UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from _________________ to _________________

 Commission file number 0-15341

 DONEGAL GROUP INC.

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 23-2424711

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 1195 River Road, Marietta, Pennsylvania

 17547

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 800) 877-0600

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class

 Trading Symbols

 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

 Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value

 DGICA

 The NASDAQ Global Select Market

 Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value

 DGICB

 The NASDAQ Global Select Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes. No.

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes. No.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months
 (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes. No.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this
 chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes. No
.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See
 definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Act. (Check one):

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
 standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act..

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting
 under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes.
 No.

 If
 securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements..

 Indicate by check mark
 whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to Section 240.10D-1(b).
.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes. No.

 State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the
 average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. $ 231,869,446.

 Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 27,816,654 shares of Class A common stock and 5,576,775 shares
 of Class B common stock outstanding on March 1, 2024.

 Documents Incorporated by Reference

 The registrant incorporates by reference portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to registrant's annual meeting of stockholders to be held April
 18, 2024 into Part III of this report.

 DONEGAL GROUP INC.

 INDEX TO FORM 10-K REPORT

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 (i)

 Item 1.

 Business.

 Introduction

 Donegal Group Inc., or DGI, is an insurance holding company whose insurance subsidiaries and affiliates offer property and casualty insurance in 23 Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern
 states. DGI has no significant business operations and is separate and distinct from its insurance subsidiaries. As used in this Form 10-K Report, the terms "we," "us" and "our" refer to Donegal Group Inc. and its insurance subsidiaries. Our Class
 A common stock and our Class B common stock trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbols "DGICA" and "DGICB," respectively.

 Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, or Donegal Mutual, organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock
 and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. Donegal Mutual's ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock and our outstanding shares of
 Class B common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to an intercompany pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions we describe in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated
 Financial Statements. While maintaining the separate corporate existence of each company, our insurance subsidiaries conduct business together with Donegal Mutual and its insurance subsidiaries as the Donegal Insurance Group. The Donegal Insurance
 Group is not a legal entity, is not an insurance company and does not issue or administer insurance policies. Rather, it is a trade name that refers to the group of insurance companies that are affiliated with Donegal Mutual.

 At December 31, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. We set forth financial information about these segments in Note 19 of the
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers' compensation policies. The personal lines products of our
 insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual provide their policyholders with a selection of insurance products and pursue profitability by adhering to a strict underwriting discipline. Our insurance subsidiaries
 derive a substantial portion of their insurance business from smaller to mid-sized regional communities. We believe this focus provides our insurance subsidiaries with competitive advantages in terms of local market knowledge, marketing,
 underwriting, claims servicing and policyholder service. At the same time, we believe our insurance subsidiaries have cost advantages over many smaller regional insurers that result from economies of scale our insurance subsidiaries realize through
 centralized accounting, administrative, data processing, investment and other services.

 We believe we have a substantial opportunity, as a well-capitalized regional insurance holding company with a solid business strategy, to grow profitably and compete effectively with larger national property and
 casualty insurers. Our downstream holding company structure, with Donegal Mutual holding approximately 71% of the combined voting power of our common stock, has proven its effectiveness and success over the 37 years of our existence. Over that time
 period, we have grown significantly in terms of revenue and financial strength, and the Donegal Insurance Group has developed an excellent reputation as a regional group of property and casualty insurers.

 Since 1998, we and Donegal Mutual have completed seven transactions involving acquisitions of property and casualty insurance companies or participation in the business of property and casualty insurance companies
 through Donegal Mutual's entry into quota-share reinsurance agreements with them. While we are currently placing less emphasis on pursuing acquisitions due to several ongoing major initiatives to enhance our technology infrastructure as well as our
 analytical and processing capabilities, we expect to continue to acquire other insurance companies to expand our business in a given region over time.

 -1-

 Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, or Mountain States, with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and
 Mountain States' insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the "Mountain States insurance subsidiaries"), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon
 completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States
 Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual
 began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool we describe in "History and Organizational Structure."

 Available Information

 You may obtain our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, including this Form 10-K Report, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K, our proxy statement and our other filings pursuant to the Securities
 Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, without charge by viewing our website at www.donegalgroup.com. You may also view our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the executive
 committee, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating committee of our board of directors on our website. Upon request to our corporate secretary, we will also provide printed copies of any of these documents to you without
 charge. We have provided the address of our website solely for the information of investors. We do not intend the reference to our website address to be an active link or to otherwise incorporate the contents of our website into this Form 10-K
 Report. In addition to our website, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") maintains an Internet site at www.sec.gov that contains our reports, proxy and information statements and other
 information that we electronically file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

 History and Organizational Structure

 In the mid-1980's, Donegal Mutual, as a mutual insurance company, recognized the desirability of developing additional sources of capital and surplus so it could remain competitive, expand its business and ensure its
 long-term viability. Accordingly, Donegal Mutual determined that the implementation of a downstream holding company structure was a viable business strategy to accomplish that objective. Thus, in 1986, Donegal Mutual formed us as a downstream
 holding company, and we incorporated in the state of Delaware as Donegal Group Inc. After Donegal Mutual formed us, we in turn formed Atlantic States Insurance Company, or Atlantic States, as our wholly owned property and casualty insurance company
 subsidiary.

 In connection with the formation of Atlantic States and the establishment of our downstream insurance holding company system, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States entered into a proportional reinsurance agreement, or
 pooling agreement. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal
 Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

 The member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group, which include our insurance subsidiaries, share a combined business plan to enhance market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. We believe Donegal
 Mutual's majority interest in the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and of our Class B common stock fosters our ability to implement our business philosophies, enjoy management continuity, maintain superior employee relations and
 provide a stable environment within which we can grow our businesses.

 -2-

 The products the member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group offer are generally complementary, which permits the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broad range of products in a given market and to expand the
 Donegal Insurance Group's ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products the member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group offer generally relate to specific risk profiles within similar
 classes of business, such as preferred tier products versus standard tier products. The member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. As a result, the underwriting profitability
 of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly and all business that Donegal Mutual
 assumes from its affiliates and places into the underwriting pool. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

 As the capital of Atlantic States and our other insurance subsidiaries has increased, the underwriting capacity of our insurance subsidiaries has increased proportionately. The size of the underwriting pool has also
 increased substantially. Therefore, as we originally planned in the mid-1980s, Atlantic States has successfully raised the capital necessary to support the growth of its direct business as well as to accept increases in its allocation of business
 from the underwriting pool. The portion of the underwriting pool allocated to Atlantic States has increased from an initial allocation of 35% in 1986 to an 80% allocation since March 1, 2008. We do not anticipate any further change in the pooling
 agreement between Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual, including any change in the percentage participation of Atlantic States in the underwriting pool.

 In addition to Atlantic States, our insurance subsidiaries are Michigan Insurance Company, or MICO, The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Peninsula Indemnity Company, or collectively,
 Peninsula, and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, or Southern. Donegal Mutual has a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual, and Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern
 Mutual into the underwriting pool. Donegal Mutual wholly owns and has a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual places its assumed business
 from the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries into the underwriting pool.

 The following chart depicts our organizational structure, including all of our property and casualty insurance subsidiaries and affiliates:

 (1)

 Because of the different relative voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, our public stockholders hold approximately 29% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common
 stock and Donegal Mutual holds approximately 71% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock.

 -3-

 Relationship with Donegal Mutual

 Donegal Mutual provides facilities, management and other services to us and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, Donegal Mutual purchases and maintains the information technology systems that support the business
 of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual allocates certain related expenses to Atlantic States in accordance with the relative participation of Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States in the pooling agreement. Our insurance
 subsidiaries other than Atlantic States reimburse Donegal Mutual for allocated costs of services Donegal Mutual provides on their behalf based on their proportion of the total direct premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group and other
 metrics. Allocated expenses from Donegal Mutual for services it provided to Atlantic States and our other insurance subsidiaries totaled $219.0 million, $199.2 million and $186.6 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Donegal Mutual is the employer of record for all personnel who provide services for our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual strives to maintain a culture that is based on integrity and respect, with an environment
 designed to facilitate excellent service to the agents and customers of the Donegal Insurance Group. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual had 872 employees, of which 456 were based in its Marietta, Pennsylvania headquarters and 416 were based in
 regional offices or were permanent remote employees. There were 861 full-time employees and 11 part-time employees. Many of Donegal Mutual's employees work remotely from their homes or follow a hybrid schedule that includes working several days in
 their assigned office to allow for enhanced collaboration and interaction with other employees. Donegal Mutual targets employee compensation that is competitive and consistent with an employee's position, knowledge, experience and skill level.
 Donegal Mutual provides annual wage increases that are based on merit. Donegal Mutual provides an annual cash incentive plan for all of its employees that provides an opportunity for Donegal Mutual's employees to earn a bonus as a percentage of
 their annual wages that varies based on the level of underwriting profit Donegal Insurance Group achieves for a calendar year. In addition, Donegal Mutual provides to its full-time employees a comprehensive employee benefits program, including
 medical, dental and vision insurance, paid time off, and a 401(k) retirement plan that includes company matching provisions. Donegal Mutual also provides substantial training, development and wellness programs and resources to its employees.

 Our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, pursuant to which Donegal Mutual provides coverage for losses related to any catastrophic occurrence over a set retention of $3.0
 million ($2.0 million for 2022 and 2021) for each participating insurance subsidiary, with a combined retention of $6.0 million ($5.0 million for 2022 and 2021) for a catastrophe involving a combination of participating insurance subsidiaries, up
 to the amount Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retain under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers. The purpose of the catastrophe reinsurance agreement is to lessen the effects of an accumulation of losses
 arising from one event to levels that are appropriate given each subsidiary's size, underwriting profile and surplus.

 Donegal Mutual had a quota-share reinsurance agreement with MICO for policies effective through December 31, 2021. The purpose of the quota-share reinsurance agreement with MICO was to transfer to Donegal Mutual 25% of
 the premiums and losses related to MICO's business. Donegal Mutual placed its assumed business from MICO into the underwriting pool. Donegal Mutual and MICO terminated this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. As a
 result, MICO retains 100% of its net premiums and losses beginning with policies effective as of that date.

 Donegal Mutual had a quota-share reinsurance agreement with Peninsula for policies effective through December 31, 2021. The purpose of the quota-share reinsurance agreement with Peninsula was to transfer to Donegal
 Mutual 100% of the premiums and losses related to the workers' compensation product line of Peninsula in certain states. Donegal Mutual placed its assumed business from Peninsula into the underwriting pool. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula terminated
 this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. As a result, Peninsula retains 100% of its net workers' compensation premiums and losses beginning with policies effective as of that date.

 We and Donegal Mutual have maintained a coordinating committee since our formation in 1986. The coordinating committee consists of two members of our board of directors, neither of whom is a member of Donegal Mutual's
 board of directors, and two members of Donegal Mutual's board of directors, neither of whom is a member of our board of directors. The purpose of the coordinating committee is to establish and maintain a process for an ongoing evaluation of the
 transactions between Donegal Mutual, our insurance subsidiaries and us. The coordinating committee considers the fairness of each intercompany transaction to Donegal Mutual and its policyholders and to us and our stockholders.

 -4-

 A new agreement or any change to a previously approved agreement must receive coordinating committee approval. The approval process for a new agreement between Donegal Mutual and us or one of our insurance subsidiaries
 or a change in such an agreement is as follows:

 •

 both of our members on the coordinating committee must determine that the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement is fair and equitable to us and in the best interests of our stockholders;

 •

 both of Donegal Mutual's members on the coordinating committee must determine that the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement is fair and equitable to Donegal Mutual and in the best interests of its policyholders;

 •

 our board of directors must approve the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement; and

 •

 Donegal Mutual's board of directors must approve the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement.

 The coordinating committee also meets annually to review each existing agreement between Donegal Mutual and us or our insurance subsidiaries, including all reinsurance agreements between Donegal Mutual and our
 insurance subsidiaries. The purpose of this annual review is to examine the results of the agreements over the past year and, in the case of reinsurance agreements, over several years and to determine if the results of the existing agreements
 remain fair and equitable to us and our stockholders and fair and equitable to Donegal Mutual and its policyholders or if Donegal Mutual and we should mutually agree to certain adjustments to the terms of the agreements. In the case of reinsurance
 agreements, the annual adjustments typically relate to the reinsurance premiums and loss retention amounts. These agreements are ongoing in nature and will continue in effect throughout 2024 in the ordinary course of our business.

 Our members on the coordinating committee, as of the date of this Form 10-K Report, are Barry C. Huber and Richard D. Wampler, II. Donegal Mutual's members on the coordinating committee as of such date are Michael W.
 Brubaker and Michael K. Callahan, who replaced Cyril J. Greenya in January 2024. We refer to our proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held on April 18, 2024 for further information about the members of the coordinating
 committee.

 We believe our relationships with Donegal Mutual offer us and our insurance subsidiaries a number of competitive advantages, including the following:

 •

 enabling our stable management, the consistent underwriting discipline of our insurance subsidiaries, external growth, long-term profitability and financial strength;

 •

 creating operational and expense synergies from the combination of resources and integrated operations of the Donegal Insurance Group;

 •

 producing more stable and uniform underwriting results for our insurance subsidiaries over extended periods of time than we could achieve without our relationship with Donegal Mutual;

 •

 providing opportunities for growth because of the ability of Donegal Mutual to affiliate and enter into reinsurance agreements with, or otherwise acquire control of, mutual insurance companies and place the business it assumes into the
 underwriting pool; and

 •

 providing Atlantic States with a significantly larger underwriting capacity because of the underwriting pool Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States have maintained since 1986.

 In the first quarter of 2024, our board of directors and the board of directors of Donegal Mutual each undertook a review of the relationships between Donegal Mutual and DGI and determined that continuing the current
 relationships and the current corporate structure of Donegal Mutual and DGI is in the best interests of DGI and its various constituencies.

 -5-

 Business Strategy

 We and Donegal Mutual are focused on several primary strategies, including achieving sustained excellent financial performance, strategically modernizing our operations and processes to transform our business,
 capitalizing on opportunities to grow profitably and delivering a superior experience to our agents and policyholders. Our strategies are designed to provide value to the policyholders of Donegal Mutual and our respective insurance subsidiaries
 and, ultimately, to provide value to our stockholders. The annual net premiums earned of our insurance subsidiaries have increased from $301.5 million in 2006 to $882.1 million in 2023, a compound annual growth rate of 6.5%.

 The combined ratio of our insurance subsidiaries and that of the United States property and casualty insurance industry as computed using United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and statutory
 accounting principles, or SAP, for the years 2019 through 2023 are shown in the following table:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Our GAAP combined ratio

 104.4

 %

 103.3

 %

 101.0

 %

 96.0

 %

 99.5

 %

 Our SAP combined ratio

 104.2

 103.3

 100.8

 95.4

 98.7

 Industry SAP combined ratio (1)

 103.7

 103.1

 99.6

 98.4

 98.9

 (1)

 As reported (projected for 2023) by A.M. Best Company.

 We and Donegal Mutual believe we can continue to expand our insurance operations over time through organic growth and acquisitions of, or affiliations with, other insurance companies. Our insurance subsidiaries and
 Donegal Mutual seek to increase their premium base by making quality independent agency appointments, enhancing their competitive position within each agency, introducing new and enhanced insurance products and developing and maintaining automated
 systems to improve service, communications and efficiency.

 A detailed review of our business strategies follows:

 •

 Achieving sustained excellent financial performance.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to achieve consistent underwriting profitability. Underwriting profitability is a fundamental component of our long-term financial strength because it allows our insurance subsidiaries
 to generate profits without relying exclusively on their investment income for profitability.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by:

 •

 carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite;

 •

 carefully selecting the individual risks they underwrite;

 •

 utilizing data analytics and predictive modeling tools to inform risk selection and pricing decisions;

 •

 managing their property exposures in catastrophe-prone areas; and

 •

 evaluating their claims history on a regular basis to ensure the adequacy of their underwriting guidelines and product pricing.

 -6-

 Our insurance subsidiaries maintain discipline in their pricing by effecting rate increases to sustain or improve their underwriting results without unduly affecting their customer retention. In addition to appropriate
 pricing, our insurance subsidiaries seek to ensure that their premium rates are adequate relative to the risk exposures they insure. Our insurance subsidiaries review loss trends on a regular basis to identify changes in the frequency and severity
 of their claims and to assess the adequacy of their rates and underwriting standards. Our insurance subsidiaries also carefully monitor and audit the information they use to price their policies for the purpose of enabling them to receive an
 adequate level of premiums for the risk they assume. For example, our insurance subsidiaries audit the payroll data of their workers' compensation customers to verify that the assumptions used to price a particular policy were accurate. By
 implementing appropriate rate increases and understanding the risks our insurance subsidiaries agree to insure, our insurance subsidiaries seek to achieve consistent underwriting profitability.

 Our insurance subsidiaries monitor the performance of the product lines they underwrite and the geographies in which they offer their insurance products. Our insurance subsidiaries take specific actions to remediate
 underperforming product lines or geographies that include pricing increases, underwriting adjustments, reunderwriting initiatives as well as discontinuing a given product or withdrawing from a geography when our insurance subsidiaries determine
 they cannot reasonably expect to generate targeted profitability over time. For example, our insurance subsidiaries ceased writing new commercial lines policies and began non-renewing all existing commercial lines accounts in the states of Georgia
 and Alabama during 2023. Our insurance subsidiaries took this action after determining that they could not reasonably expect to generate targeted profitability within a reasonable period of time for commercial lines of business in those states.

 Our insurance subsidiaries have no material exposures to asbestos or environmental liabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to provide more than one policy to a given personal lines or commercial lines customer
 because this "account selling" strategy diversifies their risk and has historically improved their underwriting results. Our insurance subsidiaries also use reinsurance to manage their exposure and limit their maximum net loss from large single
 risks or risks in concentrated areas.

 Our insurance subsidiaries maintain stringent expense controls under direct supervision of their senior management. We centralize the processing and administrative activities of our insurance subsidiaries to realize
 operating synergies and better expense control. Our insurance subsidiaries utilize technology to automate much of their underwriting, claims and billing processes and to facilitate agency and policyholder communications on an efficient, timely and
 cost-effective basis. Our insurance subsidiaries have increased their annual premium per employee, a measure of efficiency that our insurance subsidiaries use to evaluate their operations, from approximately $470,000 in 1999 to approximately $1.2 million in 2023.

 Return on invested assets is an important element of the financial results of our insurance subsidiaries. The investment strategy of our insurance subsidiaries is to generate an appropriate amount of after-tax income
 on invested assets while limiting the potential impact of equity market volatility and minimizing credit risk through investments in high-quality securities. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries seek to invest a high percentage of their assets
 in diversified, highly rated and marketable fixed-maturity instruments. The fixed-maturity portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries consist of both taxable and tax-exempt securities. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a portion of their portfolios
 in short-term securities to provide liquidity for the payment of claims and operation of their respective businesses. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a small percentage (2.0% at December 31, 2023) of their portfolios in equity securities that
 have a history of paying cash dividends or that our insurance subsidiaries expect will appreciate in value over time.

 •

 Strategically modernizing our operations and processes to transform our business.

 In 2018, Donegal Mutual initiated a multi-year systems modernization project to replace its remaining legacy systems, streamline business processes and workflows and enhance data analytics and modeling capabilities. In
 February 2020, Donegal Mutual implemented the first release of new systems related to the project, and our insurance subsidiaries began to issue workers' compensation policies from the new systems in the second quarter of 2020. In August 2021,
 Donegal Mutual implemented the second release of new systems related to the project, including a new agency portal and the rating, underwriting and policy issuance capabilities necessary to support the launch of new personal lines products, and our
 insurance subsidiaries began to issue new personal lines products from the new systems in the fourth quarter of 2021. In 2023, Donegal Mutual implemented two additional major releases of new systems, which included three commercial lines of
 business with enhanced straight-through-processing capabilities as well as dwelling fire and conversion of legacy homeowners renewal policies in two initial states. Over the next two years, Donegal Mutual expects to implement new systems for the
 remaining lines of business the Donegal Insurance Group issues currently and for the conversion of remaining legacy renewal policies of the Donegal Insurance Group.

