tm241157-1_10k - none - 11.2344098s

 UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 Or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to

 Commission file number: 1-7884

 Mesa Royalty Trust

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Texas

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 76-6284806

 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., Trustee
 Global Corporate Trust
 601 Travis Street, Floor 16
 Houston, Texas
 (Address of principal executive offices)

 77002

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 713-483-6020

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Units of Beneficial Interest

 MTR

 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) if the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes No

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of 1,863,590 Units of Beneficial Interest in Mesa Royalty Trust held by non-affiliates of the registrant at the closing sales price on June 30, 2023 of $24.62 was approximately $45,881,586.

 As of April 1, 2024, 1,863,590 Units of Beneficial Interest were outstanding in Mesa Royalty Trust.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: None

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Trustee's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Summary of Royalty Income, Production, Prices and Costs (Unaudited)

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Unitholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 SIGNATURES

 DISCLOSURES REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Form 10-K includes "forward-looking statements" about Mesa Royalty Trust (the "Trust") and other matters discussed herein that are subject to risks and uncertainties that are intended to qualify for the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this document, including, without limitation, statements under "Trustee's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," including the Trust's or any Working Interest Owner's (as defined in "Item 1 — Description of the Trust") future financial position, status in any insolvency proceeding, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, political and regulatory matters, such as tax and environmental policy, climate regulations, expected market conditions and commodity pricing, interest rates, prices received by Working Interest Owners, plans and objectives, oil and natural gas prices, information relating to future distributions, statements regarding reconciliation

 i

 and adjustment of estimated versus actual revenue and expense amounts, statements pertaining to future exploration and development activities and costs, estimates regarding production costs and expenses, estimates of cash flows, statements regarding the number of wells to be drilled and producing in future periods, and estimates regarding production and reserves, are forward-looking statements. Actual outcomes and results, which are substantially all outside of the Trust's control, may differ materially from those projected. Forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as "estimate," "project," "predict," "future," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "potential," "possibly," "could," "may," "can," "foresee," "plan," "goal," "forecast," "assume," "target," "should," "intend" or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These statements are based on certain assumptions made by the Trust in light of its experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors the Trustee believes are appropriate under the circumstances. The Trustee (as defined herein) relies on the Working Interest Owners for information regarding the Subject Interests (as defined in "Description of the Trust" under Item 1), the Royalty (as defined in "Description of the Trust" under Item 1), and the Working Interest Owners themselves.

 Although the information provided by the Working Interest Owners provides a reasonable basis for the forward-looking statements contained herein, no assurance can be given that such expectations will prove to be correct. The Working Interest Owners alone control historical operating data, and handle receipt and payment of funds relating to the royalty properties and payments to the Trust for the related royalty. The Trustee cannot assure that errors or adjustments or expenses accrued by the working interest owners, whether historical or future, will not affect future royalty income and distributions by the Trust. However, whether actual results and developments will conform with such expectations and predictions is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors discussed in this Form 10-K, and those set forth from time to time in the Trust's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), which could affect the future results of the energy industry in general, and the Trust and Working Interest Owners in particular, and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. The actual results or developments anticipated may not be realized or, even if substantially realized, they may not have the expected consequences to or effects on the Working Interest Owners' businesses and the Trust. Such statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by the risks and other factors discussed and are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements. The Trust undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law.

 ii

 Item 1. Business.

 DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST

 The Trust, created under the laws of the State of Texas, maintains its offices at the office of the Trustee, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., (the "Trustee"), 601 Travis Street, Floor 16, Houston, Texas 77002. The telephone number of the Trust is 713-483-6020. The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., is the successor Trustee from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., which is the successor by mergers to the originally named Trustee, Texas Commerce Bank National Association. The Trust has no employees. Administrative functions of the Trust are performed by the Trustee. The Trustee maintains a website for the Trust that makes available, free of charge, filings by the Trust with the SEC and other information. Any reports filed with the SEC are accessible free of charge through the Trust's website as soon as reasonably practicable after the Trustee electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Trust's website is  Information contained on, or that can be accessed through the Trust's website, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and you should not consider information on the Trust's website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information regarding SEC registrants, including the Trust.

 Trust Corpus Description. The Mesa Royalty Trust (the "Trust") was created on November 1, 1979, and is now governed by the Mesa Royalty Trust Indenture (as amended, the "Trust Indenture"). Through a series of conveyances, assignments, and acquisitions, the Trust currently owns an overriding royalty interest (the "Royalty") equal to 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance and described below) attributable to the specified interest in certain producing oil and gas properties located in the:

 •

 Hugoton field of Kansas (the "Hugoton Royalty Properties");

 •

 San Juan Basin field of New Mexico (the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties"); and

 •

 San Juan Basin field of Colorado (the "San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties", and together with the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, the "San Juan Basin Royalty Properties", and together with the Hugoton Royalty Properties, the "Royalty Properties").

 Trust Corpus Conveyance History. On November 1, 1979, Mesa Petroleum Co., predecessor to Mesa Limited Partnership ("MLP"), which was the predecessor to MESA Inc., conveyed to the Trust the Royalty equal to 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance and described below) attributable to the specified interests in properties conveyed by the assignor on that date (the "Subject Interests"). The Subject Interests consisted of interests in the Royalty Properties described above. The Royalty is evidenced by counterparts of an Overriding Royalty Conveyance, dated as of November 1, 1979 (the "Conveyance"). In 1985, the Trust Indenture was amended and the Trust conveyed to an affiliate of Mesa Petroleum Co. 88.5571% of the original Royalty (such transfer, the "1985 Assignment"). The effect of the 1985 Assignment was an overall reduction of approximately 88.56% in the size of the Trust. As a result, the Trust is now entitled to receive 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds attributable to each month.

 Hugoton Royalty Properties. On November 22, 2019, Riviera Resources, Inc. completed the sale of its interest in its remaining properties located in the Hugoton Basin to Scout Energy Group V, LP ("Scout"). Since November 23, 2019, Scout has operated the Hugoton Royalty Properties.

 San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties. On April 30, 1991, MLP sold to Conoco, Inc. ("ConocoPhillips") its interests in the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties (the "San Juan Basin Sale"). The Trust's interest in the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties was conveyed from the working interest of Pioneer Natural Resources USA, Inc. ("PNR"), (successor to Mesa Operating Co.) in 31,328 net producing acres in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. ConocoPhillips sold the portion of its interests in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. (effective January 1, 1993) and Red Willow Production Company ("Red Willow") (effective April 1, 1992). On October 26, 1994, MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. sold substantially all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado

 Properties to BP Amoco Company ("BP"), a subsidiary of BP p.l.c. On February 28, 2020, BP completed the sale of all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to SIMCOE LLC, ("Simcoe"), an affiliate of IKAV Energy Inc. BP, under a transition services agreement with Simcoe, operated the properties until December 1, 2020. Simcoe and Red Willow currently operate the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties.

 San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties. Starting from the date of the San Juan Basin Sale and ending on July 31, 2017, ConocoPhillips operated substantially all of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, except an immaterial number of properties assigned to XTO Energy, Inc. ("XTO") effective January 1, 2005. On July 31, 2017, ConocoPhillips sold its San Juan Basin assets to Hilcorp San Juan LP ("Hilcorp"), an affiliate of Hilcorp Energy Company. On March 29, 2018, XTO sold to Hilcorp an immaterial number of properties, which comprise certain portions of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties. Hilcorp currently operates all of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties.

 As used in this report, Scout refers to the current operator of the Hugoton Royalty Properties, Hilcorp refers to the current operator of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, and Simcoe and Red Willow refer to the current co-operators of certain tracts of land included in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties, unless otherwise indicated. Scout, Simcoe, Red Willow and Hilcorp are each individually referred to herein as "Working Interest Owner" or collectively as the "Working Interest Owners."

 The Royalty Properties are required to be operated by the Working Interest Owners in accordance with reasonable and prudent business judgment and good oil and gas field practices. Each Working Interest Owner has the right to abandon any well or lease if, in its opinion, such well or lease ceases to produce or is not capable of producing oil, gas or other minerals in commercial quantities. Each Working Interest Owner markets the production on terms deemed by it to be the best reasonably obtainable in the circumstances. See "Contracts". The Trustee has no power or authority to exercise any control over the operation of the Royalty Properties or the marketing of production therefrom.

 Trustee and Terms of Trust Indenture. The Trust is a passive entity whose purposes are limited to: (1) converting the Royalty to cash, either by retaining it and collecting the proceeds of production (until production has ceased or the Royalty is otherwise terminated) or by selling or otherwise disposing of the Royalty and (2) distributing such cash, net of amounts for payments of liabilities to the Trust, to the unitholders. The Trust has no sources of liquidity or capital resources other than the revenues, if any, attributable to the Royalty and interest on cash held by the Trustee as a reserve for liabilities or for distribution. The terms of the Trust, the Trust Indenture and agreements with the Working Interest Owners provide, among other things, that:

 (a) the Trust cannot engage in any business or investment activity or purchase any assets;

 (b) the Royalty can be sold in part or in total for cash upon approval by the unitholders;

 (c) the Trustee can establish cash reserves and borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust and can pledge assets of the Trust to secure payment of the borrowings;

 (d) the Trustee will make cash distributions to the unitholders in January, April, July and October each year as discussed more fully in Note 2 of the Notes to Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K;

 (e) the Trust will terminate upon the first to occur of the following events: (i) at such time as the Trust's Royalty income for two successive years is less than $250,000 per year or (ii) a vote by the unitholders in favor of termination. Upon termination of the Trust, the Trustee will sell for cash all the assets held in the Trust estate and make a final distribution to unitholders of any funds remaining after all Trust liabilities have been satisfied; and

 (f) Scout, Hilcorp and Simcoe will reimburse the Trust for 59.34%, 27.45% and 1.77%, respectively, for general and administrative expenses of the Trust.

 Discussion of Net Proceeds. The Conveyance provides for a monthly computation of Net Proceeds. Net Proceeds is defined in the Conveyance as the "Gross Proceeds" received by the Working Interest Owners during a particular period, minus certain production and capital costs for such period. "Gross Proceeds" is defined in the Conveyance as the amount received by the Working Interest Owners from the sale of "Subject

 Minerals", subject to certain adjustments. "Subject Minerals" means all oil, gas and other minerals, whether similar or dissimilar, in and under, and which may be produced, saved and sold from, and which accrue and are attributable to, the Subject Interests from and after November 1, 1979. "Production costs" means, generally, costs incurred on an accrual basis by the Working Interest Owners in operating the Royalty Properties, including capital and non-capital costs. If production and capital costs exceed Gross Proceeds for any month, the excess, plus interest thereon at 120% of the prime rate of Bank of America, is recovered out of future Gross Proceeds prior to the making of further payment to the Trust. The Trust, however, is generally not liable for any operating costs or other costs or liabilities attributable to the Royalty Properties or minerals produced therefrom. The Trust is not obligated to return any Royalty income received in any period.

 The Working Interest Owners are required to maintain books and records sufficient to determine the amounts payable under the Royalty. Additionally, in the event of a controversy between a Working Interest Owner and any purchaser as to the correct sales price for any production, amounts received by such Working Interest Owner and promptly deposited by it with an escrow agent are not considered to have been received by such Working Interest Owner, and, therefore, are not subject to being payable with respect to the Royalty until the controversy is resolved; but all amounts thereafter paid to such Working Interest Owner by the escrow agent will be considered amounts received from the sale of production. Similarly, operating costs include any amounts a Working Interest Owner is required to pay whether as a refund, interest or penalty to any purchaser because the amount initially received by such Working Interest Owner as the sales price was in excess of that permitted by the terms of any applicable contract, statute, regulation, order, decree or other obligation. Within 30 days following the close of each calendar quarter, the Working Interest Owners are required to deliver to the Trustee a statement of the computation of Net Proceeds attributable to such quarter.

 The brief discussions of the Trust Indenture and the Conveyance contained herein are qualified in their entirety by reference to the Trust Indenture and the Conveyance themselves, which are exhibits to this Form 10-K and are available upon request from the Trustee.

 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITS

 Each unit of beneficial interest is evidenced by a transferable certificate issued by the Trustee or book-entry notation maintained by the Trust's transfer agent. Each unit ranks equally for purposes of distributions and has one vote on any matter submitted to unitholders. A total of 1,863,590 units were outstanding at March 28, 2024.

 Distributions

 The Trustee determines for each month the amount of cash available for distribution to unitholders for such month (the "Monthly Distribution Amount"), which consists of the cash received from the Royalty during such month, minus the obligations of the Trust paid during such month as adjusted for changes during such month in any cash reserves established for the payment of contingent or future obligations of the Trust made by the Trustee. The Monthly Distribution Amount for each month is payable to unitholders of record on the monthly record date, which is the close of business on the last business day of such month or such other date as the Trustee determines is required to comply with legal or stock exchange requirements. However, pursuant to the Trust Indenture and in order to reduce the administrative expenses of the Trust, the Trustee does not distribute cash monthly. Instead, the Trustee makes distributions, if any, during January, April, July and October of each year. While distributions are scheduled to be made four times per calendar year, the Trustee distributes to each person who was a unitholder of record on one or more of the immediately preceding three monthly record dates, an amount equal to the Monthly Distribution Amount for the month or months that such holder was a unitholder of record plus interest earned on such Monthly Distribution Amount from the Monthly Record Date to the payment date. Under the terms of the Trust Indenture, interest is earned at a rate of 1.5% below the greater of (i) the prime rate charged by The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. or (ii) the interest rate which The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. pays in the normal course of business on amounts placed with it. Interest income may vary significantly across different payment dates.

 The Working Interest Owners reimburse the Trust for portions of the total expenses incurred each month. The portions of expenses incurred by the Trustee without reimbursement from the Working Interest Owners are unreimbursed expenses. Unreimbursed expenses for any reporting period and are included in general and administrative expenses, which results in a reduction of distributable income. As of December 31, 2023, there were $0 of unreimbursed expenses.

 The terms of the Trust Indenture provide, among other things, that the Trustee may establish cash reserves and borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust and may pledge assets of the Trust to secure payment of the borrowings in accordance with the Trust Indenture. At any given time, the amount reserved for such future unknown contingent liabilities and expenses (the "Contingent Reserve") is included in cash and short-term investments.

 Liability of Unitholders

 The Trust unitholders are not protected from the liabilities of the Trust to the same extent that a shareholder would be protected from a corporation's liabilities. In regard to the unitholders, the Trustee may generally be held liable for any excess liabilities incurred if the Trustee incurs any liability without ensuring that such liability will be satisfiable only out of the Trust's assets (regardless of whether the assets are adequate to satisfy the liability) and not out of amounts distributed to, or other assets owned by, the unitholders. However, under Texas law, it is unclear whether a unitholder would be jointly and severally liable for any liability of the Trust in the event that all of the following conditions were to occur: (1) the satisfaction of such liability was not by contract limited to the assets of the Trust, (2) the assets of the Trust were insufficient to discharge such liability, and (3) the assets of the Trustee were insufficient to discharge such liability. As a result, Trust unitholders may be exposed to personal liability.

 Federal Income Tax Matters

 This section is a summary of federal income tax matters of general application, which addresses the material tax consequences of the ownership and sale of the Trust's units. Except where indicated, the discussion below describes general federal income tax considerations applicable to individuals who are citizens or residents of the U.S. Accordingly, the following discussion has limited application to domestic corporations, foreign persons and persons subject to specialized federal income tax treatment, such as regulated investment companies and insurance companies. It is impractical to comment on all aspects of federal, state, local and foreign laws that may affect the tax consequences of the transactions contemplated hereby and of an investment in the units as they relate to the particular circumstances of every unitholder. Each unitholder should consult its own tax advisor with respect to its particular circumstances.

 Classification of the Trust

 In a technical advice memorandum dated February 26, 1982, the National Office of the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") advised the Dallas District Director that the Trust is classifiable as a grantor trust and not as an association taxable as a corporation. As a grantor trust, the Trust incurs no federal income tax liability and each unitholder is subject to tax on such unitholder's pro rata share of the income and expense of the Trust as if such unitholder were the direct owner of a pro rata share of the Trust's assets. In addition, there is no state tax liability for the period.

 The Trustee assumes that some Trust units are held by a middleman, as such term is broadly defined in U.S. Treasury Regulations (and includes custodians, nominees, certain joint owners, and brokers holding an interest for a custodian in street name). Therefore, the Trustee considers the Trust to be a non-mortgage widely held fixed investment trust ("WHFIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the middlemen holding units on behalf of unitholders, and not the Trustee of the Trust, are solely responsible for complying with the information reporting requirements under the Treasury Regulations (as defined below) with respect to such units, including the issuance of IRS Forms 1099 and certain written tax statements. Unitholders whose units are held by middlemen should consult with such middlemen regarding the information that will be reported to them by the middlemen with respect to the units.

 Available Trust Tax Information

 The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., 601 Travis Street, Floor 16, Houston, Texas 77002, telephone number 713-483-6020, is the representative of the Trust that will provide tax information in accordance with applicable Treasury Regulations governing the information reporting requirements of the Trust as a WHFIT. In compliance with the Treasury Regulations reporting requirements for WHFITs and the dissemination of Trust tax reporting information, the Trustee provides a tax information reporting booklet which is intended to be used only to assist Trust unitholders in the preparation of their federal income tax returns. This tax information booklet can be obtained at

 This summary is based on current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("Code"), existing and proposed Internal Revenue Treasury Regulations ("Treasury Regulations") thereunder and current administrative rulings and court decisions, all of which are subject to changes that may or may not be retroactively applied. No assurance can be provided that the statements set forth herein (which do not bind the IRS or any court) will not be challenged by the IRS or will be sustained by any court if challenged.

 Income and Depletion

 Royalty income, net of depletion and severance taxes, is portfolio income. Subject to certain exceptions and transitional rules, Royalty income cannot be offset by passive losses. Additionally, interest income is portfolio income.

