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 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND
 EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to

 Commission File Number: 001-33852

 VirnetX Holding Corp oration

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 77-0390628

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 308 Dorla Court,
 Suite 206

 Zephyr Cove, Nevada

 89448

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 775 - 548-1785

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

 VHC

 NYSE

 Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

 None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes
 No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the
 Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted
 pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer,
 smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Emerging growth company

 Smaller reporting company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
 complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its
 internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If
 securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's
 executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate

 by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30,
 2023, was $ 29,557,799 based upon the closing price of the common shares of the registrant on June 30, 2023. This calculation does not
 reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.

 3,681,970 shares of
 the registrant's Common Stock were outstanding as of March 8, 2024.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 The information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from the
 registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2023 relating to the registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosure

 Item 5.

 Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

 We have included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report"), and from time to time we may make statements that may constitute "forward-looking statements" within
 the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These forward-looking statements are based upon our current
 expectations, estimates, assumptions, and beliefs concerning future events and conditions and may discuss, among other things, anticipated future performance (including sales and earnings), products, expected growth, future business plans and
 costs, the impact of potential and ongoing litigation, the expectation of future stockholder distributions, statements regarding the Company's efforts and ability to maintain compliance with the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") continued listing
 standard, our beliefs and statements regarding general industry and market conditions and growth rates, as well as general domestic and international economic conditions. Any statement that is not historical in nature is a forward-looking statement
 and may be identified by the use of words and phrases such as "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "projects," "will be," "will continue," "will likely result in," and similar expressions. Readers are
 cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are outside our control, which could cause actual results to differ
 materially from such statements and from our historical results and experience. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to those described in Item 1A - Risk Factors of this Report and elsewhere in this Report and
 those described from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Readers are cautioned that it is not possible to predict or identify all the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect
 future results and that the risks described herein should not be considered a complete list. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any
 forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 Among others, the forward-looking statements appearing in this Report that may not occur include statements that:

 •

 We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and patent portfolio in and outside the United States including VirnetX One, War Room, VirnetX Matrix, GABRIEL Connection Technology and our Secured
 Domain Name Registry and Technology. These statements may imply that the worldwide market for our commercialized products is large and will result in significant future revenue for us. However, commercialization of products such as ours is
 subject to significant obstacles and risks and may prevent significant future revenues for us.

 EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW, WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO UPDATE OR REVISE ANY FORWARD- LOOKING STATEMENT AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE.

 Item 1.

 Business

 The Company

 We are an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access ("ZTNA") based secure network
 communications. VirnetX's software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One, War Room, VirnetX Matrix, and GABRIEL Connection Technology, are designed to be device and location-independent,
 and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures. Our technology generates secure connections on a "single-click" basis, significantly simplifying the
 deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information.

 Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide. Our next-generation, VirnetX
 One platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology and GABRIEL Connection Technology to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links. VirnetX One is a security-as-a-service
 platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks. Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a "security umbrella" as an added layer on top of their existing
 infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

 Our War Room software product provides safe and secure video conferencing meeting environment where sensitive communications and data is invisible to
 those not authorized to view it. War Room validates permissions of all the users, and devices requesting access to any secure meeting room prior to granting access. We believe our War Room will be an attractive solution for government and law
 enforcement agencies as well as all professional sectors such as legal, financial, and medical where limiting access to confidential data is a critical requirement.

 Our VirnetX Matrix product provides superior security for internet-enabled enterprise applications and their connected devices, and for control
 systems currently deployed by those enterprises (e.g., file servers, data back-up systems, VPN/firewalls). VirnetX Matrix provides a true "zero-trust" access protection, "single-click" ease of use, and is a highly-effective added layer of
 protection that is deployed simply, without the need for changes to an enterprise's existing, in-place infrastructure. We believe VirnetX Matrix is an attractive solution for all businesses, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and
 original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"), looking to improve visibility and management of their networks to mitigate morphing attacks on their networks and for real time access and control of their users.

 Our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite is a set of communication applications and tools that use our GABRIEL Secure Communication Platform. It enables
 seamless and secure cross platform communications between devices that are enrolled in our "VIRNETX SECURED" network and have our software installed. Effective May 31, 2023 we have ended the support for our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite. All the
 existing customers and partners have been notified of this announcement.

 We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and intellectual property in and outside the United States including VirnetX One, War
 Room, VirnetX Matrix, GABRIEL Connection Technology and our Secured Domain Name Registry and Technology. We believe our product portfolio to secure devices and systems are suitable in areas such as City, County and State Governments, Healthcare,
 Finance, Legal, Oil and Gas, Medical, Law Enforcement, National Defense and related support industries. We continue to actively pursue new sales opportunities in and outside of United States.

 During 2023, we actively engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of VirnetX One. As a result of our efforts, we
 made a series of announcements with Solution Synergy, WeSecure, Samsung, Envoy Data Corporation, and Object Security. We also announced new deployments of our VirnetX Matrix product at City of Bridgeport, International Association of Certified
 ISAOs (IACI) and SkinWalker Ranch. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products' sales directly to, resale arrangements with and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or
 more of these third parties.

 We invested in two companies in the artificial intelligence ("AI") sector partnering with them to augment the Company's strategy to provide secure AI
 to the marketplace. The first investment was with L2 Holdings, LLC ("OmniTeq"), an AI, machine learning ("ML") and predictive analytics-based solutions provider with a primary focus on selling into the space and defense sectors. Under the terms of
 our agreement, OmniTeq will deploy and integrate our VirnetX One family of products at SkinWalker Ranch to secure their data and protect against cyber hackers. Our second investment was with OP Media, Inc, a dynamic software platform provider,
 addressing a critical market requirement for transforming static infrastructure processes and knowledgebases into digital processes that can be continuously optimized using AI, ML, and blockchain technologies for making informed decisions and
 creating streamlined workflows in real-time, without requiring coding or programming skills. Further, under the terms of our respective agreements, both OmniTeq and OP Media have agreed to integrate our VirnetX One family of products and services
 into their solutions and to resell them to their current and future customers. Both companies have committed to using VirnetX as their exclusive global cybersecurity solution provider and go-to-market partner.

 We have an ongoing licensing program under which we offer licenses to our technology, software, and some of our patented inventions, including our
 secure domain name registry service, to domain infrastructure providers, communication service providers as well as to system integrators. Our GABRIEL Connection Technology License is offered to OEM customers who want to adopt the GABRIEL
 Connection Technology as their solution for establishing secure connections using secure domain names within their products. We have developed GABRIEL Connection Technology Software Development Kit to assist with rapid integration of these
 techniques into existing software implementations.

 Our employees include the core development team behind our inventions, technology, and software. Some members of this team have worked together for
 over twenty years and were on the same team that invented and developed this technology while working at Leidos. The team has continued its research and development work to refine our unique network security technology and make it more secure and
 easy to deploy.

 Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending
 applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet, and related services, and is
 used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

 We expect to continue to launch new and enhanced security platforms, software products, and services based on our GABRIEL Connection Technology. We
 will provide updates to new and existing customers as they are released to the public. Many small and medium businesses have installed our software products in their corporate networks. We intend to continue to expand our customer base with
 targeted promotions and direct sales initiatives to large enterprise and governmental organizations.

 Industry Overview & Trends

 We believe that the rapid growth in remote work has accelerated digital business transformation initiatives that would have taken years, into a matter of months. The demand to work remotely, explosive
 growth of video conferencing tools and rapid growth in the cloud has created an opportunity to secure communications regardless of a user's location, network, or BYOD (bring your own device).

 The shift to remote work and expansion of the enterprise network perimeter has driven the growth of ZTNA solutions. The Zero Trust concept treats all networks like the Internet, where all users and
 devices are untrusted by default. Their location within the network is not a factor for deciding trust. Each user and device on the network requires authentication and authorization, based on policy, prior to accessing any applications or resources
 on the network. ZTNA facilitates security around remote work, because Zero Trust policies enable granular access control, end-to-end encryption of network communications and remove application visibility from the public Internet which reduces the
 potential attack surface. Based on our estimates, using publicly available market data, we believe that the Zero Trust security market size is projected to grow from $24.8 billion in 2022 to over $60 billion by 2027, at a Compound Annual Growth
 Rate (CAGR) of 19.4% during the forecast period. We believe Zero Trust represents a growing market and an ideal fit for our technology and products.

 Cloud computing growth has rapidly expanded as enterprises continue to move applications and services to the cloud. The cloud offers scalability, operations and development efficiency and remote
 access benefits for their workforce. The cloud technology adoption is expected to continue to increase quite significantly in industries where the work-from-home initiative is helped to sustain enterprise business functions. However, shifting
 critical data to the cloud has resulted in security concerns and the need for enterprises to control access and gain visibility into how information is being used, who is accessing it and where it is going. Based on our estimates, using publicly
 available market data, we believe that the global cloud computing security market size is expected to grow from approximately $43.6 billion in 2022 to over $92.7 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 13.4% during the forecast period. We believe our
 scalable technology allows enterprises to secure applications and services regardless of whether hosting is on-premise or in the cloud.

 As billions of connected Internet of Things ("IoT") devices come online in support of enterprise operations, products, and industrial controls they will need to be secured and integrated into the
 enterprise. Facilitated by advancements in 4G/Advanced LTE and high-speed 5G networks, IoT devices will be able to operate from any network, transmit higher volumes of data including video streaming and sensor data collection and require real-time
 decisions based on that data. Without next generation security, these IoT devices represent a large attack surface that manages and controls critical enterprise infrastructure. These IoT devices can operate from anywhere, and will need to be
 secured with the same level of network security and ZTNA solutions enterprises are already deploying for their remote workforce. We believe that the market opportunity for our software and technology solutions is large and expanding as secure
 domain names are now an integral part of securing the next generation 5G and 4G/LTE Advanced wireless networks and IoT communications. Based on our estimates, using publicly available market data, we believe that the size of the global Industrial
 IoT security market size is projected to grow from $4.76 billion in 2022 to approximately $23.17 billion by 2028 at a CAGR of 30.2% during the forecasted period with a growing investment in securing the infrastructure around these devices.

 Our Approach & Strategy

 We believe that VirnetX One software products are positioned to help enterprises adapt to the rapidly evolving threat landscape in work environments and the growing need to secure communications
 regardless of a user's location, network, or device using our GABRIEL Connection Technology.

 VirnetX One products deliver ZTNA, allowing enterprises to secure their information, control access and gain visibility into how information is being used, who is accessing it and where it is going.
 Our patented technology allows enterprises to license our technology for integration into their products and services, easily deploy our technology through our VirnetX One family of products for endpoint security or securing their communications
 with our mobile and desktop applications.

 Our strategy is to become the market leader in securing real-time communications over the Internet and to establish our VirnetX One and GABRIEL Connection Technology as the industry standard security platforms. Key
 elements of our strategy are to:

 •

 Direct sales efforts with larger users, particularly those engaged in defense and others govermental or national initiatives.

 •

 Actively recruit partners in various vertical markets, including healthcare, finance, legal, government to help us expand our enterprise customer base.

 •

 Promote our next-generation VirnetX One platform as a solution for delivering ZTNA, and securing enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure.

 •

 Combine with VirnetX One platform with technologies from the companies we have invested in, namely OmniTeq and OPMedia, to enhance their offerings and provide supplemental
 sales channels for VirnetX One

 •

 Continue to grow our technology licensing program to commercialize our intellectual property, including our GABRIEL Connection Technology.

 •

 Grow registration of VirnetX Secure Domain Names as the network segmentation component of our ZTNA solution. Establish VirnetX as the exclusive, universal registry of secure domain names and enable our customers
 to act as registrars for their users and broker secure communication between devices.

 •

 Promote War Room TM video conferencing product in the general market for sale to end-user enterprises, directly and with partners,
 with targeted promotions and other marketing programs to assist remote workers and offer an industry leading secure meeting solution.

 •

 Promote VirnetX Matrix enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure.

 Competitive Strengths

 We believe the following competitive strengths will enable our success in the marketplace:

 •

 Unique patented technology. We are focused on developing innovative technology for securing real-time communications over the Internet and establishing the exclusive secure
 domain name registry in the United States and other key markets around the world. Our unique solutions combine industry standard encryption methods and communication protocols with our patented techniques for automated DNS lookup
 mechanisms. Our technology and patented approach enable users to create a secure communication link by generating secure domain names. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S.
 patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our portfolio includes patents and pending patent applications in the United States and other key markets that support our secure domain name registry
 service for the Internet.

 •

 Scalable licensing business model. We are actively engaged in pursuing additional licensing agreements with industry participants OEMs, service providers and system
 integrators within the IP-telephony, mobility, mobile-to-mobile communications, fixed-mobile convergence, and unified communications end-markets.

 •

 Highly experienced research and development team. Our research and development team is comprised of nationally recognized network security and encryption technology
 scientists and experts that have worked together as a team for over ten years. During their careers, this team has developed several cutting-edge technologies for U.S. national defense, intelligence, and civilian agencies, many of which
 remain critical to our national security today. Prior to joining VirnetX, our team worked for Leidos, during which time they invented the core technology that is the foundation of our current technology and software. Based on the collective
 knowledge and experience of our development team, we believe that we have one of the most experienced and sophisticated groups of security experts researching vulnerability and threats to real-time communication over the Internet and
 developing solutions to mitigate these problems.

 License and Service Offerings

 We offer a diversified portfolio of licenses, software and service offerings focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet. We believe software products will allow enterprises to
 seamlessly integrate ZTNA protection into their networks to secure their applications, services, virtualized resources, and data as it moves into the cloud. Enterprises can quickly deploy VirnetX One software products to protect legacy
 applications, secure new cloud-based services and remove application visibility from the public Internet. Enterprises can move towards more granular network access control to protect their network at the edge and away from legacy VPN technologies.
 VirnetX One family of software products enables remote employees to securely interact with on-premise and cloud-based applications, regardless of their location. Enterprises can use VirnetX One platform to secure open-source applications powering
 communications, data and analytics, infrastructure, and business services with a focus on making those applications easier to secure, access and manage.