 -7-

 We have an enterprise analytics department that is focused on integrating data and analytics into strategy and decision-making at all levels of our organization. The enterprise analytics team is responsible for core
 functions of rate-making, predictive analytics, data management and business intelligence. These responsibilities include the development and expansion of risk-based pricing segmentation, analytical innovation, predictive modeling solutions, formal
 data strategies, performance monitoring and enhanced reporting mechanisms. We developed and began executing a pricing and analytics roadmap that will continue to deliver data-driven insights to our underwriters. This roadmap includes ongoing
 development and enhancement of quality tools that allow us to operationalize pricing and underwriting predictive models, integrate internal and external data for better-informed pricing and underwriting decisions and enhance the automation and
 precision of our rate indication methodology. Our enterprise analytics team is continuing to develop new tools and solutions that are enhancing our product portfolio management capabilities, competitive intelligence, pricing sophistication and
 utilization of data to monitor and manage our operations. The team also generates reporting and analyses that enable us to draw business insights from data that drive actions to improve performance.

 We are focused on process excellence and have prepared a multi-year roadmap for addressing those opportunities. We are also expanding our data management personnel and capabilities to continually ensure the data upon
 which we rely for our business decisions and financial reporting is complete, accurate and secure. We have assigned an innovation task force the responsibility to research emerging technologies and identify potential technology solutions that might
 assist us in achieving our business strategies.

 •

 Capitalizing on opportunities to grow profitably.

 Continued expansion of our insurance subsidiaries within their existing markets will be a key source of their continued premium growth, and maintaining an effective network of independent agencies is integral to this
 expansion. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to be among the top three insurers within each of the independent agencies for the lines of business our insurance subsidiaries write by providing a consistent, competitive and stable market for their
 products. We believe that the consistency of the product offerings of our insurance subsidiaries enables our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively for independent agents with other insurers whose product offerings may fluctuate based on
 industry conditions. Our insurance subsidiaries offer a competitive compensation program to their independent agents that rewards them for producing profitable growth and maintaining profitable books of business with our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries execute a combined annual business plan with Donegal Mutual and its insurance subsidiaries. Within the past several years, we enhanced the annual planning process to ensure that we are
 directing efforts and resources toward geographic regions, market segments, product lines and classes of business that will give us the best opportunities to achieve sustained growth and profitability. As part of the planning process, we perform a
 detailed analysis of internal and external data with respect to each state within our operating regions. We assess state-specific marketing dynamics and opportunities, including an evaluation of the historical experience of our insurance
 subsidiaries. We then assign a strategic posture for each state and develop action plans to execute state-specific strategies for growth or reduction of premiums, agency distribution and enhanced profit generation over the next several years. As
 part of our property exposure management, we implemented tools that have allowed us to assign a strategic posture at a county level within each state. Our insurance subsidiaries utilize these tools to further manage and refine their concentrations
 of property risk exposure and to enhance their geographic risk diversification. We expect this strategy will reduce over time the overall impact of losses from severe weather events to the results of our insurance subsidiaries.

 In recent years, the consolidation of independent agencies has accelerated, resulting in the acquisition of independent agencies from which our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual currently receive business by
 national cluster groups and aggregators. We have expanded our national accounts team that is responsible for the management and expansion of our relationships with these national agency groups. The national accounts team serves as a centralized
 point of contact for these groups and works directly with our regional sales and marketing teams to support and develop relationships with independent agents affiliated with national agency groups. We believe our relationships with existing and
 emerging national agency groups will continue to expand and that these groups represent a significant opportunity for profitable future growth.

 -8-

 •

 Delivering a superior experience to our agents and policyholders.

 Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries strive to maintain technology comparable to that of their larger competitors. "Ease of doing business" is a critically important component of an insurer's value to an
 independent agency. Our insurance subsidiaries provide fully automated underwriting and policy issuance portals that substantially ease data entry and facilitate the quoting and issuance of policies for the independent agents of our insurance
 subsidiaries. As a result, applications of the independent agents for our insurance subsidiaries can result in policy issuance without further re-entry of information. These systems also interface with the agency management systems of the
 independent agents of our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, we continue to explore and implement new agency relationship management solutions to expand the abilities of our insurance subsidiaries to manage their agency relationships and enhance
 their agency communications and interactions.

 Our insurance subsidiaries also provide their independent agents with ongoing support to enable them to better attract and service customers, including:

 •

 training programs;

 •

 marketing support;

 •

 availability of a personal lines service center that provides comprehensive service for our personal lines policyholders;

 •

 availability of a commercial lines small business unit to monitor straight-through processing results and enhance turnaround time for responses to agents for less complicated commercial risks;

 •

 availability of a commercial lines service center, which is an optional service enhancement for agencies who prefer that we interact directly with their customers for mid-term policy coverage changes and other service requests; and

 •

 accessibility to and regular interactions with marketing and underwriting personnel and senior management of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries appoint independent agencies with a strong underwriting and growth track record. We believe that our insurance subsidiaries will drive continued long-term growth by carefully selecting,
 motivating and supporting their independent agencies.

 We believe that excellent policyholder service is important in attracting new policyholders and retaining existing policyholders. Our insurance subsidiaries work closely with their independent agents to provide a
 consistently responsive level of claims service, underwriting and customer support. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to respond expeditiously and effectively to address customer and independent agent inquiries in a number of ways, including:

 •

 availability of a customer call center, secure website and mobile application for claims reporting;

 •

 availability of a secure website and mobile application for access to policy information and documents, payment processing and other features;

 •

 timely replies to information requests and policy submissions; and

 •

 prompt responses to, and processing of, claims.

 -9-

 Our insurance subsidiaries periodically conduct policyholder surveys to evaluate the effectiveness of their service to policyholders. The management of our insurance subsidiaries meets on a regular basis with the
 personnel of the independent insurance agents our insurance subsidiaries appoint to seek service improvement recommendations, react to service issues and better understand local market conditions.

 •

 Acquiring property and casualty insurance companies to augment the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries.

 We have been an effective consolidator of smaller "main street" property and casualty insurance companies. While we are currently placing less emphasis on pursuing acquisitions due to several ongoing major initiatives
 to enhance our technology infrastructure as well as our analytical and processing capabilities, we expect to continue to acquire other insurance companies to expand our business in a given region over time.

 Since 1998, we and Donegal Mutual have completed seven transactions involving acquisitions of property and casualty insurance companies or participation in the business of property and casualty insurance companies
 through Donegal Mutual's entry into quota-share reinsurance agreements with them. We and Donegal Mutual intend to continue our growth by pursuing affiliations and acquisitions that meet our criteria. Our primary criteria are:

 •

 location in regions where our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual are currently conducting business or that offer an attractive opportunity to conduct profitable business;

 •

 a mix of business similar to the mix of business of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual;

 •

 annual premium volume between $50.0 million to $100.0 million; and

 •

 fair and reasonable transaction terms.

 We believe that our relationship with Donegal Mutual assists us in pursuing affiliations with, and subsequent acquisitions of, mutual insurance companies because, through Donegal Mutual, we understand the concerns and
 issues that mutual insurance companies face. In particular, Donegal Mutual has had success affiliating with underperforming mutual insurance companies that were operating at a competitive disadvantage due to lack of economies of scale compared to
 other industry participants, and we have either acquired them following their conversion to a stock company or benefited from their underwriting results as a result of Donegal Mutual's entry into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with them
 and placement of that assumed business into the pooling agreement. We evaluate a number of areas for operational synergies when considering acquisitions, including product underwriting, expenses, the cost of reinsurance and technology.

 We believe that our ability to make direct acquisitions of stock insurance companies and to make indirect acquisitions of mutual insurance companies through Donegal Mutual provides us with flexibility that is a
 competitive advantage in making acquisitions. We also believe our historic record demonstrates our ability to acquire control of an underperforming insurance company utilizing a number of different acquisition structures and affiliation strategies,
 re-underwrite its book of business, reduce its cost structure and return it to sustained profitability.

 While Donegal Mutual and we generally engage in preliminary discussions with potential direct or indirect acquisition candidates from time to time, neither Donegal Mutual nor we make any public disclosure regarding a
 proposed acquisition until Donegal Mutual or we have entered into a definitive acquisition agreement.

 -10-

 The following table highlights our and Donegal Mutual's history of insurance company acquisitions and affiliations since 1998:

 Company Name

 State of Domicile

 Year Control

 Acquired

 Method of Acquisition/Affiliation

 Southern Heritage Insurance Company (1)

 Georgia

 1998

 Purchase of stock by us in 1998.

 Le Mars Mutual Insurance Company of Iowa and then Le Mars Insurance Company (1)

 Iowa

 2002

 Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 2002; conversion to stock company in 2004; acquisition of stock by us in 2004.

 Peninsula Insurance Group

 Maryland

 2004

 Purchase of stock by us in 2004.

 Sheboygan Falls Mutual Insurance Company and then Sheboygan Falls Insurance Company (1)

 Wisconsin

 2007

 Contribution note investment by Donegal Mutual in 2007; conversion to stock company in 2008; acquisition of stock by us in 2008.

 Southern Mutual Insurance Company (2)

 Georgia

 2009

 Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual and quota-share reinsurance in 2009.

 Michigan Insurance Company

 Michigan

 2010

 Purchase of stock by us in 2010.

 Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company (3)

 New Mexico

 2017

 Merger with and into Donegal Mutual in 2017.

 (1)

 To reduce administrative and compliance costs and expenses, these subsidiaries subsequently merged into one of our existing insurance subsidiaries.

 (2)

 Control acquired by Donegal Mutual.

 (3)

 Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States insurance subsidiaries became insurance subsidiaries
 of Donegal Mutual upon completion of the merger. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021,
 Donegal Mutual places the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool.

 Competition

 The property and casualty insurance industry is highly competitive on the basis of both price and service. Numerous companies compete for business in the geographic areas where our insurance subsidiaries operate. Many
 of these other insurance companies are substantially larger and have greater financial resources than those of our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, because our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market their respective insurance products
 exclusively through independent insurance agencies, most of which represent more than one insurance company, our insurance subsidiaries face competition within agencies, as well as competition to retain qualified independent agents. Insurance
 companies that are substantially larger than our insurance subsidiaries are likely to benefit from certain cost synergies, and insurance companies that market their products directly to end consumers are likely to incur lower relative acquisition
 costs compared to those of our insurance subsidiaries.

 -11-

 Products and Underwriting

 We report the results of our insurance operations in two segments: commercial lines of insurance and personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines our insurance subsidiaries write consist primarily of commercial
 automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers' compensation insurance. The personal lines our insurance subsidiaries write consist primarily of private passenger automobile and homeowners insurance. We describe these lines of insurance in greater
 detail below:

 Commercial

 •

 Commercial automobile — policies that provide protection against liability for bodily injury and property damage arising from automobile accidents and protection against loss from damage to automobiles owned by the insured.

 •

 Commercial multi-peril — policies that provide protection to businesses against many perils, usually combining liability and physical damage coverages.

 •

 Workers' compensation — policies employers purchase to provide benefits to employees for injuries sustained during employment. The workers' compensation laws of each state determine the extent of the coverage we provide.

 Personal

 •

 Private passenger automobile — policies that provide protection against liability for bodily injury and property damage arising from automobile accidents and protection against loss from damage to automobiles owned by the insured.

 •

 Homeowners — policies that provide coverage for damage to residences and their contents from a broad range of perils, including fire, lightning, windstorm and theft. These policies also cover liability of the insured arising from injury
 to other persons or their property while on the insured's property and under other specified conditions.

 In recent years, we have taken actions to shift our business mix to a higher proportion of commercial business, where we believe we will continue to have opportunities to achieve profitable, sustainable long-term
 growth. Due to our decision to exit the commercial lines markets in Georgia and Alabama that reduced commercial lines premiums and the significant personal lines rate increases we implemented to restore profitability while maintaining strong policy
 retention rates that increased personal lines premiums, our 2023 business mix did not reflect this strategic shift that we expect will resume as we concentrate on profitable commercial growth opportunities in the future. We are executing
 state-specific strategies that include accelerating growth in states where we see opportunities for profitable growth and reducing exposures in states we have targeted for profit improvement. While we expect to place greater emphasis on commercial
 growth for the foreseeable future, we desire to maintain a profitable book of personal business to provide enhanced stability across our product portfolio and increase our brand value to our independent agents. Donegal Mutual and our insurance
 subsidiaries offer personal lines products in ten states through a modern, user-friendly online agency portal. These products feature comprehensive coverage options, modernized rating methodology, enhanced pricing segmentation, application of
 predictive analytical models and utilization of third-party data to augment pricing and risk selection. Due to ongoing inflationary pressures on loss costs, we carefully managed personal lines exposure growth in 2023, while implementing premium
 rate increases throughout the year. In 2024, we plan to continue implementing premium rate increases and managing exposures to restore the profitability of our personal lines segment.

 -12-

 The following table sets forth the net premiums written of our insurance subsidiaries by line of insurance for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 %

 %

 %

 Commercial lines:

 $

 174,741

 19.5

 %

 $

 167,774

 19.9

 %

 $

 161,947

 20.1

 %

 107,598

 12.0

 111,892

 13.3

 113,256

 14.1

 195,632

 21.8

 200,045

 23.7

 188,242

 23.4

 Other

 50,458

 5.7

 51,135

 6.0

 49,229

 6.1

 Total commercial lines

 528,429

 59.0

 530,846

 62.9

 512,674

 63.7

 Personal lines:

 215,957

 24.1

 181,129

 21.5

 170,578

 21.2

 139,688

 15.6

 120,087

 14.2

 109,974

 13.7

 Other

 11,623

 1.3

 11,468

 1.4

 11,041

 1.4

 Total personal lines

 367,268

 41.0

 312,684

 37.1

 291,593

 36.3

 Total business

 $

 895,697

 100.0

 %

 $

 843,530

 100.0

 %

 $

 804,267

 100.0

 %

 The commercial lines and personal lines underwriting departments of our insurance subsidiaries evaluate and select those risks that they believe will enable our insurance subsidiaries to achieve an underwriting profit.
 Within each of the underwriting departments, our insurance subsidiaries have dedicated product development and management teams responsible for the development of quality products at competitive prices to promote growth and profitability as well as
 the enhancement of our current products to meet targeted customer needs.

 In order to achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis, our insurance subsidiaries:

 •

 assess and select primarily standard and preferred risks;

 •

 adhere to disciplined underwriting guidelines;

 •

 seek to price risks appropriately based on exposure, risk characteristics, utilization of predictive models and application of underwriting judgment; and

 •

 utilize various types of risk management and loss control services.

 Our insurance subsidiaries also review their existing portfolio of insured accounts to determine whether certain risks or classes of business continue to meet their underwriting guidelines and margin expectations. If a
 given account or class of business no longer meets those underwriting guidelines or margin expectations, our insurance subsidiaries will take appropriate action regarding that account or class of business, including raising premium rates or
 non-renewing policies to the extent applicable laws and regulations permit.

 As part of the effort of our insurance subsidiaries to maintain acceptable underwriting results, they conduct annual reviews of agencies that have failed to meet their underwriting profitability criteria. The review
 process includes an analysis of the underwriting and re-underwriting practices of the agency, the completeness and accuracy of the applications the agency submits, the adequacy of the training of the agency's staff and the agency's record of
 adherence to the underwriting guidelines and service standards of our insurance subsidiaries. Based on the results of this review process, the marketing and underwriting personnel of our insurance subsidiaries develop, together with the agency, a
 plan to improve its underwriting profitability. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor the agency's compliance with the plan and take other measures as required in the judgment of our insurance subsidiaries, including the termination, to the extent
 applicable laws and regulations permit, of agencies that are unable to achieve acceptable underwriting profitability.

 -13-

 Distribution

 Our insurance subsidiaries market their products primarily in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern regions through approximately 2,200 independent insurance agencies. At December 31,
 2023, the Donegal Insurance Group actively wrote business in 23 states (Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North
 Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin). Donegal Mutual includes the business it writes directly and assumes from the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries in five Southwestern
 states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and Utah) in the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States. We believe the relationships of our insurance subsidiaries with their independent agents are valuable in identifying,
 obtaining and retaining profitable business. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a stringent agency selection procedure that emphasizes appointing agencies with proven marketing strategies for the development of profitable business, and our
 insurance subsidiaries only appoint agencies with a strong underwriting history and potential growth capabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries also regularly evaluate the independent agencies that represent them based on their profitability and
 performance in relation to the objectives of our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to be among the top three insurers within each of their agencies for the lines of business our insurance subsidiaries write.

 The following table sets forth the percentage of direct premiums our insurance subsidiaries write, including 80% of the direct premiums Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States include in the underwriting pool, in each of
 the states where they conducted a significant portion of their business in 2023:

 Pennsylvania

 36.7

 %

 Michigan

 15.9

 Maryland

 8.7

 Delaware

 6.6

 Virginia

 6.3

 Ohio

 3.9

 Georgia

 3.2

 Wisconsin

 3.2

 Indiana

 2.8

 North Carolina

 2.4

 Tennessee

 1.7

 Other

 8.6

 Total

 100.0

 %

 Our insurance subsidiaries employ a number of policies and procedures that we believe enable them to attract, retain and motivate their independent agents. We believe that the consistency of the product offerings of
 our insurance subsidiaries enables our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively for independent agents with other insurers whose product offerings may fluctuate based upon industry conditions. Our multi-year systems modernization project is
 further enhancing the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to conduct business with their independent agents and to develop and implement new products. Our insurance subsidiaries have a competitive compensation program for their independent agents
 that includes base commissions, growth incentive plans and a profit-sharing plan, consistent with applicable state laws and regulations, under which the independent agents may earn additional commissions based upon the volume of premiums produced
 and the profitability of the business our insurance subsidiaries receive from that agency. We have an agency stock purchase plan that allows our independent agents to purchase our Class A common stock at a discount to market prices to further align
 the interests of our independent agents with the interests of our stockholders.

 Our insurance subsidiaries encourage their independent agents to focus on "account selling," or serving all of a particular insured's property and casualty insurance needs, which our insurance subsidiaries believe
 generally results in more favorable loss experience than covering a single risk for an individual insured.

 -14-

 Technology

 Donegal Mutual owns and manages the technology that our insurance subsidiaries utilize on a daily basis. The technology is comprised of highly integrated agency-facing and back-end processing systems that operate
 within an advanced, modernized infrastructure that provides high service levels for performance, reliability, security and availability. Donegal Mutual maintains disaster recovery and backup systems and tests these systems on a regular basis. Our
 insurance subsidiaries bear their proportionate share of information services expenses based on their respective percentage of the total net premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group.

 The business strategy and ultimate success of our insurance subsidiaries depends on the effectiveness of efficient and integrated business systems and technology infrastructure. These systems enable our insurance
 subsidiaries to provide quality service to agents and policyholders by processing business in a timely and dependable manner, communicate and share data with agents and provide a variety of methods for the payment of premiums. These systems also
 allow for the accumulation and analysis of data and information for the management of our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual is currently in the midst of a multi-year effort to modernize certain of its key infrastructure and applications
 systems we describe in more detail under "Business - Business Strategy - Strategically modernizing our operations and processes to transform our business."

