reclassified into net income.
 Non-Hedge Derivatives. If a derivative does not qualify or is not designated for hedge accounting, all changes in fair value are reported in net income without considering the changes in the fair value of the economically associated assets or liabilities.

 Hedge Documentation and Effectiveness Testing. At inception, we formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes associating all derivatives designated as fair value or cash flow hedges with specific assets or liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position or with specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. Documentation of fair value hedges that use the portfolio layer method supports the expectation that the hedged layer amount is anticipated to be outstanding at the end of the hedging relationship and includes expectations of prepayments, defaults or other factors that affect the timing and amount of cash flows. Effectiveness of the hedge is formally assessed at inception and throughout the life of the hedging relationship. Even if a hedge is determined to be highly effective, the hedge may still result in a mismatch between the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument and the change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.
 We use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess hedge effectiveness. Qualitative methods may include monitoring changes to terms and conditions and counterparty credit ratings. Quantitative methods may include statistical tests including regression analysis and minimum variance and dollar offset techniques. For portfolio layer method hedges, the assessment of hedge effectiveness includes confirming we expect the hedged layer amount to be outstanding at the end of the hedging relationship.
 Termination of Hedge Accounting. We prospectively discontinue hedge accounting when (1) the criteria to qualify for hedge accounting is no longer met, e.g., a derivative is determined to no longer be highly effective in offsetting the change in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (2) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated or exercised or (3) we remove the designation of the derivative being the hedging instrument for a fair value or cash flow hedge.
 If it is determined that a derivative no longer qualifies as an effective hedge, the derivative will continue to be carried on the consolidated statements of financial position at its fair value, with changes in fair value recognized prospectively in net realized capital gains (losses). The asset or liability under a fair value hedge will no longer be adjusted for changes in fair value pursuant to hedging rules and the existing basis adjustment is amortized to the consolidated statements of operations line associated with the asset or liability. If a portfolio layer method hedging relationship is discontinued, the outstanding basis adjustment is allocated to the individual assets in the closed portfolio and those amounts are amortized consistent with the amortization of other discounts or premiums associated with those assets.
 The component of AOCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges that are no longer highly effective is amortized to the consolidated statements of operations consistent with the net income impacts of the original hedged cash flows. If a cash flow hedge is discontinued because it is probable the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from AOCI into net income.
 Embedded Derivatives. We purchase and issue certain financial instruments and products that contain a derivative that is embedded in the financial instrument or product. We assess whether this embedded derivative is clearly and closely related to the asset or liability that serves as its host contract. If we deem that the embedded derivative's terms are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the derivative is bifurcated from that contract and held at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position, with changes in fair value reported in net income.
 Contractholder and Policyholder Liabilities
 Contractholder and policyholder liabilities (contractholder funds, future policy benefits and claims, MRBs and other policyholder funds) include reserves for investment contracts, individual and group annuities that provide periodic income payments, universal life insurance, variable universal life insurance, indexed universal life insurance, term life insurance, participating traditional individual life insurance, group dental and vision insurance, group critical illness, group accident, group hospital indemnity, paid family and medical leave ("PFML"), group short-term and long-term disability insurance, group life insurance, individual disability insurance and long-term care insurance. It also includes a provision for dividends on participating policies.

 Investment contracts are contractholders' funds on deposit with us and generally include reserves for pension and annuity contracts. Reserves on investment contracts are equal to the cumulative deposits less any applicable charges and withdrawals plus credited interest. Reserves for universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance contracts are equal to cumulative deposits less charges plus credited interest, which represents the account balances that accrue to the benefit of the policyholders. See Note 9, Contractholder Funds, for additional details.
 We hold additional reserves on certain long-duration contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years and universal life, variable universal life and indexed universal life insurance contracts that contain no lapse guarantee features.
 Refer to Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption "Long-Duration Contracts" for information about the calculation of reserves for long-duration insurance and annuity contracts.
 Contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose us to other than nominal capital market risk are classified as MRBs and reported at fair value. See Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for additional details.
 Reserves for participating life insurance contracts are based on the net level premium reserve for death and endowment policy benefits. This net level premium reserve is calculated based on dividend fund interest rates and mortality rates guaranteed in calculating the cash surrender values described in the contract.
 Participating business represented approximately 3 %, 3 % and 4 % of our life insurance in force and 16 %, 17 % and 18 % of the number of life insurance policies in force as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Participating business represented approximately 16 %, 17 % and 22 % of life insurance premiums for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The amount of dividends to policyholders is declared annually by Principal Life's Board of Directors. The amount of dividends to be paid to policyholders is determined after consideration of several factors including interest, mortality, morbidity and other expense experience for the year and judgment as to the appropriate level of statutory surplus to be retained by Principal Life. At the end of the reporting period, Principal Life establishes a dividend liability for the pro rata portion of the dividends expected to be paid on or before the next policy anniversary date.
 Some of our policies and contracts require payment of fees or other policyholder assessments in advance for services that will be rendered over the estimated lives of the policies and contracts. See Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, under the caption "Unearned Revenue Liability" for additional details.
 Short-Duration Contracts
 We include the following group products in our short-duration insurance contracts disclosures: long-term disability ("LTD"), group life waiver, dental, vision, short-term disability ("STD"), critical illness, accident, PFML, hospital indemnity and group life. Refer to Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption "Short-Duration Contracts" for additional details.
 Liability for Unpaid Claims
 The liability for unpaid claims for both long-duration and short-duration contracts is an estimate of the ultimate net cost of reported and unreported losses not yet settled. This liability is estimated using actuarial analyses and case basis evaluations. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, we believe the liability for unpaid claims is adequate. These estimates are continually reviewed and, as adjustments to this liability become necessary, such adjustments are reflected in net income.
 We incur claim adjustment expenses for both long-duration and short-duration contracts that cannot be allocated to a specific claim. Our claim adjustment expense liability is estimated using actuarial analyses based on historical trends of expenses and expected claim runout patterns.
 See Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption "Liability for Unpaid Claims" for further details.

 Recognition of Premiums and Other Considerations, Fees and Other Revenues and Benefits
 Products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits consist principally of whole life and term life insurance policies and individual disability income. Premiums from these products are recognized as premium revenue when due. Related policy benefits and expenses for individual life products are associated with earned premiums and result in the recognition of profits over the expected term of the policies and contracts.
 Immediate annuities with life contingencies include products with fixed and guaranteed annuity considerations and benefits and consist principally of group and individual single premium annuities with life contingencies. Annuity considerations from these products are recognized as premium revenue. However, the collection of these annuity considerations does not represent the completion of the earnings process, as we establish annuity reserves using estimates for mortality and interest assumptions. We anticipate profits to emerge over the life of the annuity products as we earn investment income, pay benefits and release reserves. Any gross premium received in excess of the net premium is recognized as a deferred profit liability and amortized in relation to the expected future benefit payments. See Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, for additional details.
 Group life, dental, vision, critical illness, accident, PFML, hospital indemnity and disability premiums are generally recorded as premium revenue over the term of the coverage. Certain group contracts contain experience premium refund provisions based on a pre-defined formula that reflects their claim experience. Experience premium refunds reduce revenue over the term of the coverage and are adjusted to reflect current experience. Related policy benefits and expenses are associated with earned premiums and result in the recognition of profits over the term of the policies and contracts. Fees for contracts providing claim processing or other administrative services are recorded as revenue over the period the service is provided.
 Universal life-type policies are insurance contracts with terms that are not fixed. Amounts received as payments for such contracts are not reported as premium revenues. Revenues for universal life-type insurance contracts consist of policy charges for the cost of insurance, policy initiation and administration, surrender charges and other fees that have been assessed against policy account values and investment income. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include interest credited to contracts and benefit claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances.
 Investment contracts do not subject us to significant risks arising from policyholder mortality or morbidity and consist primarily of guaranteed investment contracts ("GICs"), funding agreements and certain deferred annuities. Amounts received as payments for investment contracts are established as investment contract liability balances and are not reported as premium revenues. Revenues for investment contracts consist of investment income and policy administration charges. Investment contract benefits that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the period in excess of related investment contract liability balances and interest credited to investment contract liability balances.
 Fees and other revenues are earned for asset management, investment advisory and distribution services provided to retail and institutional clients based largely upon contractual rates applied to the specified amounts in the clients' portfolios, which include various platforms such as mutual funds, collective investment trusts and business trusts. Additionally, fees and other revenues are earned for administrative services performed including recordkeeping, trust and custody and reporting services for retirement savings plans, insurance companies, endowments and other financial institutions and other products. Fees and other revenues received for performance of asset management and administrative services are recognized as revenue when earned, typically when the service is performed.
 Fees for managing customers' mandatory retirement savings accounts in Chile are collected with each monthly deposit made by our customers. If a customer stops contributing before retirement age, we collect no fees but services are still provided. We recognize revenue from these long-term service contracts as services are performed over the life of the contract.
 Deferred Acquisition Costs
 Refer to Note 7, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances, for information related to DAC on insurance policies and investment contracts. Commissions and other incremental direct costs for the acquisition of long-term service contracts are also capitalized to the extent recoverable.

 Internal Replacement Transactions
 All insurance and investment contract modifications and replacements are reviewed to determine if the internal replacement results in a substantially changed contract. If so, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned revenue associated with the new contract are deferred and amortized over the lifetime of the new contract. In addition, the existing DAC, sales inducement costs and unearned revenue balances associated with the replaced contract are written off. If an internal replacement results in a substantially unchanged contract, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned revenue associated with the new contract are immediately recognized in the period incurred. In addition, the existing DAC, sales inducement costs or unearned revenue balance associated with the replaced contract is not written off, but instead is carried over to the new contract.
 Long-Term Debt
 Long-term debt includes notes payable, nonrecourse mortgages and other debt with a maturity date greater than one year at the date of issuance. Current maturities of long-term debt are classified as long-term debt in our consolidated statements of financial position. Long-term debt is primarily recorded at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized discount, premium and issuance costs.
 We enter into reinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business in order to limit losses and minimize exposure to significant risks.
 We evaluate each insurance agreement to determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability related to insurance risk. For agreements that expose the reinsurer to reasonable possibility of significant loss from insurance risk, the reinsurance method of accounting is used for the agreement. Assets and liabilities related to reinsurance ceded are reported on a gross basis on the consolidated statements of financial position. Insurance liabilities are reported before the effects of reinsurance and we record an offsetting reinsurance recoverable, net of valuation allowance. Premiums and expenses are reported net of reinsurance ceded on the consolidated statements of operations.
 If an agreement does not expose the reinsurer to reasonable possibility of significant loss from insurance risk, the deposit method of accounting is used for the agreement. We record a deposit receivable, net of valuation allowance, if necessary. The deposit receivable is adjusted as amounts are paid or received on the underlying contracts. Accretion on the deposit receivable is calculated using an effective interest method and is reported in fees and other revenues and operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
 The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is amortized over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies.
 We have entered into coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements in which we record a funds withheld payable that contains an embedded derivative for which the fair value is estimated based on the change in fair value of the assets supporting the funds withheld payable. The change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative is separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations. Gains and losses that do not flow to the reinsurer are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets on the consolidated statements of operations.
 For further information about reinsurance, refer to Note 12, Reinsurance. For further information about the financing receivables valuation allowance on the reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable, refer to Note 4, Investments.
 Separate Accounts
 Refer to Note 8, Separate Account Balances, for information on our separate account assets and liabilities.

 We file a U.S. consolidated income tax return that includes all of our qualifying subsidiaries. In addition, we file income tax returns in all states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Our policy of allocating income tax expenses and benefits to companies in the group is generally based upon pro rata contribution of taxable income or operating losses. We are taxed at corporate rates on taxable income based on existing tax laws. Current income taxes are charged or credited to net income based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable operations for the current year. Deferred income taxes are provided for the tax effect of temporary differences in the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards using enacted income tax rates and laws. The effect on deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in net income in the period in which the change is enacted. Subsequent to a change in tax rates and laws, any stranded tax effects remaining in AOCI will be released only if an entire portfolio is liquidated, sold or extinguished.
 Foreign Exchange
 Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates denominated in non-U.S. dollars, where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency, are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the year-end spot foreign exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are reported as a component of stockholders' equity, along with any related hedge and tax effects. Revenues and expenses for these entities are translated at the average exchange rates. Revenue, expense and other foreign currency transaction and translation adjustments that affect cash flows are reported in net income, along with related hedge and tax effects.
 Goodwill and Other Intangibles
 Goodwill and other intangible assets include the cost of acquired subsidiaries in excess of the fair value of the net tangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions. Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized. Rather, they are tested for impairment during the third quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is the same level as or one level below the operating segment, if financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at that level. Once goodwill has been assigned to a reporting unit, it is no longer associated with a particular acquisition; therefore, all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or organically grown, are available to support the goodwill value. Impairment testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily consists of a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative assessment is needed for a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value.
 Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized as related benefits emerge and are reviewed periodically for indicators of impairment in value. If facts and circumstances suggest possible impairment, the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset is compared to the current carrying value of the asset. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the carrying amount of assets over their fair value.
 Earnings Per Common Share
 Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period and excludes the dilutive effect of equity awards. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities, such as options and non-vested stock grants, were exercised or resulted in the issuance of common stock. For any time period in which we have a net loss available to common stockholders, we use the weighted-average number of common shares used in our basic earnings per share calculation to calculate the diluted earnings per share, as dilutive shares would have an antidilutive effect and result in a lower loss per share.

 Actuarial Balance Re-Cohorting
 In 2021, we completed a comprehensive review of our business mix and capital management options (the "Strategic Review"). We made the decision to exit our U.S. retail ULSG business. The ULSG business was previously managed together with our other universal life ("UL") business within our Benefits and Protection segment. As such, calculations of actuarial balances included UL and ULSG in the same cohorts, which are the unit of account used for measurement. As a result of the Strategic Review, we made the decision in the second quarter of 2022 to manage the ULSG business separately from our other UL business effective as of January 1, 2022. This led to us re-cohorting the UL business, resulting in separate cohorts for the ULSG business vs. the remaining UL business.
 The re-cohorting impacted the measurement of our cost of reinsurance and additional liability for certain benefit features. The pre-tax impacts to comprehensive income were as follows:

 Increase to income before taxes

 Cost of reinsurance amortization (1)

 $

 33.7

 Change in additional liability for certain benefit features (1)

 167.4

 Total increase to income before income taxes

 201.1

 Increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income

 Cost of reinsurance unrealized losses

 ( 2.1)

 Change in additional liability for certain benefit features unrealized gains

 7.8

 Total increase to pre-tax other comprehensive income

 5.7

 Total increase to pre-tax comprehensive income

 $

 206.8

 (1)

 Reported in liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss.

 2. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill
 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill reported in our segments were as follows:

 Retirement

 and Income

 Asset

 Benefits and

 Solutions

 Protection

 Consolidated

 Balance as of January 1, 2022

 $

 675.9

 $

 895.1

 $

 56.6

 $

 —

 $

 1,627.6

 Impairment (1)

 —

 —

 ( 27.1)

 —

 ( 27.1)

 Foreign currency

 —

 ( 2.3)

 —

 —

 ( 2.3)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022

 675.9

 892.8

 29.5

 —

 1,598.2

 Foreign currency

 —

 10.3

 —

 —

 10.3

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 $

 675.9

 $

 903.1

 $

 29.5

 $

 —

 $

 1,608.5

 (1)
 Resulted from a change in the allocation of equity between our reportable operating segments following the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction.

 Finite Lived Intangible Assets
 Amortized intangible assets primarily relate to customer relationship intangibles associated with our acquisition of the Institutional Retirement & Trust business of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the "Acquired Business") and previous acquisitions in Chile, Mexico and Hong Kong. The finite lived intangible assets that continue to be subject to amortization over a weighted average remaining expected life of 16 years were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Gross carrying value

 $

 1,215.1

 $

 1,235.1

 Accumulated amortization

 512.7

 472.6

 Net carrying value

 $

 702.4

 $

 762.5

 During 2023 and 2022, we fully amortized other finite lived intangible assets of $ 31.2 million and $ 34.4 million, respectively.
 The amortization expense for intangible assets with finite useful lives was $ 68.6 million, $ 70.7 million and $ 75.3 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows (in millions):

 Year ending December 31:

 2024

 $

 67.3

 2025

 61.9

 2026

 57.8

 2027

 57.8

 2028

 40.6

 Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
 The net carrying amount of unamortized indefinite lived intangible assets was $ 767.4 million and $ 770.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 608.0 million relates to investment management contracts associated with our acquisition of WM Advisors, Inc. in 2006. The remaining balance primarily relates to the trade name intangible associated with our acquisition of Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones Cuprum S.A. ("Cuprum") in 2013.

 3. Variable Interest Entities
 We have relationships with various types of entities which may be VIEs. Certain VIEs are consolidated in our financial results. See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies, under the caption "Consolidation" for further details of our consolidation accounting policies. We did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
 Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
 Mandatory Retirement Savings Funds
 We hold an equity interest in Chilean mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. We determined the mandatory privatized social security funds, which also include contributions for voluntary pension savings, voluntary non-pension savings and compensation savings accounts, are VIEs. This is because the equity holders as a group lack the power, due to voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and also because equity investors are protected from below-average market investment returns relative to the industry's return, due to a regulatory guarantee that we provide. Further, we concluded we are the primary beneficiary through our power to make decisions and our significant variable interest in the funds. The purpose of the funds, which reside in legally segregated entities, is to provide long-term retirement savings. The obligation to the customer is directly related to the assets held in the funds and, as such, we present the assets as separate account assets and the obligation as separate account liabilities within our consolidated statements of financial position.
 Principal International Hong Kong offers retirement pension schemes in which we provide trustee, administration and asset management services to employers and employees under the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance pension schemes. Each pension scheme has various guaranteed and non-guaranteed constituent funds, or investment options, in which customers can invest their money. The guaranteed funds provide either a guaranteed rate of return to the customer or a minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events. We determined the guaranteed funds are VIEs due to the fact the equity holders, as a group, lack the obligation to absorb expected losses due to the guarantee we provide. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary because we have the power to make decisions and to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. Therefore, we consolidate the underlying assets and liabilities of the funds and present as separate accounts or within the general account, depending on the terms of the guarantee. The guaranteed constituent funds offered under the Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund were closed in the fourth quarter of 2023.
 Real Estate
 We invest in several real estate limited partnerships and limited liability companies. The entities invest in real estate properties. Certain of these entities are VIEs based on the combination of our significant economic interest and related voting rights. We determined we are the primary beneficiary as a result of our power to control the entities through our significant ownership. Due to the nature of these real estate investments, the investment balance will fluctuate as we purchase and sell interests in the entities and as capital expenditures are made to improve the underlying real estate.
 Sponsored Investment Funds
 We sponsor and invest in certain investment funds for which we provide asset management services. Although our asset management fee is commensurate with the services provided and consistent with fees for similar services negotiated at arms-length, we have a variable interest for funds where our other interests are more than insignificant. The funds are VIEs as the equity holders lack power through voting rights to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. We determined we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs where our interest in the entity is more than insignificant and we are the asset manager.

 3. Variable Interest Entities – (continued)

 Residential Mortgage Loans
 We invest in ABS trusts. The trusts issue various collateralized mortgage obligation certificates and purchase residential mortgage loans. The trusts are considered VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain themselves. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary as we purchase substantially all of the certificates and have the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We deconsolidated trusts in 2023 and 2022 as we no longer held substantially all of the certificates.
 Asset-Backed Limited Partnership
 We invest in an ABS limited partnership. The limited partnership issues multiple notes and purchases consumer loans, auto loans, other loans and credit facilities. The limited partnership is considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to sustain itself. We concluded we are the primary beneficiary as we have purchased all of the notes and have the obligation to absorb losses and residual returns that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
 Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
 The carrying amounts of our consolidated VIE assets, which can only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs, and liabilities of consolidated VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse were as follows:

 Total

 Total

 Total

 Total

 assets

 liabilities

 assets

 liabilities

 Mandatory retirement savings funds (1)

 $

 35,034.4

 $

 34,688.3

 $

 34,876.9

 $

 34,528.3

 Real estate (2)

 829.1

 63.0

 689.6

 42.2

 Sponsored investment funds (3)

 523.8

 6.3

 471.4

 2.6

 Residential mortgage loans (4)

 874.7

 20.9

 1,182.6

 41.8

 Asset-backed limited partnership (5)

 249.3

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 37,511.3

 $

 34,778.5

 $

 37,220.5

 $

 34,614.9

 (1)
 The assets of the mandatory retirement savings funds primarily include separate account assets and equity securities. The liabilities primarily include separate account liabilities and included contractholder funds in 2022.

 (2)
 The assets of the real estate VIEs primarily include real estate, other investments and cash. Liabilities primarily include other liabilities.

 (3)
 The assets of sponsored investment funds are primarily fixed maturities and equity securities, certain of which are reported with other investments, and cash. The consolidated statements of financial position included a $ 226.4 million and $ 235.3 million redeemable noncontrolling interest for sponsored investment funds as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 (4)
 The assets of the residential mortgage loans VIEs primarily include residential mortgage loans. The liabilities primarily include other liabilities.

 (5)
 The assets of the asset-backed limited partnership VIE primarily include consumer loans, auto loans, other loans and credit facilities. These assets are reported with cash and cash equivalents,other investments and fixed maturities, trading on the consolidated statements of financial position. As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any unfunded commitments to the VIE. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional capital when called upon to do so by the investment manager.

 Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
 We hold a variable interest in a number of VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary. Our investments in these VIEs are reported in fixed maturities, available-for-sale; fixed maturities, trading; equity securities and other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position and are described below.
 Unconsolidated VIEs include certain commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"), residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ("RMBS") and other ABS. All of these entities were deemed VIEs because the equity within these entities is insufficient to sustain them. We determined we are not the primary beneficiary in the entities within these categories of investments. This determination was based primarily on the fact we do not own the class of security that controls the unilateral right to replace the special servicer or equivalent function.

 3. Variable Interest Entities – (continued)

 We invest in cash collateralized debt obligations, collateralized bond obligations, collateralized loan obligations and other collateralized structures, which are VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain the entities. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities or because we do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the entities for which we are the asset manager.
 We have invested in various VIE trusts and similar entities as a debt holder. Most of these entities are classified as VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain them. In addition, we have an entity classified as a VIE based on the combination of our significant economic interest and lack of voting rights. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities.
 We have invested in partnerships and other funds, which are classified as VIEs. The entities are VIEs as equity holders lack the power to control the most significant activities of the entities because the equity holders do not have either the ability by a simple majority to exercise substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not have the power to direct the most significant activities of the entities.
 As previously discussed, we sponsor and invest in certain investment funds that are VIEs. We determined we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for which we are the asset manager but do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the funds.
 We hold an equity interest in Mexican mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. Our equity interest in the funds is considered a variable interest. We concluded the funds are VIEs because the equity holders as a group lack decision-making ability through their voting rights. We are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because although we, as the asset manager, have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs, we do not have a potentially significant variable interest in the funds.

 3. Variable Interest Entities – (continued)

 The carrying value and maximum loss exposure for our unconsolidated VIEs were as follows:

 Maximum exposure to

 Asset carrying value

 loss (1)

 $

 364.9

 $

 369.8

 3,199.7

 5,428.6

 5,465.4

 7,902.2

 9,002.9

 Fixed maturities, trading:

 10.4

 10.4

 53.1

 53.1

 2.0

 2.0

 228.4

 228.4

 110.4

 110.4

 Other investments:

 Other limited partnership and fund interests (3)

 2,091.7

 3,785.9

 $

 111.8

 $

 127.2

 2,228.7

 2,420.6

 4,864.6

 5,572.2

 4,566.4

 4,820.0

 6,507.6

 7,566.2

 Fixed maturities, trading:

 5.4

 5.4

 83.4

 83.4

 5.7

 5.7

 80.0

 80.0

 99.8

 99.8

 Other investments:

 Other limited partnership and fund interests (3)

 1,473.5

 2,434.9

 (1)
 Our risk of loss is limited to our initial investment measured at amortized cost for fixed maturities, available-for-sale, plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for collateralized debt obligations and other debt obligations. Our risk of loss is limited to our investment measured at fair value for our fixed maturities, trading and equity securities. Our risk of loss is limited to our carrying value plus any unfunded commitments and/or guarantees and similar provisions for our other investments. A carrying value of zero is used if distributions have been received in excess of our investment, resulting in a negative carrying value for the investment. Unfunded commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position because we are only required to fund additional equity when called upon to do so by the general partner or investment manager.

 (2)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 (3)
 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum exposure to loss for other limited partnership and fund interests includes $ 251.9 million and $ 144.3 million, respectively, of debt within certain of our managed international real estate funds that is fully secured by assets whose value exceeds the amount of the debt, but also includes recourse to the investment manager.

 Money Market Funds
 We are the investment manager for certain money market mutual funds. These types of funds are exempt from assessment under any consolidation model due to a scope exception for money market funds registered under Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 or similar funds. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, money market mutual funds we manage held $ 3.8 billion and $ 4.2 billion in total assets, respectively. We have no contractual obligation to contribute to these funds; however, we provide support through the waiver of fees and through expense reimbursements. The amount of fees waived and expenses reimbursed was insignificant.

 4. Investments
 Our investments include assets backing reserves as part of a coinsurance with funds withheld agreement. The funds withheld invested assets are reported within their respective line items, primarily consisting of fixed maturities available-for-sale, mortgage loans and other investments. See Note 12, Reinsurance, for more information on the funds withheld invested assets.
 Fixed Maturities
 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit loss and fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale were as follows:

 Gross

 Gross

 cost (1)

 gains

 loss

 $

 1,745.3

 $

 19.3

 $

 235.8

 $

 —

 $

 1,528.8

 550.3

 17.3

 59.7

 —

 507.9

 7,566.4

 44.3

 933.9

 —

 6,676.8

 38,431.3

 578.5

 3,195.2

 4.6

 35,810.0

 3,199.7

 26.0

 164.6

 —

 5,428.6

 1.2

 654.3

 —

 5,386.0

 44.9

 27.2

 —

 8,473.8

 42.1

 606.5

 0.1

 7,909.3

 $

 70,781.4

 $

 773.6

 $

 5,877.2

 $

 4.7

 $

 Gross

 Gross

 cost (1)

 gains

 loss

 $

 1,990.9

 $

 0.1

 $

 251.2

 $

 —

 $

 1,739.8

 611.2

 20.9

 64.8

 —

 567.3

 7,355.4

 13.7

 1,136.8

 —

 6,232.3

 40,370.4

 461.0

 4,640.5

 7.7

 36,183.2

 2,420.6

 6.2

 198.1

 —

 2,228.7

 5,572.2

 0.5

 708.1

 —

 4,864.6

 4,705.6

 4.5

 143.7

 —

 4,566.4

 7,236.8

 5.7

 734.8

 0.1

 6,507.6

 $

 70,263.1

 $

 512.6

 $

 7,878.0

 $

 7.8

 $

 62,889.9

 (1)
 Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable of $ 619.2 million and $ 578.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 (2)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale as of December 31, 2023, by expected maturity, were as follows:

 Amortized cost

 Due in one year or less

 $

 1,352.4

 $

 1,337.2

 Due after one year through five years

 8,852.6

 8,672.4

 Due after five years through ten years

 9,880.9

 9,360.1

 Due after ten years

 28,207.4

 25,153.8

 48,293.3

 44,523.5

 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities

 22,488.1

 21,149.6

 Total

 $

 70,781.4

 $

 Actual maturities may differ because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Our portfolio is diversified by industry, issuer and asset class. Credit concentrations are managed to established limits.
 Net Investment Income
 The major components of net investment income are shown below and are net of amounts on funds withheld invested assets that are passed directly to the reinsurer. See Note 12, Reinsurance, for further details.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 2,508.9

 $

 2,100.3

 $

 2,766.3

 43.3

 36.8

 19.3

 66.3

 8.9

 57.7

 761.7

 771.7

 790.2

 177.2

 277.7

 194.4

 41.3

 36.5

 38.8

 196.6

 57.4

 4.3

 38.6

 171.3

 28.2

 Other

 496.1

 517.7

 645.5

 Total

 4,330.0

 3,978.3

 4,544.7

 Investment expenses

 ( 238.1)

 ( 139.8)

 ( 115.1)

 $

 $

 $

 Net Realized Capital Gains and Losses
 The major components of net realized capital gains (losses) on investments are shown below and are net of amounts on funds withheld invested assets that are passed directly to the reinsurer. See Note 12, Reinsurance, for further details. The amounts below do not include net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets that are not passed to the reinsurer, which are separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations. Net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets includes gains (losses) realized upon sale of assets put into the funds withheld at the start of the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction for the unrealized gain (losses) on the date of transfer into the funds withheld, the change in the valuation allowance on funds withheld commercial mortgage loans and unrealized gains and losses related to the change in fair value of funds withheld fixed maturities, trading and equity securities.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Gross gains

 $

 51.4

 $

 41.5

 $

 64.4

 Gross losses

 ( 141.7)

 ( 191.5)

 ( 29.2)

 Net credit losses (1)

 ( 26.2)

 ( 8.9)

 ( 45.0)

 Hedging, net

 2.2

 ( 9.5)

 Fixed maturities, trading (2)

 ( 8.6)

 ( 13.4)

 ( 33.3)

 Equity securities (3)

 64.0

 ( 171.9)

 100.0

 Mortgage loans (4)

 ( 134.5)

 ( 74.6)

 6.5

 ( 34.1)

 237.0

 ( 4.0)

 Other

 155.3

 0.4

 65.5

 Net realized capital gains (losses)

 $

 $

 ( 182.1)

 $

 115.4

 (1)
 Net credit losses include adjustments to the credit loss valuation allowance, write-offs and recoveries on available-for-sale securities.

 (2)
 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading still held at the reporting date were $( 9.6) million, $( 3.2) million and $( 32.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This excludes $ 2.9 million, $( 16.6) million and $ 0.0 million in unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that were reported in market risk benefit remeasurement (gain) loss and $ 6.8 million, $( 1.4) million and $ 0.0 million of unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets.

 (3)
 Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities still held at the reporting date were $ 73.4 million, $( 117.1) million and $ 58.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This excludes $ 34.7 million, $( 0.7) million and $ 28.7 million of unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that were reported in net investment income and $ 1.7 million, $( 1.7) million and $ 0.0 million of unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that were reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets.

 (4)
 Net realized capital gains (losses) on mortgage loans include losses related to the deconsolidation of residential mortgage loan trusts in both 2023 and 2022.

 Proceeds from sales of investments (excluding call and maturity proceeds) in fixed maturities, available-for-sale were $ 5,392.7 million, $ 13,647.0 million and $ 2,110.9 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Allowance for Credit Loss
 We have a process in place to identify fixed maturity securities that could potentially require an allowance for credit loss. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers' credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.
 Each reporting period, all securities in an unrealized loss position are reviewed to determine whether a decline in value is due to credit. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent the fair value is below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value; (3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events and (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows. To the extent we determine an unrealized loss is due to credit, an allowance for credit loss is recognized through a reduction to net income.

 We estimate the amount of the allowance for credit loss as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The methodology and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The ABS cash flow estimates are based on security specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. The corporate security cash flow estimates are derived from scenario-based outcomes of expected corporate restructurings or liquidations using bond specific facts and circumstances including timing, security interests and loss severity. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable because we write off the accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner when we have concern regarding collectability.
 Amounts on fixed maturities, available-for-sale deemed to be uncollectible are written off and removed from the allowance for credit loss. A write-off may also occur if we intend to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost which, in some cases, may extend to maturity.
 A rollforward of the allowance for credit loss by major security type was as follows.

 Collateralized

 U.S.

 States and

 pass-

 debt

 Other

 government

 Non-U.S.

 political

 through

 debt

 and agencies

 governments

 subdivisions

 (1)

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 7.7

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 7.8

 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded

 —

 —

 —

 8.2

 —

 —

 —

 —

 8.2

 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period

 —

 —

 —

 ( 7.5)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 7.5)

 Write-offs charged against allowance

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 4.6

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 4.7

 Accrued interest written off to net investment income

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 Collateralized

 U.S.

 States and

 pass-

 debt

 Other

 government

 Non-U.S.

 political

 through

 debt

 and agencies

 governments

 subdivisions

 (1)

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 15.1

 $

 —

 $

 0.3

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 15.5

 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded

 —

 —

 —

 5.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 5.8

 Reductions for securities sold during the period

 —

 —

 —

 ( 8.7)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 8.7)

 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Write-offs charged against allowance

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 7.7

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 7.8

 Collateralized

 U.S.

 States and

 pass-

 debt

 Other

 government

 Non-U.S.

 political

 through

 debt

 and agencies

 governments

 subdivisions

 (1)

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.9

 $

 —

 $

 4.3

 $

 2.2

 $

 —

 $

 7.4

 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded

 —

 —

 —

 27.5

 —

 0.4

 —

 0.1

 28.0

 Reductions for securities sold during the period

 —

 —

 —

 ( 12.4)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 12.4)

 Additional increases (decreases) for credit losses on securities with an allowance recorded in the previous period

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2.4

 0.4

 —

 2.8

 Write-offs charged against allowance

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 6.8)

 ( 2.6)

 —

 ( 9.4)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 15.1

 $

 —

 $

 0.3

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 15.5

 Accrued interest written off to net investment income

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.2

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.2

 (1)

 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 During 2022, we did not write off any accrued interest to net investment income.
 Available-for-Sale Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions Without an Allowance for Credit Loss
 For available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, the gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows:

 Less than

 Greater than or

 twelve months

 equal to twelve months

 Total

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 value

 value

 $

 316.4

 $

 3.1

 $

 997.1

 $

 232.6

 $

 1,313.5

 $

 235.7

 41.9

 1.7

 331.3

 57.9

 373.2

 59.6

 596.6

 19.0

 5,075.1

 914.8

 5,671.7

 933.8

 3,210.1

 126.9

 22,929.1

 3,064.4

 26,139.2

 3,191.3

 Residential mortgage-backed pass- through securities

 633.0

 4.9

 1,275.6

 159.7

 1,908.6

 164.6

 280.3

 4.1

 4,192.4

 650.1

 4,472.7

 654.2

 405.6

 1.8

 2,301.6

 25.4

 2,707.2

 27.2

 1,183.7

 18.5

 4,408.8

 588.0

 5,592.5

 606.5

 $

 6,667.6

 $

 180.0

 $

 41,511.0

 $

 5,692.9

 $

 48,178.6

 $

 5,872.9

 (1)

 Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded.

 (2)

 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 Of the total amounts, Principal Life Insurance Company's ("Principal Life") consolidated portfolio represented $ 46,553.9 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $ 5,717.1 million. Of the available-for-sale fixed maturities within Principal Life's consolidated portfolio in a gross unrealized loss position, 94 % were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) with an average price of 89 (carrying value/amortized cost) as of December 31, 2023. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a tightening of credit spreads.
 For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 983 securities with a carrying value of $ 5,836.0 million and unrealized losses of $ 140.5 million reflecting an average price of 98 as of December 31, 2023. Of this portfolio, 91 % was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) as of December 31, 2023, with associated unrealized losses of $ 131.2 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
 For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 7,042 securities with a carrying value of $ 40,717.9 million and unrealized losses of $ 5,576.6 million as of December 31, 2023. The average credit rating of this portfolio was A with an average price of 88 as of December 31, 2023. Of the $ 5,576.6 million in unrealized losses, the corporate sector accounts for $ 2,968.9 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 88 and an average credit rating of BBB+. Furthermore, unrealized losses include $ 906.9 million within the states and political subdivisions sector with an average price of 85 and an average credit rating of AA-; $ 645.6 million within the CMBS sector with an average price of 87 and an average credit rating of AA; and $ 472.9 million within the collateralized mortgage obligation security sector with an average price of 85 and an average credit rating of AAA. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
 Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, we did not record an allowance for credit loss on these securities as of December 31, 2023. Because it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be at maturity, we did not write down these investments to fair value.

 Less than

 Greater than or

 twelve months

 equal to twelve months

 Total

 Gross

 Gross

 Gross

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 value

 value

 $

 1,528.3

 $

 209.4

 $

 181.5

 $

 41.8

 $

 1,709.8

 $

 251.2

 407.5

 57.7

 19.9

 7.1

 427.4

 64.8

 5,303.5

 1,008.9

 391.9

 127.8

 5,695.4

 1,136.7

 27,309.5

 3,944.6

 2,944.1

 698.0

 30,253.6

 4,642.6

 1,201.7

 97.5

 574.8

 105.7

 1,776.5

 203.2

 3,648.5

 484.0

 1,124.8

 222.5

 4,773.3

 706.5

 2,832.2

 89.0

 1,330.1

 54.7

 4,162.3

 143.7

 3,419.8

 292.0

 2,283.8

 437.6

 5,703.6

 729.6

 $

 45,651.0

 $

 6,183.1

 $

 8,850.9

 $

 1,695.2

 $

 54,501.9

 $

 7,878.3

 (1)
 Fair value and gross unrealized losses are excluded for available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded.

