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 UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period

 from to

 Commission file number: 001-40492

 Femasys Inc.

 (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 Delaware

 11-3713499

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

 3950 Johns Creek Court, Suite 100

 Suwanee, GA 30024

 ( 770) 500-3910

 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.001

 FEMY

 NASDAQ Capital Market

 Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

 None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was
 required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such
 shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated
 filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to
 Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.
 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive o cers during the relevant recovery period pursuant
 to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of June 30,
 2023 was $ 6,826,165.

 As of March 27, 2024, there were 22,099,347 shares of the registrant's $0.001 par value common stock
 outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the Registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the
 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this annual report on Form 10-K.

 FORM 10-K

 Forward-Looking Statements

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. In some cases,
 you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "could," "intend," "target," "project," "contemplate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential" or "continue" or the
 negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning:

 • our ability to develop and advance our current product candidate and programs into, and successfully initiate and complete, clinical trials;

 • the ability of our clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of our product candidate and other positive results;

 • our ability to enroll subjects in the clinical trial for our product candidate in order to advance the development thereof on a timely basis;

 • our ability to successfully initiate and grow the commercial launch of FemaSeed;

 • our ability to obtain additional financing to fund the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidate and products and fund our operations;

 • estimates regarding the total addressable market for our products and product candidate;

 • competitive companies and technologies in our industry;

 • our ability to obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for our permanent birth control system, ability to expand sales of our women-specific medical products and develop and commercialize additional products;

 • our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for and commercialize our product candidate, or the effect of delays in obtaining regulatory authorizations and commercialize;

 • our business model and strategic plans for our products, product candidate, technologies and business, including our implementation thereof;

 • commercial success and market acceptance of our products and product candidate;

 • our ability to achieve and maintain adequate levels of coverage or reimbursement for FemaSeed, FemBloc or any future product candidates, and our products we seek to commercialize;

 • our ability to manufacture our products and product candidate in compliance with applicable laws, regulations and requirements and to oversee third-party suppliers, service providers and vendors in the performance of any contracted
 activities in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and requirements;

 • our ability to accurately forecast customer demand for our products and product candidates, and manage our inventory;

 • our ability to build, manage and maintain our direct sales and marketing organization, and to market and sell our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions in markets in and
 outside of the United States;

 • our ability to hire and retain our senior management and other highly qualified personnel;

 • FDA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory actions affecting us or the healthcare industry generally, including healthcare reform measures in the United States and international markets;

 • the impact of political, judicial, legislative or regulatory policies on our products and product candidates;

 • the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals or clearances;

 • our ability to establish and maintain intellectual property protection for our products and product candidates and our ability to avoid claims of infringement;

 • the volatility of the trading price of our common stock; and

 • our expectations about market trends.

 The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions and are based largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may
 affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and
 assumptions, including those described under the sections in this Annual Report on 10-K entitled "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on
 10-K. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as
 predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we
 operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the
 documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as exhibits hereto completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially
 different from any future results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of
 any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on 10-K are excluded from the safe harbor protection provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act
 of 1995 and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 Risk Factor Summary

 The following is a summary of the principal risk factors associated with an investment in our common stock.

 Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

 • We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, and we expect to incur operating losses in the future.

 • We need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed.

 • Our financial results may fluctuate significantly.

 • Our ability to use our net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

 Risks Related to Discovery and Development

 • Enrollment and retention of subjects in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process.

 • The FDA may not allow us to continue the ongoing pivotal trial for FemBloc Premarket approval (PMA) due to safety concerns.

 • Our current product candidates are in various stages of development.

 • We are substantially dependent on the FDA's permission to market our FemBloc system.

 • The clinical development process required to obtain regulatory approvals is lengthy and expensive with uncertain outcomes.

 • Interim, "topline," and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available.

 • Our products may fail to gain increased market acceptance.

 • Our FemaSeed artificial insemination solution may fail to gain market acceptance.

 • If we are unable to achieve and maintain adequate levels of coverage or reimbursement for our permanent birth control solution, our commercial success may be severely hindered.

 • Third-party payors and physicians who do not cover or use our permanent birth control solution or other women's healthcare devices may require additional clinical data prior to adopting or maintaining coverage of our FemBloc system.

 • The training required for physicians to use our artificial insemination solution and permanent birth control solution could reduce the market acceptance of our products.

 • Some of our competitors have longer operating histories and more established products or greater resources than we do.

 • Our long-term growth depends on our ability to enhance our solutions, expand our indications and develop and commercialize additional products.

 • Our results of operations could be materially harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast customer demand and manage our inventory.

 • We manufacture and assemble components for our products and product candidates, and a loss or degradation in performance of our manufacturing capabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 • We rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers for components for our products and product candidates.

 • Performance issues, service interruptions or price increases by our shipping carriers could adversely affect our business.

 • We have limited experience marketing and selling our women-specific medical product solutions.

 • We plan to rely on our own direct sales force for our women-specific medical products.

 • We face the risk of product liability claims that could be expensive.

 • If the quality of our solutions do not meet the expectations of physicians or patients, then our brand and reputation or our business could be adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Managing Growth and Employee Matters

 • We face risks related to health epidemics and outbreaks.

 • Failure of a key information technology system, process or site could have an adverse effect on our business.

 • Our facilities could become damaged or inoperable.

 • Our ability to maintain our competitive position depends on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified talent.

 • We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

 Risks Related to Government Regulation

 • Our products and operations are subject to extensive government regulation.

 • We may not receive the necessary regulatory approvals, classifications, or clearances to grow our business.

 • Modifications to our products may require us to obtain new PMA approvals or approvals of a PMA supplement.

 • Failure to comply with post-marketing regulatory requirements could subject us to enforcement actions.

 • Our products must be manufactured in accordance with federal and state regulations.

 • If treatment guidelines for permanent birth control or other women healthcare treatments change or the standard of care evolves, we may need to redesign and seek new marketing authorization from the FDA for one or more of our products.

 • There may be misuse or off-label use of our products in the marketplace.

 • Our products may cause or contribute to adverse medical events or be subject to failures or malfunctions.

 • If we do not obtain and maintain international regulatory registrations or approvals for our products, we will be unable to market and sell our products outside of the United States.

 • Legislative or regulatory reforms in the United States or the European Union may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearances or approvals for our products.

 • Our business involves the use of hazardous materials.

 Risks Related to Intellectual Property Matters

 • If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights our competitive position could be harmed.

 • Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various governmental requirements.

 • Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money.

 • We may be unable to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

 • Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

 • Recent changes in U.S. patent laws could diminish the value of patents in general.

 • Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products.

 Risks Related to Our Common Stock

 • Our directors, officers and principal stockholders have significant voting power.

 • We incur significant costs as a result of being a public company.

 • We are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting.

 • Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

 PART 1

 Item 1.

 Business.

 Business Overview

 We are a leading biomedical company focused on addressing significant unmet needs of women worldwide with a broad portfolio of in-office, accessible, and innovative therapeutic and diagnostic solutions, including
 a lead revolutionary product candidate and FDA-cleared products. Our mission is to provide women with superior minimally-invasive, non-surgical product technologies, accessible in the office, improving patient care and overall health economics
 focused on servicing the reproductive health needs for those seeking solutions for infertility issues (FemaSeed and FemVue) or permanent birth control (FemBloc). We
 are a woman-founded and led company with an expansive, internally created intellectual property portfolio with 180 patents globally, in-house chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) and device manufacturing capabilities and proven ability
 to develop and commercialize products. Our suite of products and product candidates addresses what we believe are multi-billion dollar global market segments in which there has been little advancement for many years, helping women avoid
 pharmaceutical solutions, implants and surgery that can be expensive and expose women to harm.

 FemaSeed – Our Artificial Insemination Solution. Our FDA-cleared artificial insemination solution features single intratubal sperm delivery directed to the
 selected fallopian tube, the natural site of conception, offering significant advantages over existing assisted reproductive approaches, including significant cost savings and reduction of safety risks. Our first-line therapeutic infertility
 solution, FemaSeed, combines with a diagnostic companion product, our FDA-cleared and marketed FemVue device, which, creates saline and air contrast to safely assess the fallopian tubes for patency prior to treatment with FemaSeed. FemVue can
 be used with our FDA-cleared and marketed FemCath device, which allows for selective evaluation of the fallopian tube. At least one open fallopian tube is necessary for successful fertilization, and we
 believe FemVue offers significant advantages over other existing approaches, including being able to provide ultrasound evaluation of a woman's fallopian tubes as part of an existing diagnostic infertility assessment. In April 2021 we received
 an IDE approval from the FDA that allowed us to initiate a pivotal trial for the FemaSeed device. The first subject was enrolled in July 2021. In October 2022, we announced an updated study design for the pivotal trial to focus on couples
 experiencing male factor infertility, an underserved patient segment. In April 2023 we received approval to sell FemaSeed in Canada. In September 2023 we announced 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FemaSeed for intratubal insemination. The
 clinical trial was still ongoing at the time of receiving U.S. regulatory clearance from FDA, however, the study was concluded with enrollment completed in November 2023. Topline results of the clinical trial were announced in March 2024. The
 trial demonstrated that 24% of women became pregnant after FemaSeed with severe male factor (1 million to 20 million total motile sperm count (TMSC)). In contrast, a 6.7% pregnancy rate by cycle was described in the literature for intrauterine
 insemination (IUI) with male factor (greater than 1 million TMSC). Although permitted to have multiple FemaSeed attempts, the majority of women who became pregnant did so after the first FemaSeed procedure. The majority of adverse events were
 reported as mild (n=127 subjects, 216 cycles). No new safety concerns were observed through the seven-week follow-up. All adverse events were consistent with those known for IUI. The approved labeling includes women or couples wishing to become
 pregnant by way of intratubal insemination. We began the first phase of commercial launch in March 2024 with the announcement of the first commercial use of FemaSeed.

 FemVue, a solution that enables fallopian tube assessment with ultrasound as an alternative to the radiologic approach
 (hysterosalpingogram) for the diagnosis of infertility, is approved for sale in the U.S., Japan, and Canada. FemChec allows for fallopian tube evaluation after a FemBloc procedure to confirm occlusion (or procedure success) and is
 being studied as part of the FemBloc pivotal trial. FemCath, allows for selective evaluation of an individual fallopian tube as an alternative to the traditional intrauterine catheter that is undirected, is approved for sale in the U.S and
 Canada. FemCerv is an alternative for the diagnosis of cervical cancer by obtaining a comprehensive tissue sample with minimal contamination of the endocervical canal, and is approved for sale in the U.S and Canada. In August 2023
 the Company announced it had obtained a Medical Device Establishment License from Health Canada allowing the Company to directly sell its four products, FemaSeed, FemVue, FemCath and FemCerv, in Canada. In October 2023, the Company announced it
 had completed the European Union Medical Device Regulation (MDR) final audit, the last step in obtaining an MDR certificate and CE marking, demonstrating Femasys' compliance with the highest required regulatory standards.

 FemBloc – Our Permanent Birth Control Solution. Our permanent birth control solution in late-stage clinical development includes our proprietary FemBloc system, which features
 dual intrauterine directional delivery targeting both fallopian tubes simultaneously with a degradable biopolymer followed by an ultrasound confirmation test to confirm procedure success. If approved, we expect FemBloc to be the first and only
 non-surgical permanent birth control option, using a minimally invasive delivery system that locally instills a degradable biopolymer, which is designed to cause the fallopian tubes to close using the patient's own tissue in-growth, resulting in
 permanent birth control (sterilization) for the patient without a permanent implant. FemBloc has the potential to offer significant advantages over the only existing option, surgical tubal ligation, or "having her tubes tied", including a
 significant cost savings at likely half the overall cost. FemBloc is a procedure that can be completed in a physician's office, with no anesthesia, no incisions or cannulation, no specialty skill set or capital equipment and minimal pain and
 recovery time, and no residual implant remaining in the patient's body after the tissue in-growth develops. We believe there are also significant advantages over other temporary or reversible methods that women may be using in lieu of the
 surgical tubal ligation option, as FemBloc does not use hormones or leave a long-term implant behind. Our permanent birth control solution combines FemBloc with an ultrasound in-office diagnostic test, which uses saline and air contrast to permit
 the same physician to evaluate the fallopian tubes in-office to confirm the success of FemBloc approximately three months after the final FemBloc procedure, rather than requiring the patient to visit another provider for a radiology-based exam,
 exposing the patient unnecessarily to radiation and the use of x-ray dye.

 We have studied FemBloc in three prior clinical trials (a pilot safety study, a pivotal trial, and a validation study) pursuant to an FDA approved investigational device exemption (IDE) for each study with evaluation of
 safety in a total of 228 subjects. Subjects are being followed for five years for safety, and for the initial 49 subject pilot study, five years of follow-up have been completed. There have been no serious safety events reported to date in any of
 the subjects and over 90% of the events reported that were classified as related to the device, procedure or both, were on the day of the FemBloc procedure or within seven days after the procedure. The reported events were anticipated and the
 majority of these events were bleeding or spotting and/or pain or cramps and over 75% were classified by the physician as mild. Physicians observed that their subjects found the procedure to be highly tolerable, with subject self-reported pain
 scores similar to placement of IUDs. Almost every case (96%) was assessed by the physician to be extremely satisfied or very satisfied with the procedure and 96% found it easier than tubal ligation surgery. At the ultrasound confirmation test
 conducted three months following the FemBloc procedure, there was no evidence of remaining biopolymer detected in subjects, which may indicate that the biopolymer completely degraded and likely exited the subject with possible menstruation.
 Subjects found the FemBloc procedure and confirmation test to be highly tolerable, with pain or discomfort scores similar to placement of other intrauterine devices, such as IUDs. The mean score for FemBloc procedure was 4.6 and for the
 confirmation test was 3.3, on visual analog scale (VAS) from 0-10 where 10 is the highest measure of pain/ discomfort.

 During the conduct of the first two clinical studies, unintended pregnancies occurred in subjects who were told to rely on FemBloc (six
 pregnancies for the pilot study and three pregnancies for the pivotal trial). These pregnancies were due to misinterpretation of the ultrasound test using the FemChec device, as reviewed and confirmed by an independent clinical events
 committee. The FDA viewed these unintended pregnancies as a safety concern and, as a result, in February 2019 we paused the pivotal clinical trial for FemBloc (although subjects are still followed for safety through 5 years). Subsequently, the
 agency recommended conducting a small clinical study in a new cohort of subjects to evaluate the adequacy of certain proposed mitigations and validate the ultrasound confirmation test. The study enrollment concluded in September 2022, in which
 45 subjects at five U.S. sites received two confirmation tests (ultrasound and traditional radiology). Subjects were informed to rely on FemBloc only if both tests and two independent central readers confirmed procedure success. There have been
 no pregnancies in subjects accurately told to rely on FemBloc. In June 2023 we received FDA approval of our IDE to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc, our non-surgical, non-implant, in-office solution for permanent birth control in a
 pivotal clinical trial. In August 2023 we announced the initiation of enrollment in the FINALE [Prospective Multi-Center Trial for FemBloc INtratubal Occlusion for TranscervicAL PErmanent Birth Control] pivotal trial. This prospective,
 multi-center, open-label, single-arm study design includes pregnancy rate as the primary endpoint, which will be analyzed once 401 women have used FemBloc for one year for permanent birth control. In addition, the study is designed as a roll-in
 beginning with enrollment of 50 women for a clinical readout primarily of preliminary safety data prior to enrolling the remaining subjects. An interim analysis of clinical data endpoints is planned once 300 women have used FemBloc for
 permanent birth control for one year. Follow-up will continue annually for five years post-market.

 Additional Women's Health Solutions. We have also developed a novel technology platform for tissue sampling intended to be marketed alongside our other women-specific medical
 products in the physician's office setting. Our FDA-cleared and Health Canada approved FemCerv product is a biopsy device for endocervical curettage that can be used to sample cervical cells and tissue circumferentially with sample containment
 within the device to minimize contamination. We sponsored a post-market study of FemCerv where subjects found the procedure to be relatively pain-free and the sample obtained was complete for analysis, which we believe may aid in reliable
 diagnosis. Our FemCerv product was introduced through a limited release to the United States market in September 2022. Our FemEMB product candidate in development is designed to obtain a comprehensive and uncontaminated sample of the endometrial
 cells and tissue in an office procedure. We believe there is a market opportunity for use of FemEMB in continuous monitoring by multiple sampling procedures that may be employed by physicians during and after treatments for cancers, abnormal
 bleeding, or other uterine treatments, such as prior to an endometrial ablation.

 The following table summarizes our current products and product candidate pipeline:

 Our Team

 We are a woman-founded, woman-led biomedical company, with a team of experienced biotechnology and medical device developers. Our founder and Chief Executive Officer, Kathy Lee-Sepsick has over 25 years of entrepreneur
 and executive experience in the medical device field with over 100 patents globally. Dov Elefant, our Chief Financial Officer, has over 25 years of experience leading public and private biotech companies throughout various stages. Dr. James Liu,
 MD, our Chief Medical Officer, has over 40 years of practicing as a reproductive endocrinologist and expertise in medical affairs and clinical strategy development. Daniel Currie, our Chief Operating Officer, has over 30 years of operational
 experience in the medical device industry, including assignments at early stage and large, established companies. Richard Spector, our Chief Commercial Officer, has over 25 years of successful leadership and executive responsibility in
 commercializing medical devices, including for women's health. Christine Thomas, our Senior Vice President, Regulatory & Clinical Affairs, has over 20 years of successful leadership including global regulatory strategy development and
 clinical operations for established medical device companies. Our experienced leadership team with concentrated development expertise has an unwavering commitment to advancing women's health. We have raised over $125 million since inception from
 both institutional and strategic investors, including Medtronic and executives from leading life science companies and our initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2021.

 Our Intellectual Property and Production Capabilities

 We have designed and developed the proprietary methods utilized in our women's health solutions so that they are protected by patents, know-how, and trade secrets. Each product and product candidate in our portfolio is
 covered by both design and utility patents in the U.S. and significant ex-U.S. markets. As of December 31, 2023, we owned 48 issued U.S. patents and 132 issued foreign patents, 14 pending U.S. patent applications and 25 pending foreign patent
 applications. These issued patents, and any patents granted from such applications, are expected to expire between 2024 and 2046, without taking potential patent term extensions or adjustments into account.

 All of our products are manufactured or assembled at our facility, and manufacturing activities are conducted to ensure compliance with the FDA and good manufacturing practices with significant CMC and device
 manufacturing infrastructure in compliance with QSR. We have passed numerous manufacturing audits, including those by the FDA and international notified bodies.

 Our Strategy

 Our goal is to become a global leader in women's health providing safe and effective solutions that have the potential to disrupt and grow the market segments for which they address. To achieve this goal and to
 contribute to our future success and growth, we are pursuing the following strategies.

 Address unmet clinical needs in multiple large markets for women. Our initial focus is on critical areas of unmet need in reproductive health, which is a growing challenge for
 women that is not optimally addressed with existing therapies. Two ends of the spectrum (infertility with artificial insemination and permanent birth control) represent large, growing total addressable market opportunities. Patients who wish to
 control their risk of pregnancy are often utilizing temporary or reversible options or are choosing the only permanent option that bears surgical risk and expense. We believe our FemBloc system has the potential to offer the first non-surgical,
 non-implant option performed exclusively in the office without the use of anesthesia, which would potentially allow a doctor to perform multiple procedures in the same room. We estimate that the U.S. market for the FemBloc system may be over $20
 billion with an immediate addressable market of over $2 billion annually. We consider those electing surgery for permanent birth control annually to be our immediately addressable market. Patients who are struggling to become pregnant are often
 referred to highly specialized physicians for treatment with age-old technology. We believe our FemaSeed product has the potential to offer a first-line approach with local delivery of sperm directly to the fallopian tube where conception occurs.
 We estimate the U.S. market for FemaSeed and FemVue, a companion diagnostic product, may be over $2 billion with the immediate addressable market of over $800 million.

 Execute on our clinical program to achieve FDA approval to advance our FemBloc system for use together with our companion diagnostic device for ultrasound confirmation as the preferred
 option for permanent birth control for women. We have studied FemBloc in three earlier clinical trials each pursuant to an FDA-approved IDE evaluating safety in 228 subjects in total and these subjects are continuing to be followed for
 safety. We submitted results from a small IDE study (stage II validation study), which concluded enrollment in September 2022 to support IDE approval for a pivotal trial that we expect to serve as the clinical support for a future PMA approval
 for FemBloc. In June 2023 we received FDA approval of our IDE to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc, our non-surgical, non-implant, in-office solution for permanent birth control in a pivotal clinical trial. In August 2023 we announced
 the initiation of enrollment in the FINALE [Prospective Multi-Center Trial for FemBloc INtratubal Occlusion for TranscervicAL PErmanent Birth Control] pivotal trial. This prospective, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study design includes
 pregnancy rate as the primary endpoint, which will be analyzed once 401 women have used FemBloc for one year for permanent birth control. In addition, the study is designed as a roll-in beginning with enrollment of 50 women for a clinical readout
 primarily of preliminary safety data prior to enrolling the remaining subjects. An interim analysis of clinical data endpoints is planned once 300 women have used FemBloc for permanent birth control for one year. Follow-up will continue annually
 for five years post-market.

 Execute on our commercial strategy to market our FemaSeed product for use together with our companion diagnostic, FemVue saline-air device, as the first-line option for artificial
 insemination. In April 2023 we received approval to sell FemaSeed in Canada. In September 2023 we announced 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FemaSeed for intratubal insemination. We concluded the clinical trial that had been ongoing
 when we received 510(k) clearance from the FDA, with enrollment completed in November 2023. In March 2024, topline data was announced, which strongly supports the on-going first phase of U.S. commercial launch, currently in progress. We began the
 first phase of commercial launch in March 2024 with the announcement of the first commercial use of FemaSeed.

 Continuously innovate to introduce additional product offerings for women. We intend to continue to invest in research and development activities focused on additional
 women-specific medical products and improvements and enhancements to our FemBloc system and other existing products. We are continuing to develop FemEMB, a product candidate in development for endometrial sampling in support of uterine cancer
 detection testing. We have designed and developed proprietary methods utilized in our women's health solutions and have protected these internally conceived advancements by patents, know-how, and trade secrets. Our team has demonstrated the
 ability to achieve marketing authorizations and clearances in the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Japan and to manufacture in accordance with FDA and other international governing bodies. Availability of the additional product offerings will expand our
 suite of solutions for reproductive health and women's health in general over time with the goal of addressing aspects of care that have had negligible advancement over decades to create improved patient care and improved physician treatment
 options.

 Penetrate the addressable markets by promoting patient and practice awareness. It is estimated in the U.S. alone over 10 million women
 ( are infertile and approximately 40-50% of all infertility is attributed to male factor (Kumar et al, 2015) likely due to the over 50% decline in male sperm count worldwide (Levine et
 al, 2023). Only a little over half of women proceed with some form of intervention and only a very small proportion undergo more advanced technologies. We believe the major factor that influences this light penetration of the market is the cost
 and burden of the existing technologies despite the familiarity of intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) as options. We intend to increase physician awareness through engagement and continued publication of scientific
 data in peer reviewed journals. Secondary, we intend to engage women and couples suffering from infertility or who wish to undergo insemination for pregnancy through direct patient outreach. It is estimated in the U.S. alone, approximately
 800,000 women elect surgical tubal ligation (Frattarelli et al, 2007) and 500,000 men elect vasectomy (Ostrowski, et al, 2018) annually for permanent birth control. There are another 12 million women who utilize a non-permanent birth control
 option, many of whom we believe may prefer a permanent option if it were non-surgical. We believe the major factor that influences this light penetration of the market is the limitations of the existing technology despite the likely familiarity
 of tubal ligation as an option. Like our infertility portfolio, we plan to increase physician awareness prior to direct patient outreach.

 Build a commercialization infrastructure with a specialized direct sales and marketing team. From the outset, we spent significant time understanding the unmet needs of patients
 and physicians through patient and physician surveys and early engagement of physicians and key opinion leaders to properly position our solutions. We are in the process of establishing our commercial infrastructure following the clearance of our
 FemaSeed product. Our already commercially available FemVue device will be marketed along with the FemaSeed product to the same target physician, the reproductive endocrinologist. We intend to focus the significant majority of our sales and
 marketing efforts in North America since we believe that initially nearly 90% of the potential annual global FemaSeed/FemVue sales would be generated in this market. Our priority is to target existing FemVue customers followed by reproductive
 endocrinologists in high volume areas. Our plan is to hire a specialty sales force for our infertility products and increase the sales force as necessary for the FemBloc system, where the target physician is the gynecologist. Our already
 commercially available FemCerv device will be marketed along with the FemBloc product to the same target physician, the gynecologist. In addition, we plan to continue to expand our in-house manufacturing capabilities as we scale to meet the
 demand and introduce new products while evaluating potential suppliers to assess the viability of outsourcing portions of our manufacturing and assembly processes to ensure significant growth, profitability and operating leverage.

 Expand gynecologists' practice capabilities by diversifying products and services to include artificial insemination with FemaSeed. There are a limited number of gynecologists
 performing infertility services and treatment today, but we believe this has the potential to grow over time, in particular with the introduction of FemaSeed. FemaSeed is designed to be an in-office infertility procedure that can be done by a
 gynecologist using his or her existing skillset, expanding the number of gynecologists that can offer effective fertility services to their patients without needing to refer them to an infertility specialist. We plan to use our gynecologic sales
 force for FemBloc, if approved, to introduce those physicians to FemaSeed and broaden our sales force reach for our infertility treatment and other companion products, such as FemVue, beyond our initial focus on reproductive endocrinologists.

 The Current Market Landscape

 For permanent birth control, tubal ligation, an invasive surgical procedure requiring implants, incisions, hospitalization and general anesthesia, has been offered for decades, so risks are known. It is performed either
 immediately after cesarean delivery or via laparoscopic procedures, which has notable disadvantages and risk of complications. The most significant morbidity arising from tubal ligation is associated with the use of electrical energy and
 inadvertent thermal damage to the bowel. Introduction of surgical instruments into the abdominal cavity carries substantial risk of injury to intra-abdominal organs and blood vessels, with approximately 1% of all procedures resulting in
 unintended further major surgery. In addition, anesthesia risk, bleeding, bowel damage, and long recovery times are inherent complication risks of tubal ligation. Temporary and reversible contraceptive methods, such as birth control and
 intrauterine devices (IUDs), are being used by women long-term as a compromise by women who are unwilling to undergo a surgical sterilization procedure because of the surgical risk, not wanting an incision, or to be exposed to risk of anesthesia.
 Some may be contraindicated for surgical sterilization because of obesity or medical conditions. Long-term use of hormonal birth control and IUDs have drawbacks as well. Hormonal birth control is associated with health risks, such as an increased
 risk of breast cancer and blood clots, and device-based birth control can result in uterine perforation and increased risks of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy. Previously available non-surgical methods utilizing permanent
 implants for closing the fallopian tubes have been removed from the market due to safety or intellectual property infringement issues, and thus the only currently available permanent birth control option is surgical tubal ligation.

 For artificial insemination, traditional intrauterine insemination (IUI) is an undirected procedure delivering sperm into the uterine cavity that has been offered for decades. IUI continues to be offered as a first-line
 treatment option in spite of its low success rate due to its low cost and ease, with a short learning curve and minimal equipment requirements. Although current IUI devices address the unfavorable environment sperm would encounter in the vagina
 and cervix by placing sperm into the uterine cavity, the biology of sperm transport is complex and of the millions of sperm inseminated in the uterus, almost all fail to reach the fallopian tubes. In contrast to the unfavorable environment of the
 uterus, the fallopian tubes act as a reservoir for traveling sperm and is the location of conception. Sperm count is declining at an accelerated pace globally of greater than 50% with an increasing proportion of men having sperm counts below any
 given threshold for sub-fertility or infertility. This substantial and persistent decline is now recognized as a significant public health concern. (Levine et al, 2023). IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a highly effective first
 line treatment with a reported pregnancy rate of approximately 25% for male factor infertility, it is associated with significant cost and clinical risks (Ravitsky et al, 2019). Many infertile women and couples are unwilling to undergo treatment
 mostly due to financial reasons. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is extremely expensive, costing as much as $15,000 to $30,000 per IVF cycle according to Forbes Health, 2021 (with cycle effectiveness usually only around 25%), and often not covered
 by insurance. IVF/ ICSI is also physically and emotionally demanding for the patient, with increased risk of multiple pregnancies, ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. There are over ten million women in the United States known to be infertile and
 only 200,000 IVF cycles completed per year, indicating that IVF is not a realistic solution available to most women or couples. Our FemaSeed product, now approved, establishes a new category within artificial insemination: a localized,
 directional delivery of sperm directly into the fallopian tube (intratubal insemination), precisely where conception occurs. We believe this in-office, cost-effective solution can become a first-line treatment for infertility, specifically when
 male factor is involved, increasing access to infertility treatment for women and their partners.

 The Reproductive Health Opportunity

 There are an estimated 72 million reproductive aged women in the United States alone (National Center for Health Statistics, 2018). We intend to offer comprehensive solutions for preventing pregnancy and achieving
 pregnancy for women, providing cost-effective and safe solutions while avoiding surgery. During their childbearing years, most women will want to control their risk of pregnancy. Additionally, there are many women that wish to become pregnant
 that are unable to do so. According to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, the ability to plan when to be pregnant and how many pregnancies to initiate has been called one of the ten great public health achievements in the
 twentieth century. Many women, however, who spend an average of three years seeking to become pregnant and thirty years avoiding pregnancy, are not satisfied with the current methods for preventing unwanted pregnancies and achieving pregnancy.

 Approximately 800,000 women undergo tubal ligation each year in the United States alone (Frattarelli et al, 2007), with an average cost of approximately $6,000 per procedure (Planned Parenthood, 2019). However, there
 are over an estimated 12 million women who remain on a non-permanent birth control option long-term (National Center for Health Statistics, 2015), which we believe is due to there being only a surgical permanent option available to women. In
 addition, 500,000 men undergo a vasectomy procedure every year (Ostrowski et al, 2018). While the 1.3 million women and their partners annually who want to permanently prevent pregnancy represent our initial near-term market opportunity, we
 believe these numbers do not reflect the true demand for permanent birth control, as many do not want to submit to invasive surgical procedures such as vasectomies and tubal ligations. The market for female permanent birth control is large and
 growing, and we believe the market opportunity in the U.S. alone could expand to exceed $20 billion with a safe and effective in-office option as women shift from temporary or reversible contraceptive alternatives to more permanent solutions.

 The overall decline in birth rates in the United States and globally has resulted in aging populations that present serious challenges for the world economy and economic stability. In the United States alone, it is
 estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that over ten million women desire pregnancy but are unable to achieve pregnancy (National Survey of Family Growth, 2019). Only a little over half of these women proceed with some form
 of intervention, and only a very small proportion undergo more advanced assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF. Approximately 40-50% of infertility cases are due to a male factor (Kumar et al, 2015), which may be the result of the greater
 than 50% decline worldwide in male sperm count (Levine et al, 2023). Although IUI, an artificial insemination option, is the oldest technique in reproductive medicine and a well-accepted first-line treatment method for couples with unexplained
 infertility, mild male factor infertility, sexual dysfunction, and cervical factor infertility, its success rates remain relatively low. However, for couples with low total motile sperm count, treatment with highly effective IVF/ ICSI is advised
 given the comparatively reduced success rates for IUI. Alternative methods to IUI have not been advanced to meet the continuous demand for safe and effective first-line alternatives that are considerably less costly and less invasive than more
 advanced assisted reproductive options. The market for assisted reproduction is large and growing, and we believe the market in the United States alone could exceed $2 billion with a safe and effective novel first-line approach as women move to
 seek care for the treatment of infertility.

 Clinical Development

 Overview of Clinical Programs. We are developing a growing body of compelling clinical evidence for our intrauterine directional delivery product candidates.

 Our Permanent Birth Control Solution – FemBloc and ultrasound confirmation

 Preclinical Studies

 We completed two animal studies to support efficacy of the occlusion, or blockage, created by the biopolymer tissue adhesive, a degradable blend of cyanide derivatives of acrylates, we use in our FemBloc system. The first
 was an exploratory study of efficacy in the rabbit model, where the rabbit oviducts mimic human female fallopian tubes. The treated animals received the biopolymer and the control received sham delivery (surgery only). After breeding, the control
 animals became pregnant on the first breeding attempt at one month while none of the biopolymer-treated animals became pregnant after breeding attempts. Specifically, there was a 0% fertility rate among the biopolymer treated animals when mated at
 1 month and 2.5 months or when mated at 4 months and 5.5 months. Treatment of the oviducts of proven fertile female rabbits with the biopolymer prevented pregnancy for up to 5.5 months, the length of the observation period. The second animal study
 assessed the degree and nature of the tubal occlusion created by the biopolymer by microscope assessment of tissue sampling, or histopathology, at various time points up to 52 weeks. It also assessed safety by evaluation of local tissue reaction to
 the biopolymer and degradation and characterization of the degradation profile. The biopolymer was observed to degrade as its presence decreased over time with no substantial surrounding tissue loss identified and acute inflammation was observed to
 decrease progressively over time. In week 1, occlusion was observed by the presence of biopolymer and over time when occlusion was observed at months 3, 6 or 12 post treatment, it was classified as complete tissue occlusion where the tubal channel,
 or lumen, was absent and there was no biopolymer present.

 Clinical Trials

 Prior to the trials pursuant to the IDE discussed below, we conducted a number of clinical trials in 93 patients to evaluate various aspects of the development program. With respect to biopolymer effectiveness, we
 conducted a clinical trial on ten patients pending a planned hysterectomy procedure, which is not an indicated population for FemBloc. Patients received the FemBloc treatment with the biopolymer through the delivery system and returned 4 weeks
 post-treatment to receive a complete hysterectomy with subsequent histopathology analysis of the fallopian tubes for indications of progression towards tubal occlusion and associated tissue reactions of the biopolymer. Although it is expected that
 three months is required to effect complete tubal occlusion and for the confirmation of effectiveness and reliability as permanent birth control, at 4 weeks, 30% of the fallopian tubes had either complete luminal occlusion where the lumen was
 obstructed by a healing tissue response or there was narrowing of the fallopian tube by 50-90% by a similar healing tissue response. As expected, biopolymer remained in many of the fallopian tubes and the inflammatory response observed appeared to
 generally correlate with the presence of foreign material. There were no serious adverse events reported.

 We have studied FemBloc in three earlier clinical studies each pursuant to an FDA-approved IDE to evaluate safety in 228 subjects in total. The first clinical study consisted of 49 subjects enrolled at five U.S. study
 sites, the second clinical trial consisted of 134 subjects enrolled at 14 U.S. study sites, and the third consisted of 45 subjects enrolled at five U.S. study sites. As part of the second clinical trial, we sponsored subjects in a control arm for
 surgical tubal ligation of 105 subjects for future comparison of safety events only. Subjects are being followed for five years for safety, with the first subjects enrolled have completed five-year follow-up. As shown in the figure below, other
 than the unintended pregnancies discussed below, the majority (91%) of safety events reported to date occurred on the day of treatment or within seven days of the procedure and 75% of the adverse events (AE) were classified as mild. Of the 350
 adverse events reported as related to the device, procedure or both, the most common adverse events reported in the 228 subjects were vaginal bleeding (40.0%), pelvic pain (34.5%), uterine cramps (13.5%) and spotting (13.1%). There were no serious
 adverse events (SAE) reported for FemBloc.

 Majority Adverse Events Were Mild and Occurred at Time of Procedure

 We have observed that the patients found the procedures in earlier studies to be highly tolerable, with pain scores similar to placement of other intrauterine devices, such as IUDs. The mean pain and discomfort score
 using a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0-10 was 4.6 (SD 2.85) as reported by the patient for the FemBloc treatment procedure. In our clinical trials, we have used ultrasound confirmation with the FemChec device three months after FemBloc treatment
 and have observed that no remaining biopolymer was detected in patients, which suggests that the biopolymer completely degraded and likely exited the patient with possible menstruation. The mean pain and discomfort score was 3.4 (SD 2.80) as
 reported by the patient for the ultrasound confirmation. There have been no serious safety events reported to date. We recorded data on the patients for safety and additional performance measures at time of FemBloc procedure, seven days post
 procedure, three months post procedure for confirmation test, three months post confirmation test, and annually through five years. Enrollment ended in February 2019.

 During the conduct of these two clinical studies, unintended pregnancies occurred in patients who were told to rely on FemBloc (six pregnancies for the pilot study and three pregnancies for the pivotal trial). These
 pregnancies were due to misinterpretation of the ultrasound confirmation test, as verified by an independent clinical events committee. In February 2019 we paused the ongoing pivotal clinical trial for FemBloc (although subjects are still followed
 for safety through 5 years). The FDA recommended that we conduct a small IDE clinical study in a new cohort of patients to evaluate the adequacy of improvements that were made to the procedures, products and training to mitigate the risk of
 unintended pregnancies, while validating the ultrasound confirmation test. The design for the small IDE trial (stage II validation study) included performance of two confirmation tests (ultrasound and radiology) and subjects were informed to rely
 on FemBloc only if both tests confirm procedure success. There were no pregnancies in patients who were told to rely on FemBloc in this study. In June 2023 we received FDA approval of our IDE to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc, our
 non-surgical, non-implant, in-office solution for permanent birth control in a pivotal clinical trial. In August 2023 we announced the initiation of enrollment in the FINALE [Prospective Multi-Center Trial for FemBloc INtratubal Occlusion for
 TranscervicAL PErmanent Birth Control] pivotal trial. This prospective, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study design includes pregnancy rate as the primary endpoint, which will be analyzed once 401 women have used FemBloc for one year for
 permanent birth control. In addition, the study is designed as a roll-in beginning with enrollment of 50 women for a clinical readout primarily of preliminary safety data prior to enrolling the remaining subjects. An interim analysis of clinical
 data endpoints is planned once 300 women have used FemBloc for permanent birth control for one year. Follow-up will continue annually for five years post-market.

 Our Artificial Insemination Solution.

 510(k) Clearance for FemaSeed Intratubal Insemination Device

 FemaSeed Intratubal Insemination, a single intrauterine directional delivery product for sperm, is authorized for marketing in the United States with FDA 510(k) clearance received in September 2023 and Canada with Health
 Canada approval in April 2023. We have studied FemaSeed pursuant to an FDA-approved IDE received in April 2021 to evaluate safety and efficacy in the LOCAL [Prospective Multi-Center LOCAL ized Directional
 Insemination Trial for Artificial Insemination] pivotal trial. In October 2022, we announced an updated study design for the pivotal trial, which focused on couples experiencing male factor infertility. The clinical trial was still ongoing at the
 time of receiving U.S. regulatory clearance from FDA, however, the study was concluded with enrollment completed in November 2023. Topline results of the clinical trial were announced in March 2024. The trial demonstrated that 24% of women became
 pregnant after FemaSeed with severe male factor (1 million to 20 million total motile sperm count (TMSC)). In contrast, a 6.7% pregnancy rate by cycle was described in the literature for intrauterine insemination (IUI) with male factor (greater
 than 1 million TMSC). Although permitted to have multiple FemaSeed attempts, the majority of women who became pregnant did so after the first FemaSeed procedure. The majority of adverse events were reported as mild (n=127 subjects, 216 cycles). No
 new safety concerns were observed through the seven-week follow-up. All adverse events were consistent with those known for IUI.

 We began the first phase of commercial launch in March 2024 with the announcement of the first commercial use of FemaSeed.

 510(k) Clearance for Different Intrauterine Directional Delivery Device

 FemCath Cornual Balloon Catheter, a single intrauterine directional delivery product, like FemaSeed, but for a different indication, is authorized for marketing in North America. A post-market study in 23 subjects (45
 tubes) was conducted with the product and FemVue Saline-Air device to assess selective tubal infusion with the observation of saline-air contrast. 89% had contrast observed entering the proximal portion of the fallopian tube combined with sustained
 flow or exit into the peritoneal cavity. This is the same intended location of delivery for the FemaSeed product. There were no serious adverse events reported. We began limited market release of the FemCath product in December 2022.

 Post-Market Information

 FemVue Saline - Air device, a contrast-generating product, is authorized for marketing in the United States, Canada and Japan. There have been multiple publications and abstracts presented with clinical evidence in
 support of FemVue, a diagnostic companion product to our artificial insemination solution. It has been concluded that tubal patency assessment with FemVue is comparable to fluoroscopic hysterosalpingogram (HSG) and it appears to be a convenient and
 well-tolerable method that may be performed alongside conventional ultrasound and uterine cavity assessment as part of an infertility evaluation. Other publications have stated that FemVue is an accurate test for diagnosing tubal occlusion and
 performs similarly to a fluoroscopic HSG and it could potentially replace fluoroscopic HSG. FemVue has been commercialized with no commercial team in the U.S. and Japan.

 Our Endocervical Tissue Sampler.

 Post-Market Information

 FemCerv, a biopsy device for cervical cancer, is authorized for marketing in North America. We sponsored a post-market study for FemCerv in 112 patients undergoing further evaluation of an abnormal cervical tissue result.
 It was observed that FemCerv provided samples were reported as adequate when evaluated histologically in 94% of the patients. Physicians reported that 95% of the patients experienced mild or no discomfort during the FemCerv procedure and 92% of the
 physicians reported the FemCerv device as easy to insert. There were no adverse events reported. We began limited market release in the U.S. in September 2022.

 Manufacturing

 We have developed and implemented the infrastructure required to manufacture and distribute finished medical devices, including a robust medical device quality management system which meets the requirements of the FDA
 Quality System Regulation, and is certified to Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13485:2016. We currently manufacture or assemble all products and product candidates and source
 components from contract suppliers. We believe that we currently have sufficient capacity to meet clinical program demands, product supply and launch requirements for the FemaSeed product and believe that we will be able to scale up our capacity
 relatively quickly with modest capital investment. We believe our manufacturing capacity is sufficient to meet global market demand for our products for the foreseeable future until potential approval by the FDA for the FemBloc system. While we
 plan to continue manufacturing our product and product candidates, if approved or granted marketing authorization, we will consider outsourcing arrangements for certain sub-assemblies as needed as we scale our commercial production.

 We employ a rigorous supplier assessment, qualification, and selection process targeted to suppliers that meet the requirements of the FDA and the ISO and quality standards supported by internal policies and procedures.
 Our quality assurance process monitors and maintains supplier performance through qualification and periodic supplier reviews and audits. We are required to maintain ISO 13485 certification for medical devices sold in the European Economic Area
 (EEA) which requires, among other items, an implemented quality system that applies to component quality, supplier control, product design and manufacturing operations. We have completed the European Union Medical Device Regulation (MDR) final
 audit, the last step in obtaining an MDR certificate and CE marking, demonstrating Femasys' compliance with the highest required regulatory standards.

 We inspect, test, and assemble our products under strict manufacturing processes supported by internal policies and procedures with significant CMC and device manufacturing infrastructure. We perform our own final quality
 control testing of each product and product candidate, and we have complete control over all aspects of the manufacturing process and are compliant with QSR good manufacturing practice regulations applicable to our products.

 Our suppliers are managed through our supplier management program that is focused on reducing supply chain risk. Key aspects of this program include managing component inventory at the supplier and second sourcing
 approaches for specific suppliers. Typically, our outside vendors produce the components to our specifications and in many instances to our designs. Our suppliers are audited periodically by our quality department to ensure conformity with the
 specifications, policies and procedures for our products. In addition, we and our suppliers are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by U.S. and international regulatory authorities to ensure compliance with quality regulations. We believe
 that, if necessary, alternative sources of supply would be available in a relatively short period of time and on commercially reasonable terms. We also contract with a supplier who private labels HSG catheters which are sold in our name.

 We do not have long-term supply agreements and we purchase certain components for our products on a purchase order basis. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply of certain components of our
 products. If our current third-party suppliers cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace those suppliers. Although we believe that there are several potential alternative suppliers who could provide these components, we may incur
 added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement.

 Finally, for our products and product candidates, we utilize third-party sterilizers to ensure these single-use products are packaged and shipped sterile for use. If our current contract sterilizer(s) cannot continue to
 perform as agreed, we may be required to identify and contract with another third-party contract sterilizer which may incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement.

 Competition

 The markets in which we compete are highly competitive and in limited areas are characterized by rapid and significant technological change. To compete successfully, we need to continue to demonstrate the advantages of
 our products and product candidates compared to both well-established and new alternative procedures, products and technologies, and convince physicians and other healthcare decision makers of the advantages of our products and technologies.

 With respect to our permanent birth control solution, we expect to compete with surgical tubal ligation, vasectomies for women's partners, other methods of non-permanent birth control, including devices such as IUDs,
 prescription drugs such as the birth control pill and injectable and implantable contraceptives and patches, and other contraceptive and birth control methods. There is no directly competing non-surgical, non-implant permanent birth control product
 currently on the market, or, to our knowledge, in development.

 With respect to our artificial insemination solution, we expect to compete with IUI, IVF/ ICSI and fertility-enhancing pharmaceuticals currently in the market and those in clinical and preclinical development. While there
 is one direct competitor in our segment of the product category of artificial insemination, only our product achieves localized directional delivery for intratubal insemination, there are alternatives, such as IUI and IVF/ ICSI. Leading companies
 that produce IUI devices include Cook Medical LLC, a subsidiary of Cook Group, Inc., Cooper Surgical, Inc., MedGyn Products, Inc. and Rocket Medical LLC.

 With respect to our tissue sampling product, there are other procedures used in women's health to evaluate the cervical canal, such as the Pap test, HPV test and colposcopy, which are well established and pervasive.
 Companies such as Dysis Medical and Guided Therapeutics are also developing cervical tissue sampling product candidates.

 Many of our competitors have access to greater resources required to develop and market a competitive product than we do. In addition, new competition and products may arise due to consolidation within the industry and
 other companies may develop products that could compete with our products or product candidates, and there may be product candidates in early stages of development of which we are not aware.

 Sales & Marketing

 FemaSeed – Our Artificial Intratubal Insemination Solution.

 With the 510(k) clearance from the FDA and regulatory approval from Health Canada for FemaSeed, we are in the process of recruiting, hiring and training a direct sales force for commercialization. We will seek to recruit
 representatives with strong sales backgrounds and experience in medical device sales, and with possible existing relationships with reproductive endocrinologists and gynecologists. We intend to focus the significant majority of our sales and
 marketing efforts in North America and continue to utilize distribution partners for international markets. While we have received regulatory clearance and marketing authorization in United States, Europe, Canada, and Japan for the FemVue device,
 our main commercial priority is North America where we expect to begin to commercialize and market our FemaSeed product and generate revenue from product sales.

 Through a specialized and dedicated direct sales organization, we plan to target the approximately 1,700 reproductive endocrinologists at 450 practices who are trained and have experience performing infertility
 procedures. Specifically, we intend to initially target the approximately 50 practices that are currently customers purchasing the FemVue device. Over 50% of the practices representing approximately 60% of the assisted reproduction cycles performed
 are located in 8 states, which will be prioritized.

 We plan to engage in awareness raising activities, highlighting the benefits of our FemaSeed product in jurisdictions where we are approved to market. We also intend to promote broader awareness of the FemaSeed product as
 a first-line therapeutic option for infertility and those seeking artificial intratubal insemination for pregnancy among patients and physicians.

 FemBloc – Our Permanent Birth Control Solution.

 We ultimately plan to use our gynecologist-focused sales force for FemBloc, if approved, to introduce those doctors to FemaSeed and broaden our sales force reach for our infertility treatment beyond our initial focus on
 reproductive endocrinologists. If approved, we expect to recruit, hire and train additional sales representatives for our direct sales force in the United States for FemBloc. We will seek to recruit representatives with strong sales backgrounds and
 experience in medical device sales, and preferably with relationships with gynecologists. We intend to focus the significant majority of our sales and marketing efforts in the United States and continue to utilize distribution partners for
 international markets. Through our specialized and dedicated direct sales organization, we plan to target the approximately 40,000 gynecologists who are trained and have experience performing gynecologic procedures and offering family planning.
 Over 60% of the practices representing over 60% of reproductive-aged women are located in 13 states, which will be prioritized.

 Based on our clinical experience to date, we believe that physicians experienced in intrauterine procedures, such as IUD, will require minimal training to start utilizing our FemBloc system as is the case for our FemaSeed
 product. Additional sonographic training will be required for the healthcare practitioners or sonographers that will support the ultrasound confirmation test. Based on our clinical experience to date, we believe the physicians and sonographers will
 require minimal training and it can be accomplished largely online. We expect to begin building our sales organization prior to potential FDA approval of the product candidate.

 We plan to engage in awareness raising activities, highlighting the benefits of our FemBloc system in jurisdictions where we are approved to market. We also intend to promote broader awareness of the FemBloc system as the
 first non-surgical, non-implant option for permanent birth control among patients and physicians.

 Reimbursement

 In the United States, we expect to derive nearly all of our revenue initially from the sale of our infertility product portfolio, including the FemaSeed and FemVue products to fertility practices, which typically bill the
 patient directly or for those that have insurance coverage, various third-party payors, including private insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other healthcare-related organizations. For those that file with insurance, we
 expect that any portion of the costs and fees associated with our FemaSeed product that are not covered by these third-party payors, such as deductibles or copayments, will be billed directly to the patient by the provider. Third-party payors
 require physicians and hospitals to identify the product and service for which they are seeking reimbursement by using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, which are created and maintained by the American Medical Association, or AMA. As
 intrauterine insemination has been widely used in patients for decades in the United States, reimbursement codes and payments are well-established and the procedure may be covered by private health insurance plans. Established reimbursement codes
 are available for the diagnosis of the fallopian tubes and the procedure may be covered by private health insurance plans. Outside the United States, reimbursement levels vary significantly by country and by region, particularly based on whether
 the country or region at issue maintains a single-payor system; patient direct pay is also an option. Annual healthcare budgets generally determine the number of intrauterine insemination treatments that will be paid for by the payor in these
 single-payor system countries and regions. Reimbursement is obtained from a variety of sources, including government-sponsored and private health insurance plans, and combinations of both.

 In the United States, we expect to derive nearly all of our revenue from the sale of our FemBloc system to gynecology offices, which typically bill various third-party payors, including Medicare, Medicaid, private
 insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other healthcare-related organizations. In addition, we expect that any portion of the costs and fees associated with our FemBloc system that are not covered by these third-party payors,
 such as deductibles or co-payments, will be billed directly to the patient by the provider. We anticipate that the FemBloc system will be covered under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as an FDA approved permanent birth control product in a unique
 category. Some amendments have been added to the ACA including religious and moral exceptions and some states and insurance companies have additional limits. According to HealthCare.gov. under ACA, an insured patient's plan must cover
 contraceptives without charging a copayment or coinsurance when provided by an in-network provider, even if the patient has not met their deductible.

 We expect to seek two category I codes for the procedures and according to AMA, the CPT requirements for Category I include documenting clinical efficacy in up to five peer-reviewed publications with a minimum of one with
 U.S. patient populations and two with different patient populations. Physician reimbursement under Medicare is generally based on a defined fee schedule, or the Physician Fee Schedule, through which payment amounts are determined by the relative
 value of the service rendered by the physician. Medicare generally provides reimbursement to hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers for SNM therapy under the hospital outpatient prospective payment system and the Ambulatory Surgical Center
 Payment System, respectively, which reimburse to the hospital or ambulatory surgical center, as applicable, a bundled amount generally intended to cover all facility costs related to procedures performed in the outpatient setting. Ambulatory
 Payment Classification (APC) for payment on Medical Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) are used extensively by commercial payers and the FemBloc procedure is expected to map APC level 4 gynecologic procedures with a payment of $2,498
 (tubal ligation). Reimbursement rates will vary based on several factors, including but not limited to the payor, geographic location, the procedure performed, contract terms, the facility in which the procedure is performed and other factors.

 Outside the United States, reimbursement levels vary significantly by country and by region, particularly based on whether the country or region at issue maintains a single-payor system. Annual healthcare budgets
 generally determine the number of permanent birth control procedures that will be paid for by the payor in these single-payor system countries and regions. Reimbursement is obtained from a variety of sources, including government-sponsored and
 private health insurance plans, and combinations of both. Some countries or regions may require us to gather additional clinical data before granting coverage and reimbursement for our FemBloc system. We intend to work with payors to obtain
 coverage and reimbursement approval in countries and regions where it makes economic sense to do so.

 Intellectual Property

 Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, in particular, our patent rights, preserve the confidentiality of our trade
 secrets, and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and other proprietary rights of third parties. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright and other intellectual property rights and measures to
 protect the intellectual property rights that we consider important to our business. We also rely on know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position.

 We seek to protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants and others who may have access to
 our proprietary information. However, trade secrets and proprietary information can be difficult to protect. While we have confidence in the measures we take to protect and preserve our trade secrets and proprietary information, such measures can
 be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets and proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

 As of December 31, 2023, we owned 48 issued U.S. patents and 132 issued foreign patents, 14 pending U.S. patent applications and 25 pending foreign patent applications. These issued patents, and any patents granted from
 such applications, are expected to expire between 2024 and 2046, without taking potential patent term extensions or adjustments into account. We believe that the patents expiring in 2024 are not material to our business.

 In the United States, our FemBloc patent portfolio includes two patent families. They include granted utility and design patents providing protection until at least 2025 and 2030, including any eligible patent term
 adjustments and extensions. The utility patent family includes a pending patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2025, plus any eligible patent term adjustments and extensions. Our FemVue patent portfolio includes
 five patent families. The five patent families include granted utility and design patents providing protection until at least 2026 and 2028, with one Chinese design patent expiring in 2024. The two utility patent families include pending patent
 applications, which if granted, could result in patents expiring in 2028, plus any eligible patent term adjustments and extensions. Our FemChec patent portfolio includes five patent families. The five patent families include granted utility and
 design patents providing protection until at least 2026, 2028, 2029 2032, and 2046. The utility patent family includes a pending patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2028, plus any eligible patent term
 adjustments and extensions. Our FemaSeed patent portfolio includes three patent families. Two patent families include granted utility and design patents providing protection until at least 2025 and 2044. The third (utility) patent family includes a
 pending patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in at least 2042. Our FemCerv patent portfolio includes two patent families. The two patent families include granted utility and design patents providing protection
 until at least 2027, 2032, and 2033. The utility patent family includes a pending patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2033. Our FemEMB patent portfolio includes one patent family. The one patent family
 includes granted utility patents providing protection until at least 2033. The utility patent family includes a pending patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2033. Our biopolymer patent portfolio includes one
 patent family. The one patent family includes granted utility and design patents providing protection until at least 2038, and a pending utility patent application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2038. Our controlled
 delivery device patent portfolio includes one patent family. The patent family includes granted utility and design patents providing protection until at least expiring in 2035 and 2042. The utility patent family includes a pending patent
 application, which if granted, could result in a patent expiring in 2040.Our syringe lock patent portfolio includes two patent families. The patent families include granted design patents providing protection until at least 2038 and 2044, and
 pending design applications, that is granted, could result in patents expiring in 2038 and later. Our Varilock patent portfolio includes two patent families, including pending utility and design patent applications that if granted, could result in
 patents expiring in 2035 and later. Our FemCath patent portfolio includes one patent family, including a design patent that expires in 2026, plus any eligible patent term adjustments and extensions. There can be no assurance that the pending patent
 application will be granted. Our material international patents and patent applications include granted design and utility patents, as applicable, with similar overview detail as with the US patent application, including in Canada, China, Hong
 Kong, European Union, India, Japan, South Korea and Brazil.

 The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term for patents in the countries in which they are granted. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest claimed
 filing date of a nonprovisional patent application in the applicable country. In the United States, a patent's term may, in certain cases, be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the United
 States Patent and Trademark Office in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over a commonly owned patent or a patent naming a common inventor and having an earlier expiration date. We cannot be
 sure that our pending patent applications that we have filed or may file in the future will result in issued patents, and we can give no assurance that any patents that have issued or might issue in the future will protect our current or future
 products, will provide us with any competitive advantage, and will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented.

 For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, please see the section titled "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."

 Government Regulation

 United States

 Our products are medical devices subject to extensive and ongoing regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and its implementing regulations, as well as other federal and state regulatory
 bodies in the United States and comparable authorities in other countries under other statutes and regulations. The laws and regulations govern, among other things, product design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing,
 packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping and reporting, clearance or approval, marketing, distribution, promotion, import and export and post-marketing surveillance. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its
 manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as issuance of warning letters, import detentions, civil monetary penalties and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecution.

 FDA's Pre-market Review Requirements

 Each medical device we seek to commercially distribute in the United States will require either a prior 510(k) clearance, unless it is exempt, a granted request for de novo classification, or a pre-market approval from
 the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes—Class I, Class II or Class III—depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to provide reasonable assurance of product safety
 and effectiveness. Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the general controls of the FDCA, such as provisions that relate to: adulteration; misbranding; registration and listing; notification, including repair, replacement,
 or refund; records and reports; and good manufacturing practices. Most Class I devices are classified as exempt from pre-market notification under section 510(k) of the FDCA, and therefore may be commercially distributed without obtaining 510(k)
 clearance from the FDA. Class II devices are subject to both general controls and special controls, which include performance standards, post market surveillance, patient registries and guidance documents. For most Class II devices, the
 manufacturer must submit to the FDA a pre-market notification requesting permission to commercially distribute the device. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life supporting or implantable devices, or
 devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in Class III. A Class III device cannot be marketed in the United States unless the FDA approves the device after submission of a PMA. However, there are
 some Class III pre-amendment devices for which the FDA has not yet called for a PMA. These devices require a PMA only after the FDA publishes a regulation calling for PMA submissions. Prior to the PMA effective date, the manufacturer must submit a
 510(k) pre-market notification and obtain clearance in order to commercially distribute these devices. The FDA can also impose sales, marketing or other restrictions on devices in order to assure that they are used in a safe and effective manner.

 510(k) Clearance Pathway

 When a 510(k) clearance is required, we must submit a pre-market notification to the FDA demonstrating that our proposed device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, which may be a previously cleared and
 legally marketed 510(k) device or a device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or a device that that was de novo classified under section 513(f)(2) of the FDCA. To demonstrate substantial equivalence, the manufacturer must show
 that the proposed device has the same intended use as the predicate device, and it either has the same technological characteristics, or different technological characteristics and the information in the pre-market notification demonstrates that
 the device is as safe and effective as the predicate device and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness. Demonstrating substantial equivalence requires non-clinical performance data and, in some cases, clinical data. If the
 FDA determines that the device is not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared device, the FDA will place the device into Class III.

 There are three types of 510(k)s: traditional; special; and abbreviated. Special 510(k)s are for devices that are modified by the manufacturer legally authorized to market the device, and where performance data are
 unnecessary, or if performance data are necessary, well-established methods are available to evaluate the change, and the performance data necessary to support substantially equivalent (SE) can be reviewed in a summary or risk analysis format.
 Abbreviated 510(k)s are for devices that conform to a recognized standard. The special and abbreviated 510(k)s are intended to streamline review, and the FDA intends to process special 510(k)s within 30 days of receipt. The FDA also recently
 established the Safety and Performance Based Pathway that is an expansion of the concept of the abbreviated 510(k) pathway for certain, well understood device types, and provides the option to use FDA-identified performance criteria to demonstrate
 that a device is as safe and effective as a predicate device.

 De Novo Classification

 Medical device types that the FDA has not previously classified as Class I, II or III are automatically classified into Class III regardless of the level of risk they pose. The Food and Drug Administration Modernization
 Act of 1997 established a new route to market for low to moderate risk medical devices that are automatically placed into Class III due to the absence of a predicate device, called the "Request for Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation," or
 the de novo classification procedure. This procedure allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request de novo classification of its medical device into Class I
 or Class II on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, and that general controls alone, or general and special controls, provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for the intended use and that the probable benefits
 of the device outweigh the probable risks.

 The FDA has issued several guidance documents addressing the de novo classification process and the contents of de novo classification requests, but the FDA has not yet issued regulations governing the de novo
 classification process. On December 7, 2018, the FDA published a proposed rule to establish regulations for the de novo classification process. The proposed regulations, if finalized, are intended to provide structure, clarity and transparency on
 the de novo classification process, including requirements related to the format and content of de novo requests, as well as processes and criteria for accepting, granting, declining and withdrawing de novo requests.

 Under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA), the FDA is required to issue an order classifying the device within 120 days following receipt of the de novo request, but in practice the time
 for FDA review of de novo classification requests is significantly longer. Under the Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act (FDARA), Congress implemented user fees for de novo classification requests and the FDA committed to performance
 goals for their review. If the manufacturer seeks de novo classification into Class II, the manufacturer must include a draft proposal for special controls that are necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the
 medical device. In addition, the FDA may decline the de novo classification request if it identifies a legally marketed predicate device, or determines that general controls or general and special controls are insufficient to provide reasonable
 assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device, or that the probable benefits of the device do not outweigh the probable risks. Devices that are classified into class I or class II in response to a de novo classification request may be
 marketed and used as predicates for future premarket notification 510(k) submissions.

 Pre-market Approval Pathway

 A pre-market approval application must be submitted to the FDA for all Class III devices other than preamendment Class III devices for which the FDA has not yet required a PMA. The pre-market approval application process
 is much more demanding than the 510(k) pre-market notification process. A pre-market approval application must be supported by extensive data, including but not limited to technical, preclinical and clinical trial data, and manufacturing and
 labeling information to demonstrate to the FDA's satisfaction a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device.

 Within 45 days after submission of a PMA application, the FDA will determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review and thus whether the FDA will file the application for review.
 The FDA has a performance goal of issuing a decision on original PMAs that do not require input from an advisory committee within 180 FDA Days, which excludes days during which an agency request for additional information is pending with the
 applicant. The total time for FDA review of an application generally occurs over a significantly longer period of time and can take a year, or even longer. During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of
 the information already provided. Also, an advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. Although the FDA is not
 bound by the advisory panel decision and may or may not accept the panel's recommendations, the panel's recommendations are important to the FDA's overall decision making process. In addition, the FDA may conduct a preapproval inspection of the
 manufacturing facility to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation, or QSR. The agency also may inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with the FDA's regulations.

 The FDA allows applicants to submit discrete sections (modules) of the PMA to the FDA for review soon after completing the testing and analysis. The FDA intends the modular review approach to provide a mechanism by which
 applicants may submit preclinical data and manufacturing information for review while still collecting, compiling, and analyzing the clinical data. Therefore, a modular PMA is a compilation of sections or "modules" submitted at different times that
 together become a complete application. Additionally, the modular approach allows the applicant to potentially resolve any deficiencies noted by the FDA earlier in the review process than would occur with a traditional PMA application.

 During the PMA review, the FDA assesses whether the data and information in the PMA constitute valid scientific evidence to support a determination that there is a reasonable assurance that the device is safe and
 effective for its intended use(s) based on the proposed labeling. Upon completion of the PMA review, the FDA may: (i) approve the PMA which authorizes commercial marketing with specific prescribing information for one or more indications, and which
 can be more limited than those originally sought; (ii) issue an approvable letter which indicates the FDA's belief that the PMA is approvable and states what additional information the FDA requires, or the post-approval commitments that must be
 agreed to prior to approval; (iii) issue a not approvable letter which outlines steps required for approval, but which are typically more onerous than those in an approvable letter, and may require additional clinical trials that are often
 expensive and time consuming and can delay approval for months or even years; or (iv) deny the application. If the FDA issues an approvable or not approvable letter, the applicant has 180 days to respond, after which the FDA's review clock is
 reset. If the FDA issues a PMA approval, the approval may contain post approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution, and
 collection of long-term follow-up data from patients in the clinical trial that supported a PMA or requirements to conduct additional clinical trials post-approval.

 Certain changes to an approved device, such as changes in manufacturing facilities, methods, or quality control procedures, or changes in the design performance specifications, which affect the safety or effectiveness of
 the device, require submission and approval of a PMA supplement. Certain other changes to an approved device require the submission and approval of a new PMA, such as when the design change leads to a different intended use, mode of operation, and
 technical basis of operation, or when the design change is so significant that a new generation of the device will be developed, and the originally submitted data are not applicable to the change.

 Clinical Trials

 Clinical trials are almost always required to support pre-market approval, are often required for de novo classification, and are sometimes required for 510(k) clearance. In the United States, for significant risk
 devices, these trials require submission of an IDE application to the FDA. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing it is safe to test the device in humans and that the
 testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE must be approved in advance by the FDA for a specific number of patients at specified study sites. During the trial, the sponsor must comply with the FDA's IDE requirements for investigator
 selection, trial monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping. The investigators must obtain patient informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and study protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices and comply with all
 reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Clinical trials for significant risk devices may not begin until the IDE application is approved by the FDA. An IDE application is considered approved 30 days after it has been received by the FDA, unless
 the agency otherwise informs the sponsor via email prior to 30 calendar days from the date of receipt, that the IDE is approved, approved with conditions, or disapproved. In addition, the study must be approved by, and conducted under the oversight
 of an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designated to review and monitor medical research involving subjects and which has the authority to approve, require modifications in, or
 disapprove research to protect the rights, safety and welfare of human research subjects. A nonsignificant risk device does not require FDA approval of an IDE; however, the clinical trial must still be conducted in compliance with abbreviated IDE
 requirements such as monitoring of the investigation, ensuring that the investigators obtain informed consent, and labeling and record-keeping requirements, and be approved by an IRB at the clinical trial sites. The FDA or the IRB at each site at
 which a clinical trial is being performed may withdraw approval of a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the benefits or a failure to comply with FDA or IRB requirements. Even
 if a trial is completed, the results of clinical testing may not demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device, may be equivocal or may otherwise not be sufficient to obtain approval or clearance of the product.

 Sponsors of certain clinical trials of devices are required to register with clinicaltrials.gov, a public database of clinical trial information. Information related to the device, patient population, phase of
 investigation, study sites and investigators and other aspects of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration.

 Ongoing Regulation by the FDA

 Even after a device receives clearance, grant of a de novo classification request or approval and is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include:

 •

 establishment registration and device listing;

 •

 the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which requires manufacturers, including third-party contract manufacturers, to follow stringent design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures
 during all aspects of the manufacturing process;

 •

 labeling regulations and the FDA prohibitions against the promotion of products for uncleared or unapproved uses ("off-label" uses) and other requirements related to promotional activities, including the
 advertising of restricted devices;

 •

 medical device reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury, or if their device malfunctioned and the device
 or a similar device marketed by the manufacturer would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur;

 •

 corrections and removal reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA field corrections or removals if undertaken to reduce a risk to health posed by a device or to remedy a violation
 of the FDCA that may present a risk to health; and

 •

 post market surveillance regulations, which apply to certain Class II or III devices when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional safety and efficacy data for the device.

 After a device receives 510(k) clearance or is de novo classified, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, will require a
 new clearance or possibly even a new de novo classification or PMA supplement. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination initially, but the FDA can review any such decision and can disagree with a manufacturer's determination.
 If the FDA disagrees with our determination not to seek a new 510(k) clearance, the FDA may retroactively require us to seek 510(k) clearance or possibly de novo classification or PMA supplement. The FDA could also require us to cease marketing and
 distribution and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, or pre-market approval is obtained. Also, in these circumstances, we may be subject to enforcement actions.

 Some changes to an approved PMA device, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new PMA or PMA supplement, as appropriate, before the
 change can be implemented. Supplements to a PMA often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change
 from the device covered by the original PMA. The FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing PMA supplements as it does in reviewing original PMAs.

 FDA regulations require us to register as a medical device manufacturer with the FDA. Additionally, the California Department of Health Services, or CDHS, requires us to register as a medical device manufacturer within
 the state. Our manufacturing processes are required to comply with the applicable portions of the QSR, which cover the methods and the facilities and controls for the design, manufacture, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance,
 labeling, packaging, distribution, installation and servicing of finished devices intended for human use. As a manufacturer, our facilities, records and manufacturing processes are subject to periodic scheduled or unscheduled inspections by the FDA
 and the CDHS. Our failure to maintain compliance with the QSR could result in the shutdown of, or restrictions on, our manufacturing operations and the recall or seizure of our products. We have undergone and expect to continue to undergo regular
 QSR inspections in connection with the manufacture of our products at our facilities. Further, the FDA requires us to comply with various FDA requirements regarding labeling and promotion. Failure by us or by our suppliers to comply with applicable
 regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA or state authorities, which may include any of the following sanctions:

 •

 warning or untitled letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; customer notifications, voluntary or mandatory recall or seizure of our products;

 •

 operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production;

 •

 delay in processing submissions or applications for new products or modifications to existing products;

 •

 withdrawing PMA approvals that have already been granted; and

 •

 criminal prosecution.

 The Medical Device Reporting laws and regulations require us to provide information to the FDA when we receive or otherwise become aware of information that reasonably suggests our device may have caused or contributed to
 a death or serious injury, or has malfunctioned and the device or a similar device that we market would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur. In addition, the FDA prohibits an approved
 device from being marketed for off-label use. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off label uses may be subject to
 significant liability, including substantial monetary penalties and criminal prosecution.

 Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product's labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk
 management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA's policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory clearance or approval of our products under
 development.

 We are also subject to other federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices.

 European Union

 Our products are regulated in the European Union as medical devices under Directive 93/42/EEC on Medical Devices, also known as the Medical Devices Directive. The Medical Devices Directive requires medical devices to meet
 the essential requirements which are enumerated in the annexes to the Directive. Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the Conformit Europ ene, or CE, mark to our products, without which they cannot be sold or
 marketed in the EEA. To demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements we must perform a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification.

 Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I non-sterile, non-measuring devices), where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the
 essential requirements of the EU Medical Devices Directive, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of an organization accredited by a member state of the EEA to conduct conformity assessments, or a notified body. Depending on
 the relevant conformity assessment procedure, the notified body would typically audit and examine the technical file and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of our devices. The notified body issues a certificate of
 conformity following successful completion of a conformity assessment procedure conducted in relation to the medical device and its manufacturer and their conformity with the essential requirements. This certificate entitles the manufacturer to
 affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a related EC Declaration of Conformity.

 As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the essential requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and
 performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse
 events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence.