 The modernized proficiency of these integrated technology systems facilitates high service levels for the agents and policyholders of our insurance subsidiaries, increased efficiencies in processing the business of our
 insurance subsidiaries and lower operating costs. Key components of these technology systems include agency interface systems, automated policy management systems, a claims processing system and a billing administration system. The agency interface
 systems provide our insurance subsidiaries with a comprehensive single source to facilitate data sharing both to and from agents' systems and also provides agents with an integrated means of processing new business. The automated policy management
 systems provide agents with the ability to generate underwritten quotes and automatically issue policies that meet the underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries with limited or no intervention by their personnel. The claims processing
 system allows our insurance subsidiaries to process claims efficiently and in an automated environment. The billing administration system allows our insurance subsidiaries to process premium billing and collection efficiently and in an automated
 environment.

 We believe Donegal Mutual's agency-facing technology systems compare well against those of many national property and casualty insurance carriers in terms of feature capabilities and service levels. Donegal Mutual
 maintains a regular interactive forum with its independent agents to be proactive in identifying opportunities for continued automation and technology enhancements.

 Claims

 The management of claims is a critical component of the philosophy of our insurance subsidiaries to achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis and is fundamental to the successful operations of our
 insurance subsidiaries and their dedication to excellent service. Our senior claims management oversees the claims processing units of each of our insurance subsidiaries to assure consistency in the claims settlement process. The field office staff
 of our insurance subsidiaries receives support from home office technical, litigation, material damage, subrogation and medical audit personnel.

 The claims departments of our insurance subsidiaries rigorously manage claims to assure that they settle legitimate claims quickly and fairly and that they identify questionable claims for defense. In the majority of
 cases, the personnel of our insurance subsidiaries, who have significant experience in the property and casualty insurance industry and know the service philosophy of our insurance subsidiaries, adjust claims. Our insurance subsidiaries provide
 various means of claims reporting on a 24-hours a day, seven-days a week basis, including toll-free numbers and electronic reporting through our website and mobile application. Our insurance subsidiaries strive to respond to notifications of claims
 promptly, generally within the day reported. Our insurance subsidiaries believe that, by responding promptly to claims, they provide quality customer service and minimize the ultimate cost of the claims. Our insurance subsidiaries engage
 independent adjusters as needed to handle claims in areas in which the volume of claims is not sufficient to justify the hiring of internal claims adjusters by our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries also employ independent adjusters
 and private investigators, structural experts and outside legal counsel to supplement their internal staff and to assist in the investigation of claims. Our insurance subsidiaries have a special investigative unit primarily staffed by former law
 enforcement officers that attempts to identify and prevent fraud and abuse and to investigate questionable claims.

 -15-

 The management of the claims departments of our insurance subsidiaries develops and implements policies and procedures for the establishment of adequate claim reserves. Our insurance subsidiaries employ an actuarial
 staff that regularly reviews their reserves for incurred but not reported claims. The management and staff of the claims departments resolve policy coverage issues, manage and process reinsurance recoveries and handle salvage and subrogation
 matters. The litigation and personal injury sections of our insurance subsidiaries manage all claims litigation. Branch office claims above certain thresholds require home office review and settlement authorization. Our insurance subsidiaries
 provide their claims adjusters reserving and settlement authority based upon their experience and demonstrated abilities. Larger or more complicated claims require consultation and approval of senior claims department management.

 Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

 Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows
 at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies
 explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base
 their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries
 may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for
 losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

 Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of
 covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk
 involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and
 loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance
 subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss
 expenses.

 Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance
 subsidiaries' internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the
 COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in 2022 and 2023 due to a number
 of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. While these trend changes have begun to normalize, they caused significant
 disruption to historical loss patterns and give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of replacement automobile parts
 and building materials, availability of skilled labor, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment include the
 absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions
 include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in
 the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that
 underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability for unpaid
 losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at December 31, 2023. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries' loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of
 operations would be approximately $6.9 million.

 -16-

 The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries' loss and
 loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries' estimated future liabilities,
 because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries' estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance
 subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded
 their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries' estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the
 prior reporting period. Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $16.7 million, $44.8 million and $31.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance
 subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those
 years. The 2023 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years
 prior to 2023. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 7.2% of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves
 and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liability for
 losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2021 development represented 5.6% of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile,
 workers' compensation and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2021. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

 Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends
 relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as increased property and
 automobile repair and replacement costs, rising medical loss costs and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims and lengthening of repair completion times for property and
 automobile claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries' internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior
 assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that
 our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses.

 -17-

 Atlantic States' participation in the underwriting pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business that Donegal Mutual contributes to the underwriting pool. However, pooled
 business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the
 underwriting pool is homogeneous, and each company has a pro-rata share of the entire underwriting pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company
 according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience
 individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

 Differences between liabilities reported in our financial statements prepared on a GAAP basis and our insurance subsidiaries' financial statements prepared on a SAP basis result from anticipating salvage and
 subrogation recoveries for GAAP but not for SAP. These differences amounted to $32.4 million, $28.7 million and $23.5 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 -18-

 The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending GAAP net liability of our insurance subsidiaries for unpaid losses and loss expenses for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year

 $

 $

 1,077,620

 $

 962,007

 Less reinsurance recoverable

 451,184

 451,261

 404,818

 Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1

 1,132

 —

 —

 Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year

 670,994

 626,359

 557,189

 Provision for net losses and loss expenses for claims incurred in the current year

 625,831

 608,900

 551,918

 Change in provision for estimated net losses and loss expenses for claims incurred in prior years

 (16,653

)

 (44,821

)

 (31,208

)

 Total incurred

 609,178

 564,079

 520,710

 Net losses and loss expense payments for claims incurred during:

 The current year

 330,290

 302,272

 269,317

 Prior years

 260,739

 218,304

 182,223

 Total paid

 591,029

 520,576

 451,540

 Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year

 626,359

 Plus reinsurance recoverable

 437,014

 451,184

 451,261

 Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year

 $

 $

 $

 1,077,620

 The following table sets forth the development of the liability for net unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries from 2013 to 2023. Loss data in the table includes business Atlantic States received
 from the underwriting pool.

 "Net liability at end of year for unpaid losses and loss expenses" sets forth the estimated liability for net unpaid losses and loss expenses recorded at the balance sheet date for each of the indicated years. This
 liability represents the estimated amount of net losses and loss expenses for claims arising in the current and all prior years that are unpaid at the balance sheet date, including losses incurred but not reported.

 The "Net liability re-estimated as of" portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded liability based on experience for each succeeding year. The estimate increases or decreases as
 payments are made and more information becomes known about the severity of the remaining unpaid claims. For example, the 2013 liability has developed a deficiency after ten years because we expect the re-estimated net losses and loss expenses to be
 $23.7 million more than the estimated liability we initially established in 2013 of $265.6 million.

 The "Cumulative deficiency (excess)" shows the cumulative deficiency or excess at December 31, 2023 of the liability estimate shown on the top line of the corresponding column. A deficiency in liability means that the
 liability established in prior years was less than the amount of actual payments and currently re-estimated remaining unpaid liability. An excess in liability means that the liability established in prior years exceeded the amount of actual
 payments and currently re-estimated unpaid liability remaining.

 The "Cumulative amount of liability paid through" portion of the table shows the cumulative net losses and loss expense payments made in succeeding years for net losses incurred prior to the balance sheet date. For
 example, the 2013 column indicates that at December 31, 2023 payments equal to $282.0 million of the currently re-estimated ultimate liability for net losses and loss expenses of $289.3 million had been made.

 -19-

 2013

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Net liability at end of year for unpaid losses and loss expenses

 $

 265,605

 $

 292,301

 $

 322,054

 $

 347,518

 $

 383,401

 $

 475,398

 $

 506,906

 $

 557,189

 $

 626,359

 $

 $

 Net liability re-estimated as of:

 One year later

 280,074

 299,501

 325,043

 354,139

 419,032

 462,466

 493,961

 525,981

 581,538

 653,209

 Two years later

 281,782

 299,919

 329,115

 375,741

 413,535

 450,862

 479,927

 498,724

 564,326

 Three years later

 281,666

 304,855

 338,118

 376,060

 404,902

 440,168

 463,441

 490,177

 Four years later

 284,429

 307,840

 339,228

 372,230

 398,560

 432,027

 459,835

 Five years later

 285,130

 310,354

 338,020

 370,960

 396,695

 431,115

 Six years later

 287,439

 310,380

 338,200

 372,346

 396,748

 Seven years later

 287,063

 311,594

 339,625

 371,859

 Eight years later

 288,298

 313,354

 340,191

 Nine years later

 289,066

 313,539

 Ten years later

 289,278

 Cumulative deficiency (excess)

 23,673

 21,238

 18,137

 24,341

 13,347

 (44,283

)

 (47,071

)

 (67,012

)

 (62,033

)

 (16,653

)

 Cumulative amount of liability paid through:

 One year later

 $

 131,766

 $

 131,779

 $

 149,746

 $

 163,005

 $

 175,883

 $

 195,956

 $

 172,497

 $

 182,223

 $

 218,304

 $

 260,739

 Two years later

 194,169

 206,637

 228,506

 250,678

 276,331

 275,993

 276,069

 297,860

 346,107

 Three years later

 233,371

 251,654

 274,235

 306,338

 317,447

 335,310

 343,912

 374,043

 Four years later

 255,451

 274,248

 300,715

 324,628

 342,583

 371,231

 393,068

 Five years later

 265,841

 287,178

 309,630

 337,946

 362,061

 394,251

 Six years later

 272,431

 292,327

 315,105

 349,496

 372,584

 Seven years later

 275,357

 295,106

 321,777

 355,809

 Eight years later

 277,315

 300,306

 326,617

 Nine years later

 279,928

 303,708

 Ten years later

 282,030

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Gross liability at end of year

 $

 578,205

 $

 606,665

 $

 676,672

 $

 814,665

 $

 869,674

 $

 962,007

 $

 1,077,620

 $

 $

 Reinsurance recoverable

 256,151

 259,147

 293,271

 339,266

 362,768

 404,818

 451,261

 451,184

 437,014

 Net liability at end of year

 322,054

 347,518

 383,401

 475,398

 506,906

 557,189

 626,359

 Gross re-estimated liability

 593,565

 626,950

 682,354

 758,861

 797,903

 883,492

 950,867

 1,047,996

 Re-estimated recoverable

 253,374

 255,091

 285,606

 327,746

 338,068

 393,315

 386,541

 394,787

 Net re-estimated liability

 340,191

 371,859

 396,748

 431,115

 459,835

 490,177

 564,326

 653,209

 Gross cumulative deficiency (excess)

 15,360

 20,285

 5,682

 (55,804

)

 (71,771

)

 (78,515

)

 (126,753

)

 (73,050

)

 -20-

 Third-Party Reinsurance

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchase certain third-party reinsurance on a combined basis. Our insurance subsidiaries use several different reinsurers, all of which, consistent with the requirements of
 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, have an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least
 an A- (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best.

 The external reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchased for 2023 included:

 •

 excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered losses over a set retention of $3.0 million for all losses except workers' compensation, for which the set retention was $2.0 million (set
 retention of $4.0 million for all property losses and $3.0 million retention for all casualty and workers' compensation losses for 2024); and

 •

 catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $25.0 million up to
 aggregate losses of $175.0 million per occurrence (no change for 2024).

 For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries had excess of loss reinsurance that provided for coverage of $37.0 million per loss over a set retention of $3.0 million ($36.0
 million per loss over a set retention of $4.0 million for 2024). For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries had excess of loss reinsurance that provided for coverage of $72.0 million per occurrence
 over a set retention of $3.0 million (no change for 2024). For workers' compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries had excess of loss reinsurance that provided for coverage of $18.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $2.0
 million ($17.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $3.0 million for 2024).

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchased facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

 At December 31, 2023, 95.2% of all debt securities our insurance subsidiaries held had an investment-grade rating. The investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries did not contain any mortgage loans or any
 non-performing assets at December 31, 2023.

 The following table shows the composition of the debt securities (at carrying value) in the investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries, excluding short-term investments, by rating at December 31, 2023:

 December 31, 2023

 Rating (1)

 Percent

 U.S. Treasury and U.S. agency securities (2)

 $

 455,251

 35.9

 %

 Aaa or AAA

 22,270

 1.8

 Aa or AA

 346,977

 27.3

 A

 205,259

 16.2

 BBB

 179,265

 14.1

 BB

 61,149

 4.8

 Allowance for expected credit losses

 (1,326

)

 (0.1

)

 Total

 $

 1,268,845

 100.0

 %

 (1)

 Ratings assigned by Moody's Investors Services, Inc. or Standard & Poor's Corporation.

 (2)

 Includes mortgage-backed securities of $278.3 million.

 Our insurance subsidiaries invest in both taxable and tax-exempt securities as part of their strategy to maximize after-tax income. Tax-exempt securities made up approximately 18.2%, 19.9% and 21.1% of the
 fixed-maturity securities in the combined investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 -21-

 The following table shows the classification of our investments and the investments of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (at carrying value):

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Total

 Total

 Total

 Fixed maturities (1):

 Held to maturity:

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 91,517

 6.9

 %

 $

 103,362

 7.9

 %

 $

 89,268

 7.0

 %

 376,898

 28.4

 382,097

 29.3

 371,436

 29.1

 201,847

 15.2

 190,949

 14.6

 191,147

 15.0

 9,235

 0.7

 12,031

 1.0

 16,254

 1.2

 Total held to maturity

 679,497

 51.2

 688,439

 52.8

 668,105

 52.3

 Available for sale:

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 85,419

 6.4

 63,521

 4.9

 32,185

 2.5

 38,116

 2.9

 40,156

 3.1

 57,378

 4.5

 196,793

 14.8

 202,838

 15.5

 221,611

 17.4

 269,020

 20.3

 217,277

 16.6

 221,455

 17.3

 Total available for sale

 589,348

 44.4

 523,792

 40.1

 532,629

 41.7

 Total fixed maturities

 1,268,845

 95.6

 1,212,231

 92.9

 1,200,734

 94.0

 Equity securities (2)

 25,903

 2.0

 35,105

 2.7

 63,420

 5.0

 Short-term investments (3)

 32,306

 2.4

 57,321

 4.4

 12,692

 1.0

 Total investments

 $

 1,327,054

 100.0

 %

 $

 1,304,657

 100.0

 %

 $

 1,276,846

 100.0

 %

 (1)

 We refer to Notes 1 and 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. We value those fixed maturities we classify as held to maturity at amortized cost; we value those fixed maturities we classify as available for sale at fair value. The
 total fair value of fixed maturities we classified as held to maturity was $611.5 million at December 31, 2023, $598.0 million at December 31, 2022 and $697.4 million at December 31, 2021. The amortized cost of fixed maturities we
 classified as available for sale was $629.7 million at December 31, 2023, $571.9 million at December 31, 2022 and $523.3 million at December 31, 2021.

 (2)

 We value equity securities at fair value. The total cost of equity securities was $18.8 million at December 31, 2023, $30.8 million at December 31, 2022 and $43.3 million at December 31, 2021.

 (3)

 We value short-term investments at cost, which approximates fair value.

 -22-

 The following table sets forth the maturities (at carrying value) in the fixed maturity portfolio of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Percent

 of

 Total

 Percent

 of

 Total

 Percent

 of

 Total

 Due in (1):

 One year or less

 $

 54,392

 4.3

 %

 $

 39,094

 3.2

 %

 $

 48,771

 4.1

 %

 Over one year through three years

 130,158

 10.3

 107,689

 8.9

 93,100

 7.7

 Over three years through five years

 141,994

 11.2

 133,068

 11.0

 120,038

 10.0

 Over five years through ten years

 347,035

 27.3

 357,114

 29.5

 362,266

 30.2

 Over ten years through fifteen years

 201,585

 15.9

 191,118

 15.8

 165,327

 13.8

 Over fifteen years

 116,747

 9.2

 154,840

 12.7

 173,523

 14.4

 278,260

 21.9

 229,308

 18.9

 237,709

 19.8

 Allowance for expected credit losses

 (1,326

)

 (0.1

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 1,268,845

 100.0

 %

 $

 1,212,231

 100.0

 %

 $

 1,200,734

 100.0

 %

 (1)

 Based on stated maturity dates with no prepayment assumptions. Actual maturities will differ because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 As shown above, our insurance subsidiaries held investments in mortgage-backed securities having a carrying value of $278.3 million at December 31, 2023. The mortgage-backed securities consist primarily of investments
 in governmental agency balloon pools with stated maturities between one and 34 years. The stated maturities of these investments limit the exposure of our insurance subsidiaries to extension risk in the event that interest rates rise and
 prepayments decline. Our insurance subsidiaries perform an analysis of the underlying loans when evaluating a mortgage-backed security for purchase, and they select those securities that they believe will provide a return that properly reflects the
 prepayment risk associated with the underlying loans.

 The following table sets forth the investment results of our insurance subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Invested assets (1)

 $

 1,315,855

 $

 1,290,752

 $

 1,249,024

 Investment income (2)

 Average yield

 3.1

 %

 2.6

 %

 2.5

 %

 Average tax-equivalent yield

 3.2

 2.7

 2.6

 (1)

 Average of the aggregate invested amounts at the beginning and end of the period.

 (2)

 Investment income is net of investment expenses and does not include investment gains or losses or provision for income taxes.

 A.M. Best Rating

 Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have an A.M. Best rating of A (Excellent), based upon the respective current financial condition and historical statutory results of operations of Donegal Mutual and our
 insurance subsidiaries. We believe that the A.M. Best rating of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries is an important factor in their marketing of their products to their agents and customers. A.M. Best's ratings are industry ratings based
 on a comparative analysis of the financial condition and operating performance of insurance companies. A.M. Best's classifications are A++ and A+ (Superior), A and A- (Excellent), B++ and B+ (Good), B and B- (Fair), C++ and C+ (Marginal), C and C-
 (Weak), D (Poor), E (Under Regulatory Supervision), F (Liquidation) and S (Suspended). A.M. Best bases its ratings upon factors relevant to the payment of claims of policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors in insurance
 companies. According to A.M. Best, the "Excellent" rating that the Donegal Insurance Group maintains is assigned to those companies that, in A.M. Best's opinion, have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations.

 -23-

 Regulation

 The supervision and regulation of insurance companies consists primarily of the laws and regulations of the various states in which the insurance companies transact business, with the primary regulatory authority being
 the insurance regulatory authorities in the state of domicile of the insurance company. Such supervision and regulation relate to numerous aspects of an insurance company's business and financial condition. The primary purpose of such supervision
 and regulation is the protection of policyholders. The authority of the state insurance departments includes the establishment of standards of solvency that insurers must meet and maintain, the licensing of insurers and insurance agents to do
 business, the nature of, and limitations on, investments, premium rates for property and casualty insurance, the provisions that insurers must make for current losses and future liabilities, the deposit of securities for the benefit of
 policyholders, the approval of policy forms, notice requirements for the cancellation of policies and the approval of certain changes in control. State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies
 and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies.

 In addition to state-imposed insurance laws and regulations, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or the NAIC, maintains a risk-based capital system, or RBC, for assessing the adequacy of the statutory
 capital and surplus of insurance companies that augments the states' current fixed dollar minimum capital requirements for insurance companies. At December 31, 2023, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual each exceeded the minimum levels of
 statutory capital the RBC rules require by a substantial margin.

 Generally, every state has guaranty fund laws under which insurers licensed to do business in that state can be assessed on the basis of premiums written by the insurer in that state in order to fund policyholder
 liabilities of insolvent insurance companies. Under these laws in general, an insurer is subject to assessment, depending upon its market share of a given line of business, to assist in the payment of policyholder claims against insolvent insurers.
 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have made accruals for their portion of assessments related to such insolvencies based upon the most current information furnished by the guaranty associations.