 We believe our software products and technologies provide the foundation for securing real-time communications and collaboration applications for the enterprise remote workforce. We are exploring
 creating a marketplace of applications secured by our VirnetX One platform. This approach will allow us to offer a portfolio of certified applications that can be deployed by the enterprise customers in their business networks with confidence in
 keeping their confidential data and communications secure. This marketplace strategy will allow us to offer more flexible licensing options to solve specific customer use-cases, align with partner product offerings and create upsell opportunities
 for our products.

 Customers

 We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and intellectual property in and outside the United States including
 VirnetX One TM, War Room TM, VirnetX Matrix TM, GABRIEL Connection Technology TM and our Secured Domain Name Registry and Technology. We believe our product portfolio to secure devices and systems are
 stable in areas such as City, County and State Governments, Healthcare, Finance, Legal, Oil and Gas, Medical, Law Enforcement, National Defense and related support industries. We continue to actively pursue new sales opportunities in and one of
 United States.

 During 2023, we actively engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of VimetX One TM.
 As a result of our efforts, we made a series of announcements with Solution Synergy, WeSecure, Samsung, Every Data Corporation, and Object Security We also announced new deployments of our VimetX Matrix TM product at City of Bridgeport,
 International Association of Certified ISAOs (IACI) and SkinWalker Ranch. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products' sales directly to, resale arrangements with
 and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or more of these third parties.

 We have signed Patent License Agreements with Aastra USA, Inc. Avaya, Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Mitel Networks Corporation, NEC Corporation and NEC Corporation of America, Siemens Enterprise
 Communications GmbH & Co. KG, and Siemens Enterprise Communications Inc. to license certain of our patents, for a one-time payment and an ongoing royalty for all future sales through the expiration of the licensed patents with respect to
 certain current and future IP-encrypted products.

 We are seeking further licensing of our technology, to developers and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, of chips, servers, Desktop, mobile devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptops, net
 books, and other devices, within the IP-telephony, mobility, fixed- mobile convergence, and unified communications markets including 5G and 4G/LTE. We have published our royalty rates and guidelines on our website. All forward moving licenses have
 adhered to these guidelines and have met or exceeded these rates and we will use these rates and guidelines in all future license negotiations.

 Marketing and Sales

 We employ a leveraged, partner-oriented marketing and sales strategy for software product and services offerings. We have successfully signed several
 Resellers & Managed Service Provider Agreements in various market segments, including healthcare, finance, legal, government, etc., to assist us in selling our software products to their customers. We plan to directly market our software
 products, domain name registry services to large enterprises and government organizations along with our service provider and system integrator customers.

 We believe significant opportunities exist for our VirnetX One, War Room, VirnetX Matrix products and services in areas such as Local and State
 Governments, Power and Energy generation, Healthcare, Finance, Legal, Oil and Gas, Medical, Law Enforcement, National Defense and related support industries. We are actively pursuing a number of sales opportunities, in and outside the United
 States, for as we seek to extend out our customer base globally. We expect to leverage our relationship with OmniTeq and Op Media to extend our offering to departments and agencies within the federal government.

 We added a Chief Operating Officer to our Japanese team to further our technology licensing efforts in Japan. We have signed a non-exclusive
 Distribution and Service Agreement with IP Dream, a Japanese based strategic technology developer and service provider, to sell our software products as well as VirnetX's Secure Domain Name technology to its clients in Japan and greater Asia.
 Jointly with IP Dream, we are currently pursuing several OEM opportunities with some of the largest services providers in Japan. Along with our efforts with IP Dream, we continue to explore alternative strategies to pursue opportunities to work
 with other third parties in Japan, and elsewhere, using an approach that will seek to capitalize on these opportunities in part by placing more emphasis on the use of our own employees.

 We intend to continue to license our patent portfolio, technology, and software, including our secure domain name registry service, to domain
 infrastructure providers, communication service providers as well as to system integrators. We intend to seek further license of our technology and software products, to enterprise customers, developers and original equipment manufacturers, or
 OEMs, of chips, servers, Desktop, mobile devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptops, net books, and other devices, within the IP-telephony, mobility, fixed- mobile convergence, and unified communications markets including 5G and 4G/LTE.

 Intellectual Property and Patent Rights

 Our intellectual property is primarily comprised of trade secrets, patented know-how, issued and pending patents, copyrights and technological innovation.

 We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our portfolio
 includes many patents that describe unique systems and methods for securing real- time communications over the Internet, as well as related services such as the establishment and maintenance of a secure domain name registry. Our software and
 technology solutions also may have additional applications relating to operating systems and network security. A complete list of our U.S. patents is available on our website located at  Each patent is publicly accessible on
 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office website at  Some of our issued U.S. and foreign patents expire at various times during the period from 2023 to 2034.

 Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act that might incorporate future filings, the information set forth on the United
 States Patent and Trademark Office (the "USPTO") website, shall not be deemed to be a part of or incorporated by reference into any such filings. We do not warrant the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of the USPTO website, and expressly disclaim
 liability for errors or omissions on such website.

 Assignment of Patents

 Some of our issued patents and pending patent applications were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary, VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, pursuant to an Assignment Agreement dated December 21, 2006,
 and a Patent License and Assignment Agreement dated August 12, 2005, as amended on November 2, 2006, including documents prepared pursuant to the November amendment, and as further amended on March 12, 2008. We recorded the assignment from Leidos,
 with the U.S. Patent Office on December 21, 2006.

 Key terms of these agreements are as follows:

 •

 Patent Assignment. Leidos, unconditionally and irrevocably conveyed, transferred, assigned, and quitclaimed all its right, title, and interest in and to the patents and
 patent applications, as specifically set forth in the assignment document recorded with the U.S. Patent Office, including, without limitation, the right to sue for past infringement.

 •

 License to Leidos, Outside the Field of Use. Effective March 12, 2008, we granted to Leidos, a non-exclusive, royalty free, fully paid, perpetual, worldwide, irrevocable,
 sub licensable and transferable right and license permitting Leidos, and its assignees to make, have made, import, use, offer for sale, and sell products and services covered by, and to make improvements to, the patents and patent
 applications we acquired from Leidos, solely outside our field of use.

 •

 Compensation Obligations. As consideration for the assignment of the patents and for the rights we obtained from Leidos, as amended, we are required to make payments to
 Leidos, based on cash or certain other values generated from those patents. The amount of such payments depends upon the type of value generated, and certain categories are subject to maximums and other limitations. In 2010, we met our
 maximum royalty payment requirement; however, Leidos is also entitled under certain circumstances to receive a portion of the proceeds paid to us for certain acquisitions of VirnetX and the settlement of certain patent infringement claims
 of ours.

 Government Regulation

 We are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations, including those relating to privacy, data protection and security, intellectual property, employment and labor,
 workplace safety, consumer protection, anti-bribery, import and export controls, immigration, federal securities, and tax. Additional laws and regulations relating to these areas likely will be passed in the future, and these or existing laws and
 regulations may be interpreted or enforced in new or expanded manners, each of which could result in significant limitations on how we operate our business.

 In particular, the laws governing online secure communications remain unsettled in various respects, even in areas where there has been legislative action. Uncertainty regarding the interpretation and
 enforcement of laws governing matters such as intellectual property, privacy, data protection and libel in the context of online communications and media is likely to remain. New and existing legislation, or changes in its interpretation and
 enforcement, may interfere with the growth in use of online secure communications and decrease the acceptance of online secure communications as a viable solution, which could adversely affect our business.

 Due to the Internet's increasing and evolving use, new laws regulating secure communications may be adopted. These laws and regulations may cover, among other things, issues relating to privacy, data
 protection, cybersecurity, pricing, taxation, telecommunications over the Internet, content, copyrights, distribution and quality of products and services. We intend to work to comply with all new applicable laws and regulations as they are adopted
 and put in force. New and evolving laws and regulations, and changes in their enforcement and interpretation, may have material impacts upon our development and commercialization plans or business practices, and may significantly increase our
 compliance costs and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 The U.S. government has controlled the authoritative domain name system, or DNS, root server since the inception of the Internet. On July 1, 1997, the President of the United States directed the U.S.
 Secretary of Commerce to privatize the management of the domain name system in a manner that increases competition and facilitates international participation in its management.

 On September 29, 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its delegation of authority by entering into a new agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, or ICANN, a
 California non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina Del Rey, California. ICANN is responsible for managing the accreditation of registry providers and registrars that manage the assignment of top- level domain names associated with the
 authoritative DNS root directory. Although it is possible to create and manage other DNS root directories privately without accreditation from ICANN, the possibility of conflicting name and number assignments makes it less likely that users would
 widely adopt a top-level domain name associated with an alternative DNS root directory provided by a non-ICANN- accredited registry service.

 Employees and Human Capital

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 27 full and part time employees, most of whom work remotely from our corporate offices. We have had a work-from-home workforce since our inception. The emphasis of our
 employees is on our technology research and product development with 14 employees focused on this effort. Our team has been working on enhancing our products and adding new functionality along with successfully filing several new patent
 applications in 2022. We also continue building our sales and marketing teams to expand our product-lines and customer base. In 2024, the Chief Operating Officer to our team in Japan was promoted to Chief Operating Officer of the Company, who will
 be focused on growing our operations, expanding the Company's line of security products into Japan as well as the broader Pacific Rim, and transacting with military-affiliated partners within the United States to facilitate the collaborative
 development of next-generation cybersecurity and protective artificial intelligence solutions.

 In addition to our regular employees, we also engage with consultants on a regular basis. These consultants can be involved in our product development, customer relations, legal, and/or regulatory
 compliance and reporting. We have experienced low employee turnover rates over the years with both employees and consultants participating in our equity incentive plan.

 Available Information

 We file or furnish various reports, such as registration statements, periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. Our website address is  You
 may obtain, free of charge on our website, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange
 Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information we post is intended for reference purposes only; none of the information posted on our website is part of this report
 or incorporated by reference herein.

 The SEC also maintains website at  that contains reports, proxy and other information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with
 the SEC.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of
 operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our common and capital stock. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information set forth in this Report, including in "Management's
 Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making any investment in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only
 ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business. If any of these risk factors occur, you could lose substantial value or your entire
 investment in our shares.

 Summary Risk Factors

 An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk, and the following is a summary of key risk factors when considering an investment.

 You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained in the subheadings further below.

 •

 Long and unpredictable sales cycles.

 •

 We have limited technical resources and are at an early stage in commercialization of our products.

 •

 Intensely competitive market with established brand names.

 •

 Our business has been, and may continue to be, negatively affected by shareholders intent upon alternate business strategies.

 •

 Our products are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

 •

 If we are not able to adequately protect our patent rights and trade secrets, our business would be negatively impacted.

 Risks Related to Our Business and Our Financial Reporting

 Our operating results may not be consistent and may be difficult to predict and we may not be able to achieve or sustain
 profitability in the future.

 Our operating results have fluctuated in the past due to several factors. We expect that our future operating results may also fluctuate due to the same or similar
 factors. We had a net loss of $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We had a net loss of $36.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $186 million. The following include
 some of the factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate:

 •

 Time and resources required to accelerate transition to new product development and sales strategies targeting large enterprises and government customers;

 •

 Customer adoption of our VirnetX One TM platform and software products and services;

 •

 The number of product license sales of VirnetX Warroom, VirnetX Matrix and associated services;

 •

 Adoption of VirnetX One TM platform by third party application providers of secure communications;

 •

 Intensely competitive market with established brands that have larger customer bases, and greater resources than we do;

 •

 Prolonged economic uncertainties or downturns, globally or in certain regions or industries, could materially adversely affect our business;

 •

 Government export and import control regulations on selling products with encryption technology in certain international markets

 These fluctuations may make our business particularly difficult to manage, adversely affect our business and operating results, make our operating results difficult
 for investors to predict and, further, cause our results to fall below investor's expectations and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. If we fail to increase our revenue to offset any increases in our operating expenses, we may
 not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

 We expect that we will experience long and unpredictable sales cycles, which may impact our operating results.

 The sales cycle between initial customer contact and execution of a contract or license agreement with a customer or purchaser of our products can vary widely. We expect
 that our sales cycles will be long and unpredictable due to several factors, including but not limited to:

 •

 The need to educate potential customers about our patent rights and our product and service capabilities

 •

 Our customers' willingness to invest potentially substantial resources and modify their network infrastructures to take advantage of our products

 •

 Our customers' budgetary constraints and timing of their budget cycles

 •

 Delays caused by customers' internal review processes and

 •

 Long sales cycles may increase the risk that our financial resources are exhausted before we are able to generate significant revenue.

 In addition, potential customers of our products include local, state, federal and foreign government authorities. Sales to
 government authorities can be extensive and unpredictable. Government authorities generally have complex budgeting, purchasing, and regulatory processes that govern their capital spending, and their spending is likely to be adversely impacted by
 economic conditions. In addition, in many instances, sales to government authorities may require field trials and may be delayed by the time it takes for government officials to evaluate multiple competing bids, negotiate terms, and award
 contracts.

 For these reasons, the sales cycle associated with our products is subject to a number of significant risks that are beyond
 our control. Consequently, if customer orders are not realized or delayed, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 We have limited technical resources and are at an early stage in commercialization of our VirnetX One platform and software
 products.

 Part of our business includes the internal development of commercial products we seek to monetize. This aspect of our business may require significant capital, time
 and resources and we cannot guarantee that it will be successful or meet our expectations. Based on the scale of our technical resources, our limited historical financial data upon which to base our projected revenue or planned operating expenses
 related to our software products and services, we may not be able to effectively:

 •

 Implement an effective marketing strategy to promote awareness of our products

 •

 Attract and retain customers for our products

 •

 Generate revenues or profit from product sales

 •

 Provide appropriate levels of customer training and technical support for our products

 •

 Rapidly anticipate and adapt to changes in the market and evolving customer requirements

 •

 Protect our products from any system failures or other breaches.

 In addition, a high percentage of our expenses are and will continue to be fixed. Accordingly, if we do not generate revenue as and when anticipated, our losses may be
 greater than expected and our operating results will suffer.

 The market in which we participate is intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could
 be harmed.