 Generally, prior to the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, the transferee of an oil and gas property could not claim percentage depletion with respect to production from the property if it was "proved" at the time of the transfer. This rule is not applicable in the case of transfers of properties after October 11, 1990. Thus, eligible unitholders who acquired units after that date are entitled to claim an allowance for percentage depletion with respect to Royalty income attributable to such units to the extent that this allowance exceeds cost depletion as computed for the applicable period.

 Backup Withholding

 Distributions from the Trust are generally subject to backup withholding at a current rate of 24%. Backup withholding will not normally apply to distributions to a unitholder unless the unitholder fails to properly provide to the Trust its taxpayer identification number or the IRS notifies the Trust that the taxpayer identification number provided by the unitholder is incorrect.

 Sale of Units

 Generally, except for recapture items, the sale, exchange or other disposition of a unit will result in capital gain or loss measured by the difference between the tax basis in the unit and the amount realized. Effective for property placed in service after December 31, 1986, the amount of gain, if any, realized upon the disposition of oil and gas property is treated as ordinary income up to the amount of intangible drilling and development costs incurred with respect to the property and depletion claimed to the extent it reduced the taxpayer's basis in the property. Under this provision, depletion attributable to a unit acquired after 1986 will be subject to recapture as ordinary income upon disposition of the unit or upon disposition of the oil and gas property to which the depletion is attributable. The balance of any gain or any loss will be capital gain or loss if the unit was held by the unitholder as a capital asset, either long-term or short-term depending on the holding period of the unit. This capital gain or loss will be long-term if a unitholder's holding period exceeds one year at the time of sale or exchange. Under current law, the highest marginal U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains of individuals is 20%. Moreover, this rate is subject to change by new legislation at any time. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations. Capital gain or loss will be short-term if the unit has not been held for more than one year at the time of sale or exchange.

 Additional Tax on Net Investment Income

 Individuals, estates, and trusts with income above certain thresholds are subject under Section 1411 of the Code to an additional 3.8% tax — also known as the Net Investment Income Tax ("NIIT") — on their

 net investment income. Grantor trusts such as Mesa Royalty Trust are not subject to the NIIT; however, the unitholders may be subject to the tax. For these purposes, investment income would generally include certain income derived from investments, such as the Royalty income derived from the units and gain realized by a unitholder from a sale of the units.

 Non-U.S. Unitholders

 In general, a unitholder who is a nonresident alien individual or which is a foreign corporation, each a "non-U.S. unitholder" for purposes of this discussion, will be subject to tax on the gross income (without taking into account any deductions, such as depletion) produced by the Royalty at a rate equal to 30% or, if applicable, at a lower treaty rate. This tax will be withheld by the Trustee and remitted directly to the U.S. Treasury Department. A non-U.S. unitholder may elect to treat Royalty income as effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business under provisions of the Code or pursuant to any similar provisions of applicable treaties. Upon making this election, a non-U.S. unitholder is entitled to claim all deductions with respect to that income, but he must file a U.S. federal income tax return to claim these deductions. This election once made is irrevocable unless an applicable treaty allows the election to be made annually.

 The Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder treat the publicly traded Trust as if it were a U.S. real property holding corporation. Accordingly, a non-U.S. unitholder may be subject to U.S. withholding and federal income tax on the gain on the disposition of his units if he meets certain ownership thresholds.

 In addition, if a foreign corporation elects under provisions of the Code to treat Royalty income as effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the corporation may also be subject to the U.S. branch profits tax at a rate of 30%. This tax is imposed on U.S. branch profits of a foreign corporation that are not reinvested in the U.S. trade or business and is in addition to the tax on effectively connected income. The branch profits tax may be either reduced or eliminated by treaty. Federal income taxation of a non-U.S. unitholder is a highly complex matter which may be affected by many considerations. Therefore, each non-U.S. unitholder is encouraged to consult with his own tax advisor with respect to its ownership of Trust units.

 Pursuant to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (commonly referred to as "FATCA"), distributions from the Trust to "foreign financial institutions" and certain other "non-financial foreign entities" may be subject to U.S. withholding taxes. Specifically, certain "withholdable payments" (including certain royalties, interest and other income from U.S. sources) made to a foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity will generally be subject to the withholding tax unless the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity complies with certain information reporting, withholding, identification, certification and related requirements imposed by FATCA. Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Foreign unitholders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications of these withholding provisions on their investment in Trust units.

 Tax-Exempt Organizations

 The Royalty and interest income should not be "unrelated business taxable income" (as defined in Code § 512(b)), so long as, generally, a unitholder did not incur debt to acquire a unit or otherwise incur or maintain a debt that would not have been incurred or maintained if the unit had not been acquired. Legislative proposals have been made from time to time which, if adopted, would result in the treatment of Royalty income as unrelated business taxable income. Each tax-exempt unitholder is encouraged to consult its own advisor with respect to the treatment of Royalty income.

 DESCRIPTION OF ROYALTY PROPERTIES

 Producing Acreage and Wells as of December 31, 2023

 Detailed information concerning the number of wells and producing acres on Royalty properties is not generally available to the owners of royalty interests. Consequently, an accurate count of the number of wells and acreage located on the Royalty Properties cannot readily be obtained from the Working Interest Owners.

 Hugoton Royalty Properties

 The principal property interest initially conveyed to the Trust was carved out of the working interest in 104,437 net producing acres in the Hugoton field of Kansas currently operated by Scout.

 Because the Hugoton field gas is sold in the intrastate and interstate markets, it is subject to state and federal laws and regulations. The Kansas Corporation Commission is the state regulatory agency responsible for overseeing oil and gas operations in the state of Kansas. Hugoton field gas is also affected by the rules and regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the "FERC"). See "Regulation and Prices".

 San Juan Basin Royalty Properties

 The Trust's interest in the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties was initially conveyed from PNR's working interest in 31,328 net producing acres in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. ConocoPhillips sold the portion of its interests in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. (effective January 1, 1993) and Red Willow (effective April 1, 1992). On October 26, 1994, MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. sold substantially all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to BP. On February 28, 2020, BP completed the sale of all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to Simcoe. BP, under a transition services agreement with Simcoe, operated the properties until December 1, 2020.

 Drilling

 The Trust has been informed by Scout, operator of the Hugoton Royalty Properties, that two new wells were drilled and completed during the year ended December 31, 2022. Per information provided by Scout, these wells were drilled on underlying properties categorized as proved undeveloped reserves and included the drilling of infill development wells. Total capital expenditures were approximately $810,000 for the two combined wells and production began in September 2022. Per Scout, no drilling was conducted in 2023. The Trust has not been informed by any of the other Working Interest Owners of any exploratory or development wells drilled on any Royalty Properties during 2023, 2022 or 2021.

 Reserves

 A study of the proved oil and gas reserves covering the Hugoton Royalty Properties and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties (the "Reserve Report") and attributable to the Trust has been made by Miller and Lents, independent petroleum engineering consultants, as of December 31, 2023. A copy of this Reserve Report has been filed as Exhibit 99 to this Form 10-K. Miller and Lents restricts its activities exclusively to consultation. It does not accept contingency fees or other compensation that may be considered to be conditional upon the outcome of its studies. The firm subscribes to a code of professional conduct, and its employees actively support their related technical and professional societies. In serving the petroleum industry and financial community, the firm's experienced staff provides knowledge, independent judgment, integrity, and confidential service to its clients. The firm is a Texas Registered Engineering Firm, No. F-1442.

 Production of the Reserve Report was supervised by a Senior Vice President at Miller and Lents, Ltd. who is a professionally qualified and licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas with more than 12 years of relevant experience in the estimation, assessment and evaluation of oil and gas reserves. She graduated from the University of Tennessee in 2011 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering.

 The Reserve Report reflects estimated production, reserve quantities and future net revenue based upon estimates of the future timing of actual production without regard to when received in cash by the Trust, which differs from the manner in which the Trust recognizes and accounts for its Royalty income.

 Estimates of the gross and net proved reserves, as of December 31, 2023, of the Trust's ownership in the net overriding royalty interests in the Royalty Properties are presented below. Total liquid reserves (condensate and natural gas liquids) are expressed in thousands of barrels (Mbbl) and gas reserves are expressed in millions of cubic feet (MMcf).

 Simcoe

 Hilcorp

 Scout

 Total(1)

 Proved Developed

 Oil and Condensate

 Natural Gas Liquids

 Gas

 5,777

 5,777

 Proved Undeveloped

 Oil and Condensate

 Natural Gas Liquids

 Gas

 Total, Proved

 Oil and Condensate

 Natural Gas Liquids

 Gas

 5,777

 5,777

 (1)

 According to reserve estimates prepared by Miller and Lents, volumes from these Royalty Properties are not currently profitable enough to generate future Net Proceeds to the Trust, based on the assumptions made and the methodologies used. For these properties, declining well performance coupled with low prices has rendered these wells uneconomic.

 (2)

 Data from Red Willow was omitted in the Reserve Report, because it operates an immaterial number of wells relative to the total number of wells currently producing from the Royalty Properties. Excess production costs related to Red Willow as of December 31, 2023 are included in Net Proceeds paid to the Trust by Red Willow.

 The estimated future net revenue and standardized measure of future net royalty income, discounted at 10 percent per annum attributable to the Trust's Royalty as of December 31, 2023 is summarized in the table below. These estimates are provided based upon the economic assumptions furnished by the Working Interest Owners, and are expressed in thousands of dollars:

 Simcoe

 Hilcorp

 Scout

 Total

 Future Royalty income(1)

 $

 $

 40,737

 $

 $

 40,737

 Simcoe

 Hilcorp

 Scout

 Total

 Standardized Measure of Future Net Royalty Income, discounted at 10% per annum (1)

 $

 $

 17,071

 $

 $

 17,071

 (1)

 Future income tax expenses were excluded in the preparation of these estimates.

 Please read "Summary Reserve Report from Miller and Lents" attached hereto as Exhibit 99 for more information. The information herein is qualified in its entirety by such Summary Reserve Report.

 The Reserve Report was delivered to the Trustee on March 27, 2024. Net reserves attributable to the Trust are calculated from the Trust's net revenues for each of the Working Interest Owners. To estimate net gas reserves, the Trust's total net revenue from each of the Working Interest Owners is divided by the net value of 1 Mcf of gas. The net value of 1 Mcf of gas is the gas price per Mcf, plus the condensate value per Mcf of gas, plus the NGL value per Mcf of gas. The net condensate and NGL reserves are calculated by multiplying their respective yields by the net gas reserves. Revenue values used in the Reserve Report were estimated using the following prices: (1) condensate prices — $66.87 per Bbl; (2) natural gas liquids prices — $34.68 per

 Bbl for the San Juan Basin-New Mexico Royalty Properties, $1.184 per Bbl for the San Juan Basin-Colorado Royalty Properties and $1.40 per Bbl for Hugoton Royalty Properties; and (3) natural gas prices — $4.596 per Mcf for San Juan Basin-New Mexico Royalty Properties, $0.491 per Mcf for San Juan Basin-Colorado Royalty Properties and $3.122 per Mcf for Hugoton Royalty Properties, with the initial prices also used as weighted average prices held constant thereafter over the lives of the properties. Estimates of operating expenses were based on current expenses and used for the life of the Royalty Properties with no increases in the future based on inflation.

 Preparation of Reserve Estimates

 For further information regarding the net overriding royalty interest, the Basis of Accounting and Supplemental Reserve Information (Unaudited), see Notes 1, 2 and 7, respectively, in the Notes to Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of proved reserves and in projecting the future rates of production and timing of development expenditures, including many factors beyond the control of the producer. Reserve data included above and in these reports represents estimates only and should not be construed as being exact. The discounted present values shown by the Reserve Report should not be construed as the current market value of the estimated gas and oil reserves attributable to the Royalty Properties or the costs that would be incurred to obtain equivalent reserves, since a market value determination would include many additional factors.

 The Trustee has been advised that each of the foregoing estimates were prepared in accordance with guidelines established by the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). Accordingly, the estimates are based on existing economic and operating conditions in effect at December 31, 2023, with no provision for future increases or decreases except for periodic price redeterminations in accordance with existing gas contracts. Actual future prices and costs may be materially greater or less than the assumed amounts in the reserve reports. Because reserve reports are limited to proved reserves, future capital expenditures for recovery of reserves not classified as proved are not included in the calculation of estimated future net revenues. Reserve assessment is a subjective process of estimating the recovery from underground accumulations of gas and oil that cannot be measured in an exact way, and estimates of other persons might differ materially from those of Miller and Lents. Accordingly, reserve estimates are often different from the quantities of hydrocarbons that are ultimately recovered.

 The Trustee relies on Miller and Lents to prepare the reserve estimates attributable to the Trust's interests in the Royalty Properties. Although the Trustee inquires with the third-party reserve engineer about the information provided by the Working Interest Owners and the assumptions made and methodologies used by the third-party reserve engineer, the Trustee does not control the information provided by the Working Interest Owners or the assumptions made or methodologies used by the third-party reserve engineer. Accordingly, such information is outside the scope of the internal controls of the Trust and the Trustee. Any past practices not consistent with the Conveyance could also cause the basis for the reserve estimates included above to differ from actual reserve quantities and future net revenues.

 Income, Production and Production Prices and Production Costs

 Sales and production data from the Royalty Properties for the last two fiscal years is included in the table below. As reflected in the table, natural gas represents the vast majority of production from the Royalty Properties. Although the Trust is exposed to pricing fluctuations with respect to oil and condensate and natural gas liquids, the pricing environment of natural gas has a much more significant impact on Royalty income than any other hydrocarbon. For additional information related to the Trust's Reserve Report, see "Note 8 — Supplemental Reserve Information (Unaudited)" in the Notes to Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 Hugoton

 San Juan Basin — New Mexico

 San Juan Basin — Colorado

 Total

 Gas

 Gas

 Oil
 and

 Gas

 Gas

 Oil
 and

 Gas

 Gas

 Oil
 and

 Gas

 Gas

 Oil
 and

 Year ended December 31, 2023:

 Average Sales Price

 $

 3.90

 $

 15.95

 $

 —

 $

 5.73

 $

 26.42

 $

 66.65

 $

 0.41

 $

 0.73

 $

 —

 $

 3.06

 $

 20.29

 $

 66.65

 Average Production Costs(1)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2.14

 $

 14.15

 $

 43.18

 $

 1.25

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 4.63

 $

 32.02

 $

 43.18

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid (2)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 —

 —

 —

 443,109

 81,374

 —

 —

 524,483

 Year ended December 31, 2022:

 Average Sales Price

 $

 6.50

 $

 25.24

 $

 —

 $

 6.73

 $

 47.91

 $

 89.86

 $

 1.05

 $

 0.73

 $

 —

 $

 5.06

 $

 37.51

 $

 89.86

 Average Production Costs(1)

 $

 11.19

 $

 49.76

 $

 —

 $

 3.13

 $

 25.23

 $

 47.39

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 6.01

 $

 30.39

 $

 47.39

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid (2)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 131,339

 6,132

 —

 288,285

 22,992

 —

 —

 —

 419,624

 29,124

 (1)

 Average production costs attributable to the Royalty are calculated as stated capital costs plus operating costs, divided by stated net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid. Production costs may be incurred in one operating period and then recovered in a subsequent operating period, which may cause Royalty income paid to the Trust not to agree to the Trust's Royalty interest in the Net Proceeds.

 (2)

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty are determined by dividing Royalty income by the average sales price received. Any differences noted are due to rounding.

 CONTRACTS

 Hugoton Royalty Properties

 Natural gas and natural gas liquids produced by Scout from the Hugoton Royalty Properties accounted for approximately 0% of the Royalty income of the Trust for the year ended December 31, 2023. Since June 1, 1995 natural gas produced from the Hugoton field has generally been sold under short-term and multi-month contracts to multiple purchasers. Scout has advised the Trust that it expects to continue to market natural gas production from the Hugoton field under short-term and multi-month contracts. Overall average daily market prices received for natural gas from Hugoton Royalty Properties were lower for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Scout provided Process (as defined in the Conveyance) services for the Hugoton Royalty Properties, and such services are charged against the Royalty in accordance with the terms of the Conveyance.

 San Juan Basin

 Natural gas, oil, condensate and natural gas liquids produced from the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Royalty Properties accounted for the majority of the Royalty income of the Trust for the year ended December 31, 2023. Simcoe has informed the Trustee that a portion of the natural gas produced from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Royalty Properties is sold on the spot market, and some of the natural gas produced from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties is sold pursuant to fixed price contracts. Under such fixed price contractual arrangements, the Trust may not benefit from increases in commodity prices to the extent a variable or market-based price arrangement would otherwise increase revenues to the Trust.

 Market for Natural Gas

 The amount of cash distributions by the Trust is dependent on, among other things, the sales prices realized for natural gas produced from the Royalty Properties and the quantities of gas sold. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy, the average Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Prices were $6.42 per MMBtu in 2022 and decreased to $2.53 per MMBtu in 2023. Due to the

 seasonal nature of demand for natural gas and its effects on sales prices and production volumes, the amounts of cash distributions by the Trust may vary substantially on a seasonal basis. Generally, production volumes and prices are higher during the first and fourth quarters of each calendar year due primarily to peak demand in those periods. Because of the time lag between the date on which the Working Interest Owners receive payment for production from the Royalty Properties and the date on which distributions are made to unitholders, the seasonality that generally affects production volumes and prices is generally reflected in distributions to unitholders in later periods. Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Prices are quoted in MMBtu, a commonly used energy measurement that has a conversion formula defined and published by the SEC for the purpose of estimating price per Mcf in the Reserve Report.