 We are part of an insurance holding company system of which Donegal Mutual is the ultimate controlling person. All of the states in which our insurance companies and Donegal Mutual maintain a domicile have legislation
 that regulates insurance holding company systems. Each insurance company in the insurance holding company system must register with the insurance supervisory agency of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of
 companies within the insurance holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. Pursuant to these laws, the respective insurance departments in which our
 subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual maintain a domicile may examine our insurance subsidiaries or Donegal Mutual at any time, require disclosure of material transactions by the holding company with another member of the insurance holding company system
 and require prior notice or prior approval of certain transactions, such as "extraordinary dividends" from the insurance subsidiaries to the holding company. We have insurance subsidiaries domiciled in Michigan, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

 The Pennsylvania Insurance Holding Companies Act, which generally applies to Donegal Mutual, us and our insurance subsidiaries, requires that all transactions within an insurance holding company system to which an
 insurer is a party must be fair and reasonable and that any charges or fees for services performed must be reasonable. Any management agreement, service agreement, cost sharing arrangement and material reinsurance agreement must be filed with the
 Pennsylvania Insurance Department, or the Department, and is subject to the Department's review. We have filed with the Department the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States that established the underwriting pool and all
 material agreements between Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.

 -24-

 Approval of the applicable insurance commissioner is also required prior to consummation of transactions affecting the control of an insurer. In virtually all states, including the states where our insurance
 subsidiaries are domiciled, the acquisition of 10% or more of the outstanding capital stock of an insurer or its holding company or the intent to acquire such an interest creates a rebuttable presumption of a change in control. Pursuant to an order
 issued in April 2003, the Department approved Donegal Mutual's ownership of up to 70% of our outstanding Class A common stock and Donegal Mutual's ownership of up to 100% of our outstanding Class B common stock.

 Our insurance subsidiaries have the legal obligation under state insurance laws to participate in involuntary insurance programs for automobile insurance, as well as other property and casualty insurance lines, in the
 states in which they conduct business. These programs include joint underwriting associations, assigned risk plans, fair access to insurance requirements plans, reinsurance facilities, windstorm plans and tornado plans. Legislation establishing
 these programs requires all companies that write lines covered by these programs to provide coverage, either directly or through reinsurance, for insureds who are unable to obtain insurance in the voluntary market. The legislation creating these
 programs usually allocates a pro rata portion of risks attributable to such insureds to each company on the basis of the direct premiums it has written in that state or the number of automobiles it insures in that state. Generally, state law
 requires participation in these programs as a condition to obtaining a certificate of authority. Our loss ratio on insurance we write under these involuntary programs has traditionally been significantly greater than our loss ratio on insurance we
 voluntarily write in those states.

 Regulatory requirements, including RBC requirements, may impact our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends. The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy
 regulatory requirements, including RBC requirements, was not significant in relation to our insurance subsidiaries' statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2023. Generally, the maximum amount that one of our insurance subsidiaries may pay to
 us as ordinary dividends during any year after notice to, but without prior approval of, the insurance commissioner of its domiciliary state is limited to a stated percentage of that subsidiary's statutory capital and surplus at December 31 of the
 preceding fiscal year or the net income of that subsidiary for its preceding fiscal year. Our insurance subsidiaries paid dividends to us of $13.0 million and $5.0 million in 2023 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries did not pay any
 dividends to us in 2022. At December 31, 2023, the amount of ordinary dividends our insurance subsidiaries could pay to us during 2024, without the prior approval of their respective domiciliary insurance commissioners, is shown in the following
 table.

 Name of Insurance Subsidiary

 Ordinary

 Dividend

 Atlantic States

 $

 27,362,614

 MICO

 7,160,857

 Peninsula

 5,039,840

 Southern

 —

 Total

 $

 39,563,311

 Donegal Mutual Insurance Company

 Donegal Mutual organized as a mutual fire insurance company in Pennsylvania in 1889. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual had admitted assets of $712.8 million and policyholders' surplus of $364.2 million. At December
 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual had total liabilities of $348.6 million, including reserves for net losses and loss expenses of $161.5 million and unearned premiums of $71.5 million. Donegal Mutual's investment portfolio of $448.9 million at December 31,
 2023 consisted primarily of investment-grade bonds of $212.1 million and its investment in our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual owned 12,095,090 shares, or approximately 44%, of our Class A
 common stock, which Donegal Mutual carried on its books at $151.7 million, and 4,708,570 shares, or approximately 84%, of our Class B common stock, which Donegal Mutual carried on its books at $59.0 million. We present Donegal Mutual's financial
 information in accordance with SAP as the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual requires. Donegal Mutual does not, nor is it required to, prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

 -25-

 Information about Our Executive Officers

 The following table sets forth information regarding the executive officers of Donegal Mutual and the Registrant as of the date of this Form 10-K Report:

 Name

 Age

 Position

 Kevin G. Burke

 President and Chief Executive Officer of us since 2015; President and Chief Executive Officer of Donegal Mutual since 2018; Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Donegal Mutual from 2014 to
 2018; Senior Vice President of Human Resources of Donegal Mutual and us from 2005 to 2014; other positions from 2000 to 2005.

 W. Daniel DeLamater

 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2024; Senior Vice President of us from 2022 to 2024; Senior Vice President and Head of Field Operations & National Accounts of Donegal Mutual from
 2022 to 2024; Senior Vice President of National Accounts for Donegal Mutual from 2020 to 2022; President of Southern Mutual Insurance Company since 2016; other positions at Southern Mutual Insurance Company from 2000 to 2016.

 Jeffrey D. Miller

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2014; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Donegal Mutual and us from 2005 to 2014; other positions from
 1993 to 2005.

 Kristi S. Altshuler

 Senior Vice President and Chief Analytics Officer of us since 2020; Senior Vice President and Chief Analytics Officer of Donegal Mutual since 2019; Director of Willis Towers Watson from 2018 to 2019; Director
 of Pricing Innovation of USAA from 2014 to 2018; other positions at USAA from 2001 to 2014.

 Noland R. Deas, Jr.

 Senior Vice President of Field Operations & National Accounts of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us since 2024; Senior Regional Vice President of Donegal Mutual from 2022 to 2024 and Regional
 Vice President of Donegal Mutual from 2020 to 2022; other positions with Donegal Mutual from 2006 to 2020.

 William A. Folmar

 Senior Vice President of Claims of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us since 2019; Vice President of Claims of Donegal Mutual from 2010 to 2019; other positions from 1998 to 2010.

 Jeffery T. Hay

 Senior Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us since 2021; Senior Director of Willis Towers Watson from 2018 to 2021; Head of Personal Lines Product
 Management of The Hartford from 2015 to 2018; other positions at The Hartford from 2005 to 2015.

 Christina M. Hoffman

 Senior Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2019; Senior Vice President of Internal Audit of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us from 2013 to 2019; Vice President of
 Internal Audit of Donegal Mutual and Vice President of us from 2009 to 2013.

 Matthew T. Hudnall

 Senior Vice President of Commercial Lines of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us since 2022; Senior Vice President of Underwriting of Preferred Mutual from 2021 to 2022; Vice President of Small
 Commercial Underwriting of Hanover Insurance Group from 2016 to 2021; Vice President of Casualty Underwriting at Hanover Insurance Group from 2013 to 2016.

 Robert R. Long, Jr.

 Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Donegal Mutual and us since 2018; Vice President and House Counsel of Donegal Mutual from 2012 to 2018; other positions from 2010 to 2012.

 Sanjay Pandey

 Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2013; other positions from 2000 to 2013.

 David W. Sponic

 Senior Vice President of Personal Lines of Donegal Mutual and Senior Vice President of us since 2022; Vice President of Personal Lines of Donegal Mutual from 2008 to 2022; other positions from 1990 to 2008.

 V. Anthony Viozzi

 Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2012; Vice President of Investments of Donegal Mutual and us from 2007 to 2012.

 Daniel J. Wagner

 Senior Vice President and Treasurer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2005; other positions from 1987 to 2005.

 -26-

 Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 This Form 10-K Report and the documents we incorporate by reference in this Form 10-K Report contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These
 forward-looking statements include certain discussions relating to underwriting, premium and investment income volumes, business strategies, reserves, profitability, Donegal Mutual's ongoing information systems implementation, business
 relationships and our other business activities during 2023 and beyond. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "expect," "plan," "intend," "anticipate," "believe,"
 "estimate," "objective," "project," "predict," "potential," "goal" and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views about future events and our current assumptions, and are subject to known and unknown risks and
 uncertainties that may cause our results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those we anticipate or imply by our forward-looking statements. We cannot control or predict many of the factors that could determine our future
 financial condition or results of operations. Such factors may include those we describe under "Risk Factors." The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K Report reflect our views and assumptions only as of the date of this Form 10-K
 Report. Except as required by law, we do not intend to update, and we assume no responsibility for updating, any forward-looking statements we have made. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Risk Factors

 Risks Relating to the Property and Casualty Insurance Industry

 Industry trends, such as increasing loss severity due to higher rates of litigation against the insurance industry and individual insurers, the willingness of courts to expand
 covered causes of loss, rising jury awards, escalating medical, automobile and property repair costs and other factors may contribute to increased costs and result in ultimate loss settlements that exceed the reserves of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Loss severity in the property and casualty insurance industry has increased in recent years, principally driven by factors such as distracted driving, larger court judgments, higher jury awards and increasing medical
 and automobile and property repair costs, including increases due to inflation and supply chain disruption. In addition, many classes of complainants have brought legal actions and proceedings that tend to increase the size of judgments. The
 propensity of policyholders and third-party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards, to eliminate exclusions and to increase coverage limits may result in ultimate settlements of current
 and future losses that exceed the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to catastrophe losses and losses from other severe weather events, which are unpredictable and may adversely affect our results of
 operations, liquidity and financial condition.

 The underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries are subject to weather and other conditions that may adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations. Because the occurrence and
 severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and may vary significantly from year to year and region to region, our historical results of operations may not be indicative of our future results of operations. Our property and casualty
 insurance operations expose us to claims arising from catastrophic events affecting multiple policyholders. Such catastrophic events consist of various natural disasters, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes,
 windstorms, hailstorms, fires and wildfires, flooding, landslides, earthquakes, severe winter weather events and man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks, explosions and infrastructure failures. Historically, our insurance subsidiaries have
 experienced weather-related losses from hurricanes and tropical storms in Mid-Atlantic and Southern states, tornadoes and hailstorms in Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern and Southern states and severe winter weather events in Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern and
 New England states.

 -27-

 Losses from catastrophic events are a function of both the extent of our insurance subsidiaries' exposures, the frequency and severity of the events themselves and the level of reinsurance coverage our insurance
 subsidiaries purchase. The increased frequency and severity of weather-related catastrophes and other losses, such as from wildfires and flooding, incurred by the industry in recent years may be indicative of changing weather patterns due to
 climate change. Should those patterns continue to emerge, increased weather-related catastrophes in the states in which our insurance subsidiaries operate would lead to higher overall losses that they may be unable to offset through pricing
 actions.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to reduce their exposure to catastrophe losses through their underwriting strategies and their purchase of catastrophe reinsurance. Nevertheless, reinsurance may prove inadequate under
 certain circumstances. While the emerging science regarding climate change and its connection to extreme weather events continues to be studied, climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could
 affect the frequency and severity of weather events and other losses and thus impact the affordability and availability of catastrophe reinsurance coverage for our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries' ability to appropriately manage
 catastrophe risk depends partially on catastrophe models, which may be affected by inaccurate or incomplete data, the uncertainty of the frequency and severity of future events and the uncertain impact of changing climate conditions that tend to
 occur gradually over time.

 Changing climate conditions could lead to new or revised regulations with which our insurance subsidiaries would have to comply. Such regulations could impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to manage their
 exposures in areas impacted by increased weather activity, require our insurance companies to alter the terms and conditions of their policies or impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to obtain sufficient pricing increases to offset
 higher loss activity.

 Our insurance subsidiaries must establish premium rates and loss and loss expense reserves from forecasts of the ultimate costs they expect will arise from risks underwritten
 during the policy period, and the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected if their premium rates or reserves are insufficient to satisfy their ultimate costs.

 One of the distinguishing features of the property and casualty insurance industry is that it prices its products before it knows its costs, since insurers generally establish their premium rates before they know the
 amount of losses they will incur. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries establish premium rates from forecasts of the ultimate costs they expect to arise from risks they have underwritten during the policy period. Proposed increases in premium
 rates are subject to regulatory approval on a state-by-state basis, and there is a lag between the time that our insurance subsidiaries file for such approval and the date upon which our insurance subsidiaries can implement any such approved
 premium rate increase across their book of business for a product in a particular state. The premium rates our insurance subsidiaries charge may not be sufficient to cover the ultimate losses they incur. Further, our insurance subsidiaries must
 establish reserves for losses and loss expenses as balance sheet liabilities based upon estimates involving actuarial and statistical projections at a given time of what our insurance subsidiaries expect their ultimate liability to be. Significant
 periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss and the settlement of that loss. It is possible that our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability could exceed these estimates because of the future
 development of known losses, the existence of losses that have occurred but are currently unreported and larger than historical settlements of pending and unreported claims. The process of estimating reserves is inherently judgmental and can be
 influenced by a number of factors, including the following:

 •

 trends in claim frequency and severity;

 •

 changes in operations;

 •

 emerging economic and social trends;

 •

 economic and social inflation; and

 •

 changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

 -28-

 If our insurance subsidiaries determine that their reserves are insufficient to cover their ultimate liability, they will increase their reserves. An increase in reserves results in an increase in losses and a
 reduction in net income for the period in which our insurance subsidiaries recognize a deficiency in reserves. Accordingly, an increase in reserves may adversely impact the business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations of our
 insurance subsidiaries.

 The financial results of our insurance subsidiaries depend primarily on their ability to underwrite risks effectively and to charge adequate rates to policyholders.

 The financial condition, cash flows and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries depend on their ability to underwrite and set rates accurately for a full spectrum of risks across a number of lines of
 insurance. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premium to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting expenses and to realize a profit.

 The ability to underwrite and set rates effectively is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those related to:

 •

 the availability of sufficient, reliable data;

 •

 the ability to conduct a complete and accurate analysis of available data;

 •

 the ability to recognize in a timely manner changes in trends and to project both the severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy;

 •

 uncertainties generally inherent in estimates and assumptions;

 •

 the ability to project changes in certain operating expense levels with reasonable certainty;

 •

 the development, selection and application of appropriate rating formulae or other pricing methodologies;

 •

 the effective development, governance and appropriate use of modeling tools to assist with correctly and consistently achieving the intended results in underwriting and pricing;

 •

 the ability to innovate with new pricing strategies and the success of those innovations upon implementation;

 •

 the ability to secure regulatory approval of premium rates on an adequate and timely basis;

 •

 the ability to predict policyholder retention accurately;

 •

 unanticipated court decisions, legislation or regulatory action;

 •

 unanticipated changes in our claim settlement practices;

 •

 changes in driving patterns for auto exposures;

 •

 changes in weather patterns for property exposures;

 •

 changes in the medical sector of the economy that impact bodily injury loss costs;

 •

 changes in new and used car prices, auto repair costs and auto parts prices, including the increasing integration of sophisticated technology-related components;

 -29-

 •

 the impact of emerging technologies, including driver assistance technologies and autonomous vehicles, on pricing, insurance coverages and loss costs;

 •

 the impact of inflation and other factors on the cost and availability of construction materials and labor;

 •

 the ability to monitor property concentration in catastrophe-prone areas, such as hurricane, earthquake and wind/hail regions; and

 •

 the general state of the economy in the states in which our insurance subsidiaries operate.

 Such risks may result in our insurance subsidiaries basing their premium rates on inadequate or inaccurate data or inappropriate assumptions or methodologies and may cause our estimates of future changes in the
 frequency or severity of claims to be incorrect. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our margins, or our insurance subsidiaries could overprice risks, which could reduce their premium volume
 and competitiveness. In either event, underpricing or overpricing risks could adversely impact our operating results, financial condition and cash flows.

 The pace of innovation within the insurance industry is rapidly increasing, and our insurance subsidiaries may be unable to effectively implement new technologies and anticipate
 changes in customer preferences and insurance needs, which could put our insurance subsidiaries at a competitive disadvantage and adversely affect their future profitability.

 Innovation, recent technological developments, changing customer demographics and preferences, societal shifts and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence are greatly impacting the insurance industry. Our
 insurance subsidiaries compete with much larger insurers that are focused on implementing technology and innovative solutions to select and price risks, enhance the experience of their customers and improve their operations. If our insurance
 subsidiaries are unable to anticipate changes in customer expectations and keep pace with the technological changes their competitors implement, our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to attract and maintain quality accounts, adequately price
 risks or operate as efficiently as their competitors. In addition, emerging technologies such as electric and autonomous vehicles, driver-assistance and accident avoidance features on vehicles, sensor technology and other forms of automation may
 reduce the future need for, or decrease the future pricing of, the insurance products our insurance subsidiaries offer.

 Loss or significant restriction of the use of credit scoring in the pricing and underwriting of the personal lines insurance products by our insurance subsidiaries could adversely
 affect their future profitability.

 Our insurance subsidiaries use credit scoring as a factor in making risk selection and pricing decisions for personal lines insurance products where allowed by state law. There is increasing regulatory debate as to
 whether use of credit scoring unfairly discriminates against people with low incomes, minority groups and the elderly. Consumer groups and regulators often call for the prohibition or restriction on the use of credit scoring in underwriting and
 pricing. Laws or regulations that significantly curtail the use of credit scoring in the underwriting process could reduce the future profitability of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Changes in applicable insurance laws or regulations or changes in the way insurance regulators administer those laws or regulations could adversely affect the operating
 environment of our insurance subsidiaries and increase their exposure to loss or put them at a competitive disadvantage.

 -30-

 Property and casualty insurers are subject to extensive supervision in their domiciliary states and in the states in which they do business. This regulatory oversight includes matters relating to:

 •

 licensing and examination;

 •

 approval of premium rates;

 •

 market conduct;

 •

 policy forms;

 •

 limitations on the nature and amount of certain investments;

 •

 claims practices;

 •

 mandated participation in involuntary markets and guaranty funds;

 •

 reserve adequacy;

 •

 insurer solvency;

 •

 transactions between affiliates;

 •

 the amount of dividends that insurers may pay; and

 •

 restrictions on underwriting standards.

 Such regulation and supervision are primarily for the benefit and protection of policyholders rather than stockholders.

 The NAIC and state insurance regulators re-examine existing laws and regulations from time to time, specifically focusing on areas such as:

 •

 insurance company investments;

 •

 issues relating to the solvency of insurance companies;

 •

 risk-based capital guidelines;

 •

 restrictions on the terms and conditions included in insurance policies;

 •

 certain methods of accounting;

 •

 reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes;

 •

 the values at which insurance companies may carry investment securities and the definition of other-than-temporary impairment of investment securities; and

 •

 interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws.

 Changes in state laws and regulations, as well as changes in the way state regulators view related-party transactions in particular, could change the operating environment of our insurance subsidiaries and have an
 adverse effect on their business.

 Insurance companies are subject to assessments, based on their market share in a given line of business, to assist in the payment of unpaid claims and related costs of insolvent
 insurance companies. Such assessments could adversely affect the financial condition of our insurance subsidiaries.

 -31-

 Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to assessments pursuant to the guaranty fund laws of the various states in which they conduct business. Generally, under these laws, our insurance subsidiaries can be assessed,
 depending upon the market share of our insurance subsidiaries in a given line of insurance business, to assist in the payment of unpaid claims and related costs of insolvent insurance companies in those states. We cannot predict the number and
 magnitude of future insurance company failures in the states in which our insurance subsidiaries conduct business, but future assessments could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance
 subsidiaries.

 Risks Relating to Us and Our Business

 The COVID-19 pandemic affected the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, and economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect
 our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.