 (2)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 Of the total amounts, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio represented $ 53,353.1 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $ 7,741.4 million. Of the available-for-sale fixed maturities within Principal Life's consolidated portfolio in a gross unrealized loss position, 94 % were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) with an average price of 87 (carrying value/amortized cost) as of December 31, 2022. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest rates and a widening of credit spreads.
 For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 7,589 securities with a carrying value of $ 44,857.0 million and unrealized losses of $ 6,096.3 million reflecting an average price of 88 as of December 31, 2022. Of this portfolio, 95 % was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB-) as of December 31, 2022, with associated unrealized losses of $ 5,920.4 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
 For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 1,654 securities with a carrying value of $ 8,496.1 million and unrealized losses of $ 1,645.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The average credit rating of this portfolio was AA- with an average price of 84 as of December 31, 2022. Of the $ 1,645.1 million in unrealized losses, the corporate sector accounts for $ 654.9 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 80 and an average credit rating of BBB+. Furthermore, unrealized losses include $ 320.2 million within the collateralized mortgage obligation security sector with an average price of 81 and an average credit rating of AAA; $ 220.9 million within the CMBS sector with an average price of 83 and an average credit rating of AA+; and $ 126.8 million within the states and political subdivisions sector with an average price of 75 and an average credit rating of AA-. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
 Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, we did not record an allowance for credit loss on these securities as of December 31, 2022. Because it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be at maturity, we did not write down these investments to fair value.
 Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments
 The net unrealized gains and losses on investments in available-for-sale securities and the net unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships are reported as separate components of stockholders' equity. The cumulative amount of net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships net of adjustments related to actuarial balances, policyholder liabilities, noncontrolling interest and applicable income taxes was as follows:

 Net unrealized losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1)

 $

 ( 5,143.0)

 $

 ( 7,445.7)

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments

 50.7

 1.4

 0.5

 Net unrealized gains on other investments and noncontrolling interest adjustments

 43.1

 7.9

 Provision for deferred income tax benefits

 1,088.4

 1,570.1

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments

 $

 ( 4,016.9)

 $

 ( 5,818.2)

 (1)
 Excludes net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, available-for-sale included in fair value hedging relationships.

 Financing Receivables
 Mortgage Loans
 Mortgage loans consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans. Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of non-recourse, fixed rate mortgages on stabilized properties. Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is composed of first lien and home equity mortgages concentrated in Chile and the United States.
 Commercial and residential mortgage loans are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. Amortized cost excludes accrued interest receivable. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. Interest income, as well as prepayment of fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest receivable is reported in accrued investment income on the consolidated statements of financial position. Any changes in the loan valuation allowances are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. Further details relating to our valuation allowance are included under the caption "Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance."
 Direct Financing Leases
 Our direct financing leases are concentrated in Chile. Our Chilean operations enter into private placement contracts for commercial, industrial and office space properties whereby our Chilean operations purchase the real estate and/or building from the seller-lessee but then lease the property back to the seller-lessee. Ownership of the property is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term. Direct financing leases are reported as a component of other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position.
 Reinsurance Recoverable and Deposit Receivable
 Our reinsurance recoverables include amounts due from reinsurers for paid or unpaid claims, claims incurred but not reported or policy benefits. We cede life, disability, medical and long-term care insurance as well as fixed annuity contracts with significant life insurance risk to other insurance companies through reinsurance. Deposit receivables include amounts due from the reinsurer for fixed annuity contracts without significant life insurance risk recorded using the deposit method of accounting.
 Other Loans
 Our other loans include consumer, auto and other loans ("other loans") of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected as well as consumer loans for which the fair value option was not elected. Other loans are generally subject to amortized cost accounting and a valuation allowance if the fair value option is not elected. Other loans are reported as a component of other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Credit Quality Information for Financing Receivables
 The amortized cost of our financing receivables by credit risk and vintage was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Prior

 Total

 Commercial mortgage loans:

 A- and above

 $

 664.8

 $

 1,277.1

 $

 2,364.0

 $

 1,587.3

 $

 1,954.4

 $

 5,576.6

 $

 13,424.2

 BBB+ thru BBB-

 282.4

 356.0

 374.8

 212.0

 337.3

 911.7

 2,474.2

 BB+ thru BB-

 110.5

 142.2

 16.7

 2.7

 35.2

 234.2

 541.5

 B+ and below

 —

 —

 —

 —

 83.4

 58.5

 141.9

 Total

 $

 1,057.7

 $

 1,775.3

 $

 2,755.5

 $

 1,802.0

 $

 2,410.3

 $

 6,781.0

 $

 16,581.8

 Direct financing leases:

 A- and above

 $

 1.1

 $

 122.0

 $

 12.4

 $

 56.7

 $

 1.3

 $

 207.3

 $

 400.8

 BBB+ thru BBB-

 2.8

 23.5

 20.8

 46.9

 11.6

 76.3

 181.9

 BB+ thru BB-

 42.2

 —

 15.6

 8.0

 —

 1.6

 67.4

 Total

 $

 46.1

 $

 145.5

 $

 48.8

 $

 111.6

 $

 12.9

 $

 285.2

 $

 650.1

 Residential mortgage loans:

 Performing

 $

 502.3

 $

 1,064.3

 $

 1,341.8

 $

 228.4

 $

 120.8

 $

 421.0

 $

 3,678.6

 Non-performing

 1.1

 4.0

 4.9

 1.3

 2.0

 4.6

 17.9

 Total

 $

 503.4

 $

 1,068.3

 $

 1,346.7

 $

 229.7

 $

 122.8

 $

 425.6

 $

 3,696.5

 Other loans:

 Performing

 $

 168.5

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 168.5

 Non-performing

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 0.1

 0.1

 Total

 $

 168.5

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.1

 $

 168.6

 $

 20,614.9

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 2018

 Prior

 Total

 Commercial mortgage loans:

 A- and above

 $

 1,036.4

 $

 2,277.9

 $

 1,807.3

 $

 2,210.2

 $

 2,187.9

 $

 4,624.9

 $

 14,144.6

 BBB+ thru BBB-

 385.6

 439.6

 156.8

 418.7

 238.9

 691.7

 2,331.3

 BB+ thru BB-

 104.0

 16.8

 3.0

 —

 8.9

 71.7

 204.4

 B+ and below

 —

 —

 —

 —

 8.3

 41.7

 50.0

 Total

 $

 1,526.0

 $

 2,734.3

 $

 1,967.1

 $

 2,628.9

 $

 2,444.0

 $

 5,430.0

 $

 16,730.3

 Direct financing leases:

 A- and above

 $

 110.5

 $

 13.0

 $

 39.9

 $

 1.4

 $

 42.9

 $

 167.3

 $

 375.0

 BBB+ thru BBB-

 33.9

 21.9

 62.4

 11.9

 11.7

 70.4

 212.2

 BB+ thru BB-

 2.7

 57.3

 12.1

 2.0

 —

 2.1

 76.2

 B+ and below

 —

 1.6

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1.6

 Total

 $

 147.1

 $

 93.8

 $

 114.4

 $

 15.3

 $

 54.6

 $

 239.8

 $

 665.0

 Residential mortgage loans:

 Performing

 $

 1,144.8

 $

 1,740.7

 $

 447.1

 $

 133.0

 $

 75.4

 $

 417.8

 $

 3,958.8

 Non-performing

 8.0

 4.7

 2.2

 1.7

 0.6

 7.0

 24.2

 Total

 $

 1,152.8

 $

 1,745.4

 $

 449.3

 $

 134.7

 $

 76.0

 $

 424.8

 $

 3,983.0

 $

 21,445.4

 The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans, direct financing leases, residential mortgage loans and other loans excluded accrued interest receivable of $ 58.3 million, $ 1.2 million, $ 11.4 million and $ 1.6 million respectively, as of December 31, 2023, and $ 57.7 million, $ 0.0 million, $ 19.6 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

 Financing Receivables Credit Monitoring
 Commercial Mortgage Loan Credit Risk Profile Based on Internal Rating
 We actively monitor and manage our commercial mortgage loan and direct financing lease portfolios. All commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases are analyzed regularly and substantially all are internally rated, based on a proprietary risk rating cash flow model, in order to monitor the financial quality of these assets. The models stress expected cash flows at various levels and at different points in time depending on the durability of the income stream, which includes our assessment of factors such as location (macro and micro markets), tenant quality and lease expirations. Our internal rating analysis presents expected losses in terms of an S&P Global ("S&P") bond equivalent rating for domestic commercial mortgage loans and Feller rate equivalent for Chilean commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases. As the credit risk for commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases increases, we adjust our internal ratings downward with loans in the category "B+ and below" having the highest risk for credit loss. Internal ratings on commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases are updated at least annually and potentially more often for certain investments with material changes in collateral value or occupancy and for investments on an internal "watch list".
 Commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases that require more frequent and detailed attention are identified and placed on an internal "watch list". Among the criteria that may indicate a potential problem are significant negative changes in ratios of loan to value or contract rents to debt service, major tenant vacancies or bankruptcies, borrower sponsorship problems, late payments, delinquent taxes and loan relief/restructuring requests.
 Residential Mortgage Loan Credit Risk Profile Based on Performance Status
 Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is monitored based on performance of the loans. Monitoring on a residential mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of potential impairment. We define non-performing domestic residential mortgage loans as loans 90 days or greater delinquent or on non-accrual status. We define non-performing residential first lien mortgages in the Chilean market as loans that have missed a specified number of coupon payments based on the nature of the loans and collection practices in that market.
 Other Loans Credit Risk Profile Based on Performance Status
 Our other loans are monitored based on performance of the loans. Monitoring on other loans increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of potential impairment.
 Non-Accrual Financing Receivables
 Financing receivables are placed on non-accrual status if we have concern regarding the collectability of future payments or if a financing receivable has matured without being paid off or extended. Factors considered may include conversations with the borrower, loss of major tenant, bankruptcy of borrower or major tenant, decreased property cash flow for commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases or number of days past due and other circumstances for residential mortgage loans. Based on an assessment as to the collectability of the principal, a determination is made to apply any payments received either against the principal, against the valuation allowance or according to the contractual terms. When a financing receivable is placed on non-accrual status, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income. Accrual of interest resumes after factors resulting in doubts about collectability have improved. Financing receivables in the Chilean market are carried on accrual for a longer period of delinquency than domestic financing receivables, as assessment of collectability is based on the nature of the financing receivables and collection practices in that market.

 The amortized cost of financing receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:

 Amortized cost

 of nonaccrual

 amortized cost

 amortized cost

 assets without

 on nonaccrual

 on nonaccrual

 a valuation

 status

 status

 allowance

 $

 50.0

 $

 58.4

 $

 —

 Residential mortgage loans

 17.8

 10.2

 0.5

 Total

 $

 67.8

 $

 68.6

 $

 0.5

 Amortized cost

 of nonaccrual

 amortized cost

 amortized cost

 assets without

 on nonaccrual

 on nonaccrual

 a valuation

 status

 status

 allowance

 $

 13.2

 $

 50.0

 $

 —

 Residential mortgage loans

 4.0

 17.8

 0.6

 Total

 $

 17.2

 $

 67.8

 $

 0.6

 Interest income recognized on non-accrual financing receivables was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 1.2

 $

 0.9

 $

 0.5

 Total

 $

 1.2

 $

 0.9

 $

 0.5

 The aging of our financing receivables, based on amortized cost, was as follows:

 cost

 90 days or

 90 days or

 30-59 days

 60-89 days

 more past

 Total past

 more and

 past due

 past due

 due

 due

 Current

 Total (1)

 accruing

 $

 7.8

 $

 0.8

 $

 12.5

 $

 21.1

 $

 16,560.7

 $

 16,581.8

 $

 —

 Direct financing leases

 —

 4.1

 —

 4.1

 646.0

 650.1

 —

 Residential mortgage loans

 46.0

 15.6

 16.4

 78.0

 3,618.5

 3,696.5

 7.7

 Other loans

 1.0

 0.5

 0.7

 2.2

 166.4

 168.6

 0.6

 Total

 $

 54.8

 $

 21.0

 $

 29.6

 $

 105.4

 $

 20,991.6

 $

 21,097.0

 $

 8.3

 cost

 90 days or

 90 days or

 30-59 days

 60-89 days

 more past

 Total past

 more and

 past due

 past due

 due

 due

 Current

 Total (1)

 accruing

 $

 45.9

 $

 7.5

 $

 14.4

 $

 67.8

 $

 16,662.5

 $

 16,730.3

 $

 —

 Direct financing leases

 6.6

 6.2

 1.6

 14.4

 650.6

 665.0

 1.6

 Residential mortgage loans

 73.1

 15.4

 16.2

 104.7

 3,878.3

 3,983.0

 6.4

 Total

 $

 125.6

 $

 29.1

 $

 32.2

 $

 186.9

 $

 21,191.4

 $

 21,378.3

 $

 8.0

 (1)
 As of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no reinsurance recoverables or deposit receivables were considered past due.

 Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance
 We establish a valuation allowance to provide for the risk of credit losses inherent in our financing receivables. The valuation allowance is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated expected credit losses. The valuation allowance is based on amortized cost excluding accrued interest receivable and includes reserves for pools of financing receivables with similar risk characteristics. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable because we write off the uncollectible accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner, generally within 90 days domestically or, in the Chilean market, based on the nature of the loans and collection practices in that market. During 2023 and 2022, we did not write off any commercial mortgage loan accrued interest or residential mortgage loan accrued interest.
 For commercial and residential mortgage loans and direct financing leases, management's periodic evaluation and assessment of the valuation allowance adequacy is based on known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect a borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of the underlying collateral, composition of the portfolio, portfolio delinquency information, underwriting standards, peer group information, current and forecasted economic conditions, loss experience and other relevant factors. For reinsurance recoverables and deposit receivables, management's periodic evaluation and assessment of the valuation allowance adequacy is based on known and inherent risks, adverse situations that may affect a reinsurer's ability to repay, current and forecasted economic conditions, industry loss experience and other relevant factors.

 Our commercial mortgage loans and direct financing leases are pooled by risk rating level with an estimated loss ratio applied against each risk rating level. The loss ratio is generally based upon historical loss experience for each risk rating level as adjusted for certain current and forecasted environmental factors management believes to be relevant. Environmental factors are forecasted for two years or less with immediate reversion to historical experience. The allowance for direct financing leases is also adjusted for the residual value of the leased assets. A commercial mortgage loan or direct financing lease is evaluated individually if it does not continue to share similar risk characteristics of a pool. We analyze the need for an individual evaluation for any domestic commercial mortgage loan that is delinquent for 60 days or more, in process of foreclosure, restructured, on the internal "watch list" or that currently is evaluated individually. We analyze the need for an individual evaluation for any Chilean commercial mortgage loan or direct financing lease that is considered past due based on collection practices in the Chilean market and the nature of the loan or lease.
 We estimate expected credit losses for certain commercial mortgage loan or direct financing lease commitments where we have a contractual obligation to extend credit. The expected credit losses are estimated based on the commercial mortgage loan or direct financing lease valuation allowance process described previously, adjusted for probability of funding. The estimated expected credit losses for commercial mortgage loan and direct financing lease commitments are reported in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position. The change in the credit loss liability for commitments is included in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. Once funded, expected credit losses for commercial mortgage loans or direct financing leases are included within the commercial mortgage loan or direct financing lease valuation allowance described previously.
 We evaluate residential mortgage loans based on aggregated risk factors and historical loss experience by pool type. We adjust these quantitative factors for qualitative factors of present and forecasted conditions. Qualitative factors include items such as economic and business conditions, changes in the portfolio, value of underlying collateral and concentrations. A residential mortgage loan is evaluated individually if it does not continue to share similar risk characteristics of a pool. We analyze the need for an individual evaluation for any domestic residential mortgage loan that is delinquent for 60 days or more, in process of foreclosure, restructured, on the internal "watch list" or that currently is evaluated individually. We analyze the need for an individual evaluation for any Chilean residential mortgage loan that is considered past due based on collection practices in the Chilean market and the nature of the loan.
 As discussed previously, commercial and residential mortgage loans and direct financing leases are evaluated individually if the asset does not continue to share similar risk characteristics of a pool. When we determine a commercial or residential mortgage loan is probable of foreclosure, a valuation allowance is established equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the mortgage loan and the estimated value of the collateral reduced by the cost to sell. For certain commercial mortgage loans where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, we elect to establish a valuation allowance equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the mortgage loan and the estimated value of the real estate collateral, which may be reduced by the cost to sell. Estimated value may also be based on either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the asset's effective interest rate or the asset's observable market price. Subsequent changes in the estimated value are reflected in the valuation allowance. Amounts on financing receivables deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. The change in the valuation allowance for loans and direct financing leases is included in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations.
 Our reinsurance recoverables and deposit receivable are pooled by reinsurer risk rating with an estimated loss ratio applied against each risk rating level. The loss ratio is generally based upon industry historical loss experience and expected recovery timing as adjusted for certain current and forecasted environmental factors management believes to be relevant. Environmental factors are forecasted for five years or less with immediate reversion to industry historical experience. A reinsurance recoverable or deposit receivable is evaluated individually if it does not continue to share similar risk characteristics of a pool. We analyze the need for an individual evaluation for any reinsurance recoverable or deposit receivable based on past due payments and changes in reinsurer risk ratings. The change in the valuation allowance for reinsurance recoverables and deposit receivable is included in benefits, claims and settlement expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

 A rollforward of our valuation allowance was as follows:

 financing

 leases

 recoverables

 Total

 $

 77.9

 $

 0.6

 $

 5.6

 $

 2.7

 $

 86.8

 Provision

 51.0

 0.3

 0.1

 0.5

 51.9

 Charge-offs

 —

 —

 —

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 1.4

 —

 1.4

 —

 —

 —

 $

 128.8

 $

 0.9

 $

 6.7

 $

 3.2

 $

 139.6

 financing

 leases

 recoverables

 Total

 $

 43.9

 $

 0.4

 $

 2.0

 $

 2.7

 $

 49.0

 Provision

 34.0

 0.2

 1.5

 —

 35.7

 Charge-offs

 —

 —

 —

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 2.3

 —

 2.3

 $

 77.9

 $

 0.6

 $

 5.6

 $

 2.7

 $

 86.8

 financing

 leases

 recoverables

 Total

 $

 43.2

 $

 0.1

 $

 6.9

 $

 2.7

 $

 52.9

 Provision (1)

 1.0

 0.4

 ( 8.0)

 —

 ( 6.6)

 Charge-offs

 —

 —

 —

 Recoveries

 —

 —

 3.6

 —

 3.6

 —

 —

 $

 43.9

 $

 0.4

 $

 2.0

 $

 2.7

 $

 49.0

 (1)

 During the year ended December 31, 2021, certain valuation allowances for residential mortgage loans were released. This release was a result of further adjustments to our current and forecasted environmental factors management believed to be relevant as global economic activity improved from previously adverse impacts due to COVID-19.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no allowance was recorded for other loans.

 Mortgage Loans
 We periodically purchase mortgage loans as well as sell mortgage loans we have originated. Mortgage loans purchased and sold were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Commercial mortgage loans:

 Purchased

 $

 109.2

 $

 325.4

 $

 118.2

 Sold

 12.1

 15.6

 73.8

 Residential mortgage loans:

 Purchased (1)

 554.7

 1,846.0

 2,370.9

 Sold

 115.9

 535.7

 88.9

 (1)
 Includes mortgage loans purchased by residential mortgage loan VIEs.

 Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and specific collateral property type as follows:

 Percent

 Percent

 cost

 of total

 cost

 of total

 Geographic distribution

 New England

 $

 366.5

 2.2

 %

 $

 512.1

 3.1

 %

 Middle Atlantic

 4,512.6

 27.1

 4,505.6

 26.9

 East North Central

 583.3

 3.5

 652.5

 3.9

 West North Central

 336.0

 2.0

 370.9

 2.2

 South Atlantic

 2,761.9

 16.7

 2,558.3

 15.3

 East South Central

 429.4

 2.6

 339.8

 2.0

 West South Central

 1,268.6

 7.7

 1,204.9

 7.2

 Mountain

 824.2

 5.0

 938.7

 5.6

 Pacific

 4,974.4

 30.0

 5,115.3

 30.6

 International

 524.9

 3.2

 532.2

 3.2

 Total

 $

 16,581.8

 100.0

 %

 $

 16,730.3

 100.0

 %

 Property type distribution

 Office

 $

 3,643.0

 21.9

 %

 $

 4,322.0

 25.9

 %

 Retail

 1,454.7

 8.8

 1,499.4

 9.0

 Industrial

 3,515.7

 21.2

 3,235.9

 19.3

 Apartments

 7,128.2

 43.0

 6,827.1

 40.8

 Hotel

 68.6

 0.4

 72.5

 0.4

 Mixed use/other

 771.6

 4.7

 773.4

 4.6

 Total

 $

 16,581.8

 100.0

 %

 $

 16,730.3

 100.0

 %

 Mortgage Loan Modifications
 Our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications that are related to our borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, or a term extension (or a combination thereof). Generally, an assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of the modification.
 The financing receivables valuation allowance utilizes an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and it is recorded on each loan upon origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the valuation allowance is historical loss information, which includes losses from modification of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the valuation allowance because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the valuation allowance is generally not recorded upon modification.
 Occasionally, a modification of a loan from a borrower experiencing financial difficulty is in the form of principal forgiveness. When principal forgiveness is provided as a modification, the amount of the principal forgiven is deemed uncollectible. Therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, which results in a reduction of the amortized cost and a corresponding adjustment to the valuation allowance.
 In some cases, we modify a loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness may be granted.
 We did not have any significant mortgage loans that were modified for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Troubled Debt Restructuring
 Prior to the implementation of authoritative guidance in 2023, we assessed loan modifications on a case-by-case basis to evaluate whether a TDR has occurred. When we had commercial mortgage loan TDRs, they were modified to delay or reduce principal payments and to reduce or delay interest payments. The commercial mortgage loan modifications result in delayed cash receipts, a decrease in interest income and loan rates that were considered below market. When we had residential mortgage loan TDRs, they included modifications of interest-only payment periods, delays in principal balloon payments and interest rate reductions. Residential mortgage loan modifications resulted in delayed or decreased cash receipts and a decrease in interest income.
 When we had commercial mortgage loan TDRs, they were reserved for in the mortgage loan valuation allowance at the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral reduced by the cost to sell.
 When we had residential mortgage loan TDRs, they were specifically reserved for in the mortgage loan valuation allowance if losses resulted from the modification. Residential mortgage loans that had defaulted or had been discharged through bankruptcy were reduced to the expected collectible amount.
 The following table includes information about outstanding loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR during the periods indicated.

 TDRs

 TDRs in payment default

 Number of

 Recorded

 Number of

 Recorded

 $

 35.5

 —

 $

 —

 Total

 $

 35.5

 —

 $

 —

 We did not have any significant loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 Real Estate
 Depreciation expense on invested real estate was $ 69.9 million, $ 66.1 million and $ 67.4 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accumulated depreciation was $ 749.6 million and $ 708.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Other Investments
 Other investments include interests in unconsolidated entities, domestic and international joint ventures and partnerships and properties owned jointly with venture partners and operated by the partners. Such investments are generally accounted for using the equity method. In applying the equity method, we record our share of income or loss reported by the equity investees in net investment income. Summarized financial information for these unconsolidated entities was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 $

 215,978.7

 $

 209,546.0

 100,865.3

 81,160.9

 Total equity

 $

 115,113.4

 $

 128,385.1

 Net investment in unconsolidated entities (1)

 $

 3,488.7

 $

 2,767.9

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 12,449.3

 $

 44,974.8

 $

 21,751.9

 Net income (loss)

 ( 2,674.2)

 34,322.7

 15,732.5

 Our share of net income of unconsolidated entities (1)

 314.9

 302.2

 406.6

 (1)
 Our most significant equity investee is Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia, a co-managed joint venture in Brazil.

 In addition, other investments include direct financing leases and other loans. See the captions "Financing Receivables" and "Financing Receivables Valuation Allowance" for further details related to our valuation of direct financing leases and other loans.
 Furthermore, other investments include $ 1,186.3 million and $ 1,115.6 million of cash surrender value of company owned life insurance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Derivative assets are carried at fair value and reported as a component of other investments. See Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further details. Certain sponsored investment funds are also carried at fair value and reported as a component of other investments, with changes in fair value included in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of these funds was $ 576.9 million and $ 617.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Securities Posted as Collateral
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we posted $ 6,616.8 million and $ 6,411.0 million, respectively, in commercial mortgage loans and residential first lien mortgages to satisfy collateral requirements associated with our obligation under funding agreements with Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB Des Moines"). In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we posted $ 4,139.7 million and $ 3,569.7 million, respectively, in fixed maturities, available-for-sale and trading securities to satisfy collateral requirements primarily associated with a reinsurance arrangement, our derivative credit support annex (collateral) agreements, Futures Commission Merchant ("FCM") agreements, a lending arrangement and our obligation under funding agreements with FHLB Des Moines. Since we did not relinquish ownership rights on these instruments, they are reported as mortgage loans, fixed maturities, available-for-sale and fixed maturities, trading, respectively, on our consolidated statements of financial position. Of the securities posted as collateral, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 519.9 million and $ 503.8 million, respectively, could be sold or repledged by the secured party.
 Balance Sheet Offsetting
 Financial assets subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements were as follows:

 Gross amounts not offset in the

 consolidated statements

 of financial position

 Gross amount

 of recognized

 Financial

 Collateral

 assets (1)

 instruments (2)

 received

 Net amount

 Derivative assets

 $

 304.0

 $

 ( 178.5)

 $

 ( 116.7)

 $

 8.8

 Reverse repurchase agreements

 145.1

 —

 ( 145.1)

 —

 Total

 $

 449.1

 $

 ( 178.5)

 $

 ( 261.8)

 $

 8.8

 Derivative assets

 $

 321.0

 $

 ( 135.7)

 $

 ( 151.9)

 $

 33.4

 Reverse repurchase agreements

 124.4

 —

 ( 124.4)

 —

 Total

 $

 445.4

 $

 ( 135.7)

 $

 ( 276.3)

 $

 33.4

 (1)
 The gross amount of recognized derivative and reverse repurchase agreement assets are reported with other investments and cash and cash equivalents, respectively, on the consolidated statements of financial position. The gross amounts of derivative and reverse repurchase agreement assets are not netted against offsetting liabilities for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 (2)
 Represents amount of offsetting derivative liabilities that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement that are not netted against the gross derivative assets for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Financial liabilities subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements were as follows:

 Gross amounts not offset in the

 consolidated statements

 of financial position

 Gross amount

 of recognized

 Financial

 Collateral

 liabilities (1)

 instruments (2)

 pledged

 Net amount

 Derivative liabilities

 $

 494.0

 $

 ( 178.5)

 $

 ( 301.1)

 $

 14.4

 Derivative liabilities

 $

 634.2

 $

 ( 135.7)

 $

 ( 485.1)

 $

 13.4

 (1)
 The gross amount of recognized derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position. The above excludes derivative liabilities, which are primarily embedded derivatives that are not subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements. The gross amounts of derivative liabilities are not netted against offsetting assets for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 (2)
 Represents amount of offsetting derivative assets that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement that are not netted against the gross derivative liabilities for presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 The financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements include right of setoff provisions. Derivative instruments include provisions to setoff positions covered under the agreements with the same counterparties and provisions to setoff positions outside of the agreements with the same counterparties in the event of default by one of the parties. Derivative instruments also include collateral or variation margin provisions, which are generally settled daily with each counterparty. See Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further details.
 Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements include provisions to setoff other repurchase and reverse repurchase balances with the same counterparty. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements also include collateral provisions with the counterparties. For reverse repurchase agreements we require the counterparties to pledge collateral with a value greater than the amount of cash transferred. We have the right but do not sell or repledge collateral received in reverse repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements are structured as secured borrowings for all counterparties. We pledge fixed maturities available-for-sale, which the counterparties have the right to sell or repledge. Interest incurred on repurchase agreements is reported as part of operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Net proceeds related to repurchase agreements are reported as a component of financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. We did not have any outstanding repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 5. Derivative Financial Instruments
 Derivatives are generally used to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks associated with assets held or expected to be purchased or sold and liabilities incurred or expected to be incurred. Derivatives are used to change the characteristics of our asset/liability mix consistent with our risk management activities. Derivatives are also used in asset replication strategies.
 Types of Derivative Instruments
 Interest Rate Contracts
 Interest rate risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Sources of interest rate risk include the difference between the maturity and interest rate changes of assets with the liabilities they support, timing differences between the pricing of liabilities and the purchase or procurement of assets and changing cash flow profiles from original projections due to prepayment options embedded within asset and liability contracts. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates.
 Interest rate swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and/or floating rate interest amounts based upon designated market rates or rate indices and an agreed upon notional principal amount. Generally, no cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract and no principal payments are made by any party. Cash is paid or received based on the terms of the swap. We use interest rate swaps primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities and to mitigate the risks arising from timing mismatches between assets and liabilities (including duration mismatches). We also use interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in the value of assets we anticipate acquiring and other anticipated transactions and commitments. Interest rate swaps are used to hedge against changes in the value of the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit ("GMWB") MRB. The GMWB rider on our variable annuity products provides for guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits regardless of the actual performance of various equity and/or fixed income funds available with the product. Additionally, we utilize interest rate swaps to replicate the returns of floating rate assets.
 Interest rate options, including interest rate caps and interest rate floors, which can be combined to form interest rate collars, are contracts that entitle the purchaser to pay or receive the amounts, if any, by which a specified market rate exceeds a cap strike interest rate, or falls below a floor strike interest rate, respectively, at specified dates. We use interest rate options to manage prepayment risks in our assets and minimum guaranteed interest rates and lapse risks in our liabilities.
 A swaption is an option to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date. We have purchased swaptions to hedge interest rate exposure for certain assets and liabilities. Swaptions not only hedge against the downside risk, but also allow us to take advantage of any upside benefits.
 In exchange-traded futures transactions, we agree to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the values of which are determined by the values of designated classes of securities, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts. We enter into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commissions merchants who are members of a trading exchange. We use exchange-traded interest rate futures to hedge against changes in value of the GMWB MRB in addition to the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process.
 Interest rate forwards, including to be announced ("TBA") forwards, bond forwards and treasury forwards, are contracts to take delivery of a fixed income security at a specified price at a future date. TBA forwards deliver government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Bond forwards and treasury forwards deliver corporate or municipal and U.S. Treasury bonds, respectively. At inception of the TBA and treasury forward contracts we do not intend to take physical delivery. We intend to take delivery of the bond forwards referencing corporate or municipal bonds. We have used TBA forwards to gain exposure to the investment risk and return of agency mortgage-backed security pools in order to reduce asset and liability duration mismatch. Treasury forwards are used to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB. Bond forwards are used to gain leverage through synthetic exposure during the forward period and fix the purchase price of a bond at a specified date in future.

 Foreign Exchange Contracts
 Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements issued to nonqualified institutional investors in the international market, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturity and equity securities, and our international operations, including expected cash flows and potential acquisition and divestiture activity. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
 Currency swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, a series of principal and interest payments in one currency for that of another currency. Generally, the principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the beginning and termination of the currency swap by each party. The interest payments are primarily fixed-to-fixed rate; however, they may also be fixed-to-floating rate or floating-to-fixed rate. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty for payments made in the same currency at each due date. We use currency swaps to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell.
 Currency forwards are contracts in which we agree with other parties to deliver or receive a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. Typically, the price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. We use currency forwards to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell. We use currency forwards to hedge certain foreign-denominated real estate funds in our domestic operations and net equity investments in foreign operations, including certain sponsored investment funds.
 Equity Contracts
 Equity risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in common stock prices. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to equity risk, which arises from products in which the return or interest we credit is tied to an external equity index as well as products subject to minimum contractual guarantees.
 We purchase equity call spreads ("option collars") to hedge the equity participation rates promised to contractholders in conjunction with our fixed deferred annuity and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index.
 We use equity put options to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB related to the GMWB rider on our variable annuity product. We also use equity options to hedge returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product. The premium associated with certain options is paid quarterly over the life of the option contract.
 We use exchange-traded equity futures to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB MRB, returns credited to policyholder accounts related to our RILA product and the economic exposure to certain fund closures in process.
 Credit Contracts
 Credit risk relates to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. We use credit default swaps to enhance the return on our investment portfolio by providing comparable exposure to fixed income securities that might not be available in the primary market. They are also used to hedge credit exposures in our investment portfolio. Credit derivatives are used to sell or buy credit protection on an identified name or names on an unfunded or synthetic basis in return for receiving or paying a quarterly premium. The premium generally corresponds to a referenced name's credit spread at the time the agreement is executed. In cases where we sell protection, we also buy a quality cash bond to match against the credit default swap, thereby entering into a synthetic transaction replicating a cash security. When selling protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, as defined by the agreement, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security in a principal amount equal to the notional value of the credit default swap.

 Other Contracts
 Embedded Derivatives. We purchase or issue certain financial instruments or products that contain a derivative instrument that is embedded in the financial instrument or product. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly or closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host instrument for measurement purposes. The embedded derivative, which is reported with the host instrument in the consolidated statements of financial position, is carried at fair value.
 We offer group annuity contracts that have guaranteed separate accounts as an investment option. We have fixed deferred annuities, RILAs and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index.
 We have a funds withheld payable associated with our coinsurance with funds withheld agreement with Talcott Life & Annuity Re. The funds withheld payable has an embedded total return swap as the total return of the funds withheld assets are transferred to Talcott Life & Annuity Re, which is not based on our own creditworthiness.
 Exposure
 Our risk of loss is typically limited to the fair value of our derivative instruments and not to the notional or contractual amounts of these derivatives. We are also exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the counterparties. Our current credit exposure is limited to the value of derivatives that have become favorable to us. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings and by establishing and monitoring exposure limits. We also utilize various credit enhancements, including collateral and credit triggers to reduce the credit exposure to our derivative instruments.
 Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives. Certain of our OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties ("OTC cleared"), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties ("bilateral OTC"). Our derivative transactions are generally documented under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. ("ISDA") Master Agreements. Management believes that such agreements provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Under such agreements, in connection with an early termination of a transaction, we are permitted to set off our receivable from a counterparty against our payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. For reporting purposes, we do not offset fair value amounts of bilateral OTC derivatives for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting agreements. OTC cleared derivatives have variation margin that is legally characterized as settlement of the derivative exposure, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position.
 We posted $ 544.2 million and $ 750.9 million in cash and securities under collateral arrangements as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to satisfy collateral and initial margin requirements associated with our derivative credit support agreements and FCM agreements.
 Certain of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain an investment grade rating from each of the major credit rating agencies on our debt. If the ratings on our debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions and the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value, inclusive of accrued interest, of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position without regard to netting under derivative credit support annex agreements as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $ 482.3 million and $ 632.6 million, respectively. Cleared derivatives have contingent features that require us to post excess margin as required by the FCM. The terms surrounding excess margin vary by FCM agreement. With respect to derivatives containing collateral provisions, we posted collateral and initial margin of $ 544.2 million and $ 750.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, in the normal course of business, which reflects netting under derivative agreements. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements were triggered on December 31, 2023, we would be required to post up to an additional $ 96.6 million of collateral to our counterparties.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had received $ 103.3 million and $ 148.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral associated with our derivative credit support annex agreements and FCM agreements, for which we recorded a corresponding liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral.
 Notional amounts are used to express the extent of our involvement in derivative transactions and represent a standard measurement of the volume of our derivative activity. Notional amounts represent those amounts used to calculate contractual flows to be exchanged and are not paid or received, except for contracts such as currency swaps. Credit exposure represents the gross amount owed to us under derivative contracts as of the valuation date. The notional amounts and credit exposure of our derivative financial instruments by type were as follows:

 Notional amounts of derivative instruments

 Interest rate swaps

 $

 57,792.2

 $

 52,249.9

 Interest rate options

 4,498.4

 4,418.9

 Interest rate forwards

 1,990.8

 2,527.5

 Interest rate futures

 1,205.0

 877.5

 Currency swaps

 2,105.8

 1,634.7

 Currency forwards

 1,062.5

 1,123.1

 Equity contracts:

 Equity options

 2,331.3

 2,049.3

 Equity futures

 568.4

 574.1

 Credit contracts:

 Credit default swaps

 305.0

 400.0

 Other contracts:

 Embedded derivatives

 22,511.7

 23,209.3

 Total notional amounts at end of period

 $

 94,371.1

 $

 89,064.3

 Credit exposure of derivative instruments

 Interest rate swaps

 $

 42.9

 $

 64.2

 Interest rate options

 37.0

 41.7

 Interest rate forwards

 4.2

 0.1

 Currency swaps

 120.9

 171.1

 Currency forwards

 20.8

 34.0

 Equity contracts:

 Equity options

 83.8

 16.5

 Credit contracts:

 Credit default swaps

 4.7

 3.6

 Total gross credit exposure

 314.3

 331.2

 Less: collateral received

 148.7

 191.9

 Net credit exposure

 $

 165.6

 $

 139.3

 The fair value of our derivative instruments classified as assets and liabilities was as follows:

 Derivative assets (1)

 Derivative liabilities (2)

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments

 $

 9.0

 $

 20.0

 $

 72.6

 $

 105.1

 84.6

 134.6

 39.6

 19.7

 Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments

 $

 93.6

 $

 154.6

 $

 112.2

 $

 124.8

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

 $

 70.3

 $

 81.1

 $

 284.3

 $

 439.9

 51.9

 65.9

 22.2

 21.9

 Equity contracts

 83.8

 16.5

 74.2

 45.6

 Credit contracts

 4.6

 3.5

 1.1

 2.0

 Other contracts

 —

 —

 ( 2,451.6)

 ( 3,606.4)

 Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

 210.6

 167.0

 ( 2,069.8)

 ( 3,097.0)

 Total derivative instruments

 $

 304.2

 $

 321.6

 $

 ( 1,957.6)

 $

 ( 2,972.2)

 (1)
 The fair value of derivative assets is reported with other investments on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 (2)
 The fair value of derivative liabilities is reported with other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position, with the exception of certain embedded derivative liabilities. Embedded derivatives with a net liability fair value of $ 115.5 million and $ 46.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with contractholder funds on the consolidated statements of financial position. Embedded derivatives with a net (asset) liability fair value of $( 2,567.1) million and $( 3,652.8) million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are reported with funds withheld payable on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Credit Derivatives Sold
 When we sell credit protection, we are exposed to the underlying credit risk similar to purchasing a fixed maturity security instrument. Our credit derivative contracts sold reference a single name or reference security (referred to as "single name credit default swaps"). These instruments are either referenced in an OTC credit derivative transaction or embedded within an investment structure that has been fully consolidated into our financial statements.
 These credit derivative transactions are subject to events of default defined within the terms of the contract, which normally consist of bankruptcy, failure to pay, or modified restructuring of the reference entity and/or issue. If a default event occurs for a reference name or security, we are obligated to pay the counterparty an amount equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative transaction. As a result, our maximum future payment is equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative. In certain cases, we also may have purchased credit protection with identical underlyings to certain of our sold protection transactions. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we did not purchase credit protection relating to our sold protection transactions. In certain circumstances, our potential loss could also be reduced by any amount recovered in the default proceedings of the underlying credit name.