 Competition

 The production and sale of gas from the Royalty Properties are highly competitive, and the Working Interest Owners' competitors in these areas include the major oil and gas companies, independent oil and gas companies, and individual producers and operators. There are numerous producers in the Hugoton field and the San Juan Basin. The Working Interest Owners have indicated that they believe that their competitive position in their respective areas is affected by price, contract terms and quality of service. Market conditions in the San Juan Basin may be negatively affected by the fact that most of the gas produced from such areas is transported on a limited number of major pipelines.

 REGULATION AND PRICES

 General

 The production and sale of natural gas from the Royalty Properties are affected from time to time in varying degrees by political developments and federal, state and local laws and regulations. In particular, oil and gas production operations and economics, including levels of demand and pricing, are, or in the past have been, affected by price controls, taxes, conservation, safety, environmental and other laws relating to the petroleum industry, by changes in such laws, and by constantly changing administrative regulations. For example, on January 26, 2024, President Biden announced a temporary pause on pending decisions on new exports of liquified natural gas to countries that the United States does not have free trade agreements with, pending Department of Energy review of the underlying analyses for authorization.

 FERC Regulation

 In general, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the "FERC") regulates the sale of natural gas in interstate commerce for resale and the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce by pipelines, but does not regulate natural gas gathering facilities. Over thirty years ago, the FERC adopted regulations resulting in a restructuring of the natural gas industry. The principal elements of this restructuring were the requirement that interstate pipelines separate, or "unbundle," into individual components the various services offered on their systems, with all transportation services to be provided on a non-discriminatory basis, and the prohibition against an interstate pipeline providing gas sales services except through separately-organized affiliates. In various rulemaking proceedings following its initial unbundling requirement, the FERC has refined its regulatory program applicable to interstate pipelines in various respects, and it has announced that it will continue to monitor these and other regulations to determine whether further changes are needed. In addition to rulemaking proceedings, the FERC establishes new policies and regulations through policy statements and adjudications of individual pipeline matters. Further, additional changes to regulations may occur based on actions taken by Congress and/or the courts. As to these various developments, the Working Interest Owners have advised the Trust that the on-going and evolving nature of these regulatory initiatives makes it impossible to predict their ultimate impact on the prices, markets or terms of sale of natural gas related to the Trust.

 In the past, the federal government has regulated the prices at which natural gas could be sold. While sales by producers of natural gas can currently be made at market prices, Congress could reenact price controls in the future. Deregulation of wellhead natural gas sales began with the enactment of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 and culminated in adoption of the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act that removed all price controls affecting wellhead sales of natural gas effective January 1, 1993.

 Sales of crude oil, condensate, and natural gas liquids are not currently regulated and are made at negotiated prices. Nevertheless, Congress could reenact price controls at any time in the future. Sales of crude oil are affected by the availability, terms and cost of transportation. The transportation of oil by common carrier pipelines in interstate commerce is subject to rate and access regulation by the FERC under the Interstate Commerce Act. In general, interstate oil pipeline rates must be just and reasonable and may be derived in a number of ways including, but not limited to, the FERC's indexing methodology.

 As to these various types of regulation, the on-going and evolving nature of these regulatory initiatives makes it impossible to predict their ultimate impact on the prices, markets or terms of sale of natural gas related to the Trust.

 State and Other Regulation

 Each of the jurisdictions encompassing the Royalty Properties has statutory provisions regulating the production and sale of crude oil and natural gas. The regulations often require permits for the drilling of wells and may specify rules related to the spacing of wells, the prevention of waste of oil and gas resources, the rate of production, the prevention and clean-up of pollution, and other matters.

 State regulation of gathering facilities generally includes various safety, environmental, and in some circumstances, non-discriminatory take and common purchaser requirements, as well as complaint-based rate regulation.

 Natural gas pipeline facilities used for the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce are subject to federal minimum safety requirements. These requirements, however, are not applicable to, among other things, onshore gathering of gas (i) through a pipeline that operates at less than 0 psig; (ii) through a pipeline that is not a regulated onshore gathering line (as determined in 49 C.F.R. § 192.8); and (iii) within the inlets of the Gulf of Mexico, except for the requirements in 49 C.F.R. § 192.612. The Royalty Properties are located in the Hugoton field of Kansas and the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado. Each of Colorado, Kansas and New Mexico has adopted the federal minimum safety requirements for intrastate pipelines within their borders. It is possible that future changes in applicable pipeline safety law may increase the stringency of the standards or expand the applicability of the standards to facilities not currently covered.

 Environmental Matters

 The Working Interest Owners' operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations controlling the discharge and release of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment. These laws and regulations, including their state counterparts, can impose liability upon the owner, operator or lessee under a lease for the cost of cleanup of discharged and released materials or damages to natural resources resulting from oil and gas operations. These laws and regulations may, among other things:

 •

 restrict the types, quantities and concentration of various substances that can be discharged and released into the environment in connection with oil and natural gas drilling and production activities;

 •

 limit or prohibit drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands and other protected areas; and

 •

 require remedial measures to mitigate pollution from former and ongoing operations, such as requirements to close pits and plug abandoned wells.

 Violations of environmental laws, regulations, or permits can result in civil and criminal penalties as well as potential injunctions curtailing operations in affected areas. The Working Interest Owners have advised the Trust that they are not at this time involved in any administrative or judicial proceedings relating to the Royalty Properties arising under federal, state or local environmental protection laws and regulations or which would have a material adverse effect on the Working Interest Owners' financial position or results of operations. The Working Interest Owners have also advised the Trust that they maintain insurance for costs of cleanup obligations, but that they are not fully insured against all such risks.

 The following is a summary of certain material laws, rules and regulations to which the operations of the Royalty Properties may be subject.

 Hazardous Substances. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, referred to as "CERCLA" or the Superfund law, and comparable state laws impose liability, potentially without regard to fault or legality of the activity at the time, on certain classes of persons that are considered to be responsible for the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons include the current or former owner or operator of the disposal site or sites where the release occurred and companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances that have been released at the site. Under CERCLA, these persons may be subject to joint and several liability for the costs of investigating and cleaning up hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources and for the costs of health studies. In addition, neighboring landowners and other third parties may file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by hazardous substances or other pollutants released into the environment.

 The Royalty Properties have been used for oil and natural gas exploration and production for many years. Although the Working Interest Owners believe that they have utilized operating and waste disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, hazardous substances, wastes or hydrocarbons may have been released on or under the properties, or on or under other locations, including off-site locations, where such substances have been taken for disposal. In addition, the Royalty Properties may have been operated by third parties or by previous owners or operators whose treatment and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes or hydrocarbons was not under the Working Interest Owners' control. These properties and the substances disposed or released on them may be subject to CERCLA, federal hazardous waste laws, and analogous state laws. Under such laws, the Working Interest Owners could be required to remove previously disposed substances and wastes, remediate contaminated property, or perform remedial plugging or pit closure operations to prevent future contamination regardless of whether or not such Working Interest Owner directly or indirectly caused the unpermitted discharge or release.

 In addition, in the course of the Working Interest Owners' operations, equipment may be exposed to naturally occurring radiation associated with oil and natural gas deposits, and this exposure may result in the generation of wastes containing naturally occurring radioactive materials ("NORM"). NORM wastes exhibiting trace levels of naturally occurring radiation in excess of established state standards are subject to special handling and disposal requirements, and any storage vessels, piping and work area affected by NORM may be subject to remediation or restoration requirements. Because some properties presently or previously comprising the Royalty Properties may have been used for oil and natural gas production operations for many years, it is possible that the Working Interest Owners may incur costs or liabilities associated with elevated levels of NORM.

 In February 2024, the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") announced its plans to introduce proposed rules that target per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ("PFAS"). PFAS are long-lasting chemicals used in a wide variety of consumer, commercial, and industrial products. Some states have already implemented regulations restricting levels of PFAS detected in soil, groundwater, and surface water. As the usage of PFAS, historically, has been widespread, it is possible that PFAS could have been released at the properties and could be subject to future promulgated health and safety standards.

 Waste Handling. The federal Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, referred to as "RCRA," and comparable state statutes, regulate the management and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Some wastes associated with the exploration and production of oil and natural gas are exempted from the most stringent regulation in certain circumstances, such as drilling fluids, produced waters and other wastes associated with the exploration, development or production of oil and natural gas. However, these wastes and other wastes may be otherwise regulated by the EPA or state agencies. Moreover, in the ordinary course of oil and gas operations, industrial wastes such as paint wastes and waste solvents may be regulated as hazardous waste under RCRA or considered hazardous substances under CERCLA. It is possible that certain oil and natural gas exploration and production wastes now classified as non-hazardous could be classified as hazardous wastes in the future.

 Water Discharges. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (the "Clean Water Act") and analogous state laws, impose restrictions and strict controls with respect to the discharge of pollutants, including spills

 and leaks of oil and other substances, into regulated waters. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (the "OPA"), as amended, which amends the Clean Water Act, imposes strict liability on owners and operators of facilities that are the site of a release of oil into regulated waters. The OPA and its associated regulations impose a variety of requirements on responsible parties related to the prevention of oil spills and liability for damages resulting from such spills. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure requirements under federal or state law may require appropriate operating protocols, including containment berms and similar structures, to help prevent or respond to a petroleum hydrocarbon spill, rupture or leak. In addition, the Clean Water Act and analogous state laws may require individual permits or coverage under general permits for discharges of storm water runoff from certain types of facilities or during construction activities.

 Hydraulic Fracturing. It is customary to recover oil and natural gas from deep shale, tight sand and coal bed formations through the use of hydraulic fracturing, combined with sophisticated horizontal drilling. Conventional hydraulic fracturing techniques are used to increase production in vertical wells. Hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of water, sand and chemical additives under pressure into rock formations to stimulate gas production. The federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 amended the Underground Injection Control provisions of the federal Safe Drinking Water Act to exclude certain hydraulic fracturing activities from the definition of "underground injection." At present, hydraulic fracturing is regulated at the state and local level. Due to public concerns raised regarding potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on groundwater quality, legislative and regulatory efforts at the federal, state and local level and in some states have been initiated to require or make more stringent the permitting and compliance requirements for hydraulic fracturing operations. Repeal of the exemption would allow the EPA to promulgate new regulations. Many states have adopted rules that required operators to disclose chemicals and water volumes associated with hydraulic fracturing. In addition, hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water. This water, along with any produced water, is often sent to injection wells for disposal. This activity has been associated with earthquakes and some states, particularly Oklahoma, have limited injection well activity. If states in which the Working Interest Owners operate adopt limitations, it could have a negative impact on production.

 Air Emissions. The federal Clean Air Act, and comparable state laws, restrict the emission of air pollutants from many sources, including drilling operations and related equipment, and as a result affect oil and natural gas operations. The EPA has also developed, and continues to give attention to, stringent regulations governing emissions of toxic air pollutants at specified sources, including oil and gas operations. Air emissions permits may be required for some oil and gas production operations.

 Climate Change. The EPA is considering rulemaking proposals in accordance with Executive Order 13990 Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis which was signed by President Biden in January 2021. In December 2023, EPA announced a final rule to reduce air pollutants from new and existing sources in the oil and gas industry with a particular focus on methane. The new rule aims to sharply reduce methane from oil and natural gas operations by phasing in a requirement to eliminate flaring of natural gas from wells, require comprehensive monitoring for leaks of methane, and establish standards to reduce emissions from high-emitting equipment. In March 2024, the SEC adopted rules that will require public issuers to disclose specific climate-related information in their filings with the SEC. In addition, some states have taken or proposed legal measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. For example, a number of states, including states in which the Royalty Properties are located, have indicated an intent to reduce greenhouse gases through state action or regional partnerships.

 Safety. The Working Interest Owners are also subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, known as "OSHA," and comparable state statutes that regulate the protection of the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard requires that information be maintained about hazardous materials used or produced by oil and gas operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities and the public.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Although risk factors are described elsewhere in this Form 10-K together with the Disclosures Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, the following is a summary of the principal risks associated with an investment in the Trust's units.

 BUSINESS AND OPERATIONAL RISKS

 Oil and natural gas prices fluctuate due to a number of factors, and declines in commodity prices will reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders.

 Net Proceeds and the Trust's quarterly distributions are highly dependent upon the prices realized from the sale of natural gas, and any material decrease in such prices could reduce the amount of Trust distributions. Natural gas prices can fluctuate widely on a month-to-month basis in response to a variety of factors that are beyond the control of the Trust and the Working Interest Owners. Factors that contribute to price fluctuation include, among others:

 •

 political conditions worldwide, in particular political disruption, war or other armed conflicts that affect oil supply;

 •

 worldwide economic conditions, including conditions affecting interest rates and availability of financing;

 •

 weather conditions;

 •

 the supply and price of foreign natural gas;

 •

 the level of consumer demand;

 •

 the price and availability of alternative fuels;

 •

 the proximity to, and capacity of, transportation facilities;

 •

 the effect of worldwide energy conservation measures; and

 •

 the occurrence or threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases or any government response to such occurrence or threat.

 Moreover, government regulations, such as regulation of natural gas transportation, regulation of greenhouse gas and other emissions associated with fossil fuel combustion, and price controls, can affect product prices in the long-term.

 Crude oil prices have been historically volatile and fell sharply during the pandemic. Oil demand rebounded in the second half of 2020, and prices increased in 2021 and 2022 and decreased in 2023. The NYMEX crude oil spot prices per Bbl were $71.65 and $80.26 as of December 30, 2023 and December 30, 2022, respectively. As of March 26, 2024, the price was $81.62 per Bbl. The Trust cannot predict the timing or the duration of any economic cycle or other adverse events and, depending on the prices realized, the financial condition of the Trust could be materially adversely affected. When natural gas prices decline, the Trust is affected in two ways. First, net royalties are reduced. Second, exploration and development activity on the underlying properties may decline as some projects may become uneconomic and are either delayed or eliminated. The volatility of energy prices reduces the predictability of future cash distributions to unitholders. Based on information provided by the Working Interest Owners, natural gas and natural gas liquids produced from the Royalty Properties may be sold under short-term or multi-month contracts or on the spot market.

 Any decreases in prices of natural gas on the spot market, or in prices reported by Working Interest Owners under applicable contractual arrangements, may materially and adversely affect cash generated from operations, results of operations and reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders.

 Natural gas prices have been historically volatile and fell sharply during the pandemic. During the five years prior to December 31, 2023, Henry Hub natural gas prices have ranged from a high of $23.86 per MMBtu in 2021 to a low of $1.33 per MMBtu in 2020. Eliminating the unusually high prices in 2021

 which were due to extreme winter weather, the natural gas prices ranged from a high of $9.85 per MMBtu in 2022 to a low of $1.33 per MMBtu in 2020. On December 29, 2023, the Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price was $2.58 per MMBtu. As of March 26, 2024, the price was $1.48 per MMBtu. Declines in natural gas prices may be caused by many factors, including increases in natural gas production and reserves from unconventional (shale) reservoirs, without an offsetting increase in demand. Any increase in natural gas production could cause the prices for natural gas to fall to lower levels. If prices for natural gas remain depressed for lengthy periods, the Trustee may be required to write down the value of the Trust's oil and gas properties. In addition, sustained low prices for gas will negatively impact the value of the Trust's estimated reserves and reduce Net Proceeds and the amount of cash the Trustee would otherwise have available to pay cash distributions to unitholders.

 Any decreases in prices of natural gas on the spot market, or in prices reported by Working Interest Owners under applicable contractual arrangements, may materially and adversely affect cash generated from operations, results of operations and reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders.

 Natural gas and natural gas liquids produced from the Royalty Properties may be sold by the Working Interest Owners on the spot market or at prices determined by contract, including at fixed or variable prices. To the extent prices are determined by fixed price contracts, any increases in spot prices may not result in a corresponding increase in Net Proceeds received by the Trust or in the amount of cash available to pay cash distributions to unitholders.

 Increased production and development costs for the Royalty have resulted in substantial accumulated excess production costs, which will result in decreased Trust distributions, and in some periods may result in no Trust distributions.

 Production and development costs attributable to the Royalty are deducted in the calculation of the Trust's share of Net Proceeds. Production and development costs are impacted by increases in commodity prices both directly, through commodity-price dependent costs such as electricity, and indirectly, as a result of demand-driven increases in costs of oil field goods and services. Accordingly, higher or lower production and development costs, without concurrent increases in revenues, directly decrease or increase the amount received by the Trust for the Royalty.

 If development and production costs of the Royalty exceed the proceeds of production from the Royalty Properties, the Trust will not receive Net Proceeds for those properties until future proceeds from production exceed the total of the excess costs plus accrued interest during the deficit period. Development activities may not generate sufficient additional revenue to repay the costs. Accordingly, there may not be sufficient Net Proceeds to make a particular distribution.

 Total excess production costs increased from $209,316 at December 31, 2022 to $260,731 at December 31, 2023, as reported by the Working Interest Owners. Please see Note 5 — Excess Production Costs in the Notes to Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 Trust assets are depleting assets and, if the Working Interest Owners or other operators of the Royalty Properties do not perform additional development projects, the assets may deplete faster than expected.

 The Net Proceeds payable to the Trust are derived from the sale of depleting assets. Accordingly, the portion of the distributions to unitholders attributable to depletion may be considered a return of capital. Future maintenance and development projects on the Royalty Properties will affect the quantity of proved reserves. The timing and size of any such projects will depend on the market prices of natural gas, and, if undertaken, such projects will result in added costs that will reduce Net Proceeds payable to the Trust. If the Working Interest Owners do not implement additional maintenance and development projects, the future rate of production decline of proved reserves may be higher than the rate currently expected by the Trust. For federal income tax purposes, depletion is reflected as a deduction. Please see the section entitled "Business — Description of the Units — Federal Income Tax Matters" under Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

 Because the Net Proceeds payable to the Trust are derived from the sale of depleting assets, the portion of distributions to unitholders attributable to depletion may be considered a return of capital as opposed to a return on investment. Distributions that are a return of capital will ultimately diminish the depletion tax

 benefits available to the Trust unitholders, which could reduce the market value of the Trust units over time. Eventually, properties underlying the Trust's Royalty will cease to produce in commercial quantities and the Trust will, therefore, cease to receive any distributions of Net Proceeds therefrom.

 Trust reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate, which could cause both estimated reserves and estimated future revenues to be too high or too low.

 The value of the units of beneficial interest of the Trust depends upon, among other things, the amount of reserves attributable to the Royalty and the estimated future value of the reserves. Estimating reserves is inherently uncertain. Ultimately, actual production, revenues and expenditures for the underlying properties will vary from estimates and those variations could be material. Petroleum engineers consider many factors and make assumptions in estimating reserves. Those factors and assumptions include:

 •

 historical production from the area compared with production rates from similar producing areas;

 •

 the assumed effect of governmental regulation;

 •

 assumptions about future commodity prices, production and development costs, severance and excise taxes, and capital expenditures;

 •

 the availability of enhanced recovery techniques; and

 •

 relationships with landowners, working interest partners, pipeline companies and others.

 Changes in these factors and assumptions can materially change reserve estimates and future net revenue estimates.

 The reserve quantities attributable to the Royalty and revenues are based on estimates of reserves and revenues for the underlying properties. The method of allocating a portion of those reserves to the Trust is further complicated because the Trust holds an interest in the Royalty and does not own a specific percentage of the natural gas reserves. Ultimately, actual production, revenues and expenditures for the underlying properties, and therefore actual Net Proceeds payable to the Trust, will vary from estimates and those variations could be material. Results of drilling, testing and production after the date of those estimates may require substantial downward revisions or write-off of reserves.

 The quantities of reserves attributable to the Royalty Properties and the Royalty interest decreased in 2023 and may decrease in the future as a result of decreases in the price of oil, natural gas or natural gas liquids or other factors. According to reserve estimates prepared by Miller and Lents, volumes from certain Royalty Properties are not currently profitable enough to generate future Net Proceeds to the Trust, based on the assumptions made and the methodologies used. For these properties, declining well performance coupled with low prices has rendered these wells uneconomic. See "Business — Description of Royalty Properties — Reserves" contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

 The Trustee relies entirely on reserve estimates and related information prepared by Miller and Lents based on information provided by the Working Interest Owners. While the Trustee has no reason to believe the reserve estimates included in this report are not accurate, to the extent additional information exists that could affect their reserve estimates, the estimated reserves in these reports could also be too low.

 Operating risks for the Working Interest Owners' interests in the Royalty Properties can adversely affect Trust distributions.

 There are operational risks and hazards associated with the production and transportation of natural gas, including without limitation natural disasters, blowouts, explosions, fires, leakage of natural gas, releases of other hazardous materials, mechanical failures, cratering and pollution. Any of these or similar occurrences could result in the interruption or cessation of operations, personal injury or loss of life, property damage, damage to productive formations or equipment, or damage to the environment or natural resources, and associated cleanup obligations. The occurrence of drilling, production or transportation accidents and other natural disasters at any of the Royalty Properties will reduce Trust distributions by the amount of uninsured costs. These occurrences include blowouts, cratering, explosives and other environmental damage that may result in personal injuries, property damage, and damage to productive formations or

 equipment and environmental damages. Any uninsured costs would be deducted as a production cost in calculating Net Proceeds payable to the Trust. Any disruptions to natural gas pipelines or transportation lines, or increases in transportation costs for production from these properties, could also adversely affect the Trust.

 Further, the present value of future net cash flows from proved reserves may not be the current market value of estimated natural gas and oil reserves attributable to the Royalty. In accordance with SEC definitions, estimated future net revenues from proved reserves were computed using the unweighted arithmetic twelve-month average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month in 2023. Price differentials were calculated for each Working Interest Owner based on the monthly average price received and the monthly average historical benchmark prices and were applied on a constant basis for gas, condensate, and NGLs. The average prices, after appropriate adjustments, and the average operating costs were held constant throughout the life of the properties. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the net present value estimate, and future net present value estimates using then current prices and costs may be significantly less than the current estimate. In addition, the 10% discount factor used when calculating discounted future net cash flows for reporting requirements in compliance with the FASB in Accounting Standards Codification 932 may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the natural gas and oil industry in general.

 Trust unitholders and the Trustee have no influence or control over the operation or development of the Royalty Properties.

 Neither the Trustee nor the unitholders can influence or control the operation or future development of the underlying properties. The Royalty Properties are owned by the Working Interest Owners, who are independent from the Trust. The Working Interest Owners manage the underlying properties and handle receipt and payment of funds relating to the Royalty Properties and payments to the Trust for the Royalty. Additionally, the Working Interest Owners have the ability to enter into contractual arrangements at their discretion that may not be advantageous to the Trust, depending on future commodity pricing. For example, Simcoe has informed the Trustee that some of the natural gas produced from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties is being sold pursuant to fixed price contracts. To the extent prices are determined by fixed price contracts, any increases in spot prices may not result in a corresponding increase in Net Proceeds received by the Trust or in the amount of cash available to pay cash distributions to unitholders.

 The failure of an operator to conduct its operations, discharge its obligations, deal with regulatory agencies or comply with laws, rules and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations, in a proper manner could have an adverse effect on the Net Proceeds payable to the Trust. Additionally, the Working Interest Owners are under no obligation to continue operating the Royalty Properties. Neither the Trustee nor the unitholders have the right to replace an operator.

 The Trustee relies upon the Working Interests Owners for information regarding the Royalty Properties.

 The Trustee relies on the Working Interest Owners for all operating and financial information regarding the Royalty Properties. The Working Interest Owners control (i) historical operating data and estimates, including production volumes, marketing of products, operating and capital expenditures, environmental and other liabilities, effects of regulatory changes and the number of producing wells and acreage, (ii) plans for future operating and capital expenditures, (iii) geological data relating to reserves, as well as related projections regarding production, operating expenses and capital expenses used in connection with the preparation of the reserve report, (iv) forward-looking information and estimates relating to production and drilling plans, (v) cybersecurity related to the Royalty Properties, and (vi) information regarding the Royalty Properties responsive to litigation claims. While the Trustee requests material information for use in periodic reports as part of its disclosure controls and procedures, the Trustee does not control this information and relies entirely on the Working Interest Owners to provide accurate and timely information when requested for use in the Trust's periodic reports. Information regarding operations and financial results has been subject to errors and adjustments in the past. Accordingly, the Trustee cannot assure unitholders that other errors or adjustments by the Working Interest Owners, whether historical or future, will not affect Royalty income and distributions by the Trust.

 Under the terms of the Trust Indenture, the Trustee is entitled to rely, and in fact relies, on certain experts in good faith. This reliance includes the use of an independent petroleum engineering consultant to prepare estimates of net proved reserves attributable to the Trust. This independent petroleum engineering consultant in turn relies on information provided to it by the Working Interest Owners. While the Trustee has no reason to believe its reliance on experts is unreasonable, this reliance on experts and limited access to information may be viewed as a weakness as compared to the management and oversight of entity forms other than trusts.

 The owner of any Royalty Property may abandon any property, terminating the related Royalty.

 The Working Interest Owners may at any time transfer all or part of the Royalty Property to another unrelated third party. Unitholders are not entitled to vote on any transfer, and the Trust will not receive any proceeds of any such transfer. Following any transfer, the Royalty Properties will continue to be subject to the Royalty, but the Net Proceeds from the transferred property would be calculated separately and paid by the transferee. The transferee would be responsible for all of the obligations relating to calculating, reporting and paying to the Trust the Royalty on the transferred portion of the Royalty Properties, and the current owner of the Royalty Properties would have no continuing obligation to the Trust for those properties.

 The Working Interest Owners or any transferee may abandon any well or property if it reasonably believes that the well or property can no longer produce in commercially economic quantities. This could result in termination of the Royalty relating to the abandoned well.

 Terrorism and continued hostilities across the world could decrease Trust distributions or the market price of the units of beneficial interest of the Trust.

 Warfare, terrorist attacks and the threat of terrorist attacks, whether domestic or foreign, as well as military or political actions taken in response, cause instability in the global financial and energy markets. Terrorism and sustained military campaigns, including political turmoil, warfare or continuing attacks in Ukraine and in the Middle East, could adversely affect Trust distributions or the market price of the units in unpredictable ways, including through inflationary pressures, the disruption of supply chains and markets, increased volatility in natural gas prices, or the possibility that the infrastructure on which the operators developing the underlying properties rely could be a direct target or an indirect casualty of a cyber-attack or an act of terror. Political and military events in Ukraine and in the Middle East, including warfare between Ukraine and Russia, deteriorating relations between the U.S. and Russia, hostilities and geopolitical risk in the Middle East and sanctions by the U.S. and the EU against Russia may also have an adverse impact on Trust distributions or the market price of the units and may negatively affect our results of operations.

 Cyber-attacks or other failures in telecommunications or information technology systems could result in information theft, data corruption and significant disruption of the business operations of the Working Interest Owners.

 The Working Interest Owners rely on information technology ("IT") systems and networks in connection with various business activities, including exploration, development and production activities. The Working Interest Owners rely on digital technology, including information systems and related infrastructure, as well as cloud applications and services, to, among other things, estimate quantities of oil and natural gas reserves, analyze seismic and drilling information, process and record financial and operating data and communicate with employees and third parties. As dependence on digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication. These threats pose a risk to the security of the systems and networks of the Working Interest Owners, the confidentiality, availability and integrity of their data and the physical security of employees and assets. The Working Interest Owners may not be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or mitigating their effect. Any cyber-attack could have a material adverse effect on the reputation, competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations of the Working Interest Owners, and could have a material adverse effect on the Trust. Cyber-attacks or security breaches also could result in litigation or regulatory action, as well as significant additional expense to the Working Interest Owners to implement further data protection measures.

 In addition to the risks presented to the systems and networks of the Working Interest Owners, cyber-attacks affecting oil and natural gas distribution systems maintained by third parties, or the networks and infrastructure on which they rely, could delay or prevent delivery to markets. A cyber-attack of this nature would be outside the ability of the Working Interest Owners to control, but could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Working Interest Owners, and could have a material adverse effect on the Trust.

 Cyber-attacks or other failures in telecommunications or IT systems could result in information theft, data corruption and significant disruption of the Trustee's operations.

 The Trustee depends heavily upon IT systems and networks in connection with its business activities. Despite a variety of security measures implemented by the Trustee, events such as the loss or theft of back-up tapes or other data storage media could occur, and the Trustee's computer systems could be subject to physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering, including threats that may come from external factors, such as governments, organized crime, hackers and third parties to whom certain functions are outsourced, or may originate internally from within the respective companies.

 If a cyber-attack were to occur, it could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, the Trustee's computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in the operations of the Trust, which could result in litigation, increased costs and regulatory penalties. Although steps are taken to prevent and detect such attacks, it is possible that a cyber incident will not be discovered for some time after it occurs, which could increase exposure to these consequences.

 LEGAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY RISKS

 The Working Interest Owners are subject to extensive governmental regulation.

 Oil and gas operations have been, and in the future will be, affected by federal, state and local laws and regulations and other political developments, such as price or gathering rate controls, climate regulations and environmental protection regulations. These regulations and changes in regulations could have a material adverse effect on Royalty income payable to the Trust. Please read "Business — Regulation and Prices" under Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

 The Working Interest Owners' operations are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose the Working Interest Owners to penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance which could adversely affect Trust distributions.

 The Working Interest Owners' operations are subject to federal, regional, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of natural resources and the environment, health and safety aspects of oil and gas operations and waste management, including the transportation and disposal of waste and other materials. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations on such operations, including the acquisition of permits to conduct regulated activities, the incurrence of capital expenditures to mitigate or prevent releases of materials from facilities, the imposition of substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations and the application of specific health and safety criteria addressing worker protection. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in restrictions or orders suspending well operations, the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the revocation of permits and the issuance of corrective action orders.

 There is inherent risk of environmental costs and liabilities in the oil and gas business as a result of the handling of petroleum hydrocarbons and oilfield and industrial wastes, air emissions and wastewater discharges related to current operations as well as historical industry operations and waste disposal practices. Some environmental laws and regulations may impose strict liability, which means that in some situations, the Working Interest Owners could be exposed to liability as a result of conduct that was without fault or lawful at the time it occurred or as a result of the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators or other third parties. Clean-up costs and other damages arising as a result of environmental laws and costs

 associated with changes in environmental laws and regulations could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on Trust distributions.

 Laws protecting the environment generally have become more stringent over time and are expected to continue to do so, which could lead to material increases in costs for future environmental compliance and remediation. The modification or interpretation of existing laws or regulations, or the adoption of new laws or regulations, could curtail exploratory or developmental drilling for oil and natural gas. The Working Interest Owners may not be able to recover some or any of such costs of compliance with these laws and regulations from insurance.

 Please read "Business — Regulation and Prices — Environmental Matters" under Item 1 of this Form 10-K for more information on the environmental laws and government regulations that may be applicable to the Working Interest Owners' operations.

 Physical effects of climatic change have the potential to damage the facilities of the Working Interest Owners, disrupt production activities on the Royalty Properties, and cause the Working Interest Owners to incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to those effects and can adversely affect Trust distributions as a result.

 Scientific studies and government reports, such as those published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established by the United Nations and World Meteorological Organization indicate that climate change could have global, regional or local effects on the severity of weather (including hurricanes, floods and droughts), sea levels, arability of farmland, and water availability and quality, including predicted effects on areas in which the Royalty Properties are located. If such effects were to occur, exploration and production operations of the Royalty Properties have the potential to be adversely affected. Potential adverse effects could include damages to the facilities of the Working Interest Owners or disruption of production activities associated with weather related events, scale-backs in operations on the Royalty Properties due to the threat of such climatic effects, and increases in costs of operation potentially arising from such climatic effects, less efficient or non-routine operating practices necessitated by climatic effects or increased costs for insurance coverage. The Working Interest Owners may not be able to recover through insurance some or any of the damages, losses or costs that may result from potential physical effects of climate change and can adversely affect Trust distributions as a result.

 Climate change legislation or regulations restricting or regulating emissions of greenhouse gases could result in increased operating and administrative costs and could adversely affect Trust distributions.

 The EPA has adopted various regulations under the federal Clean Air Act addressing emissions of greenhouse gases that may affect the oil and gas industry, including mandatory reporting and emission reduction. Such changes will affect state air permitting programs in states that administer the federal Clean Air Act under a delegation of authority, including states in which the Royalty Properties are located. Some states have also indicated an intent to regulate or impose restrictions or costs on greenhouse gas emissions or fossil fuels. The adoption and implementation of any international treaty or of any federal or state legislation or regulations imposing restrictions on emissions of greenhouse gases could require the Working Interest Owners to incur costs to comply with such requirements and possibly require the reduction or limitation of emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the Working Interest Owners' operations or could impose costs on other sources of emissions within the industrial or energy sectors. Such legislation or regulations could adversely affect demand for the production of oil and natural gas and increase operating costs by requiring additional expenditures to operate and maintain equipment and facilities, inventory emissions, install emissions controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes and fees relating to emissions, which could adversely affect Trust distributions. In March 2024, the SEC adopted rules that would require public issuers to disclose specific climate-related information in their filings with the SEC which will increase administrative and reporting costs for public filers such as the Trust. Environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") goals and programs have also become an increasing focus of investors, especially in the energy industry. Over time, ESG initiatives might make it more difficult and costly for the Working Interest Owners to secure funds for exploration, development and production activities. Furthermore, any changes in climate or weather, such as storms, floods, wildfires, drought and other climatic events, could have adverse physical effects on the Working Interest Owners' operations or physical assets.

 Please read "Business — Regulation and Prices — Environmental Matters" under Item 1 of this Form 10-K for more information on the environmental laws and government regulations that may be applicable to the Working Interest Owners' operations.

 Federal and state legislation and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could result in increased costs and additional operating restrictions or delays on the Royalty properties in which the Trust holds an interest.

 Hydraulic fracturing is an important and commonly used process in the completion of unconventional natural gas wells in shale and coal formations, as well as tight conventional formations including many of those Royalty properties in which the Trust holds an interest. This process involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals under pressure into rock formations to stimulate natural gas production. Some states have adopted and others are considering legislation to restrict hydraulic fracturing. Several states including those where Royalty properties are located have adopted legislation requiring the public disclosure of hydraulic fracturing chemicals, which could make it easier for third parties opposing the hydraulic fracturing process to initiate legal proceedings based on allegations that specific chemicals used in the fracturing process could adversely affect groundwater. In addition, hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water. This water, along with any produced water, is often sent to injection wells for disposal. This activity has been associated with earthquakes and some states, particularly Oklahoma, have limited injection well activity. Any additional level of regulation could lead to operational delays or increased operating costs and could result in additional regulatory burdens that could make it more difficult to perform hydraulic fracturing and increase the Working Interest Owners' costs of compliance and doing business and required disclosure without protection for trade secret or proprietary products could discourage service companies from using such products and as a result impact the degree to which some oil and gas wells may be efficiently and economically completed or brought into production.

 RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF THE TRUST'S UNITS

 The trading price of the units is substantially related to commodity prices and the Trust's Royalty income. If the Trust's Royalty income experiences a sustained decline, the Trust may be terminated. In addition, Royalty interests may be sold.

 The trading price of the units is substantially related to commodity prices and the Trust's Royalty income. The Trust will be terminated and the Trustee must sell all of the Royalty if holders of a majority of the units of beneficial interest of the Trust approve the sale or vote to terminate the Trust, or if the Trust's Royalty income for each of two successive years is less than $250,000 per year. Following any such termination and liquidation, the Net Proceeds of any such sale will be distributed to the unitholders, and the unitholders will receive no further distributions from the Trust. The Trustee may also enter into one or more transactions, subject to any required unitholder approval, by which a portion of the Royalty is sold, which could ultimately result in the termination of the Trust if the remaining Royalty does not generate sufficient income to maintain the $250,000 threshold. No assurances can be made that any such sale will be on terms acceptable to all unitholders. The sale of the remaining Royalty interests and the termination of the Trust would be taxable events to the Trust unitholders.

 Unitholders have limited voting rights.

 Voting rights as a unitholder are more limited than those of stockholders of most public corporations. For example, there is no requirement for annual meetings of unitholders or for an annual or other periodic re-election of the Trustee. Additionally, Trust unitholders have no voting rights in any of the Working Interest Owners. Unlike corporations which are generally governed by boards of directors elected by their equity holders, the Trust is administered by a corporate Trustee in accordance with the Trust Indenture and other organizational documents. The Trustee has extremely limited discretion in its administration of the Trust.

 Unitholders have limited ability to enforce the Trust's rights against the current or future owners of the Royalty Properties.

 The Trust Indenture and related trust law permit the Trustee and the Trust to sue the Working Interest Owners to compel them to fulfill the terms of the Conveyance of the Royalty. If the Trustee does not take

 appropriate action to enforce provisions of the Conveyance, the Trust Indenture limits and conditions the rights of the unitholders to assert any claims against the Trustee. Unitholders have limited ability to enforce the Trust's rights against a Working Interest Owner.

 The limited liability of the Trust unitholders is uncertain.

 The Trust unitholders are not protected from the liabilities of the Trust to the same extent that a shareholder would be protected from a corporation's liabilities. The structure of the Trust does not include the interposition of a limited liability entity such as a corporation or a limited partnership which would provide further limited liability protection to Trust unitholders. While the Trustee is liable for any excess liabilities incurred if the Trustee fails to insure that such liabilities are to be satisfied only out of Trust assets, under the laws of Texas, which are unsettled on this point, a holder of units may be jointly and severally liable for any liability of the Trust if the satisfaction of such liability was not contractually limited to the assets of the Trust and available assets of the Trust and the Trustee are not adequate to satisfy such liability. As a result, Trust unitholders may be exposed to personal liability.

 The Trust has established a cash reserve for contingent liabilities and to pay expenses in accordance with the Trust Indenture and intends to increase such Contingent Reserve from $1.0 million to a total of $2.0 million, which will reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders.

 The Trust's sole source of capital is the Royalty income received from its share of the Net Proceeds from the Royalty Properties. Pursuant to the Trust Indenture, the Trust may establish a cash reserve through the withholding of cash for contingent liabilities and to pay future Trust expenses. The Trustee has established a cash reserve for contingent liabilities and expenses in accordance with the Trust Indenture, which will reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders. The Trustee intends to increase the Contingent Reserve from $1.0 million to a total of $2.0 million, which will reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders. The amount and timing of the addition to the Contingent Reserve will be determined by the Trustee on a monthly basis and is expected to vary in future periods depending on circumstances at the time.

 The future financial condition of Working Interest Owners or other operators of the underlying properties could impede the operation of wells.

 The value of the Royalty and the Trust's ultimate cash available for distribution is highly dependent on the financial condition of the operators of the wells. The ability to operate the underlying properties depends on all operators' current and future financial condition and economic performance and access to capital, which in turn will depend upon the supply and demand for oil and natural gas, prevailing economic conditions, inflation, interest rates, and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of such operators. Any sustained decrease in demand for crude oil and natural gas in the global market or any other business downturn could have a material negative impact on the financial condition and economic performance of Working Interest Owners or other operators of the underlying properties.

 In the event of the bankruptcy of any operator of the underlying properties, the Working Interest Owners in the affected properties, creditors or the debtor-in-possession may seek a new party to perform the operations of the affected wells. The creditors or debtor-in-possession may not be able to contract with a replacement operator on favorable terms or within a reasonable period of time. Any financial distress of a Working Interest Owner could adversely affect operations of the underlying properties and could reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust.

 Financial information of the Trust is not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

 The financial statements of the Trust are prepared on a modified cash basis of accounting, which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). Although this basis of accounting is permitted for royalty trusts by the SEC, the financial statements of the Trust differ from U.S. GAAP financial statements, because net profits income is not accrued in the month of production, expenses are not recognized when incurred, and cash reserves may be established for certain contingencies that would not be recorded in U.S. GAAP financial statements.

 Working Interest Owners may estimate the revenue or expense components of Net Proceeds, which may result in future adjustments and may adversely affect future distributions to unitholders.

 Each Working Interest Owner has its own system of tracking revenues and expenses related to production from its respective Royalty Properties. From time to time, the Working Interests Owners may not be in a position to ascertain actual revenue or expense amounts for a given period due to technological factors or because of a transition period in which a new Working Interest Owner begins operating a Royalty Property. During periods in which actual revenue or expense amounts cannot be ascertained, the Working Interest Owners may instead calculate amounts due to the Trust based on estimated revenue or expense amounts using historical data. Such estimates may be materially inaccurate and result in overpayments or underpayments to the Trust during a given period. The amounts of Net Proceeds reported by a Working Interest Owner for any period may not be representative of Net Proceeds that will be received by the Trust in future periods. Net Proceeds received by the Trust are subject to significant variability from period to period.

 For example, following Hilcorp's acquisition of ConocoPhillips' and XTO's interests in the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, there was a transition period to transfer historical information, knowledge and processes from one Working Interest Owner to another. During this transition period, Hilcorp recorded estimates of revenues and expenses and made payments to the Trust based on historical amounts previously paid by ConocoPhillips, and Hilcorp made estimated monthly payments to the Trust for approximately two years. Payments received by the Trust were then adjusted as actual amounts of production and costs were determined by Hilcorp, and in some periods these adjustments resulted in a decrease in Net Proceeds.

 Pursuant to the Trust Indenture, the Trust is not required to pay to Working Interest Owners any amounts that could be owed if estimated revenues exceed actual revenue amounts or estimated expenses were less than actual expense amounts in past periods. However, a Working Interest Owner may recover such amounts by withholding a portion or all of the Net Proceeds that would otherwise be payable to the Trust in subsequent periods. This could result in a decrease in Net Proceeds paid to the Trust and could result in future material reductions in distributions to the Trust's unitholders.

 With the assistance of a third party consultant, the Trust may periodically review reconciliation calculations by Working Interest Owners and any amounts of Net Proceeds calculated and paid based upon estimated revenue or expenses.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 The Trust has no directors or executive officers. The affairs of the Trust are managed by the Trustee. The Trust falls under the cybersecurity program of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation ("BNY Mellon"), the parent corporation of The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. As further described in its 2023 Annual Report, BNY Mellon maintains a broad range of defenses aimed at remaining abreast of and responding to evolving cybersecurity threats impacting it, its operations, its clients, its third-party service providers and the broader financial services sector.

 Risk Management Strategy and Procedures

 BNY Mellon has implemented policies and procedures designed to detect, prevent and respond to malicious and accidental disruptions to the delivery of critical technology services. BNY Mellon's cybersecurity strategy and procedures are embedded in its Three Lines of Defense model.

 As part of its first line of defense, BNY Mellon maintains a dedicated Information Security Division ("ISD"), led by the Chief Information Security Officer (the "CISO"), that is responsible for the day-to-day management of risks from cybersecurity threats. ISD's responsibilities include cyber threat intelligence, incident response and other cybersecurity operations aimed at enabling BNY Mellon to identify, assess and manage existing and emerging cybersecurity threats. ISD monitors for potential threats and communicates relevant risks to the CISO and other members of executive management. Additionally, ISD maintains a

 cybersecurity incident response and reporting process pursuant to which cybersecurity incidents are classified according to their severity based upon an assessment of multiple factors. Certain cybersecurity incidents may activate enterprise-wide resiliency processes, which include, among other things, escalation through the management and Board committee structures described below. BNY Mellon also has standing arrangements with third parties to assist BNY Mellon in identifying, assessing and managing cybersecurity threats, including in connection with risk assessments, penetration testing, legal advice and other aspects of BNY Mellon's cybersecurity risk management and incident response processes.

 BNY Mellon has a defined third-party governance framework to help manage the risk posed to it by the use of third-party service providers. BNY Mellon evaluates the risk posed by third-party service engagements based on multiple factors. BNY Mellon has protocols that seek to mitigate cybersecurity risks associated with third-party service providers based on the risk level assigned to such third party, which may include mandatory contractual obligations or the implementation of additional controls by BNY Mellon and/or the applicable service provider.

 ISD is subject to ongoing review and challenge from Technology Risk Management, which is a part of the independent second line of defense risk function. Technology Risk Management, together with the broader Risk & Compliance group, is responsible for and manages BNY Mellon's risk management framework and establishes guidance for ISD and management designed to help identify, assess and manage cybersecurity risk.

 BNY Mellon's Internal Audit function serves as the third line of defense and provides an independent view on how effectively the organization as a whole manages cybersecurity risk.

 Risk Management Oversight and Governance

 BNY Mellon's management is responsible for assessing and managing BNY Mellon's material risks from cybersecurity threats with oversight provided by its Board of Directors (the "Board") and the Board committees. The Risk Committee of the Board has primary responsibility for oversight of the overall operation of BNY Mellon's risk management framework, including policies and practices addressing cybersecurity risk, and is responsible for the oversight of the second line of defense with respect to its cybersecurity risk management responsibilities. The Technology Committee of the Board and the full Board regularly receive reports and briefings from management concerning cybersecurity matters, including any significant changes to BNY Mellon's cybersecurity program. BNY Mellon also has protocols for escalating cybersecurity threats and incidents to the Technology Committee of the Board and the full Board. In addition, the Audit Committee of the Board monitors and oversees the performance of Internal Audit, including with respect to its cybersecurity risk management responsibilities.

 At the management level, BNY Mellon's Technology Oversight Committee, which is the senior management committee responsible for the governance and oversight of BNY Mellon's significant technology projects and initiatives, reviews reports from management concerning ISD and is responsible for, among other things, escalating issues, including significant cybersecurity threats and incidents, to the Technology Committee of the Board. The Technology Oversight Committee is chaired by the Chief Information Officer (the "CIO") and its members include the CISO.

 BNY Mellon's Technology Risk Committee is responsible for, among other things, overseeing and reviewing significant cybersecurity incidents. The Technology Risk Committee receives reports from management and has protocols for escalating certain issues and risks to the Senior Risk and Control Committee and the Risk Committee of the Board. The Technology Risk Committee is co-chaired by the Head of Technology Risk and Control and the Chief Technology Risk Officer, and the CISO is a member.

 BNY Mellon's CIO, CISO and Chief Technology Risk Officer each have extensive experience in assessing and managing risks from cybersecurity threats. BNY Mellon's CISO joined BNY Mellon in 2022 and previously served as head of information security at a Fortune 500 biopharmaceutical company and an information technology company, as well as the Global Chief Technology Officer at a large cybersecurity company. BNY Mellon's CIO has served in that position since 2017 and previously held roles as Chief Information Officer, Chief Technology Officer, and numerous other technology management positions at other large financial institutions. BNY Mellon's Chief Technology Risk Officer joined BNY Mellon in

 2021 and previously served as Global Head of Technology Risk Management, Chief Information Security Officer, Global Head of Cyber Risk and Operational Resilience and Chief Risk Officer for Technology and Operations at other large financial institutions.

 Item 2. Properties.

 The Trust owns property interests in the Hugoton field of Kansas and the San Juan Basin of Northwestern New Mexico and Southwestern Colorado. See "Business — Description of Royalty Properties" contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 There are no pending legal proceedings to which the Trust is a named party. The Trustee has been advised by the Working Interest Owners that it may be subject to litigation in the ordinary course of business for certain matters that include the Royalty Properties. While each of the Working Interest Owners has advised the Trustee that it does not currently believe any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect net to the Trust, in the event such matters were adjudicated or settled in a material amount and charges are made against Royalty income, such charges could have a material impact on future Royalty income.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 The units of beneficial interest of the Trust are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "MTR".

 At December 31, 2023, the 1,863,590 units outstanding were held by 422 unitholders of record. The Trust did not repurchase any units during the period covered by this Form 10-K.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Trustee's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Trust Overview

 The following review of Mesa Royalty Trust's (the "Trust") financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto. The discussion of net production attributable to the Hugoton Royalty Properties and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties (as each is defined below) represents production volumes that are to a large extent hypothetical as the Trust does not own and is not entitled to any specific production volumes. Any discussion of "actual" production volumes represents the hydrocarbons that were produced from the properties in which the Trust has an overriding royalty interest.

 The Trust was created on November 1, 1979 and is now governed by the Mesa Royalty Trust Indenture (as amended, the "Trust Indenture"). Through a series of conveyances, assignments, and acquisitions, the Trust currently owns an overriding royalty interest (the "Royalty") equal to 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined and described in an Overriding Royalty Conveyance, dated as of November 1, 1979 (the "Conveyance")) attributable to the specified interest in certain producing oil and gas properties located in the:

 •

 Hugoton field of Kansas (the "Hugoton Royalty Properties");

 •

 San Juan Basin field of New Mexico (the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties");

 •

 San Juan Basin field of Colorado (the "San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties", and together with the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties", the "San Juan Basin Royalty Properties", and together with the "Hugoton Royalty Properties", the "Royalty Properties").

 Pursuant to past conveyances, Scout, Hilcorp, Simcoe and Red Willow are the operators of certain portions of the Hugoton Royalty Properties and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties (each of Scout, Hilcorp, Simcoe, and Red Willow being a "Working Interest Owner", and together, the "Working Interest Owners"). As used in this report, Scout refers to the current operator of the Hugoton Royalty Properties, Hilcorp refers to the current operator of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, and Simcoe and Red Willow refer to the current co-operators of certain tracts of land included in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties, unless otherwise indicated.

 The Trust is a passive entity whose purposes are limited to: (1) converting the Royalties to cash, either by retaining them and collecting the proceeds of production (until production has ceased or the Royalties are otherwise terminated) or by selling or otherwise disposing of the Royalties; and (2) distributing such cash, net of amounts for payments of liabilities to the Trust, to the unitholders. The Trust has no sources of liquidity or capital resources other than the revenues, if any, attributable to the Royalties and interest on cash held by the Trustee as a reserve for liabilities or for distribution. The Trust does not undertake or control any capital projects or make capital expenditures. While the Trust's Royalty income is net of capital expenditures, these capital expenditures are controlled and paid by the Working Interests Owners, and the Trust receives Royalty income net of these expenses. In addition, the Trust does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or other contingent obligations.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Liquidity. As discussed in "Business — Description of the Trust" under Item 1 of this Form 10-K, the Trust's primary source of cash is the Royalty income received from its share of the Net Proceeds from the Royalty Properties, and the only other source of cash is interest income earned pursuant to the Trust Indenture. For estimates of future Royalty income attributable to the Royalty, refer to the Notes to Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 In addition, the Working Interest Owners reimburse the Trust each quarter for certain expenses incurred by the Trust on their behalf. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $0 and $0 of unreimbursed expenses, respectively. In accordance with the provisions of the Conveyance, generally all revenues received by the Trust, net of unreimbursed Trust administrative expenses and sums paid to or from any reserves established pursuant to the Trust Indenture, are distributed to the unitholders.

 The terms of the Trust Indenture provide, among other things, that the Trustee may establish cash reserves and borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust, and may pledge assets of the Trust to secure payment of the borrowings in accordance with the Trust Indenture. At any given time, the balance of the Contingent Reserve is included in cash and short-term investments.

 The Trustee utilizes the Contingent Reserve in its discretion in accordance with the Conveyance, and adjusts the balance of the Contingent Reserve as necessary when funds are added or removed.

 The net effects of such adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in the balance of the Contingent Reserve being equal to $1,730,214 as of December 31, 2023. The Trustee intends to increase the Contingent Reserve to a total of $2.0 million, which will reduce Net Proceeds available to the Trust and distributions to Trust unitholders. The amount and timing of the addition to the Contingent Reserve will be determined by the Trustee on a monthly basis and is expected to vary in future periods depending on circumstances at the time.

 Capital Resources. The Trust is a passive entity that does not undertake or control any capital projects or make capital expenditures. While the Trust's Royalty income is net of capital expenditures, these capital expenditures are controlled and paid by the Working Interests Owners, and the Trust receives Royalty income net of these expenses. Therefore, the Trust has no material commitments for capital expenditures.

 Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 SUMMARY OF ROYALTY INCOME, PRODUCTION, PRICES AND COSTS (Unaudited)

 Hugoton

 San Juan Basin — New Mexico

 San Juan Basin — Colorado

 Total

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Year ended December 31, 2023:

 The Trust's proportionate share
 of – Gross Proceeds (1)

 $

 1,222,622

 $

 374,091

 $

 —

 $

 3,485,351

 $

 948,301

 $

 95,651

 $

 288,293

 $

 4,423

 $

 —

 $

 4,996,266

 $

 1,326,815

 $

 95,651

 Less the Trust's proportionate share of – Capital costs

 (79,195)

 (23,991)

 —

 (73,395)

 (32,373)

 (4,853)

 —

 —

 —

 (152,590)

 (56,364)

 (4,853)

 Operating costs

 (1,300,298)

 (393,559)

 —

 (872,666)

 (298,438)

 (32,751)

 (101,923)

 —

 —

 (2,274,887)

 (691,997)

 (32,751)

 Net Proceeds(2)

 $

 (156,871)

 $

 (43,459)

 $

 —

 $

 2,539,290

 $

 617,490

 $

 58,047

 $

 186,370

 $

 4,423

 $

 —

 $

 2,568,789

 $

 578,454

 $

 58,047

 Royalty Income(2)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,539,290

 $

 617,490

 $

 58,047

 $

 65,082

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,604,372

 $

 617,490

 $

 58,047

 Average Sales Price

 $

 3.90

 $

 15.95

 $

 —

 $

 5.73

 $

 26.42

 $

 66.65

 $

 0.41

 $

 0.73

 $

 —

 $

 3.06

 $

 20.29

 $

 66.65

 Average Production Costs(3)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2.14

 $

 14.15

 $

 43.18

 $

 1.25

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 4.63

 $

 32.02

 $

 43.18

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid (4)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 —

 —

 —

 443,109

 81,374

 —

 —

 524,483

 Year ended December 31, 2022:

 The Trust's proportionate share
 of – Gross Proceeds (1)

 $

 2,330,351

 $

 461,261

 $

 —

 $

 2,858,942

 $

 1,691,049

 $

 109,809

 $

 323,305

 $

 2,820

 $

 —

 $

 5,512,598

 $

 2,155,130

 $

 109,809

 Less the Trust's proportionate share of – Capital costs

 (130,145)

 (23,678)

 —

 (109,349)

 (60,177)

 (4,359)

 —

 —

 —

 (239,494)

 (83,855)

 (4,359)

 Operating costs

 (1,340,108)

 (281,414)

 —

 (793,691)

 (519,956)

 (32,908)

 (148,683)

 —

 —

 (2,282,482)

 (801,370)

 (32,908)

 Net Proceeds(2)

 $

 860,098

 $

 156,169

 $

 —

 $

 1,955,902

 $

 1,110,916

 $

 72,542

 $

 174,622

 $

 2,820

 $

 —

 $

 2,990,622

 $

 1,269,905

 $

 72,542

 Royalty Income(2)

 $

 853,520

 $

 154,782

 $

 —

 $

 1,938,865

 $

 1,101,556

 $

 70,656

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,792,385

 $

 1,256,338

 $

 70,656

 Average Sales Price

 $

 6.50

 $

 25.24

 $

 —

 $

 6.73

 $

 47.91

 $

 89.86

 $

 1.05

 $

 0.73

 $

 —

 $

 5.06

 $

 37.51

 $

 89.86

 Average Production Costs(3)

 $

 11.19

 $

 49.76

 $

 —

 $

 3.13

 $

 25.23

 $

 47.39

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 6.01

 $

 30.39

 $

 47.39

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid (4)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 131,339

 6,132

 —

 288,285

 22,992

 —

 —

 —

 419,624

 29,124

 (1)

 Gross Proceeds from natural gas liquids attributable to each of the Hugoton Royalty Properties and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties are reported by the Working Interest Owners net of a volumetric in-kind processing fee retained by Scout and Hilcorp, respectively.

 (2)

 Royalty income is computed after deducting the Trust's proportionate share of capital costs, operating costs and interest on any cost carryforward from the Trust's proportionate share of Gross Proceeds. As a result of excess production costs incurred in one monthly operating period and then recovered in a subsequent monthly operating period, the Royalty income paid to the Trust may not agree to the Trust's Royalty interest in the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance). The excess production costs are recoverable by the Working Interest Owners before any distribution of Royalty income will be made to the Trust. See "Note 5 — Excess Production Costs" in the Notes to Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 Also, as a result of Royalty income reported by the Working Interest Owners in one quarterly operating period and received by the Trustee in a subsequent quarterly operating period, the Royalty income paid to the Trust may not agree to the Trust's Royalty interest in the Net Proceeds.

 (3)

 Average production costs attributable to the Royalty are calculated as stated capital costs plus operating costs, divided by stated net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid. As noted above in footnote (2), production costs may be incurred in one operating period and then recovered in a subsequent operating period, which may cause Royalty income paid to the Trust not to agree to the Trust's Royalty interest in the Net Proceeds.

 (4)

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty are determined by dividing Royalty income by the average sales price received. Any differences noted are due to rounding.

 Financial Review

 2023

 2022

 Royalty income

 $

 3,279,909

 $

 4,119,378

 Other income

 14,691

 —

 Interest income

 99,057

 19,832

 General and administrative expense

 (186,843)

 (197,482)

 Income available for distribution prior to cash reserves used/(withheld)
 for Trust expenses

 3,206,814

 3,941,728

 Cash reserves withheld for Trust expenses

 (350,000)

 (259,500)

 Distributable income

 $

 2,856,814

 $

 3,682,228

 Distributable income per unit

 $

 1.5330

 $

 1.9759

 Units outstanding

 1,863,590

 1,863,590

 Royalty and Other Income. The Trust's Royalty and other income was $3,294,600 and $4,119,378 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in Royalty income was primarily a result of decreases in pricing reported for natural gas, natural gas liquids and oil and condensate and decreases in net production for natural gas liquids, offset in part by decreases in operating and capital expenses for natural gas and natural gas liquids and increases in net production for natural gas for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Interest Income. The Trust's interest income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $99,057 and $19,832, respectively. The increase in interest income received by the Trust was primarily a result of increases to the United States Prime Rate in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. In accordance with the Trust Indenture and as explained below, interest on cash on hand was paid at a rate equivalent to 1.5% below the prime interest rate.

 General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense was $186,843 and $197,482 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Trustee's fees are included in general and administrative expense.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trustee was due $475,000 for its services. The Trust paid $433,153 of this amount to the Trustee, and $41,847 was allocated to offset against interest due to the Trust under the Trust Indenture. The Trust Indenture requires that cash being held by the Trustee earn interest at 1.5% below the prime rate, which would have yielded the Trust a 6.00% annualized return from January 1, 2023 through February 1, 2023, a 6.25% annualized return from February 2, 2023 through March 22, 2023, a 6.50% annualized return from March 23, 2023 through May 3, 2023, a 6.75% annualized return from May 4, 2023 through July 25, 2023 and a 7.00% annualized return from July 26, 2023 through December 30, 2023. However, due to the interest rate environment at the time, the Trustee was unable to obtain an account in which such an interest rate was available. In the event such an interest rate is unavailable in the future, the Trustee intends to allocate certain of its fees due to the Trust to meet the minimum interest rate payable under the Trust Indenture. In future periods the Trustee will continue to allocate a portion of the fees earned for its services to the Trust until all remaining interest due to the Trust is fully offset.

 Unreimbursed Expenses and the Contingent Reserve. The Working Interest Owners partially reimburse the Trust each quarter for amounts paid in connection with the Trustee's services. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trustee's aggregate fees were $433,153 and the Working Interest Owners reimbursed the aggregate sum of $383,588 to the Trustee, which was the same amount reimbursed for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Trust incurred unreimbursed expenses of $0 and $0, respectively.

 The terms of the Trust Indenture provide, among other things, that the Trustee may establish cash reserves and borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust, and may pledge assets of the Trust to secure payment of the borrowings in accordance with the Trust Indenture. At any given time, the balance of the

 Contingent Reserve is included in cash and short-term investments. The Trustee utilizes the Contingent Reserve in its discretion in accordance with the Conveyance, and adjusts the balance of the Contingent Reserve as necessary when funds are added or removed. The net effects of such adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in the balance of the Contingent Reserve being equal to $1,297,168 as of December 31, 2022 and equal to $1,730,214 as of December 31, 2023. The Trustee intends to increase the Contingent Reserve to a total of $2.0 million.

 Distributable Income Available for Distribution. The portion of the Trust's distributable income available for distribution each year includes the Royalty income received from the Working Interest Owners during such period, plus interest income earned to the date of distribution (if any) and increases or withdrawals to and from the Contingent Reserve (if any). Distributable income available for distribution for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $2,773,768 and $3,669,560, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Trust calculated total aggregate distributions of $1.4884 and $1.9691 per unit, respectively.

 Operational Review

 Working Interest Owner and Industry Update

 The West Texas Intermediate spot price of crude oil decreased from $80.26 per barrel on December 30, 2022 to $71.65 per barrel on December 29, 2023. The Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Prices decreased from $3.52 per MMBtu on December 30, 2022 to $2.58 per MMBtu on December 29, 2023. Oil prices have been impacted by certain actions by OPEC+, uneven global supply and demand trends, Russia's invasion into Ukraine and hostilities and heightened geopolitical risks in the Middle East, among other factors. Global and domestic natural gas markets have experienced volatility due to macroeconomic conditions, infrastructure and logistical constraints, weather, and geopolitical issues, among other factors. If commodity prices for crude oil and natural gas fall or remain volatile, monthly distributions to unitholders could be substantially reduced or there may be no distributions in future periods. While inflationary pressures in the United States' economy have begun to subside, high interest rates and global supply disruptions continue to affect the cost of labor and supplies. In addition changes in economic conditions, including relatively high interest rates and lower global economic activity, could result in additional shifts in demand and supply for future periods. High levels of inflation and interest rates coupled with shipping and supply chain disruptions are expected to increase expenses for Working Interest Owners and are expected to have an adverse impact on Royalty income during 2024.

 Hugoton Royalty Properties

 Royalty Income. Royalty income attributable to the Hugoton Royalty Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0 and $1,008,301, respectively. The decrease in Royalty income was primarily a result of actual expenses being greater than actual revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023, as reported by Scout. The Trustee is in ongoing discussions with Scout regarding financial and operational information required to be delivered to the Trustee for purposes of timely disclosures by the Trust, and is engaged with Scout in reviewing the amount of Net Proceeds in past and current periods.

 Operating Costs and Capital Expenditures. Operating costs attributable to the Hugoton Royalty Properties for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $1,693,857, an increase of approximately 4% as compared to $1,621,522 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Capital expenditures on these properties were $103,186 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of approximately 33% as compared to $153,823 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of no drilling activity in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to two new wells that were drilled in the year ended December 31, 2022.

 2023

 2022

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Average sales price

 $

 3.90

 $

 15.95

 —

 $

 6.50

 $

 25.24

 —

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 Actual production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid for Hugoton Royalty Properties

 313,407

 23,450

 —

 358,592

 18,273

 —

 Net production volumes attributable to
 the Royalty paid for Hugoton
 Royalty Properties

 —

 —

 —

 131,339

 6,132

 —

 Average Sales Prices. Average sales prices per Mcf of natural gas and Bbl for natural gas liquids for the Hugoton Royalty Properties are directly dependent on the prices Scout realizes for natural gas sold under short-term and multi-month contracts to multiple purchasers.

 San Juan Basin Royalty Properties

 Royalty income from the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties is calculated and paid to the Trust on a state-by-state basis depending upon whether the property is located in Colorado or New Mexico. The majority of the Royalty income from the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties is attributable to the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties.

 San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties

 Royalty Income. Royalty income attributable to the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $65,082 and $0, respectively. The lack of Royalty income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily a result of prior period adjustments reported by Simcoe in 2021 that were recovered by Simcoe by withholding the Net Proceeds that would otherwise be payable to the Trust in the year ended December 31, 2022. Net Proceeds from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Simcoe, adjusted against the outstanding expenses and recovered by Simcoe for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $155,532, leaving a balance of $206,432 to be recovered from future proceeds, if any.

 In March 2023, Simcoe informed the Trustee that Simcoe performed a true-up of its production for the periods of 2020 through 2022, and a true-up report was received by the Trustee. Net Proceeds from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Simcoe were received by the Trust, indicating that the Trust was no longer in a deficit position with Simcoe at that time. In June 2023, Simcoe informed the Trustee that the true-up previously performed by Simcoe included revenues only and did not include any true-up for joint interest billing amounts. The result is that the Trust remains in a deficit position with Simcoe as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Net Proceeds from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Simcoe, adjusted against the outstanding expenses and recovered by Simcoe for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $147,209, leaving a balance of $59,223 to be recovered from future proceeds, if any. Of the total Net Proceeds received from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, $41,876 was received from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Red Willow. Because of the adjustments reported by Simcoe, the amounts of Net Proceeds reported during the year ended December 31, 2023 for the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Simcoe may not be representative of Net Proceeds that will be received in future years. In addition, with the assistance of a third party consultant, the Trust plans to commence a review of certain of Simcoe's financial and operational statements and the Net Proceeds payable by Simcoe to the Trust.

 Operating Costs and Capital Expenditures. Operating costs attributable to the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $101,923 and $148,683, respectively. The decrease of approximately 31% was primarily the result of a water rate recalculation in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 There were no capital expenditures attributable to the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.

 2023

 2022

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Average sales price(1)

 $

 0.41

 $

 0.73

 —

 $

 1.05

 $

 0.73

 —

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 Actual production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid for San Juan Basin – Colorado Properties

 709,768

 6,054

 —

 306,834

 3,882

 —

 Net production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid for San Juan Basin – Colorado Properties

 81,374

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 (1)

 Per information provided by Simcoe, Simcoe pays Working Interest owners on the same blended Weighted Average Sales Price ("WASP") (fixed plus market) that Simcoe receives from their purchaser. WASP is defined as: for each delivery point, a price per MMBtu for each month equal to gas proceeds less transportation costs, divided by the total number of first of month baseload MMBtus of gas sold at such delivery point. Sales prices received by Simcoe may be lower than current market prices which may result in less than current market average gas prices received by the Trust.

 San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties

 Royalty Income. Royalty income attributable to the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3,214,827 and $3,111,077, respectively. The increase was primarily a result of increases in net production for natural gas, natural gas liquids and oil and condensate, decreases in operating costs for natural gas liquids and decreases in capital costs for natural gas and natural gas liquids, offset in part by decreases in pricing reported for natural gas, natural gas liquids and oil and condensate and increases in operating costs for natural gas, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Operating Costs and Capital Expenditures. Operating costs were $1,203,855 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of approximately 11% as compared to $1,346,555 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of including a true-up of historical amounts attributable to the Trust in January 2022.

 Capital expenditures on these properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $110,621 and $173,885, respectively. The decrease of approximately 36% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the general decrease in activity in 2023, as there was only one major recomplete project in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to three major recomplete projects in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

 2023

 2022

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Gas

 Average sales price

 $

 5.73

 $

 26.42

 $

 66.65

 $

 6.73

 $

 47.91

 $

 89.86

 (Mcf)

 (Mcf)

 Actual production volumes attributable to the Royalty paid for San Juan Basin – New Mexico Properties

 608,198

 35,893

 1,435

 425,089

 35,297

 1,222

 Net production volumes attributable to
 the Royalty paid for San Juan
 Basin – New Mexico Properties

 443,109

 288,285

 22,992

 In past periods, Hilcorp used estimates for revenues and expenses and made payments to the Trust based on those estimates. Hilcorp subsequently performed true-up reconciliations of those revenue and expense amounts which resulted in either charges to or credits for the Trust. The Trust recognized these amounts in accordance with the Trust's modified cash basis of accounting. The Trust is engaged with Hilcorp in reviewing the amount of Net Proceeds in past and current periods.

 Critical Accounting Policies

 The financial statements of the Trust are prepared on the following basis:

 (a) Royalty income recorded for a month is the amount computed and paid by the Working Interest Owners to the Trustee for such month rather than either the value of a portion of the oil and gas produced by the Working Interest Owners for such month or the amount subsequently determined to be the Trust's proportionate share of the Net Proceeds for such month;

 (b) Interest income, interest receivable and distributions payable to unitholders include interest to be earned on short-term investments from the financial statement date through the next date of distribution;

 (c) Trust general and administrative expenses, net of reimbursements, are recorded in the month they are included in the calculation of the monthly distribution amount;

 (d) Amortization of the Royalty is computed on a unit-of-production basis and is charged directly to trust corpus since such amount does not affect distributable income; and

 (e) Distributions payable are determined on a monthly basis and are payable to unitholders of record as of the last business day of each month or such later date as the Trustee determines is required to comply with applicable law or stock exchange requirements.

 This basis for reporting distributable income is considered to be the most meaningful because distributions to the unitholders for a month are based on net cash receipts for such month. However, these statements differ from financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States because, under such principles, royalty income for a month would be based on Net Proceeds from production for such month without regard to when calculated or received, general and administrative expenses would be recorded in the month they accrue, and interest income for a month would be calculated only through the end of such month.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 KPMG LLP 811 Main Street Houston, TX 77002

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Unitholders of Mesa Royalty Trust and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee

 Mesa Royalty Trust:

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying statements of assets, liabilities and trust corpus of Mesa Royalty Trust (the Trust) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related statements of distributable income, and changes in trust corpus for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Trust as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and its distributable income and changes in trust corpus for the years then ended, in conformity with the modified cash basis of accounting as described in Note 2 of the financial statements.

 Basis of Accounting

 As described in Note 2 to the financial statements, these financial statements were prepared on the modified cash basis of accounting, which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as the Trust's trustee (the Trustee). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Trust is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Trust's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the Trustee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Assessment of the impact of estimated proved oil and gas reserves on amortization of net overriding royalty interests in oil and gas properties

 As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Trust computes amortization of the net overriding royalty interests in oil and gas properties on a unit-of-production basis and charges it directly to trust corpus as such amount does not affect distributable income. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trust recorded amortization of the net overriding royalty interests of $82.6 thousand.

 We identified the assessment of proved oil and gas reserves, which is a key input for the determination of amortization of net overriding royalty interests in oil and gas properties, as a critical audit matter. Specifically, complex auditor judgement was required to evaluate the forecasted production used by the Trust in the estimation of proved oil and gas reserves.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated (1) the professional qualifications of the external petroleum engineering specialists and the external engineering firm engaged by the Trust to estimate the proved oil and gas reserves, (2) the knowledge, skills, and ability of the external petroleum engineering specialists, and (3) the relationship of the external petroleum engineering specialists and the external engineering firm to the Trust. We read and considered their report in connection with our evaluation of the Trust's reserve estimates. We assessed compliance of the method used by the external petroleum engineering specialists engaged by the Trust to estimate proved oil and gas reserves with industry and regulatory standards. We evaluated the forecasted production used by the Trust by comparing it to historical production rates. We analyzed and recalculated the amortization of net overriding royalty interests for compliance with industry and regulatory standards.

 We have served as the Trust's auditor since 2002.