 During 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions. We cannot predict the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption
 related to a pandemic may have on us. Risks related to a pandemic include, but are not limited to, the following:

 •

 the business operations or a specific operational function of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual could be disrupted by the illness of significant numbers of their employees and remedial efforts that would be required upon
 discovery of exposure to a communicable illness within their facilities;

 •

 the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual are dependent upon technology systems for which regular physical access is required to maintain critical operational capabilities, and the business operations of
 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual would be adversely impacted by government mandates requiring closure of facilities where those technology systems are located or restricting physical access to such facilities;

 •

 the revenues of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may decrease as a result of reduced demand for their insurance products as economic disruption adversely impacts current and potential insurance customers;

 •

 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may incur an increase in their losses and loss expenses in certain lines of business as a result of a pandemic and related economic disruption, and such losses and loss expenses may exceed
 the reserves our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have established or may establish in the future;

 •

 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may incur increased costs related to legal disputes over policy coverages or exclusions and their defense against litigation related to a pandemic;

 •

 legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly
 excluded or did not intend to cover;

 •

 legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may require our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual to reduce or refund premiums, suspend cancellation of policies for non-payment of premiums or otherwise grant extended grace periods
 and time allowances for the payment of premium balances due to them;

 •

 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may not be able to collect premium balances due to them, resulting in reduced operating cash flows and an increase in premium write-offs that would increase their operating expenses;

 •

 our insurance subsidiaries may suffer declines in the market values of their investments as a result of financial market volatility related to pandemic concerns and related economic disruption; and

 •

 economic disruption related to a pandemic could result in significant declines in the credit quality of issuers, ratings downgrades or changes in financial market conditions and regulatory changes that might adversely impact the value of
 the fixed-maturity investments that our insurance subsidiaries own.

 -32-

 Donegal Mutual is our controlling stockholder. Donegal Mutual and its directors and executive officers have potential conflicts of interest between the best interests of our
 stockholders and the best interests of the policyholders of Donegal Mutual.

 Donegal Mutual controls the election of all of the members of our board of directors. Six of the eleven members of our board of directors are also directors of Donegal Mutual. Donegal Mutual and we share the same
 executive officers. These common directors and executive officers have a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and also have a fiduciary duty to the policyholders of Donegal Mutual. Among the potential conflicts of interest that could arise from these
 separate fiduciary duties are the following:

 •

 we and Donegal Mutual periodically review the percentage participation of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual in the underwriting pool that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States have maintained since 1986;

 •

 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual annually review and then establish the terms of certain reinsurance agreements between our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual;

 •

 we and Donegal Mutual allocate certain shared expenses among ourselves and our insurance subsidiaries in accordance with various inter-company expense-sharing agreements; and

 •

 we and our insurance subsidiaries may enter into other transactions or contractual relationships with Donegal Mutual.

 Donegal Mutual has sufficient voting power to determine the outcome of substantially all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval.

 Each share of our Class A common stock has one-tenth of a vote per share and generally votes as a single class with our Class B common stock. Each share of our Class B common stock has one vote per share and generally
 votes as a single class with our Class A common stock. Donegal Mutual has the right to vote approximately 71% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock and has
 sufficient voting control to and has acted to:

 •

 elect all of the members of our board of directors, who determine our management and policies; and

 •

 control the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to a vote of our stockholders for approval, including mergers or other acquisition proposals and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case
 regardless of how all of our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual vote their shares.

 The interests of Donegal Mutual in maintaining this greater-than-majority voting control of us may have an adverse effect on the price of our Class A common stock and the price of our Class B common stock because of
 the absence of any potential "takeover" premium and may, therefore, be inconsistent with the interests of our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual.

 Donegal Mutual's majority voting control of us, certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain provisions of Delaware law make it
 remote that anyone could acquire actual control of us unless Donegal Mutual were in favor of another person's acquisition of control of us.

 -33-

 Donegal Mutual's majority voting control of us, certain anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, could delay
 or prevent the removal of members of our board of directors and could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us more expensive as well as unlikely to succeed, even if such events were in the best interests of our stockholders other
 than Donegal Mutual. These factors could also discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. In particular, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws include the following anti-takeover provisions:

 •

 our board of directors is classified into three classes, so that our stockholders elect only one-third of the members of our board of directors each year;

 •

 our stockholders may remove our directors only for cause;

 •

 our stockholders may not take stockholder action except at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;

 •

 the request of stockholders holding at least 20% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock is required for a stockholder to call a special meeting of our stockholders;

 •

 our by-laws require that stockholders provide advance notice to us to nominate candidates for election to our board of directors or to propose any other item of stockholder business at a stockholders' meeting;

 •

 we do not permit cumulative voting rights in the election of our directors;

 •

 our certificate of incorporation does not provide for preemptive rights in connection with any issuance of securities by us; and

 •

 our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval unless otherwise required by law, preferred stock with such terms as our board of directors may determine.

 We have authorized preferred stock that we could issue without stockholder approval to make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us.

 We have 2.0 million authorized shares of preferred stock that we could issue in one or more series without further stockholder approval, unless the DGCL or the rules of the NASDAQ Global Select Market otherwise
 require, and upon such terms and conditions, and having such rights, privileges and preferences, as our board of directors may determine. Our potential issuance of preferred stock may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of
 us.

 Because we are an insurance holding company, no person can acquire or seek to acquire a 10% or greater interest in us without first obtaining approval of the insurance
 commissioners of the states of domicile of each of our insurance subsidiaries.

 We own insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania and Virginia, and Donegal Mutual is domiciled in Pennsylvania and owns or controls insurance companies domiciled in Georgia and New
 Mexico. The insurance laws of each of these states provide that no person can acquire or seek to acquire a 10% or greater interest in us without first filing specified information with the insurance commissioners of those states and obtaining the
 prior approval of the proposed acquisition of a 10% or greater interest in us by each of the state insurance commissioners based on statutory standards designed to protect the safety and soundness of us and our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual currently conduct business in a limited number of states, with a concentration of business in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland,
 Delaware and Virginia. Any single catastrophe occurrence or other condition affecting losses in these states could adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business in 23 states located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states. A substantial portion of their business
 consists of private passenger and commercial automobile, homeowners, commercial multi-peril and workers' compensation insurance in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland, Delaware and Virginia. While our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual actively
 manage their respective exposure to catastrophes through their underwriting processes and the purchase of reinsurance, a single catastrophic occurrence, destructive weather pattern, general economic trend, terrorist attack, regulatory development
 or other condition affecting one or more of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries conduct substantial business could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. Common catastrophic events
 include hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, wind and hailstorms, fires and wildfires, explosions and severe winter storms.

 -34-

 If the independent agents who market the products of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual do not maintain their current levels of premium writing with us and Donegal
 Mutual, fail to comply with established underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual or otherwise inappropriately market the products of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, the business, financial condition
 and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market their insurance products solely through a network of approximately 2,200 independent insurance agencies. This agency distribution system is one of the most important
 components of the competitive profile of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual depend to a material extent upon their independent agents, each of whom has the authority to bind one
 or more of our insurance subsidiaries or Donegal Mutual to insurance coverage. To the extent that such independent agents' marketing efforts fail to result in the maintenance of their current levels of volume and quality or they bind our insurance
 subsidiaries or Donegal Mutual to unacceptable insurance risks, fail to comply with the established underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual or otherwise inappropriately market the products of our insurance
 subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries could suffer.

 The business of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may not continue to grow and may be materially adversely affected if our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual
 cannot retain existing, and attract new, independent agents or if insurance consumers increase their use of insurance distribution channels other than independent agents.

 The ability of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual to retain existing, and to attract new, independent agents is essential to the continued growth of the business of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal
 Mutual. If independent agents find it easier to do business with the competitors of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual could find it difficult to retain their existing business or to attract
 new business. While our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual believe they maintain good relationships with the independent agents they have appointed, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual cannot be certain that these independent
 agents will continue to sell the products of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual to the consumers these independent agents represent. Some of the factors that could adversely affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal
 Mutual to retain existing, and attract new, independent agents include:

 •

 the significant competition among insurance companies to attract independent agents;

 •

 the labor-intensive and time-consuming process of selecting new independent agents;

 •

 the insistence of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual that independent agents adhere to certain standards;

 •

 the ability of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual to pay competitive and attractive commissions, bonuses and other incentives to independent agents; and

 •

 the ongoing consolidation of independent agencies, which may result in the acquisition of independent agencies from which our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual currently receive business by larger entities with which our
 insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual do not have business relationships.

 While our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual sell insurance to policyholders solely through their network of independent agencies, many competitors of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual sell insurance
 through a variety of delivery methods, including independent agencies, captive agencies and direct sales. To the extent that current and potential policyholders change their distribution channel preference, the business, financial condition and
 results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries may be adversely affected.

 -35-

 Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are the primary source of funds for the payment of our operating expenses and dividends to our stockholders; however, there are
 regulatory restrictions and business considerations that may limit the amount of dividends our insurance subsidiaries may pay to us.

 As a holding company, we rely primarily on dividends from our insurance subsidiaries as a source of funds to meet our corporate obligations and to pay dividends to our stockholders. The amount of dividends our
 insurance subsidiaries can pay to us is subject to regulatory restrictions and depends on the amount of surplus our insurance subsidiaries maintain. From time to time, the NAIC and various state insurance regulators consider modifying the method of
 determining the amount of dividends that an insurance company may pay without prior regulatory approval. The maximum amount of ordinary dividends that our insurance subsidiaries can pay to us in 2024 without prior regulatory approval is
 approximately $39.6 million. Other business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus that could affect the ratings of our insurance subsidiaries, competitive conditions, RBC requirements, the investment results of
 our insurance subsidiaries and the amount of premiums that our insurance subsidiaries write could also adversely impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

 If A.M. Best downgrades the rating it has assigned to Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect their competitive position.

 Industry ratings are a factor in establishing and maintaining the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best, an industry-accepted source of insurance company financial strength ratings, rates Donegal
 Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. A.M. Best ratings provide an independent opinion of an insurance company's financial health and its ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. We believe that the financial strength rating of A.M.
 Best is material to the operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. For example, certain lenders require customers to purchase insurance from an insurance carrier that has received an A.M. Best rating that exceeds a certain level.
 Currently, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries each have an A (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best. In April 2023, A.M. Best affirmed its A (Excellent) ratings of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. However, if A.M. Best were to
 downgrade the rating of Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect the competitive position of Donegal Mutual or that insurance subsidiary and make it more difficult for it to market its products and retain its
 existing policyholders.

 The growth and profitability of our insurance subsidiaries depend, in part, on the effective maintenance and ongoing development of Donegal Mutual's information technology
 systems, and the allocation of related costs to our insurance subsidiaries may adversely impact their profitability.

 Our insurance subsidiaries utilize Donegal Mutual's information technology systems to conduct their insurance business, including policy quoting and issuance, claims processing, processing of incoming premium payments
 and other important functions. As a result, the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to grow their business and conduct profitable operations depends on Donegal Mutual's ability to maintain its existing information technology systems and to
 develop new technology systems that will support the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries in a cost-efficient manner and provide information technology capabilities equivalent to those of our competitors. The allocation among
 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual of the costs of developing and maintaining Donegal Mutual's information technology systems may adversely impact our insurance subsidiaries' expense ratio and underwriting profitability, and such costs
 may exceed Donegal Mutual's and our expectations.

 -36-

 Donegal Mutual is currently in the midst of a multi-year effort to modernize certain of its key infrastructure and applications systems, and the allocation of related costs to our insurance subsidiaries has resulted in
 an increase to their expense ratio. These new systems are intended to provide various benefits to the member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group, including streamlined workflows and business processes, service enhancements for their agents and
 policyholders, opportunities to implement new product models and innovative business solutions, greater utilization of data analytics and operational efficiencies. Our insurance subsidiaries began to issue workers' compensation policies from the
 new systems in the second quarter of 2020 and began to issue personal lines policies from the new systems, including a new personal lines agency portal, in the fourth quarter of 2021. In 2023, Donegal Mutual implemented two additional major
 releases of new systems, which included three commercial lines of business with enhanced straight-through-processing capabilities as well as dwelling fire and conversion of legacy homeowners renewal policies in two initial states. Over the next two
 years, Donegal Mutual expects to implement new systems for the remaining lines of business the Donegal Insurance Group issues currently and for the conversion of remaining legacy renewal policies of the Donegal Insurance Group. Even with Donegal
 Mutual's and our best planning and efforts and the involvement of third-party experts, Donegal Mutual may not complete the implementation of these new systems within its planned timeframes or budget. Further, Donegal Mutual's information technology
 systems may not deliver the benefits Donegal Mutual and we expect and may fail to keep pace with our competitors' information technology systems. As a result, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries may not have the ability to grow their
 business and meet their profitability objectives.

 Our strategy to grow in part through acquisitions of other insurance companies exposes us to risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 The affiliation with, and acquisition of, other insurance companies involves risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The risks associated with these affiliations and
 acquisitions include:

 •

 the potential inadequacy of reserves for losses and loss expenses of the other insurer;

 •

 the need to supplement management of the other insurer with additional experienced personnel;

 •

 conditions imposed by regulatory agencies that make the realization of cost-savings through integration of the operations of the other insurer with our operations more difficult;

 •

 our management's lack of familiarity with the geography, demographics and distribution systems in the markets the other insurer serves that cause the other insurer to fail to meet the growth and profitability objectives we anticipated at
 the time of the acquisition or affiliation;

 •

 the need of the other insurer for additional capital that we did not anticipate at the time of the acquisition or affiliation; and

 •

 the use of more of our management's time in improving the operations of the other insurer than we originally anticipated.

 If we cannot obtain sufficient capital to fund the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries and to make acquisitions, we may not be able to expand our business.

 Our strategy is to expand our business through the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries and through our strategic acquisitions of regional insurance companies. Our insurance subsidiaries may require additional
 capital in the future to support this strategy. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on satisfactory terms and conditions, we may not be able to expand the business of our insurance subsidiaries or to make future acquisitions. Our ability to
 obtain additional financing will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For example, we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing because we or our insurance subsidiaries may already have
 substantial debt at the time, because we or our insurance subsidiaries do not have sufficient cash flow to service or repay our existing or additional debt or because financial institutions are not making financing available. In addition, any
 equity capital we obtain in the future could be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

 Competition within the property and casualty insurance industry may adversely impact the revenues and profit margins of our insurance subsidiaries.

 -37-

 The property and casualty insurance industry is intensely competitive. Competition can be based on many factors, including:

 •

 the perceived financial strength of the insurer;

 •

 premium rates;

 •

 policy terms and conditions;

 •

 policyholder service;

 •

 reputation; and

 •

 experience.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual compete with many regional and national property and casualty insurance companies, including direct sellers of insurance products, insurers having their own agency
 organizations and other insurers represented by independent agents. Many of these insurers have greater capital than our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, have substantially greater financial, technical and operating resources, have
 substantially greater exposure and access to potential customers and have equal or higher ratings from A.M. Best than our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. In addition, our competitors may become increasingly better capitalized in the
 future as the property and casualty insurance industry continues to consolidate.

 The greater capitalization of many of the competitors of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual enables them to operate with lower profit margins and, therefore, allows them to market their products more
 aggressively, to take advantage more quickly of new marketing opportunities and to offer lower premium rates. In addition to established insurers, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual compete with a growing number of start-ups, some of
 which have received substantial infusions of capital, that seek to disrupt traditional business platforms and distribution channels. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may not be able to maintain their current competitive position in the
 markets in which they operate if their competitors offer prices for their products that are lower than the prices our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual are prepared to offer. Moreover, if these competitors lower the price of their products
 and our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual meet their pricing, the profit margins and revenues of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual may decrease and their ratios of claims and expenses to premiums may increase. All of these
 factors could materially adversely affect the financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries and their A.M. Best ratings.

 The investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of fixed-income securities; therefore, the investment income and the fair value of the investment
 portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries could decrease as a result of a number of factors.

 Our insurance subsidiaries invest the premiums they receive from their policyholders and maintain investment portfolios that consist primarily of fixed-income securities. The effective management of these investment
 portfolios is an important component of the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries derive a significant portion of their operating income from the income they receive on their invested assets. A number of factors
 may affect the quality and/or yield of their investment portfolios, including the general economic and business environment, government monetary policy, changes in the credit quality of the issuers of the fixed-income securities our insurance
 subsidiaries own, changes in market conditions and regulatory changes. The fixed-income securities our insurance subsidiaries own consist primarily of securities issued by domestic entities that are backed by either the credit or collateral of the
 underlying issuer. Factors such as an economic downturn, disruption in the credit market or the availability of credit, a regulatory change pertaining to a particular issuer's industry, a significant deterioration in the cash flows of the issuer or
 a change in the issuer's marketplace may adversely affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to collect principal and interest from the issuer in which they invest.

 -38-

 The investments of our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk resulting from interest rate fluctuations. As we experienced when market interest rates increased significantly in 2022, increasing interest rates
 or a widening in the spread between interest rates available on U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt or asset-backed securities will typically have an adverse impact on the market values of fixed-rate securities. If interest rates decline,
 our insurance subsidiaries will generally have a lower overall rate of return on investments of cash their operations generate. In addition, in the event of the call or maturity of investments in a low interest rate environment, our insurance
 subsidiaries may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities with comparable interest rates. Changes in interest rates may reduce both the profitability and the return on the invested capital of our insurance subsidiaries.

 We and our insurance subsidiaries depend on key personnel. The loss of any member of our executive management or the senior management of our insurance subsidiaries could
 negatively affect the continuation of our business strategies and achievement of our growth objectives.

 The loss of, or failure to attract, key personnel could significantly impede our financial plans, growth, marketing and other objectives and those of our insurance subsidiaries. The continued success of our insurance
 subsidiaries depends to a substantial extent on the ability and experience of their senior management. Our insurance subsidiaries and we believe that our future success is dependent on our ability to attract and retain additional skilled and
 qualified personnel and to expand, train and manage our employees. We and Donegal Mutual have employment agreements with our senior officers, including all of our named executive officers.

 The reinsurance agreements on which our insurance subsidiaries rely do not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from their primary liability to their policyholders, and our
 insurance subsidiaries face a risk of non-payment from their reinsurers as well as the non-availability of reinsurance in the future.

 Our insurance subsidiaries rely on reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single catastrophic risks or excess of loss risks in areas where our insurance subsidiaries may have a concentration
 of policyholders. Reinsurance also enables our insurance subsidiaries to increase their capacity to write insurance because it has the effect of leveraging the surplus of our insurance subsidiaries. Although the reinsurance our insurance
 subsidiaries maintain provides that the reinsurer is liable to them for any reinsured losses, the reinsurance agreements do not generally relieve our insurance subsidiaries from their primary liability to their policyholders if the reinsurer fails
 to pay the reinsurance claims of our insurance subsidiaries. To the extent that a reinsurer is unable to pay losses for which it is liable to our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries remain liable for such losses. At December 31,
 2023, our insurance subsidiaries had approximately $117.4 million of reinsurance receivables from third-party reinsurers relating to paid and unpaid losses. Any insolvency or inability of these reinsurers to make timely payments to our insurance
 subsidiaries under the terms of their reinsurance agreements would adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

 Michigan law requires MICO to provide certain medical benefits under the personal injury protection, or PIP, coverage of the personal automobile and commercial automobile policies it writes in the state of Michigan.
 Michigan law also requires MICO to be a member of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association, or MCCA, in order to write automobile insurance. The MCCA receives funding through assessments that its members collect from policyholders in the state
 and provides reinsurance for PIP claims that exceed a set retention. At December 31, 2023, MICO had approximately $54.8 million of reinsurance receivables from MCCA relating to paid and unpaid losses. The MCCA has generated significant operating
 deficits in past years. While the MCCA generated an increase in surplus in recent years, the MCCA board approved the return of a significant portion of its accumulated surplus to policyholders in the form of cash refunds in early 2022. Although we
 currently consider the risk to be remote, should the MCCA be unable to fulfill its payment obligations to MICO in the future, MICO's financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 -39-

 In addition, our insurance subsidiaries face a risk of the non-availability of reinsurance or an increase in reinsurance costs that could adversely affect their ability to write business or their results of operations.
 Market conditions beyond the control of our insurance subsidiaries, such as the amount of surplus in the reinsurance market and the frequency and severity of natural and man-made catastrophes, affect both the availability and the cost of the
 reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries purchase. If our insurance subsidiaries cannot maintain their current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts that our insurance subsidiaries consider sufficient, our insurance
 subsidiaries would either have to accept an increase in their net risk retention or reduce their insurance writings, either of which could adversely affect them. For example, due to increased reinsurance pricing and reduced reinsurance market
 capacity, our insurance subsidiaries increased their net retentions under several of their reinsurance programs for 2023 and 2024.