 The following tables show our credit default swap protection sold by types of contract, types of referenced/underlying asset class and external agency rating for the underlying reference security. The maximum future payments are undiscounted and have not been reduced by the effect of any offsetting transactions, collateral or recourse features described above.

 Weighted

 Maximum

 Notional

 Fair

 future

 expected life

 value

 payments

 (in years)

 Single name credit default swaps

 Corporate debt

 A

 $

 40.0

 $

 0.3

 $

 40.0

 1.5

 BBB

 140.0

 3.8

 140.0

 3.0

 BB

 20.0

 0.2

 20.0

 3.5

 Sovereign

 A

 20.0

 0.2

 20.0

 1.5

 Total credit default swap protection sold

 $

 220.0

 $

 4.5

 $

 220.0

 2.7

 Weighted

 Maximum

 Notional

 Fair

 future

 expected life

 value

 payments

 (in years)

 Single name credit default swaps

 Corporate debt

 A

 $

 40.0

 $

 0.4

 $

 40.0

 2.5

 BBB

 190.0

 2.2

 190.0

 3.1

 BB

 20.0

 20.0

 4.5

 Sovereign

 A

 20.0

 0.2

 20.0

 2.5

 Total credit default swap protection sold

 $

 270.0

 $

 2.6

 $

 270.0

 3.1

 Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges
 Fair Value Hedges
 We use fixed-to-floating rate interest rate swaps to more closely align the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and also use them to align the interest rate characteristics of certain liabilities. In general, these swaps are used in asset and liability management to modify duration, which is a measure of sensitivity to interest rate changes.
 We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert certain foreign denominated assets into U.S. dollar denominated instruments to hedge the exposure to future currency volatility on those items.
 The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations. The currency related impacts of currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to net realized capital gains or losses of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations.

 The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges. The amortized cost includes the amortized cost basis and the fair value hedging basis adjustment.

 Cumulative amount of fair

 value hedging basis adjustment

 Line item in the consolidated statements

 increase/(decrease) included in the

 of financial position in which the

 Carrying amount of hedged item

 carrying amount of the hedged item

 hedged item is included

 Active hedging relationships

 $

 3,510.1

 $

 3,498.6

 $

 ( 87.0)

 $

 ( 153.4)

 Discontinued hedging relationships

 304.7

 48.8

 1.3

 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale in active or discontinued hedging relationships

 $

 3,814.8

 $

 3,547.4

 $

 ( 92.2)

 $

 ( 152.1)

 Investment contracts:

 Active hedging relationships

 $

 300.5

 $

 —

 $

 0.4

 $

 —

 Total investment contracts in active or discontinued hedging relationships

 $

 300.5

 $

 —

 $

 0.4

 $

 —

 (1)
 These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate portfolio layer hedging relationships in which the hedged layer amount is expected to remain at the end of the hedging relationship. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $ 3,178.5 million and $ 3,256.9 million, respectively, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was $( 62.2) million and $( 102.4) million, respectively, and the amount of the designated hedged items were $ 1,395.0 million and $ 1,110.0 million, respectively.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, $( 1.8) million, $ 0.0 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively, of the derivative instruments' gain (loss) was excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
 Cash Flow Hedges
 We utilize floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to eliminate the variability in cash flows of recognized financial assets and liabilities.
 We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert both principal and interest payments of certain foreign denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar denominated fixed rate instruments to eliminate the exposure to future currency volatility on those items.
 We use bond forwards and have used floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to hedge forecasted transactions.
 The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in cash flow hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations.
 The maximum length of time we are hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions, excluding those related to the payments of variable interest on existing financial assets and liabilities, is 3.2 years. As of December 31, 2023, we had $ 30.4 million of net gains reported in AOCI on the consolidated statements of financial position related to active hedges of forecasted transactions. If a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued. If it is probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from AOCI into net income.

 The following table shows the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives

 Derivatives in cash flow

 for the year ended December 31,

 hedging relationships

 Related hedged item

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 30.4

 $

 ( 102.1)

 $

 —

 Investment contracts

 ( 11.0)

 15.9

 4.1

 ( 64.0)

 84.2

 53.4

 Total

 $

 ( 44.6)

 $

 ( 2.0)

 $

 57.5

 We expect to reclassify net gains of $ 24.5 million from AOCI into net income in the next twelve months, which includes both net deferred gains on discontinued hedges and net gains on periodic settlements of active hedges. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions.
 Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations
 The following tables show the effect of derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships and the related hedged items on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Benefits,

 Net investment

 Net realized

 claims and

 income related

 capital gains

 settlement

 to hedges

 (losses) related to

 expenses

 of fixed

 hedges of fixed

 related to

 hedges of

 Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported

 $

 $

 $

 Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships:

 Gain recognized on hedged item

 $

 45.3

 $

 —

 $

 0.4

 Loss recognized on derivatives

 ( 43.9)

 —

 ( 2.1)

 60.5

 —

 ( 2.6)

 Gain recognized on hedged item

 —

 3.7

 —

 Loss recognized on derivatives

 —

 ( 3.7)

 —

 0.6

 —

 —

 Total gain (loss) recognized for fair value hedging relationships

 $

 62.5

 $

 —

 $

 Gains on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 $

 4.1

 $

 —

 $

 Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring

 —

 1.9

 —

 —

 —

 14.2

 Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 —

 1.5

 —

 21.4

 —

 —

 Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships

 $

 25.5

 $

 3.4

 $

 14.1

 Benefits,

 Net investment

 Net realized

 claims and

 income related

 capital gains

 settlement

 to hedges

 (losses) related to

 expenses

 of fixed

 hedges of fixed

 related to

 hedges of

 Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported

 $

 $

 ( 182.1)

 $

 Gains on fair value hedging relationships:

 Loss recognized on hedged item

 $

 ( 154.4)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Gain recognized on derivatives

 151.6

 —

 —

 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments

 —

 —

 5.2

 —

 —

 Total gain recognized for fair value hedging relationships

 $

 1.1

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Gains on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 $

 9.0

 $

 —

 $

 Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring

 —

 18.5

 —

 —

 —

 3.7

 Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 —

 0.6

 —

 14.5

 —

 —

 Total gain recognized for cash flow hedging relationships

 $

 23.5

 $

 19.1

 $

 3.6

 Benefits,

 Net investment

 Net realized

 claims and

 income related

 capital gains

 settlement

 to hedges

 related to

 expenses

 of fixed

 hedges of fixed

 related to

 hedges of

 Total amounts of consolidated statement of operations line items in which the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges are reported

 $

 $

 115.4

 $

 Losses on fair value hedging relationships:

 Loss recognized on hedged item

 $

 ( 28.7)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Gain recognized on derivatives

 28.6

 —

 —

 Amortization of hedged item basis adjustments

 ( 1.8)

 —

 —

 ( 10.0)

 —

 —

 Total loss recognized for fair value hedging relationships

 $

 ( 11.9)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 $

 15.4

 $

 —

 $

 Gain reclassified from AOCI as a result that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring

 —

 1.0

 —

 —

 —

 Gain reclassified from AOCI on derivatives

 —

 9.2

 —

 9.6

 —

 —

 Total gain (loss) recognized for cash flow hedging relationships

 $

 25.0

 $

 10.2

 $

 Net Investment Hedges
 We may take measures to hedge our net equity investments in our foreign operations from currency risk. This is accomplished with the use of currency forwards.
 Gains and losses associated with net investment hedges are recorded in AOCI and will be released into net income if our investment in the foreign operation is sold or substantially liquidated.
 The following tables show the effect of foreign exchange contracts used to hedge a portion of our net investment in certain sponsored investment funds on the consolidated financial statements.

 Amount of gain (loss) recognized

 in AOCI on derivatives

 for the year ended December 31,

 Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 $

 1.5

 $

 2.9

 Total

 $

 $

 1.5

 $

 2.9

 No gains or losses on net investment hedges were reclassified from AOCI into net realized capitals gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
 Our use of futures, certain swaptions and swaps, option collars, options and forwards are effective from an economic standpoint, but they have not been designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. As such, periodic changes in the market value of these instruments, which includes mark-to-market gains and losses as well as periodic and final settlements, primarily flow directly into net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative is separately reported on the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, mark-to-market gains and losses as well as periodic and final settlements for derivatives used to hedge market risk benefits are reported in market risk benefit (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations.
 The following table shows the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, including fair value changes of embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract, on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Amount of gain (loss) recognized in

 net income on derivatives for the

 year ended December 31,

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 ( 61.4)

 $

 ( 317.7)

 $

 ( 46.6)

 ( 40.0)

 83.7

 ( 121.9)

 Equity contracts

 ( 144.1)

 20.7

 ( 81.5)

 Credit contracts

 4.1

 0.1

 0.1

 Other contracts (1)

 ( 1,154.9)

 3,682.3

 0.2

 Total

 $

 ( 1,396.3)

 $

 3,469.1

 $

 ( 249.7)

 (1)
 Includes the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative.

 6. Closed Block
 In connection with the 1998 MIHC formation, Principal Life formed a Closed Block to provide reasonable assurance to policyholders included therein that, after the formation of the MIHC, assets would be available to maintain dividends in aggregate in accordance with the 1997 policy dividend scales, if the experience underlying such scales continued. Assets of Principal Life were allocated to the Closed Block in an amount that produces cash flows which, together with anticipated revenue from policies and contracts included in the Closed Block, were expected to be sufficient to support the Closed Block policies. This includes, but is not limited to, provisions for payment of claims, certain expenses, charges and taxes, and to provide for continuation of policy and contract dividends in aggregate in accordance with the 1997 dividend scales, if the experience underlying such scales continues, and to allow for appropriate adjustments in such scales, if such experience changes. Due to adjustable life policies being included in the Closed Block, the Closed Block is charged with amounts necessary to properly fund for certain adjustments, such as face amount and premium increases, that are made to these policies after the Closed Block inception date. These amounts are referred to as Funding Adjustment Charges.
 Assets allocated to the Closed Block inure solely to the benefit of the holders of policies included in the Closed Block. Closed Block assets and liabilities are carried on the same basis as other similar assets and liabilities. Principal Life will continue to pay guaranteed benefits under all policies, including the policies within the Closed Block, in accordance with their terms. If the assets allocated to the Closed Block, the investment cash flows from those assets and the revenues from the policies included in the Closed Block, including investment income thereon, prove to be insufficient to pay the benefits guaranteed under the policies included in the Closed Block, Principal Life will be required to make such payments from its general funds. No additional policies were added to the Closed Block, nor was the Closed Block affected in any other way, as a result of the demutualization.
 A policyholder dividend obligation ("PDO") is required to be established for higher than expected earnings in the Closed Block that will need to be paid as dividends unless future performance of the Closed Block is less favorable than originally expected. A model of the Closed Block was established to produce the pattern of expected earnings, assets and liabilities in the Closed Block. These projections are utilized to determine ratios that will allow us to compare actual cumulative earnings to expected cumulative earnings and determine the amount of the PDO. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the PDO was $ 0.0 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively.

 6. Closed Block – (continued)

 Closed Block liabilities and assets designated to the Closed Block were as follows:

 Closed Block liabilities

 Future policy benefits and claims

 $

 2,982.9

 $

 3,128.1

 Other policyholder funds

 5.1

 5.1

 Policyholder dividends payable

 157.2

 168.2

 Income taxes currently payable

 4.0

 —

 23.2

 24.9

 Total Closed Block liabilities

 3,172.4

 3,326.3

 Assets designated to the Closed Block

 1,766.7

 1,690.2

 2.0

 2.0

 0.9

 0.8

 469.5

 544.9

 379.9

 407.4

 61.2

 62.2

 Total investments

 2,680.2

 2,707.5

 6.1

 62.0

 Accrued investment income

 32.6

 30.3

 3.5

 3.9

 Premiums due and other receivables

 3.4

 4.1

 Deferred tax asset

 52.1

 62.0

 5.3

 0.1

 Total assets designated to the Closed Block

 2,783.2

 2,869.9

 Excess of Closed Block liabilities over assets designated to the Closed Block

 389.2

 456.4

 Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income

 ( 69.6)

 ( 111.9)

 Maximum future earnings to be recognized from Closed Block assets and liabilities

 $

 319.6

 $

 344.5

 Closed Block revenues and expenses were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues

 $

 166.1

 $

 178.0

 $

 196.1

 127.3

 129.1

 137.6

 Net realized capital losses

 ( 10.0)

 ( 21.2)

 283.4

 285.9

 329.1

 Expenses

 161.6

 184.3

 212.0

 Dividends to policyholders

 86.8

 92.5

 92.6

 2.6

 2.2

 2.3

 251.0

 279.0

 306.9

 Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, before income taxes

 32.4

 6.9

 22.2

 Income taxes

 6.1

 0.7

 3.9

 Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses and income taxes

 26.3

 6.2

 18.3

 Funding adjustments and other transfers

 ( 1.4)

 28.5

 ( 4.0)

 Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, income taxes and funding adjustments

 $

 24.9

 $

 34.7

 $

 14.3

 6. Closed Block – (continued)

 The change in maximum future earnings of the Closed Block was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Beginning of year

 $

 344.5

 $

 379.2

 $

 393.5

 End of year

 319.6

 344.5

 379.2

 Change in maximum future earnings

 $

 ( 24.9)

 $

 ( 34.7)

 $

 ( 14.3)

 Principal Life charges the Closed Block with U.S. federal income taxes, payroll taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, licenses and fees as provided in the plan of reorganization.

 7. Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances
 Deferred Acquisition Costs
 Incremental direct costs of contract acquisition as well as certain costs directly related to acquisition activities (underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection and sales force contract selling) for the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contracts are capitalized in the period they are incurred. Maintenance costs and acquisition costs that are not deferrable are charged to operating expenses as incurred.
 For our long-duration insurance products and certain investment contracts, DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected life of the contracts using groupings and assumptions consistent with those used in computing policyholder liabilities. For each of our long-duration insurance products, we select an inforce measure as a basis for amortization that will result in a constant level amortization pattern for the expected life of the contract. If our actual contract terminations differ from our expectation, the amortization pattern is adjusted on a prospective basis.
 Some of our life and disability products within the Benefits and Protection segment have renewal commissions resulting in new DAC capitalizations in the years following the initial capitalization. We also have life products that allow for underwritten death benefit increases and cost of living adjustments, resulting in an immaterial amount of new DAC capitalizations each year. The new capitalizations are added to the existing DAC balance when incurred and amortized over the remaining life of the business.
 DAC on short-duration group benefits contracts is amortized over the estimated life of the underlying contracts.
 We review and update actuarial experience assumptions (such as mortality, surrenders, lapse, and premium persistency) serving as inputs to the models that establish the expected life for DAC and other actuarial balances during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if evidence suggests assumptions should be revised. We make model refinements as necessary, and any changes resulting from these assumption updates are applied prospectively.
 DAC amortization expense of $ 389.8 million, $ 386.9 million and $ 373.4 million related to our long-duration and short-duration contracts was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 7. Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances – (continued)

 The following tables summarize disaggregated DAC amounts and reconcile the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 $

 506.4

 $

 498.0

 279.5

 278.0

 15.4

 8.1

 106.1

 131.0

 Investment only

 11.5

 14.9

 918.9

 930.0

 667.7

 626.1

 1,545.3

 1,569.7

 695.1

 685.7

 Participating life

 84.7

 93.0

 2,992.8

 2,974.5

 Short-duration contracts

 31.1

 34.7

 Other balances (1)

 7.7

 8.8

 Total DAC per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 3,950.5

 $

 3,948.0

 (1)
 Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.

 The balances and changes in DAC were as follows:

 Workplace

 savings and

 fixed

 risk

 deferred

 Investment

 solutions

 transfer

 only

 Balances as of January 1, 2022

 $

 489.0

 $

 281.2

 $

 2.7

 $

 162.2

 $

 18.1

 48.3

 22.5

 5.6

 —

 1.4

 ( 39.3)

 ( 25.7)

 ( 31.2)

 Balances as of December 31, 2022

 498.0

 278.0

 8.1

 131.0

 14.9

 48.1

 27.4

 7.9

 —

 1.3

 ( 39.7)

 ( 25.9)

 ( 24.9)

 ( 4.7)

 Balances as of December 31, 2023

 $

 506.4

 $

 279.5

 $

 15.4

 $

 106.1

 $

 11.5

 7. Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances – (continued)

 The balances and changes in DAC were as follows:

 Participating life

 Balances as of January 1, 2022

 $

 580.7

 $

 1,596.2

 $

 678.9

 $

 102.3

 87.6

 70.6

 66.7

 1.4

 ( 42.2)

 ( 97.1)

 ( 59.9)

 ( 10.7)

 Balances as of December 31, 2022

 626.1

 1,569.7

 685.7

 93.0

 86.7

 70.7

 71.3

 1.4

 ( 45.1)

 ( 95.1)

 ( 61.9)

 ( 9.7)

 Balances as of December 31, 2023

 $

 667.7

 $

 1,545.3

 $

 695.1

 $

 84.7

 Unearned Revenue Liability
 An unearned revenue liability is established when we collect fees or other policyholder assessments, inclusive of cost of insurance charges, administrative charges and other similar fees, for services to be provided in future periods. These unearned front-end fees are deferred and the amortization is recorded using an approach consistent with DAC.
 The unearned revenue liability is included within other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position. The following table summarizes disaggregated unearned revenue liability amounts and reconciles the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 $

 485.5

 $

 459.0

 Other balances (1)

 7.2

 8.4

 Total unearned revenue liability

 $

 492.7

 $

 467.4

 (1)
 Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.

 The balances and changes in the unearned revenue liability for Life Insurance – Universal life contracts were as follows:

 $

 459.0

 $

 425.3

 Deferrals

 56.3

 61.8

 Revenue recognized

 ( 29.8)

 ( 28.1)

 485.5

 459.0

 ( 225.1)

 ( 227.9)

 Balance at end of period after reinsurance

 $

 260.4

 $

 231.1

 8. Separate Account Balances
 The separate accounts are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any of our other business. The client, rather than us, directs the investments and bears the investment risk of these funds. The separate account assets represent the fair value of funds that are separately administered by us for contracts with equity, real estate and fixed income investments and are presented as a summary total within the consolidated statements of financial position. An equivalent amount is reported as separate account liabilities, which represent the obligation to return the monies to the client. Refer to Note 18, Fair Value Measurements, for further information on the valuation methodologies.
 We receive fees for mortality, withdrawal and expense risks, as well as administrative, maintenance and investment advisory services that are included in the consolidated statements of operations. Net deposits, net investment income and realized and unrealized capital gains and losses of the separate accounts are not reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
 The Retirement and Income Solutions segment offers variable annuity contracts that allow the policyholder to allocate deposits into various investment options in a separate account. The variable annuity contracts can also include GMWB riders and guaranteed minimum death benefit ("GMDB") riders that are accounted for as MRBs. Retirement and Income Solutions also offers certain group annuity contracts that have separate accounts as an investment option.
 The Principal Asset Management segment offers retirement pension schemes in Asia that offer various guaranteed and non-guaranteed constituent fund investment options to customers, some of which were closed in the fourth quarter of 2023. The retirement pension schemes can include a guaranteed rate of return to the customer or a minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events. The minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events is accounted for as an MRB. Principal Asset Management separate account assets and liabilities also include certain retirement accumulation products in Latin America where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within the financial statements. We have determined that summary totals are the most meaningful presentation for these funds.
 The Benefits and Protection segment offers variable universal life products with separate account investment options.
 Refer to Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the MRBs associated with the contracts mentioned above.
 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the separate accounts included a separate account valued at $ 88.2 million and $ 101.4 million, respectively, which primarily included shares of our stock that were allocated and issued to eligible participants of qualified employee benefit plans administered by us as part of the policy credits issued under our 2001 demutualization. These shares are included in both basic and diluted earnings per share calculations. In the consolidated statements of financial position, the separate account shares are recorded at fair value and are reported as separate account assets with a corresponding separate account liability. Changes in fair value of the separate account shares are reflected in both the separate account assets and separate account liabilities and do not impact our results of operations.

 8. Separate Account Balances – (continued)

 Separate Account Assets
 The aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment category, supporting separate accounts were as follows:

 Fixed maturities:

 $

 8,467.3

 $

 7,339.6

 8,522.3

 8,424.3

 205.1

 211.7

 13,386.4

 14,429.7

 4,126.1

 3,894.5

 221.1

 206.2

 575.6

 299.5

 Total fixed maturities

 35,503.9

 34,805.5

 118,073.7

 105,053.3

 494.6

 610.6

 9,436.2

 10,278.6

 3,332.8

 3,583.8

 764.4

 1,043.3

 Total separate account assets per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 $

 Separate Account Liabilities
 The following tables summarize disaggregated separate account liability amounts and reconcile the totals to separate account liabilities reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Group retirement contracts

 $

 117,518.5

 $

 107,240.1

 9,131.9

 8,659.0

 126,650.4

 115,899.1

 34,580.6

 33,316.7

 Asia:

 Guaranteed pension

 144.2

 915.0

 Total Principal Asset Management – Principal International

 34,724.8

 34,231.7

 Benefits and Protection - Life Insurance:

 5,982.5

 5,011.0

 Other balances (1)

 247.9

 233.3

 Total separate account liabilities per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 $

 (1)

 Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts.

 8. Separate Account Balances – (continued)

 The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities were as follows:

 Group

 Group

 $

 107,240.1

 $

 8,659.0

 $

 131,188.6

 $

 11,000.0

 Premiums and deposits (1)

 11,379.0

 328.5

 14,859.3

 354.1

 ( 366.0)

 ( 204.5)

 ( 383.7)

 ( 211.1)

 Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1)

 ( 13,916.8)

 ( 1,018.2)

 ( 14,479.4)

 ( 790.1)

 Investment performance

 15,820.7

 1,315.1

 ( 20,641.3)

 ( 1,723.3)

 Net transfers (to) from general account (1)

 ( 2,461.1)

 30.4

 ( 2,571.7)

 29.4

 Other (2)

 ( 177.4)

 21.6

 ( 731.7)

 —

 $

 117,518.5

 $

 9,131.9

 $

 107,240.1

 $

 8,659.0

 Cash surrender value (3)

 $

 116,522.1

 $

 9,011.5

 $

 106,125.7

 $

 8,538.7

 (1)

 Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 9, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account.

 (2)

 Includes amounts to be settled between the separate account and general account due to the timing of trade settlements as of the reporting date.

 (3)

 Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders' account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.

 Principal Asset Management – Principal International
 The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities were as follows:

 Asia

 Asia

 Guaranteed

 Guaranteed

 pension

 pension

 $

 33,316.7

 $

 915.0

 $

 33,030.6

 $

 971.3

 Premiums and deposits

 3,628.6

 217.2

 3,620.4

 276.2

 ( 17.8)

 ( 16.9)

 ( 18.2)

 ( 19.8)

 Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1)

 ( 4,191.7)

 ( 1,006.8)

 ( 3,984.6)

 ( 247.0)

 Investment performance

 2,733.7

 37.7

 498.8

 ( 64.0)

 Other

 7.6

 ( 896.5)

 170.5

 $

 34,580.6

 $

 144.2

 $

 33,316.7

 $

 915.0

 Cash surrender value

 $

 34,580.6

 $

 144.2

 $

 33,316.7

 $

 915.0

 (1)

 Includes amounts related to the closure of guaranteed constituent funds in Asia in the fourth quarter of 2023.

 8. Separate Account Balances – (continued)

 The balances and the changes in separate account liabilities for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows:

 $

 5,011.0

 $

 5,886.1

 Premiums and deposits (1)

 532.1

 514.7

 ( 129.0)

 ( 122.1)

 Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments (1)

 ( 342.1)

 ( 208.6)

 Investment performance

 902.8

 ( 1,054.5)

 Net transfers (to) from general account (1)

 7.7

 $

 5,982.5

 $

 5,011.0

 Cash surrender value (2)

 $

 6,041.9

 $

 5,055.8

 (1)

 Within the policyholder account balances rollforwards in Note 9, Contractholder Funds, amounts in these lines are reflected in net transfers from (to) separate account.

 (2)

 Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders' account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges. Certain products include surrender value enhancement riders that result in cash surrender values greater than account balances.

 9. Contractholder Funds
 Contractholder funds include policyholder account balances related to contracts with significant insurance risk and investment contracts.
 The following tables summarize disaggregated policyholder account balance amounts and reconcile the totals to contractholder funds reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 $

 12,721.5

 $

 12,154.7

 514.2

 381.4

 5,538.3

 7,228.3

 18,774.0

 19,764.4

 6,910.4

 6,947.9

 Inter-segment eliminations

 ( 362.2)

 ( 362.7)

 Total policyholder account balances for contracts with significant insurance risk or investment contracts with significant fee revenue

 25,322.2

 26,349.6

 Reconciling items:

 Investment contracts without significant fee revenue (1)

 15,784.5

 16,104.0

 Embedded derivatives (2)

 115.5

 46.4

 Other balances (3)

 278.9

 325.3

 Total contractholder funds per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 41,501.1

 $

 42,825.3

 (1)

 Includes GICs, funding agreements, individual fixed income annuities and guaranteed pension contracts. These contracts are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or guaranteed minimum interest rate ("GMIR") disclosures below.

 (2)

 Refer to Note 18, Fair Value Measurements, for details on the changes in Level 3 fair value measurements of embedded derivatives.

 (3)

 Includes insignificant balances for long-duration contracts and amounts that are not accrued to the benefit of the contractholder and, therefore, are not included within the disaggregated rollforward or GMIR disclosures below.

 GICs and Funding Agreements
 Our GICs and funding agreements contain provisions limiting or prohibiting early surrenders, which typically include penalties for early surrenders, minimum notice requirements or, in the case of funding agreements with survivor options, minimum pre-death holding periods and specific maximum amounts.
 Funding agreements include those issued directly to nonqualified institutional investors and those issued to the FHLB Des Moines under their membership funding programs. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 3,981.8 million and $ 4,275.5 million, respectively, of liabilities were outstanding with respect to issuances under the program with FHLB Des Moines. In addition, we have five separate programs where the funding agreements have been issued directly or indirectly to unconsolidated special purpose entities. Claims for principal and interest under funding agreements are afforded equal priority to claims of life insurance and annuity policyholders under insolvency provisions of Iowa Insurance Laws.
 Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $ 4.0 billion of funding agreements under a program established in 1998 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in non-U.S. markets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 75.9 million and $ 75.6 million, respectively, of liabilities were outstanding with respect to the issuance outstanding under this program.
 In addition, Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $ 7.0 billion of funding agreements under a program established in 2001 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in both domestic and international markets. The unaffiliated entity is an unconsolidated special purpose entity. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 201.9 million of liabilities were being held with respect to issuances outstanding under this program. Principal Life does not anticipate any new issuance activity under this program, given our December 2005 termination of the dealership agreement for this program and the availability of the program established in 2011 described below.
 Additionally, Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $ 5.0 billion of funding agreements under a program that was originally established in 2011 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in both domestic and international markets. The unaffiliated entity is an unconsolidated special purpose entity. In June 2015, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $ 4.0 billion. In November 2017, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $ 4.0 billion. In February 2021, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $ 4.0 billion. In November 2023, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $ 4.0 billion. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 8,072.6 million and $ 7,765.7 million, respectively, of liabilities were being held with respect to issuances outstanding under this program. Principal Life's payment obligations on each funding agreement issued under this program are guaranteed by PFG. The program established in 2011 is not registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

 The changes in policyholder account balances were as follows:

 Workplace

 Workplace

 savings and

 savings and

 fixed deferred

 fixed deferred

 solutions

 annuities (1)

 solutions

 annuities (1)

 $

 12,154.7

 $

 381.4

 $

 7,228.3

 $

 10,996.2

 $

 380.9

 $

 9,646.3

 Premiums and deposits

 4,441.7

 586.7

 36.8

 3,719.5

 426.5

 35.9

 ( 31.6)

 —

 —

 ( 28.5)

 —

 —

 Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments

 ( 4,356.6)

 ( 1,123.0)

 ( 1,888.4)

 ( 2,866.7)

 ( 843.2)

 ( 2,655.6)

 Net transfers from (to) separate account (2)

 264.8

 659.3

 —

 164.6

 406.6

 —

 Interest credited

 280.2

 9.8

 161.6

 194.3

 10.6

 201.7

 Other

 ( 31.7)

 —

 —

 ( 24.7)

 —

 —

 $

 12,721.5

 $

 514.2

 $

 5,538.3

 $

 12,154.7

 $

 381.4

 $

 7,228.3

 Weighted-average crediting rate (3)

 2.54

 %

 3.22

 %

 2.84

 %

 1.94

 %

 2.79

 %

 2.63

 %

 Cash surrender value (4)

 $

 11,211.9

 $

 512.6

 $

 5,434.4

 $

 10,341.7

 $

 378.6

 $

 7,081.4

 (1)

 We use the deposit method of accounting for the reinsurance of this exited business.

 (2)

 Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 8, Separate Account Balances, these transfers for Individual variable annuities and Workplace savings and retirement solutions included in Group retirement contracts are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account.

 (3)

 The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value.

 (4)

 Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders' account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.

 The net amount at risk for policyholder account balances for Individual variable annuities is equal to the MRB net amount at risk, as reported in Note 11, Market Risk Benefits. Workplace savings and retirement solutions and Individual fixed deferred annuities do not have guarantees that provide for benefits in excess of the current policyholder account balances.

 The changes in policyholder account balances for Life Insurance – Universal life were as follows:

 $

 6,947.9

 $

 6,962.5

 Premiums and deposits

 1,260.5

 1,267.2

 ( 858.1)

 ( 837.8)

 Surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments

 ( 483.6)

 ( 390.0)

 Net transfers from (to) separate account (1)

 ( 197.7)

 ( 301.5)

 Interest credited

 242.1

 247.5

 Other

 —

 6,910.4

 6,947.9

 ( 3,396.8)

 ( 3,528.9)

 Balance at end of period after reinsurance

 $

 3,513.6

 $

 3,419.0

 Weighted-average crediting rate (2)

 4.01

 %

 3.35

 %

 Net amount at risk (3)

 $

 86,671.0

 $

 86,547.9

 Cash surrender value (4)

 $

 5,953.0

 $

 5,911.5

 (1)

 Within the separate account liabilities rollforwards in Note 8, Separate Account Balances, these transfers are reflected in premiums and deposits; surrenders, withdrawals and benefit payments; and net transfers (to) from general account.

 (2)

 The weighted-average crediting rate is the crediting rate as of the end of each reporting period weighted by account value, including indexed credits.

 (3)

 For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the death benefit in excess of the current account balance or the fixed death benefit at the consolidated statement of financial position date.

 (4)

 Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders' account balances distributable at the end of the reporting period less surrender charges.

 Guaranteed Minimum Interest Rate
 The account values, for contracts with significant insurance risk and investment contracts with significant fee revenue by range of GMIR and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates credited to policyholders and the respective GMIR were as follows. The amounts are before reinsurance impacts of our exited U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG businesses.

 Excess of crediting rates over GMIR

 Up to 0.50%

 0.51% to 1.00%

 1.01% to 2.00%

 2.01% or more

 At GMIR

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 3.3

 $

 101.8

 $

 1,006.0

 $

 312.8

 $

 1,423.9

 5,135.0

 3.8

 1,153.1

 —

 874.6

 7,166.5

 357.1

 0.1

 0.8

 59.1

 1,701.2

 2,118.3

 7.4

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.4

 16.9

 —

 —

 —

 —

 16.9

 5,516.4

 7.2

 1,255.7

 1,065.1

 2,888.6

 10,733.0

 1,988.5

 Total

 $

 12,721.5

 $

 22.6

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 22.6

 4.6

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4.6

 273.5

 —

 —

 —

 —

 273.5

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 300.7

 —

 —

 —

 —

 300.7

 213.5

 Total

 $

 514.2

 $

 305.5

 $

 115.4

 $

 121.8

 $

 449.4

 $

 999.5

 $

 1,991.6

 100.8

 0.9

 26.3

 123.5

 2.4

 253.9

 2,897.7

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,897.7

 156.9

 —

 —

 —

 —

 156.9

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,460.9

 116.3

 148.1

 572.9

 1,001.9

 5,300.1

 238.2

 Total

 $

 5,538.3

 Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 16.1

 $

 1.0

 $

 2.4

 $

 19.5

 294.1

 —

 418.1

 485.6

 415.4

 1,613.2

 729.7

 677.2

 836.3

 350.6

 3.0

 2,596.8

 1,657.0

 49.8

 37.6

 36.4

 3.2

 1,784.0

 40.5

 3.9

 8.3

 1.5

 —

 54.2

 2,721.3

 730.9

 1,316.4

 875.1

 424.0

 6,067.7

 842.7

 Total

 $

 6,910.4

 Excess of crediting rates over GMIR

 Up to 0.50%

 0.51% to 1.00%

 1.01% to 2.00%

 2.01% or more

 At GMIR

 Total

 $

 3.9

 $

 24.8

 $

 1,188.9

 $

 307.8

 $

 364.9

 $

 1,890.3

 —

 549.9

 6,090.2

 1,477.0

 9.4

 8,126.5

 15.1

 0.1

 —

 0.1

 —

 15.3

 7.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7.8

 18.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 18.8

 45.6

 574.8

 7,279.1

 1,784.9

 374.3

 10,058.7

 2,096.0

 Total

 $

 12,154.7

 $

 33.0

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 33.0

 3.6

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3.6

 331.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 331.8

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 368.4

 —

 —

 —

 —

 368.4

 13.0

 Total

 $

 381.4

 $

 426.4

 $

 161.7

 $

 236.2

 $

 879.2

 $

 993.0

 $

 2,696.5

 139.8

 1.4

 39.9

 250.5

 0.6

 432.2

 3,617.1

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,617.1

 169.7

 —

 —

 —

 —

 169.7

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,353.0

 163.1

 276.1

 1,129.7

 993.6

 6,915.5

 312.8

 Total

 $

 7,228.3

 Benefits and Protection – Life Insurance

 $

 —

 $

 8.4

 $

 10.1

 $

 —

 $

 0.7

 $

 19.2

 315.7

 —

 407.0

 695.5

 155.0

 1,573.2

 865.9

 951.2

 903.5

 59.9

 0.4

 2,780.9

 1,698.9

 35.8

 21.9

 25.3

 3.2

 1,785.1

 40.6

 10.1

 3.4

 1.6

 —

 55.7

 2,921.1

 1,005.5

 1,345.9

 782.3

 159.3

 6,214.1

 733.8

 Total

 $

 6,947.9

 10. Future Policy Benefits and Claims
 Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for short-duration contracts and long-duration contracts as well as certain reinsurance balances, when in a liability position.
 The following tables summarize disaggregated amounts included in future policy benefit and claims and reconcile the totals to those reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Liability for future policy benefits by segment (1):

 $

 23,855.8

 $

 21,211.4

 4,914.1

 5,019.4

 28,769.9

 26,230.8

 4,593.7

 5,042.3

 1,898.4

 1,698.8

 1,085.9

 909.0

 2,984.3

 2,607.8

 166.7

 183.5

 Total liability for future policy benefits

 36,514.6

 34,064.4

 Additional liability for certain benefit features by segment (2):

 5,326.5

 4,095.2

 Total additional liability for certain benefit features

 5,326.5

 4,095.2

 Reconciling items:

 Participating contracts

 3,060.5

 3,207.2

 Short-duration contracts

 1,283.4

 1,295.6

 Cost of reinsurance liability

 424.6

 479.8

 Reinsurance recoverable liability

 45.2

 39.4

 Other (3)

 171.7

 132.4

 Future policy benefits and claims per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 46,826.5

 $

 43,314.0

 (1)

 Amounts include the deferred profit liability.