 The market for Zero Trust Network Access ("ZTNA") security solutions is rapidly evolving and highly competitive as new entrants and traditional
 network solutions companies offer cloud-based cybersecurity solutions. Many of our competitors and potential competitors have established brand recognition, larger customer bases, and greater resources than we do. Our primary competitors in the
 zero-trust network access market include Appgate, Cloudflare, and Illumio. In the enterprise market, our primary competitors include Zscaler (ZPA), Palo Alto Networks (Prisma Access), Cisco (Umbrella), Citrix (Secure Private Access), Netskope
 (Private Access for ZTNA) and Cato Networks. As we expand our product offerings and use cases, we will begin to compete with companies that offer bundled security-as-a-service solutions that include Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) and Security
 Service Edge (SSE). With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. For example, disruptive technologies such as generative AI may fundamentally alter the market for our services in
 unpredictable ways and reduce customer demand. If we fail to compete effectively, our business will be harmed. Some of our competitors offer their products or services at lower prices or for free as part of a broader bundled product sale or
 enterprise license arrangement, which has placed pricing pressure on our business. If we are unable to achieve our target pricing levels, our operating results will be negatively impacted. For us to compete effectively, we need to introduce new
 products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner, meet customer expectations and needs at prices that customers are willing to pay, and continue to enhance the features and functionalities of our cloud content management platform. In
 addition, pricing pressures and increased competition could result in reduced sales, lower margins, losses or the failure of our services to achieve or maintain widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business.

 Many of our competitors are able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products or services. In addition, many of our
 competitors have established marketing relationships and major distribution agreements with channel partners, consultants, system integrators and resellers. Competitors may offer products or services at lower prices or with greater depth than our
 services. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. Furthermore, some potential customers, particularly large enterprises, may elect to
 develop their own internal solutions. For any of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our competitors.

 Our success depends in part on establishing and maintaining
 relationships with other companies to distribute our technology and products or to incorporate our products and services, into their technology or vice
 versa.

 Part of our business strategy is to enter into partnerships, strategic investments, and other cooperative arrangements with third parties. We have invested in and we
 continue to seek to invest in or acquire businesses, technologies, or other assets that we believe could complement or expand our business. In addition, we are regularly involved in cooperative efforts with respect to the incorporation of our
 products into products of others and vice versa, research and development efforts, and marketing, distributor and reseller arrangements. These relationships are generally non-exclusive, and some of our partners also have cooperative relationships
 with certain of our competitors or offer some products and services that are competitive with ours. If we lose third-party relationships, if these relationships are not commercially successful, or if we are unable to enter into third-party
 relationships on commercially reasonable terms in the future, our business could be negatively impacted.

 Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected errors, which could cause harm to our reputation and adversely
 affect our business.

 Our products are highly technical and complex and, when deployed, may contain errors or defects. Despite testing, some errors in our products may only be discovered
 after a product has been installed and used by customers. Any errors or defects discovered in our products after commercial release could result in failure to achieve market acceptance, loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, loss of
 customers and increased service and warranty cost, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, we could face claims for product liability, tort, or breach of warranty, including claims
 relating to changes to our products made by our channel partners. The performance of our products could have unforeseen or unknown adverse effects on the networks over which they are delivered as well as on third-party applications and services
 that utilize our services, which could result in legal claims against us, harming our business. Furthermore, we expect to provide implementation, consulting, and other technical services in connection with the implementation and ongoing maintenance
 of our products, which typically involves working with sophisticated software, computing, and communications systems. We expect that our contracts with customers will contain provisions relating to warranty disclaimers and liability limitations,
 which may not be upheld. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management's attention and adversely affect the market's perception of us and our products. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage
 proves inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

 Malfunctions of third-party communications infrastructure, hardware and software expose us to a variety of risks that we cannot
 control.

 Our business will depend upon, among other things, the capacity, reliability, security, and unimpeded access of the infrastructure owned by third parties that we will
 use to deploy our offerings. We have no control over the operation, quality, or maintenance of a significant portion of that infrastructure or whether those third parties will upgrade or improve their equipment. We depend on these companies to
 maintain the operational integrity of our connections. If one or more of these companies is unable or unwilling to supply or expand its levels of service to us in the future, our operations could be severely interrupted. Also, to the extent that
 the number of users of networks utilizing our current or future products suddenly increases, the technology platform and secure hosting services which will be required to accommodate a higher volume of traffic may result in slower response times or
 service interruptions. System interruptions or increases in response time could result in a loss of potential or existing users and, if sustained or repeated, could reduce the appeal of the networks to users. In addition, users depend on real-time
 communications outages caused by increased traffic could result in delays and system failures. These types of occurrences could cause users to perceive that our solution does not function properly and could therefore adversely affect our ability
 to attract and retain licensees, strategic partners, and customers.

 System failure or interruption or our failure to meet increasing demands on our systems could harm our business.

 The success of our license and service offerings will depend on the uninterrupted operation of various systems, secure data centers and other
 computer and communication networks that we establish. To the extent, the number of users of networks utilizing our future products suddenly increases, the technology platform and hosting services which will be required to accommodate a higher
 volume of traffic may result in slower response times, service interruptions or delays or system failures. Our systems and operations will also be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other things:

 •

 Power loss, transmission cable cuts and other telecommunications failures

 •

 Damage or interruption caused by fire, earthquake, and other natural disasters

 •

 Computer viruses, electronic break-ins, sabotage, vandalism or software defects and

 •

 Physical or electronic break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, terrorist attacks and other events beyond our control.

 System interruptions or failures and increases or delays in response time could result in a loss of potential or existing
 users and, if sustained or repeated, could reduce the appeal of the networks to users. These types of occurrences could cause users to perceive that our solution does not function properly and could therefore adversely affect our ability to
 attract and retain licensees, strategic partners, and customers, and result in lost revenue, customer dissatisfaction, or lawsuits against us.

 Our business has been, and may continue to be, negatively affected by shareholders intent upon alternate business strategies.

 Responding to actions by activist shareholders is costly and time-consuming, has diverted the attention of management, our
 board of directors and our employees, and may be disruptive to our operations. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of shareholder activism may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our
 business or other instability, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Furthermore, if customers choose to delay, defer
 or reduce transactions with us or do business with our competitors instead of us, then our business, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, our share price could experience periods of increased
 volatility as a result of shareholder activism.

 If we are not able to adequately protect our patent rights and trade secrets, our business would be negatively impacted.

 We believe our patents are valid, enforceable, and valuable. Notwithstanding this belief, third parties may make claims of
 infringement with respect to our products or services or invalidity claims with respect to our patents or become aware of our trade secrets by way of leaks from bad actors within or outside of our employee base or otherwise, and such claims could
 give rise to material cost for defense or settlement or both, and such claims or leaks could jeopardize or substantially delay a successful outcome of litigation we are or may become involved in, divert resources away from our other activities,
 limit or cease our related revenues, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business. Additionally, several of our patents are currently, and other patents may in the future be, subject to USPTO post-grant inter partes review
 proceedings ("IPR") which may result in all, or part of these patents being invalidated, or the claims of our patents being limited. Unfavorable or adverse outcomes in our litigation or IPRs or material leaks of trade secrets may result in
 losses, exhaustion of financial resources, reduction in our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, or other adverse effects, which could encumber our ability to develop and commercialize our products. Even if we are successful in
 protecting our intellectual property rights, they may not ultimately provide us with any competitive advantages and may be less valuable than we currently expect. These risks may be heightened in countries other than the United States where laws
 regarding patent protection are less developed and may be negatively affected by the fact that legal standards in the United States and elsewhere for protection of intellectual property rights in Internet-related businesses are uncertain and
 still evolving. In addition, there are a significant number of United States and foreign patents and patent applications in our areas of interest, and we expect that significant litigation in these areas will continue and will add uncertainty to
 the value of certain patents and other intellectual property rights in our areas of interest. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights or otherwise realize value from them, our business would be negatively affected.

 If we experience security breaches or incidents, we could be exposed to liability and our reputation and business could suffer.

 We expect to retain certain confidential and proprietary customer information in our secure data centers and secure domain name registry, as well as personal data and
 other confidential and proprietary information relating to our business. It will be critical to our business strategy that our facilities and infrastructure remain secure and are perceived by the marketplace to be secure. Our secure domain name
 registry operations will also depend on our ability to maintain our computer and telecommunications equipment in effective working order and to reasonably protect our systems against interruption, and potentially depend on protection by other
 registrars in the shared registration system. The secure domain name servers that we will operate will be critical hardware to our registry services operations. Additionally, we maintain confidential and proprietary business information, including
 trade secrets. We expect to have to expend significant time and money to maintain or increase the security of our products, facilities, and infrastructure. Security technologies are constantly being tested by computer professionals, academics and
 "hackers." Advances in computer capabilities and the techniques for attacking security solutions, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in compromises or breaches of our security measures and
 could make some or all our products obsolete or unmarketable. Likewise, we may need to dedicate engineering and other resources to eliminate security vulnerabilities and may find it necessary or appropriate to repair or replace products already
 sold or licensed to our customers. Despite the security measures that we and our service providers utilize, our infrastructure and that of our service providers may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, ransomware, computer viruses, other malicious
 code attacks by hackers, phishing attacks, social engineering, or similar disruptive problems. Any disruption or security breach or incident that we or our service providers suffer or are perceived to suffer, including any such disruption, breach
 or incident resulting in a loss of, or damage to, data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure, access, loss, or other processing of confidential, financial, proprietary or personal information, including data related to our personnel, could result
 in loss, disclosure or other unauthorized processing of such data, could delay our research and development or commercialization efforts, could compel us to comply with breach notification laws and regulations, subject us to mandatory corrective
 action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information. It is possible that we may have to expend additional financial and other resources to address such problems. The
 increase in remote work by our personnel and those of third parties in recent years has resulted in increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks. As a provider of Internet security software and technology, we may be the target of dedicated efforts by
 hackers and other third parties to overcome or defeat our security measures. Any physical or electronic break-in or other security breach or incident or compromise impacting our products, or any information stored at our secure data centers and
 domain name registration systems, including any compromise due to human error or employee or contractor malfeasance, may jeopardize the security of information stored on our premises or in the computer systems and networks of our customers.
 Additionally, any such data security incident, or the perception that one has occurred could also result in adverse publicity, harm to our reputation and competitive position, and therefore adversely affect the market's perception of the security
 of electronic commerce and communications over IP networks as well as the security or reliability of our services, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

 A security breach or other security incident, or the perception any such event has occurred, could require a substantial level of financial resources to address and
 otherwise respond to, may be difficult to identify or address in a timely manner, and could result in claims, investigations, inquiries, and other proceedings or actions by private parties or governmental entities that may divert management's
 attention and require the expenditure of significant time and resources, and which may cause us to incur substantial fines, penalties, or other liability and related legal and other costs. Any actual or perceived security breach or other security
 incident may also harm our reputation, result in a loss of customers, and make it more difficult or impossible for us to successfully market to others. Any of the foregoing matters could harm our business, operating results and financial
 condition.

 Our products are subject to governmental export and import
 controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

 Because we incorporate encryption technology into our products, certain of our products are subject to U.S. export controls and may be exported outside the U.S. only
 with the required export license or through an export license exception. If we were to fail to comply with U.S. export licensing requirements, U.S. customs regulations, U.S. economic sanctions, or other laws, we could be subject to substantial
 civil and criminal penalties, including fines, incarceration for responsible employees and managers, and the possible loss of export or import privileges. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may
 result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, and persons. Even though we take
 precautions to ensure that we comply with all relevant regulations, any failure by us or any partners to comply with such regulations could have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations, and penalties.

 In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permit and license requirements, and have enacted laws
 that could limit our ability to distribute our products or could limit our end-customers' ability to implement our products in those countries. Changes in our products or changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the
 introduction of our products into international markets, prevent our end-customers with international operations from deploying our products globally or, in some cases, prevent or delay the export or import of our products to certain countries,
 governments, or persons altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions, or related legislation, shift in the enforcement, or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or
 technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential end-customers with international operations. Any decreased use of
 our products or limitation on our ability to export to or sell our products in international markets would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Privacy and data security concerns, data collection and transfer restrictions and related domestic or foreign regulations may
 limit the use and adoption of our solutions and adversely affect our business.

 Personal privacy, information security, and data protection are significant issues in the United States, Europe, and many other jurisdictions where we have operations
 or offer our products. The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage and use of confidential and proprietary business information and personal data is rapidly evolving. The United States federal and various state and
 foreign governments have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personally identifiable information and other data relating to individuals, and federal and state consumer protection
 laws are being applied to enforce regulations related to the online collection, use and dissemination of data.

 Further, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union ("EU"), where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the
 collection and use of personal data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Laws and regulations in these
 jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure, and security of data that identifies or may be used to identify or locate an individual, such as names, email addresses and, in some jurisdictions, IP addresses.

 We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and
 information security in the United States, the EU, and other jurisdictions. For example, the European Commission adopted a General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR") that became fully effective on May 25, 2018, superseding prior EU data
 protection legislation, imposing more stringent EU data protection requirements, and providing for greater penalties for noncompliance. The United Kingdom has enacted a Data Protection Act and legislation referred to as the UK GDPR that
 substantially implements the GDPR and provides for a penalty regime similar to the GDPR. We may be required to incur substantial expense in order to make significant changes to our product and business operations in connection with obtaining and
 maintaining compliance with the GDPR and similar legislation, such as the UK GDPR and UK Data Protection Act, all of which may adversely affect our revenue and product sales. California has enacted legislation, the California Consumer Privacy Act
 (the "CCPA") that, among other things, requires covered companies to provide disclosures to California consumers, and afford such consumers abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA was modified and expanded by the
 California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA"), which was approved by California voters in the November 2020 election. Additionally, other U.S. states continue to propose, and in certain cases adopt, privacy-focused legislation. For example,
 Connecticut, Virginia, and Colorado have enacted legislation similar to the CCPA and CPRA that has taken effect in 2023 Utah has enacted such legislation that is effective as of December 31, 2023 Florida, Montana, Oregon, and Texas have enacted
 similar legislation that becomes effective in 2024 Delaware, Tennessee, and Iowa have enacted similar legislation that will take effect in 2025 and Indiana has enacted similar legislation that will become effective in 2026. We cannot yet fully
 determine the impact these or future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business, but they may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in efforts to comply. Privacy,
 data protection and information security laws and regulations are often subject to differing interpretations, may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, and may be alleged to be inconsistent with our current or future practices. Additionally, we may
 be bound by contractual requirements applicable to our collection, use, processing, and disclosure of various types of data, including personal data, and may be bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards
 relating to these matters. These and other requirements could reduce demand for our products, increase our costs, impair our ability to grow our business, or restrict our ability to store and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability to
 offer our service in some locations and may subject us to liability. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, industry standards, and contractual obligations may adversely affect our business. Further, in view
 of new or modified federal, state, or foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, or any changes in their interpretation, we may find it necessary or desirable to fundamentally change our
 business activities and practices or to expend significant resources to modify our product and otherwise adapt to these changes. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability
 to develop new products and features could be limited.