 The disruption or failure of Donegal Mutual's information technology systems or the compromise of the security of those systems that results in the theft or misuse of confidential
 information could materially impact adversely the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.

 Our insurance subsidiaries' business operations depend significantly upon the availability and successful operation of Donegal Mutual's information technology systems. In addition, in the normal course of their
 operations, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries collect, utilize and maintain confidential information regarding individuals and businesses. While Donegal Mutual has established various security measures to protect its information
 technology systems and confidential data, unanticipated computer viruses, malware, ransomware, power outages, unauthorized access or other cyberattacks could disrupt those systems or result in the misappropriation or loss of confidential data.
 Donegal Mutual could experience technology system failures or other outages that would impact the availability of its information technology systems. Donegal Mutual has experienced brief disruptions of systems in the past, including those systems
 that allow underwriting and processing of new policies. Disruption in the availability of Donegal Mutual's information technology systems could affect the ability of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries to underwrite and process their
 policies timely, process and settle claims promptly and provide expected levels of customer service to agents and policyholders.

 While Donegal Mutual has identified threats to the security of its information technology systems, Donegal Mutual and we are unaware of any significant breach of the security measures Donegal Mutual maintains. A
 significant breach of the security of Donegal Mutual's information technology systems that results in the misappropriation or misuse of confidential information could damage the business reputation of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries
 and could expose Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries to litigation. The financial impact to Donegal Mutual, us and our insurance subsidiaries of a significant breach could be material.

 Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

 The price of our common stock may be adversely affected by its low trading volume.

 Our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock have limited liquidity. Reported average daily trading volume for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock for the year ended December 31, 2023 was
 approximately 36,167 shares and approximately 1,324 shares, respectively. This limited liquidity could subject our shares of Class A common stock and our shares of
 Class B common stock to greater price volatility.

 Donegal Mutual's majority voting control of our stock, anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain state laws make it unlikely anyone
 could acquire control of us unless Donegal Mutual were in favor of the acquisition of control.

 Donegal Mutual's ownership of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, certain anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, certain provisions of Delaware law and the insurance
 laws and regulations of Georgia, Michigan, New Mexico, Pennsylvania and Virginia could delay or prevent the removal of members of our board of directors and could make it more difficult for a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us to
 succeed, even if our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual believed any of such events would be beneficial to them. These factors could also discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. The classification of our board of
 directors could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our control.

 -40-

 In addition, we have 2.0 million authorized shares of preferred stock that we could issue in one or more series without stockholder approval, to the extent applicable law permits, and upon such terms and conditions,
 and having such rights, privileges and preferences, as our board of directors may determine. Our ability to issue preferred stock could make it difficult for a third party to acquire us. We have no current plans to issue any preferred stock.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 We have no unresolved written comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our filings under the Exchange Act.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity.

 Our insurance subsidiaries utilize the information systems Donegal Mutual maintains. Donegal Mutual has a robust information security program in place as a component of the enterprise-level risk management program of
 Donegal Mutual and us. The integration of Donegal Mutual's information security program into the enterprise-level risk management program is intended to promote the inclusion of cybersecurity considerations in decision-making processes throughout
 Donegal Mutual. Donegal Mutual has implemented multiple layers of cybersecurity systems and related defensive measures that are intended to assist with assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats to Donegal
 Mutual's information systems. Examples of these systems and measures include firewalls, data encryption, intrusion detection and prevention systems, endpoint detection and response systems, data-loss prevention systems and multi-factor
 authentication requirements for remote and privileged access. Donegal Mutual also regularly evaluates the effectiveness of its information security program through enterprise risk assessments.

 Donegal Mutual also requires annual cybersecurity awareness training for all employees who serve Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual expects all employees to assist in safeguarding its
 information systems and to assist in the discovery and reporting of cybersecurity incidents. This enterprise-wide program is intended to identify and assess internal and external cyber and information security risks that may threaten the security
 or integrity of the information stored on the Donegal Mutual's information systems or those of third-party providers from unauthorized access, use or other malicious acts.

 Donegal Mutual employs a third-party security operations center that provides after-hours alert services to help ensure continuous monitoring for cybersecurity threats. On an annual basis, Donegal Mutual also engages
 third-party cybersecurity consultants to perform cyberattack and penetration testing on its information systems and to conduct tabletop exercises to enhance preparedness of its crisis management team. This crisis management team includes technical
 and senior-level management personnel, and the exercises are intended to help maintain their readiness by reviewing the roles they will be expected to perform and the procedures they will be expected to follow in the event of a cybersecurity
 incident. These consultants advise Donegal Mutual on the effectiveness of its cybersecurity processes and assist Donegal Mutual in remediating any identified vulnerabilities and implementing any recommended measures to improve its cybersecurity
 defenses and readiness.

 In addition to monitoring cybersecurity threats to Donegal Mutual's information systems and information technology infrastructure, Donegal Mutual and we also assess and monitor the information security posture of
 third-party service providers whose services we deem critical to our operations. This process is designed to help Donegal Mutual's information security personnel identify and mitigate risks related to data breaches or other cybersecurity incidents
 originating from third-party service providers in order to better protect Donegal Mutual's information systems and information technology infrastructure.

 Donegal Mutual and we are not aware of any cybersecurity incidents or risks from cybersecurity threats that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect, our business strategy, results of operations or
 financial condition. While Donegal Mutual maintains cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. For more information regarding the risks Donegal Mutual and we face from cybersecurity
 threats, see "Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Us and Our Business."

 -41-

 Donegal Mutual employs an information security officer who has relevant experience and expertise in information security and holds the management position that is primarily responsible for assessing and managing
 cybersecurity risks. In addition, the chief risk officer of Donegal Mutual and us has extensive experience in the field of risk management, which is helpful for developing and executing Donegal Mutual's information security program in a manner that
 aligns with the overall enterprise-level risk management program of Donegal Mutual and us.

 In connection with carrying out their overall oversight responsibilities, the boards of directors of Donegal Mutual and us have delegated certain cybersecurity oversight responsibilities to the joint audit committee of
 those boards. The joint audit committee meets at least quarterly and is central to the boards' oversight of cybersecurity risks. The joint audit committee actively monitors these risks in order to assist in coordinating prevention and mitigation
 efforts by, among other things, participating in risk management committee meetings and receiving quarterly reports from the chief risk officer of Donegal Mutual and us on cybersecurity risks and related matters. Donegal Mutual's information
 security officer also provides an annual cybersecurity report to the boards of directors of Donegal Mutual and us. The annual cybersecurity reports encompass a broad range of topics, including types of threats and attempted infiltrations,
 applicable regulatory developments, information security program activities and planned cybersecurity enhancements to address emerging threats.

 Donegal Mutual and we also maintain a risk management committee that is comprised of our shared executive officers and other key management personnel. This committee meets quarterly and is responsible for our
 enterprise risk strategy and management, which includes identifying, assessing, addressing and monitoring cybersecurity risks. Donegal Mutual's information security officer provides quarterly updates to the risk management committee. Those updates
 include current cybersecurity issues and trends and any relevant information related to the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.

 Item 2.

 Properties.

 We and our insurance subsidiaries share administrative headquarters with Donegal Mutual in a building in Marietta, Pennsylvania that Donegal Mutual owns. The Marietta headquarters has approximately 270,000 square feet
 of office space. Southern owns a facility of approximately 10,000 square feet in Glen Allen, Virginia. In addition, Donegal Mutual leases office space in Albuquerque, New Mexico, MICO leases office space in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Southern
 Mutual owns a building in Athens, Georgia. Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share property-related expenses proportionately under a services allocation agreement.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 Our insurance subsidiaries are parties to routine litigation that arises in the ordinary course of their insurance business. We believe that the resolution of these lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on
 the financial condition or results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries. However, regardless of outcome, litigation and related matters could have an adverse impact on us and our insurance subsidiaries due to defense and settlement costs,
 diversion of management resources, negative publicity, reputational harm and other factors.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 -42-

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Our Class A common stock and Class B common stock trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbols "DGICA" and "DGICB," respectively.

 At the close of business on March 1, 2024, we had approximately 1,748 holders of
 record of our Class A common stock and approximately 216 holders of record of our Class B common stock.

 We declared dividends of $0.68 per share on our Class A common stock and $0.61 per share on our Class B common stock in 2023, compared to $0.66 per share on our Class A common stock and $0.59 per share on our Class B
 common stock in 2022.

 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

 Between October 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual purchased shares of our Class A common stock as set forth in the table below:

 Period

 (a) Total Number of Shares

 (or Units) Purchased

 (b) Average Price Paid per

 Share (or Unit)

 (c) Total Number of Shares

 (or Units) Purchased as

 Part of Publicly

 Announced Plans or

 Programs

 (d) Maximum Number (or

 Approximate Dollar Value)

 of Shares (or Units) that

 May Yet Be Purchased

 Under the Plans or

 Programs

 Month #1

 October 1-31, 2023

 Class A – 13,545

 Class A – $14.24

 Class A – 13,545

 (1)

 Month #2

 November 1-30, 2023

 Month #3

 December 1-31, 2023

 Total

 Class A – 13,545

 Class A – $14.24

 Class A – 13,545

 (1)

 Donegal Mutual purchased these shares pursuant to its disclosure on April 29, 2022 that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to
 time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. Such disclosure did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program.

 -43-

 Stock Performance Chart.

 The following graph provides an indicator of cumulative total stockholder returns on our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock for the period beginning on December 31, 2018 and ending on December 31, 2023,
 compared to the Russell 2000 Index and a peer group comprised of six property and casualty insurance companies over the same period. The peer group consists of Cincinnati Financial Corp., Hanover Insurance Group Inc., Horace Mann Educators Corp.,
 Kemper Corp., Selective Insurance Group Inc. and United Fire Group Inc. The graph shows the change in value of an initial $100 investment on December 31, 2018, assuming reinvestment of all dividends.

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Donegal Group Inc. Class A

 $100.00

 $113.15

 $108.55

 $118.71

 $123.52

 $127.47

 Donegal Group Inc. Class B

 100.00

 112.41

 150.58

 128.76

 162.04

 150.99

 Russell 2000

 100.00

 125.52

 113.73

 172.90

 137.56

 160.85

 Peer Group

 100.00

 125.90

 132.70

 132.95

 128.52

 131.56

 Research Data Group prepared the foregoing performance graph and data. The performance graph and accompanying data shall not be deemed "filed" as part of this Form 10-K Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange
 Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section and should not be deemed incorporated by reference into any other filing we make under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent we
 specifically incorporate the performance graph and accompanying data by reference into such filing.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 -44-

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Overview

 Donegal Mutual Insurance Company ("Donegal Mutual") organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. See "Business - History and Organizational Structure" for more information. Our insurance
 subsidiaries are Atlantic States Insurance Company ("Atlantic States"), Michigan Insurance Company ("MICO"), The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Peninsula Indemnity Company (collectively, "Peninsula"), and Southern
 Insurance Company of Virginia ("Southern"). Our insurance subsidiaries and their affiliates write commercial and personal lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain
 Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New England, Southern and Southwestern states. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers' compensation policies. The personal
 lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

 At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with
 approximately 71% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock and our outstanding shares of Class B common stock.

 Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States have participated in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, since 1986. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially
 all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States
 share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool. The operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual are interrelated due to the pooling agreement and other
 factors. While maintaining the separate corporate existence of each company, our insurance subsidiaries conduct business together with Donegal Mutual and its insurance subsidiaries as the Donegal Insurance Group. The Donegal Insurance Group is not
 a legal entity, is not an insurance company and does not issue or administer insurance policies. Rather, it is a trade name that refers to the group of insurance companies that are affiliated with Donegal Mutual. See "Business - Relationship with
 Donegal Mutual" for more information regarding the pooling agreement and other transactions with our affiliates.

 Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries operate together as the Donegal Insurance Group and share a combined business plan designed to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The
 products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual offer are generally complementary, thereby allowing Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand Donegal Insurance Group's ability to service an
 entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier
 products compared to standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, because the
 pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of the predominant percentage of the business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly and each company shares the underwriting results according to each company's participation percentage, each
 company realizes its percentage share of the underwriting results of the pool.

 Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, or Mountain States, with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and
 Mountain States' insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the "Mountain States insurance subsidiaries"), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon
 completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States
 Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual
 began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool.

 -45-

 In July 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time
 to time in the open market subject to the provisions of the SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2023 or 2022. We have purchased a total of
 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through December 31, 2023.

 On April 29, 2022, Donegal Mutual disclosed that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market
 subject to the provisions of SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. Such disclosure did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program. Donegal Mutual purchased 516,620 and 1,035,778 shares of
 our Class A common stock during 2023 and 2022, respectively. Donegal Mutual did not purchase any shares of our Class B common stock during 2023. Donegal Mutual purchased 54,231 shares of our Class B common stock during 2022.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present them on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.

 Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the reserves of
 our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates we
 provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our results of operations for the period in which we make an adjustment.

 Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses

 Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows
 at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies
 explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base
 their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries
 may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for
 losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

 Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of
 covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk
 involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and
 loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance
 subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss
 expenses.

 -46-

 Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance
 subsidiaries' internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the
 COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in 2022 and 2023 due to a number
 of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. While these trend changes have begun to normalize, they caused significant
 disruption to historical loss patterns and give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of replacement automobile parts
 and building materials, availability of skilled labor, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment include the
 absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions
 include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in
 the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that
 underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability for unpaid
 losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at December 31, 2023. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries' loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of
 operations would be approximately $6.9 million.

 The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries' loss and
 loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries' estimated future liabilities,
 because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries' estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance
 subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded
 their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries' estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the
 prior reporting period.

 Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $16.7 million, $44.8 million and $31.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance
 subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those
 years. The 2023 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years
 prior to 2023. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 7.2% of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves
 and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liability for
 losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2021 development represented 5.6% of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile,
 workers' compensation and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2021. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

 -47-

 Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends
 relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as increased property and
 automobile repair and replacement costs, rising medical loss costs and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further
 adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries' internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as
 reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability
 for losses and loss expenses.

 Atlantic States' participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the
 predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each
 company has a pro-rata share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the
 pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

 -48-

 Our insurance subsidiaries' liability for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

 2023

 2022

 Commercial lines:

 $

 168,749

 $

 174,833

 122,473

 120,539

 217,292

 203,567

 Other

 27,167

 23,071

 Total commercial lines

 535,681

 522,010

 Personal lines:

 112,509

 108,715

 28,001

 28,481

 Other

 12,952

 10,656

 Total personal lines

 153,462

 147,852

 Total commercial and personal lines

 Plus reinsurance recoverable

 437,014

 451,184

 Total liability for losses and loss expenses

 $

 $

 We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries' loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders' equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing loss and
 loss expense reserves. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident year development by line of business and applied it to our insurance subsidiaries' loss reserves as a whole. The selected range
 does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most-likely scenario. The following table sets forth the effect on our insurance subsidiaries' loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders' equity in the
 event of reasonably likely changes in the variables considered in establishing loss and loss expense reserves:

 Change in Loss and Loss

 Expense Reserves Net of

 Reinsurance

 Adjusted Loss and Loss

 Expense Reserves Net of

 Reinsurance at

 December 31, 2023

 Percentage Change in

 Equity at December 31,

 2023(1)

 Adjusted Loss and Loss

 Expense Reserves Net of

 Reinsurance at

 December 31, 2022

 Percentage Change in

 Equity at

 December 31, 2022(1)

 -10.0%

 $620,229

 11.3%

 $602,876

 10.9%

 -7.5

 637,457

 8.5

 619,622

 8.2

 -5.0

 654,686

 5.7

 636,369

 5.5

 -2.5

 671,914

 2.8

 653,115

 2.7

 Base

 —

 —

 2.5

 706,372

 -2.8

 686,609

 -2.7

 5.0

 723,600

 -5.7

 703,355

 -5.5

 7.5

 740,829

 -8.5

 720,102

 -8.2

 10.0

 758,057

 -11.3

 736,848

 -10.9

 (1)

 Net of income tax effect.

 -49-

 Our insurance subsidiaries base their reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses on current trends in loss and loss expense development and reflect their best estimates for future amounts needed to pay losses and
 loss expenses with respect to incurred events currently known to them plus incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims. Our insurance subsidiaries develop their reserve estimates based on an assessment of known facts and circumstances, review of
 historical loss settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims severity, frequency, legal and regulatory changes and other assumptions. Our insurance subsidiaries consistently apply actuarial loss reserving techniques and assumptions, which
 rely on historical information as adjusted to reflect current conditions, including consideration of recent case reserve activity. Our insurance subsidiaries use the point estimate their actuaries select. For
 the year ended December 31, 2023, the actuaries developed a range from a low of $651.1 million to a high of $728.7 million and selected a point estimate of $689.1 million. The actuaries' range of estimates for commercial lines in 2023 was $507.2
 million to $565.4 million, and the actuaries selected a point estimate of $535.7 million. The actuaries' range of estimates for personal lines in 2023 was $144.0 million to $163.3 million, and the actuaries selected a point estimate of $153.5
 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the actuaries developed a range from a low of $621.6 million to a high of $721.6 million and selected a point estimate of $669.9 million. The actuaries' range of estimates for commercial lines in 2022
 was $486.4 million to $560.5 million, and the actuaries selected a point estimate of $522.0 million. The actuaries' range of estimates for personal lines in 2022 was $135.2 million to $161.1 million, and the actuaries selected a point estimate of
 $147.9 million.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. For personal lines products, our insurance subsidiaries insure standard and preferred
 risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. For commercial lines products, the commercial risks that our insurance subsidiaries primarily insure are business offices, wholesalers, service providers, contractors, artisans and light
 manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities. Through the consistent application of this disciplined underwriting philosophy, our insurance subsidiaries have avoided many
 of the "long-tail" issues other insurance companies have faced. We consider workers' compensation to be a "long-tail" line of business, in that workers' compensation claims tend to be settled over a longer time frame than those in the other lines
 of business of our insurance subsidiaries.

 The following table presents 2023 and 2022 claim count and payment amount information for workers' compensation. Workers' compensation losses primarily consist of indemnity and medical costs for injured workers.

 2023

 2022

 Number of claims pending, beginning of period

 3,366

 3,336

 Number of claims reported

 5,928

 6,683

 Number of claims settled or dismissed

 6,150

 6,653

 Number of claims pending, end of period

 3,144

 3,366

 Losses paid

 $

 54,336

 $

 55,809

 Loss expenses paid

 $

 12,292

 12,062

 Management Evaluation of Operating Results

 Despite challenging insurance market conditions and increasing property and casualty loss severity trends that affected our results in recent years, we believe that our focused business strategy, including our
 insurance subsidiaries' ongoing implementation of premium rate increases and refinements to their underwriting practices, have positioned us well for 2024 and beyond.

 Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our commercial lines and personal lines segments utilizing statutory accounting practices ("SAP"), which
 include financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries.

 -50-

 We use the following financial data to monitor and evaluate our operating results:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net premiums written:

 Commercial lines:

 $

 174,741

 $

 167,774

 $

 161,947

 107,598

 111,892

 113,256

 195,632

 200,045

 188,242

 Other

 50,458

 51,135

 49,229

 Total commercial lines

 528,429

 530,846

 512,674

 Personal lines:

 215,957

 181,129

 170,578

 139,688

 120,087

 109,974

 Other

 11,623

 11,468

 11,041

 Total personal lines

 367,268

 312,684

 291,593

 Total net premiums written

 $

 895,697

 $

 843,530

 $

 804,267

 Components of combined ratio:

 Loss ratio

 69.1

 %

 68.6

 %

 67.1

 %

 Expense ratio

 34.7

 34.1

 33.3

 Dividend ratio

 0.6

 0.6

 0.6

 Combined ratio

 104.4

 %

 103.3

 %

 101.0

 %

 Revenues:

 Net premiums earned:

 $

 533,029

 $

 521,227

 $

 478,966

 349,042

 301,263

 297,049

 Total net premiums earned

 882,071

 822,490

 776,015

 Investment gains (losses)

 3,173

 (10,185

)

 6,477

 Other

 1,241

 1,900

 2,848

 Total revenues

 $

 927,338

 $

 848,221

 $

 816,466

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Components of net income (loss):

 Underwriting (loss) income:

 $

 (6,998

)

 $

 (22,665

)

 $

 (35,174

)

 (35,118

)

 (13,506

)

 17,235

 SAP underwriting loss

 (42,116

)

 (36,171

)

 (17,939

)

 GAAP adjustments

 3,735

 8,667

 9,945

 GAAP underwriting loss

 (38,381

)

 (27,504

)

 (7,994

)

 Investment gains (losses)

 3,173

 (10,185

)

 6,477

 Other

 (582

)

 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)

 5,063

 (3,638

)

 30,339

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 (1,679

)

 5,085

 $

 4,426

 $

 (1,959

)

 $

 25,254

 -51-

 Non-GAAP Information

 We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements based on SAP. SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under
 applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar
 measures other companies use. As a result, investors should exercise caution when comparing our non-GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures other companies use. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and
 statutory combined ratio.

 Net Premiums Written

 We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net
 premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period. Our insurance
 subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums
 written in the preceding 12-month period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net premiums earned

 $

 882,071,386

 $

 822,489,450

 $

 776,015,201

 Change in net unearned premiums

 13,625,254

 21,039,149

 28,251,308

 Net premiums written

 $

 895,696,640

 $

 843,528,599

 $

 804,266,509

 Statutory Combined Ratio

 The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal
 income taxes or other non-operating income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.

 The statutory combined ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:

 •

 the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses to net premiums earned;

 •

 the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and

 •

 the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers' compensation policies to net premiums earned.

 The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from
 incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP
 loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.

 -52-

 The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)

 Loss ratio - core losses

 57.5

 %

 59.8

 %

 59.4

 %

 Loss ratio - weather-related losses

 8.3

 7.7

 5.8

 Loss ratio - large fire losses

 5.2

 6.5

 5.9

 Loss ratio - net prior-year reserve development

 -1.9

 -5.4

 -4.0

 Loss ratio

 69.1

 68.6

 67.1

 Expense ratio

 34.7

 34.1

 33.3

 Dividend ratio

 0.6

 0.6

 0.6

 Combined ratio

 104.4

 %

 103.3

 %

 101.0

 %

 Statutory Combined Ratios

 Commercial lines:

 97.3

 %

 98.0

 %

 108.6

 %

 96.6

 97.3

 94.6

 112.3

 116.9

 114.1

 Other

 85.5

 80.8

 77.5

 Total commercial lines

 101.6

 103.7

 104.9

 Personal lines:

 109.7

 103.8

 94.4

 108.6

 111.0

 102.9

 Other

 75.8

 52.1

 49.3

 Total personal lines

 108.2

 102.8

 94.4

 Total commercial and personal lines

 104.2

 103.3

 100.8

 -53-

 Results of Operations

 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

 Net Premiums Earned

 Our insurance subsidiaries' net premiums earned increased to $882.1 million for 2023, an increase of $59.6 million, or 7.2%, compared to 2022, primarily reflecting solid premium
 retention and renewal premium increases. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in
 net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

 -54-

 Net Premiums Written

 Our insurance subsidiaries' 2023 net premiums written increased 6.2% to $895.7 million, compared to $843.5 million for 2022. Commercial lines net premiums written decreased $2.4 million, or 0.5%, for 2023 compared to
 2022. We attribute the decrease in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to planned attrition in states we are exiting or have targeted for profit improvement, lower new business writings and reinsurance reinstatement premiums on our
 property excess of loss reinsurance program, offset partially by strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers' compensation. Personal lines net premiums written increased $54.6 million, or
 17.5%, for 2023 compared to 2022. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention.

 Investment Income

 For 2023, our net investment income increased 20.1% to $40.9 million, compared to $34.0 million for 2022, due primarily to higher average reinvestment yields and higher average invested assets for 2023 compared to
 2022.

 Net Investment Gains (Losses)

 Our net investment gains for 2023 were $3.2 million. Our net investment losses for 2022 were $10.2 million. The net investment gains (losses) for 2023 and 2022 were primarily related to increases (decreases) in the
 market value of the equity securities held at the end of the respective periods. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2023 or 2022.

 Losses and Loss Expenses

 Our insurance subsidiaries' loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 69.1% for 2023, compared to 68.6% for 2022. Our insurance subsidiaries' commercial lines loss
 ratio decreased to 64.8% for 2023, compared to 67.1% for 2022. This decrease resulted primarily from the commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreasing to 73.1% for 2023, compared to 79.2% for 2022, primarily due to a decrease in severity of
 non-weather claims. The personal lines loss ratio increased to 75.6% for 2023, compared to 71.0% for 2022. The personal automobile loss ratio increased to 78.5% for 2023, compared to 72.1% for 2022, primarily due to an increase in automobile claim
 severity due to the ongoing impact of supply chain disruption and labor shortages on the costs of repair and replacement vehicles. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $16.7 million, or 1.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2023 in their reserves for prior accident years, compared to approximately $44.8 million, or 5.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2022. The favorable loss
 reserve development in 2023 resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2023. Weather-related losses of $72.9 million, or 8.3
 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2023 increased from $63.5 million, or 7.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022, with the increase primarily impacting the homeowners line of business. Large fire losses, which we define as
 individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, were $45.4 million, or 5.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2023, compared to $53.5 million, or 6.5 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022. The decrease was related to lower average claim
 severity of both commercial property and home fires in 2023 compared to 2022.

 Underwriting Expenses

 Our insurance subsidiaries' expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 34.7% for 2023, compared to 34.1% for 2022. We attribute the modest increase
 to higher technology system-related expenses for 2023 compared to 2022, offset somewhat by decreased underwriting-based incentive costs for our employees for 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in technology systems-related expenses for 2023 was
 primarily due to an increased allocation of costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries following the successful implementation of two additional major releases of new systems as part of our ongoing systems modernization project in
 2023. We expect the impact from allocated costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries related to the ongoing systems modernization project will peak at approximately 1.25 percentage points of the expense ratio in 2024 before beginning
 to subside gradually in subsequent years.

 -55-

 Policyholder Dividends

 Our insurance subsidiaries pay policyholder dividends primarily on workers' compensation policies on a sliding scale based on the profitability of a given policy.

 Combined Ratio

 Our insurance subsidiaries' combined ratio was 104.4% and 103.3% for 2023 and 2022, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of
 workers' compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the increase in our combined ratio primarily to the increases in the loss and expense ratios.

 Interest Expense

 Our interest expense for 2023 decreased slightly to $619,813, compared to $620,558 for 2022.

 Income Taxes

 Our income tax expense was $637,972 for 2023, compared to an income tax benefit of $1.7 million for 2022. Our effective tax rate for 2023 was 12.6%.

 Net Income (Loss) and Earnings (Loss) Per Share

 Our net income for 2023 was $4.4 million, or $0.14 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $0.11 per share of Class B common stock, compared to a net loss for 2022 of $2.0 million, or $0.06 per share
 of Class A common stock and $0.07 per share of Class B common stock. We had 27.8 million and 27.1 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There
 are no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

 Book Value Per Share

 Our stockholders' equity decreased by $3.8 million during 2023, primarily due to the cash dividends we declared exceeding our net income and other increases during the year, resulting in a decrease in our book value
 per share to $14.39 at December 31, 2023, compared to $14.79 a year earlier.

 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

 Net Premiums Earned

 Our insurance subsidiaries' net premiums earned increased to $822.5 million for 2022, an increase of $46.5 million, or 6.0%, compared to 2021, primarily reflecting solid premium
 retention and renewal premium increases. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in
 net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

 Net Premiums Written

 Our insurance subsidiaries' 2022 net premiums written increased 4.9% to $843.5 million, compared to $804.3 million for 2021. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $18.0 million, or 3.6%, for 2022 compared to
 2021. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to modest new business writings, strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers' compensation, offset partially
 by planned attrition in regions we have targeted for profit improvement. Personal lines net premiums written increased $21.3 million, or 7.0%, for 2022 compared to 2021. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to
 renewal premium increases, strong policy retention and new business writings in certain states where we have introduced an updated suite of products.

 -56-

 Investment Income

 For 2022, our net investment income increased 9.3% to $34.0 million, compared to $31.1 million for 2021, due primarily to higher average reinvestment yields and higher average invested assets for 2022 compared to 2021.

 Net Investment (Losses) Gains

 Our net investment losses for 2022 were $10.2 million. Our net investment gains for 2021 were $6.5 million. The net investment (losses) gains for 2022 and 2021 were primarily related to (decreases) increases in
 unrealized (losses) gains within our equity securities portfolio. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2022 or 2021.

 -57-

 Losses and Loss Expenses

 Our insurance subsidiaries' loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 68.6% for 2022, compared to 67.1% for 2021. Our insurance subsidiaries' commercial lines loss
 ratio decreased to 67.1% for 2022, compared to 68.6% for 2021. This decrease resulted primarily from the commercial automobile loss ratio decreasing to 64.2% for 2022, compared to 75.0% for 2021. The personal lines loss ratio increased to 71.0% for
 2022, compared to 64.8% for 2021. The personal automobile loss ratio increased to 72.1% for 2022, compared to 65.6% for 2021, primarily due to an increase in automobile claim severity due to the ongoing impact of supply chain disruption and labor
 shortages on the costs of repair and replacement vehicles. The homeowners loss ratio increased to 76.1% for 2022, compared to 69.6% for 2021, primarily due to increased average claim severity due to the ongoing impact of supply chain disruption and
 labor shortages on repair and replacement costs for homes. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $44.8 million, or 5.4 percentage points of the loss ratio,
 during 2022 in their reserves for prior accident years, compared to approximately $31.2 million, or 4.0 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2021. The favorable loss reserve development in 2022 resulted primarily from lower-than-expected
 loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. Weather-related losses of $63.5 million, or 7.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022 increased from $45.3 million, or
 5.8 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2021, with the increase primarily impacting the commercial multi-peril line of business. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, were $53.5 million, or 6.5
 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022, compared to $45.6 million, or 5.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2021. The increase was related to increased average claim severity of both commercial property and home fires in 2022 compared
 to 2021, which we attribute in part to inflationary repair cost increases.

 Underwriting Expenses

 Our insurance subsidiaries' expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 34.1% for 2022, compared to 33.3% for 2021. We attribute the modest increase
 to higher technology system-related expenses for 2022 compared to 2021, offset somewhat by lower commercial growth incentive costs for our agents and decreased underwriting-based incentive costs for our employees for 2022 compared to 2021. The
 increase in technology systems-related expenses for 2022 was primarily due to an increased allocation of costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries following the successful implementation of the second phase of our ongoing systems
 modernization project in August 2021.

 Policyholder Dividends

 Our insurance subsidiaries pay policyholder dividends primarily on workers' compensation policies on a sliding scale based on the profitability of a given policy.

 Combined Ratio

 Our insurance subsidiaries' combined ratio was 103.3% and 101.0% for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of
 workers' compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the increase in our combined ratio primarily to the increase in the loss ratio.

 Interest Expense

 Our interest expense for 2022 decreased to $620,558, compared to $895,605 for 2021. We attribute the decrease to lower average borrowings under our lines of credit during 2022 compared to 2021.

 -58-

 Income Taxes

 Our income tax benefit was $1.7 million for 2022, compared to income tax expense of $5.1 million for 2021. Our effective tax rate for 2021 was 16.8%.

 Net (Loss) Income and (Loss) Earnings Per Share

 Our net loss for 2022 was $2.0 million, or $.06 per share of Class A common stock and $.07 per share of Class B common stock, compared to net income for 2021 of $25.3 million, or $0.83 per share of Class A common stock
 on a diluted basis and $0.74 per share of Class B common stock. We had 27.1 million and 25.8 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There are
 no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

 Book Value Per Share

 Our stockholders' equity decreased by $47.4 million during 2022, primarily due to $45.4 million of after-tax unrealized losses within our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, resulting in a decrease in our book
 value per share to $14.79 at December 31, 2022, compared to $16.95 a year earlier.

 Financial Condition

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Liquidity is a measure of an entity's ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as they arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows generated
 from our insurance subsidiaries' underwriting results, investment income and maturing investments.

 We have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow from our operations to fund our commitments and build our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns. The pooling agreement with
 Donegal Mutual historically has been cash flow positive because of the profitability of the underwriting pool. Because we settle the pool monthly, our cash flows are substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from the underwriting of
 direct business. We maintain a high degree of liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a
 "laddering" approach so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective. This laddering approach provides an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations and the
 obligations of our insurance subsidiaries should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Net cash flows provided by operating activities in 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $28.6 million, $67.1 million and $76.7 million, respectively. The decrease in
 net cash flows provided by operating activities for 2023 was primarily related to higher cash outflows for claim payments compared to 2022 and 2021.

 At December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%. At
 December 31, 2023, Atlantic States had a $35.0 million outstanding advance with the FHLB of Pittsburgh that carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024. In March 2020, Atlantic States issued $50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of
 Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount for contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Atlantic States repaid this advance when it became due in March 2021. In
 September 2021, upon receipt of approval from the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, MICO repaid in full the $5.0 million surplus note held previously by Donegal Mutual, along with accrued interest of $178,082. We discuss in
 Note 9 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities.

 -59-

 We estimate the timing of claim payments associated with the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. Amounts
 Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries' gross liabilities for losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling
 agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries' reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States' assumed liabilities from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled
 activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore
 would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

 The cash dividends we declared to our stockholders totaled $22.2 million, $20.9 million and $19.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There are no regulatory
 restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are restrictions under applicable state laws on the payment of dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to us. Our insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain
 certain minimum surplus on a statutory basis and are subject to regulations under which their payment of dividends from statutory surplus is restricted and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our
 insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements. The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, was not
 significant in relation to our insurance subsidiaries' statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2023. Amounts available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory
 authorities in 2024 are approximately $27.4 million from Atlantic States, $7.2 million from MICO and $5.0 million from Peninsula, or a total of approximately $39.6 million.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment portfolio of primarily investment-grade bonds, common stock, short-term investments and cash totaled $1.3 billion, representing 58.6% and 58.2%, respectively, of our total
 assets. See "Business - Investments" for more information.

 2023

 2022

 Total

 Total

 Fixed maturities:

 Total held to maturity

 $

 679,497

 51.2

 %

 $

 688,439

 52.8

 %

 Total available for sale

 589,348

 44.4

 523,792

 40.1

 Total fixed maturities

 1,268,845

 95.6

 1,212,231

 92.9

 25,903

 2.0

 35,105

 2.7

 Short-term investments

 32,306

 2.4

 57,321

 4.4

 Total investments

 $

 1,327,054

 100.0

 %

 $

 1,304,657

 100.0

 %

 The carrying value of our fixed maturity investments represented 95.6% and 92.9% of our total invested assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Our fixed maturity investments consisted of high-quality marketable bonds, of which 95.2% were rated at investment-grade levels at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 At December 31, 2023, the net unrealized loss on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments, net of deferred taxes, amounted to $31.9 million, compared to a net unrealized loss of $38.0 million at December 31,
 2022.

 Impact of Inflation

 Our insurance subsidiaries establish their property and casualty insurance premium rates before they know the amount of losses and loss settlement expenses or the extent to which inflation may impact such expenses.
 Consequently, our insurance subsidiaries attempt, in establishing rates, to anticipate the potential future impact of inflation. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and
 reviews of historical reserving results.

 -60-

 Impact of Changing Climate Conditions

 Insured losses from severe weather events could significantly impact the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. Losses from catastrophic events are a function of both the extent of our insurance
 subsidiaries' exposures, the frequency and severity of the events themselves and the level of reinsurance coverage our insurance subsidiaries purchase. The increased frequency and severity of weather-related catastrophes and other losses, such as
 from wildfires and flooding, incurred by the industry in recent years may be indicative of changing weather patterns due to climate change. Should those patterns continue to emerge, increased weather-related catastrophes in the states in which our
 insurance subsidiaries operate would lead to higher overall losses that they may be unable to offset through pricing actions.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to reduce their exposure to catastrophe losses through their underwriting strategies and their purchase of catastrophe reinsurance. While the emerging science regarding climate change
 and its connection to extreme weather events continues to be studied, climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could affect the frequency and severity of weather events and other losses and thus
 impact the affordability and availability of catastrophe reinsurance coverage for our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries' ability to appropriately manage catastrophe risk depends partially on catastrophe models, which rely on
 historical data that might not be representative of the frequency and severity of future events. Such models might also be unable to anticipate the uncertain impact of changing climate conditions that tend to occur gradually over time. Because the
 policies of our insurance subsidiaries renew not less frequently than annually, our insurance subsidiaries have the ability to respond to the impact of changing climate conditions through adjustments to their underwriting standards, pricing, and
 policy terms and conditions, subject to applicable regulatory approvals.

 Changing climate conditions could lead to new or revised regulations with which our insurance subsidiaries would have to comply. Such regulations could impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to manage their
 exposures in areas impacted by increased weather activity, require our insurance companies to alter the terms and conditions of their policies or impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to obtain sufficient pricing increases to offset
 higher loss activity.

 Impact of New Accounting Standards

 In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an
 allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the
 effective date for "smaller reporting companies," as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this
 guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash
 flows.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

 -61-

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes, to changes in fair values of investments and to credit risk.

 In the normal course of business, we employ established policies and procedures to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates, fluctuations in the fair market value of our debt and equity securities and credit
 risk. We seek to mitigate these risks by various actions we describe below.

 Interest Rate Risk

 Our exposure to market risk for a change in interest rates is concentrated in our investment portfolio. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions. We regularly monitor
 estimates of cash flows and the impact of interest rate fluctuations relating to our investment portfolio. Generally, we do not hedge our exposure to interest rate risk because we have the capacity to, and do, hold fixed-maturity investments to
 maturity.

 -62-

 Principal cash flows and related weighted-average interest rates by stated maturity dates for the financial instruments we held at December 31, 2023 that are sensitive to interest rates are as follows:

 Principal

 Cash Flows

 Weighted-Average

 Interest Rate

 Fixed-maturity and short-term investments:

 2024

 $

 87,195

 4.39

 %

 2025

 62,973

 4.25

 2026

 70,764

 3.99

 2027

 72,905

 3.81

 2028

 81,134

 4.11

 Thereafter

 973,216

 3.21

 Total

 $

 1,348,187

 Fair value

 $

 1,258,196

 Debt:

 2024

 $

 1.74

 %

 Total

 $

 Fair value

 $

 Actual cash flows from investments may differ from those depicted above as a result of calls and prepayments.