 In April 2017, the EU adopted a new Medical Devices Regulation (EU) 2017/745, or the Medical Devices Regulation, which will repeal and replace the Medical Devices Directive with effect from May 26, 2021. The Medical
 Devices Regulation envisages, among other things, stricter controls of medical devices, including strengthening of the conformity assessment procedures, increased expectations as regards to clinical data for devices and pre-market regulatory review
 of high-risk devices. Under transitional provisions, medical devices with notified body certificates issued under the Medical Devices Directive prior to May 26, 2021 may continue to be placed on the market for the remaining validity of the
 certificate, until May 27, 2024 at the latest. After the expiry of any applicable transitional period, only devices that have been CE marked under the Medical Devices Regulation may be placed on the market in the EEA

 Other Regions

 Most major markets have different levels of regulatory requirements for medical devices. Modifications to the cleared or approved products may require a new regulatory submission in all major markets. The regulatory
 requirements, and the review time, vary significantly from country to country. Products can also be marketed in other countries that have minimal requirements for medical devices.

 Fraud and Abuse and Other Healthcare Regulations

 Federal and state governmental agencies and equivalent foreign authorities subject the healthcare industry to intense regulatory scrutiny, including heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. These laws constrain
 the sales, marketing and other promotional activities of medical device manufacturers by limiting the kinds of financial arrangements we may have with hospitals, physicians and other potential purchasers of our products. Federal healthcare fraud
 and abuse laws apply to our business when a customer submits a claim for an item or service that is reimbursed under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally-funded healthcare programs. Patient privacy statutes and regulations by foreign, federal and
 state governments may also apply in the locations in which we do business. Descriptions of some of the U.S. laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate follows.

 Federal Healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute

 The federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or
 covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order of any good or service for which payment may be made,
 in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The term "remuneration" has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, and the government can establish a violation of the Anti-Kickback
 Statute without proving that a person or entity had actual knowledge of the law or a specific intent to violate it. In addition, the government may assert that a claim, including items or services resulting from a violation of the Anti-Kickback
 Statute, constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. The Anti-Kickback Statute is subject to evolving interpretations and has been applied by government enforcement officials to a number of common
 business arrangements in the medical device industry. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain business arrangements from prosecution under the Anti-Kickback Statute; however, those exceptions and
 safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and there is no exception or safe harbor for many common business activities, such as reimbursement support programs, educational and research grants or charitable donations. The failure of a transaction or
 arrangement to fit precisely within one or more applicable statutory exceptions or regulatory safe harbors does not necessarily mean that it is illegal or that prosecution will be pursued. However, conduct and business arrangements that do not
 fully satisfy all requirements of an applicable safe harbor may result in increased scrutiny by government enforcement authorities and will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all facts and circumstances.

 Federal Civil False Claims Act

 The federal civil False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of government funds, or knowingly
 making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. A claim including items or services resulting from a
 violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. Actions under the False Claims Act may be brought by the government or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of
 the government. These individuals, sometimes known as "relators" or, more commonly, as "whistleblowers," may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. The number of filings of qui tam actions has increased
 significantly in recent years. Qui tam actions are filed under seal and impose a mandatory duty on the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate such allegations. Most private citizen actions are declined by the Department of Justice or dismissed
 by federal courts. However, the investigation costs for a company can be significant and material even if the allegations are without merit. Various states have adopted laws similar to the False Claims Act, and many of these state laws are broader
 in scope and apply to all payors, and therefore, are not limited to only those claims submitted to the federal government. Medical device manufacturers and other healthcare companies also are subject to other federal false claims laws, including,
 among others, federal criminal healthcare fraud and false statement statutes that extend to non-government health benefit programs.

 Healthcare Fraud Statute

 The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and its implementing regulations created federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or
 attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent
 statement or representation, or making or using any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry, in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits,
 items or services.

 Federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act

 The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance
 Program to report annually with certain exceptions to CMS information related to payments or other transfers of value made to a physician or teaching hospital, or to a third party at the request of a physician or teaching hospital, and requires
 applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMS ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers also are required to report
 information regarding payments and transfers of value provided to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists and certified nurse-midwives.

 Patient Data Privacy

 HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act), and their implementing regulations impose obligations on covered entities, such as health plans, healthcare
 clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, as well as business associates that provide services involving the use or disclosure of personal health information to or on behalf of covered entities. These obligations, such as mandatory
 contractual terms, relate to safeguarding the privacy and security of protected health information. Many states also have laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other
 in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA.

 Other State Laws

 Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, impose restrictions on device manufacturer marketing practices and/or require tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other
 remuneration to healthcare professionals and entities.

 State and federal regulatory and enforcement agencies continue to actively investigate violations of healthcare laws and regulations, and the U.S. Congress continues to strengthen the arsenal of enforcement tools. Most
 recently, the Bipartisan Budget Act (BBA) of 2018 increased the criminal and civil penalties that can be imposed for violating certain federal healthcare laws, including the Anti-Kickback Statute. Enforcement agencies also continue to pursue novel
 theories of liability under these laws. In particular, government agencies recently have increased regulatory scrutiny and enforcement activity with respect to manufacturer reimbursement support activities and other patient support programs,
 including bringing criminal charges or civil enforcement actions under the Anti-Kickback Statute, federal civil False Claims Act and violations of healthcare fraud and HIPAA privacy provisions.

 Enforcement and Penalties for Noncompliance with Fraud and Abuse Laws and Regulations

 Compliance with these federal and state laws and regulations requires substantial resources. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that
 apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs,
 reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Companies settling federal civil False Claims Act, Anti-Kickback Statute and other fraud and abuse cases also
 may be required to enter into a Corporate Integrity Agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General in order to avoid exclusion from participation (i.e., loss of coverage for their products) in federal
 healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Corporate Integrity Agreements typically impose substantial costs on companies to ensure compliance.

 For additional information regarding obligations under federal healthcare statues and regulations, please see the section titled "Risk Factors—If we fail to comply with U.S. federal and state fraud and abuse laws and
 regulations, including those relating to kickbacks and false claims for reimbursement, we could face substantial penalties and our business operations and financial condition could be adversely affected."

 United States Healthcare Reform

 There have been and continue to be proposals by the federal government, state governments, regulators and third-party payors to control or manage the increased costs of healthcare and, more generally,
 to reform the U.S. healthcare system.

 For example, in the United States, in March 2010, the ACA was enacted. The ACA contains a number of significant provisions, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and
 fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs.

 Some of the provisions of the ACA have yet to be fully implemented, while certain provisions have been subject to judicial and Congressional challenges. Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and
 replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, includes
 a provision that decreased the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year, commonly referred to as the "individual mandate," to $0,
 effective January 1, 2019. On December 14, 2018, a federal district court in Texas ruled the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the ACA, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax Act, the remaining
 provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and remanded the case to the lower court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the
 full ACA. On March 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case and held oral arguments on November 10, 2020. In June 2021, the United States Supreme Court held that the individual
 plaintiffs and states lacked standing to challenge the constitutionality of the ACA.

 On January 22, 2018, former President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain ACA-mandated fees, including the so-called "Cadillac" tax on
 certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices; however, on December 20, 2019, former
 President Trump signed into law the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1865), which repealed the Cadillac tax, the health insurance provider tax, and the medical device excise tax. Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted
 in the United States since the ACA was enacted. The BBA, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the "donut hole."

 In December 2018, CMS published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain ACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the Affordable Care Act risk adjustment program in
 response to the outcome of the federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. Since then, the ACA risk adjustment program payment parameters have been updated annually. In addition, CMS published
 a final rule that would give states greater flexibility, starting in 2020, in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA
 for plans sold through such marketplaces.

 In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, which, among other things, includes reductions to
 Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action
 is taken. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the
 government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

 Under the former Trump administration, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several U.S. Congressional
 inquiries and proposed, and enacted federal and state legislation designed to bring transparency to product pricing and reduce the cost of products and services under government healthcare programs. At this time, it is unclear whether the current
 administration will continue to pursue legislative and/or administrative measures to control product costs. Additionally, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what products
 to purchase and which suppliers will be included in their healthcare programs.

 Employees and Human Capital Resources

 As of December 31, 2023, we employed 32 full-time employees and two part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe
 our employee relations are good.

 We recognize that attracting, motivating and retaining talent at all levels is vital to our continued success. Our employees are a significant asset and we aim to create an equitable, inclusive and empowering environment
 in which our employees can grow and advance their careers, with the overall goal of developing, expanding and retaining our workforce to support our current pipeline and future business goals. By focusing on employee retention and engagement, we
 also improve our ability to support our clinical trials, our pipeline, our platform technologies, business and operations, and also protect the long-term interests of our stakeholders. Our success also depends on our ability to attract, engage and
 retain a diverse group of employees. Our efforts to recruit and retain a diverse and passionate workforce include providing competitive compensation and benefits packages and ensuring we listen to our employees.

 We value innovation, passion, data-driven decision making, persistence and honesty, and are building a diverse environment where our employees can thrive and be inspired to make exceptional contributions to bring novel
 and proprietary diagnostic and device solutions to disrupt the approaches to women's health worldwide.

 Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, motivating and integrating our existing and future employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to
 attract, retain and motivate selected employees, consultants and directors through grants of stock-based compensation awards and payments of cash-based performance bonus awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company
 by motivating our employees to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives. We are committed to providing a competitive and comprehensive benefits package to our employees. Our benefits package provides a balance of protection
 along with the flexibility to meet the individual health and wellness needs of our employees. We plan to continue to refine our efforts related to optimizing our use of human capital as we grow, including improvements in the way we hire, develop,
 motivate, and retain employees.

 Facilities

 We produce all of our products and product candidates in-house at our facility in Suwanee, Georgia which, together with our research and development, controlled environment room and office space, currently totals
 approximately 41,000 square feet. We believe that our Georgia facility meets our current needs and that suitable additional alternative spaces will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.

 Legal Proceedings

 We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings the outcome of which we believe, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, operating
 results or financial condition. We have received, and may from time to time receive, letters from third parties alleging patent infringement, violation of employment practices or trademark infringement, and we may in the future participate in
 litigation to defend ourselves. We cannot predict the results of any such disputes, and despite the potential outcomes, the existence thereof may have an adverse material impact on us due to diversion of management time and attention as well as the
 financial costs related to resolving such disputes.

 About Us and Available Information

 Femasys Inc. was incorporated in Delaware on February 19, 2004 and is headquartered in Suwanee, Georgia.

 We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information
 that issuers (including us) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC's website is www.sec.gov.

 Our website is www.femasys.com.
 We make available, free of charge, through our website: our annual reports on Form 10-K; quarterly reports on Form 10-Q; current reports on Form 8-K; Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers; and any amendments to
 those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. We also make
 available, through our website, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the charters of the Audit Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, our Code of Business Conduct and
 Ethics and other information and materials. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. These risks include, but are not limited to, those described below, each of which may be relevant to an investment
 decision. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and related notes and Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis
 of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." before deciding to invest in our common stock. The realization of any of these risks could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations
 and growth, and our ability to accomplish our strategic objectives. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or
 that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations and the market value of our common stock.

 Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

 We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, we expect to incur operating losses in the future and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. We have
 limited history operating as a commercial company.

 We have incurred net losses since our inception and expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had net losses of $14,247,124 and
 $11,394,170, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $108,381,629. Based on our current operating plan, our current cash and cash equivalents and revenue are expected to be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations
 into the second half of 2025. Our estimate as to how long we expect our existing cash and cash equivalents and revenue to be able to continue to fund our operations is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available
 capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner
 than planned.

 To date, we have financed our operations primarily through our initial public offering, private placements of our common and convertible preferred stock, sales of common stock under an at-the market-agreement and
 convertible notes and warrants. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to development activities related to our FemBloc system and FemaSeed product, including research and development and clinical and regulatory initiatives.

 We expect that our operating expenses will continue to increase as we continue to build our infrastructure, develop, enhance and commercialize new products and incur additional operational costs associated with being a
 public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve profitability. Furthermore, even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability
 on an ongoing basis. If we do not achieve or sustain profitability, it will be more difficult for us to finance our business and accomplish our strategic objectives, either of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
 condition and results of operations and cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In addition, failure of our FemBloc solution to be approved to market, or to significantly penetrate existing or new markets with our products would
 negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 We need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which could force us to delay or reduce our commercialization efforts or product development
 programs.

 Based on our current operating plan, our current cash, cash equivalents and revenue are expected to be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations into the second half of 2025. However, we have based these estimates on
 assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. Any future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 •

 The initiation, scope, rate of enrollment, progress, success, and cost of our current or future clinical trials;

 •

 The cost of our research and development activities;

 •

 The acceptance of our clinical trial data by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities;

 •

 Patient, physician and market acceptance of our intrauterine artificial insemination product and permanent birth control system women-specific medical product solutions;

 •

 The cost of filing and prosecuting patent applications and defending and enforcing our patent or other intellectual property rights;

 •

 The cost of defending, in litigation or otherwise, any claims that we infringe third-party patents or other intellectual property rights;

 •

 The cost and timing of additional regulatory clearances, de novo grants or approvals;

 •

 The cost and timing of establishing additional sales and marketing capabilities;

 •

 Costs associated with any product recall that may occur;

 •

 The effect of competing technological and market developments;

 •

 The extent to which we acquire or invest in products, technologies and businesses, although we currently have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types of transactions; and

 •

 The costs of operating as a public company.

 Any additional equity or debt financing that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds by selling additional shares of our common stock or other securities
 convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of our common stock, the issuance of such securities will result in dilution to our stockholders. Furthermore, investors purchasing any securities we may issue in the future may have rights
 superior to the rights of our common stockholders.

 In addition, any future debt financing into which we enter may impose upon us covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our
 common stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third-parties, it may be necessary to relinquish some
 rights to our technologies or our products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

 Furthermore, we cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay development or
 commercialization of our products or license to third-parties the rights to commercialize products or technologies that we would otherwise seek to commercialize. We also may have to reduce commercialization efforts, customer support or other
 resources devoted to our products or cease operations. Any of these factors could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Our financial results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

 Our quarterly and annual results of operations may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter or period
 should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly and annual financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control and, as a result, may not fully reflect the
 underlying performance of our business. One such factor includes seasonal variations of sales. We may in the future experience higher sales in the fourth quarter as a result of patients having paid their annual insurance deductibles in full,
 thereby reducing their out-of-pocket costs.

 Other factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results include:

 •

 Patient and physician adoption of our FemBloc system, if approved to market;

 •

 Patient and physician adoption of our FemaSeed product;

 •

 Changes in coverage policies by third-party payors that affect the reimbursement of procedures using our products;

 •

 Unanticipated pricing pressure;

 •

 The hiring, retention and continued productivity of sales representatives;

 •

 Our ability to expand the geographic reach of our sales and marketing efforts;

 •

 Our ability to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for any products in development or for our current products for additional indications or in additional countries outside the United States;

 •

 Results of clinical research and trials on our existing products and products in development;

 •

 Delays in receipt of anticipated purchase orders;

 •

 Delays in, or failure of, component and raw material deliveries by our suppliers; and

 •

 Positive or negative coverage in the media or clinical publications of our products or products of our competitors or our industry.

 Because our quarterly and annual results may fluctuate, period-to-period comparisons may not be the best indication of the underlying results of our business and should only be relied upon as one factor in determining how
 our business is performing. These fluctuations may also increase the likelihood that we will not meet our forecasted performance, which could negatively affect the market price for our common stock.

 Our ability to use our net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

 In general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an "ownership change," generally defined as a more than 50 percentage points increase in
 ownership by value in its equity ownership by certain shareholders over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period, is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or NOLs, and its
 research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income. Certain substantial changes in our ownership between February 2004 to date will more likely than not limit our ability to utilize the amount of our existing NOLs and
 research and development credit carryforwards, and if we undergo any further ownership change, our ability to utilize NOLs and research and development credit carryforwards could be further limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. In addition,
 our ability to deduct net interest expense may be limited if we have insufficient taxable income for the year during which the interest is incurred, and any carryovers of such disallowed interest would be subject to the limitation rules similar to
 those applicable to NOLs and other attributes. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which might be beyond our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. For these reasons, in the event we experience a
 change of control, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs, research and development credit carryforwards or disallowed interest expense carryovers, even if we attain profitability.

 Risks Related to Discovery and Development

 Enrollment and retention of subjects in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside
 our control.

 We may encounter delays or difficulties in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of subjects to complete any of our clinical trials on our current timelines, or at all, and even once enrolled, we may be
 unable to retain a sufficient number of subjects to complete any of our trials. For example, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have had slower than expected site initiation and subject enrollment for our clinical trials due to subject and
 staff rescheduling, lack of available site staff and turnover and longer timelines to train staff at new sites. Slow site initiation and subject enrollment in our clinical trials has led to delays in our development timelines and may cause further
 delays in the future.

 Subject enrollment in clinical trials and completion of subject follow-up depend on many factors, including the size of the subject population, the nature of the trial protocol, the proximity of subjects to clinical
 sites, the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, subject compliance, competing clinical trials and clinicians' and 'subjects' perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product being studied in relation to other available therapies,
 including any new treatments that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. For example, subjects may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment
 procedures or follow-up to assess the safety and effectiveness of a product candidate, or they may be persuaded to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of a competitor's product candidate. In addition, patients participating in our
 clinical trials may drop out before completion of the trial or experience adverse medical events unrelated to our products. Delays in subject enrollment or failure of subjects to continue to participate in a clinical trial may delay commencement or
 completion of the clinical trial, cause an increase in the costs of the clinical trial and delays, or result in the failure of the clinical trial.

 Delays or failures in planned site initiation and/or subject enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our product
 candidates or could render further development impossible. In addition, we rely on clinical trial sites to ensure timely conduct of our clinical trials and, while we have entered into agreements governing their services, we are limited in our
 ability to compel their actual performance.

 Our current product candidates are in various stages of development. Our product candidates may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability.
 If we fail to obtain or maintain FDA approval to market and sell our FemBloc our business will be materially harmed.

 The process of seeking regulatory approval, the grant of a de novo classification, or 510(k) clearance to market a medical device is expensive and time consuming. There can be no assurance that approval, de novo
 classification, or 510(k) clearance will be granted. If we are not successful in obtaining timely approval of our FemBloc system, we may never be able to generate significant revenue and may be forced to cease operations. The FDA approval process
 requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The de novo classification process requires
 an applicant to demonstrate that general controls, or general and special controls, are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and that the probable benefits of the device outweigh the probable risks. The de novo
 request is supported by performance data, which may include clinical data. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a device for many reasons, including:

 •

 We may not be able to demonstrate to the FDA's satisfaction that our product is safe and effective for its intended use;

 •

 The FDA may disagree that our clinical data supports the label and use that we are seeking;

 •

 The FDA may disagree that the data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials is sufficient to support marketing authorization; and

 •

 The manufacturing process and facilities we use may not meet applicable requirements.

 Obtaining approval, clearance or granted de novo classification from the FDA or any foreign regulatory authority could result in unexpected and significant costs for us and consume management's time and other resources.
 The FDA could ask us to supplement our submissions, collect additional non-clinical data, conduct additional clinical trials, prepare additional manufacturing data or information or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny
 our applications. In addition, if approved or granted approval to market, we will be required to obtain additional FDA approvals or clearances prior to making certain modification to our devices, and the FDA may revoke the approval or clearance or
 impose other restrictions if post-market data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. If we are unable to obtain and maintain the necessary regulatory approvals and clearances to market our products, our financial condition may be
 adversely affected, and our ability to grow domestically and internationally would likely be limited. Additionally, even if approved, FemBloc may not be approved for the indications that are necessary or desirable for successful commercialization
 or profitability.

 As we evolve from a company that is primarily involved in clinical development to a company that is also involved in commercialization, we may encounter
 difficulties in expanding our operations successfully.

 With the FDA clearance of FemaSeed, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, and marketing and sales capabilities and may need to further contract with third parties to
 provide these capabilities, such as collaborators, distributors, marketers and additional suppliers. We currently have limited experience as a company in or infrastructure for sales, marketing and distribution, and our operations have historically
 been limited primarily to clinical development activities.

 We intend to establish a sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize FemaSeed. This will be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, we may
 not be able to hire a sales force that is sufficient in size or has adequate expertise in the medical markets that we target. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely
 affect the commercialization of FemaSeed and other products and product candidates.

 Maintaining third-party relationships for these purposes will impose significant added responsibilities on members of our management and other personnel. We must be able to effectively manage our
 development efforts, recruit and train sales and marketing personnel, effectively manage our participation in the clinical studies in which our product candidate and any future product candidates are involved and improve our managerial,
 development, operational and finance systems, all of which may impose a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with
 third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our products.

 We are significantly dependent on the FDA's permission to market our FemBloc system, as well as market acceptance in the United States for it, and our failure to receive FDA
 authorization to market the FemBloc system or the failure of it to gain such market acceptance would negatively impact our business.

 Since our inception, we have devoted a significant amount of our efforts to the development of our intrauterine delivery technology that is the basis for our FemBloc system. We have not yet received authorization from the
 FDA to market and sell the FemBloc system in the United States. However, we will incur costs, including costs to build our sales force for commercialization of our other products, in anticipation of FDA authorization to market this system. Since
 the target service providers for our FDA-cleared FemaSeed product is different than what we anticipate for our FemBloc system, the sales force we are currently building for our FemaSeed product will not be able to be used for the FemBloc system,
 and we will need to maintain and support multiple commercialization efforts simultaneously if we are able to market both products, if we obtain authorization for FemBloc. If we are unable to obtain authorization from the FDA to market and sell
 this system in the United States and then to achieve significant market acceptance in the United States, our results of operations will be adversely affected as the United States is expected to be the principal market for this product. Further,
 because we have incurred costs prospectively in advance of FDA authorization, we would be unable to recoup these costs if the product candidate is not authorized for marketing by the FDA. We have other commercial products, but their revenue is
 currently minimal, thus, if we are unsuccessful in commercializing the FemBloc system or are unable to market the FemBloc system as a result of a quality problem, failure to maintain or obtain regulatory marketing authorizations, unexpected or
 serious complications or other unforeseen negative effects related to this system or the other factors discussed in these risk factors, we would lose an additional source of revenue, and our business will be materially adversely affected.

 The clinical development process required to obtain regulatory approvals is lengthy and expensive with uncertain outcomes, and our data developed in those clinical trials is subject
 to interpretation by FDA and foreign regulatory authorities. If clinical trials of our FemBloc system and future products do not produce results necessary to support regulatory approval, a granted de novo classification or clearance in the United
 States or, with respect to our current or future product candidates, elsewhere, we will be unable to commercialize these products and may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the
 commercialization of those products.

 We are currently seeking PMA approval for our permanent birth control solution. In order to obtain PMA approval for the FemBloc system, we must conduct well-controlled clinical trials designed to assess the safety and
 effectiveness of the product candidate. Conducting clinical trials is a complex and expensive process, can take many years, and outcomes are inherently uncertain. We incur substantial expense for, and devote significant time to, clinical trials but
 cannot be certain that the trials will ever result in commercial revenue. We may experience significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after earlier clinical trials showed promising results, and failure can occur at any time during the clinical
 development process. Any of our products may malfunction or may produce undesirable adverse effects that could cause us, institutional review boards or IRBs, or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials. We, IRBs, the FDA,
 or another regulatory authority may suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time to avoid exposing trial participants to unacceptable health risks.

 Successful results of preclinical studies are not necessarily indicative of future clinical trial results, and predecessor clinical trial results may not be replicated in subsequent clinical trials. Moreover, interim
 results or topline results may be subject to change upon full review of the data from a clinical trial. Additionally, the FDA's approval of an IDE application permits initiation of the clinical study described in the IDE application but does not
 mean that FDA agrees that the study design is appropriate or that the results of the study will be sufficient to obtain marketing authorization (i.e., PMA approval, 510(k) clearance, or grant of a de novo
 request). The FDA may disagree with our interpretation of the data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, or may find the clinical trial design, conduct or results inadequate to prove safety or effectiveness, and may require us to pursue
 additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, which could further delay the clearance, de novo classification, or approval of our products. The data we collect from our preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be sufficient to support
 FDA approval, a request for de novo classification, or clearance, and if we are unable to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our future products in our clinical trials, we will be unable to obtain regulatory approval, a granted de novo
 classification, or clearance to market our products.

 In addition, we may estimate and publicly announce the anticipated timing of the accomplishment of various clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which are often referred to as milestones. These
 milestones could include the submission to the FDA of an IDE application to commence a clinical trial for a new product candidate; the enrollment of patients in clinical trials; the release of data from clinical trials; and other clinical and
 regulatory events; and the obtainment of the right to affix the CE mark in the European Union. The actual timing of these milestones could vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. We cannot assure
 you that we will meet our projected milestones and if we do not meet these milestones as publicly announced, the commercialization of our products may be delayed and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

 Clinical trials are necessary to support PMA applications, certain de novo classification requests, and certain 510(k) premarket notifications and may be necessary to support PMA supplements or subsequent 510(k)
 submissions for modified versions of our marketed devices. This would require the enrollment of large numbers of suitable subjects, which may be difficult to identify, recruit and maintain as participants in the clinical trial. The earlier clinical
 studies involved 228 subjects and supported the IDE for the new pivotal trial, which will be the basis for the PMA application for our FemBloc system. Adverse outcomes in the IDE approved pivotal trial or post-approval studies could also result in
 restrictions or withdrawal of approval of the PMA. We will likely need to conduct additional clinical trials in the future for the approval of the use of our products in some foreign countries. Clinical testing is difficult to design and implement,
 can take many years, can be expensive and carries uncertain outcomes. The initiation and completion of any of these studies may be prevented, delayed, or halted for numerous reasons. We may experience a number of events during the conduct of our
 clinical trials that could adversely affect the costs, timing or successful completion, including:

 •

 We are required to submit an IDE application to the FDA, which must become effective prior to commencing human clinical trials, and the FDA may reject our IDE application and notify us
 that we may not begin investigational trials;

 •

 Regulators and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree as to the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

 •

 Regulators and/or IRBs or other reviewing bodies may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial, or to conduct or continue a clinical trial at a prospective or
 specific trial site;

 •

 We may not reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive
 negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

 •

 Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, or we may not agree with regulatory authorities on the interpretation of our clinical trial results, and we may decide, or
 regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs;

 •

 The number of subjects or patients required for clinical trials may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be insufficient or slower than we anticipate,
 and the number of clinical trials being conducted at any given time may be high and result in fewer available patients for any given clinical trial, or patients may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

 •

 Our third-party contractors, may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

 •

 We might have to suspend or terminate clinical trials for various reasons, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

 •

 We may have to amend clinical trial protocols or conduct additional studies to reflect changes in regulatory requirements or guidance, which we may be required to submit to an IRB
 and/or regulatory authorities for reexamination;

 •

 Regulators, IRBs, or other parties may require or recommend that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including safety signals or
 noncompliance with regulatory requirements;

 •

 The cost of clinical trials may be greater than we anticipate;

 •

 Clinical sites may not adhere to the clinical protocol or may drop out of a clinical trial;

 •

 We may be unable to recruit a sufficient number of clinical trial sites or trial subjects;

 •

 Regulators, IRBs, or other reviewing bodies may fail to approve or subsequently find fault with our

 •

 Manufacturing processes for clinical and commercial supplies, the supply of devices or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient, inadequate or not
 available at an acceptable cost, or we may experience interruptions in supply;

 •

 Approval policies or regulations of FDA or applicable foreign regulatory authorities may change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval; and

 •

 Our current or future products may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics.

 Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the laws and regulations of the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities' legal requirements, regulations or guidelines, and are subject to oversight by these
 governmental agencies and IRBs at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. We have in the past and may in the future have to terminate a clinical trial site which is found through our clinical trial monitoring activities to
 be noncompliant with our clinical trial protocols or with applicable laws, regulations, requirements and guidelines for the conduct of our clinical trials.

 In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with supplies of our devices produced in conformance with design control requirements in 21 CFR § 820.30 and stored and used by clinical trial sites in accordance with our
 clinical trial protocols. Furthermore, we rely on clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual
 performance. We depend on our CROs to support the conduct of our clinical trials in compliance with good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements. To the extent our CROs fail to help oversee the conduct the study in compliance with GCP standards or
 are delayed for a significant time in the execution of the trial, including achieving full enrollment, we may be affected by increased costs, program delays or both. In addition, clinical trials that are conducted in countries outside the United
 States may subject us to further delays and expenses as a result of increased shipment costs, additional regulatory requirements and the engagement of non-U.S. CROs, as well as expose us to risks associated with clinical investigators who are
 unknown to the FDA, and different standards of diagnosis, screening and medical care.

 Failure can occur at any stage of clinical testing. Our clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical and non-clinical
 testing in addition to those we have planned. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our systems or any product we may develop in the future would prevent receipt of regulatory approval, a granted de novo
 classification, or 510(k) clearance and, ultimately, the commercialization of that product or indication for use. Even if our future products are approved, de novo classified, or cleared in the United States, commercialization of our products in
 foreign countries would require approval by regulatory authorities in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United
 States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. Any of these occurrences could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Interim, "topline," and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to
 confirmation, audit, and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

 From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary or topline data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related
 findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations, and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we
 may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may
 qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we
 previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data is available. From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our clinical trials. Interim or preliminary data from clinical trials are
 subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as subject enrollment and treatment continues and more patient data become available or as subjects from our clinical trials continue other treatments for their
 disease. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price of our common
 stock.

 Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could
 impact the potential of the particular program, the likelihood of marketing approval, grant, clearance or commercialization of the particular product candidate, any marketed product, and our company in general. In addition, the information we
 choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is derived from information that is typically extensive, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include
 in our disclosure.

 If the interim, topline, or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and
 commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

 If patients or physicians are not willing to change current practices to adopt our permanent birth control solution or artificial insemination solution, our products may fail to gain
 increased market acceptance, and our business will be adversely affected.

 Our primary strategy to grow our revenue is to drive the adoption of our permanent birth control using the FemBloc system with an ultrasound confirmatory test, our artificial insemination solution using the FemaSeed
 product and companion diagnostics, and for physicians to employ our products to treat or diagnosis their patients with reproductive disorders or cancers. Physicians may choose not to adopt our products for women's healthcare for a number of
 reasons, including:

 •

 lack of availability of adequate third-party payor coverage or reimbursement;

 •

 lack of experience with our products and more familiarity with other widely adopted products, procedures or treatments as alternatives;

 •

 our inability to convince key opinion leaders to provide recommendations regarding our products, or to convince physicians, patients and healthcare payors that our products are an
 attractive alternative to currently accepted alternatives;

 •

 perceived inadequacy of evidence supporting clinical benefits, safety or cost-effectiveness of our products existing alternatives;

 •

 liability risks generally associated with the use of new products and procedures; and

 •

 the training required to use new products.

 With respect to FemBloc, we intend to focus our sales, marketing and training efforts primarily on obstetrical and gynecological physicians. However, physicians from other disciplines, including primary care physicians,
 as well as other medical professionals, such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants, are often the initial point of contact for patients with contraceptive needs. We believe that educating physicians in these disciplines and other medical
 professionals about the clinical merits, patient benefits and safety profile of our permanent birth control solution is an element of increasing the adoption of our FemBloc system. If additional physicians or other medical professionals do not
 appreciate and recommend our permanent birth control solution for any reason, including those listed above, our ability to execute our growth strategy will be impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

 In addition, patients may not be able to adopt or may choose not to adopt our permanent birth control solution if, among other potential reasons, their anatomy would not allow for effective treatment with our FemBloc
 system, they are reluctant to receive a permanent solution to their contraceptive needs, they are worried about potential adverse effects of our permanent birth control solution, such as infection or discomfort, or they are unable to obtain
 adequate third-party coverage or reimbursement.

 With respect to FemaSeed, we intend to focus our sales, marketing and training efforts initially on reproductive endocrinologist physicians with possible expansion to gynecologists who are often the initial point of
 contact for patients with infertility needs. We believe that educating physicians in these disciplines and other medical professionals about the clinical merits and patient benefits of our artificial insemination solution is an element of
 increasing the adoption of our FemaSeed product. If additional physicians or other medical professionals do not appreciate and recommend our FemaSeed product for any reason, including those listed above, our ability to execute our growth strategy
 will be impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

 If we are unable to achieve and maintain adequate levels of coverage or reimbursement for our artificial insemination solution, permanent birth control solution, or any other
 products we seek to commercialize, our commercial success may be severely hindered.

 The primary customers for our products are reproductive endocrinologists for our infertility products and obstetrics-gynecological physicians, related healthcare professionals, and women's healthcare provider
 organizations. Our customers typically bill various third-party payors to cover all or a portion of the costs and fees associated with the procedures in which our products are used and bill patients for any deductibles or co-payments. Limited
 third-party payors provide infertility coverage with patient cash pay often required for treatment and services. Many third-party payors currently cover contraceptive related procedures as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as
 amended by the Health Care and Education and Reconciliation Act, or, collectively, the ACA. If there are changes to the ACA related to contraceptive coverage, any decline in the amount payors will reimburse our customers could make it difficult for
 customers to elect choosing or to adopt our FemBloc system and could create additional pricing pressure for us. If we are forced to lower the price we charge for our product, our gross margins will decrease, which could have a material adverse
 effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to grow our business.

 Third-party payors, whether foreign or domestic, or governmental or commercial, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. In addition, no uniform policy of coverage and
 reimbursement for procedures using our other products exists among third-party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for procedures using our other products can differ significantly from payor to payor. Payors continually review new and
 existing technologies for possible coverage and can, without notice, deny or reverse coverage for new or existing products and procedures. There can be no assurance that third-party payor policies will provide coverage for procedures in which our
 products are used. If we are not successful in reversing existing non-coverage policies, or if third-party payors that currently cover or reimburse our products and related procedures reverse or limit their coverage in the future, or if other
 third-party payors issue similar policies, this could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Further, we believe that future coverage and reimbursement may be subject to increased restrictions, such as additional prior authorization requirements, both in the United States and in international markets. Third-party
 coverage and reimbursement for procedures using our products or any of our products in development for which we may receive regulatory approval may not be available or adequate in either the United States or international markets, which could have
 an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to grow our business.

 Third-party payors and physicians who do not cover or use our artificial insemination solution, permanent birth control solution or other women's healthcare devices may require
 additional clinical data prior to adopting or maintaining coverage of our products.

 Our success depends on physician and where applicable third-party payor acceptance of our artificial insemination and permanent birth control solutions as effective treatment options and our other healthcare devices for
 women. If physicians or payors do not find our body of published clinical evidence and data compelling or wish to wait for additional studies, they may choose not to use or provide coverage and reimbursement for our products. Currently, patient
 cash pay is often required for infertility treatment and services, but most large third-party payors cover permanent birth control as part of the ACA.

 Certain physicians, hospitals and payors may prefer to see longer-term safety and efficacy data for our permanent birth control solution than we have produced. We cannot provide assurance that any data that we or others
 may generate in the future will be consistent with that observed in our existing clinical trials.

 The training required for physicians to use our artificial insemination solution and permanent birth control solution could reduce the market acceptance of our products.

 As with any new method or technique, physicians must undergo a thorough training program before they perform the procedure. Even after successfully completing the training program, physicians could still experience
 difficulty in successfully providing the solutions and, as a result, limit use of the products significantly in their practice or cease utilizing it altogether.

 In addition, we may experience difficulty growing the number of physicians who complete our training program if patient demand is low, if the length of time necessary to train each physician is longer than expected, if
 the capacity of our sales representatives to train physicians is less than expected or if we are unable to sufficiently grow our sales organization. All of these events would lead to fewer trained physicians to provide our solutions, which could
 negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to grow our business.

 We currently compete and will in the future continue to compete against other companies, some of which have longer operating histories, more established products or greater resources
 than we do, which may prevent us from achieving increased market penetration and improved operating results.

 The biomedical industry is highly competitive, subject to change and significantly affected by new product introductions and other activities of industry participants. Our competitors have historically dedicated, and will
 continue to dedicate, significant resources to promoting their products or developing new products or methods to treat women's reproductive issues and healthcare. We consider our primary potential competition to be other biomedical companies
 marketing women-specific medical products. Having received FDA clearance for FemaSeed, we are the only localized directional intratubal insemination approach within the intrauterine insemination category approved for commercialization in North
 America, but compete with other fertility treatments such as traditional IUI and IVF. For our other FDA-cleared devices, we currently compete with other medical device providers in the United States and Canada. Once we have received FDA approval,
 we will be the only non-surgical permanent birth control solution approved for commercialization. We also believe other emerging businesses may be in the early stages of developing women-specific medical products. If one or more manufacturers
 successfully develops a product for providing localized directional intratubal insemination that is more effective or otherwise more attractive than our artificial insemination solution, sales of our FemaSeed product could be significantly and
 adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if other companies are successful in developing products that are approved for a broader range of
 indications than our artificial intratubal insemination system, we will be at a further competitive disadvantage, which could also affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If one or more manufacturers successfully
 develops a product for providing permanent birth control that is more effective, better tolerated or otherwise results in better compliance by patients, or otherwise more attractive than our permanent birth control solution, sales of our FemBloc
 system could be significantly and adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if other companies are successful in developing devices that are approved
 for a broader range of indications than our permanent birth control system, we will be at a further competitive disadvantage, which could also affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Many of the companies against which we may compete may have competitive advantages with respect to primary competitive factors in the women's healthcare market, including:

 •

 greater company, product and brand recognition;

 •

 superior product safety, reliability and durability;

 •

 better quality and larger volume of clinical data;

 •

 more effective marketing to and education of patients and physicians;

 •

 more sales force experience and greater market access;

 •

 better product support and service;

 •

 more advanced technological innovation, product enhancements and speed of innovation;

 •

 more effective pricing and revenue strategies;

 •

 lower procedure costs to patients;

 •

 more effective reimbursement teams and strategies;

 •

 dedicated practice development; and

 •

 more effective clinical training teams.

 We also compete with other biomedical companies to recruit and retain qualified sales, training and other personnel.

 In addition, though there are currently no pharmacologic therapies approved to provide permanent birth control, we may in the future face competition from pharmaceutical companies that develop such therapies. We also
 expect to experience increased competition in the future as other companies develop and commercialize competing women specific devices. Any of these companies may also have the competitive advantages described above.

 Our long-term growth depends on our ability to enhance our artificial insemination solution, permanent birth control solution and women-specific medical product solutions, expand our
 indications and develop and commercialize additional products.

 It is important to our business that we continue to enhance our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system women-specific medical product solutions and develop and introduce new products. Developing
 products is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management's attention away from our core business. The success of any new product offering or product enhancements will depend on several factors, including our ability to:

 •

 properly identify and anticipate physician and patient needs;

 •

 develop and introduce new products and product enhancements in a timely manner;

 •

 avoid infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third-parties;

 •

 demonstrate, if required, the safety and effectiveness of new products with data from preclinical studies and clinical trials;

 •

 obtain the necessary regulatory clearances, grants or approvals for expanded indications, new products or product modifications;

 •

 be fully FDA-compliant with marketing of new products or modified products;

 •

 provide adequate training to potential users of our products;

 •

 receive adequate coverage and reimbursement for procedures performed with our products; and

 •

 develop an effective and dedicated sales and marketing team.

 If we are not successful in expanding our indications and developing and commercializing new products and product enhancements, our ability to increase our revenue may be impaired, which could have a material adverse
 effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our results of operations could be materially harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast customer demand for our artificial insemination solution, permanent birth control
 solution, and women-specific medical products and manage our inventory.

 To ensure adequate inventory supply, we must forecast inventory needs and place orders with our suppliers based on our estimates of future demand for our products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our
 products could be negatively affected by many factors, including our failure to accurately manage our expansion strategy, product introductions by competitors, an increase or decrease in customer demand for our artificial insemination product,
 permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical products or for products of our competitors, our failure to accurately forecast customer acceptance of new products, unanticipated changes in general market conditions or regulatory matters
 and weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in future economic conditions. For example, tubal ligation procedures sustained an 18% decline in December 2020 compared to December 2019, according to a study published in the publication
 Contraception in 2021. We have no assurance that demand for elective reproductive surgery will return to pre-pandemic levels in the future, or at all. Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result
 in inventory write-downs or write-offs, which would cause our gross margin to be adversely affected and could impair the strength of our brand. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand for our products, our third-party suppliers may not be
 able to deliver components to meet our requirements, and this could result in damage to our reputation and customer relationships. In addition, if we experience a significant increase in demand, additional supplies of raw materials or additional
 manufacturing capacity may not be available when required on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, or suppliers may not be able to allocate sufficient capacity in order to meet our increased requirements, which could have an adverse effect on
 our ability to meet customer demand for our products and our results of operations.

 We seek to maintain sufficient levels of inventory and components in order to protect ourselves from supply interruptions. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portion of our inventory will become obsolete or
 expire, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows due to the resulting costs associated with the inventory impairment charges and costs required to replace such inventory.

 We manufacture and assemble components for our products and product candidates, and a loss or degradation in the performance of our manufacturing capabilities could have a material
 adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We manufacture and assemble components used in our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical products. Our ability to maintain sufficient levels of inventory for our
 products could be negatively affected by many factors, including our failure to accurately manage our staffing requirements or a decrease in production capabilities. Conversely, if we overestimate customer demand for our artificial insemination
 product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical products, our production staff may be in excess of that needed, and this could result in excess cost, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
 condition and results of operations.

 We rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers for components for our products, as well as the sterilization of certain of our products, and a loss or degradation in
 performance of these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We rely on third-party suppliers for the raw materials and components used in our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical products. These suppliers may be unwilling or
 unable to supply the necessary materials and components reliably and at the levels we anticipate or that are required by the market. Our ability to supply our products commercially and to develop any future products depends, in part, on our ability
 to obtain these materials, components and products in accordance with regulatory requirements and in sufficient quantities for commercialization and clinical testing. While our suppliers have generally met our demand for their products and services
 on a timely basis in the past, we cannot guarantee that they will in the future be able to meet our demand for their products, either because of acts of nature, or our relative importance to them as a customer, and our suppliers may decide in the
 future to discontinue or reduce the level of business they conduct with us. If we are required to change suppliers due to any change in or termination of our relationships with these third parties, or if our suppliers are unable to obtain the
 materials they need to produce our components at consistent prices or at all, we may have to make modifications or changes to our products triggering the need for additional regulatory clearances or approvals, lose sales, experience manufacturing
 or other delays, incur increased costs or otherwise experience impairment to our customer relationships. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish alternative relationships on similar terms, without delay or at all.

 While we believe replacement suppliers exist for all materials, components and services necessary to manufacture our products, establishing additional or replacement suppliers for any of these materials, components or
 services, if required, could be time-consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our operations and product delivery, may affect the performance specifications of our products or could require that we modify its design. Even if we are
 able to find replacement suppliers, we will be required to verify that the new supplier maintains facilities, procedures and operations that comply with our quality expectations and applicable regulatory requirements. Furthermore, our suppliers
 could require us to use alternative materials or components. Any of these events could require that we obtain a new regulatory authority approval before we implement the change, which could result in further delay and which may not be obtained at
 all. While we seek to maintain sufficient levels of inventory as discussed above, those inventories may not fully protect us from supply interruptions.

 We have only limited supply arrangements in place with respect to certain components of our manufacturing process, and these arrangements do not extend to full commercial supply. We acquire certain key materials on a
 purchase order basis. As a result, we do not have long-term committed arrangements with respect to certain of the materials for our products and product candidates and other materials. If we obtain marketing approval, grant or clearance for our
 product candidates, we will need to establish an agreement for commercial manufacture of certain key materials with a third party.

 In addition, we are dependent on a sole supplier for certain components of our manufacturing process. Our current dependence on a single supplier for these components and the challenges we may face in obtaining adequate
 replacements involves several risks, including limited control over pricing, availability, quality and delivery schedules. Even if we are able to replace any raw materials or other materials with an alternative, such alternatives may cost more,
 result in lower yields or not be as suitable for our purposes. In addition, some of the materials that we use to manufacture our product candidates are complex materials, which may be more difficult to substitute. Therefore, any disruptions arising
 from our sole suppliers could result in delays and additional regulatory submissions. Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of certain components of our product candidates or products may adversely affect our
 business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Moreover, we rely on third-party sterilizers to effectively sterilize our products and product candidates and failure of any third-party sterilizer could result in safety risks associated with our products and product
 candidates and could result in patient or study subject injuries which could expose our company to product liability claims and actions. Contract sterilizers are inspected by the FDA and may be inspected by foreign regulatory authorities.
 Additionally, the closures and potential closures of facilities that use ethylene oxide to sterilize medical devices prior to their use may create delays or interruptions in the supply chain for our products and product candidates. Any compliance
 failures at any contract sterilizers we may contract with for sterilization of our products and product candidates also could create supply chain delays and interruptions and may require that we identify and contract with alternative contract
 sterilizers which we may not be able to do timely or on terms favorable to us. Any failures in the performance of our contract sterilizers may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Performance issues, service interruptions or price increases by our shipping carriers could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation and ability to provide our services
 on a timely basis.

 Expedited, reliable shipping is essential to our operations. We rely heavily on providers of transport services for reliable and secure point-to-point transport of our products to our customers and for tracking of these
 shipments. Should a carrier encounter delivery performance issues such as loss, damage or destruction of any systems, it would be costly to replace such systems in a timely manner and such occurrences may damage our reputation and lead to decreased
 demand for our products and increased cost and expense to our business. In addition, any significant increase in shipping rates could adversely affect our operating margins and results of operations. Similarly, strikes, severe weather, natural
 disasters or other service interruptions affecting delivery services we use would adversely affect our ability to process orders for our products on a timely basis.

 Consolidation in the healthcare industry or group purchasing organizations could lead to demands for price concessions, which may affect our ability to sell our products at prices
 necessary to support our current business strategies.

 Healthcare costs have risen significantly over the past decade, which has resulted in or led to numerous cost reform initiatives by legislators, regulators and third-party payors. Cost reform has triggered a consolidation
 trend in the healthcare industry to aggregate purchasing power, which may create more requests for pricing concessions in the future. Additionally, group purchasing organizations, independent delivery networks and large single accounts may continue
 to use their market power to consolidate purchasing decisions for hospitals and physician practices. We expect that market demand, government regulation, third-party coverage and reimbursement policies and societal pressures will continue to change
 the healthcare industry worldwide, resulting in further business consolidations and alliances among our customers, which may exert further downward pressure on the prices of our products.

 We have limited experience marketing and selling our women-specific medical product solutions, and if we are unable to expand, manage and maintain our direct sales and marketing
 organization we may not be able to generate revenue growth.

 We have limited experience marketing and selling our women-specific medical products. We currently sell our FemaSeed device, FemVue device, FemCerv device, and FemCath device through a very limited direct effort, that
 targets obstetrician-gynecologist physicians, reproductive endocrinologist physicians, and physician practices in North America, including online training and new customer support, and also utilize various direct-to-patient marketing initiatives,
 including social media, a physician locator on a patient website, and online videos. As of December 31, 2023, we have one employee exclusively involved in our sales and marketing efforts. Our operating results are directly dependent upon the
 efforts of these employees.

 In order to generate future revenue growth, we are in the process of developing geographic scope of a direct sales organization now that the FemaSeed product is available in the U.S. and Canadian market. This is expected
 to represent a significant expansion of our commercialization efforts, costs and attention. Our success depends largely on our ability to hire, train, retain and motivate skilled sales and marketing personnel with significant industry experience
 and technical knowledge of related products. Because the competition for their services is high, we cannot assure you we will be able to hire and retain additional personnel on favorable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Failure to hire
 or retain qualified sales and marketing personnel would prevent us from expanding our business and generating revenue. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our FemaSeed
 product and other women-specific medical products, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In order to further expand revenue growth once the FemBloc system is available in the U.S. market,
 we plan to enlarge the geographic scope of the direct sales organization. Our future success will depend largely on our ability to hire, train, retain and motivate additional skilled sales and marketing personnel with significant industry
 experience and technical knowledge of related products. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our FemBloc system, which could have an adverse effect on our business,
 financial condition and results of operations.

 To successfully market and sell our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women specific medical product solutions in markets outside of the United
 States, we must address many international business risks with which we have limited experience.

 Our strategy is to increase our international presence in Europe, as well as, other international markets, such as Japan, which may further increase our revenue from markets outside the United States. International sales
 are subject to a number of risks, including:

 •

 difficulties in securing distribution partnerships and managing our international relationships;

 •

 increased competition as a result of more products and procedures receiving regulatory approval or otherwise free to market in international markets;

 •

 longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

 •

 reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

 •

 export restrictions, trade regulations, and foreign tax laws;

 •

 fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

 •

 foreign certification and regulatory clearance or approval requirements;

 •

 customs clearance and shipping delays;

 •

 political, social, and economic instability abroad, terrorist attacks, and security concerns in general;

 •

 preference for locally produced products;

 •

 potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value-added tax systems;

 •

 the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and different legal standards; and

 •

 increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities.

 If one or more of these risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 We plan to rely on our own direct sales force for our women-specific medical products, which may result in higher fixed costs than our competitors and may slow our ability to reduce
 costs in the face of a sudden decline in demand for our products.

 We plan to rely on our own direct sales force in North America and third-party distribution partners in Europe and other international countries, to market and sell our products. Some of our competitors rely predominantly
 on independent sales agents and third-party distributors. A direct sales force may subject us to higher fixed costs than those of companies that market competing products through independent third parties, due to the costs that we will bear
 associated with employee benefits, training and managing sales personnel. As a result, we could be at a competitive disadvantage. Additionally, these fixed costs may slow our ability to reduce costs in the face of a sudden decline in demand for our
 products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We face the risk of product liability claims that could be expensive, divert management's attention and harm our reputation and business. We may not be able to maintain adequate
 product liability insurance.

 Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of medical products, including sterile medical products. This risk exists even if it is
 approved or cleared for commercial sale by the FDA and manufactured in facilities licensed and regulated by the FDA or an applicable foreign regulatory authority. Our FemBloc system and FemaSeed product are designed to affect, and any future
 products will be designed to affect, important bodily functions and processes, such as the female reproductive system. Any side effects, manufacturing defects, misuse or abuse associated with our FemBloc system, FemaSeed product and other women
 specific medical products, including sterilization failures, could result in patient injury or death. The medical device industry has historically been subject to extensive litigation over product liability claims, and we cannot offer any assurance
 that we will not face product liability suits. For example, Essure, a permanent birth control system previously marketed by Bayer, involved the implant of coils into a woman's fallopian tubes by way of a hysteroscope, where they were to permanently
 remain. In 2016, the FDA ordered Bayer to conduct a post-market surveillance study and required a box warning to the product labeling, which included a warning of possible perforation of the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, identification of inserts
 in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, persistent pain, and suspected allergic or hypersensitivity reactions. In April 2018, the FDA restricted the sale and distribution of Essure. The product was removed by Bayer from all markets, including the U.S.
 effective December 2018. There can be no assurance that serious adverse safety concerns may not arise with the FemBloc system.

 We may be subject to product liability claims if our products cause, or merely appear to have caused, patient injury or death. In addition, an injury that is caused by the activities of our suppliers, such as those who
 provide us with components and raw materials, or any contract sterilizer, may be the basis for a claim against us. Product liability claims may be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into
 contact with our products, among others. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we will incur substantial liabilities and reputational harm. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product
 liability claims may result in:

 •

 costs of litigation;

 •

 distraction of management's attention from our primary business;

 •

 the inability to commercialize our current and future products;

 •

 decreased demand for our current and future products;

 •

 damage to our business reputation;

 •

 product recalls or withdrawals from the market;

 •

 withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

 •

 substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants; or

 •

 loss of sales.

 While we may attempt to manage our product liability exposure by proactively recalling or withdrawing from the market any defective products, any recall or market withdrawal of our products may delay the supply of those
 products to our customers and may impact our reputation. We can provide no assurance that we will be successful in initiating appropriate market recall or market withdrawal efforts that may be required in the future or that these efforts will have
 the intended effect of preventing product malfunctions and the accompanying product liability that may result. Such recalls and withdrawals may also be used by our competitors to harm our reputation for safety or be perceived by patients as a
 safety risk when considering the use of our products, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Although we have product liability and clinical trial liability insurance that we believe is appropriate, this insurance is subject to deductibles and coverage limitations. Our current product liability insurance may not
 continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, and, if available, coverage may not be adequate to protect us against any future product liability claims. If we are unable to obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or on acceptable
 terms or otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we could be exposed to significant liabilities. A product liability claim, recall or other claim with respect to uninsured liabilities or for amounts in excess of insured
 liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 If the quality of our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions does not meet the expectations of physicians or
 patients, then our brand and reputation or our business could be adversely affected.

 In the course of conducting our business, we must adequately address quality issues that may arise with our artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions,
 including defects in third-party components included in our products. Although we have established internal procedures designed to minimize risks that may arise from quality issues, there can be no assurance that we will be able to eliminate or
 mitigate occurrences of these issues and associated liabilities. In addition, even in the absence of quality issues, we may be subject to claims and liability if the performance of our products do not live up to the expectations of physicians or
 patients. If the quality of our products do not meet the expectations of physicians or patients, then our brand and reputation with those physicians or patients, or our business, financial condition and results of operations, could be adversely
 affected.

 If we choose to acquire new and complementary businesses, products or technologies, we may be unable to complete these acquisitions or to successfully integrate them in a
 cost-effective and non-disruptive manner.

 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to continually enhance and broaden our product offerings in response to changing customer demands, competitive pressures and advances in technologies. Accordingly, although we
 have no current commitments with respect to any acquisition or investment, we may in the future pursue the acquisition of, or joint ventures relating to, complementary businesses, products or technologies instead of developing them ourselves. We do
 not know if we will be able to successfully complete any future acquisitions or joint ventures, or whether we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired business, product or technology or retain any key employees related thereto.
 Integrating any business, product or technology we acquire could be expensive and time-consuming, disrupt our ongoing business and distract our management. If we are unable to integrate any acquired businesses, products or technologies effectively,
 our business will be adversely affected. In addition, any amortization or charges resulting from the costs of acquisitions could increase our expenses.

 Risks Related to Managing Growth and Employee Matters

 We face risks related to health epidemics and outbreaks, including the COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our clinical trials, and therefore our receipt of
 necessary regulatory approvals, clearances or grants could be delayed or prevented.

 We face risks related to health epidemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases. For example, in December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing a disease referred to as COVID-19, emerged in China. Since
 then, COVID-19 spread to multiple countries worldwide, including the United States and member states of the European Union. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic. The outbreak of such
 communicable diseases could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect general commercial activity and the economies and financial markets of many countries, which in the case of COVID-19 has occurred. The COVID-19 pandemic
 resulted in governments implementing numerous containment measures, such as travel bans and restrictions, particularly quarantines, shelter-in-place or total lock-down orders and business limitations and shutdowns. These containment measures are
 subject to change and the respective government authorities may tighten the restrictions at any time.

 We are following, and plan to continue to follow, recommendations from federal, state and local governments regarding workplace policies, practices and procedures. We are complying with all applicable guidelines for our
 clinical trials, including remote clinical monitoring. We cannot be certain what the overall impact will be on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

 In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic had a severe effect on the clinical trials of many devices and drug candidates. Some trials were merely delayed, while others were cancelled. The extent to which the COVID19 pandemic may
 impact our clinical trial operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration and geographic reach of an outbreak, the severity of COVID-19 and future variants, and
 the effectiveness of actions to contain and treat COVID-19. To date, we experienced delays in site initiation and subject enrollment in our clinical trials. Possible delays may have a severe impact, and could adversely impact our clinical trial
 operations, including our access to clinical trial sites and our ability to recruit and retain subjects and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure if an outbreak occurs in their geography.
 Disruptions on our ability to travel for trial support, monitor data from our clinical trials, or to conduct clinical trials, or the ability of subjects enrolled in our studies to travel, or the ability of staff at study sites to travel, as well as
 temporary closures or delays of our facilities or the facilities of our clinical trial partners and their contract manufacturers, would negatively impact our clinical trial activities. In addition, we rely on independent clinical investigators,
 CROs and other third-party service providers to assist us in managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including the collection of data from our clinical trials, and the possible spread of COVID-19
 or variants may affect their ability to be present, devote sufficient time and resources to our programs, or to travel to sites to perform work for us. Similarly, our preclinical trials could be delayed and/or disrupted by a pandemic. As a result,
 the expected timeline for data readouts of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and certain regulatory filings may be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and to commercialize our
 product candidates, increase our operating expenses and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

 Failure of a key information technology system, process or site could have an adverse effect on our business.

 We rely extensively on information technology systems to conduct our business. These systems affect, among other things, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, shipping products to customers, processing
 transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, complying with regulatory, legal or tax requirements, data security and other processes necessary to manage our business. If our systems are damaged or cease to function properly due to
 any number of causes, ranging from catastrophic events to power outages to security breaches, and our business continuity plans do not effectively compensate on a timely basis, we may experience interruptions in our operations, which could have an
 adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, any breach in our IT systems could lead to the unauthorized access, disclosure and use of non-public information, including information from our patient registry or other patient information, which is
 protected by HIPAA and other laws. Any such access, disclosure, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and damage to our reputation.

 In addition, we accept payments for some of our sales through credit and debit card transactions, which are handled through a third-party payment processor. As a result, we are subject to a number of risks related to
 credit and debit card payments. As a result of these transactions, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and could require us to either increase the prices we charge for our products or experience an increase in our costs
 and expenses. In addition, as part of the payment processing process, we transmit our customers' credit and debit card information to our third-party payment processor. We may in the future become subject to lawsuits or other proceedings for
 purportedly fraudulent transactions arising out of the actual or alleged theft of our customers' credit or debit card information if the security of our third-party credit card payment processor is breached. We and our third-party credit card
 payment processor are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply.
 If we or our third-party credit card payment processor fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, and
 there may be an adverse effect on our business.

 If our facilities are damaged or become inoperable, we will be unable to continue to research, develop, manufacture and supply our products and, as a result, there will be an adverse
 effect on our business until we are able to secure a new facility and rebuild our inventory.

 We do not have redundant facilities. We perform substantially all of our research, development, manufacturing and back-office activity and maintain all our finished goods inventory in a single location in Suwanee,
 Georgia. Our facility, equipment and inventory would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. The facility may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including, but not limited
 to, tornadoes, flooding, fire and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our research, development and commercialization activities for some period of time. The inability to perform those activities, combined
 with the time it may take to rebuild our inventory of finished product, may result in the loss of customers or harm to our reputation. Although we possess insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may
 not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and this insurance may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

 Our ability to maintain our competitive position depends on our ability to attract and retain senior management and other highly qualified personnel.

 Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and other personnel. We are highly dependent upon our management team, particularly our Chief
 Executive Officer and President and the rest of our senior management, and other key personnel. Although we have entered into employment letter agreements with all of our executive officers, each of them may terminate their employment with us at
 any time. The replacement of any of our key personnel likely would involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could therefore have an adverse effect on our business. In
 addition, we do carry "key person" insurance policy for our Chief Executive Officer and President that could offset potential loss of service under applicable circumstances.

 We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 32 full-time employees, 2 part-time employees and 21 consultants. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial,
 operational, sales, marketing, financial and other personnel. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

 •

 identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees;

 •

 managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA application preparation for our product candidates, while complying with our contractual obligations to contractors and other
 third parties; and

 •

 improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

 Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our products and any product candidates that are approved for marketing will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and
 our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

 We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including substantially all aspects
 of legal and compliance, regulatory marketing authorization, clinical trial management and manufacturing. There can be no assurance that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a
 timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason,
 our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing
 consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

 If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further
 develop and commercialize our products and potentially commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

 The increasing use of social media platforms presents new risks and challenges.

 Social media is increasingly being used to communicate about our clinical development programs and we intend to utilize appropriate social media in connection with our commercialization efforts for our products and
 following approval of our product candidates, if any. Social media practices in the biomedical industry continue to evolve and regulations and regulatory guidance relating to such use are evolving and not always clear. This evolution creates
 uncertainty and risk of noncompliance with regulations applicable to our business, resulting in potential regulatory actions against us, along with the potential for litigation related to off-label marketing or other prohibited activities and
 heightened scrutiny by the FDA, the SEC and other regulators. For example, patients may use social media channels to comment on their experience in an ongoing clinical trial or to report an alleged adverse event. If such disclosures occur, there is
 a risk that trial enrollment may be adversely impacted, that we may fail to monitor and comply with applicable adverse event reporting obligations or that we may not be able to defend our business or the public's legitimate interests in the face of
 the political and market pressures generated by social media due to restrictions on what we may say about our product candidates. There is also a risk of inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information or negative or inaccurate posts or comments
 about us or the products we are marketing or developing on any social networking website. In addition, we may encounter attacks on social media regarding our company, management, product candidates or products. If any of these events were to occur
 or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face regulatory actions or incur other harm to our business.

 Risks Related to Government Regulation

 Our products and operations are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight both in the United States and abroad, and our failure to comply with applicable requirements
 could harm our business.

 We and our products are subject to extensive regulation in the United States and elsewhere, including by the FDA and its foreign counterparts. The FDA and foreign regulatory authorities regulate, among other things, with
 respect to medical devices: design, development and manufacturing; testing, labeling, clinical trials; product safety; establishment registration and device listing; marketing, sales and distribution; pre-market clearance and approval; complaint
 handling; record keeping procedures; advertising and promotion; recalls and field safety corrective actions; post-market surveillance, including reporting of deaths or serious injuries and malfunctions that, if they were to recur, would be likely
 to cause or contribute to death or serious injury; post-market approval studies; and product import and export.

 The regulations to which we are subject are complex and have tended to become more stringent over time. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations, higher than
 anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales. The FDA enforces these regulatory requirements through periodic unannounced inspections. We do not know whether the FDA will identify any areas of noncompliance in any future FDA inspections or
 those conducted by foreign regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as: warning letters; fines; injunctions; civil penalties;
 termination of distribution; recalls or seizures of products; delays in the introduction of products into the market; total or partial suspension of production; refusal to grant future approvals; withdrawals or suspensions of approvals, and in the
 most serious cases, criminal penalties.

 We may not receive the necessary approvals, granted de novo classifications, or clearances for our FemBloc system or future devices and expanded indications, and failure to timely
 obtain these marketing authorizations would adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

 Our strategy is dependent on FDA approval of our FemBloc system. In the United States, before we can market a new medical device, or a new use of, certain new claims for, or significant modifications to an existing
 product, we must first receive either clearance under Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, de novo classification under Section 513(f) (2) of the FDCA, or approval of a PMA from the FDA, unless an exemption
 applies. In the 510(k) clearance process, before a device may be marketed, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is "substantially equivalent" to a legally-marketed "predicate" device, which includes a device that has been previously
 cleared through the 510(k) process, a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device), a device that was originally on the U.S. market pursuant to an approved PMA and later down-classified, a device that was de novo
 classified under section 513(f)(2) of the FDCA, or a 510(k)-exempt device. To be "substantially equivalent," the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the
 predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. Clinical data are sometimes required to support substantial equivalence demonstrations. The de
 novo classification process provides a pathway to classify novel medical devices for which general controls alone, or general and special controls, provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for the device with the proposed intended
 use, but for which there is no legally marketed predicate device. A de novo classification is a risk-based classification process through which devices are classified into class I or class II. Devices classified in response to a de novo
 classification request may be marketed and used as predicates for future premarket notification 510(k) submissions. In the process of obtaining PMA approval, which is required for our FemBloc system, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is
 safe and effective for its intended use based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to
 pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices.

 Modifications to products that are approved through a PMA application generally require FDA approval. Similarly, certain modifications made to products cleared through a 510(k) or granted a de novo classification may
 require a new 510(k) clearance, or could require a new de novo classification request or even a PMA. The PMA approval, de novo classification, and the 510(k) clearance processes can be expensive, lengthy and uncertain. The FDA's 510(k) clearance
 process usually takes from three to seven months, but can last longer, while the de novo classification process is usually longer and often requires a clinical trial. The process of obtaining a PMA is much more costly and uncertain than the de novo
 or 510(k) clearance processes and generally takes one year, or even longer, from the time the application is filed with the FDA. In addition, a PMA generally requires the performance of one or more clinical trials. Despite the time, effort and
 cost, a device may not be approved, granted a de novo classification, or cleared by the FDA. Any delay or failure to obtain necessary regulatory authorizations could harm our business. Furthermore, even if we are granted 510(k) clearances, de novo
 classifications, or approvals, they may include significant limitations on the indications for uses for the device, which may limit the market for the device.

 In the United States, we are currently seeking approval of our permanent birth control system through the PMA pathway. Even if the PMA is approved, any future modification to our permanent birth control system may require
 us to submit a new PMA or PMA supplement and obtain FDA approval prior to implementing the change, although some modifications can be reported in an annual report or through a 30-day Notice. The FDA may not agree with our decisions regarding
 whether a new PMA or PMA supplement is necessary. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous process for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, product introductions or modifications could
 be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

 The FDA or foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny a marketing authorization of a device for many reasons, including:

 •

 our inability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or the applicable regulatory entity or notified body that our products are safe or effective for their intended uses or, for a 510(k) device, that they
 are substantially equivalent to the predicate;

 •

 the disagreement of the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory body with the design or implementation of our clinical trials or the interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

 •

 serious and unexpected adverse device effects experienced by participants in our clinical trials;

 •

 the data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials may be insufficient to support approval, de novo classification or clearance where required;

 •

 our inability to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of the device outweigh the risks;

 •

 the manufacturing process or facilities we use may not meet applicable requirements; and

 •

 the potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory bodies to change significantly in a manner rendering our clinical data or regulatory filings insufficient to support a
 marketing authorization.

 In addition, the FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay approval, de novo classification or clearance of our future
 products under development or impact our ability to modify our currently cleared products on a timely basis. Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain new approvals,
 granted de novo classifications, or 510(k) clearances, or increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain our current 510(k) clearances. For example, as part of the FDA Reauthorization Act, or FDARA, in 2017, Congress
 reauthorized the Medical Device User Fee Amendments with various FDA performance goal commitments and enacted several regulatory improvements related to devices and miscellaneous reforms, which are further intended to clarify and improve medical
 device regulation both pre- and post- clearance and approval. Some of these proposals and reforms could impose additional regulatory requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain new approvals, granted de novo classifications, or
 510(k) clearances, or increase the costs of compliance.

 The Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/745) became fully applicable on 26 May 2021, repealing and replacing the pre-existing EU Medical Devices Directive (Council Directive 93/42/EEC). In order to sell our
 products in member countries of the EEA our products must comply with the essential requirements of the Medical Devices Regulation, subject to certain transitional provisions that allow continued compliance of certain products to the Medical
 Devices Directive until May 2024 at the latest. Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the Conformit Europ ene, or CE, mark to our products, without which they cannot be sold or marketed in the EEA. To demonstrate
 compliance with the essential requirements we must perform a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I non-sterile, non-measuring
 devices), where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the essential requirements of the EU Medical Devices Regulation, a conformity assessment procedure requires
 the intervention of an organization accredited by a member state of the EEA to conduct conformity assessments, or a notified body. Depending on the relevant conformity assessment procedure, the notified body would typically audit and examine the
 technical file and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of our devices. The notified body issues a certificate of conformity following successful completion of a conformity assessment procedure conducted in relation
 to the medical device and its manufacturer and their conformity with the essential requirements. This certificate entitles the manufacturer to affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a related EC Declaration of
 Conformity. Since 26 May 2021, all manufacturers of medical devices sold in the EEA have to be compliant with the rules set out in the Medical Devices Regulation. The Medical Devices Regulation has the same basic requirements as the repealed EU
 Medical Devices Directive, but is generally more stringent, especially in terms of risk classes and the oversight provided by notified bodies. There is also more emphasis on vigilance and post-market surveillance.

 As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the essential requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and
 performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse
 events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence. If we fail to remain in compliance with
 applicable European laws, we would be unable to continue to affix the CE mark to our products, which would prevent us from selling them within the EEA.

 All medical devices must be registered with the MHRA before being placed on the Great Britain, or GB, market. FemVue is a Class I device and FemaSeed is a Class IIb device and we expect FemBloc to be a Class III device.
 European CE marks will continue to be recognized in GB until June 30, 2023, following which a UKCA mark will be required for a medical device to be marketed in GB. The EU regulatory framework on medical devices will, however, continue to apply in
 Northern Ireland under the Northern Irish Protocol and medical devices in Northern Ireland may either carry a European CE mark or a CE UKNI mark (although devices bearing the CE UKNI marking can only be placed on the market in Northern Ireland and
 will not be accepted on the EU market).

 As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the essential requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and
 performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse
 events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence. If we fail to remain in compliance with
 applicable European laws and directives, we would be unable to continue to affix the CE mark to our products, which would prevent us from selling them within the EEA.

 Modifications to our products may require us to obtain new PMA approvals or approvals of a PMA supplement, and if we market modified products without obtaining necessary approvals,
 we may be required to cease marketing or recall the modified products until required approvals are obtained.

 Certain modifications to a PMA-approved device may require approval of a new PMA or a PMA supplement, while other modifications can be reported in an annual report or through a 30-day Notice. The FDA may not agree with
 our decisions regarding whether a new PMA or PMA supplement is necessary. We may make modifications to our approved devices in the future that we believe do not require approval of a new PMA or PMA supplement. If the FDA disagrees with our
 determination and requires us to submit a new PMA or PMA supplement for modifications to our previously approved products, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain approval, and we may be subject to
 significant regulatory fines or penalties. For de novo classified or 510(k) cleared devices we will need to submit a new 510(k) premarket notification for any change or modification in the device that could significantly affect the safety or
 effectiveness of the device, or for a major change or modification in the intended use of the device. The FDA may not agree with our determination whether a new 510(k) is required for a modification, in which case we may be required to cease
 marketing or recall the modified product until we receive 510(k) clearance.

 In addition, the FDA may not approve, de novo classify, or clear our products for the indications that are necessary or desirable for successful commercialization or could require clinical trials to support any
 modifications. Any delay or failure in obtaining required authorizations would adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner, which in turn would harm our future growth.

 Failure to comply with post-marketing regulatory requirements could subject us to enforcement actions, including substantial penalties, and might require us to recall or withdraw a
 product from the market.

 After approval for our permanent birth control system, we will be subject to ongoing and pervasive regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the manufacture, marketing, labeling, packaging, advertising,
 medical device reporting, sale, promotion, registration, storage, distribution and listing of devices. For example, we must submit periodic reports to the FDA as a condition of PMA approval. These reports include safety and effectiveness
 information about the device after its approval. Failure to submit such reports, or failure to submit the reports in a timely manner, could result in enforcement action by the FDA. Following its review of the periodic reports, the FDA might ask for
 additional information or initiate further investigation.

 In addition, the PMA approval for our FemBloc system may be subject to several conditions of approval, including a post-market extended follow-up of the pre-market study cohort. Any failure to comply with the conditions
 of approval could result in the withdrawal of PMA approval and the inability to continue to market the device. Adverse outcomes in these studies could also be grounds for withdrawal of approval of the PMA.

 The regulations to which we are subject are complex and have become more stringent over time. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to continue or expand our operations, higher than anticipated
 costs, or lower than anticipated sales. Even after we have obtained the proper regulatory authorization to market a device, we have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations and applicable foreign laws and regulations. The FDA, state and
 foreign regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA, state or foreign regulatory authorities, which may include any of the
 following sanctions:

 •

 untitled letters or warning letters;

 •

 fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties;

 •

 recalls, termination of distribution, administrative detention, or seizure of our products;

 •

 customer notifications or repair, replacement or refunds;

 •

 operating restrictions or partial suspension or total shutdown of production;

 •

 delays in or refusal to grant our requests for future PMA approvals or foreign regulatory approvals of new products, new intended uses, or modifications to existing products;

 •

 withdrawals or suspensions of our current PMA or foreign regulatory approvals, resulting in prohibitions on sales of our products;

 •

 FDA refusal to issue certificates to foreign governments needed to export products for sale in other countries; and

 •

 criminal prosecution.

 Any of these sanctions could result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our products must be manufactured in accordance with federal and state regulations, and we or any of our suppliers could be forced to recall our products or terminate production if
 we fail to comply with these regulations.

 The methods used in, and the facilities used for, the manufacture of our products must comply with the FDA's Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which is a complex regulatory scheme that covers good manufacturing practices
 for the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, process controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, handling, storage, distribution, installation, and servicing of medical devices. Furthermore, we are required to
 verify that our suppliers and service providers maintain facilities, procedures and operations that comply with our quality standards and applicable regulatory requirements. The FDA enforces the QSR through periodic announced or unannounced
 inspections of medical device manufacturing facilities, which may include the facilities of subcontractors. Our products are also subject to similar state regulations, including state wholesale distribution requirements, and various laws and
 regulations of foreign countries governing manufacturing.

 We may not take the necessary steps to comply with applicable regulations, which could cause delays in the delivery of our products. In addition, failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements or later discovery of
 previously unknown problems with our products or manufacturing processes could result in, among other things:

 •

 warning letters or untitled letters;

 •

 fines, injunctions or civil penalties;

 •

 suspension or withdrawal of approvals;

 •

 seizures or recalls of our products;

 •

 total or partial suspension of production or distribution;

 •

 administrative or judicially imposed sanctions;

 •

 the FDA's refusal to grant pending or future approvals for our products;

 •

 clinical holds; refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and

 •

 criminal prosecution of us or our employees.

 Any of these actions could significantly and negatively affect supply of our products. If any of these events occurs, our reputation could be harmed, we could be exposed to product liability claims and we could lose
 customers and experience reduced sales and increased costs.

 If treatment guidelines for permanent birth control or other women healthcare treatments change or the standard of care evolves, we may need to redesign and seek new marketing
 authorization from the FDA for one or more of our products.

 If treatment guidelines for permanent birth control or other women healthcare treatments changes or the standard of care for any of these conditions evolve, we may need to redesign the applicable product and seek new
 clearances, grants or approvals from the FDA. If treatment guidelines change so that different treatments become desirable, the clinical utility of one or more of our products could be diminished and our business could be adversely affected.

 The misuse or off-label use of our products may harm our reputation in the marketplace, result in injuries that lead to product liability suits or result in costly investigations,
 fines or sanctions by regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in the promotion of these uses, any of which could be costly to our business.

 Although our products are marketed for the specific treatments for which the devices were designed and our personnel are trained not to promote our products for uses outside of the FDA-approved or cleared indications for
 use, known as "off-label uses", we cannot, however, prevent a physician from using our products, when in the physician's independent professional medical judgment, he or she deems it appropriate. There may be increased risk of injury to patients if
 physicians attempt to use our products off-label. Furthermore, the use of our products for indications other than those approved, granted or cleared by the FDA or authorized by any foreign regulatory body may not effectively treat such conditions,
 which could harm our reputation in the marketplace among physicians and patients.

 If the FDA or any foreign regulatory body determines that our promotional materials or training constitute promotion of an off-label use, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us
 to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance or imposition of warning letter or an untitled letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine or criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement
 authorities might take action under other regulatory authority, such as false claims laws, if they consider our business activities to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant penalties, including, but not limited
 to, criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and the curtailment of our operations.

 In addition, physicians may misuse our products or use improper techniques if they are not adequately trained, potentially leading to injury and an increased risk of product liability. If our products are misused or used
 with improper technique, we may become subject to costly litigation by our customers or their patients. Similarly, in an effort to decrease costs, physicians may also reuse our products despite it being intended for a single use or may purchase
 reprocessed products from third-party reprocessors in lieu of purchasing a new product from us, which could result in product failure and liability. As described above, product liability claims could divert management's attention from our core
 business, be expensive to defend and result in sizeable damage awards against us that may not be covered by insurance.

 Our products may cause or contribute to adverse medical events or be subject to failures or malfunctions that we are required to report to the FDA, and if we fail to do so, we would
 be subject to sanctions that could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. The discovery of serious safety issues with our products, or a recall of our products either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA
 or another governmental authority, could have a negative impact on us.

 We are subject to the FDA's medical device reporting regulations and similar foreign regulations, which require us to report to the FDA when we receive or become aware of information that reasonably suggests that one or
 more of our products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that, if the malfunction were to recur, would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The timing of our obligation to
 report is triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events of which we become aware within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to recognize that we have
 become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of the product. If we fail to comply with our reporting
 obligations, the FDA could take action, including warning letters, untitled letters, administrative actions, criminal prosecution, imposition of civil monetary penalties, seizure of our products or delay in clearance or approval of future products.

 The FDA and foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a
 product poses an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA's authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious, adverse health consequences or death. We may also choose to
 voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design
 deficiencies, packaging defects or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. Product defects or other errors may occur in the future.

 Depending on the corrective action we take to redress a product's deficiencies or defects, the FDA may require, or we may decide, that we will need to obtain new clearances, grants or approvals for the device before we
 may market or distribute the corrected device. Seeking such clearances, grants or approvals may delay our ability to replace the recalled devices in a timely manner. Moreover, if we do not adequately address problems associated with our devices, we
 may face additional regulatory enforcement action, including FDA warning letters, product seizure, injunctions, administrative penalties or civil or criminal fines.

 Certain voluntary field actions are required to be reported to the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections, even if they are not reportable to
 the FDA. We may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, it could require us to report those actions as
 recalls and we may be subject to enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers, potentially lead to product liability claims against us and negatively affect our sales. Any corrective action, whether
 voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business and may harm our reputation and financial results.

 If we do not obtain and maintain international regulatory registrations or approvals for our products, we will be unable to market and sell our products outside of North America.

 Sales of our products outside of North America are subject to foreign regulatory requirements that vary widely from country to country. In addition, the FDA regulates exports of medical devices from the United States.
 While the regulations of some countries may not impose barriers to marketing and selling our products or only require notification, others require that we obtain the approval of a specified regulatory body. Complying with foreign regulatory
 requirements, including obtaining registrations or approvals, can be expensive and time-consuming, and we may not receive regulatory approvals in each country in which we plan to market our products or we may be unable to do so on a timely basis.
 The time required to obtain registrations or marketing authorizations, if required by other countries, may be longer than that required for FDA clearance, grant or approval, and requirements for such registrations and marketing authorizations may
 significantly differ from FDA requirements. If we modify our products, we may need to apply for additional regulatory approvals before we are permitted to sell the modified product. In addition, we may not continue to meet the quality and safety
 standards required to maintain the authorizations that we have received. If we are unable to maintain our authorizations in a particular country, we will no longer be able to sell the applicable product in that country.

 Regulatory clearance, grant or approval or clearance by the FDA does not ensure registration or marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in other countries, and registration, clearance or approval by one or more
 foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure registration or marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining registration or marketing authorization in one
 country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others.

 Legislative or regulatory reforms in the United States or the European Union may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearances or approvals for our
 products or to manufacture, market or distribute our products after clearance or approval is obtained.

 From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulation of medical devices. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are
 often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new statutes, regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations, requirements, and regulatory processes may
 impose additional costs or lengthen review times of any future products or make it more difficult to obtain approval for, manufacture, market or distribute our products. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal
 interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require: additional testing prior to obtaining clearance, grant or approval; changes to
 manufacturing methods; recall, replacement or discontinuance of our products; or additional record keeping.

 On April 5, 2017, the European Parliament passed the Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation 2017/745), which repeals and replaces the EU Medical Devices Directive and the EU Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive
 (Directive 90/385/EEC) with effect from May 26, 2021. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EEA member states, the Medical Devices Regulation is directly applicable, i.e., without the need for adoption of EEA
 member state laws implementing them, in all EEA member states and is intended to eliminate current differences in the regulation of medical devices among EEA member States.

 Once applicable, the Medical Devices Regulation will among other things:

 •

 strengthen the rules on placing devices on the market and reinforce surveillance once they are available;

 •

 establish explicit provisions on manufacturers' responsibilities for the follow-up of the quality, performance and safety of devices placed on the market;

 •

 improve the traceability of medical devices throughout the supply chain to the end-user or patient through a unique identification number;

 •

 set up a central database to provide patients, healthcare professionals and the public with comprehensive information on products available in the EU;

 •

 strengthen rules for the assessment of certain high-risk devices, such as implants, which may have to undergo an additional check by experts before they are placed on the market.

 Under transitional provisions, medical devices with notified body certificates issued under the Medical Devices Directive prior to May 26, 2021 may continue to be placed on the market for the remaining validity of the
 certificate, until May 27, 2024 at the latest. After the expiry of any applicable transitional period, only devices that have been CE marked under the Medical Device Regulation may be placed on the market in the EEA. The new requirements introduced
 by the Medical Devices Regulation may make it harder for us to CE mark our products and may have an effect on the way we conduct our business in the EEA.

 We are subject to certain federal, state and foreign fraud and abuse laws, health information privacy and security laws and transparency laws, which, if violated, could subject us to
 substantial penalties. Additionally, any challenge to or investigation into our practices under these laws could cause adverse publicity and be costly to respond to, and thus could harm our business.

 There are numerous U.S. federal and state, as well as foreign, laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback, false claims and physician transparency laws. Our business practices and relationships
 with providers are subject to scrutiny under these laws. We may also be subject to privacy and security regulation related to patient, customer, employee and other third-party information by both the federal government and the states and foreign
 jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

 •

 the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash
 or in kind, to induce either the referral of an individual or furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or
 entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. The U.S. government has interpreted this law broadly to apply to the marketing and sales activities of
 manufacturers. Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False
 Claims Act. Violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute may result in civil monetary penalties. Civil penalties for such conduct can further be assessed under the federal False Claims Act. Violations can also result in criminal
 penalties. Similarly, violations can result in exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. On November 20, 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of the Inspector
 General, or OIG, finalized further modifications to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Under the final rules, the OIG added safe harbor protections under the Anti-Kickback Statute for certain coordinated care and value-based arrangements
 among clinicians, providers, and others. These rules (with exceptions) became effective January 19, 2021. We continue to evaluate what effect, if any, these rules will have on our business;

 •

 the federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly
 presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs that are false or fraudulent. These laws can apply to manufacturers who provide information on coverage, coding, and
 reimbursement of their products to persons who bill third-party payers. Private individuals can bring False Claims Act "qui tam" actions, on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as "whistleblowers," may share in
 amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal civil False Claims Act, the government may impose civil fines and penalties, and exclude the entity from
 participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs;

 •

 the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, offering or transferring remuneration to a federal healthcare beneficiary that a person knows or should know is likely to influence
 the beneficiary's decision to order or receive items or services reimbursable by the government from a particular provider or supplier;

 •

 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit
 program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a
 violation;

 •

 the federal Physician Sunshine Act under the ACA, which require certain applicable manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the
 Children's Health Insurance Program, or CHIP, to report annually to the DHHS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, which is defined broadly to include
 other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals, and applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations, to report annually ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Applicable
 manufacturers are required to submit annual reports to CMS. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not timely,
 accurately, and completely reported in an annual submission, and may result in liability under other federal laws or regulations. We have not, to date, submitted reports under the Physician Sunshine Act under the ACA;

 •

 HIPAA, as amended by the HITECH Act, and their respective implementing regulations, which impose requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their
 business associates that perform services for them that involve individually identifiable health information, relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate
 authorization, including mandatory contractual terms as well as directly applicable privacy and security standards and requirements. Failure to comply with the HIPAA privacy and security standards can result in civil monetary penalties,
 and, in certain circumstances, criminal penalties. State attorneys general can also bring a civil action to enjoin a HIPAA violation or to obtain statutory damages on behalf of residents of his or her state;

 •

 analogous state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including
 commercial insurers or patients; state laws that require device companies to comply with the industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict
 payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require device manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare
 providers or marketing expenditures; consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm customers, foreign and state laws, including the EU General Data
 Protection Regulation, governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts;
 federal government price reporting laws, which may require calculations and reporting of complex pricing metrics in an accurate and timely manner to government programs; and state laws related to insurance fraud in the case of claims
 involving private insurers; and

 •

 California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) which creates new individual privacy rights for California consumers (as defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security
 obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA will require covered companies to provide certain disclosures to consumers about its data collection, use and sharing practices, and to provide affected
 California residents with ways to opt-out of certain sales or transfers of personal information. The CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California State Attorney General submitted final regulations for review on June 2, 2020,
 which were finalized and are now effective. The California State Attorney General has commenced enforcement actions against violators as of July 1, 2020. Further, a new California privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) was
 passed by California voters on November 3, 2020. The CPRA created obligations relating to consumer data beginning on January 1, 2022 and enforcement of the law begins on July 1, 2023. We will continue to monitor developments related to the
 CPRA and anticipate additional costs and expenses associated with CPRA compliance. Laws similar to the CCPA and CPRA have been enacted in Virginia (the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or VCDPA, which went into effect on January 1,
 2023), Colorado (the Colorado Privacy Act, or CPA, which goes into effect on July 1, 2023), Utah (the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, or UCPA, which goes into effect on December 31, 2023) and Connecticut (the Connecticut Data Privacy Act, or
 CDPA, which goes into effect on July 1, 2023). The California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAADCA), which expands the CPRA for businesses with websites that are likely to be accessed by children, was signed into law on September 15,
 2022 and goes into effect on July 1, 2024. While the CCPA and CPRA contain an exception for certain activities involving PHI under HIPAA, we cannot yet determine the impact the CCPA, CPRA or other such future laws, regulations and standards
 may have on our business.

 These laws and regulations, among other things, constrain our business, marketing and other promotional activities by limiting the kinds of financial arrangements, including sales programs, we may have with hospitals,
 physicians or other potential purchasers of our products. Due to the breadth of these laws, the narrowness of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, and the range of interpretations to which they are subject, it is possible
 that some of our current or future practices might be challenged under one or more of these laws.

 To enforce compliance with the healthcare regulatory laws, certain enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number
 of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Responding to investigations can be time-and resource-consuming and can divert management's attention from the business. Additionally, as a result of these
 investigations, healthcare providers and entities may have to agree to additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or
 otherwise have an adverse effect on our business. Even an unsuccessful challenge or investigation into our practices could cause adverse publicity and be costly to respond to. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the healthcare
 laws or regulations described above or any other healthcare regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participation in government healthcare
 programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, disgorgement and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

 Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies, including from government shut downs, or other disruptions to these agencies' operations, could hinder their
 ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the
 operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

 The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user
 fees, and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new product candidates to be reviewed
 and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and
 development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

 Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new product candidates to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For
 example, over the last several years the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities.
 If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government
 shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

 We may be subject to, or may in the future become subject to, U.S., state, and foreign laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, store and process personal
 information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.

 In the conduct of our business, we may at times process personal data, including health-related personal data. The U.S. federal government and various states have adopted or proposed laws, regulations, guidelines and
 rules for the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals. We may also be subject to U.S. federal rules, regulations and guidance concerning data security for medical devices, including guidance from the FDA.
 State privacy and security laws vary from state to state and, in some cases, can impose more restrictive requirements than U.S. federal law. Where state laws are more protective, we must comply with the stricter provisions. In addition to fines and
 penalties that may be imposed for failure to comply with state law, some states also provide for private rights of action to individuals for misuse of personal information.

 The EU also has laws and regulations dealing with the collection, use and processing of personal data obtained from individuals in the EU, which are often more restrictive than those in the United States and which
 restrict transfers of personal data to the United States unless certain requirements are met. These obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other
 requirements or our practices. In addition, these rules are constantly under scrutiny. For example, following a decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in October 2015, transferring personal data to U.S. companies that had certified
 as members of the U.S. Safe Harbor Scheme was declared invalid. In July 2016 the European Commission adopted the U.S.-EU Privacy Shield Framework which replaces the Safe Harbor Scheme. However, this Framework is under review and there is currently
 litigation challenging other EU mechanisms for adequate data transfers (i.e., the standard contractual clauses). It is uncertain whether the Privacy Shield Framework and/or the standard contractual clauses will be similarly invalidated by the
 European courts. We rely on a mixture of mechanisms to transfer personal data from our EU business to the U.S., and could be impacted by changes in law as a result of a future review of these transfer mechanisms by European regulators under the EU
 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as well as current challenges to these mechanisms in the European courts.

 Any actual or perceived failure by us or the third parties with whom we work to comply with privacy or security laws, policies, legal obligations or industry standards, or any security incident that results in the
 unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information, may result in governmental enforcement actions and investigations including by European Data Protection Authorities and U.S. federal and state regulatory authorities, fines
 and penalties, litigation and/or adverse publicity, including by consumer advocacy groups, and could cause our customers, their patients and other healthcare professionals to lose trust in us, which could harm our reputation and have a material
 adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The laws in the EU are under reform and from May 25, 2018 onwards, we will be subject to the requirements of the GDPR because we are processing personal data in the EU and/or offering goods to, or monitor the behavior of,
 individuals in the EU. The GDPR implements more stringent administrative requirements for controllers and processors of personal data, including, for example, shortened timelines for data breach notifications, limitations on retention of
 information, increased requirements pertaining to health data and pseudonymized (i.e., key-coded) data, additional obligations when we contract with service providers, more robust rights for individuals over their personal data. The GDPR provides
 that EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of genetic, biometric or health data, which could limit our ability to use and share personal data or could cause our costs to increase and harm our
 business and financial condition. If we do not comply with our obligations under the GDPR, we could be exposed to significant fines of up to 20,000,000 or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever
 is higher.

 Healthcare policy changes, including recently enacted legislation reforming the U.S. healthcare system, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. In March 2010, the ACA was enacted in the United States, which made a number of substantial changes
 in the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other ways in which it may affect our business, the ACA:

 •

 imposed an annual excise tax of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports medical devices offered for sale in the United States, with limited exceptions (described in more detail below), although the
 effective rate paid may be lower. Through a series of legislative amendments, the tax was suspended for 2016 through 2019. Absent further legislative action, the device excise tax was to be reinstated on medical device sales starting
 January 1, 2020. The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 H.R. 1865 (Pub. L.116-94), signed into law on December 20, 2019, has repealed the medical device excise tax previously imposed by Internal Revenue Code section 4191. Prior to
 the repeal, the tax was on a 4-year moratorium. As a result of the repeal and the prior moratorium, sales of taxable medical devices after December 31, 2015, are not subject to the tax. It is impossible to determine whether similar taxes
 could be instated in the future;

 •

 established a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee and identify priorities in comparative clinical efficacy research in an effort to coordinate and develop such research;

 •

 implemented payment system reforms including a national pilot program on payment bundling to encourage hospitals, physicians and other providers to improve the coordination, quality and efficiency of certain
 healthcare services through bundled payment models; and

 •

 expanded the eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs.

 We do not yet know the full impact that the ACA will have on our business. The taxes imposed by the ACA and the expansion in the government's role in the U.S. healthcare industry may result in decreased profits to us,
 lower reimbursement by payors for our permanent birth control system and women-specific medical devices, and/or reduced medical procedure volumes, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of
 operations. Some of the provisions of the ACA have yet to be fully implemented, while certain provisions have been subject to judicial and Congressional challenges. Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or
 part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, includes a provision
 that decreased the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year, commonly referred to as the "individual mandate," to $0, effective
 January 1, 2019. On December 14, 2018, a federal district court in Texas ruled the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the ACA, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax Act, the remaining provisions of the
 ACA are invalid as well. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional, and remanded the case to the lower court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the full ACA. On March
 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case and held oral arguments on November 10, 2020. Although the Biden Administration has reconsidered the position of the government on the
 constitutionality of the individual mandate and the severability of the provision from the remainder of the ACA and has officially notified the United States Supreme Court in this regard, pending a decision, the ACA remains in effect, but it is
 unclear at this time what effect these developments will have on the status of the ACA.

 Further, on January 20, 2017, former President Trump signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the ACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the
 implementation of any provision of the ACA that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices.
 On October 13, 2017, former President Trump signed an Executive Order terminating the cost-sharing subsidies that reimburse insurers under the ACA. The Trump administration concluded that cost-sharing reduction, (CSR) payments to insurance
 companies required under the ACA have not received necessary appropriations from Congress and announced that it will discontinue these payments immediately until those appropriations are made. Several state Attorneys General filed suit to stop the
 administration from terminating the subsidies, but their request for a restraining order was denied by a federal judge in California on October 25, 2017. On August 14, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled in two separate
 cases that the federal government is liable for the full amount of unpaid CSRs for the years preceding and including 2017. For CSR claims made by health insurance companies for years 2018 and later, further litigation will be required to determine
 the amounts due, if any. Further, on June 14, 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that the federal government was not required to pay more than $12 billion in ACA risk corridor payments to third-party payors who argued the
 payments were owed to them. On April 27, 2020, the United States Supreme Court reversed the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's decision and remanded the case to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, concluding the government has an
 obligation to pay these risk corridor payments under the relevant formula. It is unclear what impact these rulings will have on our business. In addition, CMS published a final rule that would give states greater flexibility as of 2020 in setting
 benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through such marketplaces.

 In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced
 Medicare payments to providers by 2% per fiscal year, effective on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013,
 the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments
 to providers from three to five years. The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) enacted on April 16, 2015, repealed the formula by which Medicare made annual payment adjustments to physicians and replaced the former formula
 with fixed annual updates and a new system of incentive payments scheduled to begin in 2019 that are based on various performance measures and physician's participation in alternative payment models such as accountable care organizations. It is
 unclear what effect new quality and payment programs, such as MACRA, may have on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 We expect additional state and federal healthcare policies and reform measures to be adopted in the future, any of which could limit reimbursement for healthcare products and services or otherwise result in reduced demand
 for our FemBloc system or additional pricing pressure and have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our customers. Any changes of, or uncertainty with respect to, future coverage or reimbursement rates could affect demand for
 our FemBloc system, which in turn could impact our ability to successfully commercialize our FemBloc system and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our business involves the use of hazardous materials, and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which may be expensive and restrict how we do business.

 Our manufacturer activities involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials and are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture,
 storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. We currently carry no insurance specifically covering environmental claims relating to the use of hazardous materials. Although we believe the safety procedures for handling and disposing
 of these materials and waste products comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from the use, storage, handling or disposal of hazardous materials. In the
 event of an accident, state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of these materials and interrupt our business operations which could adversely affect our business.

 We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as well as export control laws, customs laws,
 sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations. If we fail to comply with these laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, other remedial measures and legal expenses, which could adversely affect our business, results of
 operations and financial condition.

 As we grow our international presence and global operations, we will be increasingly exposed to trade and economic sanctions and other restrictions imposed by the United States, the European Union and other governments
 and organizations. The U.S. Departments of Justice, Commerce, State and Treasury and other federal agencies and authorities have a broad range of civil and criminal penalties they may seek to impose against corporations and individuals for
 violations of economic sanctions laws, export control laws, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, (FCPA) and other federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). In addition, the U.K.
 Bribery Act of 2010, or the Bribery Act, prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery across both private and public sectors. An organization that "fails to prevent bribery" by anyone associated with the organization can be
 charged under the Bribery Act unless the organization can establish the defense of having implemented "adequate procedures" to prevent bribery. Under these laws and regulations, as well as other anti-corruption laws, anti-money laundering laws,
 export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations, various government agencies may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to business practices, including cessation of business activities
 in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned persons or entities and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of these laws or regulations would
 negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We have implemented policies and procedures that are designed to ensure compliance by us and our directors, officers, employees, representatives, consultants and agents with the FCPA, OFAC restrictions, the Bribery Act
 and other export control, anti-corruption, anti-money-laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations. We cannot assure you, however, that our policies and procedures are sufficient or that directors, officers, employees, representatives,
 consultants and agents have not engaged and will not engage in conduct for which we may be held responsible, nor can we assure you that our business partners have not engaged and will not engage in conduct that could materially affect their ability
 to perform their contractual obligations to us or even result in our being held liable for such conduct. Violations of the FCPA, OFAC restrictions, the Bribery Act or other export control, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism
 laws or regulations may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We bear the risk of warranty claims on our products.

 We bear the risk of warranty claims on our products. We may not be successful in claiming recovery under any warranty or indemnity provided to us by our suppliers or vendors in the event of a successful warranty claim
 against us by a customer or that any recovery from such vendor or supplier would be adequate. In addition, warranty claims brought by our customers related to third-party components may arise after our ability to bring corresponding warranty claims
 against such suppliers expires, which could result in costs to us.

 Risks Related to Intellectual Property Matters

 If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are accused of infringing on the intellectual property rights of others, our competitive position
 could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

 Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining issued patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary
 technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we
 may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

 We own numerous issued patents and pending patent applications that relate to our intrauterine artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system and women-specific medical product solutions. As of December
 31, 2023, we owned 48 issued U.S. patents and 132 issued foreign patents, 14 pending U.S. patent applications and 25 pending foreign patent applications. These issued patents, and any patents granted from such applications, are expected to expire
 between 2024 and 2046, without taking potential patent term extensions or adjustments into account.

 We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our intrauterine
 artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions, and any additional features we develop for our products. Other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive
 to our intrauterine artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict
 with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. The patent positions of medical device companies, including our patent position, may involve complex
 legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or
 circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such
 proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us,
 which in turn could affect our ability to commercialize our products.

 Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages
 against competitors with similar products. Competitors could purchase our intrauterine artificial insemination product, permanent birth control system, and women-specific medical product solutions and attempt to replicate some or all of the
 competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be
 unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to
 the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.

 Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be
 difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor's or potential competitor's product. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be
 commercially meaningful.

 In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims
 against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our FemBloc system or FemaSeed product are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court
 found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

 The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

 •

 any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our FemBloc system and FemaSeed product;

 •

 any of our pending patent applications will issue as patents;

 •

 we will be able to successfully commercialize our products on a substantial scale, if approved, before our relevant patents we may have expire;

 •

 we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our patents and pending patent applications;

 •

 we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

 •

 others will not develop similar or alternative technologies that do not infringe our patents; any of our patents will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;

 •

 any patents issued to us will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable products, will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties;

 •

 we will develop additional proprietary technologies or products that are separately patentable; or

 •

 our commercial activities or products will not infringe upon the patents of others.

 We rely, in part, upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality
 agreements with our employees and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us and have non-compete agreements with some, but not all, of our consultants. It is possible
 that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these
 agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our
 competitors.

 Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent
 agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

 Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and applications are required to be paid to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and various
 governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetimes of the patents and applications. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary,
 fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process and after a patent has issued. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial
 or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Under the terms of some of our licenses, we do not have the ability to maintain or prosecute patents in the portfolio and must therefore rely on third parties to comply with these
 requirements.

 Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from developing
 or selling our products or affect our stock price.

 Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or violating the other proprietary rights of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights occurs in our industry. Our competitors in both
 the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain,
 patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in the United States and
 elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications
 may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Third parties may, in the future, assert claims that we are
 employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. As we
 continue to commercialize our products in their current or updated forms, launch new products and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of business
 strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technology involved, and the uncertainty of
 litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management's attention being diverted to patent litigation. We have, and we may in the future, receive letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses
 under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

 Moreover, we may become party to future adversarial proceedings regarding our patent portfolio or the patents of third parties. Such proceedings could include supplemental examination or contested post-grant proceedings
 such as review, reexamination, inter parties review, interference or derivation proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and challenges in U.S. District Court. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable
 proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be
 initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We
 may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

 Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could
 force us to do one or more of the following:

 •

 stop making, selling or using products or technologies that allegedly infringe the asserted intellectual property;

 •

 lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property rights against others; incur significant legal
 expenses;

 •

 pay substantial damages or royalties to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

 •

 pay the attorney's fees and costs of litigation to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

 •

 redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could be costly, disruptive and infeasible; and

 •

 attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, or from third parties who may attempt to license rights that they do
 not have.

 Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core
 business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial
 royalties and could be prevented from selling our products unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance
 that we would be able to redesign our products in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. If we fail
 to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our products or technologies, we may have to withdraw existing products from the market or may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products.

 In addition, we generally indemnify our customers with respect to infringement by our products of the proprietary rights of third parties. Third parties may assert infringement claims against our customers. These claims
 may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our customers, regardless of the merits of these claims. If any of these claims succeed or settle, we may be forced to pay damages or settlement payments on behalf
 of our customers or may be required to obtain licenses for the products they use. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our customers may be forced to stop using our products.

 Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop.

 Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. We may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or consultants
 obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will
 develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual
 property or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position
 could be harmed.

 In addition to patent protection, we also rely upon copyright and trade secret protection, as well as non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, to
 protect our confidential and proprietary information. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures
 may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or
 consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or
 reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.
 Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be
 independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was
 independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

 We may be unable to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

 The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending
 intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. This could make it difficult for us to stop infringement of our foreign patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, some
 foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government
 contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may
 choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

 Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our
 intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and
 the enforcement of our intellectual property.

 Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

 We employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or
 know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets
 or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a
 settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

 Recent changes in U.S. patent laws could diminish the value of patents in general and may limit our ability to obtain, defend and/or enforce our patents.

 Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act,
 or the Leahy-Smith Act, includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and also affect patent litigation. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office recently
 developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, which became effective
 on March 16, 2013. The first to file provisions limit the rights of an inventor to patent an invention if not the first to file an application for patenting that invention, even if such invention was the first invention. Accordingly, it is not
 clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business.

 However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement and defense of our issued patents. For example, the Leahy-Smith Act provides that an
 administrative tribunal known as the Patent Trial and Appeals Board, or PTAB, provides a venue for challenging the validity of patents at a cost that is much lower than district court litigation and on timelines that are much faster. Although it is
 not clear what, if any, long-term impact the PTAB proceedings will have on the operation of our business, the initial results of patent challenge proceedings before the PTAB since its inception in 2013 have resulted in the invalidation of many U.S.
 patent claims. The availability of the PTAB as a lower-cost, faster and potentially more potent tribunal for challenging patents could increase the likelihood that our own patents will be challenged, thereby increasing the uncertainties and costs
 of maintaining and enforcing them.

 Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products for an adequate amount of time.

 Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire shortly after such candidates are commercialized. We expect
 to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecuting patents. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits a patent term extension
 of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent, which is limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the
 USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited
 extensions than we request.

 If our trademarks and trade names are denied by regulatory authorities or are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and
 our business may be adversely affected.

 We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot assure you that our trademark
 applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. During the trademark registration process, we may receive office actions from the USPTO objecting to the registration of our trademark. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond
 to those objections, we may be unable to overcome them. Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be denied by other regulatory authorities or challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing
 on other marks. We may be unable to use these trademarks and trade names or protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. Over the long
 term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. If other entities use trademarks similar to ours in different
 jurisdictions, or have senior rights to ours, it could interfere with our use of our current trademarks throughout the world. If we are required to use an alternative trademark, any goodwill and recognition that we have built for these trademarks
 would be lost. If any party infringes on any of the trademarks on which we rely, enforcing those trademarks may be difficult, costly, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful.

 Risks Related to Our Common Stock

 We are a "smaller reporting company" and an "emerging growth company" and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to "smaller reporting companies" may make our common stock
 less attractive to investors.

 We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of
 our IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0
 million as of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

 An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

 •

 being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations;

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 not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

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 an exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotations;

 •

 reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

 •

 exemptions from the requirement to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and to obtain stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

 We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in the future. As a result, the information that we provide to
 our investors may be different from the information you might receive from other public reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies in which you hold equity interests. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take
 advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected not to take advantage of such
 extended transition period, which means that we will adopt a new standard when it is issued or revised.

 We are also a "smaller reporting company," meaning that the market value of our shares held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue was less than $100.0 million during the most recently
 completed fiscal year, or if the market value of our shares held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from
 certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on
 Form 10-K and have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and, similar to emerging growth companies, if we are a smaller reporting company with less than $100 million in annual revenue, we would not be required to obtain
 an attestation report.

 Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent
 attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

 Provisions in the amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. In addition, these provisions may frustrate
 or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the
 members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. These provisions include:

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 a prohibition on actions by our stockholders by written consent;

 •

 advance notice requirements for election to our board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings;

 •

 a requirement that directors may only be removed "for cause";

 •

 a requirement that only the board of directors may change the number of directors and fill vacancies on the board;

 •

 division of our board of directors into three classes, serving staggered terms of three years each; and

 •

 the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock with such terms as the board of directors may determine.

 Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our
 outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in
 a prescribed manner. These provisions would apply even if the proposed merger or acquisition could be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

 We incur significant costs as a result of being a public company, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements that will are applicable to us as a public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street
 Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Exchange Act, as well as the rules of Nasdaq. These rules and regulations have significantly increased our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and have made some activities more
 time-consuming. These rules and regulations have made it more expensive for us to maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of
 directors or as executive officers. Accordingly, the increases in costs incurred as a result of being a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may
 adversely affect investor confidence in our Company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

 To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we have undertaken various actions, including implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring new accounting or internal audit staff. The
 Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to
 ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed
 in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate and weaknesses in our internal control over
 financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls when we become subject to this requirement could negatively affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent
 registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we may be required to include in our periodic reports we will file with the SEC under Section 404 of the
 Sarbanes-Oxley Act, harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in a restatement of our prior period financial statements. In the event that we are not able to demonstrate compliance with the
 Sarbanes-Oxley Act, that our internal control over financial reporting is perceived as inadequate or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results and the price of our
 common stock could decline. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may be unable to remain listed on Nasdaq.

 Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

 We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit
 under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no
 matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

 These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the
 individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be
 detected.

 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between
 us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our
 behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty or other wrongdoing by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of
 the DGCL or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision does not
 apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws further provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for
 the District of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision, as the Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware. In
 addition, our amended and restated bylaws provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the
 Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

 We believe the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law by chancellors particularly experienced in resolving corporate
 disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, this provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial
 forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees and also may impose additional litigation costs on
 stockholders in pursuing any such claims. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are "facially
 valid" under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters.
 The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court for the
 District of Delaware may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or
 less favorable to us than our stockholders.

 Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

 We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital
 appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 General Risk Factors

 Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of
 operations.

 Adverse developments that affect financial institutions, such as events involving liquidity that are rumored or actual, have in the past and may in the future lead to bank failures and market-wide
 liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB"), where we held substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each sent into receivership. The Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC released a
 statement that indicated that all depositors of SVB would have access to all of their funds, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, after only one business day of closure. As of March 13, 2023, we had access to all of our funds held at
 SVB. The U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board have announced a program to provide up to $25 billion of loans to financial institutions secured by certain of such government securities held by financial institutions to
 mitigate the risk of potential losses on the sale of such instruments, widespread demands for customer withdrawals or other liquidity needs of financial institutions for immediately liquidity may exceed the capacity of such program. There is no
 guarantee, however, that the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board will provide access to uninsured funds in the future in the event of the closure of other banks or financial institutions, or that they would do so in a timely
 fashion.

 Uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, and our business, our business partners, or industry as a whole may be adversely impacted in ways that we cannot
 predict at this time.

 Although we assess our banking relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to cash in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business
 operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect the financial institutions with which we have banking relationships, and in turn, us. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the
 ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the
 prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally. The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these
 factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, delayed access to deposits or
 other financial assets or the uninsured loss of deposits or other financial assets; or termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing or actual loss of funds subject to cash management arrangements.

 In addition, widespread investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and
 tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to
 our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations or
 result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our
 liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition, a critical vendor or business partner could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described above as factors, which in turn, could have a material adverse
 effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition. Any business partner or supplier bankruptcy or insolvency, or any breach or default by a business partner or supplier, or the loss of any
 significant business partner or supplier relationships, could result in material adverse impacts on our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition.

 Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. Global economic and business activities continue to face widespread uncertainties, and
 global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions in the past several years, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising inflation and monetary supply shifts, rising interest rates,
 labor shortages, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, recession risks, and uncertainty about economic and geopolitical stability. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, such as the global
 financial crisis, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our products, and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Supply chain disruptions have lengthened our
 suppliers' timelines and increased costs. The occurrence of, or acceleration or exasperation of, any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the economic climate and financial market conditions
 could adversely affect our business.

 Our internal computer systems, or those of any of our CROs, manufacturers, other contractors, consultants, existing or future collaborators, may fail or suffer security or data
 privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of or destruction of our proprietary and confidential data, employee data or personal data, which could result in additional costs, significant liabilities, harm to our reputation
 and material disruption of our operations.

 Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs, other contractors, consultants, potential future collaborators and other third-party service
 providers are vulnerable to damage from various methods, including cybersecurity attacks, breaches, intentional or accidental mistakes or errors, attacks using artificial intelligence, or other technological failures, which can include, among other
 things, computer viruses, unauthorized access attempts, including third parties gaining access to systems using stolen or inferred credentials, denial-of-service attacks, phishing attempts, service disruptions, natural disasters, fire, terrorism,
 war and telecommunication and electrical failures. As the cyber-threat landscape evolves, these attacks are growing in frequency, sophistication and intensity, and are becoming increasingly difficult to detect. If such an event were to occur and
 cause interruptions in our operations or result in the unauthorized acquisition of or access to personally identifiable information or individually identifiable health information (violating certain privacy laws such as HIPAA,, or HITECH Act, the
 CCPA and GDPR), it could result in a material disruption of our product candidate development programs and our business operations, and we could incur significant liabilities. Some of the federal, state and foreign government requirements include
 obligations of companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular personally identifiable information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or by our vendors or contractors. Notifications and follow-up actions
 related to a security breach could impact our reputation and cause us to incur significant costs, including legal expenses and remediation costs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or future clinical trials
 involving our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the lost data.

 To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could be exposed to litigation and
 governmental investigations, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines or penalties for any noncompliance with certain state, federal or international
 privacy and security laws.

 Our insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for the potential losses arising from any such disruption, failure or security breach. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on
 economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and could have high deductibles in any event, and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management attention.

 The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth that we provide may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted
 growth, our business may not grow at similar rates, or at all.

 The market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts we provide are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates which may not prove to be accurate. The estimates and forecasts relating
 to size and expected growth of our target market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecasts, our business may not grow at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many
 factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties.

 Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, collaborators and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance
 with regulatory standards and requirements.

 We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, collaborators, service providers and vendors. Misconduct by these parties
 could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct that fails to comply with the laws of the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory
 bodies, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws, or report financial information or data accurately or to disclose
 unauthorized activities to us. As we begin commercializing our products and if we obtain FDA approval of our product candidate in the United States, our potential exposure under such laws will increase significantly, and our costs associated with
 compliance with such laws will also increase. These laws may impact, among other things, our current activities with principal investigators and research patients, as well as proposed and future sales, marketing and education programs. We have a
 code of business conduct and ethics and maintain a training program, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors, and the precautions we take
 to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or
 regulations. If any actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines,
 imprisonment, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of
 noncompliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and the curtailment of our operations.

 An active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained.

 We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will be sustained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish
 to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and enter into strategic partnerships or acquire other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using shares of
 our common stock as consideration. Furthermore, there can be no guarantee that we will continue to satisfy the continued listing standards of Nasdaq. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing standards, we could be de-listed, which would have a
 negative effect on the price of our common stock.

 We expect that the price of our common stock will fluctuate substantially.

 The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

 •

 announcements of regulatory approval or disapproval of our FemBloc system or the FDA's decision to grant or decline any future approvals or clearances for enhancements to our products;

 •

 adverse results from or delays in clinical trial of our FemBloc system;

 •

 unanticipated safety concerns related to the use of our FemBloc system;

 •

 FDA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory or legal actions or changes affecting us or our industry;

 •

 our ability to develop, obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, and market new and enhanced medical products on a timely basis;

 •

 any voluntary or mandated product recalls;

 •

 adverse developments concerning our suppliers or any future strategic partnerships;

 •

 the volume and timing of sales of our products;

 •

 the introduction of new products or product enhancements by us or others in our industry;

 •

 disputes or other developments with respect to our or others' intellectual property rights;

 •

 product liability claims or other litigation;

 •

 quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of others in our industry;

 •

 media exposure of our products or of those of others in our industry;

 •

 changes in governmental regulations or in reimbursement;

 •

 changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

 •

 changes in financial estimates or guidance, including our ability to meet our future revenue and operating profit or loss estimates or guidance;

 •

 the public's reaction to our earnings releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

 •

 sales of substantial amounts of our stock by directors, officers or significant stockholders, or the expectation that such sales might occur;

 •

 operating and stock performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us and overall performance of the equity markets;

 •

 additions or departures of key personnel;

 •

 changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities and the incurrence of debt;

 •

 general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors; and

 •

 other factors described in this "Risk Factors" section.

 In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and
 industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

 In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following
 volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management's attention and resources from
 our business.

 Securities analysts may not continue to publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading
 volume to decline.

 The trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. Our research coverage may be
 inconsistent and not as robust as larger and more established public companies and, as we begin to establish a commercialization operation, analysts may be unable to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet
 their estimates. If any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to
 publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and result in the loss of all or a part of your investment in us.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Risk Management and Strategy

 We employ a cybersecurity program which we believe is appropriate for the potential of cybersecurity threats faced
 by us and is built upon a set of policies, procedures and standards supported by training and education Our information systems employ local and cloud storage and recovery services from various third parties. We have engaged third-party
 consultants to assess and gather threat intelligence and cyber risk trends and conduct assessments and testing of our cybersecurity procedures and protections.

 Governance and Role of Management and the Board

 Our Chief Operating Officer leads our cybersecurity program and reports, with respect to cybersecurity incidents, to the Company's Chief
 Financial Officer. Our Chief Financial Officer reports directly to the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee, which is the principal committee charged with the Board's risk management oversight, including cybersecurity risks. The Chief
 Financial Officer briefs the Board and Audit Committee on the effectiveness of our cybersecurity program quarterly. We have not experienced any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have had a material impact on our business to date.

 Item 2.

 Properties.

 We lease our facility in Suwanee, Georgia which, together with our research and development, controlled environment room and office space, currently totals approximately 41,000 square feet. As of
 December 31, 2023, our monthly rent payment was $47,029 and is subject to increases on an annual basis. Our lease expires in April 2029, and we have the option to extend the term for one consecutive term of five years, subject to certain terms and
 conditions.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 None

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY

 Market Information

 Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the ticker symbol FEMY.

 On March 20, 2024 there were 142 holders of record of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in a "nominee" or "street" name.

 We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently expect to retain future earnings, if any, for the
 continued development of our business.

 Our transfer agent and registrar is Broadridge Investor Communication Solutions, Inc.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 None.

 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 11. of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

 None.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Not applicable

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 We are a leading biomedical company focused on addressing significant unmet needs of women worldwide with a broad portfolio of in-office,
 accessible, and innovative therapeutic and diagnostic solutions, including a lead revolutionary product candidate and FDA-cleared products. Our mission is to provide women with superior minimally-invasive, non-surgical product technologies,
 accessible in the office, improving patient care and overall health economics focused on servicing the reproductive health needs for those seeking solutions for infertility issues (FemaSeed and FemVue) or permanent birth control (FemBloc). We are
 a woman-founded and led company with an expansive, internally created intellectual property portfolio with 180 patents globally, in-house chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) and device manufacturing capabilities and proven ability to
 develop and commercialize products. Our suite of products and product candidates address what we believe are multi-billion dollar global market segments in which there has been little advancement for many years, helping women avoid pharmaceutical
 solutions, implants and surgery that can be expensive and expose women to harm.

 FemaSeed – Our Artificial Insemination Solution. Our FDA-cleared artificial insemination solution features single intratubal sperm delivery directed to the selected fallopian tube,
 the natural site of conception, offering significant advantages over existing assisted reproductive approaches, including significant cost savings and reduction of safety risks. Our first-line therapeutic infertility solution, FemaSeed, combines
 with a diagnostic companion product, our FDA-cleared and marketed FemVue device, which, creates saline and air contrast to safely assess the fallopian tubes for patency prior to treatment with FemaSeed. FemVue can be used with our FDA-cleared and
 marketed FemCath device, which allows for selective evaluation of the fallopian tube. At least one open fallopian tube is necessary for successful fertilization, and we believe FemVue offers significant advantages over other existing approaches,
 including being able to provide ultrasound evaluation of a woman's fallopian tubes as part of an existing diagnostic infertility assessment. In April 2021 we received an IDE approval from the FDA that allowed us to initiate a pivotal trial for the
 FemaSeed device. The first subject was enrolled in July 2021. In October 2022, we announced an updated study design for the pivotal trial to focus on couples experiencing male factor infertility, an underserved patient segment. In April 2023 we
 received approval to sell FemaSeed in Canada. In September 2023 we announced 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FemaSeed for intratubal insemination. The clinical trial was still ongoing at the time of receiving U.S. regulatory clearance from FDA,
 however, the study was concluded with enrollment completed in November 2023. Topline results of the clinical trial were announced in March 2024. The trial demonstrated that 24% of women became pregnant after FemaSeed with severe male factor (1
 million to 20 million total motile sperm count (TMSC)). In contrast, a 6.7% pregnancy rate by cycle was described in the literature for intrauterine insemination (IUI) with male factor (greater than 1 million TMSC). Although permitted to have
 multiple FemaSeed attempts, the majority of women who became pregnant did so after the first FemaSeed procedure. The majority of adverse events were reported as mild (n=127 subjects, 216 cycles). No new safety concerns were observed through the
 seven-week follow-up. All adverse events were consistent with those known for IUI. The approved labeling includes women or couples wishing to become pregnant by way of intratubal insemination. We began the first phase of commercial launch in March
 2024 with the announcement of the first commercial use of FemaSeed.

 FemVue, a solution that enables fallopian tube assessment with ultrasound as an alternative to the radiologic approach
 (hysterosalpingogram) for the diagnosis of infertility, is approved for sale in the U.S., Japan, and Canada. FemChec allows for fallopian tube evaluation after a FemBloc procedure to confirm occlusion (or procedure success) and is being studied
 as part of the FemBloc pivotal trial. FemCath, allows for selective evaluation of an individual fallopian tube as an alternative to the traditional intrauterine catheter that is undirected, is approved for sale in the U.S and Canada. FemCerv is
 an alternative for the diagnosis of cervical cancer by obtaining a comprehensive tissue sample with minimal contamination of the endocervical canal, and is approved for sale in the U.S and Canada. In August 2023 the Company announced it had
 obtained a Medical Device Establishment License from Health Canada allowing the Company to directly sell its four products, FemaSeed, FemVue, FemCath and FemCerv, in Canada. In October 2023, the Company announced it had completed the European
 Union Medical Device Regulation (MDR) final audit, the last step in obtaining an MDR certificate and CE marking, demonstrating Femasys' compliance with the highest required regulatory standards.

 FemBloc – Our Permanent Birth Control Solution. Our permanent birth control solution in late-stage clinical development includes our proprietary FemBloc system, which features dual
 intrauterine directional delivery targeting both fallopian tubes simultaneously with a degradable biopolymer followed by an ultrasound confirmation test to confirm procedure success. If approved, we expect FemBloc to be the first and only
 non-surgical permanent birth control option, using a minimally invasive delivery system that locally instills a degradable biopolymer, which is designed to cause the fallopian tubes to close using the patient's own tissue in-growth, resulting in
 permanent birth control (sterilization) for the patient without a permanent implant. FemBloc has the potential to offer significant advantages over the only existing option, surgical tubal ligation, or "having her tubes tied," including a
 significant cost savings at likely half the overall cost. FemBloc is a procedure that can be completed in a physician's office, with no anesthesia, no incisions or cannulation, no specialty skill set or capital equipment and minimal pain and
 recovery time, and no residual implant remaining in the patient's body after the tissue in-growth develops. We believe there are also significant advantages over other temporary or reversible methods that women may be using in lieu of the surgical
 tubal ligation option, as FemBloc does not use hormones or leave a long-term implant behind. Our permanent birth control solution combines FemBloc with an ultrasound in-office diagnostic test, which uses saline and air contrast to permit the same
 physician to evaluate the fallopian tubes in-office to confirm the success of FemBloc approximately three months after the final FemBloc procedure, rather than requiring the patient to visit another provider for a radiology-based exam, exposing the
 patient unnecessarily to radiation and the use of x-ray dye.

 We have studied FemBloc in three prior clinical trials (a pilot safety study, a pivotal trial, and a validation study) pursuant to an FDA approved investigational device exemption (IDE) for each study with evaluation of
 safety in a total of 228 subjects. Subjects are being followed for five years for safety, and for the initial 49 subject pilot study, five years of follow-up have been completed. There have been no serious safety events reported to date in any of
 the subjects and over 90% of the events reported that were classified as related to the device, procedure or both, were on the day of the FemBloc procedure or within seven days after the procedure. The reported events were anticipated and the
 majority of these events were bleeding or spotting and/or pain or cramps and over 75% were classified by the physician as mild. Physicians observed that their subjects found the procedure to be highly tolerable, with subject self-reported pain
 scores similar to placement of IUDs. Almost every case (96%) was assessed by the physician to be extremely satisfied or very satisfied with the procedure and 96% found it easier than tubal ligation surgery. At the ultrasound confirmation test
 conducted three months following the FemBloc procedure, there was no evidence of remaining biopolymer detected in subjects, which may indicate that the biopolymer completely degraded and likely exited the subject with possible menstruation.
 Subjects found the FemBloc procedure and confirmation test to be highly tolerable, with pain or discomfort scores similar to placement of other intrauterine devices, such as IUDs. The mean score for FemBloc procedure was 4.6 and for the
 confirmation test was 3.3, on visual analog scale (VAS) from 0-10 where 10 is the highest measure of pain/ discomfort.

 During the conduct of the first two clinical studies, unintended pregnancies occurred in subjects who were told to rely on FemBloc (six
 pregnancies for the pilot study and three pregnancies for the pivotal trial). These pregnancies were due to misinterpretation of the ultrasound test using the FemChec device, as reviewed and confirmed by an independent clinical events committee.
 The FDA viewed these unintended pregnancies as a safety concern and, as a result, in February 2019 we paused the pivotal clinical trial for FemBloc (although subjects are still followed for safety through 5 years). Subsequently, the agency
 recommended conducting a small clinical study in a new cohort of subjects to evaluate the adequacy of certain proposed mitigations and validate the ultrasound confirmation test. The study enrollment concluded in September 2022, in which 45
 subjects at five U.S. sites received two confirmation tests (ultrasound and traditional radiology). Subjects were informed to rely on FemBloc only if both tests and two independent central readers confirmed procedure success. There have been no
 pregnancies in subjects accurately told to rely on FemBloc. In June 2023 we received FDA approval of our IDE to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc, our non-surgical, non-implant, in-office solution for permanent birth control in a
 pivotal clinical trial. In August 2023 we announced the initiation of enrollment in the FINALE [Prospective Multi-Center Trial for FemBloc INtratubal Occlusion for TranscervicAL PErmanent Birth Control] pivotal trial. This prospective,
 multi-center, open-label, single-arm study design includes pregnancy rate as the primary endpoint, which will be analyzed once 401 women have used FemBloc for one year for permanent birth control. In addition, the study is designed as a roll-in
 beginning with enrollment of 50 women for a clinical readout primarily of preliminary safety data prior to enrolling the remaining subjects. An interim analysis of clinical data endpoints is planned once 300 women have used FemBloc for permanent
 birth control for one year. Follow-up will continue annually for five years post-market.

 Additional Women's Health Solutions. We have also developed a novel technology platform for tissue sampling intended to be marketed alongside our other women-specific medical
 products in the physician's office setting. Our FDA-cleared and Health Canada approved FemCerv product is a biopsy device for endocervical curettage that can be used to sample cervical cells and tissue circumferentially with sample containment
 within the device to minimize contamination. We sponsored a post-market study of FemCerv where subjects found the procedure to be relatively pain-free and the sample obtained was complete for analysis, which we believe may aid in reliable
 diagnosis. Our FemCerv product was introduced through a limited release in September 2022. Our FemEMB product candidate in development is designed to obtain a comprehensive and uncontaminated sample of the endometrial cells and tissue in an office
 procedure. We believe there is a market opportunity for use of FemEMB in continuous monitoring by multiple sampling procedures that may be employed by physicians during and after treatments for cancers, abnormal bleeding, or other uterine
 treatments, such as prior to an endometrial ablation.

 Factors Affecting Our Business

 There are a number of factors that have impacted, and we believe will continue to impact, our results of operations and growth. These factors include:

 •

 Commencement and conduct of clinical trials for our product candidates. We must successfully recruit and enroll clinical trial participants in our
 clinical trial for FemBloc, which is further complicated by the after effects and public health concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to have the requisite data for regulatory submissions, both to the FDA and to international
 regulatory bodies, for marketing authorization.

 •

 Regulatory approval of our product candidates. We must successfully obtain timely approvals, de novo classifications or clearances for our product
 candidates. For our sales to grow, we will need to receive FDA approval for the FemBloc system for permanent birth control, and will need to obtain regulatory approval, grant, clearance or marketing authorization of our other pipeline
 products in the United States and in international markets.

 •

 Clinical results. Publications of clinical results by us, our competitors and other third parties can have a significant influence on whether, and the
 degree to which, our products are used by physicians and the procedures and treatments those physicians choose to provide.

 •

 Commercialization and market acceptance. The success of our business will ultimately depend on our ability to commercialize our approved products and
 gain broad market acceptance of our products, which will require an extensive education process for both physicians and patients of the benefits of our products, engagement of a robust sales force infrastructure and increased manufacturing
 capacity.

 •

 Competition. Our industry has a number of large, well-capitalized companies. We must continue to successfully compete in light of our competitors'
 existing and future products and related pricing and their resources to successfully market to the physicians who use our products.

 While these factors may present significant opportunities for us, they also pose significant risks and challenges that we must address. See the section titled "Risk Factors" for more information.

 Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business

 In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of coronavirus as a pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak continues to spread throughout the United States and
 around the world, including through new variants of the virus that have been identified both inside and outside the United States. The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has affected and may continue to affect our ability to complete our current
 preclinical studies and clinical trial, initiate and complete our planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, disrupt regulatory activities or have other adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and
 prospects. In addition, the pandemic has caused substantial disruption in the financial markets and may adversely impact economies worldwide, both of which could adversely affect our business, operations and ability to raise funds to support our
 operations. To date, we have experienced delays in site initiation and subject enrollment in our clinical trials and we may continue to experience some delays in our clinical trials and delays in data collection and analysis. These delays so far
 have had a severe impact, and the continued spread of COVID-19 globally could adversely impact our clinical trial operations further, including our ability to initiate sites, recruit and retain subjects and principal investigators and site staff
 who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 if an outbreak occurs in their geography. The pandemic has decreased the number of elective surgical procedures, which, if sustained, could have an effect on our future
 business. For example, tubal ligation procedures sustained an 18% decline in December 2020 compared to December 2019, according to a study published in the publication Contraception in 2021. We have no
 assurance that demand for elective reproductive surgery will return to pre-pandemic levels in the future, or at all. We are continuing to monitor the potential impact of the pandemic, but we cannot be certain what the overall impact will be on our
 business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

 Components of Our Comprehensive Loss

 Sales

 Sales are primarily from the sale of our FemVue product.

 We sell our product to physician offices, primarily through direct customer service, as well as through distributors in selected international markets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd.
 accounted for approximately 5% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenue. For products sold through direct customer service, control is transferred upon shipment to customers. For products sold to distributors internationally, control is
 transferred upon shipment or delivery to the customer's named location, based on the contractual shipping terms.

 Cost of sales

 Cost of sales consists primarily of costs of components for use in our product, the materials and labor that are used to produce our products, and the manufacturing overhead that directly supports production. We expect
 cost of sales to increase in absolute terms as our revenue grows.

 Research and development, or R&D, expenses consist of engineering, product development, clinical, and regulatory expenses. R&D expenses include:

 •

 cost of clinical trials to support our product candidates and product enhancements, including expenses for activities conducted by third-party services providers, primarily clinical research organizations, or
 CROs, and site payments;

 •

 certain personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation;

 •

 materials and supplies used for internal R&D and clinical activities;

 •

 allocated overhead information technology expenses; and

 •

 cost of outside consultants, who assist with technology development, regulatory affairs, clinical affairs and quality assurance, and testing fees.

 We track outsourced development costs and other external research and development costs to specific product candidates on a program-by-program basis, fees paid to CROs, manufacturing and clinical development activities.
 However, we do not track our internal research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis as they primarily relate to compensation, overhead and early research and other costs which are deployed across multiple projects under
 development.

 R&D costs are expensed as incurred. In the future, we expect R&D expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to develop our product candidates, expand our product candidate pipeline, enhance our
 existing products and technologies and perform activities related to obtaining additional regulatory approval.

 Sales and marketing expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, including compensation, benefits, and stock-based compensation. Other sales and marketing expenses include marketing and promotional activities,
 including travel, trade shows and market research, and cost of outside consultants. We expect to grow a sales force and increase marketing efforts as we commercialize our products based on our platform technologies. As a result, we expect sales and
 marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods.

 General and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, including compensation, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation. Other general and administrative expenses include professional services
 fees, including legal, audit and tax fees, insurance costs, cost of outside consultants and employee recruitment and training costs.

 Depreciation and amortization

 Depreciation and amortization expenses consist of depreciation expense associated with our fixed assets and lease right of-use assets and amortization expense associated with our patents. We expect to invest in capital
 equipment to support our ongoing and planned commercialization efforts and continue to invest in our intellectual property. As a result, we expect our depreciation and amortization expenses to increase in absolute dollars in the future.

 Other income (expense)

 Other income (expense) consists largely of interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments, offset by interest expense and other expenses.

 Income tax expense

 Income tax expense consists of the minimum state income taxes we are required to pay. We have a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits related
 primarily to R&D.

 Results of Operations

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 The following table shows our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Change

 % Change

 Sales

 $

 1,071,970

 1,206,218

 (134,248

)

 -11.1

 %

 Cost of sales (excluding depreciation expense)

 380,069

 441,938

 (61,869

)

 -14.0

 %

 Operating expenses:

 7,208,701

 5,813,755

 1,394,946

 24.0

 %

 650,126

 558,852

 91,274

 16.3

 %

 6,858,008

 5,430,704

 1,427,304

 26.3

 %

 Depreciation and amortization

 483,481

 561,233

 (77,752

)

 -13.9

 %

 Total operating expenses

 15,200,316

 12,364,544

 2,835,772

 22.9

 %

 Loss from operations

 (14,508,415

)

 (11,600,264

)

 (2,908,151

)

 25.1

 %

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income

 431,019

 228,164

 202,855

 88.9

 %

 Interest expense

 (165,390

)

 (13,464

)

 (151,926

)

 1128.4

 %

 Other expense

 —

 (2,306

)

 2,306

 -100.0

 %

 Other income (expense), net

 265,629

 212,394

 53,235

 25.1

 %

 Loss before income taxes

 $

 (14,242,786

)

 (11,387,870

)

 (2,854,916

)

 25.1

 %

 Income tax expense

 4,338

 6,300

 (1,962

)

 -31.1

 %

 $

 (14,247,124

)

 (11,394,170

)

 (2,852,954

)

 25.0

 %

 Sales from FemVue decreased by $134,248 or 11.1%, to $1,071,970 in 2023 from $1,206,218 in 2022. The decrease is attributable to reduced U.S. and international sales of $76,434 and $57,814, respectively for the comparable
 periods. U.S. sales decreased by 7.0% in 2023 as compared to 2022, represented by a 9.0% decrease in units sold, offset by a slightly increased average selling price. International sales decreased by 49.9% in 2023 compared to 2022, represented by a
 50.1% decrease in units sold, offset by a 0.4% increase in the average selling price.

 Cost of sales

 Cost of sales decreased by $61,869, or 14.0%, to $380,069 in 2023 from $441,938 in 2022. The decrease in cost of sales is primarily attributed to reduced sales and certain manufacturing efficiencies.

 The following table summarizes our R&D expenses incurred during the periods presented:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Compensation and related personnel costs

 $

 3,733,928

 2,935,580

 Clinical-related costs

 1,702,985

 1,839,643

 Material and development costs

 1,091,930

 548,623

 Professional and outside consultant costs

 570,628

 344,701

 Other costs

 109,230

 145,208

 Total research and development expenses

 $

 7,208,701

 5,813,755

 R&D expenses increased by $1,394,946 or 24.0%, to $7,208,701 in 2023 from $5,813,755 in 2022. The increase of $1,394,946 is primarily due to increased compensation costs, material and development costs, and
 professional and outside consultant costs, partially offset by reduced clinical-related costs and other costs.

 Sales and marketing expenses increased by $91,274 or 16.3%, to $650,126 in 2023 from $558,852 in 2022. The net increase relates primarily to marketing and travel costs to promote our commercial products.

 General and administrative expenses increased by $1,427,304, or 26.3%, to $6,858,008 in 2023 from $5,430,704 in 2022. The increase relates primarily to increased compensation costs, share-based compensation expense and
 professional costs, partially offset by decreased facility and other overhead costs.

 Depreciation and amortization

 Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased by $77,752, or 13.9%, to $483,481 in 2023 from $561,233 in 2022. The decrease relates to depreciation expense associated with the Company's fixed assets and amortization
 expense associated with the Company's intangible assets that have reached the end of their useful lives.

 Other income (expense)

 Total other income (expense) increased by $53,235, or 25.1%, to $265,629 in 2023 from $212,394 in 2022. The increase relates to interest income, partially offset by interest expense and non-cash discount amortization
 related to the convertible notes payable.

 Income tax expense

 Income tax expense decreased by $1,962 or 31.1%, to $4,338 in 2023 from $6,300 in 2022 due to a decrease in the minimum net worth taxes we are required to pay.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Sources of liquidity

 Since our inception through December 31, 2023, our operations have been financed primarily by net proceeds from the sale of our common stock and convertible preferred stock, indebtedness and, to a lesser extent, product
 revenue. As of December 31, 2023, we had $21,716,077 of cash and cash equivalents and an accumulated deficit of $108,381,629.

 In July 2022, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the "Equity Distribution Agreement") with Piper Sandler & Co. ("Piper Sandler" or the "Sales Agent") and filed a related prospectus establishing an
 "at-the-market" facility, pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock from time to time through the Sales Agent. In October 2023, the Sales Agent was authorized to sell shares of common stock for an aggregate offering price
 up to $16.7 million pursuant to the prospectus. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3.3 million shares of common stock have been sold for aggregate proceeds of $7.7 million under the Equity Distribution Agreement pursuant to the prospectus.

 In April 2023, we sold an aggregate of (i) 1,318,000 shares of common stock and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,878,722 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering and, in a concurrent private
 placement, warrants to purchase up to 3,196,722 shares of common stock. Additionally, common warrants were issued to the placement agent in this transaction to purchase up to 191,803 shares of common stock as compensation for services, collectively
 the ("April 2023 Financing"). The purchase price per share for the common stock, prefunded warrants was $1.22 and $1.2199, respectively. The net proceeds from the April 2023 Financing at closing were approximately $3.4 million. The warrants in the
 April 2023 Financing were fully exercised for cash for additional proceeds of $3.5 million.

 In November 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors pursuant to which we sold (i) senior unsecured convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $6,850,000,
 convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $1.18 per share, (ii) Series A Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,805,083 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.18 per share, and (iii) Series B Warrants to
 purchase up to an aggregate of 5,805,083 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.475 per share (collectively, the "November 2023 Financing"). Net proceeds from the November 2023 Financing were $6.3 million. If exercised for cash, the
 warrants issued in the November 2023 Financing could result in proceeds of up to an additional $15.4 million.

 Funding requirements

 Based on our current operating plan, our current cash and cash equivalents are expected to be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations into the second half of 2025. Our estimate as to how long we expect our existing cash
 and cash equivalents to be able to continue to fund our operations is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances, some of which may be
 beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate.

 Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 will not be sufficient to fund all of our product candidates through regulatory approval, and we anticipate needing to raise additional capital to complete the
 development and commercialization of our product candidates. However, we can give no assurances that we will be able to secure additional sources of funds to support our operations, or if such funds will be available to us, that such additional
 financing will be sufficient to meet our needs or be on terms acceptable to us. This risk may increase if economic and market conditions deteriorate. If we are unable to obtain additional financing when needed, we may need to terminate,
 significantly modify, or delay the development of our product candidates, or we may need to obtain funds through collaborations or otherwise on terms that may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates that we might
 otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently. If we are unable to raise adequate additional capital as and when required in the future, we could be forced to cease development activities and terminate our operations, and you could
 experience a complete loss of your investment.

 We expect to continue to make substantial investments in our ongoing trials and in additional clinical trials that are designed to provide clinical evidence of the safety and effectiveness of our products. We also expect
 to continue to make investments in research and development, manufacturing, regulatory affairs and clinical trials to develop future products. If our product candidates are approved, we will need to make investments in our sales and marketing
 organization. Because of these and other factors, we expect to continue to incur substantial net losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future.

 Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 •

 the cost, timing and results of our clinical trials and regulatory reviews;

 •

 the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

 •

 the timing, receipt and amount of sales from our current and potential products;

 •

 our ability to continue manufacturing our products and product candidates and to secure the components, services and supplies needed in their production;

 •

 the degree of success we experience in commercializing our products;

 •

 the emergence of competing or complementary technologies;

 •

 the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and

 •

 the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies, although we currently have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types of transactions.

 Cash Flows

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $

 (11,280,546

)

 (10,731,973

)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 (143,917

)

 (407,475

)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 20,178,604

 (681,645

)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents

 $

 8,754,141

 (11,821,093

)

 Operating activities

 In 2023, cash used in operating activities was $11,280,546, attributable to a net loss of $14,247,124, offset by non-cash charges of $1,745,072 and a net change in our net operating assets and liabilities of $1,221,506.
 Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $675,700 in stock-based compensation, $907,985 in depreciation and amortization and $107,963 in amortization of the discount on the convertible notes. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities
 was primarily due to an increase of $1,614,647 in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, partially offset by and a decrease of $440,489 in lease liabilities.

 In 2022, cash used in operating activities was $10,731,973, attributable to a net loss of $11,394,170 and a net change in our net operating assets and liabilities of $458,267, offset by non-cash charges of $1,120,464.
 Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $224,939 in stock-based compensation and $889,140 in depreciation and amortization. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase of $232,553 in inventory and a
 decrease of $383,616 in lease liabilities, offset by a change in prepaid and other assets of $295,862.

 Investing activities

 In 2023, cash used in investing activities for the purchase of equipment was $143,917.

 In 2022, cash used in investing activities for the purchase of equipment was $407,475.

 Financing activities

 In 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $20,178,604, attributable primarily to cash provided by proceeds from the issuance of stock and subsequent warrant exercises of $7,587,977, sales under the at-the-market
 facility of $7,665,066, and the issuance of convertible notes for $6,850,000. Cash used in financing activities included payments of offering costs of $1,072,908, repayments on notes payable of $610,340, issuance costs for the at-the-market
 facility of $229,953 and payments under lease obligations of $16,193.

 In 2022, cash used in financing activities was $681,645, attributable to payments of deferred offering costs of $232,845, repayments on notes payable of $505,205 and payments under lease obligations of $23,058, partially
 offset by proceeds from issuance of common stock of $79,463.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 During the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 Management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or
 GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions for the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and
 on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual
 results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material.

 While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following discussion addresses our most
 critical accounting policies, which are those that are most important to our financial condition and results of operations and require our most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

 Revenue recognition

 Our policy is to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of the promised goods under Accounting Standards Codification 606— Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),
 which we adopted effective January 1, 2018. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods, and we have elected to exclude amounts collected from customers for
 all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price. We do not have multiple performance obligations in our customer orders, so revenue is recognized upon shipment of our goods based upon contractually stated pricing at standard payment
 terms ranging from 30 to 60 days. All revenue is recognized point in time and no revenue is recognized over time.

 The majority of products sold directly to U.S. customers are shipped via common carrier, and the customer pays for shipping and handling and assumes control Free on Board (FOB) shipping point. Products shipped to our
 international distributors are in accordance with their respective agreements; however, the shipping terms are generally EX-Works, reflecting that control is assumed by the distributor at the shipping point. Returns are only accepted with prior
 authorization from the Company. Items to be returned must be in original unopened cartons and are subject to a 30% restocking fee. As of December 31, 2023, we have not had a history of significant returns.

 Accrued expenses

 We accrue expenses for estimated costs of R&D activities conducted by our third-party service providers, which include the conduct of preclinical studies and clinical trials. We record the estimated costs of
 R&D activities based upon the estimated amount of services provided but not yet invoiced. These costs, at times, may be a significant component of the research and development expenses and the Company makes estimates in determining the accrued
 expense each period. As actual costs become known, the Company adjusts its accrual. These accrued R&D costs are included in accrued expenses on the balance sheet and within R&D expense on the statement of comprehensive loss.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 See Notes 2(ab) and 2(ac) to our financial statements in Part II, Item 8 for information related to recently issued accounting pronouncements.

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 Interest rate risk

 Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 consisted of $21,716,077 in bank deposits and money market funds that earn interest. We believe such interest-earning instruments carry a low degree of interest rate
 risk. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation; we do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate exposure. We
 believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of our cash and cash equivalents.

 Foreign currency exchange risk

 As we expand internationally, our results of operations and cash flows may become increasingly subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, and our
 revenue is denominated primarily in U.S. dollars. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, all our sales were in U.S. dollars. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, which is primarily
 in the United States. A 10% change in exchange rates would not result in a material change in fair value of our cash and accounts receivable in 2023. As our operations in countries outside of the United States grow, our results of operations and
 cash flows may be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which could harm our business in the future. To date, we have not entered into any material foreign currency hedging contracts, although we may do so in
 the future.

 Concentration of credit risk

 As of December 31, 2022, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents were held at Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), and the amounts frequently exceeded federally insured limits. On March 10, 2023, the Federal Deposit
 Insurance Corporation (FDIC) announced that SVB had been closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. The United States Department of the Treasury announced in a joint statement with the Federal Reserve and FDIC that
 depositors of SVB will have access to all of their money starting March 13, 2023, including funds exceeding federally insured limits. As a result we did not experience any losses with respect to our funds that had been deposited with SVB. We are
 exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding our cash and cash equivalents. If we are unable to access our cash and cash equivalents as needed, our financial position and ability to operate our business will
 be adversely affected.

 Emerging Growth Company Status

 We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until
 such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected not to take advantage of such extended transition period, which means that we will adopt a new standard when a standard is issued or revised.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements.

 Financial Statements

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( KPMG LLP, PCAOB 185)

 Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022

 87-88

 Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Notes to Financial Statements

 92-117

 KPMG LLP

 Suite 2000

 303 Peachtree Street, N.E.

 Atlanta, GA 30308-3210

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

 Femasys Inc.:

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Femasys Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related
 statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion,
 the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended
 December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on
 our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities
 laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
 about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part
 of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing
 procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and
 significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2016.

 Atlanta, Georgia

 Balance Sheets

 Assets

 2023

 2022

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 21,716,077

 12,961,936

 Accounts receivable, net

 98,906

 77,470

 Inventory, net

 667,118

 436,723

 Prepaid and other current assets

 695,879

 655,362

 Total current assets

 23,177,980

 14,131,491

 Property and equipment, at cost:

 Leasehold improvements

 1,212,417

 1,195,637

 Office equipment

 47,308

 99,344

 Furniture and fixtures

 414,303

 419,303

 Machinery and equipment

 2,559,356

 2,572,243

 Construction in progress

 423,077

 413,843

 4,656,461

 4,700,370

 Less accumulated depreciation

 ( 3,545,422

)

 ( 3,217,319

)

 Net property and equipment

 1,111,039

 1,483,051

 Long-term assets:

 Lease right-of-use assets, net

 2,380,225

 319,557

 Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization

 —

 3,294

 Other long-term assets

 1,086,581

 958,177

 Total long-term assets

 3,466,806

 1,281,028

 Total assets

 $

 27,755,825

 16,895,570

 ( continued)

 Balance Sheets

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 2023

 2022

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable

 $

 1,137,823

 510,758

 Accrued expenses

 1,444,296

 456,714

 Note payable

 —

 141,298

 Clinical holdback – current portion

 65,300

 45,206

 Lease liabilities – current portion

 406,636

 373,833

 Total current liabilities

 3,054,055

 1,527,809

 Long-term liabilities:

 Clinical holdback – long-term portion

 54,935

 96,658

 Convertible notes payable, net (including related parties)

 4,258,179

 —

 Lease liabilities – long-term portion

 2,036,067

 28,584

 Total long-term liabilities

 6,349,181

 125,242

 Total liabilities

 9,403,236

 1,653,051

 Commitments and contingencies

 Stockholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.001 par, 200,000,000 authorized, 21,774,604
 shares issued and 21,657,381 outstanding as of December 31, 2023; and 11,986,927 shares issued and 11,869,704 outstanding as of December 31, 2022

 21,775

 11,987

 Treasury stock, 117,223 common shares

)

)

 2,787,137

 567,972

 Additional paid-in-capital

 123,985,306

 108,857,065

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 108,381,629

)

 ( 94,134,505

)

 Total stockholders' equity

 18,352,589

 15,242,519

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 27,755,825

 16,895,570

 See accompanying notes to financial statements.

 Statements of
 Comprehensive Loss

 Years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 2023

 2022

 Sales

 $

 1,071,970

 1,206,218

 Cost of sales (excluding depreciation expense)

 380,069

 441,938

 Operating expenses:

 7,208,701

 5,813,755

 650,126

 558,852

 6,858,008

 5,430,704

 Depreciation and amortization

 483,481

 561,233

 Total operating expenses

 15,200,316

 12,364,544

 Loss from operations

 ( 14,508,415

)

 ( 11,600,264

)

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income

 431,019

 228,164

 Interest expense

 ( 165,390

)

 ( 13,464

)

 Other expense

 —

 ( 2,306

)

 Total other income

 265,629

 212,394

 Loss before income taxes

 ( 14,242,786

)

 ( 11,387,870

)

 Income tax expense

 4,338

 6,300

 $

)

)

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 $

)

)

 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 $

 ( 0.93

)

 ( 0.96

)

 Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 15,384,376

 11,815,019

 See accompanying notes to financial statements.

 Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Accumulated

 other

 Total

 Common stock

 Treasury common stock

 Preferred stock

 Additional

 comprehensive

 Accumulated

 stockholders'

 Shares

 Amount

 Shares

 Amount

 Shares

 Amount

 paid-in capital

 loss, net of tax

 deficit

 equity

 Balance at December 31, 2021

 11,921,388

 11,921

 117,223

)

 —

 —

 702,492

 108,418,304

 —

 ( 82,740,335

)

 26,332,382

 Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of options

 9,445

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 16,141

 —

 —

 16,151

 Issuance of common stock in connection with Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 4,843

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 3,724

 —

 —

 3,729

 Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market offering, net of issuance costs

 51,251

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 59,437

 —

 —

 59,488

 Share-based compensation expense

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 224,939

 —

 —

 224,939

 Expiration of warrant

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 134,520

)

 134,520

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

)

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 11,986,927

 11,987

 117,223

)

 —

 —

 567,972

 108,857,065

 —

 ( 94,134,505

)

 15,242,519

 Issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with April 2023 Financing, net of offering costs

 1,318,000

 1,318

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,526,664

 818,014

 —

 —

 3,345,996

 Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market offering, net of issuance costs

 3,259,623

 3,260

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7,419,954

 —

 —

 7,423,214

 Issuance of warrants in connection with convertible notes, including related parties

 2,219,165

 —

 —

 —

 2,219,165

 Issuance of common stock in connection with Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 11,616

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,943

 —

 —

 4,955

 Exercise of pre-funded warrants

 1,878,722

 1,879

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,176,533

)

 1,174,842

 —

 —

 Exercise of common warrants

 3,319,716

 3,319

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 1,350,131

)

 5,034,788

 —

 —

 3,687,976

 Share-based compensation expense

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 675,700

 —

 —

 675,700

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

)

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 21,774,604

 $

 21,775

 117,223

 $

)

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,787,137

 $

 123,985,306

 $

 —

 $

 ( 108,381,629

)

 $

 18,352,589

 See accompanying notes to financial statements.

 Statements of Cash Flows

 Years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Years ended December 31

 2023

 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $

)

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 Depreciation

 480,187

 539,434

 Amortization

 3,294

 21,799

 Amortization of right-of-use assets

 424,504

 327,907

 Inventory reserve

 5,886

 4,100

 Loss on fixed asset dispositions

 47,538

 2,285

 Share-based compensation expense

 675,700

 224,939

 Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount

 107,963

 —

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable

 ( 21,436

)

 6,788

 Inventory

 ( 236,281

)

 ( 232,553

)

 Prepaid and other assets

 282,169

 295,862

 Accounts payable

 627,065

 65,236

 Accrued expenses

 987,582

 ( 147,073

)

 Lease liabilities

 ( 440,489

)

 ( 383,616

)

 Other liabilities

 22,896

 ( 62,911

)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 11,280,546

)

 ( 10,731,973

)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of property and equipment

 ( 143,917

)

 ( 407,475

)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 143,917

)

 ( 407,475

)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants in April 2023 Financing

 3,899,813

 —

 Equity issuance costs for April 2023 Financing

 ( 547,764

)

 —

 Proceeds from convertible notes, including related parties

 6,850,000

 —

 Issuance costs for convertible notes, including related parties

 ( 525,144

)

 —

 Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants

 —

 Proceeds from exercise of common warrants

 3,687,976

 —

 Proceeds from common stock issued through ESPP and exercised options

 4,955

 19,880

 Proceeds from at-the-market sales of common stock

 7,665,066

 59,583

 Issuance costs for at-the-market sales of common stock

 ( 229,953

)

 —

 Payments of deferred offering costs

 —

 ( 232,845

)

 Repayment of note payable

 ( 610,340

)

 ( 505,205

)

 Payments under lease obligations

 ( 16,193

)

 ( 23,058

)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 20,178,604

 ( 681,645

)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents

 8,754,141

 ( 11,821,093

)

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Beginning of period

 12,961,936

 24,783,029

 End of period

 $

 21,716,077

 12,961,936

 Supplemental cash flow information

 Cash paid for:

 Interest

 $

 9,903

 13,464

 Income taxes

 $

 4,550

 5,050

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for a lease liability

 $

 2,496,968

 —

 Commissions costs relating to certain proceeds from issuance of common stock

 $

 —

 1,843

 Prepaid insurance financed with promissory notes

 $

 —

 141,298

 Fair value of warrants issued in connection with convertible notes

 $

 2,219,165

 —

 Deferred offering costs reclassified to additional paid-in-capital

 $

 17,952

 See accompanying notes to financial statements.

 (1)

 Organization, Nature of Business, and Liquidity

 Organization and Nature of Business

 Femasys Inc. (the Company or Femasys) was incorporated in
 Delaware on February 19, 2004 and is headquartered in Suwanee, Georgia. The Company is a leading biomedical company focused on addressing significant unmet needs of women worldwide with a broad portfolio of in-office, accessible, and innovative
 therapeutic and diagnostic products solutions, including a lead revolutionary product candidate and FDA-cleared products. The Company's mission is to provide women with superior minimally-invasive, non-surgical product technologies, accessible
 in the office, improving patient care and overall health economics focused on servicing the reproductive health needs for those seeking solutions for infertility issues (FemaSeed) or permanent birth control (FemBloc). The Company currently operates as one segment with
 an initial focus on servicing the reproductive health needs for those seeking solutions for infertility issues or permanent birth control.

 Femasys has an expansive intellectual property portfolio which covers both design and utility patents in the U.S. and
 significant ex-U.S. markets for each product initiative. Femasys has taken concepts internally conceived and protected through development, including domestic and foreign regulatory approvals, and production, through in-house manufacturing.
 FemaSeed, a solution which enables directed intratubal insemination to improve on traditional intrauterine insemination (IUI) and provides a lower cost option to in vitro fertilization methods, received approval to sell FemaSeed in Canada in April
 2023. In September 2023 the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FemaSeed for intratubal insemination. The clinical trial was still ongoing at the time of receiving regulatory clearance, however, enrollment was completed in November
 2023. FemVue, a solution that enables fallopian tube assessment with ultrasound as an alternative to the radiologic approach (hysterosalpingogram) for the diagnosis of infertility, is approved for sale in the U.S., Japan, and Canada. FemChec,
 allows for fallopian tube evaluation after a FemBloc procedure to confirm occlusion (or procedure success). FemCerv is a solution for complete tissue sampling with minimal contamination of the endocervical canal as an alternative to the single
 biopsy method, and is approved for sale in the U.S. and Canada. FemCath, allows for selective evaluation of an individual fallopian tube as an alternative to the traditional intrauterine catheter that is undirected, is approved for sale in the
 U.S. and Canada. FemBloc, the Company's solution for permanent birth control, is based on the Company's non-surgical platform technology and in June 2023 Femasys received FDA approval of our IDE to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc, our
 non-surgical, non-implant, in-office solution for permanent birth control in a pivotal clinical trial. In August 2023 Femasys announced the initiation of enrollment in the FINALE [Prospective Multi-Center Trial for FemBloc Intratubal Occlusion for
 TranscervicAL Permanent Birth Control] pivotal trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FemBloc. This prospective, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study design includes pregnancy rate as the primary endpoint, which will be
 analyzed once 401 women have used FemBloc for one year for permanent birth control. In addition, the study is designed as a roll-in beginning with enrollment of 50 women for a clinical readout primarily of preliminary safety data prior to enrolling the remaining subjects. An interim analysis of clinical data endpoints is planned once 300 women have used FemBloc for permanent birth control for one year. Follow-up will continue annually for five years post-market.

 Basis of Presentation

 The Company has prepared the accompanying financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

 Liquidity

 The Company had previously disclosed in
 the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, that substantial doubt regarding the Company's ability to continue as a going concern existed. The Company has incurred net operating losses in every year since inception
 and has an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2023 of $ 108,381,629. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company generated a
 net loss of $ 14,247,124. The Company expects such losses to increase over the next few years as the Company advances FemBloc through
 clinical development until FDA approval is received and the product is available to be marketed.

 Although the Company has a history of negative cash flows from operations and losses, the Company raised $ 20,800,182, net during 2023 (see Notes 7 and 9). As of December 31, 2023, the Company has cash and cash equivalents of $ 21,716,077. Based on the improvement in its cash position during 2023, the Company believes it has sufficient financial resources to fund operations and meet its capital requirements and
 anticipated obligations as they come due in the next twelve months. Therefore, the Company has concluded that the conditions and events raising substantial doubt no longer exist. The Company plans to finance its operations and development needs
 with its existing cash and cash equivalents, in the future with additional equity and/or debt financing arrangements, and revenue primarily from the sale of FemVue and FemaSeed to support the Company's research and development activities, largely
 in connection with FemBloc. While we believe that our cash will provide sufficient cash to fund operations to meet our capital requirements and anticipated obligations as they become due, uncertainty around the Company's product acceptance in the
 market could have a negative impact on our liquidity.

 There can be no
 assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis, or at all. If the Company is not able to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed, the Company's
 business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely impacted. The Company's ability to meet its obligations in the ordinary course of business is dependent upon its ability to manage financing and generate
 sufficient cash flow to meet its obligations and ultimately to attain profitable operations. Although management plans to ensure the Company will continue as a going concern, there is no assurance that viability can be obtained since the
 availability and amount of such funding is not certain. As such, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional liquidity if needed or under acceptable terms, if at all.

 (2)

 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 (a)

 Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements

 The preparation of
 financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and
 liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. The most significant estimates used in these financial statements include stock options, warrants, the valuation of
 useful lives of property and equipment, and clinical trial cost accruals. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 (b)

 Certain Risk and Uncertainties

 Most of the products being developed by the Company, such as FemBloc, will require approval from the FDA or corresponding foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. FemaSeed
 Intratubal Insemination Product, FemCath (formally FemVue) Cornual Balloon Catheter, FemVue Saline Air Device, FemChec Pressure Management Device, and FemCerv Endocervical Sampler have achieved FDA clearance. FemaSeed, FemCath and FemCerv have
 also received approval in Canada and FemVue has also received approval to sell in Canada, Hong Kong and Japan. There can be no assurance the Company's other products in development will receive the necessary clearances. If the Company is denied
 clearance or clearance is delayed, it might have a material adverse impact on the Company.

 The medical device industry is characterized by frequent and extensive litigation
 and administrative proceedings over patent and other intellectual property rights. Whether a product infringes a patent involves complex legal and factual issues, the determination of which is often difficult to predict, and the outcome may be
 uncertain until the court has entered final judgment and all appeals are exhausted. The Company's competitors may assert that its products or the use of its products are covered by United States or foreign patents held by them. If such relevant
 patents are upheld as valid and enforceable and the Company is found to infringe, the Company could be prevented from selling its products unless it can obtain a license to use technology or ideas covered by such patents or are able to redesign its
 products to avoid infringement. A license may not be available at all or on commercially reasonable terms, and it may not be able to redesign its products to avoid infringement.

 The Company relies on single source suppliers to provide certain components of all
 its products commercially available and those under development. The Company purchases these components on a purchase order basis. If the Company overestimates its component requirements, it could have excess inventory, which would increase its
 costs and result in write downs harming its operating results. If the Company underestimates its requirements, it may not have an adequate supply, which could interrupt the manufacturing of its products.

 (c)

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 Certain of the Company's financial instruments, including cash, notes
 payable and other liabilities approximate their fair value because of the short term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair value of the Company's cash equivalents is based on Level 1 inputs, and the fair value of stock options,
 convertible notes and warrants are based on Level 3 inputs. See Notes 3, 7, 9 and 10 for additional details.

 (d)

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an initial maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of amounts invested in money market mutual funds and are stated at fair valu e. See Note 2( s) for information on concentration of credit risk.

 (e)

 Accounts Receivable

 The Company grants trade credit to customers in the normal
 course of business and does not require collateral or any other security to support its receivables. Management reviews its accounts receivable monthly for any collection issues. Potentially uncollectible accounts are written off to bad debt
 expense when it is determined that the likelihood a customer account is uncollectible is probable. For the year ending December 31, 2023, the Company had no
 write-offs, compared to $ 977 in 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's reserves for uncollectible accounts were $ 2,000 and $ 2,048, respectively.

 (f)

 Inventories

 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable
 value. Cost, which includes amounts related to materials, labor and overhead, is determined on a first in, first out basis. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of
 completion, disposal, and transportation.

 Management reviews inventories continually for aging or
 obsolescence and accounts for such items once identified. In 2023 and 2022, the Company disposed of inventory in the amount of $ 4,409 and
 $ 2,847, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the FemVue reserve for slow moving, obsolete, or unusable inventories was $ 3,580 and $ 2,103, respectively.

 Inventory stated at cost,
 net of reserve, consisted of the following as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Materials

 $

 367,934

 244,498

 Work in progress

 128,993

 100,453

 Finished goods

 170,191

 91,772

 Inventory, net

 $

 667,118

 436,723

 (g)

 Other Assets

 The Company has research tax credits that are available to the
 Company to offset future payroll withholding liabilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total amount of these credits is $ 928,234
 and $ 891,062, respectively. The Company has included these amounts on the accompanying balance sheets as follows as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Prepaid and other current assets

 $

 224,000

 212,134

 Other long-term assets

 704,234

 678,928

 Research tax credits available to the Company

 $

 928,234

 891,062

 (h)

 Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment are carried at cost less
 accumulated depreciation and, if applicable, impairment charges. Expenditures which materially increase value or extend useful lives of assets are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs which do not improve or extend the lives of the
 respective assets are charged to operations when incurred. Gains and losses on the retirement or disposal of individual assets are included in the results of operations. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight line method over estimated useful lives of assets as follows:

 Leasehold improvements

 Shorter of lease term(s) or useful life

 Office equipment

 5 years

 Furniture and fixtures

 7 years

 Machinery and equipment

 to 7 years

 Depreciation expense for the years ended 2023 and
 2022 was $ 468,391 and $ 521,151,
 respectively. In 2023, the Company disposed of property and equipment at a cost of $ 187,826 with a net book value of $ 47,538, which is recorded in operating expenses on the statements of comprehensive loss. In 2022, the Company
 disposed of property and equipment at a cost of $ 28,234 with a net book value of $ 2,285, which is recorded in other expense on the statements of comprehensive loss.

 (i)

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 The Company reviews long lived assets, including property and equipment and definite
 lived intangibles, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash
 flows expected to result from the use of the asset group and its eventual disposition is less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long lived asset group exceeds its fair value.
 The Company has no t recorded any impairment losses to date.

 (j)

 Leases

 The Company records operating leases as right-of-use assets and operating lease
 liabilities in its balance sheets for all operating leases with terms exceeding one year. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use
 an underlying asset for the lease term, including extension options considered reasonably certain to be exercised, and operating lease liabilities to make lease payments. Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on
 the present value of lease payments over the lease term. To the extent that lease agreements do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date to determine
 the present value of lease payments. The expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in operating expenses in the Company's statements of comprehensive loss. Non-lease components
 included in lease agreements are accounted for separately. The Company records finance leases as right-to-use assets and finance lease liabilities in its balance sheets for all finance leases with terms exceeding one year, similar to operating leases, and records interest expense and depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset in the statements of
 comprehensive loss.

 (k)

 Intangible Assets

 Intangible assets consist of patent and trademark application costs and related
 legal fees, carried at cost less accumulated amortization and, if applicable, impairment charges. Amortization is computed using the straight line method over a weighted average useful life of three years and is recorded in depreciation and amortization expense within the results of operations. Intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Cost

 $

 1,668,951

 1,668,951

 Accumulated amortization

 ( 1,668,951

)

 ( 1,665,657

)

 Net book value

 $

 —

 3,294

 Amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and
 2022 was $ 3,294 and $ 21,799,
 respectively.

 (l)

 Deferred Offering Costs

 Deferred offering costs, which consisted mainly of legal, consulting, and accounting
 fees directly attributable to a strategic financing transaction, were capitalized in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) Topic 5.A Expenses of Offering, codified in Accounting Standards
 Codification (ASC) 340-10-S99-1 Other Assets and Deferred Costs.

 During 2022, the Company incurred $ 232,845 in deferred offering costs in connection with prospectuses filed in July 2022, including an offering to sell up to $ 150 million in stock, debt securities and warrants, and an Equity Distribution Agreement entered into with Piper Sandler which included an at-the-market (ATM) facility. These
 deferred offering costs will be offset against the total proceeds from the issuance of common stock available under the prospectuses, and the Company will expense any remaining balance of deferred offering costs if $ 150 million prospectuses is terminated or aborted. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company offset $ 17,952 and $ 95, respectively of deferred offering costs in
 connection with the gross proceeds issued under the prospectuses.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, deferred offering costs capitalized were $ 214,798 and $ 232,750, respectively, and
 are included in other long-term assets in the accompanying balance sheet.

 (m)

 Accrued Expenses

 Accrued compensation costs include incentive compensation and unused paid time off.
 Accrued clinical trial expenses include research and development costs for third-party services, largely related to the Company's clinical trials, which are estimated based upon the services provided but not yet invoiced. These costs, at times, may
 be a significant component of the research and development expenses and the Company makes estimates in determining the accrued expense each period. As actual costs become known, the Company adjusts its accrual. Other accrued expenses include director fees, taxes and other miscellaneous accrued expenses.

 Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Incentive and other compensation costs

 $

 1,082,606

 85,191

 Clinical trial costs

 276,141

 333,440

 Director fees

 60,210

 —

 Franchise taxes

 12,160

 26,886

 Other

 13,179

 11,197

 Accrued expenses

 $

 1,444,296

 456,714

 (n)

 Clinical Holdback

 As part of the regulatory approval process for taking its products to market or
 conducting post-market clinical studies to support marketing efforts for products with regulatory clearance, the Company enters into certain Clinical Trial Agreements (CTAs) which include, among other things, the compensation and payment schedule
 the participating medical institutions and physicians will receive for all costs in connection with the clinical trial (or study) under the terms of the CTA. As individual patients are enrolled in the study by the participating medical institution
 or physician, the Company pays certain per study fees according to the CTA for the duration of the trial. As invoices are received by the Company from the medical institution or physician, the Company retains any agreed upon percentage of total
 invoiced costs, generally ranging between 5 % - 15 %, that is withheld from payment until the end of the study. These retained amounts are recorded as clinical holdback, a liability, on the accompanying balance sheets, and all expenses
 incurred in connection with these CTA activities are expensed as services are provided, which are included as research and development expenses on the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss.

 The following table shows the activity within the clinical holdback liability
 accounts for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 $

 141,864

 Clinical holdback retained

 5,900

 Clinical holdback paid

 ( 27,529

)

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 $

 120,235

 Less: clinical holdback - current portion

 ( 65,300

)

 Clinical holdback - long-term portion

 $

 54,935

 The following table shows the activity within the clinical holdback liability
 accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022:

 Balance at December 31, 2021

 $

 168,738

 Clinical holdback retained

 21,456

 Clinical holdback paid

 ( 48,330

)

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 $

 141,864

 Less: clinical holdback - current portion

 ( 45,206

)

 Clinical holdback - long-term portion

 $

 96,658

 (o)

 Convertible Notes with Warrants (November 2023 Financing)

 The Company accounts for its convertible notes ("Notes") based on an assessment of the convertible note terms and applicable guidance ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options and ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Eq uity. The convertible notes are recorded as a long-term
 liability in the balance sheets and the Company did not separate the conversion feature from the host contract as it did not meet the requirements for accounting as a derivative instrument. The convertible notes are accounted for as a single
 liability measured at its amortized cost.

 The Company accounts for the warrants issued in conjunction with the convertible notes based on an assessment of applicable guidance under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815. The warrants are recorded as equity and do not qualify for derivative accounting. Under ASC 470-20, for debt issued with warrants, the Company treats the
 warrants as a debt discount, recorded as a contra-liability against the debt, and amortize the balance over the life of the underlying debt as interest expense in the statements of comprehensive loss. The offset to the contra-liability is
 recorded as additional paid-in capital in the balance sheets.

 The convertible notes are recorded net of debt issuance costs and a discount. The portion of the debt issuance costs allocated
 to the convertible notes, based on the amount of proceeds allocated between the convertible notes and warrants, is being amortized over the term of the convertible notes using the effective interest method in addition to the discount initially
 recognized for the fair value of warrants from the convertible notes. The amortization of debt issuance costs and discount is included in interest expense in the statements of comprehensive loss. If the debt is retired early, the associated
 debt discount will then recognized immediately as interest expense in the statements of comprehensive loss. See Note 7 for additional information on the November 2023 Financing.

 (p)

 Common Stock Warrants

 The Company accounts for its common stock warrants as equity-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant's
 specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance under ASC 480 and ASC 815. The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, whether the warrants meet the definition of a liability
 pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company's own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially
 require "net cash settlement" in a circumstance outside of the Company's control, among other conditions for equity classification. For issued warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be
 recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance.

 (q)

 Revenue Recognition

 The Company's policy is to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of the
 promised goods under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods, and the Company has elected to
 exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price. The Company does not have multiple performance obligations in its customer orders, so revenue is recognized upon shipment of the Company's
 goods based upon contractually stated pricing at standard payment terms ranging from 30 to 60 days. All revenue is recognized point in time and no revenue is recognized over time. There was no revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 from performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in prior periods. Additionally, there were no unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The majority of products sold directly to U.S customers are shipped via common
 carrier, and the customer pays for shipping and handling and assumes control Free on Board (FOB) shipping point. Products shipped to the Company's international distributors are in accordance with their respective agreements; however, the shipping
 terms are generally EX-Works, reflecting that control is assumed by the distributor at the shipping point. Returns are only accepted with prior authorization from the Company. Items to be returned must be in original unopened cartons and are
 subject to a 30 % restocking fee. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not had a history of significant returns.

 The following table summarizes the Company's sale primarily from
 FemVue, by geographic region for the years ending December 31:

 Primary geographical markets

 2023

 2022

 U.S.

 $

 1,013,925

 1,090,359

 International

 58,045

 115,859

 Total

 $

 1,071,970

 1,206,218

 (r)

 License, Manufacturing, and Supply Agreement – Bayer Yakuhin

 The Company entered into a FemVue License, Manufacturing, and Supply Agreement with Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of
 Bayer AG, in 2012. The Company sells products based on purchase orders provided by Bayer Yakuhin in accordance with their agreement. Control and risk of ownership transfer at the time of shipment and Femasys records revenue at that time.

 (s)

 Concentration of Credit Risk

 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable.
 As of December 31, 2022, the Company maintained substantially all its cash and cash equivalents primarily in one bank, Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), in amounts which, at times, exceed federally insured limits, which Management believed, at that
 time, SVB was financially sound and minimal credit risk existed with respect to these holdings. As of March 15, 2023, the Company transferred substantially all of its cash and cash equivalents to another financial institution, Wells Fargo Bank.

 The Company generates revenue from sales directly to U.S. customers and to the Company's international distributors with all prices in U.S. dollars. For
 the year ended December 31, 2022, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd. accounted for 10 % of total revenue. No other customers accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the year
 ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had two customers and one customer, respectively, with accounts receivable balances greater than 10% of total receivables. The balances for these customers were 19 % and 11 % as of December 31, 2023
 and 10 % as of December 31, 2022.

 (t)

 Research and Development

 The Company's research and development expenses consist of engineering, product
 development, and clinical and regulatory expenses and are expensed as incurred. These expenses include direct expenses related to employee compensation, including salary, benefits and stock-based compensation; expenses related to consulting fees,
 testing fees, materials, and supplies; and activities conducted by third-party service providers, which include the conducting of preclinical studies and clinical trials.

 (u)

 Sales and Marketing

 The Company's sales and marketing
 expenses consist of direct expenses related to employee compensation, including salary, benefits and stock-based compensation, advertising and marketing, business development, customer service and travel.

 (v)

 General and Administrative

 The Company's general and administrative expenses include accounting, human
 resources, and general corporate expenses. These expenses are primarily related to employee compensation, including salary, benefits, and stock based compensation. General corporate expenses generally relate to office rent, utilities, insurance,
 legal, and professional fees.

 (w)

 Advertising Expense

 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $ 18,738, and $ 41,022 for the years ended
 December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. They are reflected in sales and marketing expenses in the statements of comprehensive loss.

 (x)

 Stock-Based Compensation

 Share based payments, including grants of stock options, are recognized in the
 financial statements based on their fair value. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black Scholes model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the award, expected stock
 volatility, and the price of the underlying shares of stock. Details of the stock based compensation and accounting treatment are discussed in Note 10.

 (y)

 Income Taxes

 The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes
 as set forth in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and
 the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as the net operating loss, capital loss, and tax credit carry forwards. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.

 ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the
 financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The standard requires that the Company recognize in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if that position is more
 likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company has determined it had no
 unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 As of December 31, 2023, the 2020 through 2023 tax years remain subject to
 examination by federal and most state tax authorities. The use of net operating losses generated in tax years prior to 2020 may also subject returns for those years to examination.

 (z)

 Other Income

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded no other income.

 (aa)

 Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

 Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by
 dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. The net loss attributable to common stockholders
 is calculated by adjusting the net loss of the Company for the cumulative dividends, if any, on the convertible preferred stock. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to
 common stockholders since the effect of potentially dilutive securities is anti-dilutive given the net loss of the Company.

 (ab)

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Recently Adopted

 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The ASU is intended to improve financial reporting by
 requiring earlier recognition of credit losses on certain financial assets including trade and financing receivables. The ASU replaces the current incurred loss impairment model that recognizes losses when a probable threshold is met with a
 requirement to recognize lifetime expected credit losses immediately when a financial asset is originated or purchased. Additionally, from 2016 through 2023, the FASB issued additional related ASUs that provide further guidance and clarification
 and become effective for the Company upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and its related ASUs (collectively referred to as Topic 326) effective January 1, 2023 using a modified retrospective transition approach. As a
 result, the Company was not required to adjust its comparative period financial information for effects of the standard or make the new required credit loss allowance disclosures for periods before the date of adoption. Prior period amounts
 continue to be presented in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company's adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements and
 footnote disclosures.

 In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt
 with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for
 Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 reduces the number of accounting models for convertible instruments and allows more contracts to qualify for equity classification. ASU 2020-06 is effective for
 the Company's annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023. Adoption is either with a modified retrospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than annual periods
 beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2023 with a fully retrospective transition approach.

 (ac)

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic
 28): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU improves financial reporting by
 requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years
 beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Management is currently assessing the impact of this standard on the Company's financial statements and
 will adopt the ASU on January 1, 2024.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740):
 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU requires the annual financial statements to include consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid disaggregated by
 jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company's annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption is either with a prospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted. The
 Company is currently evaluating the effect that adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its financial statements and expects to adopt the ASU on January 1, 2025.

 No other new accounting pronouncements not yet effective are expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial
 statements.

 (3)

 Fair Value

 The Company applies a fair value hierarchy that requires the use of observable
 market data, when available, and prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value in the following categories:

 Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted
 prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

 Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted
 prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for Identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

 Level 3 – Valuation is generated from
 model based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company's own estimates of assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

 The Company's options on common stock and warrants are classified as equity
 instruments and are measured at fair value at issue date. The Company values the options based on the Black Scholes option pricing model. The Company uses unobservable inputs for the model's assumptions, including management's assumptions of the
 Company's volatility and price of the underlying stock. The Company's convertible notes are measured at fair value at each reporting period. See Notes 7, 9 and 10 for additional information.

 (4)

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022,
 money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheets were $ 21,278,895 and $ 12,553,557, respectively, which represent Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 3).

 (5)

 Commitments and Contingencies

 (a)

 Operating Leases

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has the right of use for
 its facilities located in Suwanee, GA under a long-term operating lease agreement, as amended (Lease Agreement), which expires April 2029.
 The Company has the option (Extension Option) to extend the term for one consecutive term of five years each at the greater of the then current prevailing rental rate or current base rent rate, as agreed by both parties, and upon certain terms and conditions. The
 Company must provide written notice of its intent to exercise this extension option at between nine and 12 months prior to the expiration date of April 2029. Under the terms of the lease agreement, the Company's monthly rent is subject to increases on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's monthly rent payment was $ 47,029.

 Operating right-of-use assets and lease liabilities consist of the following as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Lease right-of-use assets

 $

 2,380,225

 307,761

 Lease liabilities:

 2023

 2022

 Lease liabilities – current portion

 $

 406,636

 357,640

 Lease liabilities – long-term portion

 2,036,067

 28,584

 Total

 $

 2,442,703

 386,224

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average discount rate for all operating leases with initial terms of more than one year was approximately 10 % and the weighted average remaining term for operating leases was 5.3 years and 1.1 years, respectively.

 The operating lease agreement for the Company's
 facility includes non-lease costs, such as common area maintenance, which are recorded as variable lease costs. Operating lease expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in the Company's statements of comprehensive loss and are summarized as follows for the years ending December 31:

 Lease cost:

 2023

 2022

 Operating lease cost

 $

 469,995

 485,598

 Short-term lease cost

 6,917

 5,730

 Variable lease cost

 78,367

 41,198

 Total

 $

 555,279

 532,526

 The following table summarizes the Company's undiscounted
 cash payment obligations for its operating lease liabilities with initial terms of more than twelve months as of December 31, 2023:

 Operating leases:

 2024

 $

 451,750

 2025

 629,340

 2026

 654,514

 2027

 680,694

 2028

 707,922

 2029

 243,835

 Total undiscounted lease payments -operating leases

 3,368,055

 Less: imputed interest

 ( 925,352)

)

 Lease liability

 2,442,703

 Less: current portion of lease liability

 ( 406,636)

)

 Lease liability, less current portion

 $

 2,036,067

 (b)

 Financing Leases

 As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the right of use for certain leasehold improvements and office equipment at its facility located in Suwanee, GA. Lease expense was
 recognized as payment of financing lease, depreciation expense and interest expense. The financing leases ended during 2023.

 Financing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities consist of
 the following as of December 31, 2022:

 2022

 Lease right-of-use assets

 $

 150,122

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 138,326

)

 Net

 $

 11,796

 Lease liabilities:

 2022

 Lease liabilities – current portion

 $

 16,193

 Lease liabilities – long-term portion

 —

 Total

 $

 16,193

 As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average discount rate for
 all financing leases with initial terms of more than one year was approximately 10 %, and the weighted average remaining term for
 financing leases was 0.7 years. During 2023, the finance leases reached the end of their lease terms. Depreciation expense associated
 with the Company's financing leases was $ 11,796 and $ 18,283 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest expense associated with the financing leases was $ 599 and $ 2,892 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 (c)

 Clinical Trial Agreements (CTAs)

 As part of the regulatory approval process for taking its products to market or conducting post-market clinical studies to support marketing efforts for products
 with regulatory clearance, the Company enters into a CTA to compensate each participating medical institution and physician. Generally, upon executing a CTA with a participating medical institution or physician, the Company pays a fee for review
 board approval that usually requires annual renewals and one time site startup costs. As individual patients are enrolled in the clinical trial by the participating medical institution or physician, the Company pays certain per patient fees
 according to the CTA for the duration of the trial. Expenses incurred in connection with these CTA activities are expensed as services are provided and are included in research and development expenses on the accompanying statements of
 comprehensive loss.

 (d)

 Legal Claims

 Occasionally, the Company may be a party to legal claims or proceedings of which the outcomes are subject to significant uncertainty. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, the Company will assess the likelihood of an adverse judgment for any outstanding claim as well as ranges of probable losses. When it has been determined that a
 loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company will record a liability. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material legal contingencies requiring accrual or disclosure.

 The Company, as permitted under Delaware law and in accordance
 with its bylaws, indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer or director who is or was serving at the Company's request in such capacity. The Company entered into employment
 agreements with its officers, which provides for indemnification protection in the executive's capacity as an officer for actions taken within the scope of employment. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however,
 the Company has obtained director and officer insurance that limits its exposure. The Company believes the fair value for these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any liabilities relating to these
 obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 (6)

 Notes Payable

 AFCO Credit Corporation (AFCO)

 In June 2022, the Company executed a Promissory Note with AFCO
 to finance certain insurance premiums totaling $ 465,380, requiring the Company to pay $ 47,539 in a down payment and make monthly installment payments. The annual interest rate was 5.7 % and the monthly installment payment was $ 47,539, which represents principal and interest. The final installment payment was paid in March of 2023.

 In July 2023, the Company executed another Promissory Note with
 AFCO to finance certain insurance premiums totaling $ 469,042, requiring the Company to pay $ 48,423 in a down payment and make monthly installment payments. The annual interest rate was 8.6 % and the monthly installment payment was $ 48,423, which represents principal and interest. The Promissory Note was paid in full without penalty during November 2023.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the principal
 balance on the AFCO note was $ 0 and $ 141,298,
 respectively and is included in Note payable in the accompanying balance sheets. Interest expense in connection with the AFCO Promissory Notes was $ 12,304
 and $ 10,572 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 (7)

 Convertible Notes with Warrants (November 2023 Financing)

 On November 21, 2023, the Company issued (i) senior unsecured convertible notes in an
 aggregate principal amount of $ 6,850,000, convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $ 1.18 per share, (ii) Series A Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,805,083 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $ 1.18 per share, and
 (iii) Series B Warrants, together with the Series A Warrants, and, together with the convertible notes, to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,805,083
 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $ 1.475 per share. The financing resulted in aggregate gross proceeds of $ 6,850,000, before $ 525,144 of transaction
 costs. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes.

 The Notes accrue interest at a rate of 6.0 % per annum, payable annually, in cash or shares of common stock at the Company's option, and mature on November 21 2025, unless earlier converted or redeemed.

 The Notes are convertible into shares of common stock at the election of the holder
 at any time at an initial conversion price of $ 1.18. The Company has agreed not to issue or sell any equity securities of the Company at a
 price below the then-current conversion price for a period of 18 months after closing, subject to certain exceptions. Beginning six months
 after issuance, the Company may require holders to convert their Notes into conversion shares if the closing price of the common stock exceeds $ 2.36
 per share for 10 consecutive trading days and the daily dollar trading volume of the common stock exceeds $ 1,000,000 per day during the same period and certain equity conditions described in the Notes are satisfied. The Notes provide for certain events of
 default, whereby each holder of Notes will be able to require the Company to redeem in cash any or all of the holder's Notes at a premium of 115 %.
 The conversion feature did not meet the requirements for separate accounting and is not accounted for as a derivative instrument.

 The Warrants

 The Series A Warrants are exercisable immediately and expire five years from the date of issuance. The Company has the right to call the exercise of the Series A Warrants if the closing price of the common stock
 exceeds 200 % of the Series A Exercise Price for 10 consecutive trading days and the daily dollar trading volume of the common stock exceeds $ 1,000,000
 per day during the same period and certain equity conditions are satisfied.

 The Series B Warrants are exercisable immediately, together with the Series A Warrant
 Shares, and expire one year from the date of issuance. The Company has the right to call the exercise of the Series B Warrants if the
 closing price of the common stock exceeds 200 % of the Series B exercise price for 10 consecutive trading days and the daily dollar trading volume of the common stock exceeds $ 1,000,000
 per day during the same period and certain equity conditions are satisfied. There is no established public trading market for the warrants and the Company does not intend to list the Warrants on any national securities exchange or nationally
 recognized trading system.

 The Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants are classified as a component of
 permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock from which they are issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the
 Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise.

 The Series A and Series B Warrants were valued using the relative fair value method
 and the following Black-Scholes assumptions:

 Series A

 Series B

 Expected term (in years)

 Risk free interest rate

 4.55

 %

 5.24

 %

 Dividend yield

 —

 %

 —

 %

 Expected volatility

 104.89

 %

 113.84

 %

 Exercise price

 $

 1.18

 $

 1.48

 Stock price

 $

 0.95

 $

 0.95

 Black-Scholes value

 $

 0.55

 $

 0.28

 The November 2023 Financing proceeds of $ 6,850,000 net of $ 525,144 in transaction costs were allocated to
 the convertible notes and Series A and Series B Warrants using the relative fair value method. The valuation of the warrants was $ 2,219,165
 and is recorded as a component of stockholders' equity, and a total debt discount of $ 2,744,309. The convertible notes are recorded as a
 long-term liability, net of discount and issuance costs.

 For the convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company
 recognized total interest expense of $ 152,488, including coupon interest expense of $ 44,525 amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $ 107,963.
 The effective interest rate for the discount amortization was 32.3 %. The Notes and accrued interest, net of unamortized discount
 costs was $ 4,258,179 as of December 31, 2023. The fair value of the convertible notes at December 31, 2023, calculated using a discounted
 cash flow analysis, was $ 6,126,151. There were no convertible notes as of December 31,2022.

 Stated Interest Rate

 2023

 Convertible Notes

 6 %

 $

 6,850,000

 Accrued and unpaid interest

 44,525

 Less unamortized discount and debt
 issuance costs

 ( 2,636,346

)

 Total Convertible Notes Payable

 $

 4,258,179

 Future principal payments under the Notes if the conversion feature is not exercised,
 net of unamortized debt discounts, are as follows:

 Convertible

 Notes

 2024

 —

 2025

 6,850,000

 Thereafter

 —

 Subtotal of future principal payments

 6,850,000

 Accrued and unpaid interest

 44,525

 Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs

 ( 2,636,346

)

 Total

 $

 4,258,179

 (8)

 Income Taxes

 The current tax provisions and deferred tax provisions as
 reflected in the financial statements is as follows as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Current federal taxes

 $

 —

 —

 Current state taxes

 4,338

 6,300

 Current tax provision

 4,338

 6,300

 Deferred federal taxes

 ( 3,326,982

)

 ( 2,797,001

)

 Deferred state taxes

 ( 70,586

)

 371,982

 Valuation allowance change

 3,397,568

 2,425,019

 Deferred tax provision

 —

 —

 Total income tax expense provision

 $

 4,338

 6,300

 A reconciliation of income tax
 expense at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes as reflected in the financial statements is as follows as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Federal income tax at statutory federal rate

 21.00

 %

 21.00

 %

 Permanent differences

 —

 —

 Research and development credit

 2.00

 ( 1.00

)

 Other deferred adjustments

 —

 —

 State income tax expense (net of federal benefit)

 1.00

 1.00

 Valuation allowance

 ( 24.00

)

 ( 21.00

)

 Effective tax rate

 —

 %

 —

 %

 Deferred tax assets
 (liabilities) consisted of the following as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax asset arising from:

 Net operating loss carry forwards

 $

 19,675,117

 17,869,574

 Accrued expenses (vacation)

 13,172

 7,625

 Intangibles

 86,603

 90,508

 Property and equipment

 77,447

 41,279

 Research and development expense capitalization

 2,613,867

 1,487,512

 Research and development tax credits

 3,390,709

 3,088,254

 Share-based compensation expense

 176,065

 46,312

 Lease liabilities

 536,430

 90,224

 Other

 1,479

 1,189

 Deferred tax asset

 26,570,889

 22,722,477

 Deferred tax liability arising from:

 UNICAP

 ( 10,513

)

 ( 10,733

)

 Right-of-use assets

 ( 522,710

)

 ( 71,646

)

 Property and equipment

 —

 —

 Deferred tax liability

 ( 533,223

)

 ( 82,379

)

 Valuation allowance

 $

 26,037,666

 22,640,098

 Net deferred tax asset

 $

 —

 —

 Deferred income taxes reflect the net
 tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and the Company is required to reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation
 allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management must use judgment in assessing the potential need for a valuation allowance, which requires an evaluation of both negative and
 positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. In determining the need for and amount of the valuation allowance, if
 any, the Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets using historical levels of income, estimates of future income and tax planning strategies. As a result of historical cumulative losses, the Company
 determined that, based on all available evidence, there was substantial uncertainty as to whether it will recover recorded net deferred taxes in future periods. Accordingly, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against all of its net
 deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The change in valuation allowance was $ 3,397,568 and $ 2,425,019 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Beginning on January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted in December 2017, eliminated the option to deduct research and
 development expenditures in the current period and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize U.S.-based and non-U.S. based research and development expenditures over five and fifteen years, respectively. This legislation does not impact the
 Company's current tax obligations.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022,
 respectively, the Company has $ 90,380,015 and $ 82,500,567 of federal net operating loss carry forwards and $ 3,231,910 and $ 2,838,559 of federal research and experimentation tax credits, respectively, and state net operating loss carry forwards of $ 12,425,590 and $ 9,522,312, respectively.
 The utilization of such net operating loss carryforwards and the realization of tax benefits in future years depend predominately upon having taxable income. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, certain substantial changes in the
 Company's ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of net operating loss carry forwards and tax credit carry forwards that may be used in future years.

 The Company's net operating losses may be
 subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code which provide for a limitation on the annual use of net operating losses following certain ownership changes that could limit the Company's ability to utilize these carryforwards. The Company has
 completed an analysis covering the period February 19, 2004 through December 31, 2018, to determine if such ownership changes have occurred and concluded it was more likely than not that there were changes in ownership during the period, with the
 most recent change of ownership occurring on December 16, 2016. Further analyses will be performed prior to recognizing the benefits of any losses or credits in the financial statements, and the Company is in the process of determining the
 limitations that Section 382 will have on the Company's net operating loss carryforwards and research credits. In general, the annual use limitation equals the aggregate value of the Company's stock at the time of the ownership change multiplied
 by a specified tax-exempt interest rate.

 The following schedule indicates the expiration year, as of December 31, for the Company's federal net
 operating loss carryforwards available to future years without taking into account any Section 382 limitations as of December 31, 2023:

 2024

 $

 430,332

 2025

 865,274

 2026

 1,213,130

 2027

 2,082,043

 2028

 2,536,605

 2029

 2,235,045

 2030

 4,132,949

 2031

 3,160,709

 2032

 3,533,521

 2033

 2,987,848

 2034

 2,516,728

 2035

 4,777,558

 2036

 4,503,474

 2037

 6,869,819

 Indefinitely

 48,534,980

 Total

 $

 90,380,015

 The FASB issued authoritative guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income
 taxes, which clarifies the accounting for income taxes, by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before recognition in the financial statements. The guidance also provides direction on recognition,
 measurement, classification, interest, and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. Management has determined there are no uncertain tax positions. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include any adjustments
 or disclosures related to uncertain tax positions.

 (9)

 Stockholders' Equity

 The Company's Board of Directors approved in January 2017 the
 Tenth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizing the Company to issue for all classes of stock 169,000,000 shares at $ 0.001 par value per share, of which 95,853,558
 shares were designated common stock and 73,146,442 shares were designated Preferred Stock.

 In June 2021, the Company issued 2,650,000 shares of common stock in connection with the Company's IPO of its common stock at $ 13.00 per share. Net proceeds to the Company, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and legal expenses, was $ 31,613,500. Offering costs incurred by the company were $ 2,016,143,
 which include legal expenses incurred and paid by the underwriters of $ 425,000. Immediately prior to the closing of the IPO, all of the
 convertible Series A preferred stock and redeemable convertible Series B and Series C preferred stock automatically converted into 8,116,343
 shares of common stock.

 The Company filed an Eleventh Amended and Restated Certificate of
 Incorporation (the "Amended and Restated Certificate") with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware in connection with the completion of the IPO on June 22, 2021. The Amended and Restated Certificate amends and restates the Company's existing
 certificate of incorporation in its entirety to, among other things: (i) authorize 200,000,000 shares of common stock; (ii) eliminate all
 references to the previously-existing series of preferred stock (Series A, B and C); and (iii) authorize 10,000,000 shares of undesignated
 preferred stock that may be issued from time to time by the Board in one or more series.

 On July 1, 2022, we filed a prospectus including an offering to sell up to $ 150 million in common and preferred stock, debt securities and warrants. Additionally, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the "Equity
 Distribution Agreement") with Piper Sandler & Co. ("Piper Sandler" or the "Sales Agent") and filed a related prospectus establishing an "at-the-market" facility, pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock from time to
 time through the Sales Agent. In October 2023, the Sales Agent was authorized to sell shares for aggregate proceeds up to $ 16.7 million
 at current market prices until all shares are sold. As of December 31, 2023, 3.3 million shares of common stock have been sold for
 aggregate proceeds of $ 7.7 million under the Equity Distribution Agreement pursuant to the prospectus.

 In April 2023, the Company sold an aggregate of (i) 1,318,000 shares of common stock and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,878,722
 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering ("pre-funded warrants") and, in a concurrent private placement, warrants to purchase up to 3,196,722
 shares of common stock ("common warrants"). Additionally, common warrants were issued to the placement agent to purchase up to 191,803
 shares of common stock as compensation for services ("placement agent warrants"), collectively the ("April 2023 Financing"). The purchase price per share for the common stock, prefunded warrants was $ 1.22 and $ 1.2199, respectively. The gross proceeds from the
 offering were $ 3,899,813, less placement agent fees and offering expenses of $ 547,764. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes.

 (a)

 Common Stock

 The holders of the common stock shall have the exclusive right to
 vote for the election of directors and on all other matters requiring stockholder action, each outstanding share entitling the holder thereof to one
 vote on each matter properly submitted to the stockholders of the Company for their vote; provided, however, that, except as otherwise required by law, holders of common stock, as such, shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to the Amended
 and Restated Certificate (or on any amendment to a certificate of designations of any series of preferred stock) that alters or changes the powers, preferences, rights or other terms of one or more outstanding series of preferred stock if the holders
 of such affected series of preferred stock are entitled to vote, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, on such amendment pursuant to this Amended and Restated Certificate (or pursuant to a certificate of
 designations of any series of preferred stock).

 Dividends may be declared and paid or set apart for payment upon
 the common stock out of any assets or funds of the Company legally available for the payment of dividends, but only when and as declared by the Board of Directors or any authorized committee thereof.

 In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of
 common stock are entitled to receive proportionately the Company's net assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders
 of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption, or conversion rights.

 (b)

 Convertible Preferred Stock

 As of December 31, 2023, no shares of convertible preferred stock have been issued and/or outstanding, and no dividends have been declared or paid since inception.

 (c)

 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

 As of December 31, 2023, no shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock have been issued and/or outstanding, and no dividends have been declared or paid since inception.

 (d)

 Preferred Stock

 Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Certificate, the
 Company's Board of Directors is authorized to direct the Company to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. The Board of Directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and
 restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock.

 The purpose of authorizing the Board of Directors to issue
 preferred stock and determine its rights and preferences is to eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, future
 financings, and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third-party to acquire, or could discourage a third-party from seeking to acquire, a majority of the outstanding voting stock. As of December 31, 2023
 and 2022, no shares of preferred stock are outstanding.

 (e)

 April 2023 Financing

 On April 20, 2023, the Company entered into a securities
 purchase agreement pursuant to which the Company sold (i) 1,318,000 shares of common stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,878,722 shares of common stock, (iii) common warrants to purchase 3,196,722 shares of common stock. Additionally, common warrants to purchase 191,803
 shares of common stock were issued to the placement agent compensation for services performed.

 The pre-funded warrants, common warrants and placement agent
 warrants were exercisable immediately following the closing date of the offering. The pre-funded warrants have an unlimited term and an exercise price of $ 0.0001 per share. The common warrants have a 5.5 year term and an exercise
 price of $ 1.095 per share. The placement agent warrants have a 5 year term and exercise price of $ 1.525 per share. The offering resulted in
 aggregate gross proceeds of $ 3,899,813, before $ 547,764 of transaction costs.

 The pre-funded warrants and common warrants are freestanding
 financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and
 permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise.

 The common stock was valued at $ 1,133,480, based on the Company's stock price. The pre-funded warrants and common warrants were valued at $ 1,615,701 and $ 1,854,099, respectively, using the following
 Black-Scholes assumptions:

 Pre-funded warrants

 Common warrants

 Expected term (in years)

 Risk free interest rate

 3.83

 %

 3.83

 %

 Dividend yield

 —

 %

 —

 %

 Expected volatility

 100.25

 %

 100.25

 %

 Exercise price

 $

 0.0001

 $

 1.095

 Stock price

 $

 0.86

 $

 0.86

 Black-Scholes value

 $

 0.86

 $

 0.58

 The net proceeds of $ 3,352,049 were allocated to the common stock, pre-funded warrants and common warrants using the relative fair value method and recorded to stockholders' equity. In June 2023,
 all pre-funded warrants were exercised for shares of common stock. In September and October 2023, all common warrants and 122,994
 placement agent warrants were exercised for cash proceeds of $ 3,687,976. As of December 31, 2023, 68,809 placement agent warrants remain outstanding.

 (f)

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has warrants outstanding to purchase
 shares of common stock, which are all exercisable in whole or in part, with expiration dates as follows:

 Number of

 warrants

 Exercise

 Expiration date

 outstanding

 price

 March 2024

 31,882

 $

 31.50

 April 2024

 4,762

 $

 31.50

 November 2024

 5,805,083

 $

 1.48

 April 2025

 55,177

 $

 7.25

 December 2026

 128,934

 $

 9.45

 January 2027

 12,705

 $

 9.45

 April 2028

 68,809

 $

 1.53

 November 2028

 5,805,083

 $

 1.18

 Total

 11,912,435

 In May 2022, a warrant to purchase 11,112 shares of common stock expired.

 (g)

 Dividends

 As of December 31, 2023, no dividends have been declared or paid since inception.

 (10)

 Equity Incentive Plans

 (a)

 Stock Option Plans – Prior to the IPO

 Prior to the IPO in June 2021, the Company maintained two equity incentive plans, the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, or 2004 Plan, and the 2015 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan, or 2015 Plan,
 which provided the Company's employees, non-employee directors, consultants and independent contractors the opportunity to participate in the equity appreciation of the business through the receipt of stock options to purchase shares of common
 stock. New grants ceased being made under the 2004 Plan upon the adoption of the 2015 Plan; however, outstanding stock options under the 2004 Plan may continue to be exercised in accordance with their terms. The Company adopted the 2015 Plan in
 April 2015, which contains substantially similar terms and conditions as the 2004 Plan. The 2015 Plan initially had 1,176,681 shares of
 common stock reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan and was administered by the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. Upon the closing of the IPO, no further awards will be made under the 2015 Plan; however, outstanding stock options
 under the 2015 Plan may continue to be exercised in accordance with their terms.

 (b)

 Stock Option Plans – Post the IPO

 In June 2021, in connection with the IPO, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (2021 Plan) became effective, which was adopted by the Board
 of Directors in February 2021 and the stockholders approved the 2021 Plan in March 2021. The 2021 Plan is administered by our compensation committee.

 Under the 2021 Plan, the Company may grant awards in respect of
 shares of common stock to employees, consultants, and non-employee directors pursuant to option awards, stock appreciation right, or SAR, awards, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit, or RSU, awards, performance stock awards, performance
 stock unit, or PSU, awards, and other stock-based awards.

 The total number of shares of common stock available for awards
 under the 2021 Plan is 1,111,111, provided that such number shall be automatically increased on each January 1, beginning on January 1,
 2022, by 4 % of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares
 as determined by the Board of Directors. The aggregate number of shares of our common stock that will be available for issuance under awards granted pursuant to the 2021 Plan shall also be increased by the number of shares underlying the portion
 of an award granted under the 2015 Plan that is cancelled, terminated or forfeited or lapses after the effective date of the 2021 Plan. No more than 1,111,111
 shares of common stock issued under the 2021 Plan may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options (ISO), provided that such number shall be automatically increased on each January 1, beginning on January 1, 2022, by the lesser of
 4 % of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or 555,555 shares of common stock. Shares of common stock issued by us in connection with the assumption or substitution of outstanding grants or under
 certain stockholder approved plans from an acquired company shall not reduce the number of shares of common stock available for awards under the 2021 Plan. Shares of common stock underlying the portion of an award that is forfeited or otherwise
 terminated for any reason whatsoever, in any case, without the issuance of shares of common stock, will be added back to the number of shares of common stock available for grant under the 2021 Plan. No non-employee director may be granted awards
 under the 2021 Plan in any one calendar year covering a number of shares of common stock that have a fair market value on the grant date in excess of $ 350,000
 in the first calendar year of such non-employee director's initial service as a non-employee director and $ 200,000 in any other calendar
 year of such non-employee director's service as a non-employee director.

 Options granted under the 2021 Plan may be either ISOs or
 nonqualified stock options. The price at which shares of common stock may be purchased upon exercise shall be determined by the compensation committee but shall not be less than the fair market value of one share of common stock on the date of
 grant, or, in the case of an ISO granted to a ten-percent stockholder, less than 110 % of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. The compensation committee may grant options that have a term of up to 10 years, or, in the case of an ISO granted to a ten-percent
 stockholder, five years. The award agreement shall specify the exercise price, term, vesting requirements, including any performance
 goals, and any other terms and conditions applicable to the granted option. Unless otherwise provided in an award agreement or an effective employment, consulting, severance or similar agreement with us or a subsidiary, upon a participant's
 termination of service for any reason, the unvested portion of each award of options granted generally will be forfeited with no compensation due the participant.

 Activity under the stock option plans was as follows:

 Weighted

 average

 Number of

 exercise

 options

 price

 Outstanding at December 31, 2021

 689,995

 $

 3.58

 Granted

 367,670

 5.33

 Exercised

 ( 9,445

)

 1.71

 Expired

 ( 10,558

)

 27.00

 Forfeited

 ( 106,112

)

 4.09

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 931,550

 $

 3.97

 Granted

 1,301,200

 0.59

 Forfeited

 ( 130,720

)

 1.97

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 2,102,030

 $

 2.00

 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2023

 1,226,458

 $

 2.65

 Stock
 options granted under the 2021 Plan for the years ended December 31 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Employee

 1,211,200

 299,670

 Nonemployee

 90,000

 68,000

 Total

 1,301,200

 367,670

 The Black-Scholes weighted average assumptions for all stock
 option awards granted during 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021 Plan

 2021 Plan

 Inducement

 Grants

 Fair Value of Awards

 $

 0.48

 2.06

 2.01

 Grant Price

 $

 0.59

 5.33

 2.42

 Expected term (in years)

 5.63

 6.28

 6.25

 Risk free interest rate

 4.09

 %

 2.13

 %

 2.52

 %

 Dividend yield

 —

 %

 —

 %

 —

 %

 Expected volatility

 105.33

 %

 107.98

 %

 107.70

 %

 The intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended
 December 31, 2022 was $ 3,306. The intrinsic values represent the dollar value of the exercised stock options whereby the fair market
 value of the underlying common stock exceeded the exercise price of the stock option as of the exercise date. There were no options exercised during 2023.

 The options outstanding and vested and currently
 exercisable by exercise prices as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

 Options outstanding

 Options vested and exercisable

 Weighted

 Weighted

 Weighted

 average

 Number of

 average

 average

 Exercise

 Outstanding

 remaining

 options

 Exercise

 remaining

 price

 (in shares)

 life years

 vested

 price

 life years

 $

 0.47 - 0.48

 3,200

 9.50

 —

 $

 —

 —

 0.49 - 0.53

 1,061,600

 9.50

 601,400

 0.49

 9.51

 0.54 - 1.61

 186,000

 9.15

 51,725

 1.50

 8.44

 1.62 - 1.74

 193,335

 2.21

 82,224

 1.71

 2.21

 1.75 - 3.14

 196,242

 8.61

 29,456

 2.96

 8.10

 3.15 - 3.6

 259,836

 3.50

 259,836

 3.24

 3.50

 3.61 - 13.00

 201,817

 6.52

 201,817

 8.97

 6.52

 2,102,030

 7.69

 1,226,458

 2.65

 7.17

 As of
 December 31, 2023, the total number of shares of common stock reserved for future awards under the 2021 Plan is 629,555.

 (c)

 Inducement Grants

 For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company awarded,
 outside the 2021 Plan, two stock option grants for the right to purchase a total of 150,000 shares of common stock (inducement grants), which were approved by the Compensation Committee. The weighted average exercise price was $ 2.42. The inducement grants will vest in equal installments over four years provided the employee remains employed by the Company on the vesting date. As of December 31, 2023, awards to purchase 150,000 options are outstanding, 37,500 are exercisable, and the weighted
 average remaining life is 8.4 years. There were no
 inducement grants awarded in 2023.

 (d)

 Valuation

 The Company uses the Black Scholes option pricing model to
 determine the fair value of stock awards granted to employees and non-employees. The determination of the fair value of share based payment awards granted using a pricing model is affected by the Company's stock price as well as the assumptions
 regarding a number of complex and subjective variables as follows:

 (i)

 Expected Term

 The expected term of stock options represents the period the
 stock options are expected to remain outstanding. The Company's historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a lack of sufficient data. Therefore, the Company
 estimates the expected term for all options granted by using the simplified method provided by the ASC 718, which calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options. The contractual term for
 options awarded since inception is 10 years for employees and non-employees.

 (ii)

 Risk Free Interest Rate

 The risk free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury
 zero coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options.

 (iii)

 Dividend Yield

 The Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends from
 inception through December 31, 2023 and does not plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, used an expected dividend yield of zero in the valuation model.

 (iv)

 Expected Volatility

 Expected volatility measures the amount that a stock price
 has fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate during a period. The Company determines volatility based on an analysis of comparable companies.

 (v)

 Forfeitures

 The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

 (e)

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

 In June 2021, in connection with the IPO, the ESPP became
 effective upon adoption by the Board of Directors in February 2021 and the stockholders approved the 2021 ESPP Plan in March 2021. The ESPP is administered by the compensation committee.

 The total number of shares of common stock available for
 purchase under the ESPP is 166,666, provided that such number is automatically increased on January 1 of each calendar year, from
 January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2031 by the least of (i) 1.0 % of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December
 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year, (ii) 222,222 shares of common stock or (iii) a number determined by the board of
 directors that is less than the foregoing clauses (i) and (ii).

 Under the ESPP, the Company may specify offerings with
 durations of not more than 27 months and may specify shorter purchase periods within each offering. Each offering will have one or more purchase dates on which shares of common stock will be purchased for employees participating in the offering. An offering may be terminated
 under certain circumstances. No employee may purchase more than 12,254 shares of common stock under the ESPP during any offering period.
 Unless otherwise determined by the board of directors, shares of common stock will be purchased for accounts of employees participating in the ESPP at a price per share equal to the lower of (i) 85 % of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the last date of an offering period or (ii) 85 % of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the first day of such offering period.

 As of December 31, 2023, 16,459 shares of common stock have been purchased under the ESPP to date, and the total number of shares of common stock reserved for future awards
 under the ESPP is 386,946.

 (f)

 Stock Based Compensation Expense

 Stock based compensation expense
 recognized is based on the value of the portion of stock option awards that is ultimately expected to vest on a straight-line basis. Stock based compensation expense recognized in the Company's statements of comprehensive loss during the years
 ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 includes compensation expense for stock based awards based on the fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718.

 The following table shows the stock-based compensation expense related to vested stock option grants to employees and non-employees awarded
 under the stock plans and inducement grants by financial statement line item on the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss:

 2023

 2022

 $

 159,816

 95,484

 ( 948

)

 6,680

 516,832

 122,775

 Total share-based compensation expense

 $

 675,700

 224,939

 As of December 31, 2023, the remaining amount of stock based
 compensation expense that is expected to be recognized in future periods for employees and non-employees is $ 849,834 which includes $ 155,222 of compensation expense to be recognized upon achieving a certain performance condition. The $ 694,612 of unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years.

 (11)

 Retirement Plan

 The Company has a 401(k) defined contribution
 plan covering substantially all full time employees, meeting certain eligibility requirements. The Company has no required matching or other contribution requirements. For the year end December 31, 2023 and 2022, the company contributed $ 75,202 and $ 73,947 of voluntary employer
 matching contributions.

 (12)

 Related Party Transactions

 In November 2023, the Company issued
 unsecured convertible notes and accompanying Series A and Series B Warrants (see Note 7). The transaction included issuance of a $ 5
 million convertible note and Series A and Series B Warrants to PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. The interim CEO, President and Director of PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc., Joshua Silverman, serves on the Company's board of directors.

 During 2023, a family member of the CEO
 earned total cash compensation of $ 138,000.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022,
 there were no related-party transactions.

 (13)

 Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

 The following table sets forth
 the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic & diluted

 $

)

)

 Weighted average number of shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 15,384,376

 11,815,019

 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 $

 ( 0.93

)

 ( 0.96

)

 The following potentially
 dilutive securities have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because they would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Options to purchase common stock

 2,252,030

 1,081,550

 Warrants to purchase common stock, in connection with April 2023 financing

 68,809

 —

 Warrants to purchase common stock, in connection with November 2023 financing

 11,610,166

 —

 Warrants to purchase common stock

 233,460

 233,460

 Total potential shares

 14,164,465

 1,315,010

 (14)

 Subsequent Events

 In March 2024, the Company sold 441,966 shares under the at-the-market facility, resulting in gross cash proceeds of $ 778,175.

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Not applicable.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, refers to controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded,
 processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed
 by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial
 officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form
 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our management, under
 the oversight of our board of directors, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of
 Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Our independent registered accounting firm will not be required to opine on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until we are no longer
 an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is
 reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our management, including our Chief
 Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and
 implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must
 be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected. The inherent limitations include the
 realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by
 management override of the controls. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the
 policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 Rule 10b5-1 and Non-Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted, terminated or modified a "Rule 10b5-1
 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 None

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Code of Ethics

 The board of directors has adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer.
 A copy of the Code of Ethics is available on our website www.femasys.com.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 The information required by this item with respect to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and the security ownership of management is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for
 our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 The information required by this item with respect to certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits.

 Exhibit

 Number

 Description of Document

 Schedule/Form

 Exhibit

 Filing Date

 3.1

 Eleventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Femasys Inc.

 3.1

 June 22, 2021

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Femasys Inc.

 3.2

 June 22, 2021

 3.3

 First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Femasys Inc., dated as of March 29, 2023

 3.1

 March 30, 2023

 4.1

 Description of the Registrant's Securities

 Form 10-K

 4.1

 March 24, 2022

 4.2

 Form of Certificate of Common Stock

 Form S-1

 4.1

 May 14, 2021

 4.3

 Form of indenture

 Form S-3

 4.3

 July 1, 2022

 4.4

 Form of Pre-Funded Warrant

 4.1

 April 20, 2023

 4.5

 Form of Common Stock Warrant

 4.2

 April 20, 2023

 4.6

 Form of Placement Agent Warrant

 4.3

 April 20, 2023

 4.7

 Form of Series A Warrant

 4.1

 4.8

 Form of Series B Warrant

 4.2

 10.1

 Femasys Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, and forms of agreements thereunder

 Form S-1

 10.3

 May 14, 2021

 10.2

 Femasys Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 Form S-1

 10.4

 May 14, 2021

 10.3

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between Femasys Inc. and Kathy Lee-Sepsick

 Form S-1/A

 10.6

 June 14, 2021

 10.4

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between Femasys Inc. and Daniel Currie

 Form S-1/A

 10.8

 June 14, 2021

 10.5

 Employment Agreement, dated February 15, 2010, by and between Femasys Inc. and Gary Thompson

 Form S-1/A

 10.9

 June 14, 2021

 10.6

 Femasys Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy

 Form S-1/A

 10.11

 June 14, 2021

 10.7

 Form of Indemnification Agreement between Femasys Inc. and its directors and officers

 Form S-1

 10.12

 May 14, 2021

 10.8

 Master Services Agreement and Statement of Work for consulting services, effective August 12, 2021, by and between Femasys Inc. and Bespoke Medical Affairs Solutions, LLC

 Form 10-Q

 10.1

 November 12, 2021

 10.9

 Employment Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2022, between Femasys Inc. and Dov Elefant

 10.1

 February 24, 2022

 10.10

 Form of Inducement Stock Option Agreement

 10.2

 February 24, 2022

 10.11

 Sales Agreement dated as of July 1, 2022, by and between Femasys Inc. and Piper Sandler & Co.

 Form S-3

 1.2

 July 1, 2022

 10.12

 Equity Purchase Agreement dated July 1, 2022, between Femasys Inc. and Piper Sandler & Co.

 Form S-3

 1.2

 July 1, 2022

 10.13

 Form of Purchase Agreement

 10.1

 10.14

 Form of Convertible Note

 10.2

 10.15

 Form of Registration Rights Agreement

 10.3

 10.16

 Form of Collaboration Agreement

 10.4

 23.1*

 Consent of KPMG LLP

 24.1*

 Power of Attorney (included on signature page)

 31.1*

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2*

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1*

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2*

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1*

 Clawback Policy

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 104*

 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XRBL and contained in Exhibit 101)

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Suwanee, State of
 Georgia, on this 28 day of March 2024.

 Dated: March 28, 2024

 By: /s/ Kathy Lee-Sepsick

 Kathy Lee-Sepsick

 POWER OF ATTORNEY

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kathy Lee-Sepsick and Daniel Currie, and each of them as his or her true
 and lawful attorneys-in- fact and agents, each with the full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place or stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this report, and to file the same, with exhibits
 thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, and each of them, or his or her substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be
 done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 By: /s/ Kathy Lee-Sepsick

 Kathy Lee-Sepsick

 President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

 By: /s/ Dov Elefant

 Dov Elefant

 Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)

 By: /s/ Charles Larsen

 Charles Larsen

 Chairperson of the Board of Directors

 By: /s/ Alistair Milnes

 Alistair Milnes

 Director

 By: /s/ Joshua Silverman

 Joshua Silverman

 Director

 By: /s/ Edward Uzialko, Jr.

 Edward Uzialko, Jr.

 Director