 (2)

 Includes reserves on certain long-duration contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years.

 (3)

 Includes other miscellaneous reserves and the impact of unrealized gains (losses) on the additional liability for certain benefit features.

 Liability for Unpaid Claims
 The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and claims within our consolidated statements of financial position. Activity associated with unpaid claims was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Balance at beginning of year

 $

 1,395.0

 $

 1,370.9

 $

 1,686.0

 Less: reinsurance recoverable

 68.6

 68.7

 436.9

 Net balance at beginning of year

 1,326.4

 1,302.2

 1,249.1

 Incurred:

 Current year

 1,650.4

 1,581.8

 1,505.1

 Prior years

 ( 95.4)

 ( 44.4)

 ( 35.4)

 Total incurred

 1,555.0

 1,537.4

 1,469.7

 Payments:

 Current year

 1,189.2

 1,138.0

 1,067.8

 Prior years

 354.1

 375.2

 348.8

 Total payments

 1,543.3

 1,513.2

 1,416.6

 Net balance at end of year

 1,338.1

 1,326.4

 1,302.2

 Plus: reinsurance recoverable

 67.8

 68.6

 68.7

 Balance at end of year

 $

 1,405.9

 $

 1,395.0

 $

 1,370.9

 Incurred liability adjustments relating to prior years, which affected current operations during 2023, 2022 and 2021, resulted in part from developed claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.
 Short-Duration Contracts
 Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for group life and disability insurance that provide periodic income payments. These reserves are computed using assumptions of mortality, morbidity and investment performance. These assumptions are based on our experience, industry results, emerging trends and future expectations. Future policy benefits and claims also include reserves for incurred but unreported group disability, dental, vision, critical illness, accident, PFML, hospital indemnity and life insurance claims. We recognize claims costs in the period the service was provided to our policyholders. However, claims costs incurred in a particular period are not known with certainty until after we receive, process and pay the claims. We determine the amount of this liability using actuarial methods based on historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging cost trends, where applicable, to determine our estimate of claim liabilities. Premium deficiency reserves may be established for short-duration contracts to provide for expected future losses. The premium deficiency reserve calculation considers, among other factors, anticipated investment income.
 We have defined claim frequency as follows for each short-duration product:

 LTD: Claim frequency is based on submitted reserve claim counts.

 Group Life Waiver: Claim frequency is based on submitted reserve claim counts, consistent with LTD.

 Dental and Vision: Claim frequency is based on the claim form, which may include one or more procedures.

 STD, Critical Illness, Accident, Hospital Indemnity and PFML: Claim frequency is based on submitted claims.

 Group Life: Claim frequency is based on submitted life claims (lives, not coverages).

 We did not make any significant changes to our methodologies or assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims for short-duration contracts during 2023.

 Claims Development
 The following tables present undiscounted information about claims development by incurral year, including separate information about incurred claims and paid claims net of reinsurance for the periods indicated. The tables also include information on incurred but not reported claims and the cumulative number of reported claims.
 The tables present information for the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, but do not exceed ten years. The data is disaggregated into groupings of claims with similar characteristics, such as duration of the claim payment period and average claim amount, and with consideration to the overall size of the groupings. Outstanding liabilities equal total net incurred claims less total net paid claims plus outstanding liabilities for net unpaid claims of prior years.
 LTD and Group Life Waiver Claims

 Incurred

 Cumulative

 but not

 number of

 Net incurred claims (1)

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2023

 2023

 Incurral

 year

 2014

 $

 242.2

 $

 231.4

 $

 214.4

 $

 218.1

 $

 206.2

 $

 201.9

 $

 202.0

 $

 199.3

 $

 199.8

 $

 200.7

 $

 0.1

 7,610

 2015

 231.0

 227.2

 217.2

 215.3

 208.2

 210.0

 211.8

 210.5

 208.3

 0.1

 7,184

 2016

 229.8

 228.4

 219.4

 219.5

 214.4

 218.7

 221.9

 219.0

 0.1

 6,171

 2017

 238.4

 239.7

 243.1

 245.8

 245.2

 246.5

 248.9

 0.1

 6,091

 2018

 239.4

 245.1

 239.2

 239.8

 235.3

 238.0

 0.1

 5,782

 2019

 255.2

 248.4

 240.4

 240.2

 238.6

 0.1

 5,961

 2020

 252.1

 231.0

 221.1

 217.7

 5.8

 5,939

 2021

 259.7

 244.5

 221.6

 8.5

 5,571

 2022

 274.3

 240.5

 4.1

 5,572

 2023

 267.4

 111.8

 3,353

 Total net incurred claims

 $

 2,300.7

 Net cumulative paid claims (1)

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Incurral

 year

 2014

 $

 16.1

 $

 66.0

 $

 96.3

 $

 111.8

 $

 122.3

 $

 132.4

 $

 140.8

 $

 147.2

 $

 153.3

 $

 158.5

 2015

 16.9

 67.0

 98.0

 114.6

 126.8

 137.1

 146.5

 154.0

 160.3

 2016

 16.2

 70.6

 105.6

 124.9

 136.8

 147.2

 157.1

 165.3

 2017

 17.8

 76.5

 115.0

 135.9

 151.7

 165.4

 176.8

 2018

 20.1

 79.9

 115.7

 135.7

 150.3

 163.3

 2019

 19.2

 79.7

 117.5

 136.4

 150.6

 2020

 20.6

 78.8

 113.1

 130.0

 2021

 19.8

 79.0

 113.2

 2022

 19.6

 76.6

 2023

 20.0

 Total net paid claims

 1,314.6

 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2014 net of reinsurance

 251.8

 Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance

 $

 1,237.9

 (1)
 2014-2022 unaudited.

 Dental, Vision, STD, Critical Illness, Accident, Hospital Indemnity and PFML Claims

 Incurred

 Cumulative

 but not

 number of

 Net incurred claims (1)

 2022

 2023

 2023

 2023

 Incurral year

 2022

 $

 924.4

 $

 910.6

 $

 —

 4,317,802

 2023

 1,032.3

 57.1

 4,566,920

 Total net incurred claims

 $

 1,942.9

 Net cumulative

 paid claims (1)

 2022

 2023

 Incurral year

 2022

 $

 845.5

 $

 909.8

 2023

 954.0

 Total net paid claims

 1,863.8

 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2022 net of reinsurance

 —

 Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance

 $

 79.1

 (1)
 2022 unaudited.

 Group Life Claims

 Incurred

 Cumulative

 but not

 number of

 Net incurred claims (1)

 2022

 2023

 2023

 2023

 Incurral year

 2022

 $

 279.3

 $

 284.2

 $

 1.1

 6,168

 2023

 284.8

 33.3

 5,064

 Total net incurred claims

 $

 569.0

 Net cumulative

 paid claims (1)

 2022

 2023

 Incurral year

 2022

 $

 218.3

 $

 277.5

 2023

 215.1

 Total net paid claims

 492.6

 All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2022 net of reinsurance

 8.1

 Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance

 $

 84.5

 (1)
 2022 unaudited.

 Reconciliation of Unpaid Claims to Liability for Unpaid Claims
 Our reconciliation of net outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims of short-duration contracts to the liability for unpaid claims follows:

 Dental, Vision, STD,

 Critical Illness,

 LTD and Group Life

 Accident, Hospital

 Waiver

 Indemnity and PFML

 Group Life

 Consolidated

 Net outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims

 $

 1,237.9

 $

 79.1

 $

 84.5

 $

 1,401.5

 Reconciling items:

 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims

 39.2

 —

 0.1

 39.3

 Impact of discounting

 ( 215.0)

 —

 —

 ( 215.0)

 Loss adjustment expense liability

 20.5

 4.6

 12.5

 37.6

 Liability for unpaid claims - short-duration contracts

 $

 1,082.6

 $

 83.7

 $

 97.1

 1,263.4

 Insurance contracts other than short-duration

 142.5

 Liability for unpaid claims

 $

 1,405.9

 Claim Duration and Payout
 Our historical average percentage of claims paid in each year from incurral was as follows:

 December 31, 2023 (1)

 Dental, Vision, STD,

 Critical Illness,

 LTD and Group Life

 Accident, Hospital

 Year

 Waiver

 Indemnity and PFML

 Group Life

 8.1

 %

 92.1

 %

 78.9

 %

 25.0

 7.9

 18.8

 15.4

 8.2

 5.8

 5.2

 4.5

 3.5

 3.0

 2.6

 (1)
 Unaudited.

 Discounting
 The following table provides the carrying amount of liabilities reported at present value for short-duration contract unpaid claims. We use a range of discount rates to derive the present value of the unpaid claims. The ranges of discount rates as well as the aggregate amount of discount deducted to derive the liabilities for unpaid claims and interest accretion recognized are also disclosed. Interest accretion is included in benefits, claims and settlement expenses within our consolidated statements of operations.

 Dental, Vision, STD,

 Critical Illness,

 LTD and Group Life

 Accident, Hospital

 Waiver

 Indemnity and PFML

 Group Life

 Carrying amount of liabilities for unpaid claims

 $

 1,082.6

 $

 83.7

 $

 97.1

 1,076.2

 79.7

 73.6

 Range of discount rates

 2.8

 -

 7.0

 %

 —

 -

 —

 %

 —

 -

 —

 %

 2.8

 -

 7.0

 —

 -

 —

 —

 -

 —

 Aggregate amount of discount

 $

 215.0

 $

 —

 $

 —

 209.4

 —

 —

 Interest accretion

 For the year ended:

 $

 34.7

 $

 —

 $

 —

 33.0

 —

 —

 December 31, 2021

 33.8

 —

 —

 Long-Duration Contracts
 Gross Premiums or Assessments and Interest Accretion
 The amount of gross premiums or assessments and interest accretion recognized by segment in the consolidated statements of operations was as follows:

 Gross premiums or assessments (1)

 Interest accretion (2)

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 2,905.9

 $

 1,941.0

 $

 1,800.1

 $

 1,008.6

 $

 935.7

 $

 916.7

 42.5

 30.1

 83.5

 219.1

 229.7

 240.5

 2,948.4

 1,971.1

 1,883.6

 1,227.7

 1,165.4

 1,157.2

 Individual fixed income annuities (3)

 29.7

 78.8

 128.9

 385.8

 662.0

 444.3

 624.6

 601.0

 574.1

 94.5

 90.2

 85.6

 681.8

 577.7

 621.0

 209.2

 171.2

 158.3

 649.1

 630.5

 619.4

 48.2

 43.9

 43.2

 1,955.5

 1,809.2

 1,814.5

 351.9

 305.3

 287.1

 5.1

 5.2

 5.2

 9.6

 9.8

 9.5

 Total per consolidated statements of operations

 $

 4,938.7

 $

 3,864.3

 $

 3,832.2

 $

 1,975.0

 $

 2,142.5

 $

 1,898.1

 (1)

 Gross premiums are included within premiums and other considerations on the consolidated statements of operations. Assessments, which are only applicable to the Life Insurance – Universal life level of aggregation, are included within fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations.

 (2)

 Interest accretion is included within benefits, claims and settlement expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

 (3)

 Includes inflation adjustments included within the liability for future policy benefits rollforward for interest accretion.

 Liability for Future Policy Benefits
 The liability for future policy benefits ("LFPB") for individual and group annuities is generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefit payments. The reserves are computed using assumptions for mortality and interest. Mortality rate assumptions are based on our experience and are periodically reviewed against both industry standards and experience. The LFPB for non-participating term life insurance, individual disability income contracts and individual and group long-term care contracts is generally equal to the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums. The reserves are computed using assumptions for mortality, interest, morbidity and lapse.
 An interest accretion rate is determined for an identified cohort and remains unchanged after the issue year. For policies issued on or prior to December 31, 2020, the interest accretion rate is based on the assumed investment yield when the business was issued. For policies issued after December 31, 2020, the interest accretion rate is based on the upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields, which is generally equivalent to a single-A rated bond yield matched to the duration of our insurance liabilities, when the business was issued.

 The LFPB is remeasured to reflect current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields as of each reporting date. The liability is calculated by discounting cash flows using rate curves reflecting the currency and duration of the insurance liabilities. For discount rate tenors, or points on the curves, where the upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields are not liquid or limited observable market data is available, we use various estimation techniques consistent with fair value measurement guidance.
 For our individual fixed income annuities in Latin America, the discount rate methodology is designed to prioritize observable inputs based on market data available in the local debt markets where the respective policies are issued in the currency in which the policies are denominated. For discount rate tenors where upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields based on international rating standards are not liquid or limited observable market data is available, estimation techniques are used to determine a curve in the appropriate currency.
 Further details regarding reference rates used are included under "Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates."
 The balances and the changes in the present value for expected future policy benefits were as follows:

 risk

 fixed income

 risk

 fixed income

 transfer

 transfer

 $

 21,211.4

 $

 5,019.4

 $

 25,365.8

 $

 6,535.0

 1,799.6

 439.0

 ( 3,386.5)

 ( 812.6)

 23,011.0

 5,458.4

 21,979.3

 5,722.4

 ( 53.4)

 ( 7.9)

 ( 14.6)

 —

 22,943.0

 5,457.0

 21,968.2

 5,719.4

 1,008.6

 219.1

 935.7

 229.7

 ( 1,981.4)

 ( 507.3)

 ( 1,841.7)

 ( 520.4)

 2,921.7

 42.0

 1,948.8

 29.7

 24,891.9

 5,210.8

 23,011.0

 5,458.4

 ( 1,036.1)

 ( 296.7)

 ( 1,799.6)

 ( 439.0)

 Future policy benefits

 23,855.8

 4,914.1

 21,211.4

 5,019.4

 —

 ( 4,869.1)

 —

 ( 5,002.7)

 Future policy benefits after reinsurance

 $

 23,855.8

 $

 45.0

 $

 21,211.4

 $

 16.7

 Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (1)

 8.5

 7.9

 8.5

 7.9

 (1)

 Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in an increase to the LFPB of $ 763.5 million for Pension risk transfer and $ 142.3 million for Individual fixed income annuities.
 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the LFPB of $ 5,186.1 million for Pension risk transfer and $ 1,251.6 million for Individual fixed income annuities.
 See "Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates" for further details.

 Principal Asset Management – Principal International
 The balances and the changes in the present value for expected future policy benefits for Latin America – Individual fixed income annuities were as follows:

 $

 5,042.3

 $

 4,336.8

 ( 754.6)

 ( 478.5)

 4,287.7

 3,858.3

 0.9

 ( 4.7)

 4,288.6

 3,853.6

 Interest accrual (1)

 385.8

 662.0

 ( 355.9)

 ( 325.8)

 30.0

 86.4

 ( 106.6)

 11.5

 4,241.9

 4,287.7

 351.8

 754.6

 Future policy benefits

 $

 4,593.7

 $

 5,042.3

 Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2)

 9.9

 10.9

 (1)

 Includes inflation adjustments.

 (2)

 Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefit cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields impacting Latin America increased during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in a decrease to the LFPB of $ 402.8 million.
 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields impacting Latin America decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in an increase to the LFPB of $ 276.1 million.
 See "Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates" for further details.

 The balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits were as follows:

 Specialty

 Life

 Specialty

 Life

 Benefits

 Insurance

 Benefits

 Insurance

 Present value of expected net premiums

 $

 2,341.8

 $

 3,423.2

 $

 3,149.9

 $

 4,193.7

 395.2

 196.0

 ( 198.9)

 ( 690.1)

 2,737.0

 3,619.2

 2,951.0

 3,503.6

 ( 37.6)

 143.5

 ( 413.1)

 —

 244.3

 103.3

 235.9

 128.6

 2,943.7

 3,866.0

 2,773.8

 3,632.2

 95.6

 171.9

 95.2

 162.9

 Net premiums collected

 ( 273.4)

 ( 359.8)

 ( 276.5)

 ( 346.6)

 100.1

 215.7

 144.5

 170.7

 2,866.0

 3,893.8

 2,737.0

 3,619.2

 ( 313.7)

 ( 100.1)

 ( 395.2)

 ( 196.0)

 $

 2,552.3

 $

 3,793.7

 $

 2,341.8

 $

 3,423.2

 $

 4,040.6

 $

 4,332.2

 $

 5,648.3

 $

 5,311.3

 1,021.4

 251.6

 ( 501.0)

 ( 913.9)

 5,062.0

 4,583.8

 5,147.3

 4,397.4

 ( 51.5)

 181.8

 ( 476.3)

 —

 260.8

 116.8

 240.0

 139.0

 5,271.3

 4,882.4

 4,911.0

 4,536.4

 190.1

 220.1

 185.4

 206.8

 ( 210.0)

 ( 330.4)

 ( 183.7)

 ( 340.6)

 102.8

 232.0

 149.3

 181.2

 5,354.2

 5,004.1

 5,062.0

 4,583.8

 ( 903.5)

 ( 124.5)

 ( 1,021.4)

 ( 251.6)

 $

 4,450.7

 $

 4,879.6

 $

 4,040.6

 $

 4,332.2

 Future policy benefits (1)

 $

 1,898.4

 $

 1,085.9

 $

 1,698.8

 $

 909.0

 ( 421.6)

 45.2

 ( 386.8)

 25.6

 Future policy benefits after reinsurance

 $

 1,476.8

 $

 1,131.1

 $

 1,312.0

 $

 934.6

 Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2)

 18.4

 9.4

 18.5

 9.6

 (1)

 Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums.

 (2)

 Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in an increase to the LFPB of $ 36.4 million for Individual disability and $ 31.2 million for Term life.
 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the LFPB of $ 928.3 million for Individual disability and $ 279.4 million for Term life.
 See "Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates" for further details.
 We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2023, resulting in a $ 13.9 million decrease in the LFPB and a $ 10.2 million increase to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Individual disability. This was primarily due to favorable updates to claim incidence rates. The updates also resulted in a $ 38.3 million increase in the LFPB and a $ 25.4 million decrease to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Term life. This was primarily due to unfavorable updates to mortality assumptions.
 We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2022, resulting in a $ 63.2 million decrease in the LFPB and a $ 52.4 million increase to income before taxes, net of reinsurance, for Individual disability. This was primarily due to favorable updates to claim experience assumptions.
 Additional Liability for Certain Benefit Features
 The LFPB also includes an additional reserve on certain universal life contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years. The liability for these future losses is accrued in relation to estimated contract assessments. A premium deficiency exists if the net liabilities together with future premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for expected future policy benefits. Premium deficiency testing considers, among other factors, anticipated investment income and does not include a provision for adverse deviation. We did not have a premium deficiency reserve as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 The balances and the changes in the additional liability for certain benefits features for Life Insurance – Universal life contracts, excluding the impact of unrealized gains (losses), were as follows:

 $

 4,095.2

 $

 3,814.2

 725.4

 ( 6.0)

 45.2

 54.9

 209.2

 171.2

 Net assessments collected

 378.1

 320.3

 ( 126.6)

 ( 91.9)

 Other (1)

 —

 ( 167.5)

 5,326.5

 4,095.2

 ( 5,306.2)

 ( 4,091.4)

 Balance at end of period after reinsurance

 $

 20.3

 $

 3.8

 Weighted-average duration for additional liability (years) (2)

 26.2

 27.6

 (1)

 Reflects the impact of re-cohorting in 2022 as a result of our decision to manage the ULSG business separately from our other UL business following the Strategic Review.

 (2)

 Represents the average of the cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net assessment cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

 We updated our actuarial assumptions during the third quarter of 2023, resulting in a $ 725.4 million increase in the additional liability for certain benefit features primarily due to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to ULSG products, resulting in a $ 13.1 million decrease to income before taxes, net of reinsurance.
 The balances and the changes in the present value for expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits for long-term care insurance were as follows:

 Present value of expected net premiums

 $

 64.6

 $

 62.8

 ( 3.6)

 ( 14.0)

 61.0

 48.8

 ( 13.3)

 10.0

 ( 5.7)

 4.1

 42.0

 62.9

 2.9

 3.3

 Net premiums collected

 39.8

 61.0

 3.0

 3.6

 $

 42.8

 $

 64.6

 $

 248.1

 $

 297.5

 ( 18.9)

 ( 89.5)

 229.2

 208.0

 ( 40.5)

 17.2

 2.5

 3.7

 191.2

 228.9

 12.5

 13.1

 ( 14.2)

 ( 12.8)

 189.5

 229.2

 20.0

 18.9

 $

 209.5

 $

 248.1

 Future policy benefits (1)

 $

 166.7

 $

 183.5

 ( 166.7)

 ( 183.5)

 Future policy benefits after reinsurance

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Weighted-average duration for future policy benefits (years) (2)

 10.4

 11.8

 (1)

 Represents the present value of expected future policy benefit payments less the present value of expected net premiums.

 (2)

 Represents the average of cohort-level duration of the benefits less the net premium cash flows weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort.

 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in an increase to the LFPB of $ 1.7 million.
 Upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease to the LFPB of $ 60.2 million.
 See "Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates" for further details.
 Expected Future Gross Premiums and Benefit Payments
 The amounts of expected undiscounted future benefit payments, expected undiscounted future gross premiums and expected discounted future gross premiums, utilizing the current upper-medium fixed-income instrument yield, were as follows:

 $

 36,325.5

 $

 33,691.4

 $

 7,292.0

 $

 7,716.6

 $

 6,296.0

 $

 6,449.9

 Benefits and Protection – Specialty Benefits:

 Expected discounted future gross premiums

 $

 5,456.4

 $

 5,140.9

 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums

 $

 8,264.8

 $

 7,978.7

 $

 8,981.2

 $

 8,473.9

 Expected discounted future gross premiums

 $

 6,385.1

 $

 6,104.6

 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums

 $

 10,287.2

 $

 10,146.3

 $

 7,832.3

 $

 7,202.5

 Expected discounted future gross premiums

 $

 42.8

 $

 64.6

 Expected undiscounted future gross premiums

 $

 60.3

 $

 96.5

 $

 371.0

 $

 483.4

 Interest Accretion and Current Discount Rates
 The interest accretion rate shown for each level of aggregation is an average of the cohort-level accretion rates weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort within that level of aggregation. The current discount rate is calculated at a cohort-level based on current upper-medium fixed-income instrument yields and weighted by the reserve balance for each cohort within each level of aggregation. The weighted-average rates were as follows:

 Interest accretion rate

 Current discount rate

 4.52

 %

 4.38

 %

 4.99

 %

 5.31

 %

 4.22

 %

 4.22

 %

 4.97

 %

 5.30

 %

 Principal Asset Management – Principal

 International (1):

 4.22

 %

 4.24

 %

 3.23

 %

 2.43

 %

 3.96

 %

 4.03

 %

 5.05

 %

 5.36

 %

 4.75

 %

 4.73

 %

 See note (2)

 See note (2)

 4.83

 %

 4.89

 %

 4.90

 %

 5.22

 %

 6.16

 %

 6.16

 %

 5.01

 %

 5.34

 %

 (1)

 The interest accretion rate and current discount rate are Chilean real rates, excluding inflation, in the local currency.

 (2)

 The additional liability for certain benefit features for Life Insurance – Universal life is measured using the discount rate at contract inception. Therefore, the current discount rate is not applicable for this product.

 11. Market Risk Benefits
 Contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk, including equity, interest rate or foreign exchange risk, and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk are classified as MRBs. We issue certain annuity contracts and other investment contracts that include MRBs that have been bifurcated from the host contract. The Retirement and Income Solutions segment offers variable annuity products with GMWB riders and GMDB riders, including the GMDB for its RILA products that offer return of premium death benefits. The Principal Asset Management segment offers defined contribution plans in Asia with a guarantee on the minimum account balance under certain qualifying events.
 MRBs are measured at fair value at the contract level and can be in either an asset or liability position, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. MRB assets and liabilities are presented separately within the consolidated statements of financial position. Increases to an asset or decreases to a liability are described as favorable changes to fair value.
 Changes in fair value are reported in MRB remeasurement (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the change in fair value related to our own nonperformance risk is reported in OCI. For contracts that contain multiple MRB features, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model.
 MRBs are classified as Level 3 fair value measurements as the fair value is based on unobservable inputs. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the MRBs are market assumptions such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations and policyholder behavior assumptions such as lapse, mortality, utilization and withdrawal patterns. Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The MRBs are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own nonperformance risk.
 The assumption for our own nonperformance risk for MRBs is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Increases (decreases) in our own nonperformance risk, which impacts the rates used to discount future cash flows, could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs.
 Long-term interest rates are used as the mean return when projecting the growth in the value of the associated account value and impact the discount rate used in the discounted future cash flows valuation. The amount of claims will increase if account value is not sufficient to cover guaranteed withdrawals. An increase (decrease) in risk-free rates could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs. A decrease (increase) in market volatilities could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs.
 An increase (decrease) in mortality rates or the overall lapse rate assumptions could cause a favorable (unfavorable) change in the fair value of the MRBs. The lapse rate assumption may vary dynamically based on the relationship between the guarantee and associated account value. A weaker (stronger) dynamic lapse rate assumption could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs.
 The utilization rate assumption includes how many contractholders will take withdrawals, when they will take them and how much of their benefit they will take. A decrease (increase) in the number of contractholders taking withdrawals, contractholders taking withdrawals earlier versus later, or contractholders taking more versus less of their benefit could lead to favorable (unfavorable) changes in the fair value of the MRBs.

 11. Market Risk Benefits – (continued)

 The following tables summarize disaggregated MRB amounts in an asset and liability position reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 Net asset

 Net asset

 Asset

 Liability

 Asset

 Liability

 $

 153.4

 $

 111.9

 $

 41.5

 $

 109.2

 $

 181.4

 $

 Asia:

 Guaranteed pension

 —

 21.3

 ( 21.3)

 —

 26.0

 ( 26.0)

 Total MRB per consolidated statements of financial position

 $

 153.4

 $

 133.2

 $

 20.2

 $

 109.2

 $

 207.4

 $

 ( 98.2)

 The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Individual variable annuities were as follows:

 $

 $

 ( 494.7)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period

 ( 31.7)

 109.5

 Adjusted balance at beginning of period

 ( 103.9)

 ( 385.2)

 Effect of:

 Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior

 ( 80.9)

 ( 90.1)

 0.4

 1.3

 Changes in interest rates

 39.9

 539.1

 Changes in equity markets

 155.1

 ( 112.4)

 Changes in equity index volatility

 47.9

 ( 50.2)

 Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior

 ( 4.0)

 1.5

 Changes in future expected policyholder behavior

 —

 ( 6.1)

 Changes in other future expected assumptions

 ( 5.3)

 ( 1.8)

 Adjusted balance at end of period

 49.2

 ( 103.9)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period

 ( 7.7)

 31.7

 $

 41.5

 $

 Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1)

 67.7

 67.4

 Net amount at risk (2)

 $

 111.2

 $

 415.5

 (1)

 The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the total contributions since inception and the age of the contractholders.

 (2)

 The net amount at risk for our GMDB riders is defined as the current GMDB amount in excess of the current account balance. The net amount at risk for our GMWB riders is defined as the greater of the present value of the GMWB payments less the current account balance or zero. For contracts with both GMDB and GMWB riders, the net amount at risk is the greater of the GMDB or GMWB net amount at risk. A decrease in the net amount at risk in 2023 as a result of increases in the equity markets was partially offset by an increase in the net amount at risk as a result of increases in interest rates. Decreases in the equity markets and increases in interest rates resulted in an increase in the net amount at risk in 2022.

 11. Market Risk Benefits – (continued)

 Significant changes to inputs and assumptions that impacted the change in the MRB fair value measurement shown above were as follows:

 Change in net

 Change in net

 Change in input

 MRB asset (liability)

 Change in input

 MRB asset (liability)

 Long-term interest rate

 Equity markets

 Decreased

 Unfavorable

 Equity market volatilities

 Decreased

 Unfavorable

 Own nonperformance risk

 Decreased

 Unfavorable

 See "Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement" for additional details on the inputs.
 Principal Asset Management – Principal International
 The net asset (liability) balances and the changes in the valuation of the MRBs for Asia – Guaranteed pension were as follows:

 $

 ( 26.0)

 $

 ( 35.1)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at beginning of period

 1.2

 4.3

 Adjusted balance at beginning of period

 ( 24.8)

 ( 30.8)

 Effect of:

 Interest accrual and expected policyholder behavior

 ( 10.1)

 ( 7.1)

 13.8

 9.5

 Changes in interest rates

 1.2

 3.9

 Changes in equity markets

 0.2

 Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior

 0.7

 Adjusted balance at end of period

 ( 20.3)

 ( 24.8)

 Effect of changes in nonperformance risk at end of period

 $

 ( 21.3)

 $

 ( 26.0)

 Weighted-average attained age of policyholders (years) (1)

 54.0

 50.0

 Net amount at risk (2)

 $

 25.1

 $

 91.0

 (1)

 The weighted-average attained age is calculated at the contract level using the guarantee amounts and the age of the underlying members of the contracts.

 (2)

 The net amount at risk for the minimum guarantee on withdrawal is defined as the current guaranteed balance in excess of the current account balance.

 11. Market Risk Benefits – (continued)

 Unobservable Inputs for Fair Value Measurement
 The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for fair value measurements of MRBs. The utilization rate and mortality rate inputs are omitted from the table as a range does not provide meaningful presentation. The utilization rate represents the number of contractholders taking withdrawals in addition to the amount and timing of the withdrawals. The mortality rate is an input based on an appropriate industry mortality table.

 Range of inputs

 Average

 Range of inputs

 Average

 Long-term interest rate (1)

 4.00 - 4.20

 %

 4.10

 %

 3.97 - 4.12

 %

 4.04

 %

 Long-term equity market volatility

 18.00 - 33.00

 %

 22.00

 %

 18.10 - 34.15

 %

 22.07

 %

 Nonperformance risk

 0.80 - 1.60

 %

 1.30

 %

 0.90 - 1.96

 %

 1.65

 %

 Lapse rate

 1.10 - 55.00

 %

 5.90

 %

 1.25 - 24.75

 %

 5.76

 %

 Asia:

 Guaranteed pension

 Long-term interest rate (1)

 4.54 - 4.70

 %

 4.61

 %

 3.80 - 3.98

 %

 3.88

 %

 Long-term equity market volatility

 16.39 - 23.75

 %

 19.64

 %

 18.06 - 25.16

 %

 20.69

 %

 Nonperformance risk

 0.90 - 1.77

 %

 1.51

 %

 0.90 - 1.98

 %

 1.68

 %

 Lapse rate

 4.95 - 19.35

 %

 16.80

 %

 4.95 - 19.35

 %

 13.40

 %

 (1)

 Represents the range of rate curves used in the valuation analysis that we have determined market participants would use when pricing the instrument. The rate curves are derived from an interpolation between various observable swap rates.

 12. Reinsurance
 We reinsure a portion of the insurance risks associated with our individual disability, traditional life, universal life, medical and long-term care insurance as well as retail fixed annuity contracts with significant life insurance risk through reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurance companies, primarily on a quota share, excess loss, yearly renewable term or coinsurance basis. During the second quarter of 2022, we closed a coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance transaction with Talcott Life & Annuity Re in which we ceded our in-force U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG blocks of business. The economics of the transaction were effective as of January 1, 2022. We use both the reinsurance and deposit methods of accounting for this transaction. For further information about this transaction, refer to Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies.
 We are contingently liable with respect to reinsurance ceded to other companies in the event the reinsurer is unable to meet the obligations it has assumed. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $ 14,533.1 million and $ 13,541.5 million of reinsurance recoverable assets, respectively, included in reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable on the consolidated statements of financial position, which does not reflect potentially offsetting impacts of collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $ 45.2 million and $ 39.4 million of reinsurance recoverable liabilities, respectively, included in future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 14,404.5 million, or 99 %, and $ 12,953.1 million, or 98 %, were with our five largest ceded reinsurers, respectively.

 12. Reinsurance – (continued)

 The effects of reinsurance on premiums and other considerations and policy and contract benefits were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Premiums and other considerations:

 $

 6,962.2

 $

 5,796.1

 $

 5,492.1

 Ceded

 ( 491.3)

 ( 456.4)

 ( 650.6)

 Net premiums and other considerations

 $

 $

 $

 Benefits, claims and settlement expenses:

 $

 9,365.4

 $

 8,103.6

 $

 7,833.4

 Ceded

 ( 1,577.2)

 ( 1,472.3)

 ( 575.2)

 Net benefits, claims and settlement expenses

 $

 $

 $

 Liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain:

 $

 737.4

 $

 ( 179.5)

 $

 ( 6.4)

 Ceded

 ( 789.0)

 ( 85.0)

 2.0

 Net liability for future policy benefits remeasurement gain

 $

 ( 51.6)

 $

 ( 264.5)

 $

 ( 4.4)

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a $ 6,078.6 million and $ 7,901.0 reinsurance deposit receivable, respectively.
 Refer to Note 4, Investments, for information on our financing receivables valuation allowance related to the reinsurance recoverable and deposit receivable.
 Cost of Reinsurance
 A reinsurance asset or liability is established to spread the expected net reinsurance costs or profits over the expected term of the contracts. The cost of reinsurance asset and liability are reported in premiums due and other receivables and liability for future policy benefits and claims, respectively, on the consolidated statements of financial position. The cost of reinsurance asset and liability included on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows:

 Cost of reinsurance asset

 $

 3,275.5

 $

 3,339.1

 Cost of reinsurance liability

 $

 424.6

 $

 479.8

 Cost of reinsurance amortization, including the impact of remeasurement, of $ 17.7 million, $ 19.3 million and $ 23.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, was reported in benefits, claims and settlement expenses and liability for future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of operations.

 12. Reinsurance – (continued)

 Funds Withheld
 The following assets were held in support of our reserves associated with our coinsurance with funds withheld agreement and are reported in the line items shown on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 $

 15,587.5

 $

 15,693.5

 316.8

 100.8

 0.3

 11.0

 2,385.9

 2,810.8

 621.4

 179.8

 818.4

 1,762.9

 Accrued interest income

 187.0

 178.7

 Net other liabilities

 ( 77.8)

 ( 33.6)

 Net assets

 $

 19,839.5

 $

 20,703.9

 Certain assets are reported at amortized cost while the fair value of those assets is reflected in the funds withheld payable. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a $ 19,629.5 million and $ 20,436.1 million funds withheld payable, which was net of a $ 2,567.1 million and $ 3,652.8 million embedded derivative asset, respectively. The change in fair value of the embedded derivative was a gain (loss) of $( 1,085.7) million, $ 3,652.8 million and $ 0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 While the economic benefits of the funds withheld assets flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re, we retain legal ownership of the assets within the funds withheld account. Guidelines are in place to ensure the investment risk is appropriately managed. Net investment income and net realized capital gains (losses) related to the assets on the consolidated statements of operations is reported net of the amounts that flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re. The realized gains and losses that do not flow to Talcott Life & Annuity Re are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets on the consolidated statements of operations.
 Following are the components of net investment income on the funds withheld assets that were passed to Talcott Life & Annuity Re.

 2023

 2022

 $

 856.9

 $

 745.9

 11.9

 2.0

 0.2

 0.6

 119.0

 98.4

 57.9

 18.2

 Other

 64.0

 4.8

 Total

 1,109.9

 869.9

 Investment expenses

 23.7

 20.5

 $

 1,086.2

 $

 849.4

 12. Reinsurance – (continued)

 Following are the components of net realized capital gains (losses) on the funds withheld assets that were passed to Talcott Life & Annuity Re.

 2023

 2022

 $

 ( 229.7)

 $

 ( 235.5)

 ( 6.4)

 ( 2.4)

 ( 34.1)

 ( 24.8)

 7.2

 2.7

 Other

 —

 3.3

 Net realized capital losses

 $

 ( 257.9)

 $

 ( 263.1)

 13. Debt
 Short-Term Debt
 The components of short-term debt were as follows:

 Financing

 Obligor/Applicant

 structure

 Maturity

 Capacity

 outstanding

 Principal Life

 Credit facility

 October 2027

 $

 800.0

 $

 —

 Unsecured

 Principal International Chile (1)

 lines of credit

 130.9

 58.6

 Other short-term borrowings

 Uncollateralized debt

 2.5

 2.5

 Total

 $

 933.4

 $

 61.1

 Financing

 Obligor/Applicant

 structure

 Maturity

 Capacity

 outstanding

 Principal Life

 Credit facility

 October 2027

 $

 800.0

 $

 —

 Unsecured

 Principal International Chile (1)

 lines of credit

 136.9

 80.7

 Total

 $

 936.9

 $

 80.7

 (1)
 The unsecured lines of credit can be used for repurchase agreements or other borrowings. Each line has a maturity of less than one year.

 Our revolving credit facilities are committed and available for general corporate purposes. These credit facilities also provide 100 % back-stop support for our commercial paper program, of which we had no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The weighted-average interest rate on short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, was 15.6 % and 6.0 %, respectively.

 13. Debt – (continued)

 Long-Term Debt
 The components of long-term debt were as follows:

 Net unamortized
discount,
premium and
debt issuance
costs

 3.4 % notes payable, due 2025

 $

 400.0

 $

 $

 399.3

 3.1 % notes payable, due 2026

 350.0

 348.9

 3.7 % notes payable, due 2029

 500.0

 496.2

 2.125 % notes payable, due 2030

 600.0

 596.8

 5.375 % notes payable, due 2033

 400.0

 396.2

 6.05 % notes payable, due 2036

 505.6

 ( 2.1)

 503.5

 4.625 % notes payable, due 2042

 300.0

 ( 2.8)

 297.2

 4.35 % notes payable, due 2043

 300.0

 ( 2.9)

 297.1

 4.3 % notes payable, due 2046

 300.0

 297.0

 5.5 % notes payable, due 2053

 300.0

 295.7

 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable

 3.1

 3.0

 Total long-term debt

 $

 3,958.7

 $

 ( 27.8)

 $

 3,930.9

 Net unamortized
discount,
premium and
debt issuance
costs

 3.125 % notes payable, due 2023

 $

 300.0

 $

 $

 299.9

 3.4 % notes payable, due 2025

 400.0

 398.8

 3.1 % notes payable, due 2026

 350.0

 ( 1.4)

 348.6

 3.7 % notes payable, due 2029

 500.0

 495.7

 2.125 % notes payable, due 2030

 600.0

 ( 3.6)

 596.4

 6.05 % notes payable, due 2036

 505.6

 ( 2.3)

 503.3

 4.625 % notes payable, due 2042

 300.0

 ( 2.9)

 297.1

 4.35 % notes payable, due 2043

 300.0

 297.0

 4.3 % notes payable, due 2046

 300.0

 ( 3.1)

 296.9

 Floating rate notes payable, due 2055

 400.0

 ( 4.5)

 395.5

 Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable

 67.1

 0.7

 67.8

 Total long-term debt

 $

 4,022.7

 $

 ( 25.7)

 $

 3,997.0

 Net discount, premium and issuance costs associated with issuing these notes are amortized to expense over the respective terms using the interest method.
 On March 8, 2023, we issued $ 700.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $ 400.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 5.375 % and will mature in 2033 and a $ 300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 5.5 % and will mature in 2053. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 each year, beginning on September 15, 2023. The proceeds from these notes were used to redeem our floating rate notes payable due in 2055 and to repay at maturity our 3.125 % notes payable due in 2023. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date, which was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

 13. Debt – (continued)

 On June 12, 2020, we issued $ 500.0 million of senior notes at a discount. On August 3, 2020, we issued an additional $ 100.0 million of senior notes at a premium. These notes bear interest at 2.125 % and will mature in 2030. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 each year, beginning on December 15, 2020. The proceeds from these notes were used for general corporate purposes.
 On May 7, 2019, we issued $ 500.0 million of senior notes. The notes bear interest at 3.7 % and will mature in 2029. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on November 15, 2019. The proceeds from these notes, along with available cash, were used to fund the acquisition of the Acquired Business.
 On November 10, 2016, we issued $ 650.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $ 350.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 3.1 % and will mature in 2026 and a $ 300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 4.3 % and will mature in 2046. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on May 15, 2017. The proceeds from these notes were used to redeem our notes payable due in 2017 and 2019. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date.
 On May 7, 2015, we issued $ 400.0 million of junior subordinated notes, which were subordinated to all our senior debt. The notes became callable in 2020 and had a maturity date in 2055. The notes initially bore a fixed rate of interest at 4.7 % and converted to a floating rate at the date the notes became callable. Interest on the notes was payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year. After the call date the notes bore interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 3.044 %, reset quarterly and payable in arrears in February, May, August and November each year. We had the right to defer interest payments on the junior subordinated notes for up to 5 years without resulting in a default, during which time interest will be compounded. The junior subordinated notes were repaid following our March 2023 debt issuance. In addition, on May 7, 2015, we issued $ 400.0 million of senior notes. The notes bear interest at 3.4 % and will mature in 2025. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on November 15, 2015. The proceeds from both the junior subordinated notes and the senior notes were used to redeem preferred stock, with the remainder available for general corporate purposes.
 On November 16, 2012, we issued $ 900.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $ 300.0 million series of notes that bore interest at 1.85 % and were to mature in 2017. These notes were repaid following our November 2016 debt issuance. We issued a $ 300.0 million series of notes that bore interest at 3.125 % and matured in 2023 and a $ 300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 4.35 % and will mature in 2043. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on May 15, 2013. The proceeds were used to fund our acquisition of Cuprum.
 On September 5, 2012, we issued a $ 300.0 million series of senior notes that bear interest at 4.625 % and will mature in 2042. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 each year, beginning on March 15, 2013. The proceeds were used for the repayment of the $ 400.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes due in 2014 and to partially fund our acquisition of Cuprum.
 On October 16 and December 5, 2006, we issued $ 500.0 million and $ 100.0 million, respectively, of senior notes. The notes bear interest at a rate of 6.05 % per year. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 each year and began on April 15, 2007. The notes will mature on October 15, 2036. A portion of the proceeds were used to fund the 2006 acquisition of WM Advisors, Inc., with the remaining proceeds being used for general corporate purposes. A tender offer in the fourth quarter of 2016 resulted in redemption of $ 94.4 million of the senior notes. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date.
 The non-recourse mortgages and notes payable are primarily financings for real estate developments. As of December 31, 2023, the development had an outstanding principal balance of $ 3.0 million with an interest rate of 4.0 %. As of December 31, 2022, outstanding principal balances ranged from $ 3.0 million to $ 15.9 million per development with interest rates ranging from 3.5 % to 4.8 %. Outstanding debt is secured by the underlying real estate properties, which were reported as real estate on our consolidated statements of financial position with a carrying value of $ 321.7 million and $ 317.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 13. Debt – (continued)

 As of December 31, 2023, future annual maturities of long-term debt were as follows (in millions):

 Year ending December 31:

 2024

 $

 0.1

 2025

 399.3

 2026

 349.9

 2027

 1.0

 2028

 1.0

 Thereafter

 3,179.6

 Total future maturities of long-term debt

 $

 3,930.9

 Contingent Funding Agreements for Senior Debt Issuance
 On March 8, 2018, we entered into two contingent funding agreements: (1) a 10-year contingent funding agreement with a Delaware trust ("2028 Trust") formed by us in connection with the sale by the trust of $ 400.0 million pre-capitalized trust securities redeemable February 15, 2028 ("2028 P-Caps") in a Rule 144A private placement and (2) a 30-year contingent funding agreement with a Delaware trust ("2048 Trust") formed by us in connection with the sale by the trust of $ 350.0 million pre-capitalized trust securities redeemable February 15, 2048 ("2048 P-Caps") in a Rule 144A private placement. The trusts invested the proceeds from the sale of the 2028 P-Caps and 2048 P-Caps in a portfolio of principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities. The contingent funding agreements provide us a put option that gives us the right to sell at any time: (1) to the 2028 Trust up to $ 400.0 million of its 4.111 % Senior Notes due 2028 (" 4.111 % Senior Notes") and (2) to the 2048 Trust up to $ 350.0 million of its 4.682 % Senior Notes due 2048 (" 4.682 % Senior Notes") and receive in exchange a corresponding amount of the principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities held by the trusts. The 4.111 % Senior Notes and 4.682 % Senior Notes will not be issued unless and until a put option is exercised. We agreed to pay a semi-annual put premium of 1.275 % and 1.580 % per annum on the unexercised portion of the put option to the 2028 Trust and 2048 Trust, respectively, and to reimburse the trusts for expenses. The put option premiums are recorded in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The 4.111 % Senior Notes and 4.682 % Senior Notes will be fully, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Principal Financial Services, Inc. ("PFS"). In addition, our obligations under the put option agreement and the expense reimbursement agreement with the trusts are also guaranteed by PFS. The contingent funding agreements with the trusts provide us with a source of liquid assets, which could be used to meet future financial obligations or to provide additional capital.
 The put options described above will be exercised automatically in full if we fail to make certain payments to the trusts, including any failure to pay the put option premium or expense reimbursements when due, if such failure is not cured within 30 days, and upon certain bankruptcy events involving us or PFS. We are also required to exercise the put option in full: (i) if we reasonably believe that our consolidated shareholders' equity, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP but excluding AOCI and noncontrolling interest, has fallen below $ 4.0 billion, subject to adjustment in certain cases; (ii) upon the occurrence of an event of default under the 4.111 % Senior Notes and 4.682 % Senior Notes; and (iii) if certain events occur relating to each trust's status as an "investment company" under the Investment Company Act of 1940. In addition, we are required to purchase from the trusts any principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities that are due and not paid.
 We have an unlimited right to unwind a prior voluntary exercise of the put options by repurchasing all of the 4.111 % Senior Notes and 4.682 % Senior Notes held by the trusts in exchange for a corresponding amount of principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities. If the put options have been fully exercised, the 4.111 % Senior Notes and 4.682 % Senior Notes issued may be redeemed by us prior to their maturity at par or, if greater, at a make-whole redemption price, in each case plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. The 2028 P-Caps are to be redeemed by the 2028 Trust on February 15, 2028, or upon any early redemption of the 4.111 % Senior Notes. The 2048 P-Caps are to be redeemed by the 2048 Trust on February 15, 2048, or upon any early redemption of the 4.682 % Senior Notes.

 14. Income Taxes
 Income Taxes (Benefits)
 Our income taxes (benefits) were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Current income taxes (benefits):

 U.S. federal

 $

 81.5

 $

 ( 56.3)

 $

 110.3

 State

 20.1

 20.7

 19.4

 38.8

 53.1

 38.0

 Tax benefit of operating loss carryforward

 ( 14.5)

 ( 9.5)

 Total current income taxes

 125.9

 8.0

 166.5

 Deferred income taxes (benefits):

 U.S. federal

 ( 63.2)

 1,189.7

 118.0

 State

 0.1

 8.0

 16.6

 5.9

 ( 16.2)

 ( 17.2)

 Total deferred income taxes (benefits)

 ( 57.2)

 1,181.5

 117.4

 Income taxes

 $

 68.7

 $

 1,189.5

 $

 283.9

 Our income before income taxes was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Domestic

 $

 412.8

 $

 5,766.1

 $

 1,715.2

 326.0

 220.9

 195.7

 Total income before income taxes

 $

 738.8

 $

 5,987.0

 $

 1,910.9

 Effective Income Tax Rate
 Our provision for income taxes may not have the customary relationship of taxes to income. A reconciliation between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the effective income tax rate was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 U.S. corporate income tax rate

 %

 %

 %

 Dividends received deduction

 ( 10)

 ( 1)

 ( 4)

 Tax credits

 ( 8)

 ( 1)

 ( 2)

 Impact of equity method presentation

 ( 4)

 —

 ( 1)

 Interest exclusion from taxable income

 ( 3)

 —

 ( 1)

 Foreign currency inflation

 ( 1)

 —

 —

 Impact of noncontrolling interest presentation

 ( 1)

 —

 —

 Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income

 Low income housing tax credit amortization

 —

 —

 State income taxes

 —

 Valuation allowance

 —

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 ( 1)

 Effective income tax rate

 %

 %

 %

 14. Income Taxes – (continued)

 Unrecognized Tax Benefits
 Our changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 42.2

 $

 45.5

 $

 46.9

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

 0.3

 —

 1.8

 Reductions for tax positions related to the current year

 ( 3.3)

 Balance at end of period (1)

 $

 39.3

 $

 42.2

 $

 45.5

 (1)
 If recognized, $ 1.6 million of the amount of unrecognized tax benefits would reduce our 2023 effective income tax rate. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in operating expenses within the consolidated statements of operations.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had recognized $ 1.8 million and $ 1.4 million of accumulated pre-tax interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. We do not believe there is a reasonable possibility the total amount of the unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease in the next twelve months considering recent settlements and the status of current and pending Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") examinations.
 Net Deferred Income Taxes
 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Our significant components of net deferred income taxes were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Net operating and capital loss carryforwards

 $

 123.0

 $

 86.1

 Tax credit carryforwards

 64.2

 65.8

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities

 1,092.9

 1,572.3

 Employee benefits

 315.4

 305.3

 Gross deferred income tax assets

 1,595.5

 2,029.5

 Valuation allowance

 ( 58.8)

 ( 42.9)

 Total deferred income tax assets

 1,536.7

 1,986.6

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Deferred acquisition costs

 ( 679.2)

 ( 639.6)

 Investments, including derivatives

 ( 240.9)

 ( 224.7)

 Funds withheld embedded derivative

 ( 575.5)

 ( 767.1)

 ( 136.7)

 ( 141.0)

 Intangible assets

 ( 384.2)

 ( 386.9)

 Insurance liabilities

 ( 886.1)

 ( 814.3)

 Other deferred income tax liabilities

 ( 6.3)

 ( 30.3)

 Total deferred income tax liabilities

 ( 2,908.9)

 ( 3,003.9)

 Total net deferred income tax liabilities

 $

 ( 1,372.2)

 $

 ( 1,017.3)

 14. Income Taxes – (continued)

 Our net deferred income taxes by jurisdiction were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred income tax assets:

 State

 $

 77.9

 $

 83.1

 163.2

 223.8

 Net deferred income tax assets

 241.1

 306.9

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 U.S. federal

 ( 1,312.9)

 ( 1,051.0)

 ( 300.4)

 ( 273.2)

 Net deferred income tax liabilities

 ( 1,613.3)

 ( 1,324.2)

 Total net deferred income tax liabilities

 $

 ( 1,372.2)

 $

 ( 1,017.3)

 In management's judgment, total deferred income tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. Included in the deferred income tax asset are federal net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards available to offset future taxable income or income taxes. These carryforwards are primarily attributable to a reinsurance transaction that occurred during 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $ 155.2 million and $ 66.1 million, respectively, which may be carried forward indefinitely. In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had federal tax credit carryforwards of $ 64.2 million and $ 65.8 million, respectively. The federal tax credit carryforwards, if unused, will expire in 2042. As of December 31, 2023, these carryforwards are anticipated to be utilized before expiration; therefore, no valuation allowance has been provided for the related deferred income tax asset.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, state net operating loss carryforwards were $ 312.3 million and $ 250.0 million, respectively, and will expire between 2032 and 2040. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, foreign net operating loss carryforwards were $ 257.3 million and $ 229.5 million, respectively, with some expiring in 2022 while others never expire. We maintain valuation allowances by jurisdiction against the deferred income tax assets related to some of these carryforwards and other items, as utilization of these income tax benefits fail the more likely than not criteria in certain jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, valuation allowances of $ 58.8 million and $ 42.9 million, respectively, had been recorded against the income tax benefits associated primarily with foreign net operating loss carryforwards and net unrealized capital losses on benefit plan trusts. Adjustments to the valuation allowance will be made if there is a change in management's assessment of the amount of the deferred income tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized.
 Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxes payable on the unremitted earnings from foreign operations of our subsidiaries, except where it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest a portion or all of these undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, any applicable taxes that would be due upon repatriation were not provided on approximately $ 1,362.6 million and $ 1,089.0 million, respectively, of such accumulated but undistributed earnings from operations of foreign subsidiaries. We currently do not intend to repatriate these unremitted earnings because we have several liquidity options to fund our domestic operations and obligations. These options include investing and financing activities, such as issuing debt, as well as cash flow and dividends from domestic operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability that would arise if foreign earnings were remitted, due to the complexity of our international holding company structure, and other significant tax attributes and varying state tax laws. Taxes on remittances would be limited to foreign currency gains or losses, foreign withholding taxes and state income taxes, which we would anticipate to be immaterial. As of December 31, 2023, deferred taxes were also not provided on the approximately $ 106.2 million of excess book carrying value over tax basis with respect to the original investment in our foreign subsidiaries. A tax liability will be recognized when we no longer plan to indefinitely reinvest a portion or all of these earnings or when we plan to sell a portion or all of our ownership interest.

 14. Income Taxes – (continued)

 Effects of Tax Legislation
 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA 2022") was enacted by the U.S. government on August 16, 2022. The IRA 2022 implements a new corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") effective January 1, 2023. We are an "Applicable Corporation," which requires computation of the U.S. federal income tax liability under two systems, the U.S. regular corporate tax ("RCT") and the CAMT. Although the CAMT may apply in any given year when tentative minimum tax ("TMT") exceeds the RCT liability, as a "prepayment" the CAMT generates a corresponding alternative minimum tax credit ("AMTC"). The AMTC is accounted for as a deferred tax asset ("DTA") with an indefinite carryover life recoverable in years when the RCT liability exceeds TMT.
 The tax accounting consequences of a change in tax law is required to be recognized in the period legislation is enacted. Generally, a company is also required to consider the impact of new tax law on realizability of its DTAs, including determination of whether a change to its valuation allowance amounts is necessary. We made an accounting policy election to disregard our CAMT status when evaluating DTAs under the RCT system associated with the IRA 2022.
 Other Tax Information
 Income tax returns are filed in U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as various states and foreign jurisdictions where we and one or more of our subsidiaries conduct business. Although determined by jurisdiction, with few exceptions our tax uncertainties relate primarily to U.S. federal income tax matters. The IRS has completed examination of our consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns for years prior to 2013 and did not exam 2013 and 2014. IRS claims for refund for tax years 2004 through 2008, following settlement of a partnership matter with the Department of Justice in March 2019, were finalized in 2020 and have been received in full as of December 31, 2021. IRS claims for refund filed for tax years 2006 through 2008 were received in September 2020. In 2019, an IRS 30-day letter on examination of tax years 2009 through 2012 was received, the proposed adjustments found acceptable, and associated tax settlements subsequently occurred in 2020 prior to expiration of the extended statute of limitations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $ 223.8 million and $ 5.6 million, respectively, of current income tax payables associated with outstanding audit issues.
 The U.S. federal statute of limitations has expired for years prior to 2015. The IRS is currently auditing our U.S. federal income tax returns for tax years 2015-2018 and 2019-2022. The statutes remain open through normal statute extensions. We do not expect the results of these audits, subsequent related adjustments or developments in other tax areas for all open tax years to significantly change the possible increase in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits, but the outcome of tax reviews is uncertain and unforeseen results can occur.
 We believe we have adequate defenses against, or sufficient provisions for, contested issues, but final resolution could take several years depending on whether legal remedies are pursued. Consequently, we do not believe issues that might arise in tax years subsequent to 2014 will have a material impact on our net income.

 15. Employee and Agent Benefits
 We provide a U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, covering U.S. employees that meet certain eligibility requirements and certain agents contracted on or before December 31, 2018. A final average pay benefit formula has been in place for plan participants employed prior to January 1, 2002. For agents, this formula ended on December 31, 2018, and for employees the formula ended on December 31, 2022. The final average pay benefit is based on the years of service and generally the employee's or agent's average annual compensation during the last five years prior to the earliest of termination, retirement or the formula end date. A cash balance benefit was added on January 1, 2002. A participant's cash balance account is credited with an amount based on the participant's salary, age and service. These credits accrue with interest. For plan participants hired on and after January 1, 2002, only the cash balance benefit applies. For pre-2002 participants, the pension benefit earned prior to the final average pay formula end date is the greater of the final average pay benefit or the cash balance benefit earned before the end date. They will also earn a new cash balance benefit for service after the formula end date.

 In addition, we sponsor non-qualified defined benefit plans subject to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. This plan is for certain highly compensated employees and agents to replace the benefit that cannot be provided by the qualified defined benefit pension plan due to IRS limits. These nonqualified plans generally parallel the qualified plan but offer different payment options. No agent will become a new participant in the nonqualified plan after December 31, 2018.
 We provide certain health care, life insurance and long-term care benefits for retired employees, their beneficiaries and covered dependents ("other postretirement benefits"). While virtually all U.S. employees continue to have access to the postretirement health care and life insurance benefits, only those U.S. employees that were hired prior to January 1, 2002, and retired prior to January 1, 2011, (post-65 medical) or January 1, 2020, (life insurance and pre-65 medical) were eligible to receive subsidized benefits. All others pay the full cost of coverage. The long-term care plan was subsidized only for those who retired prior to January 1, 2000, and is no longer accessible. The subsidy level for all benefits varies by plan, age, service and retirement date.
 The funding policy for all employee benefit plans is to fund the cost of providing pension benefits in the years that the employees and agents are providing service, taking into account the funding status of the trust. For the qualified defined benefit plan, this policy will be subject to an amount no lower than the minimum annual contribution required under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for U.S. federal income tax purposes. While we designate assets to cover the computed liability of the nonqualified pension plan, the assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote as they do not qualify as plan assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

 Obligations and Funded Status
 The plans' combined funded status, reconciled to amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position, was as follows:

 Other postretirement

 benefits

 2023

 2022

 2023

 2022

 Change in benefit obligation

 Benefit obligation at beginning of year

 $

 ( 3,209.4)

 $

 ( 4,183.7)

 $

 ( 71.0)

 $

 ( 95.3)

 Service cost

 ( 55.6)

 ( 78.4)

 —

 —

 Interest cost

 ( 160.1)

 ( 112.8)

 ( 2.3)

 Actuarial gain (loss)

 ( 119.7)

 1,023.5

 ( 2.9)

 19.5

 Participant contributions

 —

 —

 ( 6.1)

 ( 6.4)

 Benefits paid

 153.9

 142.0

 15.0

 13.5

 Benefit obligation at end of year

 $

 ( 3,390.9)

 $

 ( 3,209.4)

 $

 ( 68.4)

 $

 ( 71.0)

 Change in plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year

 $

 2,726.3

 $

 3,550.1

 $

 94.4

 $

 119.8

 Actual return on plan assets

 258.5

 ( 754.3)

 12.7

 ( 20.0)

 Employer contribution

 78.7

 72.5

 1.6

 1.7

 Participant contributions

 —

 —

 6.1

 6.4

 Benefits paid

 ( 153.9)

 ( 142.0)

 ( 15.0)

 ( 13.5)

 Fair value of plan assets at end of year

 $

 2,909.6

 $

 2,726.3

 $

 99.8

 $

 94.4

 Amount recognized in statement of financial position

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 31.4

 $

 23.4

 ( 481.3)

 ( 483.1)

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 ( 481.3)

 $

 ( 483.1)

 $

 31.4

 $

 23.4

 Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 Total net actuarial (gain) loss

 $

 425.4

 $

 442.0

 $

 ( 24.4)

 $

 ( 20.2)

 Prior service benefit

 ( 70.6)

 ( 87.4)

 Pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 $

 354.8

 $

 354.6

 $

 ( 28.7)

 $

 ( 25.3)

 The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 3,390.9 million and $ 3,209.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Employer contributions to the pension plans include contributions made directly to the qualified pension plan assets and contributions from corporate assets to pay nonqualified pension benefits. Benefits paid from the pension plans include both qualified and nonqualified plan benefits. Nonqualified pension plan assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote. The nonqualified pension plan assets are held in Rabbi trusts for the benefit of all nonqualified plan participants. The assets held in a Rabbi trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors only in the event of bankruptcy. Therefore, these assets are fully consolidated in our consolidated statements of financial position and are not reflected in our funded status as they do not qualify as plan assets under U.S. GAAP. The market value of assets held in these trusts was $ 342.2 million and $ 336.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Pension Plan Changes and Plan Gains/Losses
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the pension plans had an actuarial loss primarily due to a decrease in discount rate. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the pension plans had an actuarial gain primarily due to an increase in discount rate.
 Other Postretirement Plan Changes and Plan Gains/Losses
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the other postretirement benefit plans had an actuarial loss primarily due to a decrease in the discount rates and actual medical claims costs being higher than previously expected. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the other postretirement benefit plans had an actuarial gain primarily due to an increase in the discount rates and actual medical claims costs being lower than previously expected.
 Information for Pension Plans With an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
 For 2023 and 2022, both the qualified and nonqualified plans had accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. As noted previously, the nonqualified plans have assets that are deposited in trusts that fail to meet the U.S. GAAP requirements to be included in plan assets; however, these assets are included in our consolidated statements of financial position.

 2023

 2022

 Projected benefit obligation

 $

 3,390.9

 $

 3,209.4

 Accumulated benefit obligation

 3,390.9

 3,209.4

 Fair value of plan assets

 2,909.6

 2,726.3

 We did not have any other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets.

 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 Other postretirement benefits

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Service cost

 $

 55.6

 $

 78.4

 $

 83.2

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Interest cost

 160.1

 112.8

 103.3

 3.4

 2.3

 2.2

 Expected return on plan assets

 ( 163.2)

 ( 178.9)

 ( 182.7)

 ( 4.9)

 Amortization of prior service benefit

 Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss

 41.0

 55.7

 70.2

 Net periodic benefit cost (income)

 $

 76.7

 $

 51.2

 $

 57.2

 $

 $

 $

 The components of net periodic benefit cost including the service cost component are included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
 The pension plans' actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average remaining service period of plan participants. The other postretirement plans use a straight-line amortization over the average future lifetime of its remaining covered group of retirees. For the qualified pension plan, gains and losses are amortized without use of the 10 % allowable corridor. For the nonqualified pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans, the corridors allowed are used.

 Other postretirement benefits

 2023

 2022

 2023

 2022

 Other changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 Net actuarial (gain) loss

 $

 24.4

 $

 ( 90.3)

 $

 $

 5.4

 Amortization of gain (loss)

 ( 55.7)

 1.0

 1.1

 Amortization of prior service benefit

 16.8

 16.8

 0.8

 1.1

 Total recognized in pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 $

 0.2

 $

 ( 129.2)

 $

 $

 7.6

 Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 $

 76.9

 $

 ( 78.0)

 $

 ( 6.4)

 $

 2.8

 Net actuarial (gain) loss and net prior service cost benefit have been recognized in AOCI.

 Assumptions
 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as disclosed under the Obligations and Funded Status section

 2023

 2022

 Discount rate

 4.90

 %

 5.10

 %

 Interest crediting rate - cash balance benefit

 5.00

 %

 5.00

 %

 Rate of compensation increase

 4.56

 %

 4.53

 %

 Other postretirement benefits

 2023

 2022

 Discount rate

 4.80

 %

 5.00

 %

 Rate of compensation increase

 N/A

 N/A

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Discount rate

 5.10

 %

 2.75

 %

 2.50

 %

 Expected long-term return on plan assets

 6.20

 %

 5.20

 %

 5.55

 %

 Interest crediting rate - cash balance benefit

 5.00

 %

 5.00

 %

 5.00

 %

 Rate of compensation increase:

 Cash balance benefit

 4.53

 %

 4.59

 %

 4.92

 %

 Traditional benefit

 N/A

 %

 N/A

 %

 2.96

 %

 Other postretirement benefits

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Discount rate

 5.00

 %

 2.50

 %

 2.10

 %

 Expected long-term return on plan assets

 5.05

 %

 4.25

 %

 4.25

 %

 Rate of compensation increase

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 The assumed salary growth rates used to project benefits for the projected benefit obligation are age-based for home office employees. The rate labeled cash balance benefit (relative to employees accruing a cash balance) is the lifecount-weighted average rate of salary growth in the coming year only, as the impact of salary assumption for cash balance benefits are limited to the upcoming year service cost. The rate labeled traditional benefit (relative to employees still accruing a final average pay benefit) is the lifecount-weighted average (at each age) of the single annual growth rate at the age that is equivalent to applying the scale from that age to assumed termination or retirement ages. For the December 31, 2021, pension benefit obligation and going forward, one average rate of compensation increase is disclosed for all participants as the traditional benefit is frozen as of December 31, 2022.
 For the pension benefits, the discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the projected benefit obligation and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. The plans' expected benefit payments are discounted to determine a present value using the yield curve and the discount rate is the level rate that produces the same present value. The expected return on plan assets is the long-term rate we expect to be earned based on the long-term investment policy of the plans and the various classes of invested funds. A weighted average rate was developed based on those overall rates and the target asset allocation of the plans.

 For other postretirement benefits, the discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. The plans' expected benefit payments are discounted to determine a present value using the yield curve and the discount rate is the level rate that produces the same present value. The 5.05 % expected long-term return on plan assets for 2023 was based on the weighted average expected long-term asset returns for the plans. The expected long-term rates for the home office and agent pre-65 medical/life plans and post-65 medical plans were 5.2 % and 4.6 %, respectively.
 Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates Used to Determine Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 2023

 2022

 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year under age 65

 7.50

 %

 7.00

 %

 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year age 65 and over

 6.50

 %

 6.00

 %

 Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)

 4.50

 %

 4.50

 %

 Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate (under age 65)

 2032

 2031

 Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate (65 and older)

 2031

 2028

 Pension Plan and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.

 Level 1 – Fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

 Level 2 – Fair values are based on inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly.

 Level 3 – Fair values are based on significant unobservable inputs for the asset.

 Our pension plan assets consist of investments in pooled separate accounts and single client separate accounts. Net asset value ("NAV") of the pooled separate accounts is calculated in a manner consistent with U.S. GAAP for investment companies and is determinative of their fair value. Several of the pooled separate accounts invest in publicly quoted mutual funds or actively managed stocks. The fair value of the underlying mutual funds or stocks is used to determine the NAV of the separate account, which is not publicly quoted. Some of the pooled separate accounts also invest in fixed income securities. The fair value of the underlying securities is based on quoted prices of similar assets and used to determine the NAV of the separate account. Some of the pooled separate accounts invest in real estate properties. The fair value is based on discounted cash flow valuation models that utilize public real estate market data inputs such as transaction prices, market rent growth, vacancy levels, leasing absorption, market capitalization rates and discount rates.
 The single client separate accounts invest in fixed income securities, hedge funds, a pooled separate account investment and other assets. The fixed income securities include U.S. Treasury bonds for which the fair value is based on quoted prices of identical assets in active markets. The fair value of the other fixed income securities is determined either from prices obtained from third party pricing vendors who use observable market information to determine prices or from internal models using substantially all observable inputs or a matrix pricing valuation approach. The hedge funds are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV of the pooled separate account investment is calculated in a manner consistent with U.S. GAAP for investment companies and is determinative of its fair value. The carrying amounts of other assets, which are highly liquid in nature, are used to approximate fair value.

 Our other postretirement benefit plan assets consist of cash, investments in fixed income security portfolios and investments in equity security portfolios. Because of the nature of cash, its carrying amount approximates fair value. The fair value of fixed income investment funds, U.S. equity portfolios and international equity portfolios is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
 Pension Plan Assets
 The fair value of the qualified pension plan's assets by asset category as of the most recent measurement date was as follows:

 net asset value

 Pooled separate account investments:

 U.S. large cap equity portfolios (1)

 $

 290.9

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 290.9

 $

 —

 U.S. small/mid cap equity portfolios (2)

 49.5

 —

 —

 49.5

 —

 Balanced asset portfolios (3)

 97.0

 —

 —

 97.0

 —

 International equity portfolios (4)

 141.8

 —

 —

 141.8

 —

 Fixed income security portfolios (5)

 27.9

 —

 —

 27.9

 —

 Real estate investment portfolios (6)

 204.1

 —

 —

 204.1

 —

 Single client separate account investments:

 Fixed income securities:

 124.9

 —

 124.9

 —

 —

 27.0

 —

 —

 27.0

 —

 1,394.2

 —

 —

 1,394.2

 —

 Pooled separate account investment (8)

 497.9

 —

 —

 497.9

 —

 Other (9)

 54.4

 —

 —

 54.4

 —

 Total

 $

 2,909.6

 $

 —

 $

 124.9

 $

 2,784.7

 $

 —

 net asset value

 Pooled separate account investments:

 U.S. large cap equity portfolios (1)

 $

 282.5

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 282.5

 $

 —

 U.S. small/mid cap equity portfolios (2)

 47.3

 —

 —

 47.3

 —

 Balanced asset portfolios (3)

 101.4

 —

 —

 101.4

 —

 International equity portfolios (4)

 143.9

 —

 —

 143.9

 —

 Real estate investment portfolios (6)

 238.4

 —

 —

 238.4

 —

 Single client separate account investments:

 Fixed income securities:

 447.0

 —

 447.0

 —

 —

 25.0

 —

 —

 25.0

 —

 1,336.9

 —

 —

 1,336.9

 —

 16.1

 —

 —

 16.1

 —

 4.1

 —

 —

 4.1

 —

 Hedge funds (7)

 27.9

 27.9

 —

 —

 —

 Pooled separate account investment (8)

 43.7

 —

 —

 43.7

 —

 Other (9)

 12.1

 —

 —

 12.1

 —

 Total

 $

 2,726.3

 $

 27.9

 $

 447.0

 $

 2,251.4

 $

 —

 (1)
 The portfolios invest primarily in publicly traded equity securities of large U.S. companies.

 (2)
 The portfolios invest primarily in publicly traded equity securities of mid-sized and small U.S. companies.

 (3)
 The portfolios are a combination of underlying fixed income and equity investment options. These investment options may include balanced, asset allocation, target-date and target-risk investment options. Although typically lower risk than investment options that invest solely in equities, all investment options in this category have the potential to lose value.

 (4)
 The portfolios invest primarily in publicly traded equity securities of non-U.S. companies.

 (5)
 The portfolios invest primarily in fixed income securities, primarily of U.S. origin. These include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury securities, agency securities, asset-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 (6)
 The portfolios invest primarily in U.S. commercial real estate properties through a separate account.

 (7)
 The hedge funds have varying investment strategies that also have a variety of redemption terms and conditions. We do not have unfunded commitments associated with these hedge funds.

 (8)
 The single client separate accounts invest in a money market pooled separate account.

 (9)
 Includes cash and net (payables)/receivables for the single client separate accounts.

 We have established an investment policy that provides the investment objectives and guidelines for the pension plan. Our investment strategy is to achieve the following:

 Obtain a reasonable long-term return consistent with the level of risk assumed and at a cost of operation within prudent levels. Performance benchmarks are monitored.

 Ensure sufficient liquidity to meet the emerging benefit liabilities for the plan.

 Provide for diversification of assets in an effort to avoid the risk of large losses and maximize the investment return to the pension plan consistent with market and economic risk.

 In administering the qualified pension plan's asset allocation strategy, we consider the projected liability stream of benefit payments, the relationship between current and projected assets of the plan and the projected actuarial liabilities streams, the historical performance of capital markets adjusted for the perception of future short- and long-term capital market performance and the perception of future economic conditions.
 According to our investment policy, the target asset allocation for the qualified plan is:

 Target allocation

 Fixed income security portfolios

 %

 -

 %

 Equity portfolios

 %

 -

 %

 Private investments

 %

 -

 %

 Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets
 The fair value of the other postretirement benefit plans' assets by asset category as of the most recent measurement date was as follows:

 $

 1.3

 $

 1.3

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Fixed income security portfolios (1)

 47.9

 47.9

 —

 —

 U.S. equity portfolios (2)

 36.7

 36.7

 —

 —

 International equity portfolios (3)

 13.9

 13.9

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 99.8

 $

 99.8

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 0.6

 $

 0.6

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Fixed income security portfolios (1)

 47.6

 47.6

 —

 —

 U.S. equity portfolios (2)

 33.6

 33.6

 —

 —

 International equity portfolios (3)

 12.6

 12.6

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 94.4

 $

 94.4

 $

 —

 $

 —

 (1)
 The portfolios invest in various fixed income securities, primarily of U.S. origin. These include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury securities, agency securities, asset-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 (2)
 The portfolios invest primarily in publicly traded equity securities of large U.S. companies.

 (3)
 The portfolios invest primarily in publicly traded equity securities of non-U.S. companies.

 The investment strategies for the other postretirement benefit plans are similar to those employed by the qualified pension plan. According to our investment policy, the target asset allocation for the other postretirement benefit plans is:

 Target allocation

 Fixed income security portfolios

 %

 U.S. equity portfolios

 %

 International equity portfolios

 %

 Contributions
 Our funding policy for our qualified pension plan is to fund the plan annually in an amount at least equal to the minimum annual contribution required under ERISA and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We do not anticipate contributions will be needed to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of ERISA for our qualified plan. We are unable to estimate the amount that may be contributed, but it is possible that we may fund the plans in 2024 up to $ 75.0 million. This includes funding for both our qualified and nonqualified pension plans. While we designate assets to cover the computed liability of the nonqualified plan, the assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote as they do not qualify as plan assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We may contribute to our other postretirement benefit plans in 2024 pending future analysis.
 Estimated Future Benefit Payments
 The estimated future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are:

 Other postretirement

 benefits (gross benefit

 payments, including

 prescription drug benefits)

 Year ending December 31:

 2024

 $

 207.8

 $

 13.0

 2025

 191.1

 11.9

 2026

 204.2

 10.6

 2027

 214.0

 9.3

 2028

 218.9

 8.5

 2029-2033

 1,212.7

 33.8

 The above table reflects the total estimated future benefits to be paid from the plan, including both our share of the benefit cost and the participants' share of the cost, which is funded by their contributions to the plan.
 The assumptions used in calculating the estimated future benefit payments are the same as those used to measure the benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Defined Benefit Pension Plans Supplemental Information
 Certain key summary data is shown below separately for qualified and nonqualified plans.