 Equity Price Risk

 Our portfolio of equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in estimated fair value resulting from an
 adverse change in prices. Our objective is to mitigate this risk and to earn competitive relative returns by investing in a diverse portfolio of high-quality, liquid securities.

 Credit Risk

 Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments is subject to credit risk.
 We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower's ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our
 portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

 Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this
 business directly to the insured, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of business.

 Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business Atlantic States
 cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers. To the extent that a reinsurer cannot pay losses for which it is liable
 under the terms of a reinsurance agreement with one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries retain continued liability for such losses.

 -63-

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( KPMG LLP, PCAOB ID 185)

 Schedule:

 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information

 -64-

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 2023

 2022

 Assets

 Held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 611,526,338
 and $ 598,044,681; net of allowance for expected credit losses of $ 1,325,847 and $ 0)

 $

 679,497,038

 $

 688,439,360

 Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $ 629,727,513
 and $ 571,912,727)

 589,348,243

 523,791,931

 Equity securities, at fair value

 25,902,956

 35,104,840

 Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value

 32,305,408

 57,321,111

 Total investments

 1,327,053,645

 1,304,657,242

 Cash

 23,792,273

 25,123,332

 Accrued investment income

 9,945,714

 8,861,292

 Premiums receivable

 179,591,821

 173,846,294

 Reinsurance receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $ 1,394,074
 and $ 0)

 441,431,334

 456,522,223

 75,043,404

 73,170,230

 Deferred tax asset, net

 19,532,525

 21,603,017

 168,724,465

 160,591,399

 Property and equipment, net

 2,633,405

 2,755,105

 Accounts receivable - securities

 1,501,079

 1,842

 Federal income taxes recoverable

 8,102,321

 8,510,897

 Due from affiliate

 1,907,527

 —

 Goodwill

 5,625,354

 5,625,354

 Other intangible assets

 958,010

 958,010

 Other

 451,011

 1,123,098

 Total assets

 $

 2,266,293,888

 $

 2,243,349,335

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Liabilities

 $

 1,126,156,838

 $

 1,121,045,758

 Unearned premiums

 599,411,468

 577,653,130

 Accrued expenses

 3,946,974

 4,226,390

 Reinsurance balances payable

 8,758,976

 3,495,824

 Borrowings under lines of credit

 35,000,000

 35,000,000

 Cash dividends declared to stockholders

 5,569,992

 5,296,990

 Due to affiliate

 —

 5,173,289

 Other

 7,704,286

 7,864,942

 Total liabilities

 1,786,548,534

 1,759,756,323

 Stockholders' Equity

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none
 issued

 —

 —

 Class A common stock, $ 0.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 30,764,555
 and 30,120,263 shares and outstanding 27,761,967 and 27,117,675 shares

 307,646

 301,203

 Class B common stock, $ 0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240
 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares

 Additional paid-in capital

 335,694,478

 325,601,647

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 ( 32,881,822

)

 ( 41,703,747

)

 Retained earnings

 217,794,917

 240,563,774

 Treasury stock, at cost

)

)

 Total stockholders' equity

 479,745,354

 483,593,012

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 2,266,293,888

 $

 2,243,349,335

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 -65-

 Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and
 Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Statements of Income (Loss)

 Revenues

 Net premiums earned (includes affiliated reinsurance of $ 237,903,029,

 $ 232,105,306 and $ 212,591,341
 - see note 3)

 $

 882,071,386

 $

 822,489,450

 $

 776,015,201

 Investment income, net of investment expenses

 40,853,215

 34,016,112

 31,125,631

 Installment payment fees

 894,137

 1,516,330

 2,416,873

 Lease income

 346,439

 383,451

 430,800

 Net investment gains (losses) (includes ($ 2,242,190),
 ($ 979,972) and $ 382,602
 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassification)

 3,172,807

 ( 10,184,797

)

 6,477,286

 Total revenues

 927,337,984

 848,220,546

 816,465,791

 Net losses and loss expenses (includes affiliated reinsurance of $ 150,198,479,
 $ 177,849,040 and $ 131,367,599
 - see note 3)

 609,177,699

 564,078,993

 520,709,542

 Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs

 154,214,000

 142,430,000

 128,733,000

 Other underwriting expenses

 151,747,579

 137,923,739

 129,367,893

 Policyholder dividends

 5,313,430

 5,560,407

 5,198,515

 Interest

 619,813

 620,558

 895,605

 Other, net

 1,201,987

 1,244,948

 1,222,728

 Total expenses

 922,274,508

 851,858,645

 786,127,283

 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)

 5,063,476

 ( 3,638,099

)

 30,338,508

 Income tax expense (benefit) (includes ($ 470,860), ($ 205,794) and $ 80,346 income tax
 (benefit) expense from reclassification items)

 637,972

 ( 1,678,694

)

 5,084,334

 $

 $

)

 $

 Basic earnings (loss) per common share:

 Class A common stock

 $

 0.14

 $

 ( 0.06

)

 $

 0.83

 Class B common stock

 $

 0.11

 $

 ( 0.07

)

 $

 0.74

 Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:

 Class A common stock

 $

 0.14

 $

 ( 0.06

)

 $

 0.83

 Class B common stock

 $

 0.11

 $

 ( 0.07

)

 $

 0.74

 Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 $

 $

)

 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:

 Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $ 1,285,390, ($ 12,164,443) and ($ 2,008,078)

 4,246,693

 ( 45,761,476

)

 ( 7,544,805

)

 Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (loss), net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($ 470,860), ($ 205,794) and $ 80,346

 1,771,330

 774,178

 ( 302,256

)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 6,018,023

 ( 44,987,298

)

 ( 7,847,061

)

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $

 10,443,527

 $

 ( 46,946,703

)

 $

 17,407,113

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 -66-

 Consolidated Statements of
 Stockholders' Equity

 Common Stock

 Class A Shares

 Class B Shares

 Class A Amount

 Class B Amount

 Additional Paid-In Capital

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Retained Earnings

 Treasury Stock

 Total Stockholders' Equity

 Balance, January 1, 2021

 27,651,774

 5,649,240

 $

 276,518

 $

 $

 289,149,567

 $

 11,130,612

 $

 258,387,288

 $

)

 $

 517,774,120

 Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)

 157,783

 1,578

 2,161,142

 2,162,720

 Stock-based compensation

 946,646

 9,466

 13,260,855

 13,270,321

 Net income

 Cash dividends

 ( 19,578,187

)

 ( 19,578,187

)

 Grant of stock options

 317,917

 ( 317,917

)

 —

 Other comprehensive loss

 ( 7,847,061

)

 ( 7,847,061

)

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 28,756,203

 5,649,240

 $

 287,562

 $

 $

 304,889,481

 $

 3,283,551

 $

 263,745,358

 $

)

 $

 531,036,087

 Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)

 161,254

 1,613

 2,122,277

 2,123,890

 Stock-based compensation

 1,202,806

 12,028

 18,252,148

 18,264,176

 Net loss

)

)

 Cash dividends

 ( 20,884,438

)

 ( 20,884,438

)

 Grant of stock options

 337,741

 ( 337,741

)

 —

 Other comprehensive loss

 ( 44,987,298

)

 ( 44,987,298

)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 30,120,263

 5,649,240

 $

 301,203

 $

 $

 325,601,647

 $

 ( 41,703,747

)

 $

 240,563,774

 $

)

 $

 483,593,012

 Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)

 150,426

 1,504

 2,081,186

 2,082,690

 Stock-based compensation

 493,866

 4,939

 7,683,782

 7,688,721

 Net income

 Cash dividends

 ( 22,166,694

)

 ( 22,166,694

)

 Grant of stock options

 327,863

 ( 327,863

)

 —

 Cumulative effect of adoption of updated guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2023

 ( 1,895,902

)

 ( 1,895,902

)

 Reclassification of held-to-maturity transfer

 2,803,902

 ( 2,803,902

)

 —

 Other comprehensive income

 6,018,023

 6,018,023

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 30,764,555

 5,649,240

 $

 307,646

 $

 $

 335,694,478

 $

 ( 32,881,822

)

 $

 217,794,917

 $

)

 $

 479,745,354

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 -67-

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

 $

 $

)

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items

 4,326,446

 4,841,559

 5,837,809

 Net investment (gains) losses

 ( 3,172,807

)

 10,184,797

 ( 6,477,286

)

 Changes in Assets and Liabilities:

 5,111,080

 43,425,457

 115,612,864

 Unearned premiums

 21,758,338

 4,694,708

 35,768,824

 Accrued expenses

 ( 279,416

)

 197,731

 ( 25,086,539

)

 Premiums receivable

 ( 5,745,527

)

 ( 4,983,714

)

 733,752

 ( 1,873,174

)

 ( 5,141,857

)

 ( 8,871,415

)

 Deferred income taxes

 229,397

 ( 2,958,735

)

 1,095,306

 Reinsurance receivable

 13,959,053

 ( 1,111,214

)

 ( 46,502,159

)

 Accrued investment income

 ( 1,084,422

)

 ( 646,321

)

 ( 278,092

)

 Amounts due to affiliate

 ( 7,080,816

)

 7,096,006

 ( 12,216,212

)

 Reinsurance balances payable

 5,263,152

 ( 450,281

)

 712,582

 ( 8,133,066

)

 16,344,443

 ( 7,517,509

)

 Current income taxes

 408,576

 ( 3,219,959

)

 ( 2,201,569

)

 Other, net

 511,426

 796,805

 867,438

 Net adjustments

 24,198,240

 69,069,425

 51,477,794

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 28,623,744

 67,110,020

 76,731,968

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

 Purchases of fixed maturities:

 Held to maturity

 ( 25,226,609

)

 ( 74,902,605

)

 ( 125,630,220

)

 Available for sale

 ( 150,423,864

)

 ( 151,994,462

)

 ( 163,593,018

)

 Purchases of equity securities

 ( 5,128,994

)

 ( 15,862,888

)

 ( 25,354,790

)

 Sales of fixed maturities:

 Available for sale

 28,154,556

 24,381,244

 6,281,963

 Maturity of fixed maturities:

 Held to maturity

 32,923,991

 53,747,886

 44,211,076

 Available for sale

 58,277,402

 75,759,806

 165,867,395

 Sales of equity securities

 19,745,875

 34,973,196

 26,585,663

 Net (purchases) sales of property and equipment

 ( 44,701

)

 28,290

 1,224,806

 Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments

 25,015,703

 ( 44,628,770

)

 8,207,814

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 16,706,641

)

 ( 98,498,303

)

 ( 62,199,311

)

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

 Issuance of common stock

 8,645,530

 19,304,956

 14,181,702

 Cash dividends paid

 ( 21,893,692

)

 ( 20,502,716

)

 ( 19,099,220

)

 Payments on subordinated debentures

 —

 —

 ( 5,000,000

)

 Payments on lines of credit

 —

 —

 ( 50,000,000

)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 13,248,162

)

 ( 1,197,760

)

 ( 59,917,518

)

 Net decrease in cash

 ( 1,331,059

)

 ( 32,586,043

)

 ( 45,384,861

)

 Cash at beginning of year

 25,123,332

 57,709,375

 103,094,236

 Cash at end of year

 $

 23,792,273

 $

 25,123,332

 $

 57,709,375

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 -68-

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Organization and Business

 Donegal Mutual Insurance Company ("Donegal
 Mutual") organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries are Atlantic States Insurance Company ("Atlantic States"), Michigan Insurance Company ("MICO"), the Peninsula Insurance Group ("Peninsula"), which consists of The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary Peninsula Indemnity Company, and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia ("Southern"). Our insurance subsidiaries and their
 affiliates write commercial and personal lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states.

 At December 31, 2023, we had three
 segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers'
 compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

 At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44 %
 of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84 % of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal
 Mutual with approximately 71 % of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have
 interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the
 Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

 Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement (the "pooling agreement") with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement,
 Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80 % of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in
 proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

 In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100 % quota-share
 reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company ("Southern Mutual"). Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool.

 Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company ("Mountain States") with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual
 was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States' insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the "Mountain States insurance subsidiaries"), became insurance
 subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance
 subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100 % quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021,
 Donegal Mutual began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool.

 -69-

 The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal
 Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products
 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group's ability to service an
 entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier
 versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool
 homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues. We
 refer to Note 3 - Transactions with Affiliates for more information regarding the pooling agreement.

 Basis of Consolidation

 Our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"),
 include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms "we," "us," "our" or the "Company" as we use them in the notes to our
 consolidated financial statements refer to the consolidated entity.

 Use of Estimates

 In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date
 of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

 We make estimates and assumptions that could have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our consolidated financial statements. The most
 significant estimates relate to our insurance subsidiaries' reserves for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate
 amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current
 results of operations.

 Reclassification

 We have made certain reclassifications in our prior period financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.

 We classify our debt securities into the following categories:

 Held to Maturity - Debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity; reported at amortized cost.

 Available for Sale - Debt securities not classified as held to maturity; reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from income and reported as a
 separate component of stockholders' equity (net of tax effects).

 Short-term investments are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

 -70-

 We make estimates concerning
 the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations.
 With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our
 results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be
 required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then
 evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we
 expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and
 we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In
 addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has
 deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at
 an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing
 and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of
 operations.

 We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute investment
 gains and losses using the specific identification method.

 We amortize premiums and discounts for mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

 Fair Values of Financial Instruments

 We use the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value disclosures:

 Investments - We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may
 differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair
 value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values for our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per
 security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare
 estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the
 pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon the general knowledge of our investment personnel of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and
 their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment
 personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our
 investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services' pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are
 reasonable. We refer to Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements for more information regarding our methods and assumptions in estimating fair values.

 Cash and Short-Term Investments - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments approximate their fair values.

 Premiums and Reinsurance Receivables and Payables - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments related to premiums and paid losses and
 loss expenses approximate their fair values.

 -71-

 Revenue Recognition

 Our insurance subsidiaries recognize insurance premiums as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Our insurance subsidiaries calculate unearned premiums on a
 daily pro-rata basis.

 Policy Acquisition Costs

 We defer our insurance subsidiaries' policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding
 commissions, related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which our insurance subsidiaries earn the premiums. The method we follow in
 computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss expenses and certain other costs we
 expect to incur as our insurance subsidiaries earn the premium. Estimates in the calculation of policy acquisition costs have not shown material variability because of uncertainties in applying accounting principles or as a result of sensitivities
 to changes in key assumptions.

 Property and Equipment

 We report property and equipment at depreciated cost that we compute using the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives of the assets.

 Losses and Loss Expenses

 Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims
 based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to
 pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such
 estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss
 adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We
 reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

 O ur insurance subsidiaries
 maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses,
 including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each
 claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by
 line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and
 recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

 -72-

 R eserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in
 assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in
 claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from
 historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in 2022 and 2023 due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in
 the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. While these trend changes have begun to normalize, they caused significant disruption to historical loss patterns and give rise to
 greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of replacement automobile parts and building materials, availability of skilled labor,
 the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries' external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal
 environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss
 statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written
 within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have
 changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries' ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the
 amount recorded.

 Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. Our insurance subsidiaries' personal
 lines products primarily include standard and preferred risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. Our insurance subsidiaries' commercial lines products primarily include business offices, wholesalers, service providers,
 contractors, artisans and light manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities.

 Income Taxes

 We currently file a consolidated federal income tax return that includes us and our insurance subsidiaries.

 We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for
 the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates we expect to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

 Credit Risk

 Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent,
 short-term investments is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower's ability to repay its debt to us. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective
 investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

 Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our
 insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this business directly to their policyholders, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of
 business.

 Our insurance subsidiaries have reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of major unaffiliated reinsurers.

 -73-

 Reinsurance Accounting and Reporting

 Our insurance subsidiaries rely upon reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single risks or risks in concentrated areas and to increase their
 capacity to write insurance. Reinsurance does not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from liability to their respective policyholders. To the extent that a reinsurer cannot pay losses for which it is liable under the terms of a reinsurance
 agreement with one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries retain continued liability for such losses. However, in an effort to reduce the risk of non-payment, our insurance subsidiaries require all of their reinsurers to
 have an A.M. Best rating of A- or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, to have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with an A.M. Best rating of A- or better. We refer to Note 10 -
 Reinsurance for more information regarding the reinsurance agreements of our insurance subsidiaries.

 We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in
 reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the
 allowance in our results of operations.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 We measure all share-based payments to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, including grants of stock options, using a
 fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options we grant to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair
 value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield
 and expected volatility.

 In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we realized $ 139,135, $ 360,452 and $ 438,850, respectively, in
 tax benefits upon the exercise of stock options.

 Earnings Per Share

 We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share
 reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.

 We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to the declaration and
 payment of cash dividends that are at least 10 % higher than those we declare and pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use
 the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation
 of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class.

 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify
 separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment upon the occurrence
 of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to
 these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods.

 -74-

 2 - Impact of New Accounting Standards

 In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an
 entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November
 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for "smaller reporting companies," as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $ 1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact
 on our results of operations or cash flows.

 3 - Transactions with Affiliates

 Our insurance subsidiaries conduct business and have various agreements with Donegal Mutual that we describe in the following subparagraphs:

 a. Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements

 Atlantic States, our largest insurance subsidiary, and Donegal Mutual have a pooling agreement under which both companies contribute substantially all of their direct
 written business to the pool and receive an allocated percentage of the pooled underwriting results, excluding certain reinsurance Donegal Mutual assumes from our insurance subsidiaries. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual
 began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool. In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100 %
 quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual, and Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool. Atlantic States has an 80 % share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20 % share of the results of the pool. The intent of the pooling agreement is to produce more uniform and stable underwriting results from year to year for each pool participant than they
 would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the participants based on each participant's relative amount of surplus and relative access to capital. Each participant in the pool has at its disposal the capacity of the entire
 pool, rather than being limited to policy exposures of a size commensurate with its own capital and surplus.

 The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States ceded to the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 332,272,662

 $

 314,321,443

 $

 305,729,418

 238,055,099

 202,228,589

 222,737,225

 161,991,511

 154,472,615

 152,323,262

 299,947,390

 277,641,902

 274,033,812

 -75-

 The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States assumed from the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 583,559,746

 $

 578,216,706

 $

 573,891,394

 409,051,306

 395,794,813

 383,455,320

 Unearned premiums

 286,147,727

 280,031,908

 289,976,879

 507,527,839

 496,849,769

 455,564,733

 Donegal Mutual and MICO
 had a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Donegal Mutual assumed 25 % of the premiums and losses related to the business of
 MICO for policies effective through December 31, 2021. Donegal Mutual and MICO terminated this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula had a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which
 Donegal Mutual assumed 100 % of the premiums and losses related to the workers' compensation product line of Peninsula in certain states
 for policies effective through December 31, 2021. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula terminated this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from MICO and Peninsula into the
 underwriting pool.

 The following amounts represent reinsurance ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these quota-share reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 168,243

 $

 17,989,939

 $

 37,996,474

 2,902,422

 5,194,974

 20,037,608

 —

 —

 18,548,821

 17,852,153

 22,642,908

 36,659,853

 In
 2023, each of our insurance subsidiaries had a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual that provided coverage under any one catastrophic occurrence above a set retention of $ 3,000,000, with a combined retention of $ 6,000,000 for a
 catastrophe involving a combination of our insurance subsidiaries, up to the amount Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retained under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers. Through December 31, