UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark one)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from ___________ to ______________
 COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 1-16483

 Mondel z International, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Virginia
 52-2284372

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 905 West Fulton Market, Suite 200

 Chicago,

 Illinois
 60607

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 847 - 943-4000
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Class A Common Stock, no par value
 MDLZ
 The Nasdaq Global Select Market

 1.625% Notes due 2027
 MDLZ27

 0.250% Notes due 2028
 MDLZ28

 0.750% Notes due 2033
 MDLZ33

 2.375% Notes due 2035
 MDLZ35

 4.500% Notes due 2035
 MDLZ35A

 1.375% Notes due 2041
 MDLZ41

 3.875% Notes due 2045
 MDLZ45

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No x
 Note: Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 x

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b)
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No x
 The aggregate market value of the shares of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price of such stock on June 30, 2023, was $ 99.2 billion. At January 30, 2024, there were 1,346,477,411 shares of the registrant's Class A Common Stock outstanding.
 Documents Incorporated by Reference
 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with its annual meeting of shareholders expected to be held on May 22, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.

 Mondel z International, Inc.

 Page No.

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
 and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 Reserved

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations:

 Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability

 Financial Outlook

 Summary of Results

 Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Commodity Trends

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
 and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 In this report, for all periods presented, "we," "us," "our," "the Company" and "Mondel z International" refer to Mondel z International, Inc. and subsidiaries. References to "Common Stock" refer to our Class A Common Stock.

 Forward-Looking Statements

 This report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are "forward-looking statements" for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management, including for future operations, capital expenditures or share repurchases; any statements concerning proposed new products, services, or developments; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of belief or expectation; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing or other future events. Forward-looking statements may include, among others, the words, and variations of words, "will," "may," "expect," "would," "could," "might," "intend," "plan," "believe," "likely," "estimate," "anticipate," "objective," "predict," "project," "drive," "seek," "aim," "target," "potential," "commitment," "outlook," "continue" or any other similar words.

 Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any of our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results or outcomes could differ materially from those projected or assumed in any of our forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and to inherent risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Important factors that could cause our actual results or performance to differ materially from those contained in or implied by our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

 • weakness in macroeconomic conditions in our markets, including as a result of inflation (and related monetary policy actions by governments in response to inflation), instability of certain financial institutions, volatility of commodity and other input costs and availability of commodities;
 • geopolitical uncertainty, including the impact of ongoing or new developments in Ukraine and the Middle East, related current and future sanctions imposed by governments and other authorities and related impacts, including on our business operations, employees, reputation, brands, financial condition and results of operations;
 • competition and our response to channel shifts and pricing and other competitive pressures;
 • pricing actions and customer and consumer responses to such actions;
 • promotion and protection of our reputation and brand image;
 • weakness in consumer spending and/or changes in consumer preferences and demand and our ability to predict, identify, interpret and meet these changes;
 • risks from operating globally, including in emerging markets, such as political, economic and regulatory risks;
 • the outcome and effects on us of legal and tax proceedings and government investigations, including the European Commission legal matter;
 • use of information technology and third party service providers;
 • unanticipated disruptions to our business, such as malware incidents, cyberattacks or other security breaches, and supply, commodity, labor and transportation constraints;
 • our ability to identify, complete, manage and realize the full extent of the benefits, cost savings or synergies presented by strategic transactions, including our recently completed acquisitions of Ricolino, Clif Bar, Chipita, Gourmet Food, Grenade and Hu;
 • our investments and our ownership interests in those investments, including JDE Peet's;
 • the restructuring program and our other transformation initiatives not yielding the anticipated benefits;
 • changes in the assumptions on which the restructuring program is based;
 • the impact of climate change on our supply chain and operations;
 • global or regional health pandemics or epidemics;
 • consolidation of retail customers and competition with retailer and other economy brands;
 • changes in our relationships with customers, suppliers or distributors;
 • management of our workforce and shifts in labor availability or labor costs;
 • compliance with legal, regulatory, tax and benefit laws and related changes, claims or actions;
 • perceived or actual product quality issues or product recalls;
 • failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
 • our ability to protect our intellectual property and intangible assets;
 • tax matters including changes in tax laws and rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes;
 • changes in currency exchange rates, controls and restrictions;

 • volatility of and access to capital or other markets, rising interest rates, the effectiveness of our cash management programs and our liquidity;
 • pension costs;
 • significant changes in valuation factors that may adversely affect our impairment testing of goodwill and intangible assets; and
 • the risks and uncertainties, as they may be amended from time to time, set forth in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

 There may be other factors not presently known to us or which we currently consider to be immaterial that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make. We disclaim and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this report except as required by applicable law or regulation. In addition, historical, current and forward-looking sustainability-related statements may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve, and assumptions that are subject to change in the future.

 Item 1. Business.

 General

 Mondel z International's purpose is to empower people to snack right. We sell our products in over 150 countries around the world. We are one of the world's largest snack companies with global net revenues of $36.0 billion and net earnings of $5.0 billion in 2023. Our core business is making and selling chocolate, biscuits and baked snacks. We also have additional businesses in adjacent, locally relevant categories including gum & candy, cheese & grocery and powdered beverages. Our portfolio includes iconic global and local brands such as Oreo, Ritz, LU, CLIF Bar and Tate's Bake Shop biscuits and baked snacks, as well as Cadbury Dairy Milk, Milka and Toblerone chocolate.

 We strive to create a positive impact on the world and communities in which we operate while driving business performance. Our goal is to lead the future of snacking around the world by offering the right snack, for the right moment, made the right way. We aim to deliver a broad range of delicious, high-quality snacks that nourish life's moments, made with sustainable ingredients and packaging that consumers can feel good about. We remain committed to helping to drive longstanding, enduring, positive change in the world.

 Strategy

 We aim to be the global leader in snacking by focusing on growth, execution, culture and sustainability. We are optimizing our portfolio of leading brands and have refined our strategy to accelerate growth, prioritizing our fast-growing core categories of chocolate, biscuits and baked snacks. Our strategic plan builds on our strong foundations, including leadership in attractive categories, an attractive global footprint, a strong core of iconic global and local brands, marketing, sales, distribution and cost excellence capabilities, and top talent with a growth mindset.

 Our plan to drive long-term growth includes four strategic priorities:

 • Accelerate consumer-centric growth. Our consumers are the reason we want to be the best snacking company in the world, and we put them at the heart of everything we do. With our consumers in mind, we are focused on accelerating and increasing our focus on chocolate, biscuits and baked snacks by investing in both our global and local brands. We are working to deliver multi-category growth in key geographies, expand our presence in high growth channels and increase our presence in under-represented segments and price tiers. As demands on consumers' time increase and consumer eating habits evolve, we aim to meet consumers' snacking needs. We plan to test, learn and scale new product offerings quickly to meet diverse and evolving local and global snacking demand.

 • Drive operational excellence. Our operational excellence and continuous improvement plans include a special focus on the consumer-facing areas of our business and optimizing our sales, marketing and customer service efforts. To drive productivity gains and cost improvements across our business, we also plan to continue leveraging our global shared services platform, driving greater efficiencies in our supply chain informed by a consumer-centric approach and applying strong cost discipline across our operations. We expect the improvements and efficiencies we drive will fuel our growth and continue to expand profit dollars. We are also focused on boosting digital commerce and our digital transformation program that will help to enable consumer demand and sales opportunities.

 • Build a winning growth culture. To support the acceleration of our growth, we are becoming more agile, digital and local-consumer focused. We are committed to investing in a diverse and talented workforce that helps our business move forward with greater speed and agility along with future-forward growth capabilities. We empower our local teams to innovate and deliver consumers' snacking needs while continuing to leverage our global scale to efficiently support our growth strategy. We have given our local teams more autonomy to drive commercial and innovation plans as they are closer to the needs and desires of consumers. We will continue to leverage the efficiency and scale of our regional operating units while empowering our local and commercial operations to respond faster to changing consumer preferences and capitalize on growth opportunities. We believe our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion and operating and cultural shifts to continue building a winning growth culture will help drive profitable top-line growth.

 • Scale sustainable snacking. We continue to focus significant efforts to drive progress against our core initiatives for more sustainable and mindful snacking. We have a clear strategic approach to focus on the areas where we believe we can drive the most impact with a sustainable snacking strategy, with environmental, social and governance ("ESG") goals and initiatives that include significant involvement and oversight by our leadership and Board of Directors. This includes ongoing efforts to sustainably source key ingredients, reduce our end-to-end environmental impact and innovate our processes and packaging to reduce waste and promote recycling. Please see our Sustainability and Mindful Snacking section below.

 We run our business with a long-term perspective and we believe the successful delivery of our strategic plan will drive consistent top- and bottom-line growth and enable us to create long-term value for our shareholders.

 Global Operations

 We sell our products in over 150 countries and have operations in approximately 80 countries, including 148 manufacturing and processing facilities across 46 countries. The portion of our net revenues generated outside the United States was 73.4% in 2023, 73.6% in 2022 and 75.1% in 2021. For more information on our U.S. and non-U.S. operations, refer to Note 18, Segment Reporting; on our manufacturing and other facilities, refer to Item 2, Properties; and on risks related to our operations outside the United States, see Item 1A, Risk Factors.

 We also monitor our revenue growth across emerging markets and developed markets:
 • Our emerging markets include our Latin America region in its entirety; the Asia, Middle East and Africa ("AMEA") region, excluding Australia, New Zealand and Japan; and the following countries from the Europe region: Russia, Ukraine, T rkiye, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Baltics and the East Adriatic countries.
 • Our developed markets include the entire North America region, the Europe region excluding the countries included in the emerging markets definition, and Australia, New Zealand and Japan from the AMEA region.

 Reportable Segments

 Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
 • Latin America
 • AMEA
 • Europe
 • North America

 We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.

 Please see Note 18, Segment Reporting and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information.

 Product Categories

 Our brands span five product categories:
 • Biscuits & Baked Snacks (including cookies, crackers, salted snacks, snack bars and cakes & pastries)
 • Chocolate
 • Gum & candy
 • Beverages
 • Cheese & grocery

 Seasonality

 Demand for our products is generally balanced throughout the year, with increases in the fourth quarter primarily because of holidays and other seasonal events. Depending on the timing of Easter, the holiday sales may shift between and affect net revenue in the first and second quarter.

 Customers

 We generally sell our products to supermarket chains, wholesalers, supercenters, club stores, mass merchandisers, distributors, convenience stores, gasoline stations, drug stores, value stores and other retail food outlets. We also sell products directly to businesses and consumers through various pure play e-retail platforms, retailer digital platforms, our direct-to-consumer websites and social media platforms. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues from continuing operations in 2023. For a discussion of long-term demographics, consumer trends and demand, refer to our Financial Outlook within Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Distribution and Marketing

 Our product distribution network encompasses direct store delivery, company-owned and satellite warehouses, distribution centers, third party distributors and other facilities. Additionally, we leverage the services of independent sales offices and agents in various international locations. Through our global digital commerce organization and capabilities, we pursue online growth with partners in key markets around the world, including both pure e-tailers and omni-channel retailers. We continue to invest in advertising and consumer promotions, talent and digital capabilities. Our digital commerce channel strategies play a critical role in our ambition to be the global leader in snacking.

 Our marketing initiatives are categorized in three principal sets of activities: (i) consumer marketing and advertising including digital and social media, on-air, print, outdoor and other product promotions; (ii) consumer sales incentives such as coupons and rebates; and (iii) trade promotions to support price features, displays and other merchandising of our products by our customers.

 Research, Development and Innovation

 Our innovation and new product development objectives include continuous improvement in food safety and quality, growth through new products, superior consumer satisfaction and reduced production costs. Our innovation efforts focus on anticipating consumer demands and adapting quickly to changing market trends. We work to test and learn new ideas and implement successful ones into other areas of our business. We aim to address consumer needs and market trends while leveraging scalable innovation platforms, sustainability and packaging programs and breakthrough technologies in order to delight our consumers, fuel our growth and reduce our environmental impact. To drive growth, creativity, greater effectiveness, improved efficiency and accelerated project delivery, we are focusing our technical research and development resources at technical centers around the globe.

 Mindful snacking and sustainability are a significant focus of our current research and development initiatives. We work to introduce new varieties of our core products, including new taste or nutrition profiles that cater to evolving consumer preferences, such as the introduction of Toblerone Pralines in a new market segment and a vegan 100% plant-based Philadelphia cream cheese. Additionally, we are expanding our portfolio of cakes and pastries with updated formats including Milka brownies and Oreo cakes.

 We also have a dedicated innovation and venture hub, SnackFutures, specifically tailored to leverage emerging consumer trends and growth opportunities in mindful snacking. The core objectives of this group are aligned with three key strategic areas: invent new brands and businesses, invest in early-stage entrepreneurs, and amplify SnackFutures' influence through the CoLab start-up engagement and mentoring programs built to equip start-ups with essential tools, technologies and expertise that can help them learn, grow and succeed.

 Competition

 We operate in highly competitive markets that are comprised of global, regional and local competitors, including new start-up brands and businesses. Some competitors have different profit objectives and investment time horizons than we do and therefore may approach pricing and promotional decisions differently. We compete based on product quality, brand recognition and loyalty, service, product innovation, taste, convenience, nutritional value, the ability to identify and satisfy consumer preferences, effectiveness of our digital and other sales and marketing strategies, routes to market and distribution networks, promotional activities and price. Our advantaged global footprint, operating scale and portfolio of brands have all significantly contributed to building our market-leading positions across most of the product categories in which we sell. To grow and maintain our market positions, we focus on meeting consumer needs and preferences through a local-first commercial focus, new digital and other

 sales and marketing initiatives, product innovation and high standards of product quality. We also continue to optimize our manufacturing and supply chain networks and invest in our brands through ongoing research and development, advertising, marketing and consumer promotions.

 Raw Materials and Packaging

 We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, edible oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of packaging materials to package our products and natural gas, fuels and electricity for our factories and warehouses. We monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can sustainably and cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production.

 A number of external factors such as the current macroeconomic environment, including global inflation and the effects of geopolitical uncertainty, climate and weather conditions, commodity, transportation and labor market conditions, supply chain disruptions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs.

 For additional information, refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Commodity Trends.

 Human Capital

 We believe the strength of our workforce is one of the significant contributors to our success as a global company that leads with purpose. All our employees contribute to our success and help us drive strong financial performance. Attracting, developing and retaining global talent with the right skills to drive our business is central to our purpose, mission and long-term growth strategy.

 Workforce Profile: At December 31, 2023, we had approximately 91,000 employees. At December 31, 2023, we had approximately 12,000 U.S. employees and approximately 79,000 employees outside the United States, with employees represented by labor unions or workers' councils representing approximately 21% of our U.S. employees and approximately 55% of our employees outside the United States.

 Workplace Safety and Wellness: We promote a strong culture of safety and prioritize keeping all our employees, contractors and visitors safe. To accomplish this, we employ comprehensive health, safety and environment management policies and standards throughout the organization. In addition, we strive to continuously improve our work processes, tools and metrics to mitigate and prevent workplace injuries and enhance safety.

 We remain committed to providing a modern and flexible approach to how and where we work. Our hybrid work model allows our office-based employees to engage with colleagues, customers and suppliers in-person on a regular basis while also leveraging innovative technology to optimize collaboration across geographically dispersed teams.

 Workforce Inclusion & Diversity:
 We believe that a diverse workforce with a range of experiences and perspectives is a significant driver of sustainable innovation and growth. We continue to be focused on creating an inclusive culture for employees, providing equity of opportunity through our development programs and policies. We include diversity and other human capital metrics as a part of the strategic scorecard within our annual incentive plan for our CEO and other senior leaders. This scorecard is used consistently across our company at both the corporate and region level.

 As a result of these efforts, at the end of 2023, women held 42% of global management roles (defined as Director and above) and 42% of executive leadership roles (defined as the Management Leadership Team plus one level below). In the United States, People of Color held approximately 36% of management roles (defined as Director and above), and Black employees held 6.3% of management roles at the end of 2023.

 Talent Management and Development: Maintaining a robust pipeline of talent is crucial to our ongoing success and is a key aspect of succession planning efforts across the organization. Our leadership and people teams are responsible for attracting and retaining top talent by facilitating an environment where employees feel supported and encouraged in their professional and personal development.

 Specifically, we review strategic positions regularly and identify potential internal candidates to fill those roles, evaluating job skill sets to identify competency gaps and creating developmental plans to facilitate employee professional growth. We include metrics related to the rate at which we fill positions with internal talent as part of the strategic scorecard within our annual incentive plan for our CEO and senior leaders, supporting a healthy balance between development of internal talent and infusion of new capabilities to enhance our teams.

 We invest in our employees through training and development programs, on the job experiences, coaching, as well as tuition reimbursement for a majority of our employees in the United States to promote continued professional growth. We provide technical and leadership programs across the organization that enable colleagues to grow skills and capabilities to become more successful. We also have dedicated talent programs that support and accelerate leadership development and strengthen our succession plans. We also expanded and increased global participation in our Talent Marketplace, a development solution that helps connect employees to short-term 'gig' opportunities. Additionally, coaching, mentoring and team-based development solutions are provided to colleagues across all levels to support leadership, team effectiveness and performance.

 Culture and Employee Engagement: We believe a culture where employees feel heard and managers take action is key to building a highly-engaged workforce that can deliver sustainable business growth. We conduct confidential engagement surveys of our global workforce annually that are administered and analyzed by an independent third party. Aggregate survey results include external benchmark comparisons and are reviewed by executive officers and the Board of Directors. Based on the results, we create action plans at global, regional, functional and managerial levels. By acting on results both at an aggregate enterprise level and a department/business/work group level, we have been able to enhance our culture and improve our overall engagement.

 Total Rewards: As part of our total rewards philosophy, we offer competitive compensation and benefits to attract and retain top talent. Our compensation programs are designed to reinforce our growth agenda and talent strategy as well as drive a strong connection between the contributions of our employees and their pay. We believe the structure of our compensation packages provides the appropriate incentives to attract, retain and motivate our employees. Further, to foster a strong sense of ownership and align the interests of employees with shareholders, we grant stock-based incentives to most senior-level employees.

 We also continue to evolve our programs to meet our employees' health and wellness needs. We provide access to medical and welfare benefits and offer programs to all employees that support work-life balance, including paid parental leave, as well as financial, physical and mental health resources, including employee assistance programs to reach all global colleagues.

 We are committed to equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or other personal characteristics. To deliver on that commitment, we benchmark and set pay ranges based on market data and consider various factors such as an employee's role and experience, job location and performance. We also regularly review our compensation practices to promote fair and equitable pay.

 With the support of an independent third-party expert in this field, we conduct global pay equity reviews for salaried employees based on gender and race (as permitted by local country law). Our last global analysis in 2023 encompassed 83 countries and over 34,000 employees. From this analysis, our pay gap between male and female employees was less than 1%. In the United States, we also review pay for salaried employees in the same pay grade by race/ethnicity (Asian, Black and Hispanic). The 2023 independent analysis found no systemic issues and no negative pay gap between non-white and white employees.

 Sustainability and Mindful Snacking

 Snacking Made Right is the lens through which we determine our ESG priorities to deliver on our mission of leading the future of snacking by offering the right snack, for the right moment, made the right way. We have a clear strategic approach to making snacking right, so we can drive innovative, more sustainable business growth.

 We focus in key areas where we believe we can deliver greater long-term positive impact. Our strategy and goals in these key focus areas are central to supporting our growth around the world and underpinned by our focus on promoting a culture of safety, quality, inclusivity and equity. Our goals include more sustainable sourcing of key ingredients, reducing our environmental footprint, promoting the rights of people across our value chain, and evolving our portfolio to offer a broader range of high-quality snacks addressing consumer needs while encouraging consumers to snack mindfully. In 2023, we made progress against these goals, such as expanding our signature raw material sourcing programs, submitting a time-bound roadmap against our 2050 Net Zero goal for validation to the Science Based Targets Initiative and investing in renewable energy sources in several of our owned manufacturing facilities across the world.

 The Governance, Membership and Sustainability Committee of our Board of Directors oversees our ESG policies and programs related to corporate citizenship, social responsibility, and public policy issues significant to us such as sustainability and environmental responsibility; food labeling, marketing and packaging; philanthropic and political activities and contributions; and Board of Directors' ESG education and capabilities. The People and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors oversees our diversity, equity and inclusion priorities, as well as workplace safety and employee wellness, pay equity, talent sourcing strategies, talent management and development programs and ESG KPIs for incentive plans. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors oversees our safety priorities, goals and performance, as well as our ESG-related disclosure in SEC filings, including controls and assurance. Our ESG goals are part of our risk and strategic planning processes and are also embedded across our organization and within our annual incentive compensation program for our leadership. Business leadership teams and our Board of Directors regularly review progress toward these programs and priorities.

 We discuss our ESG goals and programs in detail in our annual Snacking Made Right report available on our website. We also publish an ESG disclosure data sheet and are aligned with the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB") and Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") reporting frameworks. We also provide our annual CDP Climate Change, Water Security and Forests disclosure.

 Intellectual Property

 Our intellectual property rights (including trademarks, patents, copyrights, registered designs, proprietary trade secrets, recipes, technology and know-how) are material to our business.

 We own numerous trademarks and patents in many countries around the world. Depending on the country, trademarks remain valid for as long as they are in use or their registration status is maintained. Trademark registrations generally are renewable for fixed terms. We also have patents for a number of current and potential products. Our patents cover inventions ranging from packaging techniques to processes relating to specific products and to the products themselves. Our issued patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent application filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, the scope of its coverage as determined by the patent office or courts in the country, and the availability of legal remedies in the country. While our patent portfolio is material to our business, the loss of one patent or a group of related patents would not have a material adverse effect on our business.

 From time to time, we grant third parties licenses to use one or more of our trademarks, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets in connection with the manufacture, sale or distribution of third-party products. Similarly, we sell some products under brands, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets we license from third parties. In our agreement with Kraft Foods Group, Inc. (which is now part of The Kraft Heinz Company), we each granted the other party various licenses to use certain of our and their respective intellectual property rights in named jurisdictions following the spin-off of our North American grocery business in 2012.

 Regulation

 Our food products and ingredients are subject to local, national and multinational regulations related to labeling, health and nutrition claims, packaging, pricing, marketing and advertising, and related areas. In addition, various jurisdictions regulate our operations by licensing and inspecting our manufacturing plants and facilities, enforcing standards for select food products, grading food products, and regulating trade practices related to the sale and pricing of our food products. Many of the food commodities we use in our operations are subject to government agricultural policy and intervention. These policies have substantial effects on prices and supplies and are subject to periodic governmental and administrative review. In addition, increased attention to environmental and social issues in industry supply chains has led to developing different types of regulation in many countries. The lack of a harmonized approach can lead to uneven scrutiny or enforcement, which can impact our operations.

 Examples of laws and regulations that affect our business include workplace safety regulations; selective food taxes; data privacy; labeling requirements such as front-of-pack labeling based on nutrient profiles or environmental claims; sales or media and marketing restrictions such as those on promotions or advertising products with specified nutrient profiles on certain channels or platforms or during certain hours of the day; sanctions on sales or sourcing of raw materials; cross-border trade concessions or border barriers; corporate tax policies of the United States and other countries; and packaging taxes. In addition, over 25 countries in the European Union have implemented extended producer responsibility ("EPR") policies as part of national packaging waste policies that make manufacturers responsible for the cost of recycling food and beverage packaging after consumers use it. These range from mandatory regulations to voluntary agreements between government and industry to voluntary industry initiatives. EPR policies are being implemented or contemplated in other jurisdictions around the world, including India, Vietnam and certain states in the United States. Single-use plastic bans and other plastic taxes are being considered in Europe as well as countries including Indonesia and the Philippines.

 Throughout the countries in which we do business, we are subject to local, national and multinational environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We have programs across our business units designed to meet applicable environmental compliance requirements. In the United States, the laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. We are also subject to legislation designed to reduce emissions from greenhouse gases, and many countries are considering introducing carbon taxes that could increase our production costs or those of our suppliers.

 We continue to monitor developments in laws and regulations. Also refer to Item 1A, Risk Factors for additional information.

 Information about our Executive Officers

 The following are our executive officers as of February 2, 2024:

 Name
 Age
 Title

 Dirk Van de Put
 Chief Executive Officer

 Luca Zaramella
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 Vinzenz P. Gruber
 Executive Vice President and President, Europe

 Deepak D. Iyer

 Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa

 Stephanie Lilak

 Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer

 Mariano C. Lozano
 Executive Vice President and President, Latin America

 Daniel E. Ramos
 Executive Vice President, Chief Research and Development Officer

 Laura Stein
 Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

 Gustavo C. Valle
 Executive Vice President and President, North America

 Mr. Van de Put became Chief Executive Officer and a director in November 2017 and became Chairman of the Board of Directors in April 2018. He formerly served as President and Chief Executive Officer of McCain Foods Limited, a multinational frozen food provider, from July 2011 to November 2017 and as its Chief Operating Officer from May 2010 to July 2011. Mr. Van de Put served as President and Chief Executive Officer, Global Over-the-Counter, Consumer Health Division of Novartis AG, a global healthcare company, from 2009 to 2010. Prior to that, he worked for 24 years in a variety of leadership positions for several global food and beverage providers, including Danone SA, The Coca-Cola Company and Mars, Incorporated.

 Mr. Zaramella became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in August 2018. He previously served as Senior Vice President Corporate Finance, CFO Commercial and Treasurer from June 2016 to July 2018. He also served as Interim Lead Finance North America from April to November 2017. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller from December 2014 to August 2016 and Senior Vice President, Finance of Mondel z Europe from October 2011 to November 2014. Mr. Zaramella joined Mondel z International in 1996.

 Mr. Gruber became Executive Vice President and President, Europe in January 2019. He previously served as President, Western Europe from October 2016 to December 2018 and President, Chocolate, Europe from August 2011 to September 2016. Mr. Gruber was formerly employed by Mondel z International, in various capacities, from 1989 until 2000 and resumed his employment in September 2007.

 Mr. Iyer became Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa in June 2023. He previously served as President India from August 2016 to June 2023. Prior to that, Mr. Iyer held various leadership positions of increasing responsibility at PepsiCo, Wrigley India Pvt Ltd and Bharti AXA General Insurance Company, India. Mr. Iyer joined Mondel z International in 2016.

 Ms. Lilak became Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer in January 2024. She formerly served as the Chief People Officer of Bumble Inc., a social networking company, from November 2021 to January 2023. Previously, Ms. Lilak was Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer at Dunkin' Brands Group Inc., a multinational coffee and doughnut company, from July 2019 to November 2021. Prior to Dunkin' Brands, Ms. Lilak spent 23 years with General Mills Inc., a global consumer foods manufacturer and marketer, in roles of increasing responsibility. She served as Vice President, Human Resources for the North America Retail Segment from January 2016 to July 2019.

 Mr. Lozano became Executive Vice President and President, Latin America in May 2022. He previously served as CEO of Danone North America, a business unit of Danone, a global food and beverage company, from January 2014 until April 2017 and CEO Danone North America from September 2017 until December 2022. Mr. Lozano spent more than 24 years at Danone in various leadership roles across Latin America including President, Danone Brazil.

 Mr. Ramos became Chief Research & Development Officer in November 2022. Before joining Mondel z International, Mr. Ramos was Senior Vice President of Global Packaging at The Est e Lauder Companies, a

 manufacturer and marketer of quality skin care, makeup, fragrance and hair care products, from January 2021 to November 2022, and served as the Chief Scientific Officer at Coty Inc., a multinational beauty company and developer of fragrance, color cosmetics, and skin and body care, from September 2017 to January 2021. Mr. Ramos has worked in Research and Development for over 20 years.

 Ms. Stein became Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in September 2023 and was Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs and General Counsel from January 2021 until September 2023. Before joining Mondel z International, Ms. Stein spent 15 years at The Clorox Company, a multinational manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products, most recently as Executive Vice President – General Counsel and Corporate Affairs from February 2016 to December 2020. She also served as Executive Vice President – General Counsel from February 2015 to February 2016 and as Senior Vice President – General Counsel from January 2005 to February 2015.

 Mr. Valle became Executive Vice President and President, North America in March 2022 and was Executive Vice President and President, Latin American from February 2020 to February 2022. Before joining Mondel z International, Mr. Valle served as Chief Executive Officer of Axia Plus, LLC, a management consulting firm, from February 2018 to January 2020. Prior to that he spent more than 20 years at Groupe Danone SA, a multinational provider of packaged water, dairy and baby food products, in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Executive Vice President, Dairy Division Worldwide, from January 2015 to January 2018, and Vice President Dairy Division Europe, from January 2014 until December 2014.

 Ethics and Governance

 We have adopted the Mondel z International Code of Conduct, which qualifies as a code of ethics under Item 406 of Regulation S-K. The code applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. Our code of ethics is available free of charge on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/Investors/Corporate-Governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder submitting a written request to: Corporate Secretary, Mondel z International, Inc., 905 West Fulton Market, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60607. We will disclose any waiver we grant to an executive officer or director under our code of ethics, or certain amendments to the code of ethics, on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/Investors/Corporate-Governance.

 In addition, we have adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, charters for each of the Board's four standing committees and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Non-Employee Directors. All of these materials are available on our web site at www.mondelezinternational.com/Investors/Corporate-Governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder requesting a copy by writing to: Corporate Secretary, Mondel z International, Inc., 905 West Fulton Market, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60607.

 Available Information
 Our Internet address is www.mondelezinternational.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), are available free of charge as soon as possible after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). You can access our filings with the SEC by visiting www.sec.gov or our website: ir.mondelezinternational.com/sec-filings. The information on our web site is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 You should carefully read the following discussion of significant factors, events and uncertainties when evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, liquidity and financial condition. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, these risk factors do not identify all the risks we face, and there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be significant that may have a material adverse effect on our business, performance or financial condition in the future.

 Strategic and Operational Risks

 Commodity and other input prices are volatile and may increase or decrease significantly or availability of commodities may become constrained.

 We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, edible oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of product packaging materials, natural gas, fuel and electricity for our factories and warehouses, and we also incur expenses in connection with labor and the transportation and delivery of our products. Costs of raw materials, energy and other supplies and services are volatile and fluctuate due to conditions that are difficult to predict. These conditions include global competition for resources; currency fluctuations; geopolitical conditions or conflicts (including the ongoing war in Ukraine and international sanctions imposed on Russia for its invasion of Ukraine, developments in the Middle East and rising tensions between China and Taiwan); inflationary pressures related to domestic and global economic conditions or supply chain issues; transportation and labor disruptions; tariffs or other trade barriers; government intervention to introduce living income premiums or similar requirements such as those announced in 2019 in two of the main cocoa-growing countries; changes in environmental or trade policy and regulations, alternative energy and agricultural programs; severe weather; agricultural productivity; crop disease or pests; water risk; health pandemics; forest fires and other natural disasters; acts of terrorism; cybersecurity incidents; supplier capacity; and consumer or industrial demand. Many of these conditions are or could be exacerbated or worsened by climate change. Increased government intervention and consumer or activist responses caused by increased focus on climate change, deforestation, water, plastic waste, animal welfare and human rights concerns and other risks associated with the global food system could adversely affect our or our suppliers' reputation and business and our ability to procure the materials we need to operate our business. Some commodities are grown by smallholder farmers who might not be able to invest to increase productivity or adapt to changing conditions. Our work to monitor our exposure to commodity prices and hedge against input price increases cannot fully protect us from changes in commodity costs due to factors like market illiquidity, specific local regulations and downstream costs. Thus, our hedging strategies have not always protected and will not in the future always protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Continued volatility in the prices of commodities and other supplies we purchase or changes in the types of commodities we purchase as we continue to evolve our product and packaging portfolio could increase or decrease the costs of our products, and our profitability could suffer as a result. Moreover, increases in the price of our products, including increases to cover inflation and higher input, packaging and transportation costs, may result in lower sales volumes or customer delistings, while decreases in input costs could require us to lower our prices and thereby affect our revenues, profits or margins. Likewise, constraints in the supply or availability of key commodities and necessary services like transportation, such as we experienced across our business, particularly in the United States and United Kingdom, may limit our ability to grow our net revenues and earnings. If our mitigation activities are not effective, if we are unable to price to cover increased costs (including if we are delayed in our ability to raise prices or unable to raise the prices of our products enough to keep up with the rate of inflation), if we must reduce our prices, if increased prices affect demand for our products (including if consumers forego purchasing certain of our products or switch to "private label" or lower-priced product offerings), or if we are limited by supply or distribution constraints, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price can be materially adversely affected.

 We are subject to risks from operating globally.

 We are a global company and generated 73.4% of our 2023 net revenues, 73.6% of our 2022 net revenues and 75.1% of our 2021 net revenues outside the United States. We manufacture and market our products in over 150 countries and have operations in approximately 80 countries. Therefore, we are subject to risks inherent in global operations. Those risks include:

 • changing macroeconomic conditions in our markets, including as a result of inflation (and related monetary policy actions by governments in response to inflation), volatile commodity prices and increases in the cost of raw and packaging materials, labor, energy and transportation;
 • compliance with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the United States, including anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA");
 • the imposition of increased or new tariffs, sanctions, export controls, quotas, trade barriers, price floors or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities like cocoa, potential changes in U.S. trade programs and trade relations with other countries, or regulations, taxes or policies that might negatively affect our sales or profitability;
 • compliance with antitrust and competition laws, trade laws, data privacy laws, anti-bribery laws, human rights laws and a variety of other local, national and multinational regulations and laws in multiple regimes;
 • currency devaluations or fluctuations in currency values, including in developed and emerging markets. This includes events like applying highly inflationary accounting as we did for our Argentinean subsidiaries beginning in July 2018 and for T rkiye beginning in April 2022;
 • changes in capital controls, including currency exchange controls, government currency policies or other limits on our ability to import raw materials or finished products into various countries or repatriate cash from outside the United States;
 • increased sovereign risk, such as defaults by or deterioration in the economies and credit ratings of governments, particularly in emerging markets;
 • changes or inconsistencies in local regulations and laws, the uncertainty of enforcement of remedies in non-U.S. jurisdictions, and foreign ownership restrictions and the potential for nationalization or expropriation of property or other resources;
 • varying abilities to enforce intellectual property and contractual rights;
 • discriminatory or conflicting fiscal policies;
 • greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles; and
 • design, implementation and use of effective control environment processes across our diverse operations and employee base.

 In addition, increased political and economic changes or volatility, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, government shutdowns, travel or immigration restrictions, tariffs and other trade restrictions, public health risks or pandemics, energy policy or restrictions, public corruption, expropriation and other economic or political uncertainties, including inaccuracies in our assumptions about these factors, could interrupt and negatively affect our business operations or customer demand. For example, the ongoing developments in the Middle East could impact demand for our products or result in increased supply chain costs or other cost impacts. High unemployment or the slowdown in economic growth in some markets could constrain consumer spending. Declining consumer purchasing power could result in loss of market share and adversely impact our profitability. The nature and degree of the various risks we face can also differ significantly among our regions and businesses.

 All of these factors could result in increased costs or decreased revenues and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, stock price, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short- or long-term.

 The war in Ukraine has impacted and could continue to impact our business operations, financial performance and results of operations.

 The war in Ukraine has impacted and could continue to impact our business operations, financial performance and results of operations (as discussed below in Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – War in Ukraine under Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations). The scope and duration of the war in Ukraine is uncertain and rapidly changing, and we are unable to predict the full extent to which the war in Ukraine will impact our business operations, financial performance, results of operations and stock price in the future. We have discontinued new capital investments and suspended our advertising

 spending in Russia. As the business and geopolitical environment continues to change, our operations and activity in Russia, which accounted for 2.9% of 2023 consolidated net revenues, or Ukraine, which accounted for 0.4% of 2023 consolidated net revenues, may decline or be further scaled back. International sanctions, export controls and other measures, including restrictions on the transfer of funds to and from Russia, that have been imposed on Russian entities make it more difficult to operate in Russia, and failure to comply with applicable sanctions and measures could subject us to regulatory penalties and reputational risk. The war could also result in the temporary or permanent loss of assets or our ability to conduct business operations in Russia, and our Russian assets may be partially or fully impaired in future periods, or our business operations terminated, based on actions taken by Russia, other parties or us. In addition, our operations may be subject to increased disruptions to our information systems, including through network failures, malicious or disruptive software or cyberattacks by hackers, criminal groups or nation-state organizations. There is a possibility of loss of life and physical damage and destruction of property. We may not be able to operate in certain areas due to damage and safety concerns. We might also face questions or negative scrutiny from stakeholders about our operations in Russia despite our role as a food company and our public statements about Ukraine and Russia.

 The war in Ukraine has continued to result in worldwide geopolitical and macroeconomic uncertainty. The war continues to disrupt commodity markets, including for wheat, energy and energy-related commodities, and continues to contribute to supply chain disruption and inflation. Other ongoing consequences of the war have included increased volatility of input prices, including for packaging materials, energy, commodities, other raw materials, labor and transportation; adverse changes in international trade policies and relations; increased exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, including volatility of the Russian ruble; constraints, volatility or disruptions in the credit and capital markets; increased costs to ensure compliance with global and local laws and regulations; difficulty protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights; and heightened risk to employee safety including health and safety risks related to securing and maintaining facilities. We expect continued volatility with respect to commodity and other input prices, and our hedging activities might not sufficiently offset this volatility.

 These and other impacts of the war in Ukraine could have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the risk factors presented in this filing, including but not limited to those relating to our reputation, brands, product sales, sanctions, trade relations in countries in which we operate, input price inflation and volatility, results of operations and financial condition. We might not be able to predict or respond to all impacts on a timely basis to prevent near- or long-term adverse impacts to our results. The ultimate impact of these disruptions also depends on events beyond our knowledge or control, including the scope and duration of the war and actions taken by parties other than us to respond to them. Any of these disruptions could have a negative impact on our business operations, financial performance, results of operations and stock price, and this impact could be material. Additionally, the war in Ukraine, or related developments in Russia, Europe or elsewhere, may also materially adversely affect our operating results and financial position in a manner that is not currently known to us or that we do not currently consider to be a significant risk.

 We operate in a highly competitive industry where we face risks related to the execution of our strategy as well as our ability or willingness to respond, timely or otherwise, to channel shifts, pricing and other competitive pressures.

 The food and snacking industry is highly competitive. Our principal competitors are food, snack and beverage companies that operate globally, regionally and locally, and, in many markets, include retailers with their own branded and private label products. Failure to effectively respond to actions, innovations or other challenges from our competitors could adversely affect our business.

 Competitor and customer pressures require that we timely and effectively respond to changes in relevant markets, including changes to distribution channels and technological developments. These pressures could affect our prices, including our ability to price in response to commodity and other cost increases. Failure to effectively and timely assess new or developing trends, technological advancements (including advancements such as artificial intelligence, machine learnings and augmented reality, which may become critical in understanding consumer preferences in the future) or changes in distribution methods and set proper pricing, including as a result of inflation or weak economic conditions or recessions, or effective trade incentives could negatively impact availability of or demand for our products, our operating results, achievement of our strategic and financial goals and our ability to capitalize on new revenue or value-producing opportunities. The rapid growth of some channels, such as discounters as well as digital commerce which has expanded significantly following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, may impact our current operations or strategies more quickly than we planned for, create consumer price

 deflation, alter the buying behavior of consumers or disrupt our retail customer relationships. We may need to increase or reallocate spending on existing and new distribution channels and technologies, marketing, advertising and new product innovation to maintain or increase revenues, market share and brand significance. These expenditures may not be successful, including those related to our digital commerce and other technology-focused efforts, and might not result in trade and consumer acceptance of our efforts, which could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We will be disadvantaged if we are not able to effectively leverage developing online channels such as direct-to-consumer and electronic business-to-business commerce. New distribution channels, as well as growing opportunities to utilize external manufacturers, lower the barriers to entry and allow smaller competitors to gain market share more effectively. Additionally, if we adjust pricing but cannot maintain or increase sales volumes, or our labor or other costs increase but we cannot increase prices to offset those changes, our financial condition and results of operations will suffer.

 Further, our ability to compete may be limited by an inability to secure new retailers or maintain or add shelf and/or retail space for our products. There can be no assurance that retailers will provide sufficient, or any, shelf space, nor that online retailers will provide online access to, or adequate product visibility on, their platform. Unattractive placement or pricing may put our products at a disadvantage compared to those of our competitors. Even if we obtain shelf space or preferable shelf placement, our new and existing products may fail to achieve the sales or pricing expectations set by our retailers, potentially causing these retailers to remove our products from their shelves.

 During 2023, we continued to operate under our strategy to drive long-term growth by focusing on four strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence, creating a winning growth culture and scaling sustainable snacking. If our strategy is not effective, we fail to achieve our goals and objectives or identify or prioritize the areas most important to achieving our goals, or we fail to effectively operate under our strategy in a way that minimizes disruptions to our business, it could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Promoting and protecting our reputation and brand image is essential to our business success.

 Our success depends on our ability to maintain and enhance our brands, expand to new geographies and new distribution platforms such as digital commerce, and evolve our portfolio with new product offerings that meet consumer needs and expectations.

 We seek to strengthen our brands through investments in our product quality, product renovation, innovation and marketing investments, including consumer-relevant advertising, digital communication and consumer promotions. Actual or perceived failure to effectively address the continuing global focus on well-being, including changing consumer acceptance of certain ingredients, industrial manufacturing and processing, nutritional expectations of our products, the sustainability of our ingredients, our supply chain (including human rights and animal welfare issues) and our packaging (including plastic packaging and its ability to be recycled and other environmental impacts) could adversely affect our brands. Increased negative attention from the media, academics and online influencers, governments, shareholders and other stakeholders in these areas as well as on the role of food marketing, our response to political and social issues or catastrophic events, and other environmental, social, human capital or governance practices, including our diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives, could adversely affect our brand image. Undue caution or our failure to react timely in addressing these challenges and trends could weaken our competitive position. Such pressures could also lead to stricter regulations, industry self-regulation that is unevenly adopted among companies, increased transparency in public disclosures, and increased focus on food and snacking marketing and labeling practices. Increasing and disparate legal or regulatory restrictions on our labeling, advertising and consumer promotions, or our response to those restrictions, could limit our efforts to maintain, extend and expand our brands. This includes regulations such as front-of-pack labeling and selective food taxes in multiple jurisdictions as well as age-based restrictions on sales of products with certain nutritional profiles enacted in some states in Mexico. In the United Kingdom, a ban on specific types of TV and online advertising of food containing levels of fat, sugar or salt above specified thresholds is expected to go into effect in October 2025, and new measures restricting certain promotions and in-store placement of some of those products recently went into effect. Moreover, adverse publicity, regulatory developments or legal action against us, our employees or our licensees related to product quality and safety, where and how we manufacture our products, environmental risks including climate change, human and workplace rights across our supply chain, labor relations, or antitrust, anti-bribery and anti-corruption compliance could damage our reputation and brand health. Such actions could undermine our customers' and shareholders' confidence and reduce demand for our products, even if the regulatory or legal action is unfounded or these matters are immaterial to our operations. Our product sponsorship

 relationships, including those with celebrity spokespersons, influencers or group affiliations, could also subject us to negative publicity.

 In addition, our success in maintaining and enhancing our brand image depends on our ability to anticipate change and adapt to a rapidly changing marketing and media environment, including our increasing reliance on established and emerging social media and online platforms, digital and mobile dissemination of marketing and advertising campaigns, targeted marketing and the increasing accessibility and speed of dissemination of information. A variety of legal and regulatory restrictions as well as our own policies and participation in industry self-regulation initiatives limit how and to whom we market our products. These restrictions may limit our brand renovation, innovation, marketing and promotion plans, particularly as social media and the communications environment continue to evolve. The social media platforms we use to market our products may change their marketing rules or algorithms or may fall out of favor with certain consumer groups, and we may fail to effectively adapt our marketing strategies or may decide to no longer utilize certain platforms for marketing. We might also fail to sufficiently evolve our digital marketing efforts to effectively utilize consumer data. Negative posts or comments about Mondel z International, our brands or our employees on social media or web sites (whether factual or not) or security breaches related to use of our social media accounts and failure to respond effectively to these posts, comments or activities could damage our reputation and brand image across the various regions in which we operate. Placement of our advertisements in social media may also result in damage to our brands if the media itself experiences negative publicity. Our brands may be associated with or appear alongside harmful content before these platforms or our own social media monitoring can detect this risk to our brand. In addition, we might fail to invest sufficiently in maintaining, extending and expanding our brands, our marketing efforts might not achieve desired results and we might be required to recognize impairment charges on our brands or related intangible assets or goodwill. Third parties may sell counterfeit or imitation versions of our products that are inferior or pose safety risks. When consumers confuse these counterfeit products for our products or have a bad experience with the counterfeit brand, they might refrain from purchasing our brands in the future, which could harm our brand image and sales. Third parties might also improperly use our brands as part of phishing or other scams, which could negatively affect our brand image. Failure to successfully maintain and enhance our reputation and brand health could materially and adversely affect our company and product brands as well as our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We must correctly predict, identify, interpret and meet changes in consumer preferences and demand and offer new and improved products that meet those changes.

 Consumer preferences for food and snacking products change continually. Our success depends on our ability to predict, identify, interpret and meet the tastes, dietary habits, packaging, sales channel and other preferences of consumers around the world and to offer products that appeal to these preferences in the places and ways consumers want to shop. There may be further shifts in the relative size of shopping channels in addition to the increasing role of digital commerce for consumers. Our success relies upon managing this complexity to promote and bring our products to consumers effectively. Weak economic conditions, recessions, inflation, equity market volatility or other factors, such as global or local pandemics, severe or unusual weather events, and our response to political and social issues or catastrophic events, may affect consumer preferences and demand in ways that are hard to predict. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid changes in lifestyles and consumption patterns were accompanied by increased demand for biscuits and decreased demand for gum. Failure to offer and deliver products that appeal to consumers or to correctly judge consumer demand for our products will impact our ability to meet our growth targets, and our sales and market share could decrease and our profitability could suffer.

 We must distinguish between short-term fads and trends and long-term changes in consumer preferences. Our sales can be adversely affected when we do not accurately predict which shifts in consumer preferences or category trends will be long-term or we fail to introduce new and improved products to satisfy changing preferences. In addition, because of our varied and geographically diverse consumer base, we must be responsive to local consumer needs, including with respect to when and how consumers snack and their desire for premium or value offerings. We must also provide an array of products that satisfy the broad spectrum of consumer preferences and use marketing and advertising effectively to reach consumers at the right time with the right message. Increasing and disparate legal or regulatory restrictions on our labeling, advertising and consumer promotions, or our response to those restrictions, could limit our efforts to offer and deliver products that appeal to consumers. Demand for our products could decrease and our profitability could suffer if we fail to expand our product offerings successfully across product categories, rapidly develop products in faster growing and more profitable categories or reach consumers in efficient and effective ways leveraging data and analytics.

 Negative perceptions concerning the health, environmental and social implications of certain food products, ingredients, packaging materials, and sourcing or production methods could influence consumer preferences and acceptance of some of our products and marketing programs. For example, consumers have increasingly focused on well-being, including reducing sodium and added sugar consumption or using weight-loss drugs to reduce consumption overall or change consumption patterns, as well as the source and authenticity of ingredients in the foods they consume. Continuing to focus on and expand our well-being offerings while refining the ingredient and nutrition profiles of existing products is important to our growth, as is maintaining focus on ethical sourcing and supply chain management opportunities to address evolving consumer preferences. In addition, consumer preferences differ by region, and we must monitor and adjust our use of ingredients and other activities to respond to these regional preferences. We might be unsuccessful in our efforts to effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and social expectations. Continued negative perceptions or failure to satisfy consumer preferences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Our operations in certain emerging markets expose us to political, economic and regulatory risks.

 Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to expand our operations in emerging markets, including among others Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Argentina, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia. However, some emerging markets have greater political, economic and currency volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than more established markets. In many countries, particularly those with emerging economies, engaging in business practices prohibited by laws and regulations with extraterritorial reach, such as the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act, or local anti-bribery laws may be more common. These laws generally prohibit companies and their employees, contractors or agents from making improper payments to government officials, including in connection with obtaining permits or engaging in other actions necessary to do business. Failure to comply with these laws could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

 In addition, competition in emerging markets is increasing as our competitors grow their global operations and low-cost local manufacturers improve and expand their production capacities. Our success in emerging markets is critical to achieving our growth strategy. Failure to successfully increase our business in emerging markets and manage associated political, economic and regulatory risks could adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Our use of information technology and third-party service providers exposes us to cybersecurity breaches and other business disruptions.

 We use information technology and third-party service providers to support our global business processes and activities, including supporting critical business operations such as manufacturing and distribution; communicating with our suppliers, customers and employees; maintaining effective accounting processes and financial and disclosure controls; executing mergers and acquisitions and other corporate transactions; conducting research and development activities; meeting regulatory, legal and tax requirements; and executing various digital marketing and consumer promotion activities. Global shared service centers managed by third parties provide an increasing number of services important to conducting our business, including accounting, internal control, human resources and computing functions.

 Continuity of business applications and services has been, and may in the future be, disrupted by events such as infection by viruses or malware; other cybersecurity attacks; issues with or errors in systems' maintenance or security; power outages; hardware or software failures; denial of service attacks; telecommunication failures; natural disasters; terrorist attacks; and other catastrophic occurrences. Our use of new and emerging technologies such as cloud-based services and mobile applications continues to evolve, presenting new and additional risks in managing access to our data, relying on third parties to manage and safeguard data, ensuring access to our systems and availability of third-party systems. In addition, we are experiencing new and more frequent attempts by third parties to gain access to our systems, such as through increased email phishing of our workforce.

 We leverage third parties for various technology and business services who may experience cybersecurity breaches, whether from circumvention of security systems, denial-of-service attacks or other cyberattacks such as hacking, phishing attacks, computer viruses, ransomware or malware, cyber extortion, employee or insider error, malfeasance, social engineering, physical breaches or other actions or attempts to exploit vulnerabilities may cause confidential information or Personally Identifiable Information belonging to us or our employees, customers,

 consumers, partners, suppliers, or governmental or regulatory authorities to be misused or breached. These risks could be magnified since the number of employees, contractors and others working outside of offices increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, continued geopolitical turmoil, including the ongoing war in Ukraine, has heightened the risk of cyberattacks. When risks such as these materialize, the need for us to coordinate with various third-party service providers and for third-party service providers to coordinate amongst themselves might increase challenges and costs to resolve related issues. Our information security program includes capabilities designed to evaluate and mitigate cyber risks arising from third-party service providers. Cyber threats to externally-hosted technology and business services are beyond our control. Additionally, new initiatives, such as those related to digital commerce and direct sales, that increase the amount of confidential information that we process and maintain increase our potential exposure to a cybersecurity breach. Furthermore, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks. If our controls, disaster recovery and business continuity plans or those of our third-party providers do not effectively respond to or resolve the issues related to any such disruptions in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition, results of operations and stock price may be materially and adversely affected, and we might experience delays in reporting our financial results, loss of intellectual property and damage to our reputation or brands.

 We continue to invest and augment our cybersecurity program and posture with enhanced identity and access management solutions, multi-factor authentication, risk-based access for remote connectivity, privileged access management, network security, backup and disaster recovery, training and awareness, in addition to advance threat protection emanating from sophisticated, persistent and state-sponsored threat actors, including from internet browsing to email, further reducing our attack surface and likelihood of credential thefts and compromise. Further, we have 24/7 security operations, enhancing the monitoring and detection of threats in our environment, including but not limited to the manufacturing environment and operational technologies, as well as adjusting information security controls based on our threat intelligence information. However, security measures cannot provide absolute security or guarantee that we will be successful in preventing or responding to every breach or disruption on a timely basis. Due to the constantly evolving and complex nature of cyber threat actors, we cannot predict the form and impact of any future incident, and the cost and operational expense of implementing, maintaining and enhancing protective measures to guard against increasingly complex and sophisticated cyber threats could increase significantly. Moreover, as cyberattacks increase in frequency and magnitude around the world, we may be unable to obtain cybersecurity insurance in the amounts and on terms we view as appropriate and favorable for our operations.

 We transfer data across local, regional, and national borders to conduct our operations, and we are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer and security of personal data. Privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") has greatly increased the jurisdictional reach of E.U. law, added a broad array of requirements for handling personal data including the public disclosure of significant data breaches, and imposes substantial penalties for non-compliance of up to 4% of global annual revenue for the preceding financial year in addition to potential restrictions on data transfer and processing. Laws recently passed in other jurisdictions, such as the Personal Information Protection Law of 2021, enacted in China, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023, enacted in India, similarly impose significant regulatory requirements. The California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") requires greater transparency in handling personal information from consumers by imposing new responsibilities for the handling, disclosure and deletion of personal information for consumers, permits California to assess potentially significant fines for violating CCPA and creates a right for individuals to bring class action suits seeking damages for violations. In addition, similar legislation in Virginia, Colorado, Utah and Connecticut, all of which have gone into effect or will go into effect during 2023, impose transparency and other obligations with respect to personal data of their respective residents and provide residents with similar rights. Our efforts to comply with multijurisdictional privacy and data protection laws and the uncertainty of new laws and regulations will likely increase the complexity of our processes and may impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, and we could incur substantial penalties or be subject to litigation related to violation of existing or future data privacy laws and regulations.

 We are subject to risks from unanticipated business disruptions.

 We manufacture and source products and materials on a global scale. We utilize an interdependent supply chain – a complex network of suppliers and material needs, owned and leased manufacturing locations, external manufacturing partners, distribution networks, shared service delivery centers and information systems that support

 our ability to provide our products to our customers consistently. Factors that are hard to predict or beyond our control, like weather, natural disasters, water and energy availability, supply and commodity shortages, port congestions or delays, transport capacity constraints, terrorism, political unrest or armed hostilities (including the ongoing war in Ukraine and developments in the Middle East), cybersecurity incidents, labor shortages, strikes or work stoppages, operational and/or financial instability of our key suppliers and other vendors or service providers, government shutdowns or health pandemics, including any potential impact of climate change on these factors, could damage or disrupt our operations or those of our suppliers, their suppliers, our external manufacturing partners, distributors or other business partners. Failure to effectively prepare for and respond to disruptions in our operations, for example, by not finding alternative suppliers or replacing capacity at key or sole manufacturing or distribution locations or by not quickly repairing damage to our information, production or supply systems, can cause delays in delivering or the inability to deliver products to our customers, and the quality and safety of our products might be negatively affected. Moreover, disputes with significant customers or suppliers, including disputes regarding pricing or performance, could adversely affect our sales, financial condition, and results of operations. The occurrence of a material or extended disruption may cause us to lose our customers' or business partners' confidence or suffer damage to our reputation, and long-term consumer demand for our products could decline. We use insurance to transfer our financial risk related to these exposures, but some of the risks we face are difficult or impossible to insure and the timing of insurance recoveries may not match the timing of the financial loss we incur. We are subject to risk related to operational safety, including risk of fire, explosion or accidental contamination. We could also fail to achieve our strategic objectives due to capability or technology deficiencies related to our ongoing reconfiguration of our supply chain to drive efficiencies and fuel growth. Further, our ability to supply multiple markets with a streamlined manufacturing footprint may be negatively impacted by portfolio complexity, significant changes in trade policies, changes in volume produced and changes to regulatory restrictions or labor-related or other constraints on our ability to adjust production capacity in the markets in which we operate. These events could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We may not successfully identify, complete or manage strategic transactions.

 We regularly evaluate a variety of potential strategic transactions globally, including acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, equity method investments and other strategic alliances that could further our strategic business objectives, and acquisitions and joint ventures are an important part of our strategy to increase our exposure to fast-growing snacking segments, fill geographic white spaces and expand into adjacent categories. For example, in 2022 we acquired Chipita, Clif Bar and Ricolino and in 2023, we completed the sale of our developed market gum business in the United States, Canada and Europe and sold our remaining equity investment in Kuerig Dr Pepper Inc. Such transactions and investments present significant challenges and risks. We may not successfully identify potential strategic transactions to pursue, may not have counterparties willing to transact with us, or we may not successfully identify or manage the risks presented by these strategic transactions, or complete such transactions. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to identify suitable transactions; negotiate favorable contractual terms; comply with applicable regulations and receive necessary consents, clearances and approvals (including regulatory and antitrust clearances and approvals that may face increased scrutiny); integrate or separate businesses; manage or achieve performance of ESG goals and initiatives; realize the full extent of the benefits, cost savings or synergies presented by strategic transactions; offset loss of revenue associated with divested brands or businesses; effectively implement control environment processes; minimize adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers; achieve accurate estimates of fair value; minimize potential loss of customers or key employees; and minimize indemnities and potential disputes with buyers, sellers and strategic partners. In addition, execution or oversight of strategic transactions may result in the diversion of management attention from our existing business and may present financial, managerial and operational risks.

 With respect to acquisitions and joint ventures in particular, we are also exposed to potential risks based on our ability to conform standards, controls, policies and procedures, and business cultures; consolidate and streamline operations and infrastructures; identify and eliminate, as appropriate, redundant and underperforming operations and assets; manage inefficiencies associated with the integration of operations; and coordinate timely and ongoing compliance with applicable laws, including antitrust and competition, anti-bribery and corruption and import/export laws. Equity investments such as our investments in JDE Peet's N.V. joint venture and other strategic alliances pose additional risks, as we could share ownership in both public and private companies and in some cases management responsibilities with one or more other parties whose objectives for the alliance may diverge from ours over time, who may not have the same priorities, strategies or resources as we do, or whose interpretation of applicable policies may differ from our own. Transactions or ventures into which we enter might not meet our financial and non-financial control and compliance expectations or yield the anticipated benefits. Depending on the nature of the

 business ventures, including whether they operate globally, these ventures could also be subject to many of the same risks we are, including political, economic, regulatory and compliance risks, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and volatility of commodity and other input prices. Either partner might fail to recognize an alliance relationship that could expose the business to higher risk or make the venture not as productive as expected.

 Furthermore, we may not be able to complete, on terms favorable to us, desired or proposed divestitures of businesses that do not meet our strategic objectives or our growth or profitability targets. Our divestiture activities, or related activities such as reorganizations, restructuring programs and transformation initiatives, may require us to provide or receive transitional support and/or ongoing commercial relationships, recognize impairment charges or take action to reduce costs that remain after we complete a divestiture. Gains or losses on the sales of, or lost operating income from, those businesses may also affect our profitability.

 Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Macroeconomic and Industry Risks

 Our business is subject to an increasing focus on sustainability matters.

 We have announced, and may from time to time announce, certain initiatives, including goals, targets and other objectives, related to sustainability matters. These statements reflect our current plans and do not constitute a guarantee that they will be achieved. Our efforts to research, establish, accomplish, and accurately report on these goals, targets and other objectives expose us to numerous operational, reputational, financial, legal and other risks. Our ability to achieve any stated goal, target or objective is subject to numerous factors and conditions, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such factors include evolving regulatory requirements affecting sustainability standards or disclosures or imposing different requirements, the reliance on other value chain actors to implement the required changes, the pace of changes in technology and the availability of suppliers that can meet our sustainability and other standards. In addition, statements about our sustainability goals, targets and other objectives, and progress against those goals, targets and other objectives, may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve and assumptions that are subject to change in the future. Our selection of voluntary disclosure frameworks and standards, and the interpretation or application of those frameworks and standards, may change from time to time or differ from those of others. Methodologies for reporting this data may be updated and previously reported data may be adjusted to reflect improvement in availability and quality of third-party data, changing assumptions, changes in the nature and scope of our operations, and other changes in circumstances, which could result in significant revisions to our current goals, reported progress in achieving such goals, or ability to achieve such goals in the future. Further, developing and collecting, measuring and reporting ESG-related information and metrics can be costly, difficult and time consuming and is subject to evolving reporting standards, including recent legislation in California related to reporting greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related financial risk, the SEC's proposed climate-related reporting requirements, and similar proposals by other international regulatory bodies such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive in the European Union, especially to the extent these standards are not harmonized or consistent.

 Our business may face increased scrutiny from the investment community, customers, consumers, employees, activists, media, regulators and other stakeholders related to our sustainability initiatives, including the goals, targets and objectives that we announce, and our methodologies and timelines for pursuing them. At the same time, stakeholders and regulators have increasingly expressed or pursued opposing views, legislation and investment expectations with respect to sustainability initiatives, including the enactment or proposal of "Anti-ESG" legislation or policies. If our sustainability practices do not meet evolving investor or other stakeholder expectations and standards or if we are unable to satisfy all stakeholders, our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees, our sales and our attractiveness as an investment, business partner or as an acquiror could be negatively impacted. Similarly, our failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill our goals, targets and objectives, to comply with ethical, environmental or other standards, regulations or expectations, or to satisfy various reporting standards with respect to these matters, within the timelines we announce, or at all, could have the same negative impacts, as well as expose us to government enforcement actions, fines and private litigation. Even if we achieve our goals, targets and objectives, we may not realize all of the benefits that we expected at the time they were established.

 Climate change might adversely impact our supply chain or our operations.

 Scientific evidence collected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrates that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have caused and will in the future cause changes in weather patterns around the globe that expose us to physical and transition risk. Physical risks include the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and natural disasters and effects on water availability and quality and biodiversity loss. These impacts increase risks to the global food production and distribution system and to the safety and resilience of the communities where we live, work and source our ingredients, and could further decrease food security for communities around the world. Decreased agricultural productivity caused by climate change has and in the future may continue to limit the availability of the commodities we purchase and use and increase the costs of such products. These include cocoa, which is a critical raw material for our chocolate and biscuit portfolios that is particularly sensitive to changes in climate and has recently had a global decrease in availability and increase in price, as well as other raw materials such as dairy, wheat, vegetable oils, sugar and nuts. Weather events such as floods, severe storms or water shortages that are partially caused or exacerbated by climate change might disrupt our business operations or those of our suppliers, their suppliers, our external manufacturing partners, distributors or other business partners and could increase our insurance and other operating costs.

 Transition risks include increased focus by federal, state and local regulatory and legislative bodies globally regarding environmental policies relating to climate change, regulating greenhouse gas emissions (including carbon pricing or a carbon tax), energy policies, disclosure obligations and sustainability (including single use plastics). New legal and regulatory requirements have increased and could continue to increase our operating costs for things like energy or packaging through taxes or regulations, including payments under extended producer responsibility policies, taxes on specific packaging material types and targets to increase the use of reuse/refill delivery models. Increasing regulation of carbon taxes could also substantially increase our product supply chain and distribution costs. Even if we make changes to align ourselves with such legal or regulatory requirements, we may still be subject to significant penalties or potential litigation if such laws and regulations are interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our practices. Concern about climate change might cause consumer preferences to switch away from products or ingredients considered to have high climate change impact and towards products that are more sustainably grown and made. We expect to incur additional costs as we evolve our portfolio and engage in due diligence, verification and reporting in connection with our ESG and sustainability initiatives. We might not effectively address increased attention from the media, shareholders, activists and other stakeholders on climate change and related environmental sustainability matters, including deforestation, land use, water use and packaging, including plastic. Those stakeholders might also have requests or proposals that are not aligned with the focus of our efforts on climate change and ESG matters. Climate change-related impacts could also reduce demand for our products. If costs for raw materials increase or availability decreases, we raise prices for our products and our competitors respond differently to those cost or availability pressures, demand for our products and our market share could suffer. We have also experienced decreased demand for chocolate during periods when temperatures are warmer.

 In 2021, we announced our goal of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Achieving this goal will require significant transformation of our business, capital investment and the development of technology that might not currently exist. We might incur significant additional expense or be required to recognize impairment charges in connection with our efforts, and we might be unable to achieve, or be perceived to fail to achieve, our goal.

 Any or all of these risks could materially and adversely affect our ability to meet the needs of our customers, reputation, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Our retail customers are consolidating, and we must leverage our value proposition in order to compete against retailer and other economy brands.

 Retail customers, such as supermarkets, discounters, digital commerce merchants, warehouse clubs and food distributors in the European Union, the United States and other major markets, continue to consolidate, form buying alliances or be acquired by new entrants in the food retail market, resulting in fewer, larger customers. Large retail customers and customer alliances can delist our products or reduce the shelf space allotted to our products and demand lower pricing, increased promotional programs or longer payment terms. Retail customers might also adopt these tactics in their dealings with us in response to the significant growth in online retailing for consumer products, which is outpacing the growth of traditional retail channels and has increased further since the COVID-19 pandemic.

 The growth of alternative online retail channels, such as direct-to-consumer and electronic business-to-business, may adversely affect our relationships with our large retail and wholesale customers.

 In addition, larger retail customers have the scale to develop supply chains that permit them to operate with reduced inventories or to develop and market their own retailer and other economy brands that compete with some of our products. Our products must provide higher quality or value to our consumers than the less expensive alternatives, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty, recessions or significant inflation. Consumers may not buy our products if they perceive little difference between the quality or value of our products and those of retailer or other economy brands. If consumers prefer or otherwise choose to purchase the retailer or other economy brands, we can lose market share or sales volumes, or we may need to shift our product mix to lower margin offerings.
 Retail consolidation also increases the risk that adverse changes in our customers' business operations or financial performance will have a corresponding material adverse effect on us. For example, if our customers cannot access sufficient funds or financing, then they may delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products, or delay or fail to pay us for previous purchases.

 Failure to effectively respond to retail consolidation, increasing retail power and competition from retailer and other economy brands could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We are subject to changes in our relationships with significant customers, suppliers and distributors.

 During 2023, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues. There can be no assurance that our customers will continue to purchase our products in the same mix or quantities or on the same terms as in the past, particularly as increasingly powerful retailers continue to demand lower pricing and develop their own brands. The loss of or disruptions related to a significant customer could result in a material reduction in sales or change in the mix of products we sell to the customer. This could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Disputes with significant customers, suppliers or distributors, including disputes related to pricing or performance and any resultant refusal to provide shelf and/or retail spaces for our products, could adversely affect our ability to supply or deliver products or operate our business and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. The financial condition of our significant customers and business partners are affected by events that are largely beyond our control. New regulations can also affect our commercial practices and our relationship with customers, suppliers or distributors. Deterioration in the financial condition of significant customers, suppliers or distributors or regulations affecting our relationship with these parties could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We may be unable to hire or retain and develop key personnel or a highly skilled and diverse global workforce or effectively manage changes in our workforce and respond to shifts in labor availability.

 We must attract, hire, retain and develop effective leaders and a highly skilled and diverse global workforce. We compete to hire new personnel with a variety of capabilities in the many countries in which we manufacture and market our products and then to develop and retain their skills and competencies. We have experienced and could continue to experience unplanned or increased turnover of employees with key capabilities, and we could fail to develop adequate succession plans for leadership positions or hire and retain a workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business. We could also fail to attract and develop personnel with key emerging capabilities that we need to continue to respond to changing consumer and customer needs and grow our business, including skills in the areas of digital commerce and marketing, data analytics, and procurement and supply chain expertise. Occurrence of any of these conditions could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitiveness.

 We are experiencing an increasingly tight and competitive labor market and could face unforeseen challenges in the availability of labor. A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base as a result of general macroeconomic factors (including high inflation and hyperinflation in certain markets), have led and in the future could continue to lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wages to attract and retain employees. We have also been negatively affected and could continue to be negatively affected by labor shortages or constraints experienced by our partners, including our external manufacturing partners, freight providers, other strategic suppliers and distributors. Failure to achieve and maintain a diverse workforce and

 leadership team, compensate our employees competitively and fairly, maintain a safe and inclusive environment or promote the well-being of our employees could affect our reputation and also result in lower performance and an inability to retain valuable employees.

 We must address changes in, and that affect, our workforce and satisfy the legal requirements associated with how we manage and compensate our employees. This includes our management of employees represented by labor unions or workers' councils, who represent approximately 55% of our 79,000 employees outside the United States and approximately 21% of our 12,000 U.S. employees. Strikes such as the one we experienced in some of our U.S. manufacturing and distribution facilities in 2021, work stoppages, or other forms of labor unrest by our employees or those of our suppliers, distributors or other business partners, or situations like the renegotiation of collective bargaining agreements, have in the past and may in the future cause disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing or distribution processes. Changes in immigration laws and policies or restrictions could make it more difficult for us to recruit or relocate skilled employees. We could also fail to effectively respond to evolving perceptions and goals of those in our workforce or whom we might seek to hire with respect to flexible working or other matters.

 These risks could materially and adversely affect our reputation, ability to efficiently operate our manufacturing facilities and overall business and meet the needs of our customers, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Legal and Regulatory Risks

 We face risks related to complying with changes in and inconsistencies among laws and regulations in many countries in which we operate.

 Our activities around the world are highly regulated and subject to government oversight. Various laws and regulations govern food production, sourcing, packaging and waste management (including packaging containing PFAS), storage, distribution, sales, advertising, labeling and marketing, as well as intellectual property, competition, antitrust, trade and export controls, labor, tax, social and environmental matters, privacy, data protection, and health and safety practices. Government authorities regularly change laws and regulations, their interpretations of existing laws and regulations, and their enforcement priorities. Our failure to comply with existing laws and regulations (or allegations thereof), or to make changes necessary to comply with new or revised laws and regulations or evolving interpretations and application of existing laws and regulations, and differing or competing laws and regulations across the markets where our products are made, manufactured, distributed and sold, could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including as a result of higher compliance costs, higher capital expenditures and higher production costs. For instance, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively affected by the regulatory and economic impact of changes in the corporate tax policies of the United States and other countries; trade relations among the United States and other countries, including China, Mexico and the European Union; and changes within the European Union. Evolving expectations on ESG disclosures and reporting will also result in new regulatory actions. In addition, the results of third-party studies (whether or not scientifically valid) purporting to assess the health implications of consumption of certain ingredients or substances present in certain of our products or packaging materials have resulted in and could continue to result in our being subject to new taxes and regulations or lawsuits that can adversely affect our business.

 We may decide or be required to recall products or be subjected to product liability claims.

 We could decide, or laws or regulations could require us, to recall products due to suspected or confirmed deliberate or unintentional product contamination, including contamination of ingredients we use in our products that third parties supply, spoilage or other adulteration, product mislabeling or product tampering. These risks could be heightened in light of increased pressure on our suppliers from supply chain challenges. Additionally, to the extent we are required to perform remote audits, these audits do not fully offset risks from the inability to conduct on-site audits. In addition, if another company recalls or experiences negative publicity related to a product in a category in which we compete, consumers might reduce their overall consumption of products in this category. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We may also suffer losses when our products or operations or those of our suppliers violate applicable laws or regulations, or when our or our suppliers' products cause injury, illness or death. In addition, our marketing could face claims of false or deceptive advertising or other criticism. A significant product liability claim or other legal

 judgment against us, a related regulatory enforcement action, a widespread product recall or attempts to manipulate us based on threats related to the safety of our products could materially and adversely affect our reputation and profitability. Moreover, even if a product liability, consumer fraud or other claim is unsuccessful, has no merit or is not pursued, the negative publicity surrounding assertions against our products or processes could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, product inventory, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price, and we could incur significant expense responding to such a claim.