 Houston, Texas April 1, 2024

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 MESA ROYALTY TRUST

 STATEMENTS OF DISTRIBUTABLE INCOME

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Royalty income

 $

 3,279,909

 $

 4,119,378

 Other income

 14,691

 —

 Interest income

 99,057

 19,832

 General and administrative expenses

 (186,843)

 (197,482)

 Income available for distribution prior to cash reserves used/(withheld) for Trust
 expenses

 $

 3,206,814

 $

 3,941,728

 Cash reserves withheld for current Trust expenses

 (350,000)

 (259,500)

 Distributable income

 $

 2,856,814

 $

 3,682,228

 Distributable income per unit

 $

 1.5330

 $

 1.9759

 (The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.)

 STATEMENTS OF ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND TRUST CORPUS

 December 31,

 2023

 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash and short-term investments

 $

 2,096,773

 $

 2,356,010

 Net overriding royalty interests in oil and gas properties

 42,498,034

 42,498,034

 Accumulated amortization

 (41,187,341)

 (41,104,737)

 Total assets

 $

 3,407,466

 $

 3,749,307

 LIABILITIES AND TRUST CORPUS

 Distributions payable

 $

 214,941

 $

 1,058,842

 General and administrative expenses payable

 151,618

 —

 Trust corpus (1,863,590 units of beneficial interest, issued and outstanding)

 3,040,907

 2,690,465

 Total liabilities and trust corpus

 $

 3,407,466

 $

 3,749,307

 (The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.)

 STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN TRUST CORPUS

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Trust corpus, beginning of year

 $

 2,690,465

 $

 2,496,917

 Cash reserves withheld for current Trust expenses

 350,000

 259,500

 Distributable income

 2,856,814

 3,682,228

 Distributions to unitholders

 (2,773,768)

 (3,669,560)

 Amortization of net overriding royalty interests

 (82,604)

 (78,620)

 Trust corpus, end of year

 $

 3,040,907

 $

 2,690,465

 (The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.)

 MESA ROYALTY TRUST

 NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Note 1 — Trust Organization and Provisions

 The Mesa Royalty Trust (the "Trust"), created under the laws of the State of Texas, maintains its offices at the office of the Trustee, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., (the "Trustee"), 601 Travis Street, Floor 16, Houston, Texas 77002. The telephone number of the Trust is 713-483-6020. The Trust has no employees. Administrative functions of the Trust are performed by the Trustee. The Trustee maintains a website for the Trust that makes available, free of charge, filings by the Trust with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and other information. Any reports filed with the SEC are accessible through the Trust's website as soon as reasonably practicable after the Trustee electronically files such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The Trust's website is

 Trust Corpus Description. The Mesa Royalty Trust (the "Trust") was created on November 1, 1979 and is now governed by the Mesa Royalty Trust Indenture (as amended, the "Trust Indenture"). Through a series of conveyances, assignments, and acquisitions, the Trust currently owns an overriding royalty interest (the "Royalty") equal to 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance and described below) attributable to the specified interest in certain producing oil and gas properties located in the:

 •

 Hugoton field of Kansas (the "Hugoton Royalty Properties");

 •

 San Juan Basin field of New Mexico (the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties"); and

 •

 San Juan Basin field of Colorado (the "San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties", and together with the "San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties", the "San Juan Basin Royalty Properties", and together with the "Hugoton Royalty Properties", the "Royalty Properties").

 Trust Corpus Conveyance History. On November 1, 1979, Mesa Petroleum Co., predecessor to Mesa Limited Partnership ("MLP"), which was the predecessor to MESA Inc., conveyed to the Trust the Royalty equal to 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined in the conveyance and described below) attributable to the specified interests in properties conveyed by the assignor on that date (the "Subject Interests"). The Subject Interests consisted of interests in the Royalty Properties described above. The Royalty is evidenced by counterparts of an Overriding Royalty Conveyance, dated November 1, 1979 (the "Conveyance"). In 1985, the Trust Indenture was amended, and the Trust conveyed to an affiliate of Mesa Petroleum Co. 88.5571% of the original Royalty (such transfer, the "1985 Assignment"). The effect of the 1985 Assignment was an overall reduction of approximately 88.56% in the size of the Trust. As a result, the Trust is now entitled to receive 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds attributable to each month.

 Hugoton Royalty Properties. On November 22, 2019, Riviera Resources, Inc. completed the sale of its interest in its remaining properties located in the Hugoton Basin to Scout Energy Group V, LP ("Scout"). Since November 23, 2019, Scout has operated the Hugoton Royalty Properties.

 San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties. On April 30, 1991, MLP sold to Conoco, Inc. ("ConocoPhillips") its interests in the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties (the "San Juan Basin Sale"). The Trust's interest in the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties was conveyed from Pioneer Natural Resources' working interest in 31,328 net producing acres in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. ConocoPhillips sold the portion of its interests in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. (effective January 1, 1993) and Red Willow Production Company ("Red Willow") (effective April 1, 1992). On October 26, 1994, MarkWest Energy Partners, Ltd. sold substantially all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to BP Amoco Company ("BP"), a subsidiary of BP p.l.c. On February 28, 2020, BP completed the sale of all of its interest in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties to SIMCOE LLC, ("Simcoe"), an affiliate of IKAV Energy Inc. BP, under a transition services agreement with Simcoe, operated the properties until December 1, 2020. Simcoe and Red Willow currently operate the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties.

 Simcoe has informed the Trustee that the amount paid to the Trust in the month of May 2021 included adjusted proceeds for prior periods. Simcoe has also informed the Trustee that the amounts paid to the Trust

 in the months of May and June 2021 were subject to further adjustment in future periods for certain expenses that Simcoe asserts it was entitled to deduct under the Conveyance. In March 2023, Simcoe informed the Trustee that Simcoe performed a true-up of its production for the periods of 2020 through 2022, and a true-up report was received by the Trustee. Net Proceeds from the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties operated by Simcoe were received by the Trust in the first quarter of 2023, indicating that the Trust was no longer in a deficit position with Simcoe at that time. In June 2023, Simcoe informed the Trustee that the true-up previously performed by Simcoe included revenues only and did not include any true-up for joint interest billing amounts. The result is that the Trust remains in a deficit position with Simcoe as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Simcoe is continuing to recover such expense amounts by withholding a portion or all of the Net Proceeds that would otherwise be payable to the Trust.

 San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties. Starting from the date of the San Juan Basin Sale and ending on July 31, 2017, ConocoPhillips operated substantially all of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, except a small number of properties assigned to XTO Energy, Inc. ("XTO") effective January 1, 2005. On July 31, 2017, ConocoPhillips sold its San Juan Basin assets to Hilcorp San Juan LP ("Hilcorp"), an affiliate of Hilcorp Energy Company. On March 29, 2018, XTO sold to Hilcorp its interests in the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties. Hilcorp currently operates all of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties.

 In past periods, Hilcorp used estimates for revenues and expenses and made payments to the Trust based on those estimates. Hilcorp subsequently performed true-up reconciliations of those revenue and expense amounts which resulted in either charges to or credits for the Trust. The Trust recognized these amounts in accordance with the Trust's modified cash basis of accounting.

 As used in this report, Scout refers to the current operator of the Hugoton Royalty Properties, Hilcorp refers to the current operator of the San Juan Basin — New Mexico Properties, and Simcoe and Red Willow refer to the current co-operators of certain tracts of land included in the San Juan Basin — Colorado Properties, unless otherwise indicated. Scout, Simcoe, Red Willow and Hilcorp are each individually referred to herein as "Working Interest Owner" or collectively as the "Working Interest Owners."

 The Royalty Properties are required to be operated by the Working Interest Owners in accordance with reasonable and prudent business judgment and good oil and gas field practices. Each Working Interest Owner has the right to abandon any well or lease if, in its opinion, such well or lease ceases to produce or is not capable of producing oil, gas or other minerals in commercial quantities. Each Working Interest Owner markets the production on terms deemed by it to be the best reasonably obtainable in the circumstances. See "Contracts". The Trustee has no power or authority to exercise any control over the operation of the Royalty Properties or the marketing of production therefrom. In addition, the Trust does not undertake or control any capital projects or make capital expenditures related to any of the Royalty Properties.

 Trustee and Terms of Trust Indenture. The Trust is a passive entity whose purposes are limited to: (1) converting the Royalties to cash, either by retaining them and collecting the proceeds of production (until production has ceased or the Royalties are otherwise terminated) or by selling or otherwise disposing of the Royalties; and (2) distributing such cash, net of amounts for payments of liabilities to the Trust, to the unitholders. The Trust has no sources of liquidity or capital resources other than the revenues, if any, attributable to the Royalties and interest on cash held by the Trustee as a reserve for liabilities or for distribution. The terms of the Trust, the Trust Indenture and agreements with the Working Interest Owners provide, among other things, that:

 (a) the Trust cannot engage in any business or investment activity or purchase any assets;

 (b) the Royalty can be sold in part or in total for cash upon approval by the unitholders;

 (c) the Trustee can establish cash reserves and borrow funds to pay liabilities of the Trust and can pledge assets of the Trust to secure payment of the borrowings;

 (d) the Trustee will make cash distributions to the unitholders in January, April, July and October each year as discussed more fully in "Note 2 — Basis of Presentation";

 (e) the Trust will terminate upon the first to occur of the following events: (i) at such time as the Trust's royalty income for two successive years is less than $250,000 per year or (ii) a vote by the

 unitholders in favor of termination. Upon termination of the Trust, the Trustee will sell for cash all the assets held in the Trust estate and make a final distribution to unitholders of any funds remaining after all Trust liabilities have been satisfied; and

 (f) Scout, Hilcorp and Simcoe will reimburse the Trust for 59.34%, 27.45% and 1.77%, respectively, for general and administrative expenses of the Trust.

 Trustee's Fees. Pursuant to the Trust Indenture, the Trust pays the Trustee fees for its services each quarter. The net amount of these reimbursements is included in the general and administrative expenses of the Trust. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trustee was due $475,000 for its services. The Trust paid $433,153 of this amount to the Trustee, and $41,847 was allocated to offset against interest due to the Trust under the Trust Indenture. The Trust Indenture requires that cash being held by the Trustee earn interest at 1.5% below the prime rate, which would have yielded the Trust a 6.00% annualized return from January 1, 2023 through February 1, 2023, a 6.25% annualized return from February 2, 2023 through March 22, 2023, a 6.50% annualized return from March 23, 2023 through May 3, 2023, a 6.75% annualized return from May 4, 2023 through July 25, 2023 and a 7.00% annualized return from July 26, 2023 through December 30, 2023. However, due to the interest rate environment at the time, the Trustee was unable to obtain an account in which such an interest rate was available. In the event such an interest rate is unavailable in the future, the Trustee intends to allocate certain of its fees due to the Trust to meet the minimum interest rate payable under the Trust Indenture. In future periods the Trustee will continue to allocate a portion of the fees earned for its services to the Trust until all remaining interest due to the Trust is fully offset.

 The Working Interest Owners partially reimburse the Trust each quarter for amounts paid in connection with the Trustee's services. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trustee's fees were $433,153 and the Working Interest Owners reimbursed a sum of $383,588 to the Trustee, which was the same amount reimbursed for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Discussion of Net Proceeds. The Conveyance provides for a monthly computation of Net Proceeds. Net Proceeds is defined in the Conveyance as the "Gross Proceeds" received by the Working Interest Owners during a particular period, minus certain production and capital costs for such period. "Gross Proceeds" is defined in the Conveyance as the amount received by the Working Interest Owners from the sale of "Subject Minerals", subject to certain adjustments. "Subject Minerals" means all oil, gas and other minerals, whether similar or dissimilar, in and under, and which may be produced, saved and sold from, and which accrue and are attributable to, the Subject Interests from and after November 1, 1979. "Production costs" means, generally, costs incurred on an accrual basis by the Working Interest Owners in operating the Royalty Properties, including capital and non-capital costs. If production and capital costs exceed Gross Proceeds for any month, the excess, plus interest thereon at 120% of the prime rate of Bank of America, is recovered out of future Gross Proceeds prior to the making of further payment to the Trust. The Trust, however, is generally not liable for any operating costs or other costs or liabilities attributable to the Royalty Properties or minerals produced therefrom. The Trust is not obligated to return any Royalty income received in any period.

 The Working Interest Owners are required to maintain books and records sufficient to determine the amounts payable under the Royalty. Additionally, in the event of a controversy between a Working Interest Owner and any purchaser as to the correct sales price for any production, amounts received by such Working Interest Owner and promptly deposited by it with an escrow agent are not considered to have been received by such Working Interest Owner, and, therefore, are not subject to being payable with respect to the Royalty until the controversy is resolved; but all amounts thereafter paid to such Working Interest Owner by the escrow agent will be considered amounts received from the sale of production. Similarly, operating costs include any amounts a Working Interest Owner is required to pay whether as a refund, interest or penalty to any purchaser because the amount initially received by such Working Interest Owner as the sales price was in excess of that permitted by the terms of any applicable contract, statute, regulation, order, decree or other obligation. Within 30 days following the close of each calendar quarter, the Working Interest Owners are required to deliver to the Trustee a statement of the computation of Net Proceeds attributable to such quarter.

 The brief discussions of the Trust Indenture and the Conveyance contained herein are qualified in their entirety by reference to the Trust Indenture and the Conveyance themselves, which are exhibits to this Form 10-K and are available upon request from the Trustee.

 Note 2 — Basis of Presentation

 The accompanying audited financial information has been prepared by the Trustee in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-K. The preparation of the financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Trustee believes such information includes all the disclosures necessary to make the information presented not misleading. The information furnished reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of the Trustee, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the years presented. The Trust considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Subsequent events were evaluated through the issuance date of the financial statements.

 In accordance with the Conveyance, the Working Interest Owners are obligated to calculate and pay the Trust each month an amount equal to 11.44% of 90% of the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance) attributable to the month.

 The net overriding royalty interest is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the net overriding royalty interest to be tested for possible impairment, the Trust first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the net overriding royalty interest to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the net overriding royalty interest is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. The fair value of the net overriding royalty interest is measured using valuation techniques consistent with the income approach, converting future cash flows to a single discounted amount.

 The financial statements of the Trust are prepared on the following modified cash basis of accounting:

 (a) Royalty income recorded for a month is the amount computed and paid by the Working Interest Owners to the Trustee for such month rather than either the value of a portion of the oil and gas produced by the Working Interest Owners for such month or the amount subsequently determined to be the Trust's proportionate share of the Net Proceeds for such month;

 (b) Interest income, interest receivable and distributions payable to unitholders include interest to be earned on short-term investments from the financial statement date through the next date of distribution;

 (c) Trust general and administrative expenses, net of reimbursements, are recorded in the month they are included in the calculation of the monthly distribution amount;

 (d) Amortization of the Royalty is computed on a unit-of-production basis and is charged directly to trust corpus because such amount does not affect distributable income; and

 (e) Distributions payable are determined on a monthly basis and are payable to unitholders of record as of the last business day of each month or such later date as the Trustee determines is required to comply with applicable law or stock exchange requirements. However, cash distributions are made quarterly in January, April, July and October, and include interest earned from the monthly record dates to the date of distribution.

 This basis for reporting distributable income is considered to be the most meaningful because distributions to the unitholders for a month are based on net cash receipts for such month. However, these statements differ from financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America because, under such principles, royalty income for a month would be based on Net Proceeds from production for such month without regard to when calculated or

 received, general and administrative expenses would be recorded in the month they accrue, and interest income for a month would be calculated only through the end of such month.

 Note 3 — Legal Proceedings

 There are no pending legal proceedings to which the Trust is a named party. The Trustee has been advised by the Working Interest Owners that it may be subject to litigation in the ordinary course of business for certain matters that include the Royalty Properties. While each of the Working Interest Owners has advised the Trustee that it does not currently believe any of the pending litigation will have a material adverse effect net to the Trust, in the event such matters were adjudicated or settled in a material amount and charges are made against Royalty income, such charges could have a material impact on future Royalty income.

 Note 4 — Income Tax Matters

 In a technical advice memorandum dated February 26, 1982, the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") advised the Dallas District Director that the Trust is classifiable as a grantor trust and not as an association taxable as a corporation. As a grantor trust, the Trust incurs no federal income tax liability and each unitholder is subject to tax on the unitholder's pro rata share of the income and expense of the Trust as if the unitholder were the direct owner of a pro rata share of the Trust's assets. In addition, there is no state tax liability for the period.

 Individuals, estates, and trusts with income above certain thresholds are subject under Section 1411 of the Code to an additional 3.8% tax — also known as the Net Investment Income Tax ("NIIT") — on their net investment income. Grantor trusts such as Mesa Royalty Trust are not subject to the NIIT; however, the unitholders may be subject to the tax. For these purposes, investment income would generally include certain income derived from investments, such as the royalty income derived from the units and gain realized by a unitholder from a sale of the units.

 The Trustee assumes that some Trust units are held by a middleman, as such term is broadly defined in U.S. Treasury Regulations (and includes custodians, nominees, certain joint owners, and brokers holding an interest for a custodian in street name). Therefore, the Trustee considers the Trust to be a non-mortgage widely held fixed investment trust ("WHFIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., 601 Travis Street, Floor 16, Houston, Texas 77002, telephone number 713-483-6020, is the representative of the Trust that will provide tax information in accordance with applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations governing the information reporting requirements of the Trust as a WHFIT.

 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the middlemen holding units on behalf of unitholders, and not the Trustee of the Trust, are solely responsible for complying with the information reporting requirements under the Treasury Regulations with respect to such units, including the issuance of IRS Forms 1099 and certain written tax statements. Unitholders whose units are held by middlemen should consult with such middlemen regarding the information that will be reported to them by the middlemen with respect to the units.

 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was signed into law on August 16, 2022, and includes a number of tax-related provisions. The IRA did not have any significant impact on the Trust's financial position or results of operations.

 Each unitholder should consult its own tax advisor with respect to its particular circumstances.

 Note 5 — Excess Production Costs

 As of
 December 31,
 2023

 As of
 December 31,
 2022

 Hugoton Properties

 $

 200,330

 $

 —

 San Juan Basin – Colorado Properties – Simcoe

 59,223

 206,432

 San Juan Basin – Colorado Properties – Red Willow

 1,178

 2,884

 Total

 $

 260,731

 $

 209,316

 Excess production costs result when costs, charges, and expenses attributable to a Royalty Property exceed the revenue received from the sale of oil, gas, and other hydrocarbons produced from such property. The excess production costs are recoverable by the Working Interest Owners before any distribution of Royalty income from the properties will be made to the Trust. As a result of excess production costs incurred in one monthly operating period and then recovered in a subsequent monthly operating period, the Royalty income paid to the Trust may not agree to the Trust's royalty interest in the Net Proceeds (as defined in the Conveyance). Excess production costs are reported by the Working Interest Owners for prior production months and may be based upon estimates that are subject to adjustment in future periods.

 Note 6 — Distributable Income Per Unit

 The Trust's Royalty income from the Royalty Properties and its distributions to unitholders are heavily influenced by commodity prices received by Working Interest Owners. Commodity prices may fluctuate widely in response to (i) relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas, (ii) market uncertainty and (iii) a variety of additional factors that are beyond the Trustee's control. Royalty Income may be based upon spot market prices or on prices determined by contract.

 The Trustee, acting pursuant to the Trust Indenture, may withhold Royalty income for future unknown contingent liabilities and expenses (such cumulative withholding being the "Contingent Reserve"). The Trustee reserves the right to determine whether or not to release cash reserves in future periods with respect to any reimbursement expenses. At any given time, the Contingent Reserve is included in cash and short-term investments. The Trustee utilizes the Contingent Reserve in its discretion in accordance with the Conveyance, and adjusts the balance of the Contingent Reserve as necessary when funds are added or removed. The net effects of such adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in the balance of the Contingent Reserve being equal to $1,297,168 as of December 31, 2022 and equal to $1,730,214 as of December 31, 2023.

 The effect on distributable income per unit of adjustments to the Contingent Reserve for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Income available for distribution prior to cash reserves withheld for Trust expenses

 $

 3,206,814

 $

 3,941,728

 Increase in the Contingent Reserve

 (3,509,911)

 (4,139,210)

 Withdrawal from the Contingent Reserve

 3,076,865

 3,867,042

 Distributable Income Available for Distribution

 $

 2,773,768

 $

 3,669,560

 Distributable Income Available for Distribution per unit

 $

 1.4884

 $

 1.969

 Units outstanding

 1,863,590

 1,863,590

 Note 7 — Subsequent event

 The Trust has evaluated subsequent events from the Statement of assets, liabilities and trust corpus date through April 1, 2024, the date on which the financial statements were available to be issued. On January 3, 2024, the Trust paid December 2023 general and administrative expenses of $151,618. Financial statements of the Trust are prepared on the modified cash basis of accounting. Trust general and administrative expenses, net of reimbursements, are recorded in the month they are included in the calculation of the monthly distribution amount. See "Note 2 — Basis of Presentation". In the month ending December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses of $151,618, net of reimbursement, were included in the distribution calculation but were not paid by the Trust. As a result, the Trust recorded General and administrative expenses payable in the Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Trust Corpus as of December 31, 2023.

 Note 8 — Supplemental Reserve Information (Unaudited)

 Estimates of the proved oil and gas reserves attributable to the Hugoton and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are based on the reserve report prepared by

 Miller and Lents, independent petroleum engineering consultants. The estimates were prepared in accordance with guidelines established by the SEC. Accordingly, the estimates were based on existing economic and operating conditions. The reserve volumes and revenue values for the Trust's Royalty were estimated by allocating to the Trust a portion of the estimated combined net reserve volumes of the Hugoton Royalty Properties and San Juan Basin Royalty Properties based on future net revenue. Production volumes are allocated based solely on royalty income. Because the net reserve volumes attributable to the Trust's Royalty are estimated using an allocation of reserve volumes based on estimates of future net revenue, a change in prices or costs will result in changes in the estimated net reserve volumes. Therefore, the estimated net reserve volumes attributable to the Trust's Royalty will vary if different future price and cost assumptions are used. Only costs necessary to develop and produce existing proved reserve volumes were assumed in the allocation of reserve volumes to the Royalty.

 In accordance with revised SEC regulations, reserves for natural gas and oil, condensate and natural gas liquids at December 31, 2023 were based on the average price during the twelve-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-of-the-month price for each month, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. Operating costs, production and ad valorem taxes and future development and abandonment costs were based on current costs as of each year end, with no escalation.

 There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating the quantities and value of proved reserves and in projecting the future rates of production and timing of expenditures. The reserve data below represent estimates only and should not be construed as being exact. Moreover, the discounted values should not be construed as representative of the current market value of the Royalty. A market value determination would include many additional factors including: (i) anticipated future oil and gas prices; (ii) the effect of federal income taxes, if any, on future Royalty income; (iii) an allowance for return on investment; (iv) the effect of governmental legislation; (v) the value of additional reserves, not considered proved at present, which may be recovered as a result of further exploration and development activities; and (vi) other business risks.

 Estimates of reserve volumes attributable to the Royalty are shown in order to comply with requirements of the SEC. There is no precise method of allocating estimates of physical quantities of reserve volumes between the Working Interest Owners and the Trust, since the Royalty is not a working interest and the Trust does not own and is not entitled to receive any specific volume of reserves from the Royalty. The quantities of reserves attributable to the Trust have been and will be affected by changes in various economic factors utilized in estimating net revenues from the Royalty Properties. Therefore, the estimates of reserve volumes set forth below are to a large extent hypothetical and differ in significant respects from estimates of reserves attributable to a working interest.

 The following schedules set forth (i) the estimated net quantities of proved, proved developed, and proved undeveloped oil, condensate and natural gas liquids and natural gas reserves attributable to the Royalty, and (ii) the standardized measure of the discounted future Royalty income and the nature of changes in such standardized measure between years. These schedules are prepared on the accrual basis, which is the basis on which the Working Interest Owners maintain their production records and is different from the basis on which the Royalty is computed.

 ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF PROVED, PROVED DEVELOPED,
 AND PROVED UNDEVELOPED RESERVES
 (Unaudited)

 Gas

 Gas

 (Mcf)

 Proved Reserves:

 December 31, 2019

 11,000

 380,000

 7,706,000

 Revisions to previous estimates

 (1,534)

 (52,718)

 (1,865,379)

 Extensions, discoveries and other additions

 —

 —

 —

 Production

 (21,282)

 (467,621)

 December 31, 2020

 10,000

 306,000

 5,373,000

 Revisions to previous estimates

 2,209

 139,075

 3,071,407

 Extensions, discoveries and other additions

 —

 —

 —

 Production

 (209)

 (6,075)

 (303,407)

 December 31, 2021

 12,000

 439,000

 8,141,000

 Revisions to previous estimates

 2,786

 121,124

 296,624

 Extensions, discoveries and other additions

 —

 —

 —

 Production

 (786)

 (29,124)

 (419,624)

 December 31, 2022

 14,000

 531,000

 8,018,000

 Revisions to previous estimates

 (2,129)

 (119,628)

 (1,716,517)

 Extensions, discoveries and other additions

 —

 —

 —

 Production

 (871)

 (23,372)

 (524,483)

 December 31, 2023

 11,000

 388,000

 5,777,000

 Proved Developed Reserves:

 December 31, 2019

 11,000

 380,000

 7,706,000

 December 31, 2020

 10,000

 306,000

 5,373,000

 December 31, 2021

 12,000

 439,000

 8,141,000

 December 31, 2022

 14,000

 531,000

 8,018,000

 December 31, 2023

 11,000

 388,000

 5,777,000

 •

 The Hugoton Royalty represents 0%, 4% and 5% of the estimated proved natural gas liquids reserves and 0%, 5% and 8% of the estimated proved natural gas reserves as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 •

 The December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019 reserve estimates for the Hugoton Royalty Properties were prepared by a third-party reservoir engineering firm.

 •

 There were no Proved Undeveloped Reserves in any of the years covered by the table.

 STANDARDIZED MEASURE OF FUTURE ROYALTY INCOME FROM PROVED
 OIL AND GAS RESERVES, DISCOUNTED AT 10% PER ANNUM
 (Unaudited Estimates)

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (In thousands)

 The Trust's proportionate share of future Gross Proceeds

 $

 52,010

 $

 102,456

 $

 58,418

 The Trust's proportionate share of future operating costs

 (9,763)

 (25,886)

 (19,175)

 Future capital costs

 (1,729)

 (2,430)

 (2,400)

 Future Royalty income

 $

 40,518

 $

 74,140

 $

 36,843

 Discount at 10% per annum

 (23,447)

 (43,014)

 (20,283)

 Standardized measure of future Royalty income from proved
 oil and gas reserves

 $

 17,071

 $

 31,126

 $

 16,560

 CHANGES IN THE STANDARDIZED MEASURE OF FUTURE ROYALTY INCOME FROM
 PROVED OIL AND GAS RESERVES, DISCOUNTED AT 10% PER ANNUM
 (Unaudited Estimates)

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (In thousands)

 Standardized measure of future Royalty income from proved oil and gas reserves at beginning of year

 $

 31,126

 $

 16,560

 $

 6,570

 Revisions of previous estimates

 (831)

 5,933

 3,986

 Net changes in price and production costs

 (11,392)

 10,126

 5,527

 Royalty income

 (3,280)

 (4,119)

 (908)

 Accretion of discount

 1,448

 2,626

 1,385

 Net changes in standardized measure

 $

 (14,055)

 $

 14,566

 $

 9,990

 Standardized measure of future Royalty income from proved oil and gas reserves at end of year

 $

 17,071

 $

 31,126

 $

 16,560

 •

 The Hugoton Royalty represents approximately 0% and 7% of the standardized measure of future Royalty income for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 •

 Standardized measure at December 31, 2023 was calculated using natural gas prices of $3.122 per thousands of cubic feet (Mcf) for Hugoton Royalty Properties, $4.596 per Mcf for San Juan Basin — New Mexico Royalty Properties and $0.491 per Mcf for the San Juan Basin-Colorado Royalty Properties, natural gas liquids prices of $1.40 per barrel ("Bbl") for Hugoton Royalty Properties, $34.68 per Bbl for the San Juan Basin-New Mexico Royalty Properties and $1.184 per Bbl for the San Juan Basin-Colorado Royalty Properties, and oil and condensate prices of $66.87 per Bbl for the San Juan Basin Royalty Properties.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Trustee maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and regulations. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated by the Working Interest Owners to The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee of the Trust, and its employees who participate in the preparation of the Trust's periodic reports as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 As of the end of the period covered by this report, the trust officer acting on behalf of the Trustee responsible for the administration of the Trust conducted an evaluation of the Trustee's disclosure controls and procedures. The officer acting on behalf of the Trustee concluded that the Trust's disclosure controls and procedures were effective with respect to the Trustee and its employees.

 Due to the contractual arrangements of (i) the Trust Indenture and (ii) the rights of the Trust under the Conveyance regarding information furnished by the Working Interest Owners, the Trustee relies on information provided by the Working Interest Owners, including (i) the status of litigation, (ii) historical operating data, plans for future operating and capital expenditures and reserve information, (iii) information relating to projected production, and (iv) conclusions regarding reserves by their internal reserve engineers or other experts in good faith. See Part I Item 1A. "Risk Factors — Trust unitholders and the Trustee have no control over the operation or development of the Royalty Properties and have little influence over operation or development" and "— The Trustee relies upon the Working Interest Owners for information regarding the Royalty Properties" for a description of certain risks relating to these arrangements and reliance, including filings such as this filing outside the time periods specified notwithstanding effective disclosure controls and procedures, of the Trustee regarding information under its control.

 The officer acting on behalf of the Trustee has not conducted a separate evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures with respect to information furnished by the Working Interest Owners. See "Trustee's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" under Item 7 of this Form 10-K for information concerning controls and procedures with respect to the Royalty and information related to the Trustee's review of certain information and calculations by the Working Interest Owners.

 Trustee's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The Trustee is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, and on the basis of accounting as described in Note 2 in the Notes to Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The Trustee conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Trust's internal control over financial reporting ("internal control over financial reporting") based on the criteria established in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the Trustee's evaluation under the framework in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)," the Trustee concluded that the Trust's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 The Trustee does not expect that the Trustee's disclosure controls and procedures relating to the Trust or the Trustee's internal control over financial reporting relating to the Trust will prevent all errors and all fraud. A registrant's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A registrant's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the registrant; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to

 permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with the modified basis of accounting discussed above, and that receipts and expenditures of the registrant are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the registrant; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the registrant's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Further, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. In connection with the evaluation by the Trustee of changes in internal control over financial reporting of the Trust that occurred during the Trust's last fiscal quarter, no change in the Trust's internal control over financial reporting was identified that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Trust's internal control over financial reporting. The Trustee notes for purposes of clarification that it has no authority over, has not evaluated and makes no statement concerning, the internal control over financial reporting of the Working Interest Owners.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 (b) None.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 There are no directors or executive officers of the Trust. The Trustee is a corporate trustee which may be removed by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding units at a meeting of the holders of units of beneficial interest of the Trust at which a quorum is present.

 The Trust does not have a principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and, therefore, has not adopted a code of ethics applicable to such persons. However, employees of the Trustee must comply with the corporate trustee's code of ethics.

 The Trust does not have a board of directors, and therefore, does not have an audit committee, an audit committee financial expert, or a nominating committee.

 Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.

 The Trust has no directors or officers. Accordingly, only holders of more than 10% of the Trust's units are required to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership of units and reports of changes in such ownership pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act. Based solely on a review of these reports, the Trust believes that the applicable reporting requirements of Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act were complied with for all transactions that occurred in 2022.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Unitholder Matters.

 (a)

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners.

 Based on filings with the SEC, the Trustee is not aware of any holders of 5% or more of the units as of March 28, 2024, except as set forth below. The following information has been obtained from public filings with the SEC.

 Beneficial Owner

 Trust Units
 Beneficially Owned

 Percent of Class

 Wells Fargo & Company

 104,663 (1)

 5.6 %

 (1)

 Based on a Schedule 13G/A filed on February 6, 2024 by Wells Fargo & Company, Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC and Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC (collectively, "Wells Fargo") reporting sole dispositive power. The principal business office address for Wells Fargo is 420 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94163.

 (b)

 Security Ownership of Management.

 (c)

 Changes in Control.

 The Trustee is not aware of any arrangements, including the pledge of securities of the Trust, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Trust.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 The Trust does not have an audit committee. Any pre-approval and approval of all services performed by the principal auditor or any other professional services firms and related fees are granted by the Trustee.

 The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by KPMG LLP for the audit of the Trust's financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as fees billed for other services rendered by KPMG LLP.

 2023

 2022

 Audit fees(1)

 $

 525,000

 $

 525,000

 Audit-related fees

 —

 —

 Tax fees(2)

 110,000

 95,000

 All other fees

 —

 —

 Total fees

 $

 635,000

 $

 620,000

 (1)

 Audit fees consist of fees for the audit of the Trust's financial statements, and reimbursement of expenses related to the audit and quarterly reviews for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Trust is reimbursed by the Working Interest Owners for approximately 88.56% of all general and administrative expenses incurred.

 (2)

 Tax fees consist of fees related to the Trust's tax information for its unitholders, which includes work performed on the taxes, returns and other items billed during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Trust is reimbursed by the Working Interest Owners for approximately 88.56% of all general and administrative expenses incurred.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a)(1) Financial Statements

 The following financial statements are set forth under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K on the pages indicated.

 Page in this
 Form 10-K

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – KPMG LLP, Houston,
 TX, Auditor Firm ID: 185

 Statements of Distributable Income

 Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Trust Corpus

 Statements of Changes in Trust Corpus

 Notes to Financial Statements

 (a)(2) Schedules

 Schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable or the information required has been included elsewhere herein.

 (a)(3) Exhibits

 Exhibit
 Number

 SEC File or
 Registration
 Number

 Exhibit
 Number

 4(a)

 *Mesa Royalty Trust Indenture between Mesa Petroleum Co. and Texas Commerce Bank National Association, as Trustee, dated November 1, 1979

 2-65217

 1(a)

 4(b)

 *Form of Overriding Royalty Conveyance between Mesa Petroleum Co. and Texas Commerce Bank, as Trustee, dated November 1, 1979

 2-65217

 1(b)

 4(c)

 *First Amendment to the Mesa Royalty Trust Indenture dated as of March 14, 1985 (Exhibit 4(c) to Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1984 of Mesa Royalty Trust)

 1-7884

 4(c)

 4(d)

 *Form of Assignment of Overriding Royalty Interest, effective April 1, 1985, from Texas Commerce Bank National Association, as Trustee, to MTR Holding Co. (Exhibit 4(d) to Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1984 of Mesa Royalty Trust)

 1-7884

 4(d)

 4(e)

 *Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated March 25, 1991, by and among Mesa Limited Partnership, Mesa Operating Limited Partnership and ConocoPhillips, as amended on April 30, 1991 (Exhibit 4(e) to Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1991 of Mesa Royalty Trust)

 1-7884

 4(e)

 4(f)

 Description of Trust Units (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(f) to the Trust's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019)

 Consent of Miller and Lents, Ltd.

 Certification furnished pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 Certification furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1

 Mesa Royalty Trust Clawback Policy

 Summary Reserve Report from Miller and Lents

 *

 Previously filed in paper format with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Mesa Royalty Trust

 By:

 THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON
 TRUST COMPANY, N.A., TRUSTEE

 By:

 /s/ E laina R odgers

 Elaina Rodgers
 Vice President & Trust Officer

 April 1, 2024

 The Registrant, Mesa Royalty Trust, has no principal executive officer, principal financial officer, board of directors or persons performing similar functions. Accordingly, no additional signatures are available and none have been provided.