 The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations and standards may limit the use and adoption of our service and reduce overall demand for
 it, or lead to significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for any noncompliance. Privacy, information security, and data protection concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our platform, particularly in certain
 industries and foreign countries.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

 We do not regularly pay dividends on our common stock and thus stockholders must look to appreciation of our common stock to
 realize a gain on their investments.

 Our dividend policy is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon various factors, including our business, financial condition, results of
 operations, capital requirements, and investment opportunities. We therefore cannot make assurances that our Board of Directors will determine to pay regular or special dividends in the future. Accordingly, unless our Board of Directors determines
 to pay dividends, stockholders will be required to look to appreciation of our common stock to realize a gain on their investment, which may not occur.

 The exercise of our outstanding stock options, warrants, and RSUs would result in a dilution of our current stockholders' voting
 power and an increase in the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market which may negatively impact the market price of our stock.

 The exercise of our outstanding vested stock options, warrants, and RSUs would dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. As of December 31, 2023, we
 had outstanding options, warrants and RSUs to purchase an aggregate of 348,717 shares of common stock representing approximately 10% of our total shares outstanding of which 287,503 were vested and therefore exercisable. To the extent outstanding
 stock options or warrants are exercised, additional shares of common stock will be issued, existing stockholders' percentage voting interests will decline and the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market will increase. Such
 increase may have a negative effect on the value or market trading price of our common stock.

 Investors may have limited influence because ownership of our common stock is limited.

 As of December 31, 2023, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned approximately 14% of our outstanding common stock. Because of
 their beneficial ownership interest, our officers and directors could significantly influence stockholder actions of which you disapprove or that are contrary to your interests. This ability to exercise significant influence could prevent or
 significantly delay another company from acquiring or merging with us.

 Our protective provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws could make it difficult for a
 third party to successfully acquire us even if you would like to sell your stock to them.

 We have protective provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws that could delay, discourage, or prevent a third party from acquiring
 control of us without the approval of our Board of Directors. These protective provisions include:

 •

 A staggered Board of Directors: Only one or two directors (of our five-person Board of Directors) will be up for election at any given annual meeting. This delays the ability of
 stockholders to affect a change in control of us because it would take two annual meetings to effectively replace a majority of the Board of Directors.

 •

 Blank check preferred stock: Our Board of Directors has the authority to establish the rights, preferences, and privileges of our 10,000,000 authorized, but unissued, shares of
 preferred stock. Therefore, this stock may be issued at the discretion of our Board of Directors with preferences over your shares of our common stock in a manner that is materially dilutive to you. In addition, blank check preferred stock
 can be used to create a "poison pill" which is designed to deter a hostile bidder from buying a controlling interest in our stock without the approval of our Board of Directors. We have not adopted such a "poison pill " but our Board of
 Directors can do so in the future, very rapidly and without stockholder approval.

 •

 Advance notice requirements for director nominations and for business to be brought before stockholder meetings: Stockholders wishing to submit director nominations or raise
 matters to a vote of the stockholders must provide notice to us within very specific date windows and in very specific form to have the matter voted on at a stockholder meeting. This gives our Board of Directors and management more time to
 react to stockholder proposals generally and could also permit us to disregard a stockholder proposal to the extent such proposal is not submitted in accordance with the bylaws.

 •

 No stockholder actions by written consent: No stockholder or group of stockholders may take action by written consent. Along with the advance notice requirements described above,
 this provision also gives our Board of Directors and management more time to react to proposed stockholder actions.

 •

 Super majority requirement for stockholder amendments to the bylaws: Stockholder proposals to alter or amend our bylaws or to adopt new bylaws can only be approved by the
 affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

 •

 No ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of the stockholders: A special meeting of the stockholders, other than as required by statute, may be called at any time by the
 Board of Directors, or by the chairman of the board, or by the president, and any power of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders is specifically denied. Accordingly, stockholders, even those who represent a significant
 percentage of our shares of common stock, may need to wait for the annual meeting before nominating directors or raising other business proposals to be voted on by the stockholders.

 In addition, the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law govern us. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, particularly those
 owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time.

 These and other provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts,
 reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than it would be without these provisions.

 Our amended and restated bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum
 for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

 Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any
 derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, stockholders, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action arising
 pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine
 shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having
 jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants.

 However, notwithstanding the exclusive forum provisions, our amended and restated bylaws explicitly state that they would not preclude the filing
 of claims brought to enforce any liability or duty created under federal securities laws, including the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

 Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to
 this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and
 our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find this exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the
 dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.

 General Risk Factors

 We may need to raise additional capital to support our business growth, and this capital may be dilutive, may cause our stock
 price to drop or may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

 We may need to raise additional capital, which may not be available to us when needed or may not be available on terms acceptable to us, to support our business growth
 or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including sales under our past and any future shelf registration statements. Our ability to obtain additional capital, if and when required, will depend on our
 business plans, investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets, the terms of our current contractual obligations and other factors.

 If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, including those under our past and any future shelf registration
 statements, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. Additionally, we are unable to predict the future success of any future
 offerings. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales or other financings might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock, and could also impair our ability
 to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. If we issue debt securities or incur indebtedness, we could experience increased future payment obligations and a need to comply with restrictive covenants, such as limitations on
 our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to obtain
 additional capital or are unable to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms, our ability to continue to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or other circumstances could be adversely affected, and
 our business may be harmed.

 The departure of Kendall Larsen, our Chief Executive Officer and President, and/or other key personnel could compromise our
 ability to execute our strategic plan and materially harm our business.

 Our success depends on the skills, experience, and performance of our key personnel. Due to the specialized nature of our business and limited staff, we are
 particularly dependent on Kendall Larsen, our Chief Executive Officer and President. We have no employment agreements with any of our key executives that prevent them from leaving us at any time. In addition, we do not maintain key person life
 insurance for any of our officers or key employees. The loss of Mr. Larsen, or our failure to retain other key personnel or plan for the succession of key personnel, would jeopardize our ability to execute our strategic plan and materially harm our
 business.

 We will need to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel
 to successfully grow our business.

 Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified engineering, operations, marketing, sales and executive personnel. Inability to
 attract and retain such personnel could adversely affect our business. Competition for engineering, operations, marketing, sales, and executive personnel is intense, particularly in the technology and Internet sectors and in the regions where we
 conduct our business. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain employees and expend significant time and resources to identify, recruit, train and integrate such employees, and we may never realize returns
 on these investments. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will attract or retain such personnel.

 War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or manmade disasters as well as macroeconomic conditions may affect the
 markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

 Our business may be adversely affected by instability, disruption, or destruction in a geographic region in which we operate, regardless of cause, including war,
 terrorism, riot, civil insurrection, or social unrest, and natural or manmade disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm, or pandemic events and spread of disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Our business may also be adversely
 affected by further downturn in macroeconomic conditions, including inflation and rising interest rates, global political and economic uncertainty and tensions, such as the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts as well as any related
 political or economic response, counter responses or otherwise, financial services sector instability, a reduction in business confidence and activity, financial market volatility, and other factors. Such events can adversely affect our operations
 or the economy as a whole and may cause our customers to delay their decisions on spending for the services we provide and perpetuate significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events may also pose risks to our
 personnel and to physical facilities and operations, which could adversely affect our financial results.

 Trading in our common stock is limited and the price of our common shares may be subject to volatility.

 Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE and was previously listed on the NYSE American LLC (formerly the NYSE MKT LLC). Over the past years, the market price
 of our common stock has experienced significant fluctuations. Between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, the adjusted closing price on the NYSE for our common stock ranged between $3.53 and $12.60, adjusted for a 1-for-20 reverse stock split
 effective October 26, 2023. The price of our common stock may continue to be volatile as a result of several factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but not limited to, the following:

 •

 Annual variations, actual or anticipated, in our operating results

 •

 Significant changes in our management;

 •

 Large purchases or sales of common stock or derivative transactions related to our stock

 •

 Actual or anticipated announcements of new products or services by us or competitors

 •

 General conditions in the markets in which we compete and

 •

 General social, political, economic, and financial conditions, including the significant volatility in the global financial markets.

 In addition, we believe there has been and may continue to be substantial trading in derivatives of our stock, including short selling activity or related similar
 activities, which are beyond our control, and which may be beyond the full control of the SEC and Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority or "FINRA." While the SEC and FINRA rules prohibit some forms of short selling and other activities that
 may result in stock price manipulation, such activity may nonetheless occur without detection or enforcement. We have held conversations with regulators concerning trading activity in our stock however, there can be no assurance that should there
 be any illegal manipulation in the trading of our stock, it will be detected, prosecuted, or successfully eradicated. Significant short selling market manipulation could cause our stock trading price to decline, to become more volatile, or both.
 For more information regarding trading in our common stock and listing on the NYSE, see additional risk factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 We have broad discretion in how we apply our funds, and we may not use these funds effectively, which could affect our results of
 operations and cause our stock price to decline.

 Our management has broad discretion in the application of our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve
 our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. Pending their use, we may invest our available funds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. The failure by our management to apply our available funds
 effectively could result in financial losses that could cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our products.

 In addition, an entity that, among other things, is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing,
 reinvesting, owning, trading, or holding certain types of securities would be deemed an Investment Company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act"). If we do not manage our investments and business in a manner that meets the
 requirements for an exemption under the 1940 Act, we may be deemed to be an investment company under the 1940 Act and subject to additional limitations on operating our business including limitations on the issuance of securities, which may make it
 difficult for us to raise capital.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Cybercriminals, hackers, and threat-actors are becoming more sophisticated
 and effective every day. To mitigate threats to our business, we take a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity risk management and make securing the data that our customers and other stakeholders entrust to us a top priority. We are
 committeed to safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all physical and electronic information assets to ensure that regulatory, operational, and contractual requirements are fulfilled. Our board of directors (the
 "Board") and our management are actively involved in the oversight of our risk management program, of which cybersecurity represents an important component. As described in more detail below, we have established policies, processes and
 practices for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. We have devoted significant resources to implement and maintain security measures to meet regulatory requirements and customer expectations, and
 we intend to continue to make significant investments to maintain the security of our data and cybersecurity infrastructure. Notwithstanding the extensive approach we take to cybersecurity, we may not be successful in preventing or
 mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. While we have technology and processes in place to detect and respond to
 cybersecurity threats, we are continually at risk from the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape. We have not previously experienced a cybersecurity event that was determined to be material, and our business strategy, results of
 operations and financial condition have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats. For additional information regarding risks from
 cybersecurity threats, please refer to Item 1A, "Risk Factors," in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Risk Management and Strategy

 We have developed detailed policies, processes and practices for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity
 threats as a part of our overall risk management program and are based on frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST"), and other applicable industry standards. This does not imply that we meet any
 particular technical standards, specifications or requirements, however, we do use these frameworks as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business. Our cybersecurity program in particular
 focuses on the following key areas:

 Collaboration

 Our cybersecurity risks are identified and addressed through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach. Key security, risk, and compliance
 stakeholders meet regularly to develop strategies for preserving the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our own and our customer's information, identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats, and effectively
 responding to cybersecurity incidents. We maintain controls and procedures that are designed to ensure prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding such incidents can be made by management, the Board, and
 legal counsel in a timely manner.

 Risk Assessment

 We conduct cybersecurity risk assessments annually, quarterly and upon certain triggering events. Such risk assessments take into account
 information from internal stakeholders, known information security vulnerabilities, and information from external sources (e.g., reported security incidents that have impacted other companies, industry trends, and recommendations from our IT
 vendors). The results of the assessment are used to drive alignment on, and prioritization of, initiatives to enhance our security controls, make recommendations to improve processes, and inform a broader enterprise-level risk assessment that
 is presented to our Board and members of senior management.

 Technical Safeguards

 We regularly assess and deploy technical safeguards designed to protect our information systems and infrastructure from cybersecurity
 threats. Such safeguards are regularly evaluated and improved based on vulnerability assessments, cybersecurity threat intelligence and incident response experience.

 Incident Response and Recovery Planning

 We have established comprehensive incident response and management plans and
 continue to regularly test and evaluate the effectiveness of those plans. Our incident response and management plans address — and guide our employees, management, and Board on — our response to a cybersecurity incident. In the
 event of an incident, we intend to follow our incident response playbook, which outlines the steps to be followed from incident detection to mitigation, recovery and notification, including notifying functional areas (e.g., legal), as well as
 the Board and senior management, as appropriate.

 Third-Party Risk Management

 We have implemented controls designed to identify and mitigate cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service
 providers. Such providers are subject to security risk assessments at the time of onboarding, contract renewal, and upon detection of an increase in risk profile. We use a variety of inputs in such risk assessments, including information
 supplied by providers and third parties. In addition, we encourage our providers to meet appropriate security procedures, controls and responsibilities and investigate security incidents that have impacted our third-party providers, as
 appropriate.

 Education and Awareness

 Our policies require each of our employees to contribute to our cybersecurity efforts. We regularly remind employees of the importance of
 handling and protecting customer and employee data, including through privacy and security trainings to enhance employee awareness of how to detect and report cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents.