 We face risks related to legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions.

 We operate around the world in environments with constantly evolving legal, tax and regulatory frameworks, and we are subject to risk of litigation, legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions. Actions by our employees, contractors, agents or others in violation of our policies and procedures could lead to deficiencies in our internal or other controls or violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. Furthermore, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain challenges, there may be investigations, legal claims or litigation against us relating to our actions or decisions in response to these conditions. We could also be subject to litigation, legal claims or regulatory actions in connection with the continued evolution of our sustainability and ESG-related initiatives. In addition, we may be impacted by litigation trends, including class action lawsuits involving consumers, employees and shareholders. When litigation, legal or tax claims or regulatory enforcement actions arise out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or controls, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, and voluntary and involuntary document requests, that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price. Even if a claim is unsuccessful, without merit or not pursued to completion, the cost of responding to such a claim, including expenses and management time, could adversely affect us.

 We could fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures.

 The accuracy of our financial reporting depends on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements and may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. These limitations include, among others, the possibility of human error, inadequacy or circumvention of controls and fraud. If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or design and implement disclosure and other controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of our financial statements and other disclosures, including in connection with controls executed for us by third parties, we might fail to timely detect any misappropriation of corporate assets or inappropriate allocation or use of funds and could be unable to file financial reports or make other disclosures accurately and on a timely basis.

 We face challenges as we work to meet our ESG goals and continue to evolve our ESG-related disclosures and reporting considering various existing and developing standards, such as those of the Financial Stability Board's TCFD, the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and the SASB Standards of the Value Reporting Foundation. We might fail to meet our ESG goals or report on them accurately and timely.

 As a result of any of these factors, our reputation, results of operations and stock price could be materially adversely affected.

 We face risks related to adequately protecting our valuable intellectual property rights.

 We consider our intellectual property rights, particularly and most notably our trademarks, but also our patents, copyrights, registered designs, proprietary trade secrets, recipes, technology, know-how and licensing agreements, to be a significant and valuable part of our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights by taking advantage of a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in various countries, as well as licensing agreements, third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements and policing of third-party misuses and infringement of our intellectual property in traditional retail and digital environments. Our failure to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property rights (including in response to developments in artificial intelligence technologies), or any change in law or other changes that serve to lessen or remove the current legal protections of our intellectual property, may diminish our competitiveness and could materially harm our business, financial condition and stock price.

 We may be unaware of potential third-party claims of intellectual property infringement relating to our technology, brands or products. Any litigation regarding patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and could divert management's and other key personnel's attention from our business operations. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to pay monetary damages or enter into costly license agreements. We also may be subject to injunctions against development and sale of certain of our products, which could include removal of existing products from sale. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brand health, ability to introduce new products or improve the quality of existing products, product sales, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Financial Risks

 We face risks related to tax matters, including changes in tax laws and rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes.

 As a global company, we are subject to taxation in the United States and various other countries and jurisdictions. As a result, our effective tax rate is determined based on the income and applicable tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the composition of earnings in countries with differing tax rates or other factors, and adverse changes in the underlying profitability or financial outlook of our operations in several jurisdictions could lead to changes in the realizability of our deferred tax assets, resulting in a charge to our effective tax rate.

 Changes in tax laws in the U.S. or in other countries where we have significant operations (such as Brazil's recently passed tax legislation), including rate changes or corporate tax provisions that could disallow or tax perceived base erosion or profit shifting payments or subject us to new types of tax, could materially affect our effective tax rate and our deferred tax assets and liabilities. In addition, aspects of U.S. tax laws may lead foreign jurisdictions to respond by enacting additional tax legislation that is unfavorable to us. As of December 31, 2023, numerous countries have now enacted the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development's model rules on a global minimum tax, with the earliest effective date being for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023. Based on the guidance available thus far, we do not expect this legislation to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, but we will continue to evaluate it as additional guidance and clarification becomes available.

 We are also subject to tax audits by governmental authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liabilities, including interest and penalties. Unexpected results from one or more such tax audits could significantly adversely affect our effective tax rate, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations.

 At December 31, 2023, we sold our products in over 150 countries and had operations in approximately 80 countries. Consequently, a significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. Our financial position and operating results are sensitive to movements in currency exchange rates, which have recently been more volatile, because a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes or converted into U.S. dollars to service obligations such as our U.S. dollar-denominated indebtedness and to pay dividends to our shareholders. In addition, movements in currency exchange rates affect transaction costs because we source product ingredients from various countries. Our efforts to mitigate our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, primarily on cross-currency transactions, may not be successful. We factor exchange rate impacts into our local pricing decisions, but there may be lags in implementing pricing changes due to competitive pressures or customer or regulatory constraints. We also hedge a number of risks including exposures to foreign exchange rate movements and volatility of interest rates that could impact our future borrowing costs. Hedging of these risks could potentially subject us to counter-party credit risk. In addition, local economies, monetary policies and currency hedging availability affect our ability to hedge against currency-related economic losses. We might not be able to successfully mitigate our exposure to currency risks due to factors such as continued global and local market volatility, actions by foreign governments, trade disputes, economic sanctions, political uncertainty, inflation, interest rates and limited hedging opportunities. For instance, in December 2023, the Argentinean peso devalued significantly in excess of historic levels. Accordingly, changes in the currency exchange rates that we use to translate our results into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes or for transactions involving multiple currencies could materially and adversely affect future demand for our products, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long-term.

 Weak financial performance, downgrades in our credit ratings, rising interest rates, illiquid global capital markets and volatile global economic conditions could limit our access to the global capital markets or the effectiveness of our cash management programs, reduce our liquidity and increase our borrowing costs.

 We access the long-term and short-term global capital markets to obtain financing. Our financial performance, our short-and long-term debt credit ratings, interest rates, the stability of financial institutions with which we partner, the liquidity of the overall global capital markets (which could be impacted by the United States government's decisions regarding its debt ceiling) and the state of the global economy, including the food industry, could affect our access to, and the availability and cost of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions and our ability to pay dividends in the future. Globally, several central banks in various countries have raised, and may again raise, interest rates to combat inflation. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the global capital markets on terms we find acceptable.

 We regularly access the commercial paper markets in the United States and Europe for ongoing funding requirements. A downgrade in our credit ratings by a credit rating agency could increase our borrowing costs and adversely affect our ability to issue commercial paper. Disruptions in the global commercial paper market or other effects of volatile economic conditions on the global credit markets also could reduce the amount of commercial paper that we could issue and raise our borrowing costs for both short- and long-term debt offerings.

 We use cash management programs, such as factoring and supply chain finance arrangements, in our business when circumstances are favorable to manage liquidity. If these programs or underlying customer or supplier terms do not continue and we are unable to secure alternative programs, our cash and working capital may be negatively affected and we may have to utilize our various financing arrangements or increase our long-term borrowings for short- and long-term liquidity requirements.

 Limitations on our ability to access the global capital markets, a reduction in our liquidity or an increase in our borrowing costs could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

 Volatility in the global capital markets, interest rates, inflation rates, our participation in multiemployer pension plans and other factors could increase our costs relating to our employees' pensions.

 We sponsor defined benefit pension plans for a number of our employees throughout the world and also contribute to other employees' pensions under defined benefit plans that we do not sponsor. At the end of 2023, the projected benefit obligation of the defined benefit pension plans we sponsor was $8.6 billion and plan assets were $9.2 billion.

 For defined benefit pension plans that we maintain, the difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, significantly affects the net periodic benefit costs of our pension plans and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Our largest funded defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a globally diversified portfolio of investments, including equities and corporate and government debt. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, inflation rates, mortality rates, early retirement rates, investment returns, funding requirements in the jurisdictions in which the plans operate and the market value of plan assets affect the level of plan funding, cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost and impact our future funding requirements. Legislative and other governmental regulatory actions may also increase funding requirements for our pension plans' benefits obligation. Volatility in the global capital markets may increase the risk that we will be required to make additional cash contributions to these company-sponsored pension plans and recognize further increases in our net periodic pension cost.

 We also participate in multiemployer pension plans for certain U.S. union-represented employees. As a participating employer under multiemployer pension plans, we may owe more than the contributions we are required to make under the applicable collective bargaining agreements. For example, if we partially or completely withdraw from a multiemployer pension plan, we may be required to pay a partial or complete withdrawal liability, such as the withdrawal liability we are paying in connection with our complete withdrawal from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund in 2018. This kind of withdrawal liability will generally increase if there is also a mass withdrawal of other participating employers or if the plan terminates. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our multiemployer pension plans.

 A significant increase in our pension benefit obligations, future funding requirements or net periodic benefit costs could curtail our ability to invest in the business and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 We are committed to our goal to protect sensitive business-related and personal information, as well as our information systems. Due to the size and scope of our global operations, we are subject to numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that could adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our Management Leadership Team, with oversight from the Board of Directors, has implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity program, including incident response process, aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework and NIST Computer Security Incident Handling Guide (NIST SP 800-61) to assess, identify, address and manage risks from cybersecurity threats that may result in material adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our business and information systems.

 Governance
 Our Board of Directors and Management Leadership Team review cybersecurity risks as part of their oversight and execution of the Company's business operations and strategy. We have established oversight mechanisms intended to provide effective cybersecurity governance, risk management, and timely incident response.

 Board of Directors Oversight
 Our Board, in coordination with the Audit Committee, oversees the Company's enterprise risk management process, including the management of risks arising from cybersecurity threats. Our Board has delegated the primary responsibility to oversee cybersecurity matters to the Audit Committee. Both the Board and the Audit Committee periodically review the measures we have implemented to identify and mitigate data protection and cybersecurity risks.

 As part of such reviews, our Board and Audit Committee receive periodic reports and presentations from members of the team responsible for overseeing cybersecurity risk management, including our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), which may address a wide range of topics including recent developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to our peers and third parties. Members of our Management Leadership Team also report to the Board at least annually on data protection and current internal and external developments in cybersecurity, as part of the Board's enterprise risk management review, and the Board receives reports of Audit Committee discussions regarding its oversight of cybersecurity risk. We have protocols by which certain cybersecurity incidents that meet established reporting thresholds are escalated internally and, where appropriate, reported to the Audit Committee or the Board in a timely manner.

 Management Role in Cybersecurity Risk Management
 At the management level, our CISO has extensive cybersecurity knowledge and skills gained from over 20 years of work experience at Mondel z and other major consumer goods and financial services companies. Our CISO currently reports to our Chief Financial Officer and has operational responsibility for our information security programs, protections, and efforts, along with leading the team responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining cybersecurity and data security strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and practices across our business. Our CISO is supported by a team of enterprise information system security and risk professionals, including regional information security officers responsible for overseeing cybersecurity strategy and operations in each business unit. Our CISO receives reports on cybersecurity threats on an ongoing basis and regularly reviews risk management measures implemented by the Company to identify and mitigate data security and cybersecurity risks. Our CISO updates the Management Leadership Team on these matters and works closely with Corporate and Legal Affairs to oversee compliance with legal, regulatory, and contractual security requirements.

 Cybersecurity Steering Committee
 Our Cybersecurity Steering Committee currently includes our CEO, CFO, CISO, General Counsel and Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer and has broad oversight of our cybersecurity risk management processes, in coordination with the rest of the Management Leadership Team and the Board. The Cybersecurity Steering Committee has been established to meet and to discuss our cybersecurity risk management measures designed to identify and mitigate

 data protection and cybersecurity risks, along with procedures and practices related to incident response, including escalation and notification.

 Risk Management and Strategy
 Cybersecurity risk management is overseen both as a critical component of our overall risk management program and as a standalone program. We have implemented a risk-based, cross-functional approach to identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and procedures that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by management in a timely manner.

 Our cybersecurity program is designed to leverage people, processes, and technology to identify and respond to cybersecurity threats in a timely manner. Our vendor cybersecurity risk management program supports the planning, automation, and management of cybersecurity risk with enrolled suppliers and other third parties, focusing on risk-based assessments. Our employees undergo annual security awareness training to enhance their understanding of cybersecurity threats and their ability to identify and escalate potential cybersecurity events. We also employ systems and processes designed to oversee, identify, and reduce the potential impact of a security incident at a third-party vendor, service provider or customer or otherwise implicating the third-party technology and systems we use.

 We assess, identify, and manage risks from cybersecurity threats through various mechanisms, which may include tabletop exercises to test our preparedness and incident response process, business unit assessments, control gap analyses, threat modeling, penetration tests, vulnerability scanning, internal audits, and external audits of our cybersecurity program. We also leverage assessors, consultants, auditors and third-party service providers, including threat intelligence to inform our understanding of the cybersecurity threat landscape and enable risk-based measures to defend against evolving threats.

 Incident Response
 We have a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan ("CSIRP") to provide the organizational and operational structure, processes, and procedures for investigating, containing, documenting and mitigating cybersecurity incidents, including keeping senior management and other key stakeholders informed and involved as appropriate.

 Our Cybersecurity Incident Response Team manages and executes technical response activities in coordination with our Security Operations Center, subject matter experts and others to respond to a cybersecurity incident. The objectives of the CSIRP include to:

 • Establish the Company's cybersecurity incident response process and provide actionable guidelines to provide a timely, consistent, and repeatable response process;
 • Describe the requirements and expectations for cybersecurity incident response;
 • Set forth the roles and responsibilities for cybersecurity incident response personnel;
 • Establish cybersecurity incident classification, escalation, and prioritization parameters;
 • Confirm the documentation process for cybersecurity incidents affecting the Company and the Company's responses are appropriately documented;
 • Establish protocols for materiality determinations for cybersecurity incidents under the SEC's cybersecurity rules;
 • Establish the process for assessing when public disclosure and external communications may be required; and
 • Mitigate or minimize the effects of a cybersecurity incident on the Company, its personnel, customers, consumers, or others and limit financial, operational, legal, and reputational impact.

 Material Cybersecurity Risks, Threats & Incidents
 We also rely on information technology and third-party vendors to support our operations, including our secure processing of personal, confidential, sensitive, proprietary and other types of information. Despite ongoing efforts to continuously improve our and our vendors' ability to protect against cyber incidents, we may not be able to protect all information systems, and such incidents may lead to reputational harm, revenue and client loss, legal actions, statutory penalties, among other consequences. While we have not experienced any material cybersecurity threats or incidents in recent years, there can be no guarantee that we will not be the subject of future threats or incidents. Additional information on cybersecurity risks we face can be found in Item 1A, Risk Factors, which should be read in conjunction with the foregoing information.

 Item 2. Properties.

 On December 31, 2023, we had approximately 148 manufacturing and processing facilities in 46 countries and 107 distribution centers and warehouses worldwide that we owned or leased. In addition to our owned or leased properties, we also utilize a highly distributed network of warehouses and distribution centers that are owned or leased by third party logistics partners, contract manufacturers, co-packers or other strategic partners. We believe we have or will add sufficient capacity to meet our planned operating needs. It is our practice to maintain all of our plants and other facilities in good condition.

 Number of
Manufacturing
Facilities
 Number of
Distribution
 and Warehouse Facilities

 Latin America (1)

 AMEA

 Total

 Owned

 Leased

 Total

 (1)Excludes our deconsolidated Venezuela operations. Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for more information.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 Information regarding legal proceedings is available in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements in this report.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 We are proud members of the Standard and Poor's 500 and Nasdaq 100. Our Common Stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "MDLZ." At January 30, 2024, there were 36,216 holders of record of our Common Stock.

 Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return

 The following graph compares the cumulative total return on our Common Stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the Mondel z International performance peer group index. The graph assumes, in each case, that an initial investment of $100 is made at the beginning of the five-year period. The cumulative total return reflects market prices at the end of each year and the reinvestment of dividends each year.

 Mondel z
International
 S&P 500
 Performance
Peer Group

 2018
 $
 100.00
 $
 100.00
 $
 100.00

 2019
 140.42
 131.49
 126.82

 2020
 152.48
 155.68
 138.77

 2021
 176.68
 200.37
 158.64

 2022
 181.84
 164.08
 157.16

 2023
 202.16
 207.21
 154.04

 The Mondel z International performance peer group consists of the following companies considered our market competitors or that have been selected on the basis of industry, global focus or industry leadership: Campbell Soup Company, The Coca-Cola Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Danone S.A., General Mills, Inc., The Hershey Company, Kellanova (formerly Kellogg Company), The Kraft Heinz Company, Nestl S.A., PepsiCo, Inc., The Procter & Gamble Company and Unilever PLC.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Our stock repurchase activity for each of the three months in the quarter ended December 31, 2023 was:

 Period
 Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)

 Average Price Paid per Share (1)

 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) (3)

 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)

 October 1-31, 2023
 5,915
 $
 69.00
 —
 $
 5,341

 November 1-30, 2023
 9,067,510
 69.71
 9,067,243
 4,709

 December 1-31, 2023
 3,890,796
 71.28
 3,890,541
 4,432

 For the Quarter Ended
 December 31, 2023

 12,964,221
 $
 70.18
 12,957,784

 (1)The total number of shares purchased (and the average price paid per share) reflects: (i) shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program described in (2) below; and (ii) shares tendered to us by employees who used shares to exercise options and to pay the related taxes for grants of deferred stock units that vested, totaling 5,915 shares, 267 shares and 255 shares for the fiscal months of October, November and December 2023, respectively.
 (2)Dollar values stated in millions. Effective January 1, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a program for the repurchase of up to $6.0 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2025, excluding excise tax. Since the program inception on January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023, we have repurchased $1.6 billion. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $4.4 billion share repurchase authorization remaining. See related information in Note 13, Capital Stock.
 (3)As of January 1, 2023, our share repurchases in excess of issuances are subject to a 1% excise tax enacted by the Inflation Reduction Act. Any excise tax incurred on share repurchases is recognized as part of the cost basis of the shares acquired in the consolidated statements of equity.

 Item 6. Reserved.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements. It should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Forward-Looking Statements and Item 1A, Risk Factors.

 Overview of Business and Strategy

 Our core business is making and selling chocolate, biscuits and baked snacks, with additional businesses in adjacent, locally relevant categories including gum & candy, cheese & grocery and powdered beverages around the world.

 We aim to be the global leader in snacking. Our strategy is to drive long-term growth by focusing on four strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence, creating a winning growth culture and scaling sustainable snacking. We believe the successful implementation of our strategic priorities and leveraging of our attractive global footprint, strong core of iconic global and local brands, marketing, sales, distribution and cost excellence capabilities, and top talent with a growth mindset, will drive consistent top- and bottom-line growth, enabling us to continue to create long-term value for our shareholders.

 For more detailed information on our business and strategy, refer to Item 1, Business.

 Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability

 Macroeconomic environment

 We continue to observe significant market and geopolitical uncertainty, inflationary pressures, supply constraints and exchange rate volatility. As a result, we experienced significantly higher operating costs, including higher overall raw material, labor and energy costs that have continued to rise. Our overall outlook for future snacks revenue growth remains strong; however, we anticipate ongoing volatility. We will continue to proactively manage our business in response to the evolving global economic environment, related uncertainty and business risks while also prioritizing and supporting our employees and customers. We continue to take steps to mitigate impacts to our supply chain, operations, technology and assets.

 War in Ukraine

 In February 2022, following the Russian military invasion of Ukraine, we stopped production and closed our facilities in Ukraine; since then we have taken steps to protect the safety of our employees and to restore operations at our two manufacturing facilities, which were significantly damaged in March 2022. We continue to support our Ukraine employees, including paying salaries to those not yet able to return to work until full production returns. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - War in Ukraine, to the consolidated financial statements and refer to Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results for additional information.

 We have suspended new capital investments and our advertising spending in Russia, but as a food company with more than 2,500 employees in the country, we have not ceased operations given we believe we play a role in the continuity of the food supply. We continue to evaluate the situation in Ukraine and Russia and our ability to control our operating activities and businesses on an ongoing basis and comply with applicable international sanctions, and we continue to consolidate both our Ukrainian and Russian subsidiaries. During 2023, Ukraine generated 0.4% and Russia generated 2.9% of consolidated net revenue and during 2022, Ukraine generated 0.3% and Russia generated 4.0% of consolidated net revenue. Our Russian net revenues declined in 2023 due to continued suspension of advertising as well as currency weakness. Despite the decrease in revenues, the profitability of our Russian business in 2023 remained above historical levels. We cannot predict if the recent strength in our Russian business will continue in the future.

 Our operations in Russia are subject to risks, including the temporary or permanent loss of assets or our ability to conduct business operations in Russia and the partial or full impairment of our Russian assets in future periods, or the termination of our business operations, based on actions taken by Russia, other parties or us. For more information, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, including the risk entitled "The war in Ukraine has impacted and could continue to impact our business operations, financial performance and results of operations."

 Developments in the Middle East

 In October 2023, conflict developed in the Middle East between Hamas and Israel, and conflict has expanded throughout the region. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we experienced minor sales impact related to this conflict in certain AMEA markets, but this did not have a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We continue to evaluate the impacts of these developments on our business and we cannot predict if it will have a significant impact in the future.

 Acquisitions and Divestitures

 During 2022, we completed the following acquisitions to strategically complement and expand our existing portfolio:
 • Ricolino, a confectionery business with products sold primarily in Mexico
 • Clif Bar & Company ("Clif Bar"), a leading U.S. maker of nutritious energy bars with organic ingredients
 • Chipita Global S.A. ("Chipita"), a high-growth leader in the central and Eastern European croissant and baked snacks category

 Additionally in 2022, we announced our intention to divest our developed market gum and global Halls candy businesses and in the fourth quarter of 2022, we announced an agreement to sell the developed market gum business. On October 1, 2023, we completed the sale of our developed market gum business to Perfetti Van Melle Group, excluding the Portugal business which we retained pending regulatory approval. After obtaining the regulatory approval, we completed the sale of the Portugal business to Perfetti Van Melle Group on October 23, 2023.

 Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, and Liquidity and Capital Resources for additional details.

 Investment Transactions

 JDE Peet's Transactions (Euronext Amsterdam: "JDEP")
 In 2023, we sold approximately 9.9 million of our shares, which reduced our ownership interest by 2.0 percentage points, from 19.7% to 17.7%. We recorded a loss of 21 million ($23 million). In 2022, we sold approximately 18.6 million of our shares back to JDEP, which reduced our ownership interest by approximately 3.0 percentage points. We recorded a loss of 8 million ($8 million). In 2021, we issued 300 million exchangeable bonds. If all bonds were redeemed in exchange for shares, this would represent approximately 8.5 million shares or approximately 10% of our equity interest in JDEP.

 Keurig Dr Pepper Transactions (Nasdaq: "KDP")
 In 2023, we sold the remainder of our shares in KDP, representing approximately 76 million shares. Our reduction in ownership to below 5% eliminated our significant influence over KDP, resulting in a change in accounting from equity method investment accounting to accounting for equity interests with readily determinable fair values in the first quarter of 2023. Prior to this change, we recorded a pre-tax gain on equity method transactions of $493 million ($368 million after-tax)- in 2023. After the change in accounting, we recorded pre-tax gains for marketable securities of $606 million in 2023. In 2021, we sold approximately 42.7 million shares in KDP, which reduced our ownership interest by 3.0 percentage points to 5.3%. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $768 million (or $581 million after-tax).

 For additional information, refer to Note 7, Investments and Note 10, Financial Instruments.

 Taxes

 We continue to monitor existing and potential future tax reform around the world. As of December 31, 2023, numerous countries have now enacted the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development's model rules on a global minimum tax, with the earliest effective date being for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023. Based on the guidance available thus far, we do not expect this legislation to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements but we will continue to evaluate it as additional guidance and clarification becomes available.

 Financial Outlook

 We seek to achieve profitable, long-term growth and manage our business to attain this goal using our key operating metrics: Organic Net Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EPS. We use these non-GAAP financial metrics and related computations, particularly growth in profit dollars, to evaluate and manage our business and to plan and make near- and long-term operating and strategic decisions. As such, we believe these metrics are useful to investors as they provide supplemental information in addition to our U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") financial results. We believe it is useful to provide investors with the same financial information that we use internally to make comparisons of our historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and evaluate our business. We believe our non-GAAP financial measures should always be considered in relation to our GAAP results. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures for the definitions of our non-GAAP financial measures and Consolidated Results of Operations for the respective reconciliations.

 In addition to monitoring our key operating metrics, we monitor a number of developments and trends that could impact our revenue and profitability objectives:

 Demand
 We monitor consumer spending and our market share within the food and beverage categories in which we sell our products. Core snacks categories continued to expand due to the continued growth of snacking as a consumer behavior around the world. As part of our strategic plan, we seek to drive category growth by leveraging our local and consumer-focused commercial approach, making investments in our brand and snacks portfolio, building strong routes to market in both emerging and developed markets and improving our availability across multiple channels. We believe these actions will help drive demand in our categories and strengthen our positions across markets.

 Long-Term Demographics and Consumer Trends
 Snack food consumption is highly correlated to GDP growth, urbanization of populations and rising discretionary income levels associated with a growing middle class, particularly in emerging markets. We believe that snacks continue to be a source of comfort as well as excitement and variety for consumers. Social media increasingly helps consumers find food trends, inspiration and connection on their social media and other feeds. Consumers are also interested in buying snacks conveniently, whether through same-day delivery platforms, shipped sources or different retail settings. Many consumers also continue to prioritize sustainability in their purchase decisions, valuing sustainably sourced ingredients, low carbon footprint preparation and lower waste packaging. We seek to continue to offer snacks that meet consumer needs and preferences and align with our strategic priorities.

 Pricing
 Our net revenue growth and profitability may be affected as we adjust prices to address new conditions, such as increasing input and operating costs due to supply, transportation and labor constraints and higher cost trends. We adjust our product prices based on a number of variables including market factors, transportation, logistics and changes in our product input costs, and we have increased prices to control costs given significant cost inflation.

 Operating Costs
 Our operating costs include raw materials, labor, selling, general and administrative expenses, taxes, currency impacts and financing costs. We manage these costs through cost saving and productivity initiatives, sourcing and hedging programs, pricing actions, refinancing and tax planning. To remain competitive on our operating structure, we continue to work on programs to expand our profitability, such as our Simplify to Grow Program, which is designed to bring about significant reductions in our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs. We experienced significantly higher operating costs, including higher overall raw material and labor costs that have continued to rise.

 Summary of Results

 • Net revenues were approximately $36.0 billion in 2023 and $31.5 billion in 2022, an increase of 14.4% in 2023 and an increase of 9.7% in 2022. In both 2023 and 2022, our net revenue growth continued to reflect increased demand for most of our snack category products in both our emerging and developed markets.
 –Net revenues increased in 2023, driven by higher net pricing, incremental net revenues from our acquisitions of Clif Bar and Ricolino in 2022, favorable volume/mix and incremental net revenue from a short-term distributor agreement related to the sale of our developed market gum business, partially offset by a significant impact from unfavorable currency translation, as the U.S. dollar strengthened relative to most currencies we operate in compared to exchange rates in the prior year, and the impact of our developed market gum divestiture in 2023.
 –Net revenues increased in 2022, driven by higher net pricing, incremental net revenues from our acquisitions of Chipita, Clif Bar and Ricolino in 2022 and Gourmet Foods and Grenade in 2021 and favorable volume/mix, partially offset by a significant impact from unfavorable currency translation, as the U.S. dollar strengthened relative to most currencies we operate in compared to exchange rates in the prior year, and a decline in our developed market gum business, divested in 2023, and the impact from our divestitures in 2022.

 • Organic Net Revenue, a non-GAAP financial measure, increased 14.7% to $35.6 billion in 2023 and increased 12.3% to $31.7 billion in 2022. Organic Net Revenue increased in both 2023 and 2022 due to higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Organic Net Revenue is on a constant currency basis and excludes revenue from acquisitions and divestitures. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures for the definition of Organic Net Revenue and Consolidated Results of Operations for our reconciliation with net revenues.

 • Diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International increased 84.7% to $3.62 in 2023 and decreased 35.5% to $1.96 in 2022.
 –Diluted EPS increased in 2023 driven by an increase in Adjusted EPS, a gain on marketable securities, favorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives, higher net gain on equity method investment transactions, lower impact from the European Commission legal matter, lapping prior year acquisition-related costs, lapping prior year incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine, a gain on divestiture, lapping prior year loss on debt extinguishment, lower intangible asset impairment charges and lapping prior year inventory step-up charges. These favorable items were partially offset by higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher equity method investee items, higher negative initial impacts from enacted tax law changes, higher remeasurement loss of net monetary position, lower operating results from divestitures, higher divestiture-related costs, lapping prior year 2017 malware incident net recoveries and higher Simplify to Grow program costs.
 –Diluted EPS decreased in 2022 driven by lapping prior year net gains on equity method transactions, unfavorable year-over-year mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives, the impact from the European Commission legal matter, higher acquisition-related costs, incremental costs incurred due to the war in Ukraine, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher intangible asset impairment charges, higher remeasurement loss of net monetary position, inventory step-up charges incurred in 2022 and lower net earnings from divestitures, partially offset by lower Simplify to Grow program costs, an increase in Adjusted EPS, lower negative impacts from enacted tax law changes, lower equity method investee items, 2017 malware incident net recoveries and lower negative impact from pension participation changes.

 –Adjusted EPS, a non-GAAP financial measure, increased 14.3% to $3.19 in 2023 and increased 3.3% to $2.79 in 2022. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS increased 19.0% to $3.32 in 2023 and increased 11.9% to $3.02 in 2022. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures for the definition of Adjusted EPS and Consolidated Results of Operations for our reconciliation with diluted EPS.
 –Adjusted EPS increased in 2023, driven by operating gains, impact from acquisitions, lower interest expense, fewer shares outstanding and dividend income from marketable securities, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation, higher taxes and lower benefit plan non-service income.
 –Adjusted EPS increased in 2022, driven by operating gains and fewer shares outstanding, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation, higher interest expense and lower equity method investment earnings.

 Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results

 Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results

 The following table includes significant income or (expense) items that affected the comparability of our results of operations and our effective tax rates. Please refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements indicated below for more information. Refer also to the Consolidated Results of Operations – Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondel z International table for the after-tax per share impacts of these items.

 See Note
 2023
 2022
 2021

 (in millions, except percentages)

 Simplify to Grow Program
 Note 8

 Restructuring Charges
 $
 (106)
 $
 (36)
 $
 (154)

 Implementation Charges
 (25)
 (87)
 (167)

 Intangible asset impairment charges
 Note 6
 (26)
 (101)
 (32)

 Mark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives (1)

 Note 10
 (318)

 Acquisition and divestiture-related costs
 Note 2

 Acquisition integration costs and
 contingent consideration adjustments (1)

 (246)
 (148)

 Inventory step-up
 —
 (25)
 —

 Acquisition-related costs
 —
 (254)
 (25)

 —

 Divestiture-related costs
 (83)
 (18)
 (22)

 2017 Malware incident net recoveries
 —
 —

 Incremental costs due to war in Ukraine (2)

 Note 1
 (121)
 —

 European Commission legal matter
 Note 14
 (43)
 (318)
 —

 Remeasurement of net monetary position
 Note 1
 (98)
 (40)
 (13)

 Impact from pension participation changes (1)

 Note 11
 (10)
 (10)
 (42)

 Impact from resolution of tax matters (1)

 Note 14
 —
 —

 Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses
 Note 9
 (1)
 (129)
 (137)

 Initial impacts from enacted tax law changes
 Note 16
 (83)
 (17)
 (100)

 Note 7
 —
 —

 Gain/(loss) on equity method
 investment transactions (3)

 Note 7
 (22)

 Equity method investee items (4)

 (93)
 (41)

 Effective tax rate
 Note 16
 26.1
 %
 26.8
 %
 27.2
 %

 (1)Includes impacts recorded in operating income, benefit plan non-service income and interest expense and other, net. Mark-to-market gains/(losses) above also include our equity method investment-related derivative contract mark-to-market gains/(losses) (refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments) that are recorded in the gain on equity method investment transactions on our consolidated statement of earnings.
 (2)Incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine include direct charges such as asset impairments due to damaged facilities and inventory, higher expected allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable and committed compensation. Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section and Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – War in Ukraine, for additional information.
 (3)Gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions is recorded outside pre-tax operating results on the consolidated statement of earnings. See footnote (1) as mark-to-market gains/(losses) on our equity method-investment-related derivative contracts are presented in the table above within mark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives.
 (4)Includes our proportionate share of significant operating and non-operating items recorded by our JDE Peet's equity method investee, including acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and intangible asset impairment costs.

 Consolidated Results of Operations

 The following discussion compares our consolidated results of operations for 2023 with 2022 and 2022 with 2021.

 2023
 2022

 (in millions, except per share data)

 $
 $
 $
 4,520
 14.4
 %

 5,502
 3,534
 1,968
 55.7
 %

 Earnings from continuing operations
 4,968
 2,726
 2,242
 82.2
 %

 Net earnings attributable to

 4,959
 2,717
 2,242
 82.5
 %

 Diluted earnings per share attributable to

 3.62
 1.96
 1.66
 84.7
 %

 Net Revenues
 Net revenues increased $4,520 million (14.4%) to $36,016 million in 2023, and Organic Net Revenue (1) increased $4,572 million (14.7%) to $35,570 million. Emerging markets net revenues increased 15.0% and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 20.4% (1). Developed markets net revenues increased 13.9% and developed markets Organic Net Revenue increased 11.1% (1). The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:

 Emerging
Markets
 Developed
Markets
 Mondel z
International

 For The Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 14,011
 $
 22,005
 $

 (5)
 (479)
 (484)

 Short-term distributor agreements

 (2)
 (20)
 (22)

 (507)
 (529)
 (1,036)

 1,138
 (42)
 1,096

 $
 14,635
 $
 20,935
 $
 35,570

 For The Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 12,184
 $
 19,312
 $

 (27)
 (471)
 (498)

 $
 12,157
 $
 18,841
 $
 30,998

 15.0
 %
 13.9
 %
 14.4
 %

 0.2 pp
 0.4 pp
 0.2 pp

 Short-term distributor agreements

 —
 (0.2)
 —

 (4.2)
 (2.8)
 (3.4)

 9.4
 (0.2)
 3.5

 20.4
 %
 11.1
 %
 14.7
 %

 Vol/Mix
 2.8 pp
 0.4 pp
 1.3 pp

 Pricing
 17.6
 10.7
 13.4

 (1)Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for additional information.

 Net revenue increase of 14.4% was driven by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 14.7%, the impact of acquisitions and the impact of a short-term distributor agreement, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation and the impact of divestitures. Overall, we continued to see strong demand for our snack category products across most regions. Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Higher net pricing in all regions was due to the benefit of carryover pricing from 2022 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2023. Favorable volume/mix was driven by AMEA, Latin America and Europe reflecting both improved product mix and volume gains, while volume/mix was essentially flat in North America. The November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino added incremental net revenues of $507 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition. The August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar added incremental

 net revenues of $529 million through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition. The short-term distributor agreement related to the October 1, 2023 sale of our developed market gum business added incremental net revenues of $22 million. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $1,096 million, due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, primarily due to the Argentinean peso and Russian ruble as well as the Turkish lira, Egyptian pound, Indian rupee, Chinese yuan, Nigerian naira, Australian dollar, South African rand, Pakistan rupee and Canadian dollar, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Mexican peso, euro, Brazilian real, Polish zloty and British pound sterling. The impact of 2023 and 2022 divestitures resulted in a year-over-year reduction in net revenues of $14 million. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, for additional information.

 Operating Income
 Operating income increased $1,968 million (55.7%) to $5,502 million in 2023, Adjusted Operating Income (1) increased $749 million (15.3%) to $5,634 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis increased $939 million (19.2%) to $5,824 million due to the following:

 2023
 2022

 Operating Income
 $
 5,502
 $
 3,534
 $
 1,968
 55.7
 %

 Simplify to Grow Program (2)

 Intangible asset impairment charges (3)

 (75)

 Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (4)

 (189)
 (515)

 Acquisition integration costs and
 contingent consideration adjustments (5)

 Inventory step-up (5)

 —
 (25)

 Acquisition-related costs (5)

 —
 (330)

 Gain on divestiture (5)

 (108)
 —
 (108)

 Divestiture-related costs (5) (10)

 Operating results from divestitures (5)

 (194)
 (148)
 (46)

 Operating results from short-term distributor agreements

 (3)
 —
 (3)

 2017 Malware incident net recoveries
 —
 (37)

 European Commission legal matter (6)

 (275)

 Incremental costs due to war in Ukraine (7)

 (1)
 (122)

 Remeasurement of net monetary position (8)

 Impact from pension participation changes (9)

 —
 (1)

 Adjusted Operating Income (1)

 $
 5,634
 $
 4,885
 $
 15.3
 %

 Unfavorable currency translation
 —

 Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)

 $
 5,824
 $
 4,885
 $
 19.2
 %

 Key Drivers of Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)

 Higher net pricing
 $
 4,143

 Higher input costs
 (2,522)

 Favorable volume/mix

 Higher selling, general and administrative expenses
 (947)

 Impact from acquisitions (5)

 Higher asset impairment charges
 (36)

 Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)

 $

 (1)Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for additional information.
 (2)Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information.
 (3)Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information.
 (4)Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, and the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.

 (5)Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, for more information on the October 1, 2023 sale of the developed market gum business, November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino, August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar and the January 3, 2022 acquisition of Chipita.
 (6)Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for more information.
 (7)Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – War in Ukraine, for more information.
 (8)Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina and T rkiye.
 (9)Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information.

 During 2023, we realized higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix, which was partially offset by increased input costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 2022 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2023, was reflected across all regions. Overall, volume/mix benefited from improved product mix and continued strong demand for our snack category products across most regions. Favorable volume/mix was driven by AMEA, Latin America and Europe, which was marginally offset by slightly unfavorable volume/mix in North America. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, slightly offset by lower manufacturing costs driven by productivity. Higher raw material costs were in part due to higher energy, sugar, grains, dairy, cocoa, packaging, edible oils and other ingredients costs as well as unfavorable year-over-year currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials.

 Total selling, general and administrative expenses increased $618 million from 2022, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the impact of acquisitions, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher divestiture-related costs, higher remeasurement loss of net monetary position and lapping prior-year 2017 malware incident net recoveries, which were offset by a lower impact from the European Commission legal matter, lapping prior year acquisition-related costs, a favorable currency impact related to expenses, lower implementation costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow program, the impact from divestitures and lower incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine. Excluding these factors, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $947 million from 2022. The increase was driven primarily by higher advertising and consumer promotion costs and higher overhead costs in part due to increased investments in route to market capabilities.

 Unfavorable currency changes decreased operating income by $190 million primarily due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the Russian ruble, Argentinean peso, Egyptian pound, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Turkish lira, Australian dollar and South African rand, partially offset by the strength of a few currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, Mexican peso, Brazilian real and Polish zloty.

 Operating income margin increased from 11.2% in 2022 to 15.3% in 2023. The increase in operating income margin was driven primarily by the favorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and commodity hedging activities, lapping prior year acquisition-related costs, lower impact from the European Commission legal matter, lower incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine, gain on the sale of our developed market gum business, lower intangible asset impairment charges, higher Adjusted Operating Income margin and lapping prior year inventory step-up charges, partially offset by higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher divestiture-related costs, higher remeasurement loss of net monetary position and lapping prior year 2017 malware incident net recoveries. Adjusted Operating Income margin increased from 15.8% in 2022 to 15.9% in 2023. The increase was driven primarily by higher net pricing, overhead cost leverage, lower manufacturing costs driven by productivity and favorable product mix, partially offset by higher raw material costs and higher advertising and consumer promotion costs.

 Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondel z International
 Net earnings attributable to Mondel z International of $4,959 million increased by $2,242 million (82.5%) in 2023. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International was $3.62 in 2023, up $1.66 (84.7%) from 2022. Adjusted EPS (1) was $3.19 in 2023, up $0.40 (14.3%) from 2022. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis was $3.32 in 2023, up $0.53 (19.0%) from 2022.

 2023
 2022

 Diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 3.62
 $
 1.96
 $
 1.66
 84.7
 %

 Simplify to Grow Program (2)

 0.08
 0.07
 0.01

 Intangible asset impairment charges (2)

 0.01
 0.05
 (0.04)

 Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (2)

 (0.12)
 0.19
 (0.31)

 Acquisition integration costs and
 contingent consideration adjustments (2)

 0.14
 0.05
 0.09

 Inventory step-up (2)

 —
 0.01
 (0.01)

 Acquisition-related costs (2)

 —
 0.19
 (0.19)

 Divestiture-related costs (2)

 0.04
 0.01
 0.03

 Operating results from divestitures (2) (3)

 (0.13)
 (0.16)
 0.03

 Gain on divestiture (2)

 (0.08)
 —
 (0.08)

 2017 Malware incident net recoveries
 —
 0.02

 European Commission legal matter (2)

 0.01
 0.23
 (0.22)

 Incremental costs due to war in Ukraine (2)

 —
 0.09
 (0.09)

 Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)

 0.07
 0.03
 0.04

 Impact from pension participation changes (2)

 0.01
 0.01
 —

 Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses (4)

 —
 0.07
 (0.07)

 Initial impacts from enacted tax law changes (5)

 0.06
 0.01
 0.05

 Gain on marketable securities (6)

 (0.34)
 —
 (0.34)

 (Gain)/loss on equity method investment transactions (6)

 (0.25)
 0.02
 (0.27)

 Equity method investee items (7)

 0.07
 0.09

 Adjusted EPS (1)

 $
 3.19
 $
 2.79
 $
 0.40
 14.3
 %

 Unfavorable currency translation
 0.13
 —
 0.13

 Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1)

 $
 3.32
 $
 2.79
 $
 0.53
 19.0
 %

 Key Drivers of Adjusted EPS (constant currency)

 Increase in operations
 $
 0.47

 Impact from acquisitions (2)

 0.06

 Change in benefit plan non-service income
 (0.03)

 Change in interest and other expense, net (8)

 0.04

 Dividend income from marketable securities
 0.01

 Change in equity method investment net earnings
 —

 Change in income taxes (5)

 (0.05)

 Change in shares outstanding (9)

 0.03

 Total change in Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1)

 $
 0.53

 (1)Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section appearing for additional information. The tax expense/(benefit) of each of the pre-tax items excluded from our GAAP results was computed based on the facts and tax assumptions associated with each item, and such impacts have also been excluded from Adjusted EPS.
 •2023 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(26) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(6) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $21 million, acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments were $(60) million, divestiture-related costs were $(25) million, operating results from divestitures were $46 million, gain on divestiture were $(8) million, European Commission legal matter were $(24) million, remeasurement of net monetary position were zero, impact from pension

 participation changes were $(3) million, initial impacts from enacted tax law changes were $83 million, gain on marketable securities were $133 million, gain on equity method investment transactions were $124 million and equity method investee items were zero.
 •2022 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(26) million, intangible asset impairment charge were $(25) million, mark-to-market losses from derivatives were $(56) million, acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments were $(72) million, inventory step-up charges were $(7) million, acquisition-related costs were $11 million, divestiture-related costs were $(9) million, operating results from divestitures were $50 million, 2017 malware incident net recoveries were $10 million, European Commission legal matter were zero, incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine were $4 million, remeasurement of net monetary position were zero, impact from pension participation changes were $(3) million, loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses were $(31) million, initial impacts from enacted tax law changes were $17 million, loss on equity method investment transactions were $2 million and equity method investee items were zero.
 (2)See the Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information.
 (3)Divestitures include completed sales of businesses, partial or full sales of equity method investments and exits of major product lines upon completion of a sale or licensing agreement. As we record our share of KDP and JDE Peet's ongoing earnings on a one-quarter lag basis, we reflected the impact of prior-quarter sales of KDP and JDE Peet's shares within divested results as if the sales occurred at the beginning of all periods presented.
 (4)Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on the loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses.
 (5)Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for information on income taxes.
 (6)Refer to Note 7, Investments, for more information on gains on marketable securities and gains and losses on equity method investment transactions.
 (7)Includes our proportionate share of significant operating and non-operating items recorded by our JDE Peet's equity method investee, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and intangible asset impairment costs.
 (8)Excludes the currency impact on interest expense related to our non-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation.
 (9)Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs and share repurchase program and Note 17, Earnings per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.

 2022
 2021

 (in millions, except per share data)

 $
 $
 $
 2,776
 9.7
 %

 3,534
 4,653
 (1,119)
 (24.0)
 %

 Earnings from continuing operations
 2,726
 4,314
 (1,588)
 (36.8)
 %

 Net earnings attributable to
 2,717
 4,300
 (1,583)
 (36.8)
 %

 Diluted earnings per share attributable to
 1.96
 3.04
 (1.08)
 (35.5)
 %

 Net Revenues
 Net revenues increased $2,776 million (9.7%) to $31,496 million in 2022, and Organic Net Revenue (1) increased $3,477 million (12.3%) to $31,664 million. Emerging markets net revenues increased 20.3% and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 22.0% (1). Developed markets net revenues increased 3.9% and developed markets Organic Net Revenue increased 6.9%(1). The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:

 Emerging Markets
 Developed Markets
 Mondel z
International

 For The Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 12,184
 $
 19,312
 $

 (27)
 (471)
 (498)

 (596)
 (620)
 (1,216)

 1,139
 1,882

 $
 12,304
 $
 19,360
 $
 31,664

 For The Year Ended December 31, 2021

 $
 10,132
 $
 18,588
 $

 (47)
 (486)
 (533)

 $
 10,085
 $
 18,102
 $
 28,187

 20.3
 %
 3.9
 %
 9.7
 %

 0.2 pp
 0.2 pp
 0.3 pp

 (5.9)
 (3.5)
 (4.3)

 7.4
 6.3
 6.6

 22.0
 %
 6.9
 %
 12.3
 %

 Vol/Mix
 8.0 pp
 (0.3)pp
 2.6 pp

 Pricing
 14.0
 7.2
 9.7

 (1)Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for additional information.

 Net revenue increase of 9.7% was driven by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 12.3% and the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation and the impact of divestitures. Overall, we continued to see increased demand for our snack category products. Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Higher net pricing in all regions was due to the benefit of carryover pricing from 2021 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2022. Favorable volume/mix was driven by AMEA, Latin America and North America, primarily due to strong volume gains across our snack category products, while volume/mix was essentially flat in Europe. The November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino added incremental net revenues of $98 million (constant currency basis), the August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar added incremental net revenues of $361 million, the January 3, 2022 acquisition of Chipita added incremental net revenues of $720 million (constant currency basis), the April 1, 2021 acquisition of Gourmet Food added incremental net revenues of $15 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2022 and the March 25, 2021 acquisition of Grenade added incremental net revenues of $22 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2022. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $1,905 million, primarily due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the euro, British pound sterling, Argentinean peso, Turkish lira, Australian dollar, Indian rupee,

 Polish zloty, Chinese yuan and Swedish krona, partially offset by the strength of a few currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the Russian ruble, Brazilian real and Mexican peso. The impact of divestitures resulted in a year-over-year reduction in net revenues of $35 million. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, for more information.

 Operating Income
 Operating income decreased $(1,119) million ((24.0)%) to $3,534 million in 2022, Adjusted Operating Income (1) increased $232 million (5.0%) to $4,885 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis increased $544 million (11.7%) to $5,197 million due to the following:

 2022
 2021

 Operating Income
 $
 3,534
 $
 4,653
 $
 (1,119)
 (24.0)
 %

 Simplify to Grow Program (2)

 (197)

 Intangible asset impairment charges (3)

 Mark-to-market losses/(gains) from derivatives (4)

 (279)

 Acquisition integration costs (5)

 (40)

 Inventory step-up (5)

 —

 Acquisition-related costs (5)

 Net gain on acquisition (5)

 —
 (8)

 Divestiture-related costs (5)

 (4)

 Operating results from divestitures (5)

 (148)
 (127)
 (21)

 2017 Malware incident recoveries, net
 (37)
 —
 (37)

 European Commission legal matter (6)

 —

 Incremental costs due to war in Ukraine (7)

 —

 Remeasurement of net monetary position (8)

 Impact from pension participation changes (9)

 (1)
 (49)

 Impact from resolution of tax matters (6)

 —
 (5)

 Adjusted Operating Income (1)

 $
 4,885
 $
 4,653
 $
 5.0
 %

 Unfavorable currency translation
 —

 Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)

 $
 5,197
 $
 4,653
 $
 11.7
 %

 Key Drivers of Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)

 Higher net pricing
 $
 2,736

 Higher input costs
 (1,926)

 Favorable volume/mix

 Higher selling, general and administrative expenses
 (478)

 Impact from acquisitions (5)

 Lower amortization of intangible assets

 Higher asset impairment charges
 (47)

 Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)

 $

 (1)Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section.
 (2)Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information.
 (3)Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information.
 (4)Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 18, Segment Reporting, and Non-GAAP Financial Measures for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
 (5)Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, for more information on the November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino, August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar, January 3, 2022 acquisition of Chipita, April 1, 2021 acquisition of Gourmet Food, March 25, 2021 acquisition of a majority interest in Grenade, January 4, 2021 acquisition of the remaining 93% of equity in Hu and April 1, 2020 acquisition of a significant majority interest in Give & Go.
 (6)Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for more information.

 (7)Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – War in Ukraine, for more information.
 (8)Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina and T rkiye.
 (9)Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information.

 During 2022, we realized higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix, which was largely offset by increased input costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 2021 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2022, was reflected in all regions. Overall, volume/mix benefited from strong volume growth due to continued increased demand for our snack category products. Favorable volume/mix was driven by AMEA and Latin America, which was slightly offset by unfavorable volume/mix in North America and Europe. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs as well as higher manufacturing costs. Higher raw material costs were in part due to higher dairy, packaging, edible oils, energy, grains, sugar, nuts and other ingredients costs as well as unfavorable year-over-year currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, partially offset by lower cocoa costs.

 Total selling, general and administrative expenses increased $1,121 million from 2021, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the impact from the European Commission legal matter, the impact of acquisitions, higher acquisition-related costs, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher remeasurement loss of net monetary position, higher divestiture-related costs, incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine and lapping the prior year favorable impact from the resolution of a tax matter, which were partially offset by a favorable currency impact related to expenses, lapping the prior year unfavorable impact from pension participation changes, 2017 malware incident net recoveries, lower implementation costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program and the impact from divestitures. Excluding these factors, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $478 million from 2021. The increase was driven primarily by higher advertising and consumer promotion costs and higher overheads, in part due to increased investments in route to market capabilities.

 Unfavorable currency changes decreased operating income by $312 million, primarily due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the euro, British pound sterling, Turkish lira, Australian dollar, Indian rupee, Polish zloty, Egyptian pound and Chinese yuan, partially offset by the strength of a few currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Russian ruble and Brazilian real.

 Operating income margin decreased from 16.2% in 2021 to 11.2% in 2022. The decrease in operating income margin was driven primarily by the year-over-year unfavorable change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and commodity hedging activities, the impact from the European Commission legal matter, higher acquisition-related costs, lower Adjusted Operating Income margin, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine, higher intangible asset impairment charges, higher remeasurement of net monetary position and inventory step-up charges incurred in 2022, partially offset by lower costs for the Simplify to Grow Program, lapping the prior year unfavorable impact from pension participation changes, the impact of 2017 malware incident net recoveries and the impact of divestitures. Adjusted Operating Income margin decreased from 16.5% in 2021 to 15.8% in 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by higher raw material costs, unfavorable product mix and the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by higher net pricing and overhead cost leverage.

 Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to Mondel z International
 Net earnings attributable to Mondel z International of $2,717 million decreased by $1,583 million (36.8%) in 2022. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International was $1.96 in 2022, down $1.08 (35.5%) from 2021. Adjusted EPS (1) was $2.79 in 2022, up $0.09 (3.3%) from 2021. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis was $3.02 in 2022, up $0.32 (11.9%) from 2021.

 2022
 2021

 Diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 1.96
 $
 3.04
 $
 (1.08)
 (35.5)
 %

 Simplify to Grow Program (2)

 0.07
 0.17
 (0.10)

 Intangible asset impairment charges (2)

 0.05
 0.02
 0.03

 Mark-to-market losses/(gains) from derivatives (2)

 0.19
 (0.17)
 0.36

 Acquisition integration costs and
 contingent consideration adjustments (2)

 0.05
 0.07

 Inventory step-up

 0.01
 —
 0.01

 Acquisition-related costs (2)

 0.19
 0.01
 0.18

 Divestiture-related costs (2)

 0.01
 0.01
 —

 Operating results from divestitures (2)

 (0.16)
 (0.17)
 0.01

 2017 Malware incident net recoveries

 —

 European Commission legal matter

 0.23
 —
 0.23

 Incremental costs due to war in Ukraine

 0.09
 —
 0.09

 Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)

 0.03
 0.01
 0.02

 Impact from pension participation changes (2)

 0.01
 0.02
 (0.01)

 Loss on debt extinguishment (3)

 0.07
 0.07
 —

 Initial impacts from enacted tax law changes (4)

 0.01
 0.07
 (0.06)

 Gain on equity method investment transactions (5)

 0.02
 (0.39)
 0.41

 Equity method investee items (6)

 0.03
 (0.05)

 Adjusted EPS (1)

 $
 2.79
 $
 2.70
 $
 0.09
 3.3
 %

 Unfavorable currency translation
 0.23
 —
 0.23

 Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1)

 $
 3.02
 $
 2.70
 $
 0.32
 11.9
 %

 Key Drivers of Adjusted EPS (constant currency)

 Increase in operations
 $
 0.27

 Impact from acquisitions (2)

 0.03

 Change in benefit plan non-service income
 —

 Change in interest and other expense, net (7)

 (0.03)

 Change in equity method investment net earnings
 (0.01)

 Change in income taxes (4)

 —

 Change in shares outstanding (8)

 0.06

 Total change in Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1)

 $
 0.32

 (1)The tax expense/(benefit) of each of the pre-tax items excluded from our GAAP results was computed based on the facts and tax assumptions associated with each item, and such impacts have also been excluded from Adjusted EPS.
 •2022 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(26) million, intangible asset impairment charge were $(25) million, mark-to-market losses from derivatives were $(56) million, acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments were $(72) million, inventory step-up charges were $(7) million, acquisition-related costs were $11 million, divestiture-related costs were $(9) million, operating results from divestitures were $50 million, 2017 malware incident net recoveries were $10 million, European Commission legal matter were zero, incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine were $4 million, remeasurement of net monetary position were zero, impact from pension participation changes were $(3) million, loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses were $(31) million, initial impacts from enacted tax law changes were $17 million, loss on equity method investment transactions were $2 million and equity method investee items were zero.
 •2021 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(83) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(8) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $44 million, acquisition-related costs were $(4) million, acquisition integration costs and contingent

 consideration adjustments were $12 million, divestiture-related costs were $(8) million, operating results from divestitures were $53 million, remeasurement of net monetary position were zero, impact from pension participation changes were $(8) million, loss on debt extinguishment were $(34) million, initial impacts from enacted tax law changes were $100 million, gain on equity method investment transactions were $184 million and equity method investee items were zero.
 (2)See the Adjusted Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information.
 (3)Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on losses on debt extinguishment.
 (4)Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for information on income taxes.
 (5)Refer to Note 7, Investments, for more information on gains and losses on equity method investment transactions.
 (6)Includes our proportionate share of significant operating and non-operating items recorded by our JDE Peet's equity method investee, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs.
 (7)Excludes the currency impact on interest expense related to our non-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation.
 (8)Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs and share repurchase program and Note 17, Earnings per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.

 Results of Operations by Operating Segment

 Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
 • Latin America
 • AMEA
 • Europe
 • North America

 We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.

 We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. See Note 18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our segments and Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results earlier in this section for items affecting our segment operating results.

 Our segment net revenues and earnings were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net revenues:

 $
 5,006
 $
 3,629
 $
 2,797

 AMEA

 7,075
 6,767
 6,465

 12,857
 11,156

 11,078
 9,680
 8,302

 $
 $
 $

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Earnings before income taxes:

 Operating income:

 $
 $
 $

 AMEA
 1,113
 1,054

 1,978
 1,481
 2,092

 2,092
 1,769
 1,371

 Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)
 (326)

 General corporate expenses
 (356)
 (245)
 (253)

 Amortization of intangible assets
 (151)
 (132)
 (134)

 —

 Acquisition-related costs
 —
 (330)
 (25)

 5,502
 3,534
 4,653

 Benefit plan non-service income

 Interest and other expense, net
 (310)
 (423)
 (447)

 —
 —

 Earnings before income taxes
 $
 5,880
 $
 3,228
 $
 4,369

 2023
 2022

 $
 5,006
 $
 3,629
 $
 1,377
 37.9
 %

 36.3
 %

 2022
 2021

 $
 3,629
 $
 2,797
 $
 29.7
 %

 48.7
 %

 Net revenues increased $1,377 million (37.9%), due to higher net pricing (31.0 pp), the impact of acquisitions (14.0 pp) and favorable volume/mix (3.8 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (10.0 pp) and the impact of divestitures (0.9 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by Argentina as well as Brazil and Mexico. The November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino added incremental net revenues of $507 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2023. Favorable volume/mix reflected strong volume growth as the region continued to see increased demand for most of our snack category products. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in gum, biscuits & baked snacks, candy and cheese & grocery, partially offset by declines in refreshment beverages and chocolate. Unfavorable currency impacts were primarily due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to a few currencies in the region, primarily the Argentinean peso, partially offset by the strength of most currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the Mexican peso and Brazilian real. The impact of our 2022 divestitures resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $22 million.

 Segment operating income increased $141 million (36.3%), primarily due to higher net pricing, the impact of our Ricolino acquisition, favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs driven by productivity and lapping prior year inventory step-up charges. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher remeasurement loss on net monetary position and higher acquisition integration costs.

 Net revenues increased $832 million (29.7%), due to higher net pricing (23.7 pp), favorable volume/mix (8.2 pp) and the impact of acquisitions (3.5 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (4.4 pp) and the impact of divestitures (1.3 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Favorable volume/mix reflected strong volume growth as the region continued to see increased demand for our snack category products. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in gum, biscuits & baked snacks, chocolate, candy and cheese & grocery, partially offset by a decline in refreshment beverages. The November 1, 2022 acquisition of Ricolino added incremental net revenues of $98 million (constant currency basis) in 2022. Unfavorable currency impacts were primarily due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies in the region, primarily the Argentinean peso, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the Brazilian real and Mexican peso. The impact of divestitures resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $21 million.

 Segment operating income increased $127 million (48.7%), primarily due to higher net pricing, favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs due to productivity, lower divestiture-related costs and lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher remeasurement loss on net monetary position, acquisition integration costs incurred in 2022, the impact of divestitures, inventory step-up charges incurred in 2022 and lapping a prior year favorable impact from the resolution of a tax matter.

 AMEA

 2023
 2022

 $
 7,075
 $
 6,767
 $
 4.6
 %

 1,113
 19.8
 %

 2022
 2021

 $
 6,767
 $
 6,465
 $
 4.7
 %

 1,054
 (125)
 (11.9)
 %

 Net revenues increased $308 million (4.6%), due to higher net pricing (8.6 pp) and favorable volume/mix (3.1 pp pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (7.1 pp). Higher net pricing, driven by input cost-driven pricing actions, was reflected across all categories. Favorable volume/mix reflected overall volume gains from increased demand for most of our snack category products. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in chocolate, gum, candy and refreshment beverages, partially offset by declines in biscuits & baked snacks and cheese & grocery. Unfavorable currency impacts were due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region, including the Egyptian pound, Indian rupee, Chinese yuan, Nigerian naira, Australian dollar, South African Rand, Pakistan rupee and Japanese yen.

 Segment operating income increased $184 million (19.8%), primarily due to higher net pricing, favorable volume/mix, lapping prior-year intangible asset impairment charges, lower manufacturing costs driven by productivity and lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, unfavorable currency, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses and higher fixed asset impairment charges.

 Net revenues increased $302 million (4.7%), due to favorable volume/mix (7.4 pp), higher net pricing (5.1 pp) and the impact of an acquisition (0.3 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (7.6 pp) and the impact of a divestiture (0.5 pp). Favorable volume/mix reflected overall volume gains from increased demand for our snack category products. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in biscuits & baked snacks, chocolate, refreshment beverages and candy, partially offset by declines in gum and cheese & grocery. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories. The April 1, 2021 acquisition of Gourmet Food added incremental net revenues of $15 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2022. Unfavorable currency impacts were due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region, including the Australian dollar, Indian rupee, Chinese yuan, Philippine peso, Egyptian pound, South African Rand, and Japanese yen. The impact of the November 1, 2021 divestiture of the packaged seafood business, which was part of our April 1, 2021 acquisition of Gourmet Food, resulted in a year-over-year reduction in net revenues of $35 million.

 Segment operating income decreased $125 million (11.9%), primarily due to higher raw material costs, intangible asset impairment charges incurred in 2022, unfavorable currency, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, higher costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, higher fixed asset impairment charges and the impact of a divestiture. These unfavorable items were partially offset by higher net pricing, favorable volume/mix and lower manufacturing costs driven by productivity.

 2023
 2022

 $
 12,857
 $
 $
 1,437
 12.6
 %

 1,978
 1,481
 33.6
 %

 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 11,156
 $
 2.4
 %

 1,481
 2,092
 (611)
 (29.2)
 %

 Net revenues increased $1,437 million (12.6%), due to higher net pricing (13.8 pp), favorable volume/mix (0.7 pp) and the impact from short-term distributor agreements (0.2 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (1.9 pp) and the impact of divestitures (0.2 pp). Higher net pricing, driven by input cost-driven pricing actions, was reflected across all categories. Overall, volume/mix was favorable driven by improved product mix. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in biscuits & baked snacks, chocolate, gum and refreshment beverages, partially offset by declines in cheese & grocery and candy. The short-term distributor agreement related to the October 1, 2023 sale of our developed market gum business added incremental net revenues of $22 million. Unfavorable currency impacts reflected the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies across the region, including the Russian ruble, Turkish lira, Norwegian krone, Ukrainian hryvnya and Swedish krona, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the euro, Polish zloty, British pound sterling and Swiss franc. The impact of divestitures reflected a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $4 million from our 2023 divested developed market gum business.

 Segment operating income increased $497 million (33.6%), primarily due to higher net pricing, lower impact from the European Commission legal matter, lapping the prior year incremental costs incurred due to the war in Ukraine, lower acquisition integration costs and favorable volume/mix. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, unfavorable currency, divestiture-related costs incurred in 2023, higher costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, higher remeasurement loss on net monetary position, higher manufacturing costs and an intangible asset impairment charge incurred in 2023.

 Net revenues increased $264 million (2.4%), higher net pricing (7.4 pp) and the impact of acquisitions (6.4 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (11.3 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (0.1 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories. The January 3, 2022 acquisition of Chipita added incremental net revenues of $685 million (constant currency basis) and the March 25, 2021 acquisition of Grenade added incremental net revenues of $22 million (constant currency basis) through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2022. Overall, volume/mix was slightly unfavorable as declines in biscuits & baked snacks and cheese & grocery were mostly offset by gains in candy, gum, chocolate and refreshment beverages. Unfavorable currency impacts reflected the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies across the region, including the euro, British pound sterling, Turkish lira, Polish zloty, Swedish krona and Romanian leu, partially offset by the strength of a few currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the Russian ruble.

 Segment operating income decreased $611 million (29.2%), primarily due to higher raw material costs, the impact from the European Commission legal matter, unfavorable currency, incremental costs incurred due to the war in Ukraine, higher acquisition integration costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, unfavorable volume/mix and fixed asset impairment charges incurred in 2022. These unfavorable items were partially offset by higher net pricing, lapping the prior year unfavorable impact of pension participation changes, the impact of acquisitions and the impact of divestitures.

 2023
 2022

 $
 11,078
 $
 9,680
 $
 1,398
 14.4
 %

 2,092
 1,769
 18.3
 %

 2022
 2021

 $
 9,680
 $
 8,302
 $
 1,378
 16.6
 %

 1,769
 1,371
 29.0
 %

 Net revenues increased $1,398 million (14.4%), due to higher net pricing (9.5 pp), the impact of an acquisition (5.6 pp) and flat volume/mix (- pp), partially offset by the impact of divestitures (0.4 pp) and unfavorable currency (0.3 pp). Higher net pricing, driven by input cost-driven pricing actions, was reflected across all categories. The August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar added incremental net revenues of $529 million through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition in 2023. Overall, volume/mix was flat as slight volume gains were offset by unfavorable mix. Flat volume/mix was driven by gains in candy and chocolate offset by a decline in biscuits & baked snacks. While the impact of divestitures reflected a year-over-year increase in net revenues of $12 million (net of the loss of revenue for the fourth quarter) from our 2023 divested developed market gum business, it had a negative impact on the net revenue growth rate as the divested business did not grow as fast as the remaining segment. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar.

 Segment operating income increased $323 million (18.3%), primarily due to higher net pricing, the impact of our Clif Bar acquisition, higher operating results from the divested developed market gum business, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program and lapping prior year inventory step-up charges. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, an intangible asset impairment charge incurred in 2023, divestiture-related costs incurred in 2023, unfavorable volume/mix and unfavorable currency.

 Net revenues increased $1,378 million (16.6%), due to higher net pricing (11.8 pp), the impact of acquisitions (4.9 pp) and favorable volume/mix (0.6 pp), partially offset by unfavorable currency (0.4 pp) and the impact of divestitures (0.3 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories driven by pricing actions taken during 2022. The August 1, 2022 acquisition of Clif Bar added incremental net revenues of $361 million and the January 3, 2022 acquisition of Chipita added incremental net revenues of $35 million in 2022. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in candy and chocolate, partially offset by a decline in biscuits & baked snacks which primarily reflected the impact of supply chain constraints on volume during the year. While the impact of divestitures reflected a year-over-year increase in net revenues of $22 million from our 2023 divested developed market gum business, it had a negative impact on the net revenue growth rate as the divested business did not grow as fast as the remaining segment. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar.

 Segment operating income increased $398 million (29.0%), primarily due to higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lapping a prior year intangible asset impairment charge, the impact of acquisitions and the impact of divestitures. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher manufacturing costs, higher acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments (including lapping a prior year benefit from contingent consideration adjustments), higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, fixed asset impairment charges incurred in 2022, inventory step-up charges incurred in 2022, unfavorable volume/mix, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses and unfavorable currency.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We believe that cash from operations, our revolving credit facilities, short-term borrowings and our authorized long-term financing will continue to provide sufficient liquidity for our working capital needs, planned capital expenditures and future payments of our contractual, tax and benefit plan obligations and payments for acquisitions, share repurchases and quarterly dividends. We expect to continue to utilize our commercial paper program and international credit lines as needed. We continually evaluate long-term debt issuances to meet our short- and longer-term funding requirements. We also use intercompany loans with our international subsidiaries to improve financial flexibility. Our investment in JDE Peet's provides us additional flexibility. Overall, we do not expect negative effects to our funding sources that would have a material effect on our liquidity, and we continue to monitor our global operations including the impact of ongoing or new developments in Ukraine and the Middle East. To date, we have been successful in generating cash and raising financing as needed. However, if a serious economic or credit market crisis ensues or other adverse developments arise, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

 Our most significant ongoing short-term cash requirements relate primarily to funding operations (including expenditures for raw materials, labor, manufacturing and distribution, trade and promotions, advertising and marketing, tax liabilities, benefit plan obligations and lease expenses) as well as periodic expenditures for acquisitions, shareholder returns (such as dividend payments and share repurchases), property, plant and equipment and any significant one-time non-operating items.

 Long-term cash requirements primarily relate to funding long-term debt repayments (refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements), our U.S. tax reform transition tax liability and deferred taxes (refer to Note 16, Income Taxes), our long-term benefit plan obligations (refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans) and commodity-related purchase commitments and derivative contracts (refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments).

 We generally fund short- and long-term cash requirements with cash from operating activities as well as cash proceeds from short- and long-term debt financing (refer to Debt below). We generally do not use equity to fund our ongoing obligations.

 For a full discussion related to the financial condition for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, including a year-to-year comparison between 2022 and 2021, see Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

 Cash Flow
 We believe our ability to generate substantial cash from operating activities and readily access capital markets and secure financing at competitive rates are key strengths and give us significant flexibility to meet our short and long-term financial commitments. Our cash flow activity over the last three years is noted below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 4,714
 $
 3,908
 $
 4,141

 Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities

 2,812
 (4,888)
 (26)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 (7,558)
 (456)
 (4,069)

 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
 The increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2023 was primarily due to an increase in cash-basis net earnings. This is largely a result of business growth and acquisitions completed during 2022.

 Net Cash Used in/Provided by Investing Activities
 The improvement in net cash provided by/used in investing activities was largely driven by lapping prior year cash consideration paid for the Chipita, Clif Bar and Ricolino acquisitions combined with proceeds from the developed market gum divestiture and higher proceeds from the current year KDP and JDEP share sales as compared to the prior year JDEP share sale, partially offset by lapping higher proceeds from the settlement and replacement of net investment hedge derivative contracts. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 7, Investments for more information.

 Capital expenditures were $1,112 million in 2023, $906 million in 2022 and $965 million in 2021. We continue to make capital expenditures primarily to modernize manufacturing facilities and support new product and productivity initiatives. We expect 2024 capital expenditures to be up to $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures in connection with our Simplify to Grow Program and for funding our strategic priorities. We expect to continue to fund these expenditures with cash from operations.

 Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
 The increase in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to lower debt proceeds, higher debt repayments and an increase in dividends paid to shareholders, partially offset by lower share repurchases in 2023.

 Dividends
 We paid dividends of $2,160 million in 2023, $1,985 million in 2022 and $1,826 million in 2021. On July 27, 2023, the Audit Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.425 per share of Class A Common Stock, an increase of 10 percent, which would be $1.70 per common share on an annualized basis. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant to its analysis and decision making.

 For U.S. income tax purposes only, the Company has determined that 100% of the distributions paid to its shareholders in 2023 are characterized as a qualified dividend paid from U.S. earnings and profits. See Note 13, Capital Stock, to the consolidated financial statements and Item 5, Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities – Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, for information on our share repurchase program.

 Guarantees
 As discussed in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, we enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover the long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. Guarantees do not have, and we do not expect them to have, a material effect on our liquidity.

 Debt
 The nature and amount of our long-term and short-term debt and the proportionate amount of each varies as a result of current and expected business requirements, market conditions and other factors. As such, we may issue commercial paper or secure other forms of financing throughout the year to meet short-term working capital or other financing needs.

 At its December 2023 meeting, the Board of Directors approved a new $2 billion long-term financing authorization that replaced the prior long-term financing authorization of $2 billion. As of December 31, 2023, $2.0 billion of the long-term financing authorization remained available.

 Our total debt was $19.4 billion at December 31, 2023 and $22.9 billion at December 31, 2022. Our debt-to-capitalization ratio was 0.41 at December 31, 2023 and 0.46 at December 31, 2022. The weighted-average term of our outstanding long-term debt was 7.8 years at December 31, 2023 and 8.2 years at December 31, 2022. Our average daily commercial borrowings were $2.1 billion in 2023, $1.6 billion in 2022 and $0.5 billion in 2021.

 One of our subsidiaries, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. ("MIHN"), has outstanding debt. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. The operations held by MIHN generated approximately 72.2% (or $26.0 billion) of the $36.0 billion of consolidated net revenue during fiscal year 2023 and represented approximately 91.9% (or $26.1 billion) of the $28.4 billion of net assets as of December 31, 2023.

 Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our debt and debt covenants.

 Commodity Trends

 We regularly monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production. During 2023, the primary drivers of the increase in our aggregate commodity costs were higher energy, sugar, grains, dairy, cocoa, packaging, edible oils and other ingredient costs as well as unfavorable year-over-year currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials.

 A number of external factors such as the current macroeconomic environment, including global inflation, effects of the war in Ukraine, climate and weather conditions, commodity, transportation and labor market conditions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, such as dairy, where there is a limited ability to hedge, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Due to competitive or market conditions, planned trade or promotional incentives, fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other factors, our pricing actions may also lag commodity cost changes temporarily.

 As a result of international supply chain and labor market disruptions and generally higher commodity, transportation and labor costs, we expect price volatility and a higher aggregate cost environment to continue. While the costs of our principal raw materials fluctuate, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 We use non-GAAP financial information and believe it is useful to investors as it provides additional information to facilitate comparisons of historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and provide additional insight and transparency on how we evaluate our business. We use non-GAAP financial measures to budget, make operating and strategic decisions and evaluate our performance. We have detailed the non-GAAP adjustments that we make in our non-GAAP definitions below. The adjustments generally fall within the following categories: acquisition and divestiture activities, gains and losses on intangible asset sales and non-cash impairments, major program restructuring activities, constant currency and related adjustments, major program financing and hedging activities and other major items affecting comparability of operating results. We believe the non-GAAP measures should always be considered along with the related U.S. GAAP financial measures. We have provided the reconciliations between the GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures along with a discussion of our underlying GAAP results throughout our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Form 10-K.

 Our primary non-GAAP financial measures are listed below and reflect how we evaluate our current and prior year operating results. As new events or circumstances arise, these definitions could change. When our definitions change, we provide the updated definitions and present the related non-GAAP historical results on a comparable basis (1).
 •"Organic Net Revenue" is defined as net revenues (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) excluding the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures (2), short-term distributor agreements related to the sale of a business (3), and currency rate fluctuations (4). We believe that Organic net revenue reflects the underlying growth from the ongoing activities of our business and provides improved comparability of results. We also evaluate Organic Net Revenue growth from emerging markets and developed markets, and these underlying measures are also reconciled to U.S. GAAP above.
 • Our emerging markets include our Latin America region in its entirety; the AMEA region, excluding Australia, New Zealand and Japan; and the following countries from the Europe region: Russia, Ukraine, T rkiye, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Baltics and the East Adriatic countries.
 • Our developed markets include the entire North America region, the Europe region excluding the countries included in the emerging markets definition, and Australia, New Zealand and Japan from the AMEA region.
 •"Adjusted Operating Income" is defined as operating income (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) excluding the impacts of the Simplify to Grow Program (5); gains or losses (including non-cash impairment charges) on goodwill and intangible assets; divestiture (2) or acquisition gains or losses, divestiture-related costs (6), acquisition-related costs (7), and acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments (8); inventory step-up charges (9); operating results of divestitures (2); operating results from short-term distributor agreements related to the sale of a business (3); remeasurement of net monetary position (10); mark-to-market impacts from commodity, forecasted currency and equity method investment transaction derivative contracts (11); impact from resolution of tax matters (12); 2017 malware incident net recoveries; incremental costs due to the war in Ukraine (13); impact from the European Commission legal matter (14); impact from pension participation changes (15); and costs associated with the JDE Peet's transaction. We also present "Adjusted Operating Income margin," which is subject to the same adjustments as Adjusted Operating Income. We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (4). We believe these measures provide improved comparability of underlying operating results.
 •"Adjusted EPS" is defined as diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) from continuing operations excluding the impacts of the items listed in the Adjusted Operating Income definition as well as losses on debt extinguishment and related expenses; gains or losses on interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges due to changed financing and hedging plans; mark-to-market unrealized gains or losses and realized gains or losses from marketable securities (16); initial impacts from enacted tax law changes (17); and gains or losses on equity method investment transactions. Similarly, within Adjusted EPS, our equity method investment net earnings exclude our proportionate share of our investee's significant operating and non-operating items (18). We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis (4). We believe Adjusted EPS provides improved comparability of underlying operating results.

 (1)When items no longer impact our current or future presentation of non-GAAP operating results, we remove these items from our non-GAAP definitions. In the first quarter of 2023, we added to the non-GAAP definition for divestitures the inclusion of changes from equity method investment accounting to accounting for equity interests with readily determinable fair values ("marketable securities"; refer to footnote (2) below). In addition, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of gains or losses associated with marketable securities (see footnote (16) below). In the fourth quarter of 2023, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of the operating results from short-term distributor agreements related to the sale of a business (see footnote (3) below). In addition, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of realized gains and losses from derivatives that mitigate the foreign currency volatility related to the remeasurement of the respective net monetary assets or liabilities during the periods presented associated with applying highly inflationary accounting (see footnote (10) below).
 (2)Divestitures include completed sales of businesses, exits of major product lines upon completion of a sale or licensing agreement, the partial or full sale of an equity method investment and changes from equity method investment accounting to accounting for marketable securities. As we record our share of JDE Peet's ongoing earnings on a one-quarter lag basis, any JDE Peet's ownership reductions are reflected as divestitures within our non-GAAP results the following quarter.
 (3)In the fourth quarter of 2023, we began to exclude the operating results from short-term distributor agreements that have been executed in conjunction with the sale of a business. We exclude this item to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.
 (4)Constant currency operating results are calculated by dividing or multiplying, as appropriate, the current-period local currency operating results by the currency exchange rates used to translate the financial statements in the comparable prior year period to determine what the current-period U.S. dollar operating results would have been if the currency exchange rate had not changed from the comparable prior year period.
 (5)Non-GAAP adjustments related to the Simplify to Grow Program reflect costs incurred that relate to the objectives of our program to transform our supply chain network and organizational structure. Costs that do not meet the program objectives are not reflected in the non-GAAP adjustments.
 (6)Divestiture-related costs, which includes costs incurred in relation to the preparation and completion (including one-time costs such as severance related to the elimination of stranded costs) of our divestitures as defined in footnote (2), also includes costs incurred associated with our publicly-announced processes to sell businesses. We exclude these items to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.
 (7)Acquisition-related costs, which includes transaction costs such as third party advisor, investment banking and legal fees, also includes one-time compensation expense related to the buyout of non-vested ESOP shares and realized gains or losses from hedging activities associated with acquisition funds. We exclude these items to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.
 (8)Acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments include one-time costs related to the integration of acquisitions as well as any adjustments made to the fair market value of contingent compensation liabilities that have been previously booked for earn-outs related to acquisitions that do not relate to employee compensation expense. We exclude these items to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.
 (9)In the third quarter of 2022, we began to exclude the one-time inventory step-up charges associated with acquired companies related to the fair market valuation of the acquired inventory. We exclude this item to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.
 (10)In connection with our applying highly inflationary accounting (refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), for Argentina (beginning in the third quarter of 2018) and T rkiye (beginning in the second quarter of 2022), we exclude the related remeasurement gains or losses related to remeasuring net monetary assets or liabilities denominated in the local currency to the U.S. dollar during the periods presented and the realized gains and losses from derivatives that mitigate the foreign currency volatility related to the remeasurement of the respective net monetary assets or liabilities during the periods presented.
 (11)We exclude unrealized gains and losses (mark-to-market impacts) from outstanding commodity and forecasted currency and equity method investment transaction derivative from our non-GAAP earnings measures. The mark-to-market impacts of commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives are excluded until such time that the related exposures impact our operating results. Since we purchase commodity and forecasted currency transaction contracts to mitigate price volatility primarily for inventory requirements in future periods, we make this adjustment to remove the volatility of these future inventory purchases on current operating results to facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods. We exclude equity method investment transaction derivative contract settlements as they represent protection of value for future divestitures.
 (12)See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 (13)In February 2022, Russia began a military invasion of Ukraine and we stopped our production and closed our facilities in Ukraine for a period of time due to damage incurred to our facilities during the invasion. We began to incur incremental costs directly related to the war including asset impairments, such as property and inventory losses, higher expected allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable and committed compensation. We have isolated and exclude these costs and related impacts as well as subsequent recoveries from our operating results to facilitate evaluation and comparisons of our ongoing results. Incremental costs related to increasing operations in other primarily European facilities are not included with these costs.
 (14)In the fourth quarter of 2022, we began to exclude the impact from the European Commission legal matter. In November 2019, the European Commission informed us that it initiated an investigation into our alleged infringement of European Union competition law through certain practices allegedly restricting cross-border trade within the European Economic Area. On January 28, 2021, the European Commission announced it had taken the next procedural step in its investigation and opened formal proceedings. We have been cooperating with the investigation and are currently engaged in discussions with the European Commission in an effort to reach a negotiated, proportionate resolution to this matter. Due to the unique nature of this matter, we believe it to be infrequent and unusual and therefore exclude it to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods. Refer to Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
 (15)The impact from pension participation changes represents the charges incurred when employee groups are withdrawn from multiemployer pension plans and other changes in employee group pension plan participation. We exclude these charges from our non–GAAP results because those amounts do not reflect our ongoing pension obligations. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information on the multiemployer pension plan withdrawal.
 (16)In the first quarter of 2023, we began to exclude mark-to-market unrealized gains or losses, as well as realized gains or losses, associated with our marketable securities from our non-GAAP earnings measures. These marketable securities gains or losses are not indicative of underlying operations and are excluded to better facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods.

 (17)We have excluded the initial impacts from enacted tax law changes. Initial impacts include items such as the remeasurement of deferred tax balances and the transition tax from the 2017 U.S. tax reform. We exclude initial impacts from enacted tax law changes from our Adjusted EPS as they do not reflect our ongoing tax obligations under the enacted tax law changes. Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information.
 (18)We have excluded our proportionate share of our equity method investees' significant operating and non-operating items such as acquisition and divestiture related costs, restructuring program costs and initial impacts from enacted tax law changes, in order to provide investors with a comparable view of our performance across periods. Although we have shareholder rights and board representation commensurate with our ownership interests in our equity method investees and review the underlying operating results and significant operating and non-operating items each reporting period, we do not have direct control over their operations or resulting revenue and expenses. Our use of equity method investment net earnings on an adjusted basis is not intended to imply that we have any such control. Our GAAP "diluted EPS attributable to Mondel z International from continuing operations" includes all of the investees' significant operating and non-operating items.

 We believe that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with our U.S. GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to the corresponding U.S. GAAP financial measures, provides you with a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business than could be obtained absent these disclosures. Because non-GAAP financial measures vary among companies, the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this report may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Our use of these non-GAAP financial measures is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial measures. A limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is they exclude items detailed below that have an impact on our U.S. GAAP reported results. The best way this limitation can be addressed is by evaluating our non-GAAP financial measures in combination with our U.S. GAAP reported results and carefully evaluating the following tables that reconcile U.S. GAAP reported figures to the non-GAAP financial measures in this Form 10-K.

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies we used to prepare our consolidated financial statements. We have discussed the selection and disclosure of our critical accounting policies and estimates with our Audit Committee. The following is a review of our most significant assumptions and estimates.

 Goodwill and Indefinite-Life Intangible Assets
 We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure annually or as significant changes in the organization occur for goodwill testing throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. Annually, on July 1, we test goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment and may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit's estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit's fair value using a discounted cash flow method which incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 7.1% to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 10.1%. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans and industry and economic conditions based on available information. Given the uncertainty of the global economic environment, those estimates could be significantly different than future performance. If the carrying value of a reporting unit's net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.

 In 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no impairments of goodwill. In connection with our 2023 annual impairment testing, each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.

 Annually, we assess indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of these assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand's global fair value. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, the asset is impaired and its carrying value is reduced to the estimated fair value.

 In 2023, we recorded $26 million of intangible asset impairment charges related to a chocolate brand in the North America segment and a biscuit brand in the Europe segment. The impairment charges were calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the intangible assets on a global basis and were recorded within asset impairment and exit costs. We use several accepted valuation methods, including relief from royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand's global fair value. We also identified thirteen brands, of which five were recently acquired, with $3.7 billion of aggregate book value as of December 31, 2023 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to not be impaired, but if plans to grow brand earnings and expand margin are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future. In 2022, we recorded $101 million of intangible asset impairment charge related to two biscuit brands in AMEA. In 2021, we recorded a $32 million of intangible asset impairment charge related to one biscuit brand in North America.

 Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.

 Business Combinations
 The assets acquired and liabilities assumed upon the acquisition or consolidation of a business are recorded at fair value, with the residual of the purchase price allocated to goodwill. We engage third-party valuation specialists to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In determining fair value, we utilized various forms of the income approach, depending on the asset being valued. Such valuations require management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Management makes estimates of fair value based upon the best information available at the date of acquisition. These estimates are based upon historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain. Critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets include, but are not limited to: expected future cash flows of the acquired business, discount and royalty rates and economic lives of customer relationships, trade names and fixed assets. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur, which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions or estimates.

 Further, certain of our acquisitions may include earn-out provisions or other forms of contingent consideration. As of the acquisition date, we record contingent consideration, as applicable, at the estimated fair value of expected future payments associated with the earn-out. Any changes to the recorded fair value of contingent consideration will be recognized as expenses or earnings in the period in which they occur. Such contingent consideration liabilities are based on best estimates of future expected payment obligations, which are subject to change due to many factors outside of our control. Changes to the estimate of expected future contingent consideration payments may occur, from time to time, due to various reasons, including changing discount rates as well as actual results differing from estimates and adjustments to the revenue or earnings assumptions used as the basis for the liability based on historical experience.

 Trade and Marketing Programs
 We promote our products with trade and sales incentives as well as marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, new product introduction fees, discounts, coupons, rebates and volume-based incentives as well as cooperative advertising, in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. Trade and sales incentives are recorded as a reduction to revenues based on amounts estimated due to customers and consumers at the end of a period. We base these estimates principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. For interim reporting purposes, advertising and consumer promotion expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on our year-end consolidated balance sheets and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred.

 Employee Benefit Plans
 We sponsor various employee benefit plans worldwide, including primarily pension plans and postretirement healthcare benefits. For accounting purposes, we estimate the pension and postretirement healthcare benefit obligations utilizing assumptions and estimates for discount rates; expected returns on plan assets; expected compensation increases; employee-related factors such as turnover, retirement age and mortality; and health care cost trends. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when appropriate. Our assumptions also reflect our historical experiences and management's best judgment regarding future expectations. These and other assumptions affect the annual expense and obligations recognized for the underlying plans.

 We amortize the effect of changes in the assumptions over future periods to reflect the cost or benefit of plan changes, such as increasing or decreasing benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost). These changes are deferred and included in expense on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of the employees expected to receive benefits.

 Since pension and postretirement liabilities are measured on a discounted basis, the discount rate significantly affects our plan obligations and expenses. For plans that have assets held in trust, the expected return on plan assets assumption affects our pension plan expenses. The assumptions for discount rates and expected rates of return and our process for setting these assumptions are described in Note 11, Benefit Plans, along with additional information on our employee benefit plans.

 As a sensitivity measure, a fifty-basis point change in our discount rates or the expected rate of return on plan assets would have the following effects, increase/(decrease), on our annual benefit plan costs:

 Fifty-Basis-Point
 Fifty-Basis-Point

 Increase
 Decrease
 Increase
 Decrease

 Effect of change in discount rate on
 pension costs
 $
 (2)
 $
 —
 $
 (19)
 $

 Effect of change in expected rate of return on
 plan assets on pension costs
 (8)
 (39)

 Effect of change in discount rate on
 postretirement health care costs
 (2)
 —
 —

 Income Taxes
 As a global company, we calculate and provide for income taxes in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate. The provision for income taxes includes the amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effect of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. Our provision for income taxes is significantly affected by shifts in the geographic mix of our pre-tax earnings across tax jurisdictions, changes in tax laws and regulations, tax planning opportunities available in each tax jurisdiction and the ultimate outcome of various tax audits.

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that will apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. We review the realizability assessment on a quarterly basis, including impacts from our latest estimates of future taxable income.

 We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax laws and that we have properly accounted for uncertain tax positions. We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. We evaluate uncertain tax positions on an ongoing basis and adjust the amount recognized in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit or expiration of a statute of limitations. We believe the estimates and assumptions used to support our evaluation of uncertain tax positions are reasonable. However, final determination of historical tax liabilities, whether by settlement with tax authorities, judicial or administrative ruling or due to expiration of statutes of limitations, could be materially different from estimates reflected on our consolidated balance sheets and historical income tax provisions. The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our provision for income taxes, net earnings or cash flows in the period in which the determination is made.

 See Note 16, Income Taxes, for additional information on our effective tax rate, current and deferred taxes, valuation allowances and unrecognized tax benefits.

 Contingencies
 See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.

 New Accounting Guidance
 See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of new accounting standards.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

 As we operate globally, we are primarily exposed to currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate market risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program. Our risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results.

 We principally utilize derivative instruments to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. For additional information on our derivative activity and the types of derivative instruments we use to hedge our currency exchange, commodity price and interest rate exposures, see Note 10, Financial Instruments.

 Many of our non-U.S. subsidiaries operate in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates create volatility in our reported results as we translate the balance sheets, operating results and cash flows of these subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting purposes. The translation of non-U.S. dollar denominated balance sheets and statements of earnings of our subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting generally results in a cumulative translation adjustment to other comprehensive income within equity. A stronger U.S. dollar relative to other functional currencies adversely affects our consolidated earnings and net assets while a weaker U.S. dollar benefits our consolidated earnings and net assets. While we hedge significant forecasted currency exchange transactions as well as certain net assets of non-U.S. operations and other currency impacts, we cannot fully predict or eliminate volatility arising from changes in currency exchange rates on our consolidated financial results. See Consolidated Results of Operations and Results of Operations by Operating Segment under Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results for currency exchange effects on our financial results. Throughout our discussion and analysis of results, we isolate currency impacts and supplementally provide net revenues, operating income and diluted earnings per share on a constant currency basis. For additional information on the impact of currency policies, recent currency devaluations and highly inflationary accounting on our financial condition and results of operations, also see Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting.

 We also continually monitor the market for commodities that we use in our products. Input costs may fluctuate widely due to international demand, weather conditions, government policy and regulation and the macroeconomic environment. Refer to Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability and Financial Outlook above for updates on recent supply chain, labor and other disruptions that are increasing operating costs and impacting our results. To manage input cost volatility and inflation, we enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments. We also pursue productivity and cost saving measures and take pricing actions when necessary to mitigate the impact of higher input costs on earnings.

 We regularly evaluate our variable and fixed-rate debt as well as current and expected interest rates in the markets in which we raise capital. Our primary exposures include movements in U.S. Treasury rates, corporate credit spreads, commercial paper rates as well as limited debt tied to Secured Overnight Financing Rates ("SOFR"). We periodically use interest rate swaps and forward interest rate contracts to achieve a desired proportion of variable versus fixed-rate debt based on current and projected market conditions. For more information on our debt activity, see Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements.

 See Note 10, Financial Instruments, for more information on our derivative activity.

 Value at Risk
 We use a value at risk ("VAR") computation to estimate: 1) the potential one-day loss in the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive financial instruments; and 2) the potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings of our currency and commodity price-sensitive derivative financial instruments. The VAR analysis was done separately for our currency exchange, fixed income and commodity risk portfolios as of each quarter end during the periods presented below. The instruments included in the VAR computation were currency exchange forwards and options for currency exchange risk, debt and swaps for interest rate risk, and commodity forwards, futures and options for commodity risk. Excluded from the computation were anticipated transactions, currency trade payables and receivables, and net investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries, which the above-mentioned instruments are intended to hedge.

 The VAR model assumes normal market conditions, a 95% confidence interval and a one-day holding period. A parametric delta-gamma approximation technique was used to determine the expected return distribution in interest rates, currencies and commodity prices for the purpose of calculating the fixed income, currency exchange and commodity VAR, respectively. The parameters used for estimating the expected return distributions were determined by observing interest rate, currency exchange and commodity price movements over the prior quarter for the calculation of VAR amounts at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and over each of the four prior quarters for the calculation of average VAR amounts during each year. The values of currency and commodity options do not change on a one-to-one basis with the underlying currency or commodity and were valued accordingly in the VAR computation.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated potential one-day loss in fair value of our interest rate-sensitive instruments, primarily debt, and the estimated potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings from our currency and commodity instruments, as calculated in the VAR model, were:

 Pre-Tax Earnings Impact
 Fair Value Impact

 At 12/31/23
 High
 Low
 At 12/31/23
 High
 Low

 Instruments sensitive to:

 Interest rates
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Foreign currency rates
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Commodity prices

 Pre-Tax Earnings Impact
 Fair Value Impact

 At 12/31/22
 High
 Low
 At 12/31/22
 High
 Low

 Instruments sensitive to:

 Interest rates
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Foreign currency rates
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Commodity prices

 This VAR computation is a risk analysis tool designed to statistically estimate the maximum expected daily loss, under the specified confidence interval and assuming normal market conditions, from adverse movements in interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The computation does not represent actual losses in fair value or earnings we will incur, nor does it consider the effect of favorable changes in market rates. We cannot predict actual future movements in market rates and do not present these VAR results to be indicative of future movements in market rates or to be representative of any actual impact that future changes in market rates may have on our future financial results.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Mondel z International, Inc.
 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mondel z International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive earnings, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made

 only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Indefinite-Life Intangible Assets Annual Impairment Assessments for Certain Brand Names

 As described in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's consolidated indefinite-life intangible assets balance was $18.7 billion as of December 31, 2023, which consists principally of brand names. At least annually management assesses indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment and if significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, management quantitatively tests the asset for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. Management estimates fair value using several accepted valuation methods, including relief from royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates to determine a brand name's fair value.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the indefinite-life intangible assets annual impairment assessments for certain brand names is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value of the indefinite-life intangible assets for certain brand names; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions related to estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates for certain brand names; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the indefinite-life intangible assets impairment assessments, including controls over the annual valuation of certain brand names. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management's process for developing the fair value of the indefinite-life intangible assets for certain brand names; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the valuation methods; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. Evaluating management's significant assumptions related to estimates of future sales and earnings growth rates involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the certain brand names; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the Company's valuation methods and (ii) the reasonableness of the royalty rate and discount rate significant assumptions.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

 Chicago, Illinois

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2001.

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings
 For the Years Ended December 31
 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Cost of sales
 ( 22,252)
 ( 20,184)
 ( 17,466)

 Gross profit
 13,764
 11,312
 11,254

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 ( 8,002)
 ( 7,384)
 ( 6,263)

 Asset impairment and exit costs
 ( 217)
 ( 262)
 ( 212)

 —

 Amortization of intangible assets
 ( 151)
 ( 132)
 ( 134)

 5,502
 3,534
 4,653

 Benefit plan non-service income

 Interest and other expense, net
 ( 310)
 ( 423)
 ( 447)

 —
 —

 Earnings before income taxes
 5,880
 3,228
 4,369

 Income tax provision
 ( 1,537)
 ( 865)
 ( 1,190)

 Gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions
 ( 22)

 Equity method investment net earnings

 4,968
 2,726
 4,314

 less: Noncontrolling interest earnings

 ( 9)
 ( 9)
 ( 14)

 Net earnings attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 4,959
 $
 2,717
 $
 4,300

 Per share data:

 Basic earnings per share attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 3.64
 $
 1.97
 $
 3.06

 Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 3.62
 $
 1.96
 $
 3.04

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings
 For the Years Ended December 31
 (in millions of U.S. dollars)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 4,968
 $
 2,726
 $
 4,314

 Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of tax:

 Currency translation adjustment
 ( 725)
 ( 458)

 Pension and other benefit plans
 ( 218)

 Derivative cash flow hedges
 ( 15)

 Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
 ( 4)
 ( 337)

 Comprehensive earnings
 4,964
 2,389
 4,364

 less: Comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to
 noncontrolling interests
 ( 5)
 ( 2)

 Comprehensive earnings attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 4,960
 $
 2,394
 $
 4,366

 Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31
 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)

 2023
 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,810
 $
 1,923

 Trade receivables (net of allowances of $ 66 at December 31, 2023
 and $ 45 at December 31, 2022)

 3,634
 3,088

 Other receivables (net of allowances of $ 50 at December 31, 2023
 and $ 59 at December 31, 2022)

 Inventories, net
 3,615
 3,381

 1,766

 Total current assets
 11,703
 10,091

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 9,694
 9,020

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 23,896
 23,450

 Intangible assets, net
 19,836
 19,710

 Prepaid pension assets
 1,043
 1,016

 Deferred income taxes

 Equity method investments
 3,242
 4,879

 Other assets
 1,862

 TOTAL ASSETS
 $
 71,391
 $
 71,161

 LIABILITIES

 Short-term borrowings
 $
 $
 2,299

 Current portion of long-term debt
 2,101

 Accounts payable
 8,321
 7,562

 Accrued marketing
 2,683
 2,370

 Accrued employment costs
 1,158

 Other current liabilities
 4,330
 3,168

 Total current liabilities
 19,013
 16,731

 Long-term debt
 16,887
 20,251

 Long-term operating lease liabilities

 Deferred income taxes
 3,292
 3,437

 Accrued pension costs

 Accrued postretirement health care costs

 Other liabilities
 2,735
 2,688

 TOTAL LIABILITIES
 43,025
 44,241

 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)

 EQUITY

 Common Stock, no par value ( 5,000,000,000 shares authorized and
 1,996,537,778 shares issued at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022)

 —
 —

 Additional paid-in capital
 32,216
 32,143

 Retained earnings
 34,236
 31,481

 Accumulated other comprehensive losses
 ( 10,946)
 ( 10,947)

 Treasury stock, at cost ( 648,055,073 shares at December 31, 2023 and
 630,646,687 shares at December 31, 2022)

 ( 27,174)
 ( 25,794)

 Total Mondel z International Shareholders' Equity
 28,332
 26,883

 Noncontrolling interest

 TOTAL EQUITY
 28,366
 26,920

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 $
 71,391
 $
 71,161

 Consolidated Statements of Equity
 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)

 Mondel z International Shareholders' Equity

 Common
Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Earnings/
(Losses)
 Treasury
Stock
 Non-controlling
Interest
 Total
Equity

 Balances at January 1, 2021
 $
 —
 $
 32,070
 $
 28,402
 $
 ( 10,690)
 $
 ( 22,204)
 $
 $
 27,654

 Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

 —
 —
 4,300
 —
 —
 4,314

 Other comprehensive earnings/
 (losses), net of income taxes
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 16)

 Exercise of stock options and
 issuance of other stock awards
 —
 ( 34)
 —
 —

 Common Stock repurchased
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,096)
 —
 ( 2,096)

 Cash dividends declared
 ($ 1.330 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 1,867)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,867)

 Dividends paid on noncontrolling
 interest and other activities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 20)
 ( 15)

 Balances at December 31, 2021
 $
 —
 $
 32,097
 $
 30,806
 $
 ( 10,624)
 $
 ( 24,010)
 $
 $
 28,323

 Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

 —
 —
 2,717
 —
 —
 2,726

 Other comprehensive earnings/
 (losses), net of income taxes
 —
 —
 —
 ( 323)
 —
 ( 14)
 ( 337)

 Exercise of stock options and
 issuance of other stock awards
 —
 ( 20)
 —
 —

 Common Stock repurchased
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,000)
 —
 ( 2,000)

 Cash dividends declared
 ($ 1.470 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 2,025)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,025)

 Dividends paid on noncontrolling
 interest and other activities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 12)
 ( 9)

 Balances at December 31, 2022
 $
 —
 $
 32,143
 $
 31,481
 $
 ( 10,947)
 $
 ( 25,794)
 $
 $
 26,920

 Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

 —
 —
 4,959
 —
 —
 4,968

 Other comprehensive earnings/
 (losses), net of income taxes
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 4)

 Exercise of stock options and
 issuance of other stock awards
 —
 ( 6)
 —
 —

 Common Stock repurchased
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,579)
 —
 ( 1,579)

 Cash dividends declared
 ($ 1.620 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 2,209)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,209)

 Dividends paid on noncontrolling
 interest and other activities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7)

 Balances at December 31, 2023
 $
 —
 $
 32,216
 $
 34,236
 $
 ( 10,946)
 $
 ( 27,174)
 $
 $
 28,366

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 For the Years Ended December 31
 (in millions of U.S. dollars)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 $
 4,968
 $
 2,726
 $
 4,314

 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:

 Depreciation and amortization
 1,215
 1,107
 1,113

 Stock-based compensation expense

 Deferred income tax (benefit)/provision
 ( 37)
 ( 42)

 Asset impairments and accelerated depreciation

 Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 ( 108)
 —
 ( 8)

 (Gain)/loss on equity method investment transactions
 ( 465)
 ( 742)

 Equity method investment net earnings
 ( 160)
 ( 385)
 ( 393)

 Distributions from equity method investments

 Unrealized (gain)/loss on derivative contracts
 ( 171)
 ( 267)

 ( 593)
 —
 —

 Other non-cash items, net

 Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:

 Receivables, net
 ( 628)
 ( 719)
 ( 197)

 Inventories, net
 ( 193)
 ( 635)
 ( 170)

 Accounts payable

 ( 120)
 ( 286)
 ( 169)

 Other current liabilities
 ( 502)

 Change in pension and postretirement assets and liabilities, net
 ( 186)
 ( 226)
 ( 313)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 4,714
 3,908
 4,141

 CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 Capital expenditures
 ( 1,112)
 ( 906)
 ( 965)

 Acquisitions, net of cash received
 ( 5,286)
 ( 833)

 Proceeds from divestitures including equity method and marketable security
 investments

 4,099
 1,539

 Proceeds from derivative settlements

 Payments for derivative settlements
 ( 81)
 ( 86)
 ( 56)

 Contributions to investments
 ( 309)
 ( 24)
 ( 30)

 Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other

 Net cash provided by/(used in) by investing activities
 2,812
 ( 4,888)
 ( 26)

 CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 Issuances of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days
 —
 —

 Repayments of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days
 ( 67)
 —
 —

 Net (repayments)/issuances of short-term borrowings
 ( 1,869)
 1,914

 Long-term debt proceeds
 4,490
 5,921

 Long-term debt repayments
 ( 2,432)
 ( 3,032)
 ( 6,247)

 Repurchases of Common Stock
 ( 1,547)
 ( 2,017)
 ( 2,110)

 Dividends paid
 ( 2,160)
 ( 1,985)
 ( 1,826)

 Other
 ( 1)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 7,558)
 ( 456)
 ( 4,069)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

 ( 32)
 ( 169)
 ( 143)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:

 (Decrease)/increase
 ( 64)
 ( 1,605)
 ( 97)

 1,948
 3,553
 3,650

 $
 1,884
 $
 1,948
 $
 3,553

 Cash paid:

 Interest
 $
 $
 $

 Income taxes
 $
 1,607
 $
 1,103
 $
 1,556

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Description of Business
 Mondel z International, Inc. was incorporated in 2000 in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Mondel z International, Inc., through its subsidiaries (collectively "Mondel z International," "we," "us" and "our"), sells food and beverage products to consumers in over 150 countries.

 Principles of Consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements include Mondel z International, Inc. as well as our wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries, except our Venezuelan subsidiaries that were deconsolidated in 2015. All intercompany transactions are eliminated. The noncontrolling interest represents the noncontrolling investors' interests in the results of subsidiaries that we control and consolidate. We account for investments over which we exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. Investments over which we do not have significant influence or control are not material and as there is no readily determinable fair value for the equity interests, these investments are carried at cost with changes in the investment recognized to the extent cash is received.

 Use of Estimates
 We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"), which require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect a number of amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates include, valuation assumptions of goodwill and intangible assets, useful lives of long-lived assets, restructuring program liabilities, contingent consideration, marketing program accruals, insurance and self-insurance reserves, pension and benefit plan assumptions and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience, expectations of future impacts and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Given the uncertainty of the global economic environment, our estimates could be significantly different than future performance. If actual amounts differ from estimates, we include the updates in our consolidated results of operations in the period the actual amounts become known.

 War in Ukraine
 In February 2022, Russia began a military invasion of Ukraine and we closed our operations and facilities in Ukraine. In March 2022, our two Ukrainian manufacturing facilities in Trostyanets and Vyshhorod were significantly damaged. During the first quarter of 2022, we evaluated and impaired these and other related assets. We recorded $ 143 million of total expenses ($ 145 million after-tax) incurred as a direct result of the war. We reversed $ 22 million during the remainder of 2022 of previously recorded charges primarily as a result of higher than expected collection of trade receivables and inventory recoveries. We continue to make targeted repairs on both our plants and have partially reopened and restarted limited production in both plants. We also continue to support our Ukraine employees, including paying salaries to those not yet able to return to work until production returns. We continue to consolidate both our Ukrainian and Russian subsidiaries and continue to evaluate our ability to control our operating activities and businesses on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience, expectations of future impacts and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Given the uncertainty of the ongoing effects of the war in Ukraine, and its impact on the global economic environment, our estimates could be significantly different than future performance.

 Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting
 We translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries from multiple currencies using average exchange rates during each period and translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates at the end of each period. We record currency translation adjustments as a component of equity (except for highly inflationary currencies) and realized exchange gains and losses on transactions in earnings.

 Highly inflationary accounting is triggered when a country's three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeds 100%. It requires the remeasurement of financial statements of subsidiaries in the country, from the functional currency of the subsidiary to our U.S. dollar reporting currency, with currency remeasurement gains or losses recorded in earnings. At this time, within our consolidated entities, Argentina and T rkiye are accounted for as highly inflationary economies. Argentina and T rkiye represent 1.6 % and 0.7 % of our consolidated net revenues, with remeasurement losses of $ 79 million and $ 19 million in 2023, respectively. Given the continued volatility of these currencies, impacts to our financial statements in future periods could be significantly different from historical levels.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with financial institutions and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash primarily includes cash held on behalf of financial institutions in accordance with accounts receivable factoring arrangements and letters of credit arrangements with legally restricted cash collateral provisions. Restricted cash is recorded within other current assets and was $ 74 million as of December 31, 2023 and $ 25 million as of December 31, 2022. Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was $ 1,884 million as of December 31, 2023 and $ 1,948 million as of December 31, 2022.

 Allowances for Credit Losses
 Allowances for credit losses are recorded against our receivables. They are developed at a country and region level based on historical collection experiences, current economic condition of specific customers and the forecasted economic condition of countries using various factors such as bond default rates and consumption indexes. We write off receivables once it is determined that the receivables are no longer collectible and as allowed by local laws.

 Changes in allowances for credit losses consisted of:

 Allowance for Trade Receivables
 Allowance for Other Current Receivables
 Allowance for Long-Term Receivables

 Balance at January 1, 2022
 $
 ( 37)
 $
 ( 49)
 $
 ( 10)

 Current period provision for expected credit losses
 ( 13)
 ( 14)
 ( 3)

 Write-offs charged against the allowance
 —

 ( 1)

 $
 ( 45)
 $
 ( 59)
 $
 ( 14)

 Current period (provision)/benefit for expected credit losses

 ( 24)

 Write-offs charged against the allowance
 —

 Recoveries of amounts previously written off
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 ( 4)
 ( 1)

 $
 ( 66)
 $
 ( 50)
 $
 ( 15)

 Transfers of Financial Assets
 We account for transfers of financial assets, such as uncommitted revolving non-recourse accounts receivable factoring arrangements, when we have surrendered control over the related assets. We use receivable factoring arrangements periodically when circumstances are favorable to manage liquidity. We have nonrecourse factoring arrangements in which we sell eligible trade receivables primarily to financial institutions in exchange for cash. We may continue to collect the receivables sold, acting solely as a collecting agent on behalf of the financial institutions. The outstanding principal amount of receivables under these arrangements amounted to $ 262 million as of December 31, 2023, $ 516 million as of December 31, 2022 and $ 761 million as of December 31, 2021. The incremental costs of factoring receivables under these arrangements were not material for all periods presented. The proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

 Inventories
 We record our inventory using the average cost method and record inventory reserves for excess and obsolete inventory.

 Long-Lived Assets
 Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost and depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets with the expense recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses depending on the nature of the long-lived assets. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods ranging from 3 to 20 years and buildings and building improvements over periods up to 40 years.

 We review long-lived assets, including definite-life intangible assets, for realizability on an ongoing basis. Changes in depreciation, generally accelerated depreciation, are determined and recorded when estimates of the remaining useful lives or residual values of long-term assets change. We amortize definite-life intangible assets over their estimated useful lives and evaluate them for impairment as we do other long-lived assets. We review for impairment

 when conditions exist that indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. In those circumstances, we perform undiscounted operating cash flow analyses for asset groups at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable to determine if an impairment exists. Any impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the asset's carrying value over its estimated fair value. Fair value is estimated based on the discounted cash flows for the asset group over the remaining useful life or based on the expected cash proceeds for the asset less costs of disposal.

 Leases
 We determine whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. For short-term operating leases with terms of 12 months or less, we do not recognize right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities. ROU assets are recognized at commencement date at the value of the lease liability, adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received and initial direct costs incurred. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. The non-recurring fair value measurement is classified as Level 3 as no fair value inputs are observable. As the implicit interest rate in the lease is not readily determinable, we use our country-specific incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease liabilities.

 Our leases may include options to extend or terminate the lease, which are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Many of our leases contain non-lease components (e.g., product costs, common-area or other maintenance costs) that relate to the lease components of the agreement. We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

 Amortization of ROU lease assets is calculated over the lease term with the expense recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses depending on the nature of the leased item. Interest expense is recorded over the lease term and is recorded in interest expense (based on a front-loaded interest expense pattern) for finance leases and is recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses for operating leases. Variable lease payments, which are primarily comprised of product costs, insurance and tax payments based on usage or output, are recognized when the expense is incurred. Finance lease ROU assets are presented in property, plant and equipment and the related finance lease liabilities are presented in the current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt.

 Software Costs
 We capitalize certain computer software and software development costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use. Capitalized software costs are included in property, plant and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software, which do not exceed seven years.

 Goodwill and Indefinite-Life Intangible Assets
 We test goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on July 1. We assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. Annually, we may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit's estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit's fair value using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit's net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.

 Annually, we assess indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of these intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. During our annual testing, we use several accepted valuation methods, including relief from royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand's global fair value. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value.

 Held for Sale
 Assets and liabilities to be disposed of by sale ("disposal groups") are reclassified into assets and liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets. The reclassification occurs when all the held for sale criteria have been met, including when management having the requisite authority have committed to a plan to sell the assets within one year. Disposal groups are measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and are not depreciated or amortized. The fair value of a disposal group, less any costs to sell, is assessed each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and any remeasurement to the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell is reported as an adjustment to the carrying value.

 Business Combinations
 The assets acquired and liabilities assumed upon the acquisition or consolidation of a business are recorded at fair value, with the residual of the purchase price allocated to goodwill. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. The results of operations of an acquired business are included in our operating results from the date of acquisition.

 Further, certain of our acquisitions may include earn-out provisions or other forms of contingent consideration. As of the acquisition date, we record contingent consideration, as applicable, at the estimated fair value of expected future payments associated with the earn-out. Any changes to the recorded fair value of contingent consideration will be recognized as expenses or earnings in the period in which they occur.

 Legal costs, due diligence costs, business valuation costs and all other business acquisition costs are expensed when incurred.

 Equity Method Investments
 Equity method investments consist of our investments in entities in which we maintain an equity ownership interest and apply the equity method of accounting due to our ability to exert significant influence over decisions relating to their operating and financial affairs. Revenue and expenses of our equity method investees are not consolidated into our financial statements; rather, our proportionate share of the earnings of each investee is reflected as equity method investment net earnings. The carrying values of our equity method investments are also impacted by our proportionate share of items impacting the investee's accumulated other comprehensive income or losses and other items, such as our share of investee dividends.

 Insurance and Self-Insurance
 We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including workers' compensation, general liability, automobile liability, product liability and our obligation for employee healthcare benefits. We estimate the liabilities associated with these risks on an undiscounted basis by evaluating and making judgments about historical claims experience and other actuarial assumptions and the estimated impact on future results.

 Revenue Recognition
 We recognize revenue when control over the products transfers to our customers, which generally occurs upon delivery or shipment of the products. We account for product shipping, handling and insurance as fulfillment activities with revenues for these activities recorded within net revenue and costs recorded within cost of sales. Any taxes collected on behalf of government authorities are excluded from net revenues.

 Revenues are recorded net of trade and sales incentives and estimated product returns. Known or expected pricing or revenue adjustments, such as trade discounts, rebates or returns, are estimated at the time of sale. We base these estimates of expected amounts principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. Estimates that affect revenue, such as trade incentives and product returns, are monitored and adjusted each period until the incentives or product returns are realized.

 Key sales terms, such as pricing and quantities ordered, are established on a frequent basis such that most customer arrangements and related incentives have a one year or shorter duration. As such, we do not capitalize contract inception costs and we capitalize product fulfillment costs. Deferred revenues are not material and primarily include customer advance payments typically collected a few days before product delivery, at which time deferred revenues are reclassified and recorded as net revenues. We generally do not receive non-cash consideration for the sale of goods nor do we grant payment financing terms greater than one year.

 Marketing, Advertising and Research and Development
 We promote our products with marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, cooperative advertising, in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. For interim reporting purposes, advertising, consumer promotion and marketing research expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on our year-end consolidated balance sheets and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred. Advertising expense was $ 2,057 million in 2023, $ 1,670 million in 2022 and $ 1,564 million in 2021. We expense product research and development costs as incurred. Research and development expense was $ 380 million in 2023, $ 346 million in 2022 and $ 347 million in 2021. We record marketing and advertising as well as research and development expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses.

 Stock-based Compensation
 We maintain a share-based compensation plan, which authorizes the granting of various equity-based incentives, including stock options (including stock appreciation rights), deferred stock units (DSUs) and performance share units (PSUs). Stock compensation expense is amortized to expense over the vesting period, generally three years.

 Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our Common Stock on the grant date. Substantially all of the options become exercisable in three annual installments beginning a year from the grant date and generally expire 10 years from the grant date. We use the Black-Scholes Model to measure the fair value of stock options granted to employees. The expected life of the options represents the period of time the options are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical trends. Expected stock price volatility is based on the implied and historical volatility of the Company's stock. The expected dividend yield is based on the Company's most recent annual dividend rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant with a term equal to the expected life.

 DSUs are typically granted to selected management employees on an annual basis and vest over three years. Dividend equivalents are paid during the vesting period. The fair value of our DSUs and other stock-based awards is measured at the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date.

 PSUs vest based on varying performance, market and service conditions. Dividend equivalents accumulated over the vesting period are paid after vesting. The grant date fair value of PSUs is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based component and the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The final award may equal 0 - 200 percent of the target grant, based on the achievement of the performance and market-based components.

 Forfeitures are estimated on the grant date for all of our stock-based compensation awards.

 Employee Benefit Plans
 We provide a range of benefits to our current and retired employees including pension benefits, defined contribution plan benefits, postretirement health care benefits and postemployment primarily severance-related benefits depending upon local statutory requirements, employee tenure and service requirements as well as other factors. The cost for these plans is recognized in earnings primarily over the working life of the covered employee.

 Financial Instruments
 We use financial instruments to manage our currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program, which focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results. A principal objective of our risk management strategies is to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates.

 When we use derivatives, we are exposed to credit and market risks. We reduce our credit risk by entering into transactions with counterparties with high quality, investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties. We also maintain a policy of requiring that all significant, non-exchange traded derivative contracts with a duration of one year or longer are governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreement. We manage derivative market risk by limiting the types of derivative instruments, derivative strategies we use and the degree of market risk that we plan to hedge through the use of derivative instruments.

 We record derivative financial instruments on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our instruments are recorded within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

 Mark-to-market gains or losses related to our economic hedges are separately presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows within operating activities. Cash flows related to the settlement of derivative instruments designated as hedges of net investments in non-U.S. operations are classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows within investing activities. Cash flows related to derivative instruments that are designated or settled economic hedges are classified in the same line item as the cash flows of the related hedged item. Cash flows related to the settlement of all other free-standing derivative instruments are classified within investing activities.

 Commodity derivatives. We are exposed to price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that we primarily use as raw materials. We enter into commodity forward, futures and option contracts. Commodity forward contracts generally are not subject to the accounting requirements for derivative instruments and hedging activities under the normal purchases exception. We sell commodity futures to hedge future purchase commitments. We occasionally use related futures to cross-hedge a commodity exposure. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes. Any mark-to-market gains or losses are recorded in earnings (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).

 Currency exchange derivatives. We enter into currency exchange forward contracts, futures, options and swaps to mitigate our exposure to changes in exchange rates from third-party and intercompany current and forecasted transactions. Any mark-to-market gains or losses are recorded in earnings (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).

 Interest rate cash flow hedges. We manage interest rate volatility by modifying the pricing or maturity characteristics of certain liabilities so that the net impact on expense is not, on a material basis, adversely affected by movements in interest rates. We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps that have indices related to the pricing of specific liabilities as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. We use cross-currency interest rate swaps to hedge interest payments on newly issued debt denominated in a different currency than the functional currency of the borrowing entity. Substantially all of these derivative instruments are highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as a cash flow hedge, to the extent the hedge is effective, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of deferred taxes, and reclassified to earnings when the hedged item affects earnings (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).

 Hedges of net investments in non-U.S. operations. We have numerous investments outside the United States. The net assets of these subsidiaries are exposed to changes and volatility in currency exchange rates. We use local currency denominated debt to hedge our non-U.S. net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. We may designate non-U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings in the U.S. as a net investment hedge of a portion of our overall non-U.S. operations. The gains and losses on our net investment in these designated non-U.S. operations are economically offset by losses and gains designated dollar-denominated borrowings. The revaluation of designated borrowings, net of deferred taxes, is recorded within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).

 We use derivatives instruments to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. These instruments may include cross-currency interest rate swaps, forwards and options. The after-tax gain/(loss) on these net investment hedge contracts, net of deferred taxes, is recorded within cumulative translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) (see Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).

 Income Taxes
 Our provision for income taxes includes amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effects of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of our assets and liabilities, operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which those differences are expected to reverse.

 The realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a

 valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider any carryback potential, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (including liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits), future taxable income and tax planning strategies.

 We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. Future changes related to the expected resolution of uncertain tax positions could affect tax expense in the period when the change occurs.

 We monitor for changes in tax laws and reflect the impacts of tax law changes in the period of enactment. When there is refinement to tax law changes in subsequent periods, we account for the new guidance in the period when it becomes known.

 Supply Chain Financing
 As part of our continued efforts to improve our working capital efficiency, we have worked with our suppliers over the past several years to optimize our terms and conditions, which include the extension of payment terms. Our current payment terms with a majority of our suppliers are from 30 to 180 days, which we deem to be commercially reasonable. We also facilitate voluntary supply chain financing ("SCF") programs through several participating financial institutions. Under these programs, our suppliers, at their sole discretion, determine invoices that they want to sell to participating financial institutions. Our suppliers' voluntary inclusion of invoices in SCF programs has no bearing on our payment terms or amounts due. Our responsibility is limited to making payments based upon the agreed-upon contractual terms. No guarantees are provided by the Company or any of our subsidiaries under the SCF programs and we have no economic interest in the suppliers' decision to participate in the SCF programs. Amounts due to our suppliers that elected to participate in the SCF program are included in accounts payable in our consolidated balance sheets. We have confirmed with participating financial institutions that as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, $ 2.4 billion and $ 2.4 billion, respectively, of our accounts payable to suppliers that participate in the SCF programs are outstanding.

 New Accounting Pronouncements
 In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") which requires companies to recognize and measure customer contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination as if the acquiring company originated the related revenue contracts. Prior to adopting this ASU, acquired contract assets and liabilities were measured at fair value. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2023 and it did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 In September 2022, the FASB issued an ASU which enhances the transparency of supplier finance programs by requiring additional disclosure about the key terms of these programs and a roll-forward of the related obligations to understand the effects of these programs on working capital, liquidity and cash flows. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the roll-forward requirement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted, with the exception of the roll-forward requirement, this standard in the first quarter of 2023 and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued an ASU which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements and related segment disclosures.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued an ASU which enhances the transparency of income tax disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 Note 2. Acquisitions and Divestitures

 Ricolino
On November 1, 2022, we acquired 100 % of the equity of Grupo Bimbo's confectionery business, Ricolino, located primarily in Mexico. The acquisition of Ricolino builds on our continued prioritization of fast-growing snacking segments in key geographies. The cash consideration paid for Ricolino totaled $ 26 billion Mexican pesos ($ 1.3 billion), net of cash received.

 We have completed the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and have recorded a purchase price allocation of:

 Cash
 $

 Receivables

 Inventory

 Property, plant and equipment

 Operating leases right-of-use assets

 Definite-life intangible assets

 Indefinite-life intangible assets

 Other assets

 Assets acquired
 1,624

 Current liabilities

 Deferred tax liability

 Operating lease liabilities

 Other liabilities

 Total purchase price
 1,330

 less: cash received

 ( 22)

 Net Cash Paid
 $
 1,308

 Within identifiable intangible assets, we allocated $ 339 million to trade names, which have an indefinite life. The fair value for the Ricolino, Dulces Vero, LaCorona and Coronado trade names were determined using the relief from royalty method, a form of the income approach, at the acquisition date. The fair value measurement of indefinite-life intangible assets are based on significant unobservable inputs, and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Significant assumptions used in assessing the fair values of intangible assets include estimates of future sales, discount and royalty rates.

 Goodwill was determined as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired and arises principally as a result of expansion opportunities and synergies across both new and legacy product categories in Mexico. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. All of the goodwill was assigned to the Latin American operating segment.

 We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 50 million in 2023. We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 11 million and an inventory step-up charge of $ 5 million in 2022. In 2022, we recorded several items within acquisition-related costs that resulted in income of $ 64 million as realized gains related to hedging contracts associated with acquisition funds more than offset other acquisition transaction costs.

 Clif Bar
 On August 1, 2022, we acquired 100 % of the equity of Clif Bar & Company ("Clif Bar"), a leading U.S. maker of nutritious energy bars with organic ingredients. The acquisition expands our global snack bar business and complements our refrigerated snacking and performance nutrition bar portfolios. The total cash payment of $ 2.9 billion includes purchase price consideration of $ 2.6 billion, net of cash received, and one-time compensation expense of $ 0.3 billion related to the buyout of the non-vested employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") shares. This compensation expense is considered an acquisition-related cost. The acquisition of Clif Bar includes a contingent consideration arrangement that may require us to pay additional consideration to the sellers for achieving certain revenue and earnings targets in 2025 and 2026 that exceed our base financial projections for the business implied in the upfront purchase price. The possible payments range from zero to a maximum total of $ 2.4 billion, with higher payouts requiring the achievement of targets that generate rates of returns in excess of the base financial projections. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation at the acquisition date was $ 440 million determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. Significant assumptions used in assessing the fair value of the liability include financial projections for net revenue, gross profit, and earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), as well as discount and volatility rates.

 We have completed the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and have recorded a purchase price allocation of:

 Cash
 $

 Receivables

 Inventory

 Property, plant and equipment

 Operating leases right-of-use assets

 Deferred tax assets

 Definite-life intangible assets

 Indefinite-life intangible assets

 1,450

 Other assets

 Assets acquired
 3,271

 Current liabilities

 Contingent consideration

 Other liabilities

 Total purchase price
 2,657

 less: cash received

 ( 99)

 Net Cash Paid
 $
 2,558

 Within identifiable intangible assets, we allocated $ 1,450 million to trade names, which have an indefinite life. The fair value for the Clif and Luna trade names were determined using the relief from royalty method, a form of the income approach, at the acquisition date. The fair value measurement of indefinite-life intangible assets are based on significant unobservable inputs, and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Significant assumptions used in assessing the fair values of intangible assets include estimates of future sales, discount and royalty rates. We expect to generate a meaningful cash tax benefit over time from the amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.

 Goodwill was determined as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired and arises principally as a result of expansion opportunities and synergies across the U.S. and other key markets. All of the goodwill was assigned to the North America operating segment. Tax deductible goodwill is estimated to be $ 1.4 billion and is being amortized.

 We incurred acquisition integration costs and contingent consideration adjustments of $ 164 million in 2023 and $ 30 million in 2022. These costs include an increase to the contingent consideration liability due to changes to underlying assumptions. Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments for additional information. We also incurred

 acquisition-related costs of $ 296 million and an inventory step-up charge of $ 20 million in 2022. The acquisition-related costs are primarily related to the buyout of the non-vested ESOP shares.

 Chipita
 On January 3, 2022, we acquired 100 % of the equity of Chipita Global S.A. ("Chipita"), a leading croissants and baked snacks company in the Central and Eastern European markets. The acquisition of Chipita offers a strategic complement to our existing portfolio and advances our strategy to become the global leader in broader snacking. The cash consideration paid for Chipita totaled 1.2 billion ($ 1.4 billion), net of cash received, plus the assumption of Chipita's debt of 0.4 billion ($ 0.4 billion) for a total purchase price of 1.7 billion ($ 1.8 billion).

 We have completed the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and have recorded a purchase price allocation of:

 Cash
 $

 Receivables

 Inventory

 Property, plant and equipment

 Finance leases right-of-use assets

 Definite-life intangible assets

 Indefinite-life intangible assets

 Other assets

 Assets acquired
 2,210

 Current liabilities

 Deferred tax liability

 Finance lease liabilities

 Other liabilities

 Total purchase price
 1,890

 Less: long-term debt
 ( 436)

 less: cash received

 ( 52)

 Net Cash Paid
 $
 1,402

 Within identifiable intangible assets, we allocated $ 686 million to trade name, which have an indefinite life. The fair value for the 7 Days trade name, which is the primary asset acquired, was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach at the acquisition date. The fair value measurements of indefinite-life intangible assets are based on significant unobservable inputs, and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Significant assumptions used in assessing the fair values of intangible assets include forecasted future cash flows and discount rates.

 Goodwill was determined as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired and arises principally as a result of expansion opportunities and synergies across both new and legacy product categories. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. All of the goodwill was assigned to the Europe operating segment.

 We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 17 million in 2023. We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 90 million in 2022 and $ 17 million in 2021. We incurred acquisition-related costs of $ 22 million in 2022 and $ 6 million in 2021.

 Other Acquisitions
 On April 1, 2021, we acquired Gourmet Food, a leading Australian food company in the premium biscuit and cracker category, for closing cash consideration of approximately $ 450 million Australian dollars ($ 343 million), net of cash received. We have recorded a purchase price allocation of $ 41 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $ 80 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $ 164 million to goodwill, $ 19 million to property, plant and equipment, $ 18 million to inventory, $ 25 million to accounts receivable, $ 12 million to other assets, $ 5 million to operating right-of-use assets, $ 3 million to other current assets, $ 19 million to current liabilities and $ 5 million to long-term operating lease liabilities. In 2022, through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition, Gourmet Food added incremental net revenues of $ 14 million, and operating income of $ 1 million. We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 3 million in 2023. We incurred acquisition integration costs of $ 1 million in 2022. We incurred acquisition-related costs of $ 7 million in 2021.

 On March 25, 2021, we acquired a majority interest in Lion/Gemstone Topco Ltd ("Grenade"), a performance nutrition leader in the United Kingdom, for closing cash consideration of 188 million ($ 261 million), net of cash received. The acquisition of Grenade expands our position into the premium nutrition market. We have recorded a purchase price allocation of $ 82 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $ 28 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $ 181 million to goodwill, $ 1 million to property, plant and equipment, $ 11 million to inventory, $ 18 million to accounts receivable, $ 25 million to current liabilities, $ 20 million to deferred tax liabilities and $ 15 million to long-term other liabilities. In 2022, through the one-year anniversary of the acquisition, Grenade added incremental net revenues of $ 21 million, and operating income of $ 2 million. We incurred acquisition-related costs of $ 2 million in 2021.

 On January 4, 2021, we acquired the remaining 93 % of equity of Hu Master Holdings ("Hu"), a category leader in premium chocolate in the United States, which provides a strategic complement to our snacking portfolio in North America through growth opportunities in chocolate and other offerings in the well-being category. The initial cash consideration paid was $ 229 million, net of cash received, and we may be required to pay additional contingent consideration. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation at the acquisition date was $ 132 million and was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation based on forecasted future results. During 2021, based on latest estimates, we recorded a $ 70 million reduction to the liability as recent economic and market conditions related to COVID-19 and supply chain challenges in the U.S. impacted the pace of growth. During 2022, we recorded an additional $ 7 million reduction to the liability due to further changes to forecasted future results. During 2023, we recorded an additional $ 8 million reduction to the liability due to the final settlement and payment of the contingent consideration. Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments for additional information. As a result of acquiring the remaining equity interest, we consolidated the operations prospectively from the date of acquisition and recorded a pre-tax gain of $ 9 million ($ 7 million after-tax) related to stepping up our previously-held $ 8 million ( 7 %) investment to fair value. We have recorded a purchase price allocation of $ 123 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $ 51 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $ 202 million to goodwill, $ 1 million to property, plant and equipment, $ 2 million to inventory, $ 4 million to accounts receivable, $ 5 million to current liabilities and $ 132 million to long-term other liabilities. We incurred acquisition-related costs of $ 9 million in 2021.

 Developed Market Gum
 On October 1, 2023, we completed the sale of our developed market gum business in the United States, Canada and Europe to Perfetti Van Melle Group, excluding the Portugal business which we retained pending regulatory approval. After obtaining the regulatory approval, we completed the sale of the Portugal business to Perfetti Van Melle Group on October 23, 2023. We received cash proceeds of $ 1.4 billion. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $ 108 million on the sale. We recorded divestiture-related costs of $ 83 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $ 15 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 This disposal group met the held for sale criteria as of December 31, 2022 and was included as part of the North America and Europe operating segments.

 Total assets and liabilities held for sale were comprised of the following:

 Assets held for sale

 Inventories, net
 $

 Current assets held for sale (1)

 Property, plant and equipment, net

 Intangible assets, net

 Noncurrent assets held for sale (2)

 1,122

 Total assets held for sale
 $
 1,201

 Liabilities held for sale

 Accrued employment costs
 $

 Current liabilities held for sale (3)

 Deferred income taxes

 Noncurrent liabilities held for sale (4)

 Total liabilities held for sale
 $

 (1) Reported in Other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
 (2) Reported in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
 (3) Reported in Other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 (4) Reported in Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 MaxFoods
 On November 1, 2021, we completed the sale of MaxFoods Pty Ltd, an Australian packaged seafood business that we had acquired as part of our acquisition of Gourmet Food Holdings Pty Ltd ("Gourmet Food"). The sales price was $ 57 million Australian dollars ($ 41 million), net of cash divested with the business, and we recorded an immaterial loss on the transaction. The packaged seafood business added incremental net revenues of $ 35 million in 2021 and operating income of $ 5 million during 2021.

 Neither of these dispositions were considered a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations or financial results; therefore, the results of each disposed business were not classified as discontinued operations.

 Note 3. Inventories

 Inventories consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Raw materials
 $
 $
 1,031

 Finished product
 2,790
 2,501

 3,763
 3,532

 Inventory reserves
 ( 148)
 ( 151)

 Inventories, net
 $
 3,615
 $
 3,381

 Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment

 Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Land and land improvements
 $
 $

 Buildings and building improvements
 3,452
 3,250

 Machinery and equipment
 12,736
 11,724

 Construction in progress
 1,118

 17,690
 16,231

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 7,996)
 ( 7,211)

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 9,694
 $
 9,020

 Capital expenditures as presented on the statement of cash flow were approximately $ 1.1 billion, $ 0.9 billion and $ 1.0 billion for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and excluded $ 471 million, $ 324 million and $ 249 million, respectively, for accrued capital expenditures not yet paid.

 In connection with our restructuring program, we recorded non-cash property, plant and equipment write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) and losses/(gains) on disposal within asset impairment and exit costs on the consolidated statements of earnings and within the segment results as follows (refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 —
 $
 ( 3)
 $

 AMEA
 ( 1)
 ( 15)

 ( 1)

 Corporate
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 Note 5. Leases

 We have operating and finance leases for manufacturing and distribution facilities, vehicles, equipment and office space. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 16 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 6 years.

 The components of lease costs were as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating lease cost
 $
 $
 $

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of ROU assets

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Short-term lease cost

 Variable lease cost

 Sublease income
 ( 4)
 ( 4)
 ( 6)

 Total lease cost
 $
 1,142
 $
 $

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of
 lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 ( 222)
 $
 ( 212)
 $
 ( 229)

 Operating cash flows from finance leases
 ( 15)
 ( 8)
 ( 8)

 Financing cash flows from finance leases
 ( 125)
 ( 95)
 ( 88)

 ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:

 Operating leases
 $
 $
 $

 Finance leases

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Operating Leases

 Operating lease ROU assets, net of amortization

 $
 $

 Other current liabilities
 $
 $

 Long-term operating lease liabilities

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 $

 Finance Leases

 Finance leases, net of amortization (within property, plant and equipment)
 $
 $

 Current portion of long-term debt
 $
 $

 Long-term debt

 Total finance lease liabilities
 $
 $

 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term

 Operating leases
 6.4 years
 7.0 years

 Finance leases
 3.6 years
 4.1 years

 Weighted Average Discount Rate

 Operating leases
 5.1
 %
 4.2
 %

 Finance leases
 5.0
 %
 4.0
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 Year Ending December 31:

 2024
 $
 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Total future undiscounted lease payments
 $
 $

 less: imputed interest

 ( 133)
 ( 33)

 Total reported lease liability
 $
 $

 Note 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

 Changes in goodwill consisted of (in millions):

 AMEA
 Total

 January 1, 2022
 $
 $
 3,365
 $
 7,830
 $
 10,109
 $
 21,978

 ( 233)
 ( 550)
 ( 15)
 ( 757)

 Acquisitions (1)

 —
 1,020
 2,529

 Held for Sale (2)

 —
 —
 ( 66)
 ( 226)
 ( 292)

 ( 8)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 8)

 $
 1,421
 $
 3,132
 $
 8,009
 $
 10,888
 $
 23,450

 ( 67)

 Acquisitions (1) (3)

 —
 —
 ( 33)
 ( 27)

 $
 1,607
 $
 3,065
 $
 8,350
 $
 10,874
 $
 23,896

 (1) Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for more information.
 (2) During the fourth quarter of 2022, we agreed to sell our gum business in North America and Europe. As a result, we reclassified $ 292 million of goodwill to held for sale as of December 31, 2022. On October 1, 2023, we completed the sale of our gum business including the related goodwill. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for more information.
 (3) Relates to purchase price allocation adjustments for Ricolino and Clif Bar during 2023.

 Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions):

 Gross carrying amount
 Accumulated amortization
 Net carrying amount
 Gross carrying amount
 Accumulated amortization
 Net carrying amount

 Definite-life intangible assets (1)

 $
 3,322
 $
 ( 2,155)
 $
 1,167
 $
 3,354
 $
 ( 2,057)
 $
 1,297

 Indefinite-life intangible assets (1) (2)

 18,669
 —
 18,669
 18,413
 —
 18,413

 Total
 $
 21,991
 $
 ( 2,155)
 $
 19,836
 $
 21,767
 $
 ( 2,057)
 $
 19,710

 (1) During the fourth quarter of 2022, we agreed to sell our gum business in North America and Europe. As a result, we reclassified $ 671 million of intangible assets to held for sale as of December 31, 2022. On October 1, 2023, we completed the sale of our gum business including these intangibles. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for more information.
 (2) We recorded intangible asset impairments of $ 26 million in 2023 and $ 101 million in 2022 within asset impairment and exit costs.

 Definite-life intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses and non-compete agreements. Indefinite-life intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the global LU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A., Cadbury Limited and Clif Bar.

 Amortization expense for intangible assets was $ 151 million in 2023, $ 132 million in 2022 and $ 134 million in 2021. For the next five years, we estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $ 125 million in 2024-2026, approximately $ 90 million in 2027 and in 2028 (reflecting December 31, 2023 exchange rates).

 In 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no goodwill impairments and each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of its carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.

 In 2023, we recorded $ 26 million of intangible asset impairment charges related to a chocolate brand in North America and a biscuit brand in Europe. We identified thirteen brands, as part of our annual test, that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. The aggregate value of the thirteen brands was $ 3.7 billion as of December 31, 2023, of which $ 1.8 billion is related to five recently acquired brands. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to not be impaired, but if the plans to grow brand earnings and expand margin

 are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future.

 In 2022, we recorded $ 101 million of intangible asset impairment charges related to two biscuit brands in AMEA. In 2021, we recorded a $ 32 million of intangible asset impairment charge related to one biscuit brand in North America.

 Note 7. Investments

 Marketable Securities
 During the first quarter of 2023, our ownership in Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (Nasdaq: "KDP") fell to below 5 % of the outstanding shares, resulting in a change of accounting for our KDP investment, from equity method investment accounting to accounting for equity interests with readily determinable fair values ("marketable securities") as we no longer retained significant influence. Marketable securities are measured at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1).

 Subsequently in 2023, we sold the remainder of our shares of KDP and exited our investment in the company. In total during 2023, we sold approximately 76 million shares and received proceeds of $ 2.4 billion. Prior to the change of accounting for our KDP investment, we recorded a pre-tax gain on equity method transactions of $ 493 million ($ 368 million after-tax) during 2023.

 In 2021, we sold approximately 43 million shares of KDP, which reduced our ownership interest by 3.0 percentage points to 5.3 % of the total outstanding shares. We received $ 1.5 billion of proceeds and recorded a pre-tax gain on equity method transactions of $ 768 million (or $ 581 million after-tax) during 2021.

 Pre-tax gains for marketable securities are summarized below:

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Gain on marketable securities sold during the period

 $

 Dividend income and other

 Total gain on marketable securities
 $

 In the table above, gain on marketable securities sold during the period reflects the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the equity securities at the date of the change of accounting for our investment in KDP.

 Equity Method Investments
 Our equity method investments include, but are not limited to, our ownership interests in JDE Peet's (Euronext Amsterdam: "JDEP"), Dong Suh Foods Corporation and Dong Suh Oil & Fats Co. Ltd. Our ownership interests may change over time due to investee stock-based compensation arrangements, share issuances or other equity-related transactions. As of December 31, 2023, we owned 17.7 %, 50.0 % and 49.0 %, respectively, of these companies' outstanding shares.

 Our investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting totaled $ 3.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and $ 4.9 billion as of December 31, 2022. The investment balance as of December 31, 2022 is inclusive of our prior investment in KDP. We recorded equity earnings and cash dividends of $ 160 million and $ 137 million in 2023, equity earnings and cash dividends of $ 385 million and $ 184 million in 2022 and equity earnings and cash dividends of $ 393 million and $ 172 million in 2021.

 Based on the quoted closing price as of December 31, 2023, the fair value of our publicly-traded investment in JDEP was $ 2.3 billion, and there was no other than temporary impairment identified.

 JDEP Transactions
 In 2023, we sold approximately 9.9 million shares of JDEP, which reduced our ownership interest by 2.0 percentage points, from 19.7 % to 17.7 %. We received cash proceeds of 255 million ($ 279 million) and recorded a loss of 21 million ($ 23 million). We continue to have board representation with two directors on JDEP's Board of Directors

 and have retained certain additional governance rights. As we continue to have significant influence, we continue to account for our investment in JDEP under the equity method.

 In 2022, we sold approximately 18.6 million of our JDEP shares back to JDEP, which reduced our ownership interest by approximately 3.0 percentage points. We received cash proceeds of 500 million ($ 529 million) and recorded a loss of 8 million ($ 8 million) on this sale during 2022.

 In 2021, we issued 300 million exchangeable bonds, which are redeemable at maturity in September 2024 at their principal amount in cash or, at our option, through the delivery of an equivalent number of JDE Peet's ordinary shares based on an initial exchange price of 35.40 and, as the case may be, an additional amount in cash. If all bonds were redeemed in exchange for JDEP's shares, this would represent approximately 8.5 million shares or approximately 10 % of our equity interest in JDEP as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, for further details on this transaction.

 Summary Financial Information for Equity Method Investments
 Summarized financial information related to our equity method investments is reflected below.

 2023
 2022

 Current assets
 $
 4,084
 $
 8,740

 Noncurrent assets
 23,962
 71,375

 Total assets
 28,046
 80,115

 Current liabilities
 4,963
 12,711

 Noncurrent liabilities
 7,512
 26,671

 Total liabilities
 12,475
 39,382

 Equity attributable to shareowners of investees
 15,496
 40,596

 Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests

 Total net equity of investees
 $
 15,571
 $
 40,733

 Mondel z International ownership interests
 18 - 50 %

 5 - 50 %

 Equity method investments (1)

 $
 3,242
 $
 4,879

 2023 (2)

 2022
 2021

 $
 14,487
 $
 23,518
 $
 22,149

 Gross profit
 5,650
 10,738
 10,804

 Income from continuing operations
 2,984
 2,614

 Net income
 2,984
 2,614

 Net income attributable to investees
 $
 $
 2,990
 $
 2,618

 Mondel z International ownership interests
 5 - 50 %

 5 - 50 %

 8 - 50 %

 Equity method investment net earnings
 $
 $
 $

 (1) Includes a basis difference of approximately $ 373 million as of December 31, 2023 and $ 419 million as of December 31, 2022 between the U.S. GAAP accounting basis for our equity method investments and the U.S. GAAP accounting basis of our investees' equity.
 (2) The 2023 summarized earnings information is inclusive of KDP only for the period in which we accounted for this investment under the equity method.

 Note 8. Restructuring Program

 On May 6, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a $ 3.5 billion 2014-2018 restructuring program and up to $ 2.2 billion of capital expenditures. On August 31, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a $ 600 million reallocation between restructuring program cash costs and capital expenditures so the $ 5.7 billion program consisted of approximately $ 4.1 billion of restructuring program costs ($ 3.1 billion cash costs and $ 1.0 billion non-cash costs) and up to $ 1.6 billion of capital expenditures. On September 6, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the restructuring program through 2022, an increase of $ 1.3 billion in the program charges and an increase of $ 700 million in capital expenditures. On October 21, 2021, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the restructuring program through 2023, and on July 25, 2023, our Board of Directors approved a further extension of the restructuring program through December 31, 2024. The total $ 7.7 billion program now consists of $ 5.4 billion of program charges ($ 4.1 billion of cash costs and $ 1.3 billion of non-cash costs) and total capital expenditures of $ 2.3 billion to be incurred over the life of the program. The current restructuring program, as increased and extended by these actions, is now called the Simplify to Grow Program.

 The primary objective of the Simplify to Grow Program is to reduce our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs. The program covers severance as well as asset disposals and other manufacturing and procurement-related one-time costs. Since inception, we have incurred total restructuring and related implementation charges of $ 5.3 billion related to the Simplify to Grow Program. We expect to incur the remainder of the program charges by year-end 2024.

 The Simplify to Grow Program liability activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was:

 Severance
and related
costs
 Asset
 Write-downs and Other (1)

 Total

 Liability Balance, January 1, 2022
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Charges (2)

 Cash spent (3)

 ( 69)
 —
 ( 69)

 Non-cash settlements/adjustments (4)

 ( 3)
 ( 5)
 ( 8)

 ( 6)
 —
 ( 6)

 Liability Balance, December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Charges (2)

 Cash spent (3)

 ( 67)
 —
 ( 67)

 Non-cash settlements/adjustments (4)

 —
 ( 17)
 ( 17)

 —

 Liability balance, December 31, 2023 (5)

 $
 $
 —
 $

 (1) Includes gains as a result of assets sold which are included in the restructuring program.
 (2) We recorded restructuring charges of $ 106 million in 2023, $ 36 million in 2022 and $ 154 million in 2021 within asset impairment and exit costs and benefit plan non-service income.
 (3) We spent $ 67 million in 2023 and $ 69 million in 2022 in cash severance and related costs.
 (4) We recognized non-cash asset write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) and other non-cash adjustments, including any gains on sale of restructuring program assets, which totaled a charge of $ 17 million in 2023 and $ 8 million in 2022.
 (5) At December 31, 2023, $ 102 million of our net restructuring liability was recorded within other current liabilities and $ 89 million was recorded within other long-term liabilities.

 Implementation costs are directly attributable to restructuring activities; however, they do not qualify for special accounting treatment as exit or disposal activities. We believe the disclosure of implementation costs provides readers of our financial statements with more information on the total costs of our Simplify to Grow Program. Implementation costs primarily relate to reorganizing our operations and facilities in connection with our supply chain reinvention program and other identified productivity and cost saving initiatives. The costs include incremental expenses related to the closure of facilities, costs to terminate certain contracts and the simplification of our information systems. Within our continuing results of operations, we recorded implementation costs of $ 25 million in

 2023, $ 87 million in 2022 and $ 167 million in 2021. We recorded these costs within cost of sales and general corporate expense within selling, general and administrative expenses.

 Restructuring and Implementation Costs in Operating Income
 During 2023, 2022 and 2021, and since inception of the Simplify to Grow Program, we recorded the following restructuring and implementation costs within segment operating income and earnings before income taxes:

 Latin
 AMEA
 North
 Corporate
 Total

 For the Year Ended
December 31, 2023

 $
 ( 3)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 —

 Total
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 For the Year Ended
December 31, 2022

 $
 ( 6)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 For the Year Ended
December 31, 2021

 $
 $
 ( 17)
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total Project
(Inception to Date)

 $
 $
 $
 1,242
 $
 $
 $
 3,178

 2,100

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 1,823
 $
 1,274
 $
 $
 5,278

 Note 9. Debt and Borrowing Arrangements
 Short-Term Borrowings
 Our short-term borrowings and related weighted-average interest rates consisted of:

 2023
 2022

 Amount
Outstanding
 Weighted-
Average Rate
 Amount
Outstanding
 Weighted-
Average Rate

 Commercial paper
 $
 5.5
 %
 $
 2,209
 4.7
 %

 Bank loans
 17.2
 %
 9.1
 %

 Total short-term borrowings
 $
 $
 2,299

 Our uncommitted credit lines and committed credit lines available as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include:

 2023
 2022

 Facility Amount
 Borrowed Amount
 Facility Amount
 Borrowed Amount

 Uncommitted credit facilities
 $
 1,389
 $
 $
 1,335
 $

 Credit facility expiry:

 February 22, 2023 (1)

 —
 —
 2,500
 —

 March 11, 2023 (1)

 —
 —
 2,000
 —

 February 21, 2024 (1)

 1,500
 —
 —
 —

 July 29, 2025 (1) (2)

 —
 —
 2,000
 2,000

 February 23, 2027 (1)

 4,500
 —
 4,500
 —

 Various (3)

 —
 —

 (1) We maintain a multi-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility for general corporate purposes, including working capital needs, and to support our commercial paper program. The revolving credit agreement includes a covenant that we maintain a minimum shareholders' equity of at least $ 25.0 billion, excluding accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses), the cumulative effects of any changes in accounting principles and earnings/(losses) recognized in connection with the ongoing application of any mark-to-market accounting for pensions and other retirement plans. At December 31, 2023, we complied with this covenant as our shareholders' equity, as defined by the covenant, was $ 39.3 billion. The revolving credit facility also contains customary representations, covenants and events of default. There are no credit rating triggers, provisions or other financial covenants that could require us to post collateral as security.
 (2) On March 31, 2022, we entered into a supplemental term loan credit facility that can be utilized for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. Under this agreement, we may draw up to a total of $ 2.0 billion in term loans from the facility. Amounts borrowed and repaid under the facility may not be reborrowed. On July 29, 2022, we drew down $ 2.0 billion in term loans bearing interest at a variable annual rate based on SOFR plus an applicable margin. We repaid $ 1.0 billion on March 3, 2023, $ 0.3 billion on April 3, 2023 and $ 0.7 billion on May 3, 2023 in term loans.
 (3) On April 18, 2023, and subsequently amended on October 3, 2023, we entered into a credit facility secured by pledged deposits classified as long-term other assets. Draw downs on the facility bear a variable rate based on SOFR plus applicable margin. On April 25, 2023, we drew down $ 0.2 billion due July 26, 2025. On October 5, 2023, we drew down an additional $ 0.09 billion of which $ 0.02 billion is due on July 26, 2025 and $ 0.07 billion is due on August 26, 2028.

 Long-Term Debt
 Our long-term debt consisted of (interest rates are as of December 31, 2023):

 2023 (1)

 2022

 U.S. dollar notes and term loans, 0.750 % to 7.000 % (weighted-average effective rate 3.018 %), due through 2050

 $
 9,562
 $
 11,275

 Euro notes, 0.000 % to 2.375 % (weighted-average effective rate 0.709 %),
 due through 2041

 7,916
 7,666

 Pound sterling notes, 3.875 % to 4.500 % (weighted-average effective rate 4.151 %),
 due through 2045

 Swiss franc notes, 0.615 % to 1.125 % (weighted-average effective rate 0.911 %),
 due through 2025

 Canadian dollar notes, 3.250 % (effective rate 3.377 %),
 due through 2025

 Finance leases and other

 Total
 18,988
 20,634

 less: current portion of long-term debt

 ( 2,101)
 ( 383)

 Long-term debt
 $
 16,887
 $
 20,251

 (1) Amounts are shown net of unamortized premiums, discounts and bank fees of $( 129) million and imputed interest on finance leases of $( 33) million.

 Over the next five years, aggregate principal maturities, including finance leases, of our term loans and long-term debt are (in millions):

 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 Thereafter
 Total

 $ 2,116
 $ 2,252
 $ 1,190
 $ 1,610
 $ 1,371
 $ 10,611
 $ 19,150

 Tender Offers
 During 2023, we did no t complete any tender offers.

 During 2022, we completed a tender offer in cash and redeemed $ 987 million of long-term U.S. dollar-denominated notes for the following amounts (in millions):

 Tender Date
 Amount Repurchased

 3.625 %
 February 2026
 $ 130

 4.125 %
 May 2028
 $ 211

 2.750 %
 April 2030
 $ 500

 6.500 %
 November 2031
 $ 17

 7.000 %
 August 2037
 $ 10

 6.875 %
 February 2038
 $ 21

 6.875 %
 January 2039
 $ 8

 6.500 %
 February 2040
 $ 36

 4.625 %
 May 2048
 $ 54

 We recorded a $ 129 million loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses within interest and other expense, net, consisting of $ 38 million paid in excess of carrying value of the debt and from recognizing unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs in earnings and $ 91 million from recognizing unamortized forward starting swap losses in earnings at the time of the debt extinguishment. The cash payments related to the debt extinguishment were classified as cash outflows from financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

 Debt Redemptions
 During 2023, we did no t complete any debt redemptions.

 During 2022, we completed an early redemption of U.S. dollar denominated notes for the following amounts (in millions):

 Redemption Date
 Amount Redeemed
 USD Equivalent

 0.625 %
 July 2022
 $ 1,000
 $ 1,000

 Debt Repayments
 During 2023, we repaid the following notes (in millions):

 Amount
 USD Equivalent

 1.125 %
 December 2023
 Fr. 265
 $ 306

 During 2022, we repaid the following notes (in millions):

 Amount
 USD Equivalent

 2.125 %
 September 2022 (1)

 $ 500
 $ 500

 0.650 %
 July 2022
 Fr. 150
 $ 156

 Various
 Various (2)

 $ 431

 (1) Repaid by Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. ("MIHN"), a wholly owned Dutch subsidiary of Mondel z International, Inc.
 (2) On January 3, 2022, we closed on our acquisition of Chipita and assumed and entirely paid down 0.4 billion ($ 0.4 billion) of Chipita's debt during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

 Debt Issuances
 During 2023, we did no t complete any debt issuances.

 During 2022, we issued the following notes (in millions):

 Issuance Date
 Gross Proceeds (1)

 Gross Proceeds USD Equivalent

 September 2022 (2)

 4.250 %
 September 2025
 $ 500
 $ 500

 2.125 %
 March 2024
 $ 500
 $ 500

 2.625 %
 March 2027
 $ 750
 $ 750

 3.000 %
 March 2032
 $ 750
 $ 750

 (1) Represents gross proceeds from the issuance of notes excluding debt issuance costs, discounts and premiums.
 (2) Notes issued by Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. ("MIHN"), a wholly owned Dutch subsidiary of Mondel z International, Inc.

 Fair Value of Our Debt
 The fair value of our short-term borrowings reflects current market interest rates and approximates the amounts we have recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our term loans was determined using quoted prices for similar instruments in markets that are not active (Level 2 valuation data) and approximates the amounts we have recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our long-term debt was determined using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 valuation data) for the publicly traded debt obligations.

 2023
 2022

 Fair Value
 $
 17,506
 $
 20,217

 Carrying Value
 $
 19,408
 $
 22,933

 Interest and Other Expense, net
 Interest and other expense, net within our results of continuing operations consisted of:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest expense, debt
 $
 $
 $

 Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses

 Other income, net
 ( 241)
 ( 134)
 ( 55)

 Interest and other expense, net
 $
 $
 $

 Note 10. Financial Instruments

 Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
 Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Asset
Derivatives
 Liability
Derivatives
 Asset
Derivatives
 Liability
Derivatives

 Derivatives designated as
 accounting hedges:

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Net investment hedge derivative contracts (1)

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Derivatives not designated as
 accounting hedges:

 Currency exchange contracts
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Commodity contracts
 1,119

 —
 —

 Equity method investment contracts (2)

 —
 —
 —

 $
 1,314
 $
 1,120
 $
 $

 Total fair value
 $
 1,597
 $
 1,559
 $
 $

 (1) Net investment hedge contracts consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts. We also designate some of our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investments in our non-U.S. operations. This debt is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt discussed in Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Both net investment hedge derivative contracts and non-U.S. dollar denominated debt acting as net investment hedges are also disclosed in the Derivative Volume table and the Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations section appearing later in this footnote.
 (2) Equity method investment contracts consist of the bifurcated embedded derivative option that was a component of the September 20, 2021 300 million exchangeable bonds issuance. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements.

 Derivatives designated as accounting hedges above include cash flow and net investment hedge derivative contracts. Our currency exchange, commodity derivative and equity method investment contracts are economic hedges that are not designated as accounting hedges. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets. We record the fair value of our derivative assets in the amount of $ 1,347 million and $ 377 million within other current assets and $ 250 million and $ 413 million within other assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We record the fair value of our derivative liabilities in the amount of $ 1,209 million and $ 421 million within other current liabilities and $ 350 million and $ 208 million within other liabilities, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The fair values (asset/(liability)) of our derivative instruments were determined using:

 Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
Other Observable

 Currency exchange contracts
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Commodity contracts
 —

 —
 —

 Net investment hedge contracts
 ( 219)
 —
 ( 219)
 —

 Total derivatives
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
Other Observable

 Currency exchange contracts
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Commodity contracts
 ( 47)
 ( 35)
 ( 12)
 —

 —
 —

 Net investment hedge contracts
 —
 —

 Equity method investment contracts
 ( 3)
 —
 ( 3)
 —

 Total derivatives
 $
 $
 ( 35)
 $
 $
 —

 Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges.

 Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of over-the-counter ("OTC") currency exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; net investment hedge contracts; and interest rate swaps. Our currency exchange contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our bifurcated exchange options are valued, as derivative instrument liabilities, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. This model requires assumptions related to the market price of the underlying note and associated credit spread combined with the share of price, expected dividend yield, and expected volatility of the JDE Peet's shares over the life of the option. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. The majority of our derivative contracts do not have a legal right of set-off. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.

 Derivative Volume
 The gross notional values of our derivative instruments were:

 Notional Amount

 2023
 2022

 Currency exchange contracts:

 Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments

 $
 2,860
 $
 2,085

 Forecasted transactions

 5,550
 5,470

 Commodity contracts (1)

 16,631
 7,777

 2,384
 4,147

 Net investment hedges:

 Net investment hedge derivative contracts
 7,456
 7,319

 Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges:

 Euro notes

 3,516
 3,410

 Swiss franc notes

 Canadian dollar notes

 (1) Prior year notional has been revised.

 Cash Flow Hedges
 Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, is recorded within accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses). Refer to Note 15, Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for further information on current period activity.

 Based on current market conditions, we would expect to transfer gains of $ 21 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.

 Cash Flow Hedge Coverage
 As of December 31, 2023, our longest dated cash flow hedges were interest rate swaps that hedge forecasted interest rate payments over the next 2 years, 8 months.

 Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations

 Net investment hedge ("NIH") derivative contracts
 We enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate notional value of these NIH derivative contracts was $ 7.5 billion and their impact on other comprehensive earnings and net earnings during the years presented below were as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 After-tax gain/(loss) on NIH contracts (1)

 $
 ( 185)
 $
 $

 (1) Amounts recorded for unsettled and settled NIH derivative contracts are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment within other comprehensive earnings. The cash flows from the settled contracts are reported within other investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Amounts excluded from the assessment of
 hedge effectiveness (1)

 $
 $
 $

 (1) We elected to record changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in net earnings within interest and other expense, net.

 Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges
 After-tax gains/(losses) related to hedges of net investments in international operations in the form of euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc and Canadian dollar-denominated debt were recorded within the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Euro notes
 $
 ( 81)
 $
 $

 British pound sterling notes
 —

 Swiss franc notes
 ( 41)

 Canadian notes
 ( 8)
 ( 3)

 Economic Hedges
 Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net earnings for economic hedges were:

 Recognized
in Earnings

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Currency exchange contracts:

 Intercompany loans and
 forecasted interest payments
 $
 $
 ( 14)
 $
 Interest and other
expense, net

 Forecasted transactions
 Cost of sales

 Forecasted transactions
 ( 1)
 Interest and other
expense, net

 Forecasted transactions
 —
 ( 1)
 —
 Selling, general
and administrative
expenses

 Commodity contracts
 Cost of sales

 Equity method investment contracts
 —
 Gain on equity method investment contracts

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

 The following is a summary of our contingent consideration liability activity:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Liability at the beginning of the period
 $
 $
 $

 Contingent consideration arising from acquisitions
 —

 Changes in fair value
 ( 41)

 Payments

 ( 90)
 —
 —

 —
 ( 1)
 —

 Liability at the end of the period
 $
 $
 $

 Contingent consideration was recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as follows:

 Total Fair Value of Liability
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
Other Observable

 Clif Bar (1)

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Other (2)

 —
 —

 Total contingent consideration
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Total Fair Value of Liability
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
Other Observable

 Clif Bar (1)

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Other (2)

 —
 —

 Total contingent consideration
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 (1) In connection with the Clif Bar acquisition, we entered into a contingent consideration arrangement that may require us to pay additional consideration to the sellers for achieving certain net revenue, gross profit and EBITDA targets in 2025 and 2026 that exceed our base financial projections for the business implied in the upfront purchase price. The other contingent consideration liabilities are recorded at fair value with $ 548 million and $ 452 million classified as long-term liabilities at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation at the acquisition date was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation and recorded in other liabilities. Significant assumptions used in assessing the fair value of the liability include financial projections for net revenue, gross profit, and EBITDA, as well as discount and volatility rates. Fair value adjustments are primarily recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information.
 (2) The other contingent consideration liabilities are recorded at fair value, with $ 132 million and $ 102 million classified as other current liabilities at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and $ 88 million classified as long-term liabilities at December 31, 2022. The estimated fair value of this contingent consideration was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model based on Level 3 inputs, including management's latest estimate of forecasted future results. Other key assumptions included discount rate and volatility. Fair value adjustments are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. Refer to Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information.

 Note 11. Benefit Plans

 Pension Plans

 Obligations and Funded Status
 The projected benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our pension plans were:

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Projected benefit obligation at January 1
 $
 1,193
 $
 1,729
 $
 6,878
 $
 10,821

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Benefits paid
 ( 45)
 ( 39)
 ( 424)
 ( 461)

 Settlements paid
 ( 63)
 ( 71)
 —
 —

 Actuarial losses/(gains)

 ( 482)
 ( 2,844)

 Divestitures/acquisitions

 —
 —
 ( 6)

 —
 —
 ( 957)

 Other
 —
 —

 Projected benefit obligation at December 31
 1,206
 1,193
 7,404
 6,878

 Fair value of plan assets at January 1
 1,265
 1,826
 7,389
 11,021

 Actual return on plan assets
 ( 455)
 ( 2,388)

 Contributions

 Benefits paid
 ( 45)
 ( 39)
 ( 424)
 ( 461)

 Settlements paid
 ( 63)
 ( 71)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 ( 4)
 —

 —
 —
 ( 992)

 Other
 —
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 2)

 Fair value of plan assets at December 31
 1,277
 1,265
 7,907
 7,389

 Net pension assets at December 31
 $
 $
 $
 $

 The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to the measurement date, for U.S. pension plans was $ 1.2 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The accumulated benefit obligation for non-U.S. pension plans was $ 7.3 billion at December 31, 2023 and $ 6.8 billion at December 31, 2022.

 The actuarial (gain)/loss for all pension plans in 2023 and 2022 was primarily related to a change in the discount rate used to measure the benefit obligations of those plans.

 The combined U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans resulted in a net pension asset of $ 574 million at December 31, 2023 and a net pension asset of $ 583 million at December 31, 2022. We recognized these amounts in our consolidated balance sheets as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Prepaid pension assets
 $
 1,043
 $
 1,016

 Other current liabilities
 ( 32)
 ( 30)

 Accrued pension costs
 ( 437)
 ( 403)

 $
 $

 Certain of our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are underfunded with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. For these plans, the projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets were:

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Accumulated benefit obligation

 Fair value of plan assets

 We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our benefit obligations under the pension plans:

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.22
 %
 5.55
 %
 4.03
 %
 4.51
 %

 Expected rate of return on plan assets
 6.25
 %
 6.25
 %
 5.54
 %
 5.41
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 4.00
 %
 4.00
 %
 3.22
 %
 3.22
 %

 Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian, Eurozone and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations. Year-end discount rates for our remaining non-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. We determine our expected rate of return on plan assets from the plan assets' historical long-term investment performance, current asset allocation and estimates of future long-term returns by asset class.

 For the periods presented, we measure service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along a yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans' liability cash flows. We believe this approach provides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans' liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve.

 Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost
 Net periodic pension cost consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Service cost
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 99)
 ( 79)
 ( 72)
 ( 403)
 ( 353)
 ( 419)

 Amortization:

 Net loss

 —

 Prior service cost/(benefit)
 ( 1)
 ( 2)
 ( 6)

 Curtailment expense/(credit) (1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 17)

 Settlement losses and other expenses

 Net periodic pension (benefit)/cost
 $
 ( 14)
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 ( 4)
 $
 ( 28)
 $
 ( 42)

 (1) During the third quarter of 2021, we terminated our Defined Benefit Pension Scheme in Nigeria. During the second quarter of 2021, we made a decision to freeze our Defined Benefit Pension Scheme in the United Kingdom. As a result, we recognized curtailment credits of ($ 17 million) in 2021 recorded within benefit plan non-service income. In connection with the United Kingdom plan freeze, we also incurred incentive payment charges and other expenses of $ 48 million in 2021 included in operating income.

 For the U.S. plans, we determine the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic (benefit)/cost using a calculated market return value that recognizes the cost over a four-year period. For our non-U.S. plans, we utilize a similar approach with varying cost recognition periods for some plans, and with others, we determine the expected return on plan assets based on asset fair values as of the measurement date.

 We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic pension cost:

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Discount rate
 5.55
 %
 3.01
 %
 2.73
 %
 4.51
 %
 1.74
 %
 1.33
 %

 Expected rate of return
on plan assets
 6.25
 %
 4.50
 %
 4.50
 %
 5.41
 %
 3.44
 %
 3.90
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 4.00
 %
 4.00
 %
 4.00
 %
 3.22
 %
 2.84
 %
 3.16
 %

 Plan Assets
 The fair value of pension plan assets was determined using the following fair value measurements:

 Total Fair
Value
 Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
Other
Observable

 U.S. equity securities
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Pooled funds - equity securities
 —

 Total equity securities
 —

 Government bonds
 2,485
 2,426
 —

 Pooled funds - fixed-income securities
 —

 Corporate bonds and other
 fixed-income securities
 2,366
 1,464

 Total fixed-income securities
 5,690
 3,246
 1,464

 —

 Private equity
 —
 —

 Cash and other

 Total assets in the fair value hierarchy
 $
 7,003
 $
 2,131
 $
 3,336
 $
 1,536

 Investments measured at net asset value
 2,084

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 9,087

 Total Fair
Value
 Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
Other
Observable

 U.S. equity securities
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Non-U.S. equity securities
 —
 —

 Pooled funds - equity securities
 —

 Total equity securities
 —

 Government bonds
 2,495
 2,447
 —

 Pooled funds - fixed-income securities
 —

 Corporate bonds and other
 fixed-income securities
 2,296
 1,540

 Total fixed-income securities
 5,351
 3,166
 1,540

 —

 Private equity
 —
 —

 Cash and other

 Total assets in the fair value hierarchy
 $
 6,646
 $
 1,807
 $
 3,225
 $
 1,614

 Investments measured at net asset value
 1,892

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 8,538

 We excluded plan assets of $ 97 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 117 million at December 31, 2022 from the above tables related to certain insurance contracts as they are reported at contract value, in accordance with authoritative guidance.

 Fair value measurements
 • Level 1 – includes primarily U.S and non-U.S. equity securities and government bonds valued using quoted prices in active markets.
 • Level 2 – includes primarily pooled funds, including assets in real estate pooled funds, valued using net asset values of participation units held in common collective trusts, as reported by the managers of the trusts and as supported by the unit prices of actual purchase and sale transactions. Level 2 plan assets also include corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities, valued using independent observable market inputs, such as matrix pricing, yield curves and indices.
 • Level 3 – includes investments valued using unobservable inputs that reflect the plans' assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets, based on the best information available.
 • Fair value estimates for pooled funds are calculated by the investment advisor when reliable quotations or pricing services are not readily available for certain underlying securities. The estimated value is based on either cost or last sale price for most of the securities valued in this fashion.
 • Fair value estimates for private equity investments are calculated by the general partners using the market approach to estimate the fair value of private investments. The market approach utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions, type of security, degree of liquidity, restrictions on the disposition, latest round of financing data, company financial statements, relevant valuation multiples and discounted cash flow analyses.
 • Fair value estimates for private debt placements are calculated using standardized valuation methods, including but not limited to income-based techniques such as discounted cash flow projections or market-based techniques utilizing public and private transaction multiples as comparables.
 • Fair value estimates for real estate investments are calculated by investment managers using the present value of future cash flows expected to be received from the investments, based on valuation methodologies such as appraisals, local market conditions, and current and projected operating performance.
 • Fair value estimates for fixed-income securities that are buy-in annuity policies are calculated on a replacement policy value basis by discounting the projected cash flows of the plan members using a discount rate based on risk-free rates and adjustments for estimated levels of insurer pricing.
 • Net asset value – primarily includes equity funds, fixed income funds, real estate funds, hedge funds and private equity investments for which net asset values are normally used.

 Changes in our Level 3 plan assets, which are recorded in other comprehensive earnings/(losses), included:

 January 1,
2023
Balance
 Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
 Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
 Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
Impact
2023
Balance

 Corporate bond and other
 fixed-income securities
 $
 1,540
 $
 $
 ( 227)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 1,471

 ( 2)
 —
 —
 ( 6)

 Private equity and other
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)

 Total Level 3 investments
 $
 1,614
 $
 $
 ( 227)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 1,536

 January 1,
2022
Balance
 Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
 Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
 Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
Impact
2022
Balance

 Corporate bond and other
 fixed-income securities
 $
 2,387
 $
 ( 450)
 $
 ( 148)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 249)
 $
 1,540

 ( 1)
 —
 ( 6)

 Private equity and other
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)

 Total Level 3 investments
 $
 2,466
 $
 ( 447)
 $
 ( 149)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 256)
 $
 1,614

 The decrease in Level 3 pension plan investments during 2023 was related to net purchases, issuances and settlements of corporate bonds and other fixed income securities, partially offset by currency impact and net realized and unrealized gains. The decrease in Level 3 pension plan investments during 2022 was related to rising bond yields, benefits paid and currency impact.

 The percentage of fair value of pension plan assets was:

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Equity securities
 15 %
 15 %
 16 %
 16 %

 Fixed-income securities
 85 %
 85 %
 63 %
 63 %

 —
 —
 4 %
 3 %

 Buy-in annuity policies
 —
 —
 16 %
 17 %

 Cash
 —
 —
 1 %
 1 %

 Total
 100 %
 100 %
 100 %
 100 %

 For our U.S. plans, our investment strategy is to reduce our funded status risk in part through appropriate asset allocation within our plan assets. We attempt to maintain our target asset allocation by rebalancing between asset classes as we make monthly benefit payments. The strategy involves using indexed U.S. equity and international equity securities and actively managed U.S. investment grade fixed-income securities (which constitute 95 % or more of fixed-income securities) with smaller allocations to high yield fixed-income securities.

 For our non-U.S. plans, the investment strategy is subject to local regulations and the asset/liability profiles of the plans in each individual country. In aggregate, the asset allocation targets of our non-U.S. plans are broadly characterized as a mix of approximately 14 % equity securities, 53 % fixed-income securities, 29 % buy-in annuity policies and 4 % real estate.

 Employer Contributions
 In 2023, we contributed $ 6 million to our U.S. pension plans and $ 141 million to our non-U.S. pension plans. In addition, employees contributed $ 21 million to our non-U.S. plans. We make contributions to our pension plans in accordance with local funding arrangements and statutory minimum funding requirements. Discretionary contributions are made to the extent that they are tax deductible and do not generate an excise tax liability. In 2024, we estimate that our pension contributions will be $ 4 million to our U.S. plans and $ 128 million to our non-U.S. plans based on current tax laws. Our actual contributions may be different due to many factors, including changes in tax and other benefit laws, significant differences between expected and actual pension asset performance or interest rates.

 Future Benefit Payments
 The estimated future benefit payments from our pension plans at December 31, 2023 were (in millions):

 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 2029-2033

 $ 152
 $ 91
 $ 91
 $ 90
 $ 90
 $ 432

 2,283

 Multiemployer Pension Plans
 In accordance with obligations we have under collective bargaining agreements, we made contributions to multiemployer pension plans for continuing participation and these amounts were not material. Our contributions are based on our contribution rates under our collective bargaining agreements, the number of our eligible employees and fund surcharges.

 On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund totaling $ 491 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. Within interest and other expense, net, we recorded accreted interest of $ 10 million in 2023, and $ 11 million in 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $ 328 million, with $ 15 million recorded in other current liabilities and $ 313 million recorded in long-term other liabilities.

 Other Costs
 We sponsor and contribute to employee defined contribution plans. These plans cover eligible salaried, non-union and union employees. Our contributions and costs are determined by the matching of employee contributions, as defined by the plans. Amounts charged to expense in continuing operations for defined contribution plans totaled $ 66 million in 2023 and 2022 and $ 73 million in 2021.

 Postretirement Benefit Plans

 Obligations
 Our postretirement health care plans are funded in the U.S. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation were:

 2023
 2022

 Accrued benefit obligation at January 1
 $
 $

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Benefits paid
 ( 16)
 ( 15)

 Plan amendments
 ( 22)
 —

 ( 5)

 Actuarial losses/(gains)
 ( 5)
 ( 75)

 Accrued benefit obligation at December 31

 Fair value of plan assets at January 1

 —
 —

 Employer Contributions
 —

 Benefit Payments
 ( 12)
 —

 Actual Return on Assets
 —

 Fair value of plan assets at December 31
 $
 $
 —

 The current portion of our accrued postretirement benefit obligation of $ 11 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 16 million at December 31, 2022 was included in other current liabilities.

 The actuarial (gain) for all postretirement plans in 2023 and 2022 was driven by gains related to assumption changes partially offset by losses related to a change in the discount rate used to measure the benefit obligations of those plans.

 We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our postretirement benefit obligations:

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.20
 %
 5.53
 %
 5.72
 %
 6.07
 %

 Expected rate of return
 on plan assets

 7.25
 %
 n/a
 n/a
 n/a

 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year
 6.75
 %
 7.00
 %
 5.07
 %
 5.98
 %

 Ultimate trend rate
 5.00
 %
 5.00
 %
 4.63
 %
 4.70
 %

 Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate
 2031
 2031
 2040
 2040

 Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations. Year-end discount rates for our remaining non-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. Our expected health care cost trend rate is based on historical costs.

 For the periods presented, we measure service and interest costs for other postretirement benefits by applying the specific spot rates along a yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans' liability cash flows. We believe this approach provides a good measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans' liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve.

 Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Health Care Costs
 The net periodic postretirement (benefit)/cost was $( 5) million, $ 12 million and $ 14 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic postretirement health care cost:

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Discount rate
 5.53 %
 2.96 %
 2.68 %
 6.07 %
 3.81 %
 3.35 %

 Health care cost trend rate
 7.00 %
 5.50 %
 5.75 %
 5.98 %
 5.72 %
 5.66 %

 Future Benefit Payments
 Our estimated future benefit payments for our postretirement health care plans at December 31, 2023 were (in millions):

 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 2029-2033

 $ 11
 $ 10
 $ 10
 $ 9
 $ 9
 $ 36

 Other Costs
 We made contributions to multiemployer medical plans totaling $ 18 million in 2023, $ 17 million in 2022 and $ 19 million in 2021. These plans provide medical benefits to active employees and retirees under certain collective bargaining agreements.

 Postemployment Benefit Plans
 Obligations
 Our postemployment plans are not funded. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were:

 2023
 2022

 Accrued benefit obligation at January 1
 $
 $

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Benefits paid
 ( 25)
 ( 14)

 Actuarial losses/(gains)
 ( 1)

 Accrued benefit obligation at December 31
 $
 $

 The accrued benefit obligation was determined using a weighted-average discount rate of 8.1 % in 2023 and 6.3 % in 2022, an assumed weighted-average ultimate annual turnover rate of 0.8 % in 2023 and 0.4 % in 2022, assumed compensation cost increases of 4.0 % in 2023 and 4.0 % in 2022 and assumed benefits as defined in the respective plans.

 Postemployment costs arising from actions that offer employees benefits in excess of those specified in the respective plans are charged to expense when incurred.

 Components of Net Periodic Postemployment Costs
 The net periodic postemployment cost was $ 4 million, zero and $ 5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2023, the estimated net gain for the postemployment benefit plans that we expect to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net periodic postemployment costs during 2024 is approximately $ 4 million.

 Note 12. Stock Plans

 Under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan (the "2005 Plan"), we are authorized through May 21, 2024 to issue a maximum of 243.7 million shares of our Class A common stock ("Common Stock") to employees and non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2023, there were 41.5 million shares available to be granted under the 2005 Plan.

 Stock Options
 We recorded compensation expense related to stock options held by our employees of $ 25 million in 2023, $ 20 million in 2022 and $ 23 million in 2021 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $ 4 million in 2023, $ 3 million in 2022 and $ 4 million in 2021. The unamortized compensation expense related to our employee stock options was $ 26 million at December 31, 2023 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

 Our weighted-average Black-Scholes Model fair value assumptions were:

 Risk-Free
 Expected Life
 Expected
Volatility
 Expected
Dividend Yield
 Fair Value
at Grant Date

 2023
 4.18 %
 5 years
 20.97 %
 2.32 %
 $ 13.57

 2022
 1.87 %
 5 years
 22.05 %
 2.13 %
 $ 11.24

 2021
 0.57 %
 5 years
 23.45 %
 2.20 %
 $ 9.08

 The risk-free interest rate represents the constant maturity U.S. government treasuries rate with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options. The expected life is the period over which our employees are expected to hold their options. Volatility reflects historical movements in our stock price for a period commensurate with the expected life of the options. The dividend yield reflects the dividend yield in place at the time of the historical grants.

 Stock option activity is reflected below:

 Shares Subject
to Option
 Weighted-
Exercise or
Grant Price
Per Share
Remaining
Contractual
Term
 Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 27,751,894
 $
 39.51
 $

 Annual grant to eligible employees
 2,412,710
 56.13

 Additional options issued
 160,640
 58.17

 Total options granted
 2,573,350
 56.26

 Options exercised (1)

 ( 6,249,330)
 33.68
 $

 Options cancelled
 ( 572,155)
 49.65

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 23,503,759
 42.65
 $

 Annual grant to eligible employees
 2,180,540
 64.65

 Additional options issued
 63,490
 64.39

 Total options granted
 2,244,030
 64.64

 Options exercised (1)

 ( 4,780,086)
 35.96
 $

 Options cancelled
 ( 477,453)
 55.89

 20,490,250
 46.31
 $

 Annual grant to eligible employees
 2,452,110
 65.36

 Additional options issued
 24,210
 68.93

 Total options granted
 2,476,320
 65.39

 Options exercised (1)

 ( 3,894,213)
 39.59
 $

 Options cancelled
 ( 394,237)
 59.41

 18,678,120
 49.96
 5 years
 $

 Exercisable at December 31, 2023
 14,500,549
 45.98
 4 years
 $

 (1) Cash received from options exercised was $ 152 million in 2023, $ 158 million in 2022 and $ 206 million in 2021. The actual tax benefit realized and recorded in the provision for income taxes for the tax deductions from the option exercises totaled $ 21 million in 2023, $ 22 million in 2022 and $ 24 million in 2021.

 Deferred Stock Units, Performance Share Units and Other Stock-Based Awards
 We recorded compensation expense related to DSUs, PSUs and other stock-based awards of $ 121 million in 2023, $ 100 million in 2022 and $ 98 million in 2021 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $ 18 million in 2023, $ 17 million in 2022 and $ 16 million in 2021. The unamortized compensation expense related to our DSUs, PSUs and other stock-based awards was $ 146 million at December 31, 2023 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

 Our PSU, DSU and other stock-based award activity is reflected below:

 Number
of Shares
 Grant Date
 Weighted-Average
 Fair Value
 Per Share (4)

 Weighted-Average
 Aggregate
 Fair Value (3)

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 4,896,990
 $
 53.80

 Annual grant to eligible employees:
 Feb 18, 2021

 Performance share units
 903,250
 59.35

 Deferred stock units
 550,090
 56.13

 Additional shares granted (1)

 1,163,644
 Various
 53.76

 Total shares granted
 2,616,984
 56.19
 $

 Vested (2) (3)

 ( 2,459,427)
 49.59
 $

 Forfeited (2)

 ( 386,501)
 57.52

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 4,668,046
 57.04

 Annual grant to eligible employees:
 Feb 24, 2022

 Performance share units
 806,590
 61.87

 Deferred stock units
 505,090
 64.65

 Additional shares granted (1)

 836,117
 Various
 59.37

 Total shares granted
 2,147,797
 61.55
 $

 Vested (2) (3)

 ( 1,925,556)
 54.13
 $

 Forfeited (2)

 ( 438,613)
 60.68

 4,451,674
 60.12

 Annual grant to eligible employees:
 Mar 2, 2023

 Performance share units
 895,410
 68.59

 Deferred stock units
 578,570
 65.36

 Additional shares granted (1)

 765,128
 Various
 65.99

 Total shares granted
 2,239,108
 66.86
 $

 Vested (2) (3)

 ( 1,772,439)
 61.92
 $

 Forfeited (2)

 ( 365,177)
 62.66

 4,553,166
 62.53

 (1) Includes PSUs and DSUs.
 (2) Includes PSUs, DSUs and other stock-based awards.
 (3) The actual tax benefit realized and recorded in the provision for income taxes for the tax deductions from the shares vested totaled $ 3 million in 2023, $ 5 million in 2022 and $ 6 million in 2021.
 (4) The grant date fair value of PSUs is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based total shareholder return component and the closing market price of the Company's stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The Monte Carlo simulation model incorporates the probability of achieving the total shareholder return market condition. Compensation expense is recognized using the grant date fair values regardless of whether the market condition is achieved, so long as the requisite service has been provided.

 Note 13. Capital Stock

 Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize 5.0 billion shares of Common Stock and 500 million shares of preferred stock. There were no preferred shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Shares of Common Stock issued, in treasury and outstanding, were:

 Shares Issued
 Treasury Shares
 Shares
Outstanding

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 1,996,537,778
 ( 577,363,557)
 1,419,174,221

 Shares repurchased
 —
 ( 35,384,366)
 ( 35,384,366)

 Exercise of stock options and issuance of
 other stock awards
 —
 7,840,684
 7,840,684

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 1,996,537,778
 ( 604,907,239)
 1,391,630,539

 Shares repurchased
 —
 ( 31,556,510)
 ( 31,556,510)

 Exercise of stock options and issuance of
 other stock awards
 —
 5,817,062
 5,817,062

 1,996,537,778
 ( 630,646,687)
 1,365,891,091

 Shares repurchased
 —
 ( 22,564,627)
 ( 22,564,627)

 Exercise of stock options and issuance of
 other stock awards
 —
 5,156,241
 5,156,241

 1,996,537,778
 ( 648,055,073)
 1,348,482,705

 Stock plan awards to employees and non-employee directors are issued from treasury shares. At December 31, 2023, 64.7 million shares of Common Stock held in treasury were reserved for stock options and other stock awards.

 Share Repurchase Program
 Between 2013 and 2020, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a total of $ 23.7 billion of our Common Stock and extended the program through December 31, 2023. Prior to January 1, 2023, we had repurchased approximately $ 22.0 billion of Common Stock pursuant to this authorization. Our Board of Directors approved a new program authorizing the repurchase of up to $ 6.0 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2025. This authorization, effective January 1, 2023, replaced our previous share repurchase program. Repurchases under the program are determined by management and are wholly discretionary.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased approximately 22.6 million shares of Common Stock at an average cost of $ 69.49 per share, or an aggregate cost of approximately $ 1.6 billion, all of which was paid during the period except for approximately $ 20.9 million settled in January 2024. All share repurchases were funded through available cash and commercial paper issuances. As of December 31, 2023, we have approximately $ 4.4 billion in remaining share repurchase capacity.

 Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies

 Legal Proceedings
 We routinely are involved in various pending or threatened legal proceedings, claims, disputes, regulatory matters and governmental inquiries, inspections or investigations arising in the ordinary course of or incidental to our business, including those noted below in this section. We record provisions in the consolidated financial statements for pending legal matters when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable, and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For matters we have not provided for that are reasonably possible to result in an unfavorable outcome, management is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss or such amounts have been determined to be immaterial. At present we believe that the ultimate outcome of these legal proceedings and regulatory and governmental matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not materially harm our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, legal proceedings and regulatory and governmental matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or other events could occur. Unfavorable resolutions could involve substantial fines, civil or criminal penalties, and other expenditures. In addition, in matters for which conduct remedies are sought, unfavorable resolutions could include an injunction or other order prohibiting us from selling one or more products at all or in particular ways, precluding particular business practices or requiring other equitable remedies. An unfavorable outcome might result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial position.

 On April 1, 2015, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC") filed a complaint against Kraft Foods Group and Mondel z Global LLC ("Mondel z Global") in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the "District Court") related to the trading of December 2011 wheat futures contracts that occurred prior to the spin-off of Kraft Foods Group. The complaint alleged that Mondel z Global: (1) manipulated or attempted to manipulate the wheat markets during the fall of 2011; (2) violated position limit levels for wheat futures; and (3) engaged in non-competitive trades. On May 13, 2022, the District Court approved a settlement agreement between the CFTC and Mondel z Global. The terms of the settlement, which are available in the District Court's docket, had an immaterial impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows and did not include an admission by Mondel z Global. Several class action complaints also were filed against Mondel z Global in the District Court by investors who copied and expanded upon the CFTC allegations in a series of private claims for monetary damages as well as injunctive, declaratory, and other unspecified relief. In June 2015, these suits were consolidated in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as case number 15-cv-2937, Harry Ploss et al. v. Kraft Foods Group, Inc. and Mondel z Global LLC. On January 3, 2020, the District Court granted plaintiffs' request to certify a class. In November 2022, the District Court adjourned the trial date it had previously set for November 30, 2022 and ordered the parties to brief Kraft's motions to decertify the class and for summary judgment, which has been completed. It is not possible to predict the outcome of these matters; however, based on our Separation and Distribution Agreement with Kraft Foods Group dated as of September 27, 2012, we expect to bear any monetary penalties or other payments in connection with the class action.

 As previously disclosed, in November 2019, the European Commission informed us that it initiated an investigation into our alleged infringement of European Union competition law through certain practices allegedly restricting cross-border trade within the European Economic Area. On January 28, 2021, the European Commission announced it had taken the next procedural step in its investigation and opened formal proceedings. As previously disclosed, we have been cooperating with the investigation in an effort to reach a negotiated resolution in this matter. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we had accrued (in accordance with U.S. GAAP), on a pre-tax basis, a liability of 300 million ($ 321 million) within other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet and selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of earnings as an estimate of the possible cost to resolve this matter. During the fourth quarter of 2023, we determined that we are likely to achieve a resolution with the European Commission that is expected to result in a liability of approximately 340 million ($ 375 million) in total. We have adjusted our accrual, on a pre-tax basis, accordingly. In the event we achieve resolution as currently expected, we are likely to make payment in 2024. We do not anticipate any modification of our business practices and agreements that would have a material impact on its ongoing business operations within the European Union.

 Third-Party Guarantees
 We enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheets.

 Tax Matters
 We are a party to various tax matter proceedings incidental to our business. These proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable outcomes could subject us to additional tax liabilities and could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations or financial position.

 Note 15. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

 The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to Mondel z International. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) to net earnings (net of tax) were net losses/(gains) of $ 84 million in 2023, $ 21 million in 2022 and $( 44) million in 2021.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Currency Translation Adjustments:

 $
 ( 9,808)
 $
 ( 9,097)
 $
 ( 8,655)

 Currency translation adjustments
 ( 659)
 ( 481)

 Reclassification to earnings related to:

 Tax (expense)/benefit
 ( 66)

 Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
 ( 725)
 ( 458)

 Less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 ( 9,574)
 ( 9,808)
 ( 9,097)

 Pension and Other Benefit Plans:

 $
 ( 1,105)
 $
 ( 1,379)
 $
 ( 1,874)

 Net actuarial gain/(loss) arising during period
 ( 229)

 Tax (expense)/benefit on net actuarial gain/(loss)
 ( 37)
 ( 80)

 Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:

 Amortization of experience losses and prior service costs (1)

 Settlement losses and other expenses (1)

 Curtailment credit (1)

 —
 ( 17)

 Tax (benefit) on reclassifications (3)

 ( 11)
 ( 21)
 ( 34)

 Currency impact
 ( 60)

 Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
 ( 218)

 ( 1,323)
 ( 1,105)
 ( 1,379)

 Derivative Cash Flow Hedges:

 $
 ( 34)
 $
 ( 148)
 $
 ( 161)

 Net derivative gains/(losses)
 ( 61)

 Tax (expense)/benefit on net derivative gain/(loss)
 ( 4)
 ( 13)
 —

 Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:

 Currency exchange contracts (2)

 —
 —

 Interest rate contracts (2)

 ( 30)
 ( 152)

 Tax (benefit) on reclassifications (3)

 ( 17)
 ( 3)

 Currency impact
 ( 2)

 Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
 ( 15)

 ( 49)
 ( 34)
 ( 148)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to
 Mondel z International:

 $
 ( 10,947)
 $
 ( 10,624)
 $
 ( 10,690)

 Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
 ( 4)
 ( 337)

 less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 Other comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to Mondel z International
 ( 323)

 $
 ( 10,946)
 $
 ( 10,947)
 $
 ( 10,624)

 (1) These reclassified losses are included in net periodic benefit costs disclosed in Note 11, Benefit Plans.
 (2) These reclassified losses are recorded within interest and other expense, net.
 (3) Taxes reclassified to earnings are recorded within the provision for income taxes.

 Note 16. Income Taxes

 Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes consisted of:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations before income taxes:

 United States
 $
 1,500
 $
 $

 Outside United States
 4,380
 2,765
 3,850

 $
 5,880
 $
 3,228
 $
 4,369

 Provision for income taxes:

 United States federal:

 Current
 $
 $
 $

 Deferred
 ( 167)
 ( 17)
 ( 31)

 State and local:

 Current

 Deferred
 ( 50)

 Total United States

 Outside United States:

 Current

 Deferred
 ( 27)

 Total outside United States

 Total provision for income taxes
 $
 1,537
 $
 $
 1,190

 The effective income tax rate on pre-tax earnings differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 U.S. federal statutory rate
 21.0 %
 21.0 %
 21.0 %

 Increase/(decrease) resulting from:

 State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit
 ( 0.1)%
 1.6 %
 1.1 %

 Foreign rate differences

 2.0 %
 2.0 %
 ( 1.6)%

 Changes in judgment on realizability of deferred tax assets
 ( 0.1)%
 ( 1.1)%
 0.1 %

 Reversal of other tax accruals no longer required
 ( 0.2)%
 ( 1.4)%
 ( 0.5)%

 Tax accrual on investment in KDP (including tax impact of share sales)

 2.8 %
 0.5 %
 4.7 %

 Excess tax benefits from equity compensation
 ( 0.4)%
 ( 0.8)%
 ( 0.7)%

 Tax legislation
 1.4 %
 0.5 %
 2.3 %

 Business sales

 ( 0.5)%
 0.1 %
 — %

 Foreign tax provisions under TCJA (GILTI, FDII and BEAT) (1)

 0.6 %
 0.1 %
 0.8 %

 Tax impacts from the European Commission legal matter

 ( 0.4)%
 2.1 %
 — %

 Non-deductible expenses and other, including buyout of Clif Bar ESOP

 — %
 2.2 %
 — %

 Effective tax rate
 26.1 %
 26.8 %
 27.2 %

 (1) The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") established the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income ("GILTI") provision, which taxes U.S. allocated expenses and certain income from foreign operations; the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income ("FDII") provision, which allows a deduction against certain types of U.S. taxable income resulting in a lower effective U.S. tax rate on such income; and the Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax ("BEAT"), which is a minimum tax based on cross-border service payments by U.S. entities.

 Our 2023 effective tax rate of 26.1 % was higher due to a $ 125 million net tax expense incurred in connection with the KDP share sale during the first quarter of 2023 (the earnings were reported separately on our statement of earnings and thus not included in earnings before income taxes). Excluding these impacts, our effective tax rate was 24.0 %, which reflects unfavorable foreign provisions under U.S. tax laws as well as both favorable and unfavorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. The 24.0 % included a $ 150 million net tax expense related to pre-tax gains and losses on KDP marketable securities. It also included a favorable discrete net tax benefit of $ 40 million, driven primarily by a $ 51 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions and a $ 24 million benefit for the expected tax deduction on the European Commission legal matter, partially offset by a $ 63 million expense from updating our Swiss tax reform position in Switzerland as it relates to the 2024 tax year.

 Our 2022 effective tax rate of 26.8 % was higher due to the buyout of the Clif Bar ESOP that was recorded to earnings before income taxes and the European Commission legal matter, for which there is no associated income tax benefits. Excluding these impacts, our effective tax rate was 22.6 %, which reflects unfavorable provisions from the U.S. tax code and the establishment of a valuation allowance related to a deferred tax asset arising from the 2022 Ukraine loss, largely offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. The 22.6 % includes a favorable discrete net tax benefit of $ 96 million, driven by a $ 72 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions and a $ 51 million net benefit from the Chipita acquisition, partially offset by $ 17 million expense from tax law changes in various jurisdictions.

 Our 2021 effective tax rate of 27.2 % was higher due to the $ 187 million net tax expense incurred in connection with the KDP share sales during the second and third quarters. Excluding this impact, our effective tax rate was 23.0 %, which reflects unfavorable provisions from the 2017 U.S. tax reform and taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes), largely offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. The 23.0 % includes a discrete net tax benefits of $ 2 million, primarily driven by a $ 47 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions and a $ 44 million benefit from two U.S. tax returns amended to reflect new guidance from the U.S. Treasury Department, offset by $ 100 million net tax expense from the increase of our deferred tax liabilities resulting from enacted tax legislation (mainly in the United Kingdom).

 Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Accrued postretirement and postemployment benefits
 $
 $

 Other employee benefits

 Accrued expenses

 Loss carryforwards

 Tax credit carryforwards

 Other

 Total deferred income tax assets
 2,925
 2,819

 Valuation allowance
 ( 1,359)
 ( 1,257)

 Net deferred income tax assets
 $
 1,566
 $
 1,562

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Intangible assets, including impact from Swiss tax reform
 $
 ( 3,094)
 $
 ( 3,279)

 Property, plant and equipment
 ( 770)
 ( 708)

 Accrued pension costs
 ( 62)
 ( 57)

 Other
 ( 524)
 ( 482)

 Total deferred income tax liabilities
 ( 4,450)
 ( 4,526)

 Net deferred income tax liabilities
 $
 ( 2,884)
 $
 ( 2,964)

 Our significant valuation allowances are in the U.S. and Switzerland. The U.S. valuation allowance relates to excess foreign tax credits generated by the deemed repatriation under U.S. tax reform while the Swiss valuation allowance brings the allowed step-up of intangible assets recorded under Swiss tax reform to the amount more likely than not to be realized. Our total valuation allowance was $ 1,257 million as of January 1, 2023 and $ 1,359 million as of December 31, 2023. The $ 102 million net change consisted of $ 165 million additions less $ 63 million reductions.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company has tax-effected loss carryforwards of $ 701 million, of which $ 29 million will expire at various dates between 2024 and 2043 and the remaining $ 672 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

 As of December 31, 2023, the company is indefinitely reinvested in unremitted earnings of approximately $ 4.6 billion, of which approximately $ 1.3 billion has already been subject to U.S. tax but would incur approximately $ 95 million of local costs if repatriated, which has not been recognized in our financial statements. It is not practicable to quantify the total U.S. tax impact from all our indefinitely reinvested earnings. Future tax law changes or changes in the needs of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could require us to recognize deferred tax liabilities on a portion, or all, of our accumulated earnings that are currently indefinitely reinvested.

 The changes in our unrecognized tax benefits were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 January 1
 $
 $
 $

 Increases from positions taken during prior periods

 Decreases from positions taken during prior periods
 ( 35)
 ( 9)
 ( 21)

 Increases from positions taken during the current period

 Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities
 ( 11)
 ( 54)
 ( 13)

 Reductions resulting from the lapse of the applicable
 statute of limitations

 ( 29)
 ( 22)
 ( 26)

 Currency/other
 ( 1)
 ( 14)

 December 31
 $
 $
 $

 As of January 1, 2023, our unrecognized tax benefits were $ 424 million. If we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $ 352 million. Our unrecognized tax benefits were $ 442 million at December 31, 2023, and if we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $ 348 million. Within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefits could increase by approximately $ 45 million due to unfavorable audit developments or decrease by approximately $ 85 million due to audit settlements and the expiration of statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions. We include accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our tax provision. We had accrued interest and penalties of $ 162 million as of January 1, 2023 and $ 173 million as of December 31, 2023. Our 2023 provision for income taxes included $ 11 million expense for interest and penalties.

 In connection with the 2017 enacted U.S. tax reform, we recorded a $ 1.3 billion transition tax liability that is payable in installments through 2026. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining liability was approximately $ 570 million.

 Our income tax filings are regularly examined by federal, state and non-U.S. tax authorities. U.S. federal, state and non-U.S. jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from three to five years; however, these statutes are often extended by mutual agreement with the tax authorities. The earliest year still open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities is 2016 and years still open to examination by non-U.S. tax authorities in major jurisdictions include (earliest open tax year in parentheses): India (2005), Switzerland (2018), China (2013), the United Kingdom (2015) and Greece (2017).

 Note 17. Earnings per Share

 Basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS") were calculated as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (in millions, except per share data)

 $
 4,968
 $
 2,726
 $
 4,314

 less: Noncontrolling interest earnings

 ( 9)
 ( 9)
 ( 14)

 Net earnings attributable to Mondel z International
 $
 4,959
 $
 2,717
 $
 4,300

 Weighted-average shares for basic EPS
 1,363
 1,378
 1,403

 Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions
 of stock options and long-term incentive plan shares

 Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS
 1,370
 1,385
 1,413

 Basic earnings per share attributable to
 $
 3.64
 $
 1.97
 $
 3.06

 Diluted earnings per share attributable to
 $
 3.62
 $
 1.96
 $
 3.04

 We exclude antidilutive Mondel z International stock options and long-term incentive plan shares from our calculation of weighted-average shares for diluted EPS, which are 2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, 3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 Note 18. Segment Reporting

 We manufacture and market primarily snack food products, including chocolate, biscuits and baked snacks, as well as gum & candy, cheese & grocery and powdered beverages.

 We manage our global business and report operating results through geographic units. We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise across our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.

 Our operations and management structure are organized into four operating segments:
 • Latin America
 • AMEA
 • Europe
 • North America

 We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. Segment operating income excludes unrealized gains and losses on hedging activities (which are a component of cost of sales), general corporate expenses (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses), amortization of intangible assets, gains and losses on divestitures and acquisitions and acquisition-related costs (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses) in all periods presented. We exclude these items from segment operating income in order to provide better transparency of our segment operating results. Furthermore, we centrally manage benefit plan non-service income and interest and other expense, net. Accordingly, we do not present these items by segment because they are excluded from the segment profitability measure that management reviews.

 Our segment net revenues and earnings, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net revenues:

 $
 5,006
 $
 3,629
 $
 2,797

 AMEA

 7,075
 6,767
 6,465

 12,857
 11,156

 11,078
 9,680
 8,302

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings before income taxes:

 Operating income:

 $
 $
 $

 AMEA
 1,113
 1,054

 1,978
 1,481
 2,092

 2,092
 1,769
 1,371

 Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)
 ( 326)

 General corporate expenses
 ( 356)
 ( 245)
 ( 253)

 Amortization of intangible assets
 ( 151)
 ( 132)
 ( 134)

 —

 Acquisition-related costs
 —
 ( 330)
 ( 25)

 5,502
 3,534
 4,653

 Benefit plan non-service income

 Interest and other expense, net
 ( 310)
 ( 423)
 ( 447)

 —
 —

 Earnings before income taxes
 $
 5,880
 $
 3,228
 $
 4,369

 Items impacting our segment operating results are discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures, Note 4, Property, Plant and Equipment, Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Note 8, Restructuring Program, and Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies. Also see Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, and Note 10, Financial Instruments, for more information on our interest and other expense, net for each period.

 Total assets, depreciation expense and capital expenditures by segment, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Total assets:

 Latin America (1)

 $
 7,360
 $
 6,164
 $
 4,106

 AMEA (1)

 9,965
 9,882
 10,386

 Europe (1)

 22,990
 22,713
 20,927

 North America (1)

 25,557
 26,603
 23,321

 Equity method investments
 3,242
 4,879
 5,289

 Unallocated assets and adjustments (2)

 2,277
 3,063

 Total assets
 $
 71,391
 $
 71,161
 $
 67,092

 (1) Segment assets do not reflect outstanding intercompany asset balances that have been eliminated at a segment level.
 (2) Unallocated assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes, centrally held property, plant and equipment, prepaid pension assets and derivative financial instrument balances. Final adjustments for jurisdictional netting of deferred tax assets and liabilities is done at a consolidated level.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Depreciation expense (1):

 $
 $
 $

 AMEA

 Total depreciation expense
 $
 $
 $

 (1) Includes depreciation expense related to owned property, plant and equipment. Does not include amortization of intangible assets or leased assets. Refer to the consolidated statement of cash flows for total depreciation and amortization expenses.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Capital expenditures:

 $
 $
 $

 AMEA

 Total capital expenditures
 $
 1,112
 $
 $

 Geographic data for net revenues (recognized in the countries where products are sold from) and long-lived assets, excluding deferred taxes, goodwill, intangible assets and equity method investments, were:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net revenues:

 United States
 $
 9,581
 $
 8,315
 $
 7,146

 Other
 26,435
 23,181
 21,574

 Total net revenues
 $
 $
 $

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Long-lived assets:

 United States
 $
 2,226
 $
 2,740
 $
 1,851

 United Kingdom
 1,012
 1,125

 Mexico

 1,331
 1,170

 Other
 7,737
 7,716
 6,748

 Total long-lived assets
 $
 12,306
 $
 12,558
 $
 10,651

 Net revenues by product category, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Latin
 AMEA
 North
 Total

 Biscuits & Baked Snacks
 $
 1,193
 $
 2,488
 $
 4,429
 $
 9,519
 $
 17,629

 Chocolate
 1,357
 2,690
 6,225
 10,619

 Gum & Candy
 1,509
 1,212
 4,426

 Beverages
 —
 1,185

 Cheese & Grocery
 1,256
 —
 2,157

 Total net revenues
 $
 5,006
 $
 7,075
 $
 12,857
 $
 11,078
 $

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Latin
 AMEA
 North
 Total

 Biscuits & Baked Snacks
 $
 1,013
 $
 2,515
 $
 3,818
 $
 8,262
 $
 15,608

 Chocolate
 1,003
 2,520
 5,646
 9,486

 Gum & Candy
 1,101
 3,412

 Beverages
 —
 1,100

 Cheese & Grocery
 1,146
 —
 1,890

 Total net revenues
 $
 3,629
 $
 6,767
 $
 $
 9,680
 $

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (1)

 Latin
 AMEA
 North
 Total

 Biscuits & Baked Snacks
 $
 $
 2,254
 $
 3,354
 $
 7,145
 $
 13,552

 Chocolate
 2,395
 5,836
 9,271

 Gum & Candy
 2,872

 Beverages
 —
 1,035

 Cheese & Grocery
 1,226
 —
 1,990

 Total net revenues
 $
 2,797
 $
 6,465
 $
 11,156
 $
 8,302
 $

 (1) Our snack product categories include biscuits & baked snacks, chocolate and gum & candy. During the first quarter of 2022, we realigned some of our products between our biscuits & baked snacks and chocolate categories; as such, we reclassified the product category net revenues on a basis consistent with the 2022 presentation.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 ltem 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Company's Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those written policies and procedures that:
 • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;
 • provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 • provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with management and director authorization; and
 • provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO").

 Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2023, based on the criteria in Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the COSO.

 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, as stated in their report that appears under Item 8.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 (c) Insider Trading Arrangements
 Our directors and executive officers may from time to time enter into plans or other arrangements for the purchase or sale of our shares that are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5–1(c) or may represent a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement under the Exchange Act. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no such plans or other arrangements were adopted or terminated.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Information required by this Item 10 is included under the heading "Information about our Executive Officers" in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K, as well as under the headings "Election of Directors," "Corporate Governance – Governance Guidelines," "Corporate Governance – Codes of Conduct," "Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee" and "Ownership of Equity Securities – Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 22, 2024 ("2024 Proxy Statement"). All of this information from the 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 Information required by this Item 11 is included under the headings "Board Committees and Membership – People and Compensation Committee," "Compensation of Non-Employee Directors," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Executive Compensation Tables," "People and Compensation Committee Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2023" and "CEO Pay Ratio" in our 2024 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 The number of shares to be issued upon exercise or vesting of grants issued under, and the number of shares remaining available for future issuance under, our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2023 were:

 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 Number of Securities to
 be Issued Upon Exercise
 of Outstanding
 Options, Warrants
 and Rights (1)

 Weighted Average
 Exercise Price of
 Outstanding Options,
 Warrants and Rights (2)

 Number of Securities
 Remaining Available for
 Future Issuance under
 Equity Compensation
 Plans (excluding
 securities reflected
 in column (a)) (3)

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Equity compensation plans
approved by security holders
 23,231,286
 $49.96
 41,500,000

 (1)Includes outstanding options, deferred stock units and performance share units and excludes restricted stock.
 (2)Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options only.
 (3)Shares available for grant under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan.

 Information related to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included in our 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading "Ownership of Equity Securities" and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Information required by this Item 13 is included under the headings "Corporate Governance – Director Independence" and "Corporate Governance – Review of Transactions with Related Persons" in our 2024 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Information required by this Item 14 is included under the heading "Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee" in our 2024 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a)Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Schedules other than those listed above have been omitted either because such schedules are not required or are not applicable.

 (b)The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report:

 2.1

 Separation and Distribution Agreement between the Registrant and Kraft Foods Group, Inc., dated as of September 27, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 1, 2012).

 2.2

 Canadian Asset Transfer Agreement, by and between Mondelez Canada Inc. and Kraft Canada Inc., dated as of September 29, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013).

 2.3

 Master Ownership and License Agreement Regarding Patents, Trade Secrets and Related Intellectual Property, among Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC, Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC, Kraft Foods UK Ltd. and Kraft Foods R&D Inc., dated as of October 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 1, 2012).

 2.4

 Master Ownership and License Agreement Regarding Trademarks and Related Intellectual Property, by and between Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC and Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC., dated as of September 27, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 1, 2012).

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective March 14, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013).

 3.2
 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant, effective as of October 19, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 24, 2022).

 4.1
 Description of the Registrant's capital stock and debt securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 3, 2023).

 4.2

 The Registrant agrees to furnish to the SEC upon request copies of any instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries that does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 4.3

 Indenture, by and between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (as successor trustee to The Bank of New York and The Chase Manhattan Bank), dated as of October 17, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Reg. No. 333-86478) filed with the SEC on April 18, 2002).

 4.4

 Indenture between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, dated as of March 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2017).

 4.5
 Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated February 13, 2019, between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 13, 2019).

 4.6
 Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated April 13, 2020, between Mondel z International, Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 13, 2020).

 4.7

 Indenture, by and between Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V, the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, dated as of October 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 28, 2016).

 4.8
 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 19, 2019, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 20, 2019).

 4.9
 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 2, 2019, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 2, 2019).

 4.10
 Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 22, 2020, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 24, 2020).

 4.11
 Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 9, 2021, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, paying agent, transfer agent and registrar (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 13, 2021).

 4.12
 Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2021, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 24, 2021).

 4.13
 Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2022, by and among Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., as issuer, Mondel z International, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2022).

 10.1
 364-Day Revolving Credit Agreement, dated February 22, 2023, by and among Mondel z International, Inc., the lenders named therein and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 22, 2023).

 10.2
 Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated February 23, 2022, by and among Mondel z International, Inc., the lenders named therein and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 23, 2022).

 10.3
 Revolving Credit Agreement, dated April 6, 2023, by and among Mondel z International, Inc., the lenders named therein and Mizuho Bank, Ltd., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 6, 2023).

 10.4

 Tax Sharing and Indemnity Agreement, by and between the Registrant and Kraft Foods Group, Inc., dated as of September 27, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 1, 2012).

 10.5

 Global Contribution Agreement by and among Mondel z International Holdings, LLC, Acorn Holdings B.V., Charger Top HoldCo B.V. and Charger OpCo B.V., dated May 7, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 8, 2014). *

 10.6

 Amendment Agreement to Global Contribution Agreement by and among Mondel z International Holdings LLC, Acorn Holdings B.V., Jacobs Douwe Egberts B.V. (formerly Charger Top HoldCo B.V.) and Jacobs Douwe Egberts International B.V. (formerly Charger OpCo B.V.), dated July 28, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 31, 2015). *

 10.7
 Investor Rights Agreement between Acorn Holdings B.V., Mondelez Coffee HoldCo B.V. and JDE Peet's B.V., dated May 25, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 2, 2020).

 10.8
 Letter Agreement between Mondelez Coffee HoldCo B.V., Acorn Holdings B.V., Delta Charger HoldCo B.V., JDE Minority Holdings B.V. and JACOBS DOUWE EGBERTS B.V., dated May 30, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 2, 2020).

 10.9

 Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. Deed of Adherence to the Investor Rights Agreement, dated July 23, 2021, and Deed of Assignment of Rights Under the Investor Rights Agreement between Mondelez Coffee HoldCo B.V. and Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V., dated July 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 2, 2021).

 10.10
 Settlement Agreement, between the Registrant and Kraft Foods Group, Inc., dated June 22, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 31, 2015).

 10.11

 Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan, amended and restated as of February 3, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 3, 2017). +

 10.12
 2021 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Non-Qualified Global Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 28, 2021). +

 10.13
 2022 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Non-Qualified Global Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 26, 2022). +

 10.14
 2023 Form of Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Non-Qualified Global Stock Options Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023). +

 10.15
 2021 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Long-Term Incentive Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 28, 2021). +

 10.16
 2022 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Long-Term Incentive Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 26, 2022). +

 10.17
 2023 Form of Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Long-Term Incentive Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023). +

 10.18
 2021 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Deferred Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 28, 2021). +

 10.19
 2022 Form of Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Deferred Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 26, 2022). +

 10.20
 2023 Form of Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan Global Deferred Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023). +

 10.21

 Mondel z Global LLC Supplemental Benefits Plan I, effective as of September 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.22
 First Amendment to the Mondel z Global LLC Supplemental Benefits Plan I, dated December 20, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019). +

 10.23

 Mondel z Global LLC Supplemental Benefits Plan II, effective as of September 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.24
 First Amendment to the Mondel z Global LLC Supplemental Benefits Plan II, dated December 20, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019). +

 10.25

 Form of Mondel z Global LLC Amended and Restated Cash Enrollment Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.26

 Form of Mondel z Global LLC Amended and Restated Employee Grantor Trust Enrollment Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.27

 Mondel z International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, amended and restated as of October 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.28

 Mondel z International, Inc. 2001 Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, amended as of December 31, 2008 and restated as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.29

 Mondel z International, Inc. Change in Control Plan for Key Executives, amended May 14, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 31, 2019). +

 10.30

 Mondel z Global LLC Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of October 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.31

 Mondel z Global LLC Executive Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, effective as of October 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.32

 Deferred Compensation Plan Trust Document, by and between Mondel z Global LLC and Wilmington Trust Retirement and Institutional Services Company, dated as of September 18, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013). +

 10.33

 Offer of Employment Letter, between the Registrant and Dirk Van de Put, dated July 27, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 2, 2017). +

 10.34
 Offer of Employment Letter, between Mondel z Global LLC and Paulette Alviti, dated April 12, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 26, 2018). +

 10.35
 International Permanent Transfer Letter, between Mondel z Global LLC and Luca Zaramella, effective August 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 7, 2018). +

 10.36
 Employment Letter, between Mondelez Europe and Vinzenz P. Gruber, dated November 29, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 1, 2019). +

 10.37
 Offer of Employment Letter, between the Registrant and Gustavo Valle, dated January 6, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 29, 2020). +

 10.38
 Offer of Employment Letter, between Mondel z Global LLC and Laura Stein, dated November 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 5, 2021). +

 10.39
 Offer of Employment Letter, between Mondel z Global LLC and Mariano Lozano, dated April 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 26, 2022).+

 10.40
 Offer of Employment Letter, between the Registrant and Daniel E. Ramos, dated September 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 3, 2023).+

 10.41
 Form of Indemnification Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2009). +

 10.42
 Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and Dirk Van de Put, dated November 20, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 9, 2018). +

 21.1
 Subsidiaries of the Registrant, as of December 31, 2023.

 23.1
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 31.1

 Certification of the Registrant's Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2

 Certification of the Registrant's Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1

 Certifications of the Registrant's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1
 Mondel z International, Inc. Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy, dated July 18, 2023.

 97.2
 Mondel z International, Inc. Compensation Recoupment Policy, dated February 18, 2019.

 *
 Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been separately filed with the SEC.

 +
 Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 MONDEL Z INTERNATIONAL, INC.

 By:

 /s/ LUCA ZARAMELLA

 Luca Zaramella

 Executive Vice President

 and Chief Financial Officer

 (Duly Authorized Officer)

 Date: February 2, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ DIRK VAN DE PUT
 Director, Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer

 (Dirk Van de Put)

 /s/ LUCA ZARAMELLA
 Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer

 (Luca Zaramella)

 /s/ MICHAEL CALL
 Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and
 Chief Accounting Officer

 (Michael Call)

 /s/ CEES 't HART

 (Cees 't Hart)

 /s/ LEWIS W.K. BOOTH

 (Lewis W.K. Booth)

 /s/ CHARLES E. BUNCH

 (Charles E. Bunch)

 /s/ ERTHARIN COUSIN

 (Ertharin Cousin)

 /s/ JORGE S. MESQUITA

 (Jorge S. Mesquita)

 /s/ ANINDITA MUKHERJEE

 (Anindita Mukherjee)

 /s/ JANE HAMILTON NIELSEN

 (Jane Hamilton Nielsen)

 /s/ PATRICK T. SIEWERT

 (Patrick T. Siewert)

 /s/ MICHAEL A. TODMAN

 (Michael A. Todman)