 2023

 2022

 Qualified

 Nonqualified

 Qualified

 Nonqualified

 Plan

 Plan

 Total

 Plan

 Plan

 Total

 Amount recognized in statement of financial position

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 ( 58.3)

 ( 423.0)

 ( 481.3)

 ( 70.7)

 ( 412.4)

 ( 483.1)

 Total

 $

 ( 58.3)

 $

 ( 423.0)

 $

 ( 481.3)

 $

 ( 70.7)

 $

 ( 412.4)

 $

 ( 483.1)

 Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss

 Total net actuarial loss

 $

 361.4

 $

 64.0

 $

 425.4

 $

 390.7

 $

 51.3

 $

 442.0

 Prior service benefit

 ( 60.0)

 ( 10.6)

 ( 70.6)

 ( 72.6)

 ( 14.8)

 ( 87.4)

 Pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive loss

 $

 301.4

 $

 53.4

 $

 354.8

 $

 318.1

 $

 36.5

 $

 354.6

 Components of net periodic benefit cost

 Service cost

 $

 51.6

 $

 4.0

 $

 55.6

 $

 72.5

 $

 5.9

 $

 78.4

 Interest cost

 139.7

 20.4

 160.1

 98.7

 14.1

 112.8

 Expected return on plan assets

 ( 163.2)

 —

 ( 163.2)

 ( 178.9)

 —

 ( 178.9)

 Amortization of prior service benefit

 ( 12.6)

 ( 12.6)

 Recognized net actuarial loss

 38.8

 2.2

 41.0

 39.7

 16.0

 55.7

 Net periodic benefit cost

 $

 54.3

 $

 22.4

 $

 76.7

 $

 19.4

 $

 31.8

 $

 51.2

 Other changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 Net actuarial (gain) loss

 $

 9.5

 $

 14.9

 $

 24.4

 $

 15.0

 $

 ( 105.3)

 $

 ( 90.3)

 Amortization of net loss

 ( 38.8)

 ( 2.2)

 ( 39.7)

 ( 16.0)

 ( 55.7)

 Amortization of prior service benefit

 12.6

 4.2

 16.8

 12.6

 4.2

 16.8

 Total recognized in pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 $

 ( 16.7)

 $

 16.9

 $

 0.2

 $

 ( 12.1)

 $

 ( 117.1)

 $

 ( 129.2)

 Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss

 $

 37.6

 $

 39.3

 $

 76.9

 $

 7.3

 $

 ( 85.3)

 $

 ( 78.0)

 Defined Contribution and Deferred Compensation Plans
 In addition, we have defined contribution plans that are generally available to all U.S. employees and agents. Eligible participants could not contribute more than $ 22,500 of their compensation to the plans in 2023. Effective January 1, 2006, we made several changes to the retirement programs. In general, the pension and supplemental executive retirement plan benefit formulas were reduced and the 401(k) matching contribution was increased. Employees who were ages 47 or older with at least ten years of service on December 31, 2005, could elect to retain the prior benefit provisions and forgo receipt of the additional matching contributions. The employees who elected to retain the prior benefit provisions are referred to as "Grandfathered Choice Participants." We match the Grandfathered Choice Participant's contribution at a 50 % contribution rate up to a maximum matching contribution of 3 % of the participant's compensation. For all other participants, we match the participant's contributions at a 75 % contribution rate up to a maximum matching contribution of 6 % of the participant's compensation. The defined contribution plans allow employees to choose among various investment options, including our common stock, which is available through our Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP"). We contributed $ 74.1 million, $ 70.3 million and $ 60.5 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to our qualified defined contribution plans.

 The number of shares of our common stock allocated to participants in the ESOP was 1.7 million and 1.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the ESOP, which includes earned and unearned common stock, was $ 135.6 million and $ 148.4 million, respectively. The ESOP's total assets include our common stock and cash. The ESOP purchases our common stock on the open market. The number of shares of our common stock held within the ESOP is treated as outstanding in both our basic and diluted earnings per share calculations.
 We also have nonqualified deferred compensation plans available to select employees and agents that allow them to defer compensation amounts in excess of limits imposed by U.S. federal tax law with respect to the qualified plans. For certain nonqualified deferred compensation plans that include an employer matching contribution, in 2023 we matched the Grandfathered Choice Participant's deferral at a 50 % match deferral rate up to a maximum matching deferral of 3 % of the participant's compensation. For all other participants in nonqualified deferred compensation plans that include an employer matching contribution, we matched the participant's deferral at a 75 % match deferral rate up to a maximum matching deferral of 6 % of the participant's compensation. We contributed $ 3.1 million, $ 3.9 million and $ 3.4 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to our nonqualified deferred compensation plans.

 16. Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases
 Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies
 We are regularly involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff, but primarily as a defendant. Litigation naming us as a defendant ordinarily arises out of our business operations as a provider of asset management and accumulation products and services, individual life insurance, specialty benefits insurance and our investment activities. Some of the lawsuits may be class actions, or purport to be, and some may include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive and treble damages.
 We may discuss such litigation in one of three ways. We accrue a charge to income and disclose legal matters for which the chance of loss is probable and for which the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We may disclose contingencies for which the chance of loss is reasonably possible and provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Finally, we may voluntarily disclose loss contingencies for which the chance of loss is remote in order to provide information concerning matters that potentially expose us to possible losses.
 In addition, regulatory bodies such as state insurance departments, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA"), the Department of Labor ("DOL") and other regulatory agencies in the U.S. and in international locations in which we do business, regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, ERISA and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers. We receive requests from regulators and other governmental authorities relating to industry issues and may receive additional requests, including subpoenas and interrogatories, in the future.
 While the outcome of any pending or future litigation or regulatory matter cannot be predicted, management does not believe any such matter will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. To the extent such matters present a reasonably possible chance of loss, we are generally not able to estimate the possible loss or range of loss associated therewith. The outcome of such matters is always uncertain and unforeseen results can occur. It is possible that such outcomes could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that we could not estimate as of December 31, 2023.

 16. Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases – (continued)

 Guarantees and Indemnifications
 In the normal course of business, we have provided guarantees to third parties primarily related to former subsidiaries and joint ventures. The terms of these agreements range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. The maximum exposure under these agreements as of December 31, 2023, was approximately $ 86.0 million. At inception, the fair value of such guarantees was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. Should we be required to perform under these guarantees, we generally could recover a portion of the loss from third parties through recourse provisions included in agreements with such parties, the sale of assets held as collateral that can be liquidated in the event performance is required under the guarantees or other recourse generally available to us; therefore, such guarantees would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, such outcomes could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period. Furthermore, in connection with our contingent funding agreements, we are required to purchase any principal and interest strips of U.S. Treasury securities that are due and not paid from the associated unconsolidated trusts. The maximum exposure under these agreements as of December 31, 2023, was $ 750.0 million. See Note 13, Debt, for further details.
 We manage mandatory privatized social security funds in Chile. By regulation, we have a required minimum guarantee on the funds' relative return. Because the guarantee has no limitation with respect to duration or amount, the maximum exposure of the guarantee in the future is indeterminable.
 We are also subject to various other indemnification obligations issued in conjunction with divestitures, acquisitions, financing and reinsurance transactions whose terms range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. Certain portions of these indemnifications may be capped, while other portions are not subject to such limitations; therefore, the overall maximum amount of the obligation under the indemnifications cannot be reasonably estimated. At inception, the fair value of such indemnifications was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. While we are unable to estimate with certainty the ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these indemnifications, we believe that performance under these indemnifications would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, performance under these indemnifications could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period.
 Guaranty Funds
 Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. A state's fund assesses its members based on their pro rata market share of written premiums in the state for the classes of insurance for which the insolvent insurer was engaged. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. We accrue liabilities for guaranty fund assessments when an assessment is probable, can be reasonably estimated and when the event obligating us to pay has occurred. While we cannot predict the amount and timing of any future assessments, we have established reserves we believe are adequate for assessments relating to insurance companies that are currently subject to insolvency proceedings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the liability balance for guaranty fund assessments, which is not discounted, was $ 21.9 million and $ 20.6 million, respectively, and was reported within other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 11.0 million and $ 9.7 million, respectively, related to premium tax offsets were included in premiums due and other receivables in the consolidated statements of financial position.

 16. Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases – (continued)

 Leases
 As a lessee, we lease office space, data processing equipment, office furniture and office equipment under various operating leases. We also lease buildings and hardware storage equipment under finance leases. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement of a lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. Lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain we will exercise the option. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position. We recognize lease expense for leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Some of our lease agreements include payments for property taxes, insurance, utilities or common area maintenance, which are not based on an index or rate. These payments are recognized in net income in the period in which the obligation has occurred.
 We sublease certain office space to third parties, which are primarily operating leases. We record sublease income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
 The lease assets and liabilities were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Operating lease assets (1)

 $

 176.7

 $

 194.7

 Finance lease assets (1)

 73.9

 82.4

 Total lease assets

 $

 250.6

 $

 277.1

 Operating lease liabilities (2)

 $

 175.6

 $

 196.5

 Finance lease liabilities (2)

 74.8

 83.0

 Total lease liabilities

 $

 250.4

 $

 279.5

 (1)
 Operating and finance lease assets are primarily reported within property and equipment on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 (2)

 Operating and finance lease liabilities are reported within other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 The lease cost was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Finance lease cost (1):

 Amortization of right-of-use assets

 $

 32.9

 $

 34.0

 $

 30.5

 Interest on lease liabilities

 1.9

 1.2

 1.0

 Operating lease cost (1)

 56.1

 61.6

 66.6

 Other lease cost (1) (2)

 9.5

 12.4

 10.8

 Sublease income (3)

 ( 1.5)

 Total lease cost

 $

 100.1

 $

 107.7

 $

 107.2

 (1)

 Finance, operating and other lease costs are primarily included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

 (2)

 Other lease cost primarily reflects variable and short-term lease costs.

 (3)

 Sublease income is included in fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations.

 16. Contingencies, Guarantees, Indemnifications and Leases – (continued)

 Payments for operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were $ 60.1 million, $ 58.3 million and $ 63.0 million, respectively. Payments for finance leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were $ 34.3 million, $ 35.1 million and $ 31.4 million, respectively. The following represents future payments due by period for lease obligations:

 Operating leases

 Finance leases

 Total

 For the twelve months ending December 31:

 2024

 $

 46.9

 $

 31.1

 $

 78.0

 2025

 41.1

 23.4

 64.5

 2026

 36.2

 17.1

 53.3

 2027

 30.4

 7.5

 37.9

 2028

 15.9

 0.1

 16.0

 2029 and thereafter

 26.3

 —

 26.3

 Total lease payments

 196.8

 79.2

 276.0

 Less: interest

 21.2

 4.4

 25.6

 Present value of lease liabilities

 $

 175.6

 $

 74.8

 $

 250.4

 The weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rates were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years):

 Operating leases

 6.0

 6.4

 6.5

 Finance leases

 3.0

 2.8

 3.2

 Weighted-average discount rate:

 Operating leases

 3.6

 %

 3.6

 %

 3.4

 %

 Finance leases

 3.5

 %

 1.7

 %

 1.0

 %

 17. Stockholders' Equity
 Common Stock Dividends

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Dividends declared per common share

 $

 2.60

 $

 2.56

 $

 2.44

 Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Shares

 2023

 2022

 2021

 243,549,782

 261,673,076

 273,258,808

 Shares issued

 2,469,841

 4,937,910

 3,034,920

 Treasury stock acquired

 ( 9,581,329)

 ( 23,061,204)

 ( 14,620,652)

 236,438,294

 243,549,782

 261,673,076

 In February 2020, our Board of Directors ("Board") authorized a share repurchase program of up to $ 900.0 million of our outstanding common stock, which was completed in November 2021. In June 2021, our Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $ 1.2 billion of our outstanding common stock, which was completed in August 2022. In January 2022, our Board authorized a $ 1.6 billion increase to the June 2021 share repurchase program authorization, which has no expiration date. In February 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $ 1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock, which has no expiration. Shares repurchased under these programs are accounted for as treasury stock, carried at cost and reflected as a reduction to stockholders' equity.

 In March 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $ 700.0 million of common stock. We received approximately 8.5 million shares at an initial cost of $ 560.0 million from our counterparty as of March 31, 2022, which was recorded in treasury stock. The associated $ 140.0 million forward contract was recorded in additional paid-in capital. This program closed in June 2022, at which time an additional 1.4 million shares were delivered based on the $ 70.53 daily volume-weighted average price of our common stock, less a discount, during the term of the program.
 In August 2022, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase program with a third party financial institution to repurchase $ 400.0 million of common stock. We received approximately 4.1 million shares at an initial cost of $ 320.0 million from our counterparty as of August 16, 2022, which was recorded in treasury stock. This program closed in September 2022, at which time an additional 1.2 million shares were delivered based on the $ 76.48 daily volume-weighted average price of our common stock, less a discount, during the term of the program.
 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Tax

 Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities during the period

 $

 1,986.8

 $

 ( 419.8)

 $

 1,567.0

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1)

 351.1

 ( 73.5)

 277.6

 ( 2.6)

 0.6

 ( 2.0)

 0.7

 0.5

 Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities

 2,336.0

 ( 492.9)

 1,843.1

 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period

 ( 44.9)

 9.4

 ( 35.5)

 Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2)

 ( 7.4)

 1.6

 ( 5.8)

 0.2

 0.2

 —

 0.2

 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments

 ( 53.0)

 11.2

 ( 41.8)

 Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement loss (3)

 ( 365.9)

 53.2

 ( 312.7)

 Market risk benefit nonperformance risk loss (4)

 ( 39.2)

 8.3

 ( 30.9)

 Foreign currency translation adjustment during the period

 68.0

 5.1

 73.1

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (5)

 0.6

 —

 0.6

 68.6

 5.1

 73.7

 Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period

 ( 19.3)

 5.2

 ( 14.1)

 Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6)

 22.4

 ( 5.9)

 16.5

 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation

 3.1

 2.4

 Other comprehensive income

 $

 1,949.6

 $

 ( 415.8)

 $

 1,533.8

 Tax

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period

 $

 ( 13,158.9)

 $

 2,787.9

 $

 ( 10,371.0)

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1)

 398.9

 ( 87.6)

 311.3

 ( 3.7)

 0.7

 273.2

 ( 57.3)

 215.9

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities

 ( 12,490.5)

 2,643.7

 ( 9,846.8)

 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period

 ( 1.4)

 0.3

 Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2)

 ( 28.0)

 5.8

 ( 22.2)

 —

 0.4

 0.3

 Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments

 ( 29.1)

 6.0

 ( 23.1)

 Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3)

 6,030.4

 ( 1,251.9)

 4,778.5

 Market risk benefit nonperformance risk gain (4)

 144.3

 ( 30.2)

 114.1

 ( 26.9)

 4.8

 ( 22.1)

 Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period

 85.8

 ( 22.3)

 63.5

 Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6)

 36.7

 ( 9.6)

 27.1

 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation

 122.5

 ( 31.9)

 90.6

 Other comprehensive loss

 $

 ( 6,249.3)

 $

 1,340.5

 $

 ( 4,908.8)

 Tax

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period

 $

 ( 2,984.3)

 $

 675.1

 $

 ( 2,309.2)

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1)

 19.4

 14.3

 —

 266.9

 ( 57.2)

 209.7

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities

 ( 2,698.1)

 612.8

 ( 2,085.3)

 Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period

 66.7

 ( 14.0)

 52.7

 Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (2)

 ( 25.5)

 5.4

 ( 20.1)

 1.2

 0.8

 Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments

 42.4

 ( 9.0)

 33.4

 Liability for future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gain (3)

 3,724.9

 ( 885.2)

 2,839.7

 Market risk benefit nonperformance risk loss (4)

 0.2

 Foreign currency translation adjustment during the period

 ( 259.6)

 ( 5.6)

 ( 265.2)

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (5)

 19.3

 —

 19.3

 ( 240.3)

 ( 5.6)

 ( 245.9)

 Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period

 106.5

 ( 28.5)

 78.0

 Amortization of amounts included in net periodic benefit cost (6)

 51.8

 ( 14.0)

 37.8

 Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation

 158.3

 ( 42.5)

 115.8

 Other comprehensive income

 $

 986.6

 $

 ( 329.3)

 $

 657.3

 (1)
 Pre-tax reclassification adjustments relating to available-for-sale securities are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) and net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets on the consolidated statements of operations.

 (2)
 See Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments, under the caption "Effect of Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges on Consolidated Statements of Operations" for further details.

 (3)
 Includes the discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) associated with the LFPB and the associated reinsurance recoverable. See Note 10, Future Policy Benefits and Claims, under the caption "Liability for Future Policy Benefits" for further details.

 (4)
 See Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for further details.

 (5)
 Relates to the release of cumulative translation adjustment from the dissolution of foreign subsidiaries.

 (6)
 Amount is comprised of amortization of prior service cost (benefit) and recognized net actuarial (gain) loss, which is reported in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 15, Employee and Agent Benefits, under the caption "Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost" for further details.

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 Net unrealized

 Net unrealized

 LFPB

 Unrecognized

 Accumulated

 gains (losses) on

 gains (losses)

 discount rate

 MRB

 currency

 postretirement

 other

 available-for-sale

 on derivative

 remeasurement

 nonperformance

 translation

 benefit

 securities (1)

 instruments

 gain (loss)

 risk gain (loss)

 adjustment

 obligation

 income (loss)

 Balances as of January 1, 2021

 $

 4,138.3

 $

 18.2

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 ( 1,312.9)

 $

 ( 460.5)

 $

 2,383.1

 Other comprehensive income during the period, net of adjustments

 ( 2,099.6)

 53.5

 2,839.7

 ( 261.7)

 78.0

 609.5

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 14.3

 ( 20.1)

 —

 —

 19.3

 37.8

 51.3

 Other comprehensive income

 ( 2,085.3)

 33.4

 2,839.7

 ( 242.4)

 115.8

 660.8

 Effects of implementation of accounting change related to long-duration insurance contracts, net

 1,827.4

 5.0

 ( 6,877.3)

 ( 89.7)

 6.6

 —

 ( 5,128.0)

 Balances as of December 31, 2021

 3,880.4

 56.6

 ( 4,037.6)

 ( 90.1)

 ( 1,548.7)

 ( 344.7)

 ( 2,084.1)

 Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments

 ( 10,157.9)

 4,778.5

 114.1

 ( 22.9)

 63.5

 ( 5,225.6)

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 311.3

 ( 22.2)

 —

 —

 —

 27.1

 316.2

 Other comprehensive loss

 ( 9,846.6)

 ( 23.1)

 4,778.5

 114.1

 ( 22.9)

 90.6

 ( 4,909.4)

 Adjustment for reinsurance (2)

 108.3

 6.2

 —

 —

 —

 —

 114.5

 Balances as of December 31, 2022

 ( 5,857.9)

 39.7

 740.9

 24.0

 ( 1,571.6)

 ( 254.1)

 ( 6,879.0)

 Other comprehensive income during the period, net of adjustments

 1,565.5

 ( 36.0)

 ( 312.7)

 ( 30.9)

 73.0

 ( 14.1)

 1,244.8

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 277.6

 ( 5.8)

 —

 —

 0.6

 16.5

 288.9

 Other comprehensive income

 1,843.1

 ( 41.8)

 ( 312.7)

 ( 30.9)

 73.6

 2.4

 1,533.7

 Balances as of December 31, 2023

 $

 ( 4,014.8)

 $

 ( 2.1)

 $

 428.2

 $

 ( 6.9)

 $

 ( 1,498.0)

 $

 ( 251.7)

 $

 ( 5,345.3)

 (1)
 Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities for which an allowance for credit loss has been recorded were $( 4.3) million, $ 0.3 million and $( 2.1) million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 (2)
 Reflects the January 1, 2022, balance associated with our ULSG business that was ceded to Talcott Life & Annuity Re.

 Noncontrolling Interest
 Interests held by unaffiliated parties in consolidated entities are reflected in noncontrolling interest, which represents the noncontrolling partners' share of the underlying net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries. Noncontrolling interest that is not redeemable is reported in the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial position.
 The noncontrolling interest holders in certain of our consolidated entities maintain an equity interest that is redeemable at the option of the holder, which may be exercised on varying dates. Since redemption of the noncontrolling interest is outside of our control, this interest is excluded from stockholders' equity and reported separately as redeemable noncontrolling interest on the consolidated statements of financial position. Our redeemable noncontrolling interest primarily relates to consolidated sponsored investment funds for which interests are redeemed at fair value from the net assets of the funds.
 For our redeemable noncontrolling interest related to other consolidated subsidiaries, redemptions are required to be purchased at fair value or a value based on a formula that management intended to reasonably approximate fair value based on a fixed multiple of earnings over a measurement period. The carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest is compared to the redemption value at each reporting period. Any adjustments to the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interest for changes in redemption value prior to exercise of the redemption option are determined after the attribution of net income or loss of the subsidiary and are recognized in the redemption value as they occur. Adjustments to the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest result in adjustments to additional paid-in capital and/or retained earnings. Adjustments are recorded in retained earnings to the extent the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest exceeds its fair value and will impact the numerator in our earnings per share calculations. All other adjustments to the redeemable noncontrolling interest are recorded in additional paid-in capital.

 Following is a reconciliation of the changes in the redeemable noncontrolling interest:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 262.0

 $

 332.5

 $

 255.6

 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest

 23.7

 ( 25.8)

 17.5

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest of deconsolidated entities (1)

 ( 2.8)

 ( 37.4)

 Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest

 43.3

 67.3

 166.8

 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest

 ( 75.0)

 ( 108.9)

 ( 66.8)

 Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest (2)

 ( 6.1)

 Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest

 3.1

 Stock-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest

 0.1

 0.1

 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest

 0.5

 0.9

 $

 248.9

 $

 262.0

 $

 332.5

 (1)
 We deconsolidated certain sponsored investment funds as they no longer met the requirements for consolidation.

 (2)
 In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we acquired an additional interest in Origin Asset Management. In 2021, we also acquired the remaining interest in Principal Innovations, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, RobustWealth, Inc.

 Dividend Limitations
 The declaration and payment of our common stock dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our overall financial condition, results of operations, capital levels, cash requirements, future prospects, receipt of dividends or other distributions from Principal Life (as described below), risk management considerations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. No significant restrictions limit the payment of dividends by us, except those generally applicable to corporations incorporated in Delaware.
 Under Iowa law, Principal Life may pay dividends or make other distributions only from the earned surplus arising from its business and must receive the prior approval of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Iowa ("the Commissioner") to pay stockholder dividends or make any other distribution if such distribution would exceed certain statutory limitations. Iowa law gives the Commissioner discretion to disapprove requests for distributions in excess of these limitations. Extraordinary dividends include those made, together with dividends and other distributions, within the preceding twelve months that exceed the greater of (i) 10 % of Principal Life's statutory policyholder surplus as of the previous year-end excluding admitted disallowed interest maintenance reserve or (ii) the statutory net gain from operations from the previous calendar year, not to exceed earned surplus. Based on this limitation and 2023 statutory results, Principal Life could pay approximately $ 1,497.8 million in ordinary stockholder dividends in 2024 without prior regulatory approval. However, because the dividend test is based on dividends previously paid over rolling twelve-month periods, if paid before a specified date during 2024, some or all of such dividends may be extraordinary and require regulatory approval.

 18. Fair Value Measurements
 We use fair value measurements to record fair value of certain assets and liabilities and to estimate fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value but required to be disclosed at fair value. Certain financial instruments, particularly policyholder liabilities other than investment contracts, are excluded from these fair value disclosure requirements.

 Valuation Hierarchy
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety considering factors specific to the asset or liability.

 Level 1 – Fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

 Level 2 – Fair values are based on inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

 Level 3 – Fair values are based on at least one significant unobservable input for the asset or liability.

 Determination of Fair Value
 The following discussion describes the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The techniques utilized in estimating the fair value of financial instruments are reliant on the assumptions used. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about our business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below.
 Fair value estimates are made based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument at a specific point in time. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument. We validate prices through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources, review of recent trade activity or use of internal models. In circumstances where broker quotes are used to value an instrument, we generally receive one non-binding quote. Broker quotes are validated through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources and use of internal models or other relevant information. We did not make any significant changes to our valuation processes during 2023.
 Fixed Maturities
 Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. When available, the fair value of fixed maturities is based on quoted prices of identical assets in active markets. These are reflected in Level 1 and primarily include U.S. Treasury bonds and actively traded redeemable corporate preferred securities.
 When quoted prices of identical assets in active markets are not available, our first priority is to obtain prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interaction with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. Their methodologies vary by asset class and include inputs such as estimated cash flows, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, credit quality, industry events and economic events. Fixed maturities with validated prices from pricing services, which includes the majority of our public fixed maturities in all asset classes, are generally reflected in Level 2. Also included in Level 2 are corporate bonds when quoted market prices are not available, for which an internal model using substantially all observable inputs or a matrix pricing valuation approach is used. In the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on studies of observable public market data for specific security classes. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread. Although the matrix valuation approach provides a fair valuation of each pricing category, the valuation of an individual security within each pricing category may also be impacted by company specific factors.

 If we are unable to price a fixed maturity security using prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources specific to the asset class, we may obtain a broker quote or utilize an internal pricing model specific to the asset utilizing relevant market information, to the extent available and where at least one significant unobservable input is utilized. These are reflected in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and can include fixed maturities across all asset classes. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3 % of our total fixed maturities were Level 3 securities valued using internal pricing models.
 The primary inputs, by asset class, for valuations of the majority of our Level 2 investments from third party pricing vendors or our internal pricing valuation approach are described below.
 U.S. Government and Agencies/Non-U.S. Governments. Inputs include recently executed market transactions, interest rate yield curves, maturity dates, market price quotations and credit spreads relating to similar instruments.
 States and Political Subdivisions. Inputs include Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board reported trades, U.S. Treasury and other benchmark curves, material event notices, new issue data and obligor credit ratings.
 Corporate. Inputs include recently executed transactions, market price quotations, benchmark yields, issuer spreads and observations of equity and credit default swap curves related to the issuer. For private placement corporate securities valued through the matrix valuation approach inputs include the current Treasury curve and risk spreads based on sector, rating and average life of the issuance.
 RMBS, CMBS, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Other Debt Obligations. Inputs include cash flows, priority of the tranche in the capital structure, expected time to maturity for the specific tranche, reinvestment period remaining and performance of the underlying collateral including prepayments, defaults, deferrals, loss severity of defaulted collateral and, for RMBS, prepayment speed assumptions. Other inputs include market indices and recently executed market transactions.
 Equity Securities
 Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, non-redeemable preferred stock and required regulatory investments. Fair values of equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When quoted prices are not available, we may utilize internal valuation methodologies appropriate for the specific asset that use observable inputs such as underlying share prices or the NAV, which are reflected in Level 2. Fair values might also be determined using broker quotes or through the use of internal models or analysis that incorporate significant assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities, which are reflected in Level 3.
 The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are determined through quoted market prices, which are reflected in Level 1. Exchange-traded derivatives include futures that are settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of OTC cleared derivatives are determined through market prices published by the clearinghouses, which are reflected in Level 2. The clearinghouses utilize the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") curve in their valuation. Variation margin associated with OTC cleared derivatives is settled daily, which reduces their fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of bilateral OTC derivative instruments are determined using either pricing valuation models that utilize market observable inputs or broker quotes. The majority of our bilateral OTC derivatives are valued with models that use market observable inputs, which are reflected in Level 2. Significant inputs include contractual terms, interest rates, currency exchange rates, credit spread curves, equity prices and volatilities. These valuation models consider projected discounted cash flows, relevant swap curves and appropriate implied volatilities. Certain bilateral OTC derivatives utilize unobservable market data, primarily independent broker quotes that are nonbinding quotes based on models that do not reflect the result of market transactions, which are reflected in Level 3.

 Our non-cleared derivative contracts are generally documented under ISDA Master Agreements, which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Collateral arrangements are bilateral and based on current ratings of each entity. We utilize the SOFR curve to value our positions. Counterparty credit risk is routinely monitored to ensure our adjustment for nonperformance risk is appropriate. Our centrally cleared derivative contracts are conducted with regulated centralized clearinghouses, which provide for daily exchange of cash collateral or variation margin equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts that eliminates the nonperformance risk on these trades.
 Interest Rate Contracts. For non-cleared contracts, which include interest rate swaps and have included swaptions, we use discounted cash flow valuation techniques to determine the fair value using observable swap curves as the inputs. These are reflected in Level 2. We have forward contracts for which we obtain prices from third party pricing vendors. These are reflected in Level 2. For centrally cleared contracts we use published prices from clearinghouses. These are reflected in Level 2. In addition, we have forward contracts and have had interest rate options that were valued using broker quotes. These are reflected in Level 3.
 Foreign Exchange Contracts. We use discounted cash flow valuation techniques that utilize observable swap curves and exchange rates as the inputs to determine the fair value of foreign currency swaps. These are reflected in Level 2. Currency forwards are valued using observable market inputs, including forward currency exchange rates. These are reflected in Level 2. In addition, we had a limited number of non-standard currency swaps that were valued using broker quotes. These were reflected within Level 3.
 Equity Contracts. We use an option pricing model using observable implied volatilities, dividend yields, index prices and swap curves as the inputs to determine the fair value of equity options. These are reflected in Level 2. Certain equity option contracts are valued using broker quotes. These are reflected in Level 3.
 Credit Contracts. We use either the ISDA Credit Default Swap Standard discounted cash flow model that utilizes observable default probabilities and recovery rates as inputs to determine the fair value of credit default swaps. These are reflected in Level 2. In addition, we have a limited number of credit default swaps that are valued using broker quotes. These are reflected within Level 3.
 Other Investments
 Other investments reported at fair value include invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds, unconsolidated sponsored investment funds, other investment funds reported at fair value, other loans of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected and certain redeemable and nonredeemable preferred stock.
 Invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds include equity securities, fixed maturities and derivative assets, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1 and Level 2.
 The fair value of unconsolidated sponsored investment funds and other investment funds is determined using the NAV of the fund. The NAV of the fund represents the price at which we would be able to initiate a transaction. Investments for which the NAV represents a quoted price in an active market for identical assets are reflected in Level 1. Investments that do not have a quoted price in an active market are reflected in Level 2.
 Other loans of a consolidated VIE for which the fair value option was elected are reflected in Level 3. The fair value of these loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation model that utilizes standard assumption-setting methodology accepted by market participants in the industry. The assumptions are formed based on historical performance of the loans and utilizes market data inputs such as charge-off rates, prepayment rates, recovery rates and discount rates.
 Cash Equivalents
 Certain cash equivalents are reported at fair value on a recurring basis and include money market instruments and other short-term investments with maturities of three months or less. Fair values of these cash equivalents may be determined using public quotations, when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When public quotations are not available, because of the highly liquid nature of these assets, carrying amounts may be used to approximate fair values, which are reflected in Level 2.

 Separate Account Assets
 Separate account assets include equity securities, debt securities, cash equivalents and derivative instruments, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Separate account assets also include commercial mortgage loans, for which the fair value is estimated by discounting the expected total cash flows using market rates that are applicable to the yield, credit quality and maturity of the loans. The market clearing spreads vary based on mortgage type, weighted average life, rating and liquidity. These are reflected in Level 3. Finally, separate account assets include real estate, for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow valuation models that utilize various public real estate market data inputs. In addition, each property is appraised annually by an independent appraiser. The real estate included in separate account assets is recorded net of related mortgage encumbrances for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements. The real estate within the separate accounts is reflected in Level 3.
 Market Risk Benefits
 MRBs are measured at fair value at the contract level on a recurring basis and are reflected in Level 3 as either an asset or a liability, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value are market assumptions and policyholder behavior. Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The MRBs are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own nonperformance risk.
 The assumption for our own nonperformance risk is based on current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Refer to Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the determination of fair value measurement of MRBs.
 Investment and Universal Life Contracts
 Certain universal life, annuity and other investment contracts include embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are reflected in Level 3. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities are market assumptions (such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations) and policyholder behavior assumptions (such as lapse and mortality). Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The embedded derivative liabilities are valued using models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own creditworthiness.
 The assumption for our own nonperformance risk for investment contracts and any embedded derivatives bifurcated from certain universal life, annuity and investment contracts is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market.
 Funds Withheld Payable
 The funds withheld payable includes an embedded derivative that has been bifurcated from the host contract and is measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which is reflected in Level 3. The fair value is determined based on the change in the estimated fair value of the underlying funds withheld investments. The fair value of these assets is determined as previously described.
 Other Liabilities
 Derivative liabilities of consolidated sponsored investment funds are reported at fair value within other liabilities. Fair values of these derivatives are determined as previously described and are reflected in Level 2.

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

 Assets/

 (liabilities)

 net asset

 value (5)

 $

 1,528.8

 $

 —

 $

 1,216.0

 $

 312.8

 $

 —

 507.9

 —

 0.2

 507.7

 —

 6,676.8

 —

 —

 6,606.9

 69.9

 35,810.0

 —

 30.9

 33,473.2

 2,305.9

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,772.5

 3.0

 Collateralized debt obligations (1)

 —

 —

 5,328.3

 75.4

 7,909.3

 —

 —

 6,726.7

 1,182.6

 —

 1,247.1

 60,789.2

 3,636.8

 836.2

 —

 27.7

 392.7

 415.8

 —

 245.4

 1,232.7

 —

 Derivative assets (2)

 304.2

 —

 —

 297.9

 6.3

 815.6

 73.7

 220.1

 356.7

 165.1

 Cash equivalents

 3,771.4

 —

 511.6

 3,259.8

 —

 Market risk benefit asset (3)

 153.4

 —

 —

 —

 153.4

 Sub-total excluding separate account assets

 73,032.0

 73.7

 2,251.9

 66,329.0

 4,377.4

 8,692.0

 104,505.0

 53,655.8

 752.8

 $

 240,637.6

 $

 8,765.7

 $

 106,756.9

 $

 119,984.8

 $

 5,130.2

 Investment and universal life contracts (4)

 $

 ( 115.5)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 ( 115.5)

 Market risk benefit liability (3)

 ( 133.2)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 133.2)

 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative (4)

 2,567.1

 —

 —

 —

 2,567.1

 Derivative liabilities (2)

 ( 494.0)

 —

 —

 ( 493.2)

 —

 —

 —

 $

 1,823.4

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 ( 494.2)

 $

 2,317.6

 Net assets

 $

 242,461.0

 $

 8,765.7

 $

 106,756.9

 $

 119,490.6

 $

 7,447.8

 Assets/

 (liabilities)

 net asset

 value (5)

 $

 1,739.8

 $

 —

 $

 1,359.1

 $

 380.7

 $

 —

 567.3

 —

 1.4

 565.9

 —

 6,232.3

 —

 —

 6,161.4

 70.9

 36,183.2

 —

 26.6

 34,588.3

 1,568.3

 2,228.7

 —

 —

 2,228.7

 —

 4,864.6

 —

 —

 4,861.2

 3.4

 Collateralized debt obligations (1)

 4,566.4

 —

 —

 4,510.2

 56.2

 6,507.6

 —

 —

 6,039.8

 467.8

 62,889.9

 —

 1,387.1

 59,336.2

 2,166.6

 760.7

 —

 78.6

 548.1

 134.0

 1,708.6

 —

 492.4

 1,216.2

 —

 Derivative assets (2)

 321.6

 —

 —

 320.9

 0.7

 701.1

 81.4

 311.7

 306.1

 1.9

 Cash equivalents

 3,604.1

 —

 973.5

 2,630.6

 —

 Market risk benefit asset (3)

 109.2

 —

 —

 —

 109.2

 Sub-total excluding separate account assets

 70,095.2

 81.4

 3,243.3

 64,358.1

 2,412.4

 9,120.9

 92,010.7

 53,208.6

 1,034.9

 $

 225,470.3

 $

 9,202.3

 $

 95,254.0

 $

 117,566.7

 $

 3,447.3

 Investment and universal life contracts (4)

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Market risk benefit liability (3)

 ( 207.4)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 207.4)

 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative (4)

 —

 —

 —

 Derivative liabilities (2)

 ( 634.2)

 —

 —

 ( 630.1)

 ( 4.1)

 —

 —

 —

 $

 2,764.4

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 ( 630.5)

 $

 3,394.9

 Net assets

 $

 228,234.7

 $

 9,202.3

 $

 95,254.0

 $

 116,936.2

 $

 6,842.2

 (1)
 Primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations backed by secured corporate loans.

 (2)
 Within the consolidated statements of financial position, derivative assets are reported with other investments and derivative liabilities are reported with other liabilities. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated statements of financial position; however, are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements tables. Refer to Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further information on fair value by class of derivative instruments.

 (3)
 Refer to Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for further information on the change in the Level 3 fair value measurements of MRBs.

 (4)
 Includes bifurcated embedded derivatives that are reported at net asset (liability) fair value within the same line item in the consolidated statements of financial position in which the host contract is reported. The funds withheld payable embedded derivative could be in either an asset or (liability) position.

 (5)
 Certain investments are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments using the NAV practical expedient consist of certain fund interests that are restricted until maturity with unfunded commitments totaling $ 7.1 million and $ 7.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Separate account assets using the NAV practical expedient consist of certain funds with varying investment strategies that also have a variety of redemption terms and conditions. We do not have unfunded commitments associated with these funds.

 Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) was as follows:

 Net

 Total realized/unrealized

 purchases,

 gains (losses)

 sales,

 Included

 Included in

 issuances

 as of

 in net

 other

 and

 as of

 January 1,

 income

 settlements

 into

 out of

 2023

 (2)

 income (3)

 (4)

 2023

 $

 70.9

 $

 —

 $

 0.7

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 69.9

 1,568.3

 ( 4.5)

 13.3

 593.6

 212.4

 ( 77.2)

 2,305.9

 3.4

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3.0

 56.2

 —

 1.9

 165.8

 —

 ( 148.5)

 75.4

 467.8

 1.3

 1.2

 537.0

 239.5

 ( 64.2)

 1,182.6

 2,166.6

 17.1

 1,294.3

 451.9

 ( 289.9)

 3,636.8

 134.0

 2.4

 —

 279.4

 —

 —

 415.8

 1.9

 ( 5.7)

 —

 168.9

 —

 —

 165.1

 Separate account assets (1)

 1,034.9

 ( 8.7)

 —

 ( 273.4)

 —

 —

 752.8

 ( 37.7)

 —

 ( 31.4)

 —

 —

 ( 115.5)

 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,567.1

 3.9

 —

 4.9

 0.1

 —

 5.5

 Net

 Total realized/unrealized

 purchases,

 gains (losses)

 sales,

 Included

 Included in

 issuances

 as of

 in net

 other

 and

 as of

 January 1,

 income

 settlements

 into

 out of

 2022

 (2)

 income (3)

 (4)

 2022

 $

 94.8

 $

 —

 $

 ( 24.1)

 $

 $

 12.0

 $

 ( 10.2)

 $

 70.9

 834.3

 ( 28.6)

 626.3

 176.3

 ( 35.2)

 1,568.3

 19.2

 —

 —

 ( 10.2)

 3.4

 85.8

 —

 151.8

 —

 ( 180.4)

 56.2

 42.1

 ( 20.4)

 474.2

 —

 ( 27.8)

 467.8

 1,076.2

 ( 75.1)

 1,246.1

 188.3

 ( 263.8)

 2,166.6

 4.9

 —

 100.7

 29.0

 —

 134.0

 2.1

 —

 0.4

 —

 —

 1.9

 Separate account assets (1)

 945.3

 113.5

 —

 ( 23.9)

 —

 —

 1,034.9

 ( 83.2)

 35.9

 —

 0.9

 —

 —

 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 5.4)

 2.6

 —

 Net

 Total realized/unrealized

 purchases,

 gains (losses)

 sales,

 Included

 Included in

 issuances

 as of

 in net

 other

 and

 as of

 January 1,

 income

 settlements

 into

 out of

 2021

 (2)

 income (3)

 (4)

 2021

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 12.8

 $

 $

 82.4

 $

 —

 $

 94.8

 290.8

 ( 21.9)

 7.8

 381.8

 175.8

 —

 834.3

 13.2

 7.4

 —

 —

 19.2

 27.2

 ( 2.0)

 1.6

 420.7

 74.1

 ( 435.8)

 85.8

 29.2

 —

 0.4

 16.9

 20.6

 ( 25.0)

 42.1

 360.4

 ( 24.9)

 22.2

 826.4

 352.9

 ( 460.8)

 1,076.2

 —

 —

 —

 4.9

 —

 —

 4.9

 31.9

 12.5

 —

 —

 2.1

 Separate account assets (1)

 8,893.2

 313.1

 —

 ( 8,261.0)

 —

 —

 945.3

 ( 90.8)

 ( 15.6)

 —

 23.2

 —

 —

 ( 83.2)

 ( 6.9)

 —

 12.0

 —

 —

 —

 (1)
 Gains and losses for separate account assets do not impact net income as the change in value of separate account assets is offset by a change in value of separate account liabilities. Foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Principal International separate account assets are recorded in AOCI and are offset by foreign currency translation adjustments of the corresponding separate account liabilities.

 (2)
 Both realized gains (losses) and mark-to-market unrealized gains (losses) are generally reported in net realized capital gains (losses), net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets or change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivative within the consolidated statements of operations. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain securities with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported in net investment income within the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held were:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 0.3

 $

 $

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 2.0)

 1.9

 —

 —

 2.2

 ( 7.6)

 2.0

 —

 —

 12.5

 ( 80.3)

 89.8

 90.5

 ( 29.2)

 22.6

 ( 8.6)

 Funds withheld payable embedded derivative

 —

 7.5

 (3)
 Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, including foreign currency translation adjustments related to Principal International, relating to positions still held were:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 ( 4.1)

 $

 ( 22.3)

 $

 12.8

 ( 38.9)

 ( 19.8)

 —

 0.7

 —

 1.9

 ( 29.8)

 ( 18.5)

 —

 ( 72.1)

 ( 61.1)

 13.6

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (4)
 Gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements were:

 Net purchases,

 sales, issuances

 Sales

 Settlements

 and settlements

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 815.2

 ( 27.7)

 —

 ( 193.9)

 593.6

 —

 —

 —

 167.0

 —

 —

 165.8

 563.3

 —

 —

 ( 26.3)

 537.0

 1,545.5

 ( 27.7)

 —

 ( 223.5)

 1,294.3

 439.3

 ( 145.2)

 —

 ( 14.7)

 279.4

 194.2

 —

 —

 ( 25.3)

 168.9

 Separate account assets (5)

 —

 ( 286.3)

 ( 109.1)

 122.0

 ( 273.4)

 —

 —

 ( 69.9)

 38.5

 ( 31.4)

 0.8

 4.1

 —

 —

 4.9

 Net purchases,

 sales, issuances

 Sales

 Settlements

 and settlements

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 817.3

 ( 50.4)

 —

 ( 140.6)

 626.3

 —

 ( 4.1)

 —

 151.9

 —

 —

 151.8

 487.4

 ( 8.2)

 —

 ( 5.0)

 474.2

 1,456.6

 ( 62.7)

 —

 ( 147.8)

 1,246.1

 134.7

 ( 32.6)

 —

 ( 1.4)

 100.7

 0.4

 —

 —

 —

 0.4

 Separate account assets (5)

 11.8

 ( 4.5)

 ( 50.0)

 18.8

 ( 23.9)

 —

 —

 ( 22.2)

 23.1

 0.9

 —

 2.6

 —

 —

 2.6

 Net purchases,

 sales, issuances

 Sales

 Settlements

 and settlements

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 626.6

 ( 84.3)

 —

 ( 160.5)

 381.8

 7.7

 —

 —

 7.4

 446.0

 —

 —

 ( 25.3)

 420.7

 45.1

 —

 —

 ( 28.2)

 16.9

 1,125.4

 ( 84.3)

 —

 ( 214.7)

 826.4

 4.9

 —

 —

 —

 4.9

 —

 —

 —

 Separate account assets (5)

 38.5

 ( 8,206.2)

 ( 191.5)

 98.2

 ( 8,261.0)

 —

 —

 ( 19.5)

 42.7

 23.2

 —

 12.0

 —

 —

 12.0

 (5)

 Issuances and settlements include amounts related to mortgage encumbrances associated with real estate in our separate accounts.

 Transfers of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis between fair value hierarchy levels were as follows:

 of Level 1 into

 of Level 2 into

 $

 —

 $

 212.4

 $

 —

 $

 77.2

 —

 —

 —

 148.5

 —

 239.5

 —

 64.2

 —

 451.9

 —

 289.9

 —

 0.1

 —

 —

 of Level 1 into

 of Level 2 into

 $

 —

 $

 12.0

 $

 —

 $

 10.2

 —

 176.3

 —

 35.2

 —

 —

 —

 10.2

 —

 —

 —

 180.4

 —

 —

 —

 27.8

 —

 188.3

 —

 263.8

 —

 29.0

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 0.3

 of Level 1 into

 of Level 2 into

 $

 —

 $

 82.4

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 175.8

 —

 —

 —

 74.1

 —

 435.8

 —

 20.6

 —

 25.0

 —

 352.9

 —

 460.8

 Assets transferred into Level 3 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, primarily included those assets for which we are now unable to obtain pricing from a recognized third party pricing vendor as well as assets that were previously priced using a matrix valuation approach that may no longer be relevant when applied to asset-specific situations.
 Assets transferred out of Level 3 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, included those assets for which we are now able to obtain pricing from a recognized third party pricing vendor or from internal models using substantially all market observable information.

 Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3, excluding assets and liabilities for which significant quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed internally, which primarily consists of those valued using broker quotes. The MRB asset and liability are excluded from the table. Refer to Note 11, Market Risk Benefits, for information on the unobservable inputs used for fair value measurement of MRBs. The funds withheld payable embedded derivative is excluded from the table as the determination of its fair value incorporates the fair value of the invested assets supporting the reinsurance agreement. Refer to "Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis" for a complete valuation hierarchy summary.

 Assets /

 (liabilities)

 Valuation

 Unobservable

 Input/range of

 Weighted

 technique(s)

 input description

 inputs

 $

 1,997.4

 4.9

 %-

 24.2

 %

 12.0

 %

 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization multiple

 3.25

 x

 3.25

 x

 Illiquidity premium

 basis points ("bps")-

 bps

 bps

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 74.6

 4.1

 %

 4.1

 %

 bps

 bps

 879.5

 5.0

 %-

 10.6

 %

 7.4

 %

 Illiquidity premium

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 ( 20)

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 203.9

 11.4

 %-

 22.3

 %

 13.3

 %

 163.2

 12.0

 %-

 13.5

 %

 12.6

 %

 Probability of default

 6.0

 %-

 10.0

 %

 8.5

 %

 Potential loss severity

 87.0

 %-

 100.0

 %

 90.7

 %

 752.8

 Discounted cash flow - real estate

 6.5

 %-

 10.0

 %

 7.5

 %

 Terminal capitalization rate

 5.3

 %-

 9.5

 %

 6.1

 %

 Average market rent growth rate

 2.0

 %-

 3.7

 %

 2.9

 %

 Discounted cash flow - real estate debt

 Loan to value

 46.0

 %-

 72.0

 %

 55.3

 %

 Market interest rate

 5.3

 %-

 8.1

 %

 6.4

 %

 Investment and universal life contracts (4)

 ( 115.5)

 Long duration interest rate

 2.5

 %-

 4.8

 % (2)

 4.0

 %

 Long-term equity market volatility

 15.5

 %-

 40.1

 %

 19.2

 %

 Nonperformance risk

 0.8

 %-

 1.6

 %

 1.1

 %

 Lapse rate

 0.0

 %-

 55.0

 %

 7.0

 %

 Mortality rate

 See note (3)

 Assets /

 (liabilities)

 Valuation

 Unobservable

 Input/range of

 Weighted

 technique(s)

 input description

 inputs

 $

 1,479.9

 2.7

 %-

 33.1

 %

 11.0

 %

 Illiquidity premium

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 ( 16)

 bps-

 bps

 ( 11)

 bps

 39.5

 4.4

 %

 4.4

 %

 bps

 bps

 467.8

 5.6

 %-

 8.2

 %

 7.6

 %

 Illiquidity premium

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 bps-

 bps

 bps

 119.7

 9.6

 %-

 15.2

 %

 11.0

 %

 1,034.1

 Discounted cash flow - real estate

 5.5

 %-

 10.0

 %

 7.0

 %

 Terminal capitalization rate

 4.5

 %-

 9.5

 %

 5.8

 %

 Average market rent growth rate

 2.0

 %-

 3.8

 %

 3.0

 %

 Discounted cash flow - real estate debt

 Loan to value

 43.6

 %-

 62.2

 %

 50.6

 %

 Market interest rate

 5.3

 %-

 8.6

 %

 6.6

 %

 Investment and universal life contracts (4)

 Long duration interest rate

 2.4

 %-

 4.7

 % (2)

 3.1

 %

 Long-term equity market volatility

 17.8

 %-

 36.9

 %

 22.0

 %

 Nonperformance risk

 0.9

 %

 0.9

 %

 Lapse rate

 0.0

 %

 0.0

 %

 Mortality rate

 See note (3)

 (1)
 Represents market comparable interest rate or an index adjusted rate used as the base rate in the discounted cash flow analysis prior to any illiquidity or other adjustments, where applicable.

 (2)
 Represents the range of rate curves used in the valuation analysis that we have determined market participants would use when pricing the instrument. Derived from interpolation between various observable swap rates.

 (3)
 This input is based on an appropriate industry mortality table and a range does not provide a meaningful presentation.

 (4)
 Includes bifurcated embedded derivatives that are reported at net asset (liability) fair value within the same line item in the consolidated statements of financial position in which the host contract is reported.

 Market comparable discount rates are used as the base rate in the discounted cash flows used to determine the fair value of certain assets. The use of a higher or lower discount rate would have caused the fair value of the assets to significantly decrease or increase, respectively. Additionally, we may adjust the base discount rate or the modeled price by applying an illiquidity premium given the highly structured nature of certain assets. The use of a higher or lower illiquidity premium would have caused significant decreases or increases, respectively, in the fair value of the asset.
 Embedded derivatives within our investment and universal life contracts liability can be in either an asset or liability position, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. Increases to an asset or decreases to a liability are described as increases to fair value. The use of a higher or lower market volatility would have caused significant decreases or increases, respectively, in the fair value of embedded derivatives in investment and universal life contracts. Long duration interest rates are used as the mean return when projecting the growth in the value of associated account value and impact the discount rate used in the discounted future cash flows valuation. The use of higher or lower risk-free rates would have caused the fair value of the embedded derivative to significantly increase or decrease, respectively. The use of a higher or lower rate for our own credit risks, which impact the rates used to discount future cash flows, would have significantly increased or decreased, respectively, the fair value of the embedded derivative. The use of a lower or higher mortality rate assumption would have caused the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. The use of a lower or higher overall lapse rate assumption would have caused the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively.
 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
 No significant assets and liabilities were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Fair Value Option
 We elected fair value accounting for:

 Certain other loans of a consolidated VIE that were subject to amortized cost accounting and a valuation allowance.

 Certain real estate ventures that were subject to the equity method of accounting because the nature of the investments was to add value to the properties and generate income from the operations of the properties. Other equity method real estate investments were not fair valued because the investments mainly generated income from the operations of the underlying properties. The last equity method real estate investment for which the fair value option was elected was sold in the third quarter of 2021.

 The following table presents information regarding the assets for which the fair value option was elected.

 Other loans of consolidated VIE (1)

 Fair value (1)

 $

 163.2

 $

 —

 Aggregate contractual principal

 167.1

 —

 (1)
 Reported with other investments on the consolidated statements of financial position.

 The following table presents information regarding the consolidated statements of operations impact of assets for which the fair value option was elected.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Other loans of consolidated VIE

 Change in fair value pre-tax loss - instrument specific credit risk

 $

 ( 5.6)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Change in fair value pre-tax loss (1)

 ( 5.6)

 —

 —

 Interest income (2)

 8.1

 —

 —

 Real estate ventures

 Change in fair value pre-tax gain (1)

 —

 —

 12.5

 (1)
 Reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations.

 (2)
 Reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value
 The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis but required to be disclosed at fair value were as follows:

 Assets (liabilities)

 $

 $

 18,505.0

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 18,505.0

 809.3

 846.3

 —

 —

 846.3

 268.6

 260.9

 —

 142.9

 118.0

 936.3

 936.3

 913.9

 22.4

 —

 Reinsurance deposit receivable

 6,078.6

 5,487.7

 —

 —

 5,487.7

 Cash collateral receivable

 38.7

 38.7

 38.7

 —

 —

 Investment contracts

 ( 33,937.9)

 ( 32,166.7)

 —

 ( 7,828.1)

 ( 24,338.6)

 ( 61.1)

 ( 61.1)

 —

 ( 61.1)

 —

 ( 3,930.9)

 ( 3,754.5)

 —

 ( 3,754.1)

 Separate account liabilities

 ( 152,229.2)

 ( 151,280.9)

 —

 —

 ( 151,280.9)

 Bank deposits (1)

 ( 399.5)

 ( 385.3)

 —

 ( 385.3)

 —

 Cash collateral payable

 ( 176.9)

 ( 176.9)

 ( 176.9)

 —

 —

 Assets (liabilities)

 $

 20,629.8

 $

 18,754.5

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 18,754.5

 784.7

 804.0

 —

 —

 804.0

 250.6

 238.0

 —

 133.5

 104.5

 1,243.9

 1,243.9

 1,232.5

 11.4

 —

 Reinsurance deposit receivable

 7,901.0

 6,859.9

 —

 —

 6,859.9

 Cash collateral receivable

 281.0

 281.0

 281.0

 —

 —

 Investment contracts

 ( 35,380.1)

 ( 32,367.4)

 —

 ( 7,279.0)

 ( 25,088.4)

 ( 80.7)

 ( 80.7)

 —

 ( 80.7)

 —

 ( 3,997.0)

 ( 3,680.6)

 —

 ( 3,620.1)

 ( 60.5)

 Separate account liabilities

 ( 141,459.3)

 ( 140,533.9)

 —

 —

 ( 140,533.9)

 Bank deposits (1)

 ( 352.4)

 ( 336.3)

 —

 ( 336.3)

 —

 Cash collateral payable

 ( 291.3)

 ( 291.3)

 ( 291.3)

 —

 —

 (1)

 Excludes deposit liabilities without defined or contractual maturities.

 19. Statutory Insurance Financial Information
 Principal Life, the largest indirect subsidiary of PFG, prepares statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Insurance Division of the Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa (the "Iowa Insurance Division"). The Iowa Insurance Division recognizes only statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of Iowa for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company to determine its solvency under the Iowa Insurance Law. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners' ("NAIC") Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual has been adopted as a component of prescribed practices by the State of Iowa. The Commissioner has the right to permit other specific practices that deviate from prescribed practices. Statutory accounting practices differ from U.S. GAAP primarily due to charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing reserves using different actuarial assumptions, valuing investments on a different basis and not admitting certain assets, including certain net deferred income tax assets.
 Principal Life cedes certain term, universal life and Closed Block life insurance statutory reserves to its affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries on a funds withheld coinsurance basis. The reserves are secured by cash, invested assets and financing provided by highly rated third parties. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Principal Life's affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries assumed statutory reserves of $ 18,474.2 million and $ 17,815.1 million from Principal Life, respectively. In the states of Vermont and Delaware, Principal Life's affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries had permitted and prescribed practices allowing for the admissibility of certain assets backing these reserves. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, assets admitted under these practices totaled $ 4,153.8 million and $ 3,748.4 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, one of Principal Life's affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries in Vermont ceded $ 10,406.3 million and $ 9,956.9 million, respectively, of the ULSG reserves it assumed from Principal Life to Talcott Life & Annuity Re.
 Life and health insurance companies are subject to certain risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements as specified by the NAIC. Under those requirements, the amount of capital and surplus maintained by a life and health insurance company is to be determined based on the various risk factors related to it. As of December 31, 2023, Principal Life met the minimum RBC requirements.
 Statutory net income (loss) and statutory capital and surplus of Principal Life were as follows:

 As of or for the year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Statutory net income (loss)

 $

 1,285.0

 $

 ( 1,563.1)

 $

 864.0

 Statutory capital and surplus

 4,753.4

 4,304.4

 5,375.2

 20. Segment Information
 We provide financial products and services through the following segments: Retirement and Income Solutions, Principal Asset Management and Benefits and Protection. In addition, we have a Corporate segment. The segments are managed and reported separately because they provide different products and services, have different strategies or have different markets and distribution channels.
 Prior to 2023, we separately reported Principal Global Investors and Principal International as segments. Those are now integrated into our Principal Asset Management segment. The new segment presentation has been applied retrospectively to our segment results, which have been recast for LDTI, but did not impact our consolidated financial statements.
 The Retirement and Income Solutions segment provides retirement and related financial products and services primarily to businesses, their employees and other individuals. The segment includes workplace savings and retirement solutions, banking, trust and custodial services, individual variable annuities, pension risk transfer, investment only and our exited retail fixed annuities business.
 The Principal Asset Management segment provides global investment solutions to institutional, retirement, retail and high net worth investors in the U.S. and select emerging markets. The segment is organized into Principal Global Investors, which provides public, multi-asset and private market capabilities across all asset classes, including equity, fixed income, real estate and alternatives, to serve a breadth of client investment objectives; and Principal International, which provides long-term savings and retirement solutions through pension accumulation, mutual funds and income annuities, along with retail asset management services in Asia and Latin America.

 The Benefits and Protection (formerly known as U.S. Insurance Solutions) segment focuses on solutions primarily for small-to-mid sized businesses and their employees. The segment is organized into Specialty Benefits, which provides group dental, group life insurance, group disability insurance (including short-term disability, long-term disability and paid family and medical leave), supplemental health products (including vision, critical illness, accident and hospital indemnity) and individual disability insurance; and Life Insurance, which provides life insurance, with a focus on the business market customer, including universal life and variable universal life (including indexed universal life) and traditional life insurance (including term life insurance). All remaining customers are part of the legacy life block of business, including universal and variable universal life insurance (including indexed universal life), traditional life insurance (including participating whole life, adjustable life products and term life insurance) and our exited ULSG business.
 Our Corporate segment manages the assets representing capital that has not been allocated to any other segment. Financial results of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including financing costs), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items. Results of Principal Securities, Inc. ("PSI"), our retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor ("RIA"); and our exited group medical and long-term care insurance businesses are reported in this segment.
 Management uses segment pre-tax operating earnings in evaluating performance, which is consistent with the financial results provided to and discussed with securities analysts. We determine segment pre-tax operating earnings by adjusting U.S. GAAP income before income taxes for pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, pre-tax income (loss) from exited business, pre-tax other adjustments that management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends and certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest. While these items may be significant components in understanding and assessing the consolidated financial performance, management believes the presentation of pre-tax operating earnings enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting pre-tax earnings attributable to the normal, ongoing operations of the business.
 The pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, excluded from pre-tax operating earnings reflects consolidated U.S. GAAP pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) excluding the following items that are included in pre-tax operating earnings:

 Periodic settlements and accruals on derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments,

 Certain market value adjustments of derivatives and embedded derivatives and

 Certain market value adjustments of derivative instruments used to economically hedge embedded derivatives.

 Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business includes amounts associated with our exited U.S. retail fixed annuity and ULSG businesses, including the change in fair value of the funds withheld embedded derivative, net realized capital gains (losses) on funds withheld assets, strategic review costs and impacts, amortization of reinsurance gain (loss) and other impacts of reinsured business. The strategic review costs and impacts primarily include actuarial balance re-cohorting impacts resulting from the Strategic Review and costs to close the Talcott Reinsurance Transaction. Other impacts of reinsured business primarily include DAC amortization.
 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, are further adjusted for:

 Amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges,

 Certain hedge accounting market value revenue adjustments,

 Certain market value adjustments to fee revenues,

 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to equity method investments,

 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to sponsored investment funds,

 Certain variable annuity fees,

 Market value adjustments of market risk benefits,

 Related changes in the amortization pattern of actuarial balances,

 Certain hedge accounting market value expense adjustments and

 Net realized capital gains (losses) distributed.

 Segment operating revenues reflect consolidated U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding:

 Net realized capital gains (losses), except periodic settlements and accruals on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and certain market value adjustments of derivative instruments used to economically hedge embedded derivatives, and their impact on:

 Amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges,

 Certain hedge accounting market value revenue adjustments,

 Certain variable annuity fees,

 Certain market value adjustments to fee revenues,

 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to equity method investments and

 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses) adjustments related to sponsored investment funds.

 Pre-tax revenues from exited business,

 Pre-tax other adjustments and income taxes of equity method investments and

 Pre-tax other adjustments management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends.

 The accounting policies of the segments are consistent with the accounting policies for the consolidated financial statements, with the exception of: (1) pension and OPEB cost allocations, (2) certain expenses deemed to benefit the entire organization and (3) income tax allocations. For purposes of determining pre-tax operating earnings, the segments are allocated the service component of pension and other postretirement benefit costs. The Corporate segment reflects the non-service components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs as assumptions are established and funding decisions are managed from a company-wide perspective. Additionally, the Corporate segment reflects expenses that benefit the entire organization for which the segments are not able to influence the spend. This includes expenses such as public company costs, executive management costs, acquisition and disposition costs, among others. The Corporate segment functions to absorb the risk inherent in interpreting and applying tax law. For purposes of determining non-GAAP operating earnings, the segments are allocated tax adjustments consistent with the positions we took on tax returns. The Corporate segment results reflect any differences between the tax returns and the estimated resolution of any disputes.

 The following tables summarize select financial information by segment, including operating revenues for our products and services, and reconcile segment totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements:

 Assets:

 $

 213,208.3

 $

 202,582.9

 45,905.2

 45,950.7

 43,763.5

 40,048.3

 2,169.7

 2,285.1

 Total consolidated assets

 $

 305,046.7

 $

 290,867.0

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating revenues by segment:

 Retirement and Income Solutions (1)

 $

 7,250.2

 $

 5,899.2

 $

 6,429.4

 Principal Asset Management:

 Principal Global Investors

 1,611.2

 1,715.5

 1,828.0

 Principal International

 1,192.8

 1,489.4

 1,391.1

 ( 21.7)

 ( 23.6)

 ( 26.1)

 Total Principal Asset Management (2)

 2,782.3

 3,181.3

 3,193.0

 3,229.4

 2,984.6

 2,709.6

 1,323.7

 1,318.8

 2,083.0

 ( 1.8)

 4,551.3

 4,302.8

 4,792.4

 76.4

 17.1

 27.9

 Total segment operating revenues

 14,660.2

 13,400.4

 14,442.7

 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments

 57.9

 ( 189.6)

 64.8

 Revenues from exited business (3)

 ( 927.5)

 4,414.8

 —

 Adjustments related to equity method investments

 ( 78.9)

 ( 54.5)

 ( 47.2)

 Market risk benefit derivative settlements

 ( 45.9)

 ( 35.0)

 ( 32.5)

 Total revenues per consolidated statements of operations

 $

 13,665.8

 $

 17,536.1

 $

 14,427.8

 Pre-tax operating earnings (losses) by segment:

 $

 1,051.4

 $

 959.1

 $

 972.6

 817.7

 902.7

 1,036.1

 537.6

 570.3

 366.9

 ( 396.8)

 ( 469.4)

 ( 368.0)

 Total segment pre-tax operating earnings

 2,009.9

 1,962.7

 2,007.6

 Pre-tax net realized capital losses, as adjusted (4)

 ( 88.6)

 ( 251.4)

 ( 83.0)

 Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business (5)

 ( 1,129.8)

 4,260.1

 —

 Adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest

 ( 52.7)

 15.6

 ( 13.7)

 Income before income taxes per consolidated statements of operations

 $

 738.8

 $

 5,987.0

 $

 1,910.9

 (1)
 Reflects inter-segment revenues of $ 398.3 million, $ 364.4 million and $ 413.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 (2)
 Reflects inter-segment revenues of $ 297.8 million, $ 306.0 million and $ 287.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 (3)
 Revenues from exited business is derived as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues from exited business:

 $

 $

 $

 —

 165.0

 749.4

 —

 Amortization of reinsurance gain

 5.9

 12.6

 —

 Other impacts of reinsured business

 ( 12.7)

 —

 —

 Total revenues from exited business

 $

 ( 927.5)

 $

 4,414.8

 $

 —

 (4)

 Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, is derived as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net realized capital gains (losses)

 $

 $

 ( 182.1)

 $

 115.4

 Derivative and hedging-related revenue adjustments

 23.3

 ( 91.3)

 ( 127.8)

 Market value adjustments to fee revenues

 1.3

 0.7

 Certain variable annuity fees

 73.3

 75.9

 80.5

 Adjustments related to equity method investments

 8.8

 ( 15.0)

 ( 24.0)

 Adjustments related to sponsored investment funds

 23.4

 22.2

 21.3

 Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments

 57.9

 ( 189.6)

 64.8

 Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other actuarial balances

 9.7

 Capital (gains) losses distributed

 ( 78.5)

 136.4

 ( 106.7)

 Derivative and hedging-related expense adjustments

 1.8

 —

 —

 Market value adjustments of market risk benefits

 ( 71.3)

 ( 157.2)

 ( 36.9)

 Market value adjustments of embedded derivatives

 1.7

 ( 40.9)

 ( 13.9)

 Pre-tax net realized capital losses, as adjusted (a)

 $

 ( 88.6)

 $

 ( 251.4)

 $

 ( 83.0)

 (a)

 As adjusted before noncontrolling interest capital gains (losses).

 (5)

 Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business included:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Pre-tax income (loss) from exited business

 $

 $

 $

 —

 165.0

 749.4

 —

 Strategic review costs and impacts

 —

 40.4

 —

 Amortization of reinsurance loss

 ( 68.7)

 ( 56.7)

 —

 Other impacts of reinsured business

 ( 140.4)

 ( 125.8)

 —

 Total pre-tax income (loss) from exited business

 $

 ( 1,129.8)

 $

 4,260.1

 $

 —

 The following is a summary of income tax expense (benefit) allocated to our segments for purposes of determining non-GAAP operating earnings. Segment income taxes are reconciled to income taxes reported on our consolidated statements of operations.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income tax expense (benefit) by segment:

 $

 130.9

 $

 90.6

 $

 94.7

 220.7

 213.3

 272.2

 97.7

 109.1

 70.5

 ( 42.2)

 ( 69.1)

 ( 70.7)

 Total segment income taxes from operating earnings

 407.1

 343.9

 366.7

 Tax benefit related to net realized capital losses, as adjusted

 ( 22.0)

 ( 56.6)

 ( 35.7)

 Tax expense (benefit) related to other after-tax adjustments (1)

 ( 238.1)

 956.4

 —

 Certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest

 ( 78.3)

 ( 54.2)

 ( 47.1)

 Total income taxes per consolidated statements of operations

 $

 68.7

 $

 1,189.5

 $

 283.9

 (1)
 Income tax expense (benefit) related to exited business is derived as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income tax expense (benefit) related to exited business:

 $

 ( 228.0)

 $

 767.1

 $

 —

 34.6

 157.4

 —

 Strategic review costs and impacts (a)

 70.3

 —

 Amortization of reinsurance loss

 ( 14.4)

 ( 12.0)

 —

 Other impacts of reinsured business

 ( 29.4)

 ( 26.4)

 —

 Total income tax expense (benefit) related to exited business

 $

 ( 238.1)

 $

 956.4

 $

 —

 (a)

 Includes Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income allocated to exited business.

 The following is a summary of depreciation and amortization expense allocated to our segments for purposes of determining pre-tax operating earnings. Segment depreciation and amortization is reconciled to depreciation and amortization included in operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Depreciation and amortization expense by segment:

 $

 85.3

 $

 86.2

 $

 81.7

 76.0

 74.6

 78.4

 23.9

 23.7

 24.2

 17.7

 18.4

 23.7

 Total segment depreciation and amortization expense included in pre-tax operating earnings

 202.9

 202.9

 208.0

 Depreciation and amortization expense related to exited business

 —

 27.1

 —

 Total depreciation and amortization expense included in our consolidated statements of operations

 $

 202.9

 $

 230.0

 $

 208.0

 21. Revenues from Contracts with Customers
 The following tables summarize disaggregation of revenues from contracts with customers, including select financial information by segment, and reconcile totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements. Revenues from contracts with customers are included in fees and other revenues on the consolidated statements of operations.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenue from contracts with customers by segment:

 $

 556.3

 $

 551.4

 $

 590.1

 Principal Asset Management:

 Principal Global Investors

 1,554.1

 1,675.0

 1,787.9

 Principal International

 456.5

 426.3

 492.7

 ( 21.0)

 ( 23.7)

 ( 26.0)

 Total Principal Asset Management

 1,989.6

 2,077.6

 2,254.6

 15.9

 15.1

 14.9

 74.0

 65.1

 60.6

 89.8

 80.1

 75.3

 179.2

 166.7

 230.1

 Total segment revenue from contracts with customers

 2,814.9

 2,875.8

 3,150.1

 Adjustments for fees and other revenues not within the scope of revenue recognition guidance (1)

 1,200.5

 1,172.8

 1,811.3

 Pre-tax other adjustments (2)

 80.5

 89.2

 79.9

 Total fees and other revenues per consolidated statements of operations

 $

 4,095.9

 $

 4,137.8

 $

 5,041.3

 (1)
 Fees and other revenues not within the scope of the revenue recognition guidance primarily represent revenue on contracts accounted for under the financial instruments or insurance contracts standards.

 (2)
 Pre-tax other adjustments relate to revenues from exited business, certain variable annuity fees and market value adjustments to fee revenues.

 Retirement and Income Solutions offers service and trust agreements for defined contribution retirement plans, including 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and employee stock ownership plans. The investment components of these service agreements are in the form of mutual fund offerings. In addition, plan sponsor retirement plan trust and custody services are also available through our trust company. Individual retirement accounts ("IRAs") are offered through Principal Bank. Furthermore, services and trust agreements are offered to non-retirement customers including insurance companies, endowments and other financial institutions.
 Administrative service fee revenues are earned for administrative activities performed for the defined contribution retirement plans including recordkeeping and reporting as well as trust and custody, asset management and investment services. Administrative service fee revenues are earned for administrative activities performed for non-retirement plan customers including trust and custody services, defined benefit administration and investment management activities. The majority of these activities are performed daily over time. Fee-for-service transactions are also provided upon client request. These services are considered distinct or grouped into a bundle until a distinct performance obligation is identified. Some performance obligations are considered a series of distinct services, which are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.
 Administrative service fee revenues can be based on a fixed contractual rate for these services or can be variable based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the client's investments or assets under administration. If the consideration for this series of performance obligations is based on market value, it is considered variable during the billing period as the services are performed over time. The consideration becomes unconstrained and thus recognized as revenue for each billing period's series of distinct services once the market value of the client's investments or assets under administration is determined at market close. Additionally, fixed fees and other revenues are recognized point-in-time as fee-for-service transactions upon completion.

 21. Revenues from Contracts with Customers – (continued)

 IRAs are primarily funded by retirement savings rolled over from qualified retirement plans. The IRAs are held in savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. Deposit account fee revenues are earned as the performance of establishing and maintaining IRA accounts is completed. Fee-for-service transactions are also provided upon client request. The establishment fees and annual maintenance fees are accrued into earnings over a period of time using the average account life. Upfront and recurring bank fees are related to performance obligations that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and are recognized in income over time with control transferred to the customers utilizing the output method. These fees are based on a fixed contractual rate. Fixed fees and other revenues are also recognized point-in-time as fee-for-service transactions upon completion. Additionally, commission income is earned on advisory services provided to customers. The revenues are earned over time as the service is performed based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the clients' portfolios.
 The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Administrative service fee revenue

 $

 539.5

 $

 537.0

 $

 576.7

 Deposit account fee revenue

 11.3

 10.2

 9.2

 Commission income

 1.9

 1.2

 0.7

 Other fee revenue

 3.6

 3.0

 3.5

 556.3

 551.4

 590.1

 1,118.7

 1,114.0

 1,226.9

 1,675.0

 1,665.4

 1,817.0

 2,935.0

 1,959.7

 1,883.6

 2,640.2

 2,274.1

 2,728.8

 $

 7,250.2

 $

 5,899.2

 $

 6,429.4

 Fees and other revenues earned for asset management, investment advisory and distribution services provided to institutional and retail clients in addition to trustee and/or administrative services performed for retirement savings plans. Fees are based largely upon contractual rates applied to the specified amounts of the clients' portfolios. Each service is a distinct performance obligation; however, if the services are not distinct on their own, we combine them into a distinct bundle or we have a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Fees and other revenues received for performance obligations such as asset management and other services are typically recognized over time utilizing the output method as the service is performed. Performance fees and transaction fees on certain accounts are recognized in income when the probability of significant reversal will not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty, which could be based on a variety of factors such as market performance or other internal metrics. Asset management fees are accrued each month based on the fee terms within the applicable agreement and are generally billed quarterly when values used for the calculation are available. Management fees and performance fees are variable consideration as they are subject to fluctuation based on assets under management ("AUM") and other constraints. These fees are not recognized until unconstrained at the end of each reporting period.
 Incentive-based fees are recognized in income when the probability of significant reversal will not occur upon the resolution of the uncertainty, which is based on market performance.
 Fees for managing customers' mandatory retirement savings accounts in Latin America are collected with each monthly deposit made by our customers. If a customer stops contributing before retirement age, we collect no fees but services are still provided. We recognize revenue from these contracts as services are performed over the life of the contract and review annually.

 21. Revenues from Contracts with Customers – (continued)

 The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Principal Global Investors:

 Management fee revenue

 $

 1,372.0

 $

 1,434.6

 $

 1,514.1

 Other fee revenue

 182.1

 240.4

 273.8

 1,554.1

 1,675.0

 1,787.9

 24.9

 27.4

 36.2

 1,579.0

 1,702.4

 1,824.1

 32.2

 13.1

 3.9

 $

 1,611.2

 $

 1,715.5

 $

 1,828.0

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Principal International:

 Management fee revenue

 $

 448.1

 $

 417.1

 $

 484.4

 Other fee revenue

 8.4

 9.2

 8.3

 456.5

 426.3

 492.7

 5.8

 4.5

 4.2

 462.3

 430.8

 496.9

 29.0

 77.7

 127.5

 701.5

 980.9

 766.7

 $

 1,192.8

 $

 1,489.4

 $

 1,391.1

 Revenues from contracts with customers by region:

 $

 346.9

 $

 315.2

 $

 364.0

 Asia

 110.4

 111.5

 129.6

 $

 456.5

 $

 426.3

 $

 492.7

 Fees and other revenues are earned for administrative services performed including recordkeeping and reporting services for fee-for-service products, nonqualified benefit plans, separate accounts and dental networks. Services within contracts are not distinct on their own; however, we combine the services into a distinct bundle and account for the bundle as a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time utilizing the output method as services are rendered. The transaction price corresponds with the performance completed to date, for which the value is recognized as revenue during the period. Variability of consideration is resolved at the end of each period and payments are due when billed.
 Commission income is earned through sponsored brokerage services. Performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time, upon delivery of a placed case, and the transaction price calculated per the compensation schedule is recognized as revenue.

 21. Revenues from Contracts with Customers – (continued)

 The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Administrative service fees

 $

 15.9

 $

 15.1

 $

 14.9

 15.9

 15.1

 14.9

 18.2

 18.6

 19.0

 34.1

 33.7

 33.9

 3,020.9

 2,771.1

 2,496.4

 174.4

 179.8

 179.3

 $

 3,229.4

 $

 2,984.6

 $

 2,709.6

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Administrative service fees

 $

 31.2

 $

 27.6

 $

 26.7

 Commission income

 42.8

 37.5

 33.9

 74.0

 65.1

 60.6

 333.3

 321.5

 885.0

 407.3

 386.6

 945.6

 514.9

 535.9

 334.0

 401.5

 396.3

 803.4

 $

 1,323.7

 $

 1,318.8

 $

 2,083.0

 Fees and other revenues are earned on the performance of selling and servicing of securities and related products offered through PSI, an introducing broker-dealer registered with the FINRA.
 PSI enters into selling and distribution agreements with the obligation to sell or distribute the securities products, such as mutual funds, annuities and products sold through RIAs, to individual clients in return for front-end sales charges, 12b-1 service fees, annuity fees and asset-based fees. Front-end sales charges, 12b-1 fees and annuity fees are related to a single sale and are earned at the time of sale. PSI also enters into agreements with individual customers to provide securities trade execution and custody through a brokerage services platform in return for ticket charge and other service fee revenue. These services are bundled as one single distinct service referred to as brokerage services. This revenue is related to distinct transactions and is earned at a point in time.
 PSI also enters into agreements with individual customers to provide trade execution, clearing services, custody services and investment research services through our proprietary offered fee-based products. These services are bundled as one single distinct service referred to as advisory services. In addition, for outside RIA business PSI performs sales and distribution services only. The revenues are earned over time as the service is performed utilizing the output method.
 A majority of our revenue is based upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the clients' portfolios and considered variable consideration.

 21. Revenues from Contracts with Customers – (continued)

 The Corporate segment also includes inter-segment eliminations of fees and other revenues. The types of revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Commission income

 $

 373.9

 $

 366.2

 $

 388.9

 Other fee revenue

 84.1

 79.7

 68.8

 ( 278.8)

 ( 279.2)

 ( 227.6)

 179.2

 166.7

 230.1

 ( 299.0)

 ( 312.6)

 ( 359.3)

 ( 119.8)

 ( 145.9)

 ( 129.2)

 ( 14.5)

 —

 210.7

 167.2

 157.1

 $

 76.4

 $

 17.1

 $

 27.9

 Contract Costs
 Sales compensation and other incremental costs of obtaining a contract are capitalized and amortized over the period of contract benefit if the costs are expected to be recovered. The contract cost asset, which is included in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial position, was $ 219.2 million and $ 204.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 We apply the practical expedient for certain costs where we recognize the incremental costs of obtaining these contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets is one year or less. These costs, along with costs that are not deferrable, are included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
 Deferred contract costs consist primarily of commissions and variable compensation. We amortize capitalized contract costs on a straight-line basis over the expected contract life, reflecting lapses as they are incurred. Deferred contract costs are subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or when a triggering event occurs that could warrant an impairment. To the extent future revenues less future maintenance expenses are not adequate to cover the asset balance, an impairment is recognized. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, $ 38.3 million, $ 35.5 million and $ 32.4 million, respectively, of amortization expense was recorded in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and no impairment loss was recognized in relation to the costs capitalized.

 22. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
 As of December 31, 2023, we had the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Directors Stock Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan and the Directors Stock Plan ("Stock-Based Compensation Plans"). No new grants will be made under the 2020 Directors Stock Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan or the Directors Stock Plan. Under the terms of the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, grants may be nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options qualifying under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units or other stock-based awards. To date, we have not granted any incentive stock options, restricted stock or performance units under any plans. As part of our fair value process, we assess the impact of material nonpublic information on our share price or expected volatility, as applicable, at the time of grant. No awards in 2023 required a fair value adjustment.
 As of December 31, 2023, the maximum number of new shares of common stock available for grant under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan was 21.8 million.

 22. Stock-Based Compensation Plans – (continued)

 For awards with graded vesting, we use an accelerated expense attribution method. The compensation cost that was charged against net income for stock-based awards granted under the Stock-Based Compensation Plans was as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Compensation cost

 $

 97.7

 $

 89.9

 $

 95.2

 Related income tax benefit

 23.1

 20.3

 19.9

 Capitalized as part of an asset

 1.1

 1.3

 1.4

 Nonqualified Stock Options
 No nonqualified stock options were granted to employees during 2023 and 2022. Previously, nonqualified stock options were granted to certain employees under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and the Stock Incentive Plan. Options outstanding were granted at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and expire ten years after the grant date. Total options granted were 0.0 million, 0.0 million and 0.8 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The following is a summary of the status of all of our stock option plans:

 Number of options

 exercise price

 Intrinsic value

 Options outstanding as of January 1, 2023

 3.3

 $

 54.36

 Exercised

 0.5

 48.71

 Options outstanding as of December 31, 2023

 2.8

 $

 55.39

 $

 65.4

 Options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2023

 2.8

 $

 55.39

 $

 65.4

 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2023

 2.6

 $

 55.08

 $

 60.6

 The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $ 15.2 million, $ 92.0 million and $ 23.5 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 The following is a summary of weighted-average remaining contractual lives for stock options outstanding and the range of exercise prices on the stock options as of December 31, 2023:

 Number of options

 average remaining

 Range of exercise prices

 outstanding

 contractual life

 $ 27.46 - $ 48.11

 0.2

 2.1

 $ 48.12 - $ 52.41

 0.8

 5.1

 $ 52.42 - $ 55.89

 0.4

 5.2

 $ 55.90 - $ 62.75

 0.7

 7.2

 $ 62.76 - $ 63.98

 0.7

 3.9

 $ 27.46 - $ 63.98

 2.8

 The weighted-average remaining contractual lives for stock options exercisable is approximately 5.1 years as of December 31, 2023.

 22. Stock-Based Compensation Plans – (continued)

 The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following is a summary of the assumptions used in this model for the stock options granted during the period:

 Options

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Expected volatility

 —

 %

 —

 %

 34.2

 %

 Expected term (in years)

 —

 —

 7.0

 Risk-free interest rate

 —

 %

 —

 %

 1.2

 %

 Expected dividend yield

 —

 %

 —

 %

 3.82

 %

 Weighted average estimated fair value

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 15.67

 We determine expected volatility based on a combination of historical volatility using daily price observations and implied volatility from traded options on our common stock. We believe that incorporating both historical and implied volatility into our expected volatility assumption calculation better reflects market expectations. The expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. We determine expected term using historical exercise and employee termination data. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury risk-free interest rate in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield is based on historical dividend distributions compared to the closing price of our common shares on the grant date.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $ 0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 0.2 years.
 Cash received from stock options exercised under these share-based payment arrangements during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 25.0 million, $ 141.6 million and $ 42.2 million, respectively. The actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for options exercised under these share-based payment arrangements during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 5.5 million, $ 37.7 million and $ 9.1 million, respectively.
 Performance Share Awards
 We granted performance share awards to certain employees under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. The performance share awards are treated as an equity award and are paid in shares. Effective in 2022, we added a relative total shareholder return modifier to the performance share awards under which the number of shares ultimately granted is also impacted by our actual shareholder return relative to our S&P 500 Financial Sector Index peer group. The fair value of performance share awards is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Whether the performance shares are earned depends upon the participant's continued employment through the performance period (except in the case of specific types of terminations) and our performance against three-year goals set at the beginning of the performance period. Performance goals based on various factors must be achieved for any of the performance shares to be earned. If the performance requirements are not met, the performance shares will be forfeited, no compensation cost will be recognized and any previously recognized compensation cost will be reversed. These awards have no maximum contractual term. Dividend equivalents are credited on performance shares outstanding as of the record date. These dividend equivalents are only paid on the shares released. Total performance share awards granted were 0.3 million, 0.3 million and 0.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 22. Stock-Based Compensation Plans – (continued)

 The following is a summary of activity for the nonvested performance share awards:

 Number of

 performance

 average grant-date

 share awards

 Nonvested performance share awards as of January 1, 2023

 0.8

 $

 59.19

 Granted

 0.3

 91.47

 Vested

 0.2

 52.65

 Canceled

 0.1

 65.92

 Nonvested performance share awards as of December 31, 2023

 0.8

 $

 71.66

 The total intrinsic value of performance share awards vested was $ 11.0 million, $ 11.6 million and $ 4.7 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Performance share awards above represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the final performance results to be determined at the end of the respective performance period. The actual number of common shares to be awarded at the end of each performance period will range between 0 % and 180 % ( 0 % and 150 % prior to 2022) of the initial target awards.
 The fair value of performance share awards is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model of our common shares on the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of performance share awards granted during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 91.47, $ 66.62 and $ 58.68, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $ 15.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested performance share awards granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 1.7 years.
 Actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for performance share awards paid out under these share-based payment arrangements for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 7.7 million, $ 6.4 million and $ 1.8 million, respectively.
 Restricted Stock Units
 We issue restricted stock units under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, 2020 Directors Stock Plan, 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan, and the Directors Stock Plan. Restricted stock units are treated as an equity award and are paid in shares. These awards have no maximum contractual term. Dividend equivalents are credited on restricted stock units outstanding as of the record date. These dividend equivalents are only paid on the shares released. Restricted stock units granted were 0.9 million, 1.3 million and 1.1 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Restricted stock units were issued to certain employees and agents pursuant to the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and Stock Incentive Plan. Under these plans, awards have graded or cliff vesting over a three-year service period. When service for PFG ceases (except in the case of specific types of terminations), all vesting stops and unvested units are forfeited.
 Pursuant to the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, 2020 Directors Stock Plan, 2014 Directors Stock Plan and the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, restricted stock units are granted to each non-employee director in office immediately following each annual meeting of stockholders and, at the discretion of the Board Nominating and Governance Committee, to each person who becomes a member of the Board other than on the date of the annual meeting of stockholders. Under these plans, awards are granted on an annual basis and cliff vest after a one-year service period. When service to PFG ceases, all vesting stops and unvested units are forfeited.

 22. Stock-Based Compensation Plans – (continued)

 The following is a summary of activity for the nonvested restricted stock units:

 Number of

 restricted

 average grant-date

 stock units

 Nonvested restricted stock units as of January 1, 2023

 3.2

 $

 60.69

 Granted

 0.9

 87.71

 Vested

 1.0

 51.70

 Canceled

 0.1

 73.13

 Nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023

 3.0

 $

 71.83

 The total intrinsic value of restricted stock units vested was $ 102.8 million, $ 81.1 million and $ 51.7 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the closing stock price of our common shares on the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 87.71, $ 70.29 and $ 59.17, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $ 68.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock unit awards granted under these plans. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.
 The actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for restricted stock unit payouts under these share-based payment arrangements for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 35.9 million, $ 27.0 million and $ 17.8 million, respectively.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 Under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, participating employees have the opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock on a quarterly basis. Employees may purchase up to $ 25,000 in stock value annually. Employees may purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 90 % of the shares' fair market value as of the end of the purchase period. Prior to 2022, employees were able to purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 85 % of the shares' fair market value as of the beginning or end of the purchase period, whichever was lower. Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, employees purchased 0.5 million, 0.6 million and 1.0 million shares during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 We recognize compensation expense for the fair value of the discount granted to employees participating in the employee stock purchase plan in the period of grant. Shares of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan are treated as an equity award. The weighted-average fair value of the discount on the stock purchased was $ 7.49, $ 7.31 and $ 15.64 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total intrinsic value of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan shares settled was $ 3.6 million, $ 4.1 million and $ 15.3 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Cash received from shares issued under these share-based payment arrangements for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 32.8 million, $ 37.3 million and $ 46.5 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions for the settlement of the share-based payment arrangements for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 0.3 million, $ 0.8 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2023, a total of 3.0 million of new shares were available to be made issuable by us for this plan.

 23. Earnings Per Common Share
 The computations of the basic and diluted per share amounts were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in millions, except per share data)

 $

 670.1

 $

 $

 Subtract:

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest

 46.9

 40.6

 46.8

 Total

 $

 623.2

 $

 $

 Weighted-average shares outstanding:

 Basic

 241.3

 251.1

 269.0

 Dilutive effects:

 Stock options

 0.9

 1.5

 1.3

 Restricted stock units

 2.0

 2.2

 2.1

 Performance share awards

 0.4

 0.5

 0.5

 Diluted

 244.6

 255.3

 272.9

 Net income per common share:

 Basic

 $

 2.58

 $

 18.94

 $

 5.87

 Diluted

 $

 2.55

 $

 18.63

 $

 5.79

 The calculation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excludes the incremental effect related to certain outstanding stock-based compensation grants due to their anti-dilutive effect. When a net loss is reported, our basic weighted-average shares are used to calculate diluted earnings per share, as dilutive shares would have an antidilutive effect and result in a lower loss per share.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.
 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 In order to ensure the information we must disclose in our filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis, we have adopted disclosure controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file with or submit to the SEC is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Our Chief Executive Officer, Daniel J. Houston, and our Chief Financial Officer, Deanna D. Strable-Soethout, have reviewed and evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, and have concluded our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Management of Principal Financial Group, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Daniel J. Houston, and our Chief Financial Officer, Deanna D. Strable-Soethout, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on our evaluation, management has concluded that Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
 Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K, has issued its report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The report is included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We had no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Item 9B. Other Information
 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information called for by Item 10 pertaining to directors is set forth in Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s proxy statement relating to the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders (the "Proxy Statement"), which will be filed with the SEC on or about April 8, 2024, under the captions, "Election of Directors," "Corporate Governance," and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management — Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports." Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information called for by Item 10 pertaining to executive officers can be found in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption, "Information about our Executive Officers." The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The code of ethics has been posted on our internet website, found at www.principal.com. We intend to satisfy disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of ethics on our website.
 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information called for by Item 11 pertaining to executive compensation is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Executive Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference.
 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information called for by Item 12 pertaining to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management," and is incorporated herein by reference.
 Equity Compensation Plan Information
 In general, we have two compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance to employees or directors (not including our tax qualified pension plans): the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan and the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The following table shows the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of December 31, 2023, the weighted average exercise price of those options and the number of shares of common stock remaining available for future issuance as of December 31, 2023, excluding shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options.

 (a)

 (b)

 (c)

 Number of securities

 remaining available for

 Number of securities

 Weighted-average

 future issuance under

 to be issued upon

 exercise price of

 equity compensation

 exercise of outstanding

 outstanding

 plans (excluding

 options, warrants

 options, warrants

 securities reflected

 Plan Category

 and rights

 and rights

 in column (a))

 Equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders (1)

 7,171,109

 (2)

 $

 55.39

 (3)

 24,793,763

 (4)

 Equity compensation plans not approved by our stockholders

 —

 n/a

 —

 (1)
 The Principal Financial Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan and the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Directors Stock Plan were each approved by our sole stockholder, Principal Mutual Holding Company, prior to our initial public offering of common stock on October 22, 2001. Subsequently, the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan and the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Directors Stock Plan were each approved by our stockholders on May 17, 2005. An amendment to the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan to increase the number of shares available for issuance under the plan was approved on May 19, 2009. On May 18, 2010, our shareholders approved the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, which replaced the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2010 Stock Incentive Plan was subsequently renamed the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. On May 20, 2014, our shareholders approved the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Directors Stock Plan. On May 19, 2020, our shareholders approved the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2020 Directors Stock Plan. On May 18, 2021, our shareholders approved the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan.

 (2)
 Includes 2,809,658 options outstanding under the employee stock incentive plans, 843,965 performance shares under the employee stock incentive plans, 3,268,674 restricted stock units under the employee stock incentive plans, 179,816 restricted stock units under the directors stock plans and 68,996 other stock-based awards under the director stock plans for obligations under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 (3)
 The weighted-average exercise price relates only to outstanding stock options, not to outstanding performance shares, restricted stock units or other stock-based awards.

 (4)
 This number includes 2,971,119 shares remaining for issuance under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 21,822,644 shares available for issuance in respect of future awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and other stock-based awards under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information called for by Item 13 pertaining to certain relationships and related transactions is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the captions, "Corporate Governance — Director Independence," and "Corporate Governance — Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions," and is incorporated herein by reference.
 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
 The information called for by Item 14 pertaining to principal accounting fees and services is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accountants," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 a.
 Documents filed as part of this report.

 1. Financial Statements (see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data)
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 2. Schedule I — Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties
 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only)
 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information
 Schedule IV — Reinsurance
 All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
 3. Exhibits

 Index of Exhibits
 (Item 15.a.3.)

 Incorporated by
reference herein

 Exhibit
Number

 Form

 File Date

 2.1

 Sale and Purchase Promise Agreement, dated October 5, 2012, among Principal Financial Services, Inc., Empresas Penta S.A. and Inversiones Banpenta Limitada

 November 13, 2012

 2.2

 Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2019, by and between Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Principal Financial Services, Inc. and (for certain limited purposes) Wells Fargo & Company

 May 2, 2019

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 June 17, 2005

 3.2

 Amended and Restated By-Laws of Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 March 2, 2018

 4.1

 Form of Certificate for the Common Stock of Principal Financial Group, Inc., par value $0.01 per share

 S-1/A

 August 2, 2001

 4.2

 Senior Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2006, between Principal Financial Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee

 October 17, 2006

 4.2.1

 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2006, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee

 October 17, 2006

 4.2.2

 6.05% Senior Note ($500,000,000) due October 15, 2036

 October 17, 2006

 4.2.3

 6.05% Senior Note ($100,000,000) due October 15, 2036

 December 6, 2006

 4.2.4

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 6.05% Senior Notes due 2036

 October 17, 2006

 4.3

 Senior Indenture, dated as of May 21, 2009, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York, as Trustee

 May 21, 2009

 4.3.1

 Fourth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2042 Notes), dated as of September 10, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee

 September 10, 2012

 4.3.2

 Sixth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2023 Notes), dated as of November 16, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee

 November 16, 2012

 4.3.3

 Seventh Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2043 Notes), dated as of November 16, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee

 November 16, 2012

 4.3.4

 Eighth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 3.400% Senior Note due 2025), dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 3.400% Senior Notes due 2025

 4.3.5

 Ninth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 3.100% Senior Note due 2026), dated as of November 10, 2016, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 3.100% Senior Notes due 2026

 November 10, 2016

 4.3.6

 Tenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 4.300% Senior Note due 2046), dated as of November 10, 2016, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2046

 November 10, 2016

 4.3.7

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.625% Senior Notes due 2042

 September 10, 2012

 4.3.8

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.125% Senior Notes due 2023

 November 16, 2012

 4.3.9

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.350% Senior Notes due 2043

 November 16, 2012

 4.3.10

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.400% Senior Notes due 2025

 4.3.11

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.100% Senior Notes due 2026

 November 10, 2016

 4.3.12

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2046

 November 10, 2016

 4.3.13

 Thirteenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 3.700% Senior Note due 2029), dated as of May 10, 2019, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 3.700% Senior Notes due 2029

 May 10, 2019

 4.3.14

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.700% Senior Notes due 2029

 May 10, 2019

 4.3.15

 Fourteenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2.125% Senior Note due 2030), dated as of June 12, 2020, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 2.125% Senior Notes due 2030

 June 12, 2020

 Incorporated by
reference herein

 Exhibit
Number

 Form

 File Date

 4.3.16

 Guarantee of Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 2.125% Senior Notes due 2030

 June 12, 2020

 4.3.17

 Fifteenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2033), dated as of March 8, 2023, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2033

 March 8, 2023

 4.3.18

 Sixteenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 5.500% Senior Note due 2053), dated as of March 8, 2023, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 5.500% Senior Notes due 2053

 March 8, 2023

 4.3.19

 Guarantee of Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2033

 March 8, 2023

 4.3.20

 Guarantee of Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 5.500% Senior Notes due 2053

 March 8, 2023

 4.4

 Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee

 4.4.1

 First Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Note due 2055), dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes due 2055

 4.4.2

 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes due 2055

 10.1

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan

 August 6, 2003

 10.1.1

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

 March 7, 2005

 10.1.2

 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement

 March 7, 2005

 10.1.3

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan

 August 3, 2005

 10.1.4

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan

 April 6, 2010

 10.1.5

 Amended and Restated Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan

 May 2, 2012

 10.1.6

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan

 April 7, 2014

 10.1.7

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan

 April 5, 2021

 10.2

 Principal Financial Group Long-Term Performance Plan

 S-1

 June 8, 2001

 10.3

 Resolution of Human Resources Committee of the Board of Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc. amending the Principal Financial Group Long-Term Performance Plan as of October 31, 2002

 March 5, 2003

 10.4

 Principal Financial Group Incentive Pay Plan (PrinPay), amended and restated effective January 1, 2003

 May 7, 2003

 10.5

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan

 March 4, 2005

 10.6

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Board of Directors

 November 5, 2008

 10.6.1

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors, effective March 28, 2009

 May 6, 2009

 10.6.2

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective May 17, 2010

 February 16, 2011

 10.6.3

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective January 1, 2012

 February 15, 2012

 10.6.4

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective January 1, 2015

 February 11, 2015

 10.6.5

 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective November 28, 2017

 February 9, 2018

 10.7

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Directors Stock Plan

 S-1

 June 8, 2001

 10.7.1

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Directors Stock Plan

 August 3, 2005

 10.7.2

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Directors Stock Plan

 April 7, 2014

 10.7.3

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2020 Directors Stock Plan

 April 6, 2020

 10.8

 Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 March 2, 2006

 10.9

 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan, restated as of January 1, 2004

 May 5, 2004

 10.9.1

 Amendment No. 1 to Principal Select Savings Excess Plan

 March 2, 2006

 10.9.2

 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan for Employees, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016

 February 10, 2016

 Incorporated by
reference herein

 Exhibit
Number

 Form

 File Date

 10.9.3

 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan for Individual Field, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016

 February 10, 2016

 10.9.4

 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Select Investment Professions of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Affiliates, effective January 1, 2016

 February 10, 2016

 10.10

 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Employees, restated as of January 1, 2003

 May 5, 2004

 10.10.1

 Amendment No. 1 to the Principal Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Employees

 March 2, 2006

 10.11

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change-of-Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives), dated as of February 28, 2006, by and among Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company and an Executive

 May 4, 2006

 10.11.1

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change-of-Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives)

 December 2, 2008

 10.11.2

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change of Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives), effective December 31, 2010

 February 16, 2011

 10.11.3

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change of Control Employment Agreement, effective December 18, 2021

 February 11,2022

 10.12

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. Indemnification Agreement

 December 2, 2008

 10.12.1

 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. Indemnification Agreement dated as of June 9, 2016.

 August 3, 2016

 10.13

 Compensatory Arrangement, dated as of March 14, 2002, between Principal Life Insurance Company and James P. McCaughan

 May 10, 2002

 10.14

 The Principal Severance Plan for Senior Executives, restated effective March 1, 2009

 May 6, 2009

 10.14.1

 The Principal Financial Group, Inc. Executive Severance Plan effective September 1, 2021

 October 28, 2021

 10.15

 The Principal Financial Group Nonqualified Defined Benefit Plan for Employees.

 August 3, 2016

 4.5

 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 10.1.8

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective November 20, 2023

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Member Companies as of December 31, 2023

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 31.1

 Certification of Daniel J. Houston

 31.2

 Certification of Deanna D. Strable-Soethout

 32.1

 Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code — Daniel J. Houston

 32.2

 Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code — Deanna D. Strable-Soethout

 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Mandatory Compensation Recovery Policy

 Paper copies of exhibits will be provided to shareholders upon reasonable request and upon payment of reasonable copying and mailing expenses.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.

 Dated: February 20, 2024

 By

 /s/ DEANNA D. STRABLE-SOETHOUT
 Deanna D. Strable-Soethout
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
 Dated: February 20, 2024
 By

 / s / DA NIEL J. HOUSTON

 By

 /S/ H. ELIZABETH MITCHELL

 Daniel J. Houston

 H. Elizabeth Mitchell

 Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and

 By

 / s / DEANNA D. STRABLE-SOETHOUT

 By

 /S/ CLAUDIO N. MURUZABAL

 Deanna D. Strable-Soethout

 Claudio N. Muruzabal

 Executive Vice President and Chief

 Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and

 Principal Accounting Officer)

 By

 / s / JONATHAN S. AUERBACH

 By

 /S/ DIANE C. NORDIN

 Jonathan S. Auerbach

 Diane C. Nordin

 By

 / s / MARY E. BEAMS

 By

 /S/ BLAIR C. PICKERELL

 Mary E. Beams

 Blair C. Pickerell

 By

 / s / JOCELYN CARTER-MILLER

 By

 /s/ CLARE S. RICHER

 Jocelyn Carter-Miller

 Clare S. Richer

 By

 / s / ROGER C. HOCHSCHILD

 By

 / s / ALFREDO RIVERA

 Roger C. Hochschild

 Alfredo Rivera

 By

 / s / SCOTT M. MILLS

 Scott M. Mills

 Schedule I - Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties

 Amount as

 shown in the

 consolidated

 statement of

 Fair

 financial

 Type of Investment

 Cost

 value

 position

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 1,745.3

 $

 1,528.8

 $

 1,528.8

 States, municipalities and political subdivisions

 7,566.4

 6,676.8

 6,676.8

 Foreign governments

 550.3

 507.9

 507.9

 Public utilities

 5,532.7

 5,039.6

 5,039.6

 Redeemable preferred stock

 225.4

 208.4

 208.4

 All other corporate bonds

 32,673.2

 30,562.0

 30,562.0

 3,199.7

 5,428.6

 5,386.0

 8,473.8

 7,909.3

 7,909.3

 70,781.4

 836.2

 836.2

 836.2

 Equity securities:

 Banks, trust and insurance companies

 340.0

 340.0

 340.0

 Industrial, miscellaneous and all other

 858.9

 858.9

 858.9

 Other corporate

 160.1

 160.1

 160.1

 Non-redeemable preferred stock

 119.1

 119.1

 119.1

 Total equity securities

 XXXX

 Real estate, net:

 Real estate acquired in satisfaction of debt

 1.9

 XXXX

 1.9

 Other real estate

 2,343.4

 XXXX

 2,343.4

 809.3

 XXXX

 809.3

 7,035.6

 XXXX

 7,035.6

 Total investments

 $

 103,428.7

 XXXX

 $

 98,320.4

 Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only)

 Statements of Financial Position

 2023

 2022

 $

 15.6

 $

 17.1

 11.5

 12.0

 270.7

 492.5

 Income taxes currently receivable

 11.9

 —

 Deferred income taxes

 292.7

 297.1

 Amounts receivable from subsidiaries

 15.0

 14.6

 17.4

 12.6

 Investment in unconsolidated entities

 14,595.7

 13,423.7

 $

 15,230.5

 $

 14,269.6

 $

 3,927.9

 $

 3,929.2

 Accrued investment payable

 30.6

 24.7

 Income taxes currently payable

 —

 2.4

 Pension liability

 343.6

 332.7

 12.4

 3.9

 4,314.5

 4,292.9

 Stockholders' equity

 Common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share; 2,500,000,000 shares authorized; 492,279,405 and 489,809,564 shares issued as of 2023 and 2022; 236,438,294 and 243,549,782 shares outstanding as of 2023 and 2022

 4.9

 4.9

 Additional paid-in capital

 10,908.6

 10,740.4

 16,683.5

 16,697.3

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 ( 5,345.3)

 ( 6,879.0)

 Treasury stock, at cost ( 255,841,111 and 246,259,782 shares as of 2023 and 2022)

 ( 11,335.7)

 ( 10,586.9)

 Total stockholders' equity attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 10,916.0

 9,976.7

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 15,230.5

 $

 14,269.6

 Statements of Operations

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues

 $

 14.7

 $

 16.7

 $

 18.5

 Net realized capital losses

 —

 ( 53.6)

 ( 14.9)

 14.7

 ( 36.9)

 3.6

 Expenses

 Other operating costs and expenses

 224.0

 188.8

 160.9

 224.0

 188.8

 160.9

 Loss before income taxes

 ( 209.3)

 ( 225.7)

 ( 157.3)

 Income tax benefits

 ( 44.7)

 ( 33.8)

 ( 35.6)

 Equity in the net income of subsidiaries

 787.8

 4,948.8

 1,701.9

 Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc.

 $

 623.2

 $

 $

 Statements of Cash Flows

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating activities

 $

 623.2

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:

 Net realized capital losses

 —

 53.6

 14.9

 1.7

 1.7

 1.6

 Equity in the net income of subsidiaries

 ( 787.8)

 ( 4,948.8)

 ( 1,701.9)

 Changes in:

 Net cash flows for trading securities and equity securities with operating intent

 —

 99.9

 66.1

 Current and deferred income tax benefits

 ( 10.7)

 ( 2.5)

 Other

 27.0

 ( 30.1)

 ( 34.4)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 146.6)

 ( 69.3)

 ( 78.3)

 Investing activities

 Fixed maturities available-for-sale and equity securities with intent to hold:

 —

 —

 ( 462.3)

 Sales

 —

 935.9

 —

 Maturities

 1.9

 52.7

 190.2

 Net purchases of property and equipment

 Net change in other investments

 0.6

 14.3

 46.7

 Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities

 1,239.0

 1,660.3

 1,826.3

 Net cash provided by investing activities

 1,241.4

 2,663.1

 1,600.8

 Financing activities

 Issuance of common stock

 57.8

 181.7

 86.7

 Acquisition of treasury stock

 ( 740.4)

 ( 1,661.0)

 ( 937.2)

 ( 625.5)

 ( 642.3)

 ( 654.1)

 Principal repayments of long-term debt

 ( 700.0)

 ( 300.0)

 —

 Issuance of long-term debt

 691.5

 —

 —

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 1,316.6)

 ( 2,421.6)

 ( 1,504.6)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 221.8)

 172.2

 17.9

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 492.5

 320.3

 302.4

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

 $

 270.7

 $

 492.5

 $

 320.3

 (1) Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Principal Financial Group, Inc.
 On January 1, 2023, we adopted the guidance commonly referred to as long-duration targeted improvements ("LDTI"), which updates certain requirements in the accounting for the long-duration insurance and annuity contracts. The guidance was applied as of the January 1, 2021, transition date. As such, results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast and are also presented under the new LDTI guidance.
 In the parent company only financial statements, our investment in unconsolidated entities is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries.
 Principal Financial Group, Inc. sponsors nonqualified benefit plans for select employees and agents and is responsible for the obligations of these plans. Nonqualified plan assets are held in Rabbi trusts for the benefit of all nonqualified plan participants. The invested assets and benefit plan liabilities reported in the statements of financial position exclude amounts held in these trusts. The Rabbi trusts had $ 896.1 million and $ 852.3 million of plan assets and $ 724.9 million and $ 691.8 million of benefit plan liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 (2) Dividends and Returns of Capital Received from Unconsolidated Entities
 The parent company received cash dividends and returns of capital totaling $ 1,239.0 million, $ 1,660.3 million and $ 1,826.3 million from subsidiaries in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Contractholder

 Deferred

 Future policy

 and other

 Market risk

 acquisition

 Market risk

 benefits and

 policyholder

 benefit

 Segment

 costs

 benefit asset

 funds

 liability

 2023:

 $

 918.9

 $

 153.4

 $

 29,161.9

 $

 34,399.6

 $

 111.9

 7.7

 —

 4,595.6

 507.8

 21.3

 3,023.9

 —

 12,888.3

 7,870.8

 —

 —

 —

 180.7

 ( 360.3)

 —

 Total

 $

 3,950.5

 $

 153.4

 $

 46,826.5

 $

 42,417.9

 $

 133.2

 2022 (As recast):

 $

 930.0

 $

 109.2

 $

 26,651.8

 $

 35,338.0

 $

 181.4

 8.8

 —

 5,043.8

 915.2

 26.0

 3,009.2

 —

 11,411.6

 7,844.2

 —

 —

 —

 206.8

 ( 360.6)

 —

 Total

 $

 3,948.0

 $

 109.2

 $

 43,314.0

 $

 43,736.8

 $

 207.4

 Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information - (continued)
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Liability for

 future policy

 Market risk

 Amortization of

 Premiums and

 Net

 Benefits, claims

 benefits

 benefit

 deferred

 Other

 other

 and settlement

 remeasurement

 remeasurement

 acquisition

 operating

 Segment

 considerations

 income (1)

 expenses

 (gain) loss

 (gain) loss

 costs

 expenses (1)

 2023:

 $

 2,935.0

 $

 2,674.3

 $

 4,653.5

 $

 ( 68.5)

 $

 33.7

 $

 95.8

 $

 1,590.7

 29.0

 628.6

 477.6

 0.9

 1.1

 1,544.2

 3,521.4

 549.5

 2,647.7

 16.0

 —

 292.9

 1,088.0

 ( 14.5)

 239.5

 9.4

 —

 —

 —

 459.4

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 ( 51.6)

 $

 29.1

 $

 389.8

 $

 4,682.3

 2022 (As recast):

 $

 1,959.7

 $

 2,252.2

 $

 3,328.1

 $

 ( 14.9)

 $

 131.2

 $

 101.0

 $

 1,601.4

 77.7

 840.6

 725.9

 ( 4.7)

 ( 5.9)

 1.1

 1,502.1

 3,306.5

 564.2

 2,553.7

 ( 244.9)

 —

 284.8

 1,027.5

 181.5

 23.6

 —

 —

 —

 444.3

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 ( 264.5)

 $

 125.3

 $

 386.9

 $

 4,575.3

 2021 (As recast):

 $

 1,883.6

 $

 2,674.4

 $

 3,547.3

 $

 $

 114.1

 $

 107.1

 $

 1,712.6

 127.5

 659.1

 636.4

 ( 4.9)

 ( 15.8)

 1.2

 1,570.7

 2,830.4

 917.1

 3,069.3

 4.3

 —

 265.1

 996.4

 —

 179.0

 5.2

 —

 —

 —

 416.9

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 ( 4.4)

 $

 98.3

 $

 373.4

 $

 4,696.6

 (1)
 Allocations of net investment income and certain operating expenses are based on a number of assumptions and estimates. Reported operating results would change by segment if different methods were applied.

 Schedule IV - Reinsurance
 As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the years then ended

 Percentage

 Ceded to

 Assumed

 of amount

 Gross

 other

 from other

 assumed

 companies

 companies

 Net amount

 to net

 2023:

 Life insurance in force

 $

 717,991.5

 $

 230,126.5

 $

 446.6

 $

 488,311.6

 0.1

 %

 Premiums:

 Life insurance and annuities

 $

 4,384.6

 $

 335.1

 $

 0.9

 $

 4,050.4

 —

 %

 Accident and health insurance

 2,576.7

 156.2

 —

 2,420.5

 —

 %

 Total

 $

 6,961.3

 $

 491.3

 $

 0.9

 $

 —

 %

 2022:

 Life insurance in force

 $

 692,200.8

 $

 223,416.6

 $

 627.4

 $

 469,411.6

 0.1

 %

 Premiums:

 Life insurance and annuities

 $

 3,402.7

 $

 298.6

 $

 1.0

 $

 3,105.1

 —

 %

 Accident and health insurance

 2,392.4

 157.8

 —

 2,234.6

 —

 %

 Total

 $

 5,795.1

 $

 456.4

 $

 1.0

 $

 —

 %

 2021:

 Life insurance in force

 $

 667,509.8

 $

 383,937.7

 $

 787.8

 $

 284,359.9

 0.3

 %

 Premiums:

 Life insurance and annuities

 $

 3,314.3

 $

 494.9

 $

 1.5

 $

 2,820.9

 0.1

 %

 Accident and health insurance

 2,176.3

 155.7

 —

 2,020.6

 —

 %

 Total

 $

 5,490.6

 $

 650.6

 $

 1.5

 $

 —

 %