 Governance

 Board Oversight

 The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (the "Committee") and senior management oversee our cybersecurity risk processes and policies. The Committee
 receives regular reports from senior management about the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents, including security risks and information security vulnerabilities. The Committee also ensures that
 procedures for safeguarding the Company's information technology ("IT") systems are documented and implemented, monitors the effectiveness of the Company's cybersecurity program for protecting against internal and external threats as well as
 disaster recovery and disruption mitigation, and addresses deficiencies as the threat and business landscape continues to evolve. The Board receives regular updates from the Committee based on such oversight and communications with senior
 management regarding cybersecurity risk resulting from risk and control maturity assessments, progress of risk reduction initiatives, external auditor feedback and relevant internal and industry cybersecurity incidents.

 Our Board has technical and industry expertise in risk management, computer security and information technology matters. Specifically, the chairperson of the
 Committee has 39 years of experience in the cybersecurity field, is a former sub-chairman of the NIST Board of Assessment for Programs/National Research Council and holds CISSP and CRISC certifications.

 Management's Role

 Our chief technology officer ("CTO"), Director of IT (Information Technology), Director of SecDevOps (Security, Development Operations)
 (collectively, the "Security Team") have primary responsibility for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. The Security Team reviews security performance metrics, identifies security risks, and assesses the status of approved security
 enhancements. The Security Team also considers and makes recommendations on security policies and procedures, security service requirements, and risk mitigation strategies.

 Our CTO has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 30 years, He holds a PhD in Information
 Technology and has been with VirnetX since 2007. Our Director of IT has served in various roles in information technology for 29 years. He holds degree in Computer Technology. Our SecDevOps Director has served in various roles in information
 technology and information security for over 33 years.

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Our principal executive offices are located at 308 Dorla Court, Suite 206, Zephyr Cove, Nevada, 89448. We lease this property, which comprises approximately 2,090 square feet of office space, from a
 third party for a term that ends in October 2025. Additionally, we lease a facility in Farmington, Utah. The space includes 28,970 square feet to be used for technical integration and training. The lease continues through April 2029. We believe
 that our office and facility leases are suitable and appropriately support our current business needs.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 See Note 12 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosure

 Not applicable.

 Item 5.

 Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information

 Our common stock currently trades under the symbol "VHC" on the NYSE.

 Holders of Record

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 41 stockholders of record. Because many of our shares of common stock are held of record by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total
 number of beneficial stockholders represented by such record holders.

 Dividend Policy

 See Note 8 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

 Since our founding as a public company in 2007, each time we have been successful in generating cash relating to the successful outcome of litigation, we have made a special distribution to common
 shareholders. In 2010, a distribution of $10 per common share closely followed a litigation outcome that resulted in our receipt of $200 million. In 2020, a distribution of $20.00 per share closely followed a litigation outcome that resulted in our
 receipt of $454 million. In 2023, we paid a one-time capital dividend of $20 share of common stock, to shareholders. Over the course of VirnetX's history as a public company VirnetX has distributed over $165.9 million in cash to shareholders.

 Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan

 See Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters for information regarding securities authorized for issuance.

 Stock Performance Graph

 This performance graph shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any filing of VirnetX Holding Corporation under the Securities Act
 or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing. The stock price performance reflected on this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. See the disclosure in part I,
 Item 1A. "Risk Factors" for more information regarding the risks in investing in our common stock.

 The graph below matches VirnetX Holding Corp's cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index and the RDG Technology Composite
 index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 12/31/2018 to 12/31/2023.

 *$100 invested on 12/31/18 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
 Fiscal year ending December 31.

 Copyright 2024 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.

 12/18

 12/19

 12/20

 12/21

 12/22

 12/23

 VirnetX Holding Corp

 100.00

 158.33

 246.02

 126.92

 63.46

 44.33

 S&P 500

 100.00

 131.49

 155.68

 200.37

 164.08

 207.21

 RDG Technology Composite

 100.00

 142.93

 222.56

 266.61

 181.18

 261.37

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 None.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The Company

 We are an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access ("ZTNA") based secure network
 communications. VirnetX's software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One, War Room, VirnetX Matrix, and GABRIEL Connection Technology, are designed to be device and location-independent,
 and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures. Our technology generates secure connections on a "single-click" basis, significantly simplifying the
 deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information.

 Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide. Our next-generation, VirnetX
 One platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology and GABRIEL Connection Technology to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links. VirnetX One is a security-as-a-service
 platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks. Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a "security umbrella" as an added layer on top of their existing
 infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

 Our War Room software product provides safe and secure video conferencing meeting environment where sensitive communications and data is invisible to
 those not authorized to view it. War Room validates permissions of all the users, and devices requesting access to any secure meeting room prior to granting access. We believe our War Room will be an attractive solution for government and law
 enforcement agencies as well as all professional sectors such as legal, financial, and medical where limiting access to confidential data is a critical requirement.

 Our VirnetX Matrix product provides superior security for internet-enabled enterprise applications and their connected devices, and for control
 systems currently deployed by those enterprises (e.g., file servers, data back-up systems, VPN/firewalls). VirnetX Matrix provides a true "zero-trust" access protection, "single-click" ease of use, and is a highly-effective added layer of
 protection that is deployed simply, without the need for changes to an enterprise's existing, in-place infrastructure. We believe VirnetX Matrix is an attractive solution for all businesses, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and
 original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"), looking to improve visibility and management of their networks to mitigate morphing attacks on their networks and for real time access and control of their users.

 Our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite is a set of communication applications and tools that use our GABRIEL Secure Communication Platform. It enables
 seamless and secure cross platform communications between devices that are enrolled in our "VIRNETX SECURED" network and have our software installed. Effective May 31, 2023 we have ended the support for our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite. All the
 existing customers and partners have been notified of this announcement.

 We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and intellectual property in and outside the United States including VirnetX One, War
 Room, VirnetX Matrix, GABRIEL Connection Technology and our Secured Domain Name Registry and Technology. We believe our product portfolio to secure devices and systems are suitable in areas such as City, County and State Governments, Healthcare,
 Finance, Legal, Oil and Gas, Medical, Law Enforcement, National Defense and related support industries. We continue to actively pursue new sales opportunities in and outside of United States.

 During 2023, we actively engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of VirnetX One. As a result of our efforts, we
 made a series of announcements with Solution Synergy, WeSecure, Samsung, Envoy Data Corporation, and Object Security. We also announced new deployments of our VirnetX Matrix product at City of Bridgeport, International Association of Certified
 ISAOs (IACI) and SkinWalker Ranch. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products' sales directly to, resale arrangements with and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or
 more of these third parties.

 We invested in two companies in the artificial intelligence ("AI") sector partnering with them to augment the Company's strategy to provide secure AI to the marketplace. The first investment was with L2 Holdings, LLC ("OmniTeq"), an AI, machine learning
 ("ML") and predictive analytics-based solutions provider with a primary focus on selling into the space and defense sectors. Under the terms of our agreement, OmniTeq will deploy and integrate our VirnetX One family of products at SkinWalker
 Ranch to secure their data and protect against cyber hackers. Our second investment was with OP Media, Inc, a dynamic software platform provider, addressing a critical market requirement for transforming static infrastructure processes and
 knowledgebases into digital processes that can be continuously optimized using AI, ML, and blockchain technologies for making informed decisions and creating streamlined workflows in real-time, without requiring coding or programming skills.
 Further, under the terms of our respective agreements, both OmniTeq and OP Media have agreed to integrate our VirnetX One family of products and services into their solutions and to resell them to their current and future customers. Both
 companies have committed to using VirnetX as their exclusive global cybersecurity solution provider and go-to-market partner.

 We have an ongoing licensing program under which we offer licenses to our technology,

 software, and some of our patented inventions, including our secure domain name registry service, to domain infrastructure providers, communication service providers as well
 as to system integrators. Our GABRIEL Connection Technology License is offered to OEM customers who want to adopt the GABRIEL Connection Technology as their solution for establishing secure connections using secure domain names within their
 products. We have developed GABRIEL Connection Technology Software Development Kit to assist with rapid integration of these techniques into existing software implementations.

 Our employees include the core development team behind our inventions,
 technology, and software. Some members of this team have worked together for over twenty years and were on the same team that invented and developed this technology while working at Leidos. The team has continued its research and development work
 to refine our unique network security technology and make it more secure and easy to deploy.

 Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending
 applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet, and related services, and is
 used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

 We expect to continue to launch new and enhanced security platforms, software products, and services based on our GABRIEL Connection Technology. We will provide updates to new and existing customers as they are released to the public. Many small
 and medium businesses have installed our software products in their corporate networks. We intend to continue to expand our customer base with targeted promotions and direct sales initiatives to large enterprise and governmental organizations.

 Litigation

 We are subject to various legal proceedings, the outcomes of which are inherently uncertain. We record any potential gains related to legal proceedings only after cash is collected. We record a
 liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable, the determination of which requires significant judgment. Resolution of legal matters in a manner inconsistent with management's expectations could
 have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. See Note 12 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

 Commitments and Related Party Transactions

 We lease our offices in Nevada under an operating lease with a third party expiring in October 2025. We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

 We have a facility lease in Utah to be used for technical integration and as a training facility. This lease requires monthly payments and expires in April 2029.

 We have a 12-month non-exclusive service agreement, for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC ("LLC") for business travel for our employees. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief
 Administrative Officer are the managing partners of the LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC. We pay for the Company's business usage of the aircraft at a rate of $8 per flight hour.

 In March 2024, we renewed our facility lease, used for corporate, promotional and marketing purposes. The renewal period begins in 2025, continues for 10 years through 2035, requires either a single payment of $6,000, or annual payments each
 March, beginning in 2025 starting at $600 and increasing annually for a total commitment of approximately $7,500.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of
 contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. The critical accounting policies we employ in the preparation of our consolidated financial
 statements are those which involve income taxes, fair value of financial instruments and stock-based compensation.

 Use of Estimates

 We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues,
 and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to
 occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will
 be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical
 accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss further below. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

 Investments

 Investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair market value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using
 specific identification of each security's cost basis. We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate, government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years. By
 policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

 We have elected the investment measurement alternative for other investments without readily determinable fair values. During 2023, we invested $2,000 in L2 Holdings LLC and $500 in OP
 Media Inc. These investments are carried at our initial cost less any impairment, because we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters. For these investments, we adjust the carrying value for
 any purchases or sales of our ownership interests. Periodically, we evaluate these investments for impairment. If we identify an impairment, we reduce the carrying value for the impairment loss with a charge to earnings. We have not identified
 any impairment as of December 31, 2023.

 Income Taxes

 We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method require the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of
 temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results
 reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the
 period that the tax rate change is enacted. In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion
 of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of
 future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting
 estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation
 allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative. We continually assess our ability to generate
 sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized. If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance if any, as an
 income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

 We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The U.S. GAAP method of accounting for uncertain tax positions utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step
 one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not
 to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does
 not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of
 limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using
 cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

 Fair Value

 Fair value is the price that would result from an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The
 hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). Level 2 measurements utilize either
 directly or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

 Our financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value. When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use
 in pricing the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique. We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of
 unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements.

 Stock-based Compensation

 We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service
 period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years. We recognize forfeitures, if any, when they occur. In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration
 received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period. See Note 6 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

 Results of Operations (all amounts in this section are expressed in thousands)

 Revenue

 2023

 2022

 Revenue

 $

 $

 Revenue generated in 2023 was $7, compared to $48 in 2022. The change in revenue from 2022 to 2023 was the expiration of contracts with NEC and Mitel.

 Licensing Costs

 2023

 2022

 Licensing costs

 $

 —

 $

 (4

)

 Research and Development Expenses

 2023

 2022

 Research and Development

 $

 9,713

 $

 6,406

 Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation-related expenses for our engineering staff. Research and development costs are expensed as
 incurred. Our research and development expenses in 2023 were $9,713 compared to $6,406 in 2022. The fluctuation in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to changes in engineering compensation costs, including bonuses.

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

 2023

 2022

 Selling, General and Administrative

 $

 21,739

 $

 15,722

 Selling, general and administrative expenses include compensation costs for management and administrative personnel, as well as expenses for outside legal, accounting, and consulting services. Our
 selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023 were $21,739 compared to $15,722 in 2022. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to outside services and additional compensation costs, including bonuses.

 Interest and Other Income, net

 2023

 2022

 Interest and Other Income

 $

 3,495

 $

 1,848

 Interest and other income in 2023 was $3,495 compared to $1,848 in 2022, due to higher interest rates.

 Effective Income Tax Rate

 A reconciliation of the United States federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate is as follows:

 Year

 Ended

 December

 31,

 2023

 Year

 Ended

 December

 31,

 2022

 United States federal statutory rate

 21.00

 %

 21.00

 %

 State taxes, net of federal benefit

 (0.01

)%

 (0.55

)%

 Valuation allowance

 (20.31

)%

 (91.21

)%

 Stock based compensation

 (0.58

)%

 (9.44

)%

 R&D Credit

 2.20

 %

 1.22

 %

 Other

 (2.03

)%

 (0.29

)%

 Effective income tax rate

 0.28

 %

 (79.27

)%

 The Company's effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 was substantially lower than the statutory Federal income tax rate primarily due to our valuation allowance, additionally in 2022 our effective tax
 rate was further reduced by stock based compensation, including expiring options.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 As of December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $26,289 and our short-term investments totaled $27,258 compared to $86,561 and $65,462, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. We expect
 that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2023, will be sufficient to fund our current level of selling, general and administration costs and provide related working capital for the foreseeable future. Over
 the longer term, we expect to derive the majority of our future revenue from license fees and royalties associated with our patent portfolio, technology, software and secure domain name registry and product sales.

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Consistent with the rules applicable to "smaller reporting companies," we have omitted the information required by Item 7A.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Set forth below, are the audited consolidated financial statements for our company accompanied by all reports thereon of Farber Hass Hurley LLP
 (PCAOB No. 223)

 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Financial Statements Index

 Page

 Report of Farber Hass Hurley LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Balance Sheets of VirnetX Holding Corporation as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31,
 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31,
 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022,

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of VirnetX Holding Corporation

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Board of Directors and

 Stockholders of VirnetX Holding Corporation

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of VirnetX Holding Corporation (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related
 consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements").
 In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year
 period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements
 based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the
 Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
 about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or
 fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting
 principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be
 communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical
 audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or
 disclosures to which it relates.

 Description of the Matter

 Other Investments

 As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company purchased equity interests in two private entities. Given that the entities
 do not have a readily determinable fair market value, management must consider various factors, including the Company's ability to apply significant influence to the overall operations of the entities, in determining the classification
 and the initial value of the Other Investments. In addition, management must also evaluate the investments as of each reporting period to determine if there are any factors that would impact the recognized value of Other Investments.

 Our determination that the classification and the valuation of Other Investments is a critical audit matter results from the significant
 judgment by management when assessing the recognition method of the initial purchase as well as the ongoing analysis of the valuation of the investments. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in
 performing procedures relating to management's assessment of the initial recognition and valuation of Other Investments.

 Audit Procedures

 Our principal audit procedures related to the Company's Other Investments included the following:

 - We evaluated management's analysis regarding their ability to apply significant influence in the operations of the entities by obtaining information of the ownership percentage of the entities, composition of the respective
 boards, and any other relevant factors in determining their recognition method being recognized as cost in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 321.

 - We also evaluated management's assessment of impairment factors or any observable transactions from inception of the investments through year-end to determine whether an adjustment in the recognized value was necessary. This
 includes reviewing management's internal analysis as well as any publicly available data regarding any factors or events that could impact the entities' values.

 /s/ Farber Hass Hurley LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

 Chatsworth, California

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 As of

 As of

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 26,289

 $

 86,561

 Investments available for sale

 27,258

 65,462

 Accounts receivables

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 Total current assets

 53,831

 152,261

 Prepaid expenses and other assets

 4,014

 Property and equipment, net

 Other investments

 2,500

 —

 Total assets

 $

 60,412

 $

 152,975

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 $

 $

 Accrued payroll and related expenses

 Other liabilities, current

 Total current liabilities

 1,254

 Other liabilities

 3,145

 —

 Total liabilities

 4,399

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share Authorized: 10,000,000 shares at December 31, 2023
 and December 31, 2022, Issued and outstanding: 0 shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 —

 —

 Common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share

 Authorized: 100,000,000 shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Issued and outstanding: 3,618,431
 and 3,571,232 shares, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 —

 —

 Additional paid-in capital

 242,520

 239,753

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 186,495

)

 ( 87,195

)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 ( 12

)

 ( 314

)

 Total stockholders' equity

 56,013

 152,244

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 60,412

 $

 152,975

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 Revenue

 $

 $

 Operating expense:

 Licensing costs

 —

 ( 4

)

 Research and development

 9,713

 6,406

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 21,739

 15,722

 Total operating expense

 31,452

 22,124

 (Loss) from operations

 ( 31,445

)

 ( 22,076

)

 Interest and other income, net

 3,495

 1,848

 (Loss) before taxes

 ( 27,950

)

 ( 20,228

)

 Income tax (provision) benefit

 ( 16,032

)

 Net (loss)

 $

)

 $

)

 Basic (loss) per share

 $

 ( 7.79

)

 $

 ( 10.17

)

 Diluted (loss) per share

 $

 ( 7.79

)

 $

 ( 10.17

)

 Weighted average shares outstanding basic

 3,579

 3,565

 Weighted average shares outstanding diluted

 3,579

 3,565

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS)

 (in thousands)

 Net (loss)

 $

)

 $

)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

 Change in unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net

 ( 246

)

 Change in foreign currency translation, net

 ( 4

)

 —

 Total other comprehensive (loss) gain, net of tax

 ( 246

)

 Comprehensive (loss)

 $

 ( 27,569

)

 $

 ( 36,506

)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Total shareholders' equity, beginning balances

 $

 152,244

 $

 185,449

 Common stock and additional paid-in capital:

 Beginning balances

 239,753

 236,452

 Common stock issued for options/RSUs/RS, net

 ( 11

)

 ( 29

)

 Stock-based compensation

 2,778

 3,330

 Ending balances

 242,520

 239,753

 Accumulated deficit

 Beginning balances

 ( 87,195

)

 ( 50,935

)

 Net (loss)

)

)

 Dividends

 ( 71,429

)

 —

 Ending balances

 ( 186,495

)

 ( 87,195

)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss:

 Beginning balances

 ( 314

)

 ( 68

)

 Change in unrealized investment (loss) gain, net

 ( 246

)

 Change in foreign currency translation, net

 ( 4

)

 —

 Ending balances

 ( 12

)

 ( 314

)

 Total shareholders' equity, ending balances

 $

 56,013

 $

 152,244

 Dividends per share

 $

 $

 —

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 (in thousands)

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 Net (loss)

 $

)

 $

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) to net cash from operating activities:

 Depreciation

 Stock-based compensation

 2,778

 3,330

 Bad debt

 —

 Deferred income taxes

 —

 16,032

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 ( 3,369

)

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 Other liabilities

 3,596

 ( 54

)

 Accrued payroll and related expenses

 Accrued licensing costs

 —

 ( 355

)

 Accounts receivable

 ( 3

)

 Prepaid income taxes

 —

 ( 3

)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 24,773

)

 ( 16,893

)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchase of property and equipment

 ( 65

)

 —

 Purchase of investments at cost

 ( 2,500

)

 —

 Purchase of investments

 ( 47,215

)

 ( 67,070

)

 Proceeds from sale or maturity of investments

 85,721

 28,535

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 35,941

 ( 38,535

)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Dividend

 ( 71,429

)

 —

 Withholding taxes paid on cashless exercise of restricted stock and restricted stock units

 ( 11

)

 ( 29

)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 71,440

)

 ( 29

)

 Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 60,272

)

 ( 55,457

)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

 86,561

 142,018

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

 $

 26,289

 $

 86,561

 Cash paid for income taxes

 $

 —

 $

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 (in thousands except share, per share and per device amounts)

 Note 1 - Formation and Business of the Company

 VirnetX Holding Corporation, which we refer to as "we", "us", "our", "the Company" or "VirnetX", is engaged in the business of commercializing a
 portfolio of patents. We seek to derive revenue from selling our software products including VirnetX War Room and VirnetX Matrix and licensing our technology, including VirnetX One, and our secure domain name technology GABRIEL Connection
 Technology, to various original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") and others, that use our technologies in the development and manufacturing of their own products within the IP-telephony, mobility, fixed-mobile convergence, and unified communications
 markets or who seek to secure their systems and applications.

 Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72
 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on
 securing real-time communications over the Internet, as well as related services such as the establishment and maintenance of a secure domain name registry. Our patented methods also have additional applications in the key areas of device operating
 systems and network security. The subject matter of all our U.S and foreign patents and pending applications relates generally to securing communications over the Internet and such covers all our technology and other products. Some of our issued U.S.
 and foreign patents expire at various times during the period from 2023 to 2034.

 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make
 estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported
 period. The critical accounting policies we employ in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are those which involve impairment of long-lived assets, income taxes, fair value of financial instruments and stock-based compensation.

 Use of Estimates

 We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect
 our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes
 in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results,
 our financial condition or results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to
 accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss further below. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

 Basis of Consolidation

 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VirnetX Holding Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany
 balances and transactions have been eliminated.

 Revenue Recognition

 The Company derives revenue from licensing and royalty fees from contracts with customers which often span several years. We account for this
 revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract's
 transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our revenue arrangements may consist of multiple-element arrangements, with revenue for each unit
 of accounting recognized as the product or service is delivered to the customer.

 With the licensing of our patents, performance obligations
 are generally satisfied at a point in time as work is complete when our patent rights are transferred to our customers. We generally have no further obligation to our customers regarding our technology.

 Certain contracts may require our customers to enter into a hosting arrangement with us and for these arrangements, revenue is recognized over time,
 generally over the life of the servicing contract.

 The Company actively monitors and enforces its intellectual property ("IP") rights, including seeking appropriate compensation from third parties
 that utilize the Company's IP without a license. As a result, the Company may, from time to time, receive payments as part of a settlement or compensation for a patent infringement dispute. Proceeds received are allocated to each element identified
 in the settlement or compensation, based on the fair value of each element. Generally, settlements and compensation may include the following elements: the value of a license or royalty agreement, cost reimbursement, damages, and interest. Elements
 identified related to licensing and royalty are recognized as revenue. Elements identified as reimbursed costs are generally recorded as a reduction to the reported expenses. Elements identified as damages or interest are generally recorded in other
 income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

 Licensing Costs

 Included in operating expenses are licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with a patent infringement case.

 Contingent Gains

 ASC Topic 450-30-25, Contingent Gains, prohibits recognition of contingent gains until realized. Accordingly, we do not record contingent gains
 ahead of such realization. Management generally considers any such gains as realized only upon the collection of cash.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
 Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these investments.

 Investments

 Investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair market value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive
 income. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using specific identification of each security's cost basis. We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate,
 government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years. By policy, we limit the amount of credit
 exposure to any one issuer.

 We have elected the
 investment measurement alternative for other investments without readily determinable fair values. During 2023, we invested $ 2,000 in L2
 Holdings LLC and $ 500 in OP Media Inc. These investments are carried at our initial cost less any impairment, because we do not have the
 ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters. For these investments, we adjust the carrying value for any purchases or sales of our ownership interests. Periodically, we evaluate these investments for impairment.
 If we identify an impairment, we reduce the carrying value for the impairment loss with a charge to earnings. We have no t identified any
 impairment as of December 31, 2023.

 Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

 Our cash and cash equivalents are primarily maintained at two major financial institutions in the United States. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. A portion of those balances are insured by the
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. In 2023, we had, at times, funds that were uninsured. We do not believe that we are subject to any unusual financial risk beyond the normal risk associated with commercial banking relationships. We have
 not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

 Fair Value

 The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value
 because of their generally short maturities.

 Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment are stated at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation, and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed
 using the accelerated and straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from five to seven years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.

 Leases

 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception in accordance with ASC Topic 842. Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets are included in Prepaid expenses, and
 other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the
 lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, using the risk-free rate, U.S. prime rate, of 8.5 % in 2023.

 Intangible Assets

 We record intangible assets at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization of intangible assets is provided over their estimated useful lives,
 which can range from 3 to 15 years,
 on either a straight-line basis or as revenue is generated by the assets.

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 We identify and record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying
 amount of an asset might not be recoverable, but not less than annually. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the anticipated future net undiscounted cash flows to the related assets' carrying value. If such assets are deemed impaired, the
 impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset.

 Research and Development

 Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation related expenses for our engineering staff.
 Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

 Income Taxes

 We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and
 liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and
 assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. The effect on deferred taxes for a change
 in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 The 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts
 and Jobs Act changes IRC Section 174, regarding capitalization of book research and development ("R&D") expenses for income tax purposes. Effective for tax years beginning in 2022 IRC Section 174 requires the capitalization of book R&D
 expenses which are capitalized and amortized over 5 years for domestic R&D expenses and over 15 years for foreign R&D expenses. To date there has been limited guidance from the IRS on how to quantify the amount of book R&D expenses
 subject to capitalization, including the indirect expenses supporting the R&D function. Due to the limited guidance, some assumptions were made in our estimates.

 A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other
 factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among
 other things, historical operating results, estimates of future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a
 deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not
 occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and
 negative. We continually assess our ability to generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized. If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets,
 we will reverse the valuation allowance as an income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

 We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one,
 recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be
 sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not
 meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of
 limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using
 cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We recognize these compensation costs
 on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years. We recognize
 forfeitures, if any, when they occur. In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the
 performance period (See Note 6 - Stock-Based Compensation).

 Earnings per Share

 Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common
 shares during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been
 outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued.

 New Accounting Pronouncements

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes
 (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about an entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income tax paid. The guidance in this ASU is effective for public companies
 with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We plan to adopt the guidance for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the effect adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

 Note 3 - Property and Equipment

 Our major classes of property and equipment were as follows:

 December 31

 2023

 2022

 Office furniture

 $

 $

 Computer equipment

 Total

 Less accumulated depreciation

 ( 168

)

 ( 160

)

 Total property and equipment, net

 $

 $

 Depreciation expense for 2023 and 2022 was $ 9
 and $ 7, respectively.

 Note 4 - Commitments, Contingencies and Related Party Transactions

 We have a service agreement for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC ("LLC") for business travel for our employees. We incurred
 approximately $ 1,097 and $ 1,123
 in rental fees and reimbursements to the LLC in 2023 and 2022, respectively. We pay for the Company's business usage of the aircraft and have no right to purchase. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Administrative Officer are the managing partners
 of the LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC. We entered into a 12 -month non-exclusive agreement with the LLC for use of the
 plane at a rate of $ 8 per flight hour, with no minimum usage requirement. The agreement contains other terms and conditions normal in such
 transactions and can be cancelled by either us or the LLC with 30 days' notice. The agreement renews on an annual basis unless terminated
 by either party. Neither party has exercised their termination rights.

 See Note 13 for further discussion of our lease commitments.

 Note 5 - Stock Plan

 Our stockholders approved the Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the "A&R Plan") at our annual shareholders' meeting in June 2023,
 which added 175,000 shares to the plan. Our prior plan expired March 29, 2023; no further awards will be made under the prior plan, and
 the A&R Plan will govern awards granted under the prior plan. The A&R Plan provides for the granting of stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and restricted stock. Options granted under the A&R Plan are granted with an exercise
 price equal to the fair value of the of our stock on the date of grant. RSUs and restricted stock are granted at the fair value of our stock on the date of grant because they have no exercise price. The fair value of options, RSUs and restricted
 stock are expensed over the vesting periods. All options, RSUs and restricted stock are subject to forfeiture if service terminates prior to the shares vesting. At December 31, 2023, there were 225,778 shares available for grant under the A&R Plan.

 Note 6 - Stock-Based Compensation

 The following tables summarize information and activity under the plan for the indicated periods.

 Options Outstanding

 Options Vested and Exercisable

 Range of

 Exercise Prices

 Number

 Outstanding

 Remaining

 Contractual

 Life (Years)

 Exercise

 Price

 Number

 Exercisable

 Remaining

 Contractual

 Life (Years)

 Exercise

 Price

 $ 10.00 - 31.60

 41,925

 8.45

 $

 28.67

 17,519

 8.45

 $

 28.16

 $ 34.80
 - 139.00

 275,217

 4.66

 $

 90.31

 252,243

 4.42

 $

 90.00

 $ 290.40
 - 308.00

 12,875

 0.49

 $

 304.24

 12,875

 0.49

 $

 304.24

 330,017

 4.98

 $

 90.63

 282,637

 4.49

 $

 95.70

 Options

 Shares

 Exercise

 Price

 Remaining

 Contractual

 Life (Years)

 Aggregate

 Intrinsic

 Value

 Outstanding, December 31, 2021

 319,868

 $

 139.80

 —

 $

 —

 Options granted

 40,050

 29.60

 —

 —

 Options exercised

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Options cancelled

 ( 19,120

)

 501.20

 —

 —

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 340,798

 $

 106.60

 —

 $

 —

 Options granted

 1,875

 10.00

 —

 —

 Options exercised

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Options cancelled

 ( 12,656

)

 510.21

 —

 —

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 330,017

 $

 90.63

 4.98

 $

 —

 Options exercisable, December 31, 2023

 282,637

 $

 95.70

 4.49

 $

 —

 RSUs

 RSUs

 Grant Date

 Fair Value

 Aggregate

 Intrinsic

 Value

 Outstanding, December 31, 2021

 25,457

 $

 107.80

 $

 —

 RSUs granted

 12,918

 29.20

 —

 RSUs vested

 ( 10,770

)

 103.00

 —

 RSUs cancelled

 —

 —

 —

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 27,605

 $

 73.00

 $

 —

 RSUs granted

 1,250

 10.00

 —

 RSUs vested

 ( 11,405

)

 83.81

 —

 RSUs cancelled

 —

 —

 —

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 17,450

 $

 60.81

 $

 —

 Restricted Stock

 Restricted Stock

 Grant Date

 Fair Value

 Aggregate

 Intrinsic

 Value

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Restricted stock granted

 36,927

 9.12

 —

 Restricted stock vested

 ( 3,617

)

 9.19

 —

 Restricted stock cancelled

 ( 604

)

 9.60

 —

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 32,706

 $

 9.11

 $

 —

 Intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the per-share market price of our common stock on the last trading day of 2023, which was $ 7 and the exercise price of the awards. For awards exercised, the intrinsic value is the difference between market price and the exercise price on the
 date of exercise.

 Stock-based compensation expense is included in operating expense for each period as follows:

 Stock-Based Compensation by Type of Award

 Stock options

 $

 1,960

 $

 2,303

 RSUs

 1,027

 Restricted stock

 Total stock-based compensation expense

 $

 2,778

 $

 3,330

 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 3,006
 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense; $ 2,025 related to unvested stock options, $ 683 related to unvested RSUs, and $ 298 related to unvested
 restricted stock. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years for options, 1.74 years for RSUs, and 3.54 years for
 restricted stock.

 The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted
 average assumptions:

 Expected stock price volatility

 81.39

 %

 85.39

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.9

 %

 3.09

 %

 Expected life term

 5.5 years

 6.2 years

 Expected dividends

 %

 %

 Based on the Black-Scholes option pricing
 model, the weighted average estimated fair value of employee stock options granted was $ 6.96 and $ 21.77 per share during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The expected life was determined using the simplified method outlined in ASC 718, " Compensation - Stock Compensation ". Expected volatility of the stock options was based upon historical data and other relevant factors.

 Note 7 - Earnings Per Share

 Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding for a period. Diluted earnings per share are based upon the
 weighted average number of shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. Potential common shares outstanding principally include stock options, RSUs and unvested restricted stock under our stock plan and warrants. During 2023 and 2022 we
 incurred losses; therefore, the effect of any common stock equivalent would be anti-dilutive.

 The table below sets forth the basic and diluted loss per share calculations:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Net (loss) income

 $

)

 $

)

 Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding

 3,579

 3,565

 Effect of dilutive securities

 —

 —

 Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding

 3,579

 3,565

 Basic (loss) earnings per share

 $

 ( 7.79

)

 $

 ( 10.17

)

 Diluted (loss) earnings per share

 $

 ( 7.79

)

 $

 ( 10.17

)

 Note 8 - Common Stock

 Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by our Board of Directors, subject to the prior
 rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. Our restated articles of incorporation authorize us to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock.

 Effective
 October 25, 2023, every 20 shares of our common stock outstanding was combined into one share of common stock. Proportional adjustments
 were also made to the number of restricted stock, common stock issuable upon the exercise of options, warrants as well as common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs. The exercise price of all equity awards were also proportionally adjusted. The
 accompanying financial statements include the effect of this adjustment on all periods presented.

 Dividends

 In 2023, we paid a one-time capital dividend of $ 20 per share of common stock to shareholders. The timing and
 amount of future dividends, if any, will depend on market conditions, corporate business and financial considerations and regulatory requirements.

 Warrants

 In 2020, we issued warrants for the purchase of 1,250
 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $ 115 per share, exercisable on the date of grant, expiring in April 2025. The weighted average fair value at the grant date was $ 83.20 per warrant. The fair value at the grant date was estimated utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions (i) dividend yield on our common
 stock of 0 percent (ii) expected stock price volatility of 97 percent (iii) a risk-free interest rate of 0.27 percent and (iv) and expected
 option term of 5 years.

 Warrants

 Issued

 Exercise

 Price

 Outstanding and

 Exercisable

 Issued

 Exercised

 Terminated /

 Cancelled

 Outstanding and

 Exercisable

 Expiration Date

 1,250

 $

 1,250

 —

 —

 —

 1,250

 April 30, 2025

 Note 9 - Employee Benefit Plan

 We sponsor a defined contribution 401k plan covering substantially all our employees. Our matching contribution to the plan was approximately $ 229 and $ 179 in 2023 and 2022,
 respectively.

 Note 10 - Income Taxes

 The income tax provision (benefit) is comprised of the following:

 Current:

 Federal

 $

 —

 $

 —

 State

 Foreign

 —

 —

 Deferred:

 Federal

 ( 79

)

 15,920

 State

 ( 2

)

 ( 81

)

 16,029

 Total income tax (benefit) provision

 $

 ( 79

)

 $

 16,032

 A reconciliation of the United States federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate is as follows:

 United States federal statutory rate

 21.00

 %

 21.00

 %

 State taxes, net of federal benefit

 ( 0.01

)%

 ( 0.55

)%

 Valuation allowance

 ( 20.31

)%

 ( 91.21

)%

 Stock based compensation

 ( 0.58

)%

 ( 9.44

)%

 R&D Credit

 2.20

 %

 1.22

 %

 Other

 ( 2.03

)%

 ( 0.29

)%

 Effective income tax rate

 0.28

 %

 ( 79.27

)%

 Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following:

 As of

 As of

 Deferred tax assets:

 Reserves and accruals

 $

 $

 Research and development credits and other credits

 1,110

 Net operating loss carry forward

 15,262

 11,988

 Stock based compensation

 4,360

 5,018

 Other

 2,382

 Total deferred tax assets

 $

 23,179

 $

 18,553

 Valuation allowance

 ( 23,179

)

 ( 18,553

)

 Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance

 —

 —

 Total deferred tax liability – depreciation and
 amortization

 —

 —

 Net deferred tax assets

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Pursuant to IRC Section
 174, we capitalized direct and indirect research and development costs for our tax return totaling $ 8,599 in 2023 and $ 5,140 in 2022, of which $ 1,888 will be
 amortized in our 2023 tax return and $ 514 in our 2022 tax return. At December 31, 2023, unamortized capitalized direct and indirect
 research and development costs for our tax return totaled $ 11,337, resulting in a deferred tax asset of $ 2,381.

 At December 31, 2023,
 we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 72,645 and $ 109,435, respectively. Federal net operating loss carryforwards do not expire. None of the state net operating loss carryforward is apportioned to a deferred tax asset, because
 currently we do not have operations in states where losses accumulated. The state net operating loss carryforward begins expiring in 2029.
 We provide full valuation allowances for our net deferred tax assets, including NOL carryforwards generated during the years, based on our evaluation of positive and negative evidence, including our history of operating losses and the uncertainty
 of generating future taxable income that would enable us to realize our deferred tax assets.

 We are required to
 recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. At December 31, 2023, we have no uncertain tax positions.

 Our tax years for 2005
 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authority and various state tax authorities. These years are open due to NOLs and tax credits generated in these years were utilized in 2020. The statute of limitation for these years shall
 expire three years after the date of filing 2020 income tax returns, which is October 2024.

 Our policy
 is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits, as a component of income tax expense. We had no
 interest or penalties accrued in 2023.

 Note 11 - Fair Value Measurement

 Fair value is the price that would result from an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives
 the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). Level 2 measurements utilize either directly or
 indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

 Our
 financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value. When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument, including
 assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique. We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs for recurring fair value
 measurements.

 Mutual funds: Valued at the quoted net asset value (NAV) of shares held.

 U.S. agency and treasury securities: Fair value measured at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

 The following table shows the adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of our financial assets as of December
 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Adjusted

 Cost

 Unrealized

 Gains

 Unrealized

 Losses

 Fair

 Value

 Cash

 and Cash

 Equivalents

 Investments

 Available

 for Sale

 Cash

 $

 1,452

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 1,452

 $

 1,452

 $

 —

 Level 1:

 Mutual funds

 20,040

 —

 —

 20,040

 20,040

 —

 U.S. agency and treasury securities

 32,046

 ( 18

)

 32,055

 4,797

 27,258

 52,086

 ( 18

)

 52,095

 24,837

 27,258

 Total

 $

 53,538

 $

 $

 (18

)

 $

 53,547

 $

 26,289

 $

 27,258

 Adjusted

 Cost

 Unrealized

 Gains

 Unrealized

 Losses

 Fair

 Value

 Cash

 and Cash

 Equivalents

 Investments

 Available

 for Sale

 Cash

 $

 16,949

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 16,949

 $

 16,949

 $

 —

 Level 1:

 Mutual funds

 66,493

 —

 —

 66,493

 66,493

 —

 U.S. agency and treasury securities

 68,958

 ( 386

)

 68,581

 3,119

 65,462

 135,451

 ( 386

)

 135,074

 69,612

 65,462

 Total

 $

 152,400

 $

 $

 (386

)

 $

 152,023

 $

 86,561

 $

 65,462

 The maturities of our investments generally range from within one to two years. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities due
 to call or prepayment provisions.

 Note 12 - Litigation (all
 dollar amounts in this section are expressed in thousands except for rates per device)

 We have several intellectual property
 infringement lawsuits pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("USCAFC").

 VirnetX Inc. v. Apple, Inc.
 (Case 6:12-CV-00855-LED) ("Apple II")

 This case began on November 6, 2012, when we
 filed a complaint against Apple Inc. ("Apple") in United States District Court ("USDC") in which we alleged that Apple infringed on certain of our patents, (U.S. Patent Nos. 6,502,135, 7,418,504, 7,921,211 and 7,490,151). We sought damages and
 injunctive relief. The accused products include the iPhone 5, iPod Touch 5th Generation, iPad 4th Generation, iPad mini, and the latest Macintosh computers. The USDC entered a Final Judgment and issued its Memorandum Opinion and Order regarding
 post-trial motions, affirming the jury's verdict of $ 502,600 and granting VirnetX motions for supplemental damages, a sunset royalty, and
 the royalty rate of $ 1.20 per infringing iPhone, iPad and Mac products, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest and costs. Apple filed a
 notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("USCAFC") in the Apple II case.

 On October 9, 2018, USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1050 - VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. On November 22, 2019, the USCAFC issued an opinion affirming the district court's findings that Apple is
 precluded from making certain invalidity arguments and that Apple infringed the '135 and '151 patents; reversing the USDC's finding that Apple infringed the '504 and '211 patents; and remanding the case for proceedings on damages. Apple sought
 panel and en banc rehearing, which the USCAFC denied on February 10, 2020.

 On February 22, 2021, the USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1672. Apple's opening brief was filed on June 2, 2021. VirnetX filed its responsive brief on July 26, 2021. Apple filed its
 reply brief on September 13, 2021. Oral arguments were held on September 8, 2022. On March 31, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision vacating the USDC's judgement in this matter and remanding it back to the USDC with instructions to dismiss the case
 as moot. On July 14, 2023 the District Court vacated its prior Final Judgment against Apple dated January 6, 2021 and dismissed the case as moot. On May 1, 2023, VirnetX filed a petition for panel rehearing. On June 27, 2023, the petition for panel
 rehearing was denied, and the mandate issued on June 30, 2023. VirnetX filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, on September 20, 2023. On February 20, 2024, the Supreme Court denied our petition. We are
 evaluating all our options in this matter.

 VirnetX

 Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 20-2271) and VirnetX Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc., and Black Swamp, LLC (USCAFC Case 20-2272)

 On September 15, 2020,
 we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-01046 and IPR2016-00062 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135, and an appeal of the invalidity
 findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-1047, IPR2016-00063, and IPR2016-00167 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. On September 25, 2020, the USCAFC issued an order consolidating the two appeals. On December 15, 2020, we filed a motion to vacate the PTAB decisions below and to remand these appeals to the PTAB. On March 16, 2021, the
 USCAFC denied the motion without prejudice to us raising the challenges made in the motion in our opening brief. Our opening brief was filed on June 7, 2021.

 On June 23, 2021, the USCAFC entered an order directing us (and parties in other appeals that raised Appointments Clause challenges) to file a brief explaining how they believe their cases should proceed in light of
 the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021). On July 7, 2021, we filed a brief in response to the court's order. Other parties, including the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") filed their
 responses on July 21, 2021. On August 19, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB's final written decisions by the Director of the USPTO.
 The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On September 20, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On October 29, 2021, our requests for Director rehearing were denied. We subsequently filed
 an amended opening brief to the USCAFC on December 10, 2021, the other parties filed response briefs on February 2, 2022, and we filed a reply brief on February 22, 2022. All the briefings have been completed. The oral arguments in this matter
 were held on September 8, 2022. On March 30, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision affirming PTAB's decisions finding certain claims of the '135 patent and the '151 patent to be unpatentable. On June 5, 2023, VirnetX filed a petition for
 panel rehearing. On June 22, 2023, the petition for panel rehearing was denied, and the mandate issued on June 29, 2023. VirnetX filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, on September 20, 2023. On February
 20, 2024, the Supreme Court denied our petition. We are evaluating all our options in this matter.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Hirshfeld (USCAFC Case
 17-2593, -2594)

 On September 22, 2017,
 we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceeding IPR2016-00693 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504, and an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review
 proceeding IPR2016-00957 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,921,211. On September 16, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB's final written
 decisions by the Director of the USPTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On October 18, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On January 7, 2022, our requests for Director rehearing
 were denied. On January 21, 2022, we informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing and requested that the court dismiss the appeal involving IPR2016-00957 as moot and vacate the PTAB's underlying decision. On April 4, 2022, the USCAFC
 vacated the PTAB's decision in IPR2016-00957 and remanded Appeal No. 17-2594 with instructions to dismiss. In the April 4, 2022 order, the USCAFC further set a briefing schedule, in Appeal No. 17-2593. VirnetX filed its opening brief on September
 12, 2022. The USPTO filed its response brief on December 20, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 14, 2023. On April 18, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing
 in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the United States Supreme Court's disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639. That motion was denied on June 1, 2023. On October 20, 2023, the USCAFC issued a decision finding the appeal moot in view of its concurrent decision in USCAFC No. 22-2234. VirnetX sought rehearing, which
 was denied, and the mandate to close the case was issued on January 12, 2024.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC
 Case 19-1671)

 On March 18, 2019, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,679 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135.
 On October 5, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB's final written decisions by the Director of the PTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction
 over the appeals in the meantime. Our request for Director rehearing with the PTO was filed on November 5, 2021. On January 10, 2022, our request for Director rehearing was denied. We informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing.
 VirnetX's opening brief was filed on June 23, 2022. The USPTO's response brief was filed on August 2, 2022, and Cisco's response brief was filed on September 2, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on October 7, 2022. On April 18, 2023, VirnetX
 filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court's disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639. The motion, filed on April 18, 2023, was denied on June 1, 2023. On October 20, 2023, the USCAFC issued a decision finding the appeal moot in view of its
 concurrent decision in USCAFC No. 22-1523 and its prior decision in USCAFC No. 20-2271. VirnetX sought rehearing, which was denied, and the mandate to close the case was issued on January 12, 2024.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1523) ("Apple Reexam I")

 On March 10, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,682 involving our U.S.
 Patent No. 6,502,135. Our opening brief was filed on August 22, 2022. Apple and USPTO each filed a response brief on December 28, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 8, 2023. On April 18, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to hold this appeal
 in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court's disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v.
 Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639, which was denied on June 1, 2023. On October 20, 2023, the USCAFC issued a decision affirming the PTAB's invalidity findings. VirnetX sought rehearing, which was denied, and the mandate to close the
 case was issued on January 12, 2024.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1997) ("Apple Reexam II")

 On July 6, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,697 involving our U.S.
 Patent No. 7,490,151. On October 17, 2022, we filed a motion to remand the appeal in light of the PTAB's refusal to permit Director rehearing. On January 23, 2023, the USCAFC denied that motion without prejudice to the parties raising their
 arguments in the merits briefs. VirnetX opening brief was filed on May 8, 2023, and Apple and the USPTO each filed a response brief on July 24, 2023. VirnetX filed its reply brief on September 1, 2023. We currently await scheduling of oral
 arguments.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-2234)

 On September 16, 2022, we filed with the
 USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,851 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504. We filed our opening brief on February 28, 2023. Cisco's response brief was filed on May 10, 2023,
 and VirnetX reply brief was filed on June 21, 2023. On October 20, 2023, the USCAFC issued a decision affirming the PTAB's invalidity findings. The mandate to close the case was issued on December 26, 2023.

 VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 23-1765)

 On April 7, 2023, we filed with the USCAFC
 an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,714 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. The certified list is due to be filed by the USPTO by May 30, 2023, and our opening brief will be due 60 days thereafter. In addition, on April 21, 2023, Cisco filed a cross-appeal. On September 29, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to remand. That motion
 was denied without prejudice to VirnetX raising the same arguments in its opening appeal brief in an order dated December 27, 2023, which also set the deadline for VirnetX to file an opening brief for February 5, 2024. VirnetX filed its opening
 brief on February 5, 2024, and Cisco's opening/response brief's is currently due March 18, 2024

 Other Legal Matters

 One or more potential intellectual property
 infringement claims may also be available to us against certain other companies who have the resources to defend against any such claims. Although we believe these potential claims are likely valid, commencing a lawsuit can be expensive and
 time-consuming, and there is no assurance that we could prevail on such potential claims if we made them. In addition, bringing a lawsuit may lead to potential counterclaims which may distract our management and our other resources, including capital
 resources, from efforts to successfully commercialize our products.

 Currently, we are not a party to any other
 pending legal proceedings and are not aware of any proceeding threatened or contemplated against us.

 Note 13 - Leases

 In October 2023, we renewed our lease for office space in Nevada with a third party recording an ROU asset and lease liability of $ 102. The lease requires monthly payments of $ 4.6
 and expires in October 2025. At December 31, 2023, our ROU asset and lease liability totaled $ 93. Lease expense totaled $ 55 in 2023 and $ 54 in 2022.

 In October 2023, we executed a facility lease in Utah to be used for technical integration and as a training facility recording an ROU asset and a lease liability of $ 3,587. This operating lease requires monthly payments starting at $ 72,
 includes periodic increases, provides six months of free rent, and expires in April 2029. At December 31, 2023, our ROU asset and
 lease liability totaled $ 3,479 and $ 3,546, respectively. Lease expense
 totaled $ 140 in 2023.

 The
 weighted average remaining life of the office and facility leases discussed above is approximately 5 years, and the related
 lease liability is as follows:

 Due in 2024

 $

 Due in 2025

 $

 Due in 2026

 $

 Due in 2027

 $

 Due in 2028

 $

 Thereafter

 $

 Total undiscounted lease liability

 $

 4,640

 Less: imputed interest

 $

 ( 1,001

)

 Total lease liability

 $

 3,639

 We also lease a
 facility for corporate promotional and marketing purposes which was prepaid at inception and expires in 2025. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ROU asset totaled $ 349 and $ 648, respectively; lease expense totaled $ 300 per year in 2023 and 2022. In March 2024, we renewed our facility lease, used for corporate, promotional and marketing purposes. The renewal
 period begins in 2025, continues for 10 years through 2035, requires either a single payment of $ 6,000, or annual payments each March, beginning in 2025 starting at $ 600 and increasing annually for a total commitment of approximately $ 7,500.

 We have a service agreement for the use of
 an aircraft from a related party discussed in more detail in Note 4. We incurred approximately $ 1,097 and $ 1,123 in rental fees and reimbursements to the entity in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Note 14 - Subsequent Event

 In January 2024, we issued 71,000
 shares of restricted stock from our Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan.

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and
 operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, December 31, 2023.

 The purpose of this evaluation was to determine whether as of December 31, 2023 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information we are
 required to disclose in our filings with the SEC, (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief
 Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Based on their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in rules 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) during the fiscal year ended
 December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide
 reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes
 maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance
 that receipts and expenditures of Company assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Company assets that could have a material effect on our
 financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements
 would be prevented or detected.

 Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated
 Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31,
 2023. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the period ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers.

 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not adopt, modify or terminate and no directors or officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a
 "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," each as defined in Regulation SK Item 408.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 None.

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement"),
 which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and is incorporated in this report by reference.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under the Equity Compensation Plans

 Our Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the "A&R Plan") was approved by our shareholders in June 2023. Our prior plan expired March 29, 2023; no further awards will be made under the prior
 plan, and the A&R Plan will govern awards granted under the prior plan. The A&R Plan allows us to grant stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and restricted stock. Options granted under the A&R Plan are granted with an exercise
 price equal to the fair value of the of our stock on the date of grant. RSUs and restricted stock are granted at the fair value of our stock on the date of grant. The fair value of options, RSUs and restricted stock are expensed over the vesting
 periods. All awards are subject to forfeiture if service terminates prior to the shares vesting. At December 31, 2023, there were 225,778 shares available for grant under the A&R Plan.

 Plan Category

 Securities to be

 Issued Upon

 Exercise of

 Outstanding

 Options and

 RSUs

 Weighted-Average

 Exercise Price of

 Outstanding

 Options and RSUs

 Securities

 Remaining

 Available for

 Future Issuance

 Under Equity

 Compensation

 Plans

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders

 347,467

 $

 89.32

 225,778

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders

 —

 —

 Total

 347,467

 $

 89.32

 225,778

 During 2023, we granted 1,875 stock options and 1,251 RSUs to members of our Board of Directors and 36,927 restricted stock awards to our employees respectively.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)

 The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K

 (1)

 Financial Statements: See the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 (2)

 Financial Statement Schedule: Financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or
 notes thereto. All other schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

 (3)

 Exhibits: The documents listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in
 each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit

 Number

 Description

 Incorporated by reference herein

 Form

 Exhibit No.

 Filing Date

 File No.

 Filed Herewith

 3.1

 Amended

 and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended.

 3.1

 11/01/2007

 3.2

 Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated
 Certificate of Incorporation of the Company.

 3.1

 10/25/2023

 3.3

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company.

 3.1

 1/27/2023

 4.2

 Specimen Common Stock Certificate.

 S-3

 4.1

 07/30/2018

 333-226413

 4.3

 Form of Senior Indenture.

 S-3

 4.2

 07/30/2018

 333-226413

 4.4

 Form of Subordinated Indenture.

 S-3

 4.4

 07/30/2018

 333-226413

 4.5

 Description of Capital Stock.

 4.6

 03/16/2020

 10.1

 Form of Indemnification Agreement.

 10.1

 03/18/2019

 10.2*

 2007 Stock Plan, as amended.

 10.2

 05/10/2012

 10.3*

 Amended Form of Stock Option Agreement – 2007 Stock Plan.

 4.5

 05/10/2011

 10.4*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement – 2007 Stock Plan.

 10.3

 05/10/2012

 10.5*

 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended.

 DEF 14A

 Appendix A

 04/13/2021

 10.6*

 Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-8

 10.1

 06/15/2023

 333-272677

 10.7*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement – 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and Amended
 and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 10.6

 03/02/2015

 10.8*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement – 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and
 Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 10.7

 03/02/2015

 10.9*

 Form of Restricted Stock Agreement – Amended and Restated
 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 10.2

 08/11/2023

 10.10

 Patent License and Assignment Agreement by and between the Company and
 Leidos, Inc. (formerly Science Applications International Corporation) dated as of August 12, 2005.

 10.4

 10.11**

 Amendment No. 1 to Patent License and Assignment Agreement by and between
 the Company and Leidos, Inc. dated as of November 2, 2006.

 10.6

 10.12

 Amendment No. 2 to Patent License and Assignment Agreement by and
 between VirnetX, Inc. and Leidos, Inc. dated as of March 12, 2008.

 10.1

 03/18/2008

 10.13

 Security Agreement by and between the Company and Leidos, Inc. dated as of
 August 12, 2005.

 10.5

 10.14

 Assignment Agreement between the Company and Leidos, Inc. dated as of
 December 21, 2006.

 10.7

 10.15

 Professional Services Agreement by and between the Company and Leidos, Inc.
 dated as of August 12, 2005.

 10.8

 10.16**

 Settlement and License Agreement, by and between Microsoft Corporation and
 VirnetX, Inc., dated May 14, 2010.

 10-Q/A

 10.1

 01/31/2011

 10.17**

 Amended Settlement and License Agreement, by and between Microsoft
 Corporation and VirnetX, Inc., dated December 17, 2014.

 10.23

 03/02/2015

 10.18*

 Hire Letter by and between Katherine Allanson and the
 Company, dated as of September 1, 2021.

 10.1

 11/08/2021

 10.19*

 Offer Letter by and between Darl C. McBride and the Company, dated as of December 22, 2023.

 X

 10.20

 Cooperation Letter Agreement, dated March 29, 2023, among The
 Radoff Family Foundation, Bradley L. Radoff, JEC II Associates, LLC, Michael Torok and the Company.

 10.1

 03/30/2023

 10.21

 Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock of the Company
 by and between the Company and Odeon Capital Group LLC, dated as of April 29, 2020.

 10.2

 05/15/2023

 10.22*

 Outside Director Compensation Policy, as amended.

 X

 21.1

 Subsidiaries of VirnetX Holding Corporation.

 21.1

 03/16/2021

 23.1

 Consent of Farber Hass Hurley LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 X

 24.1

 Power of Attorney (contained on signature page hereto)

 X

 31.1

 Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act.

 X

 31.2

 Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act.

 X

 32.1

 Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 X

 32.2

 Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 97.1*

 Compensation Recovery Policy of the Company as adopted November 8, 2023.

 X

 101.INS

 X

 101.SCH

 X

 101.CAL

 X

 101.DEF

 X

 101.LAB

 X

 101.PRE

 X

 *

 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

 **

 Confidential treatment has been granted by the SEC as to certain portions of this exhibit.

 ***

 Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pending a determination by the SEC as to whether these portions should be granted confidential treatment.

 The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Report are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be
 incorporated by reference into any filing of VirnetX Holding Corporation under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether before or after the date of this Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such
 filing.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the
 undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 VirnetX Holding Corporation

 By:

 /s/ Kendall Larsen

 Name: Kendall Larsen

 Title: Chief Executive Officer and President

 Dated: March 15, 2024

 POWER OF ATTORNEY

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kendall Larsen as his attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution, for him in any and
 all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that
 said attorney-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities
 indicated.

 Name

 Capacity

 Date

 /s/Kendall Larsen

 Director, Chief Executive Officer and President

 Kendall Larsen

 ( Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/Katherine Allanson

 Chief Financial Officer

 Katherine Allanson

 ( Principal Financial Officer and

 Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/Robert D. Short III

 Director

 Robert D. Short III

 /s/Gary Feiner

 Director

 Gary Feiner

 /s/Michael F. Angelo

 Director

 Michael F. Angelo

 /s/Thomas M. O'Brien

 Director

 Thomas M. O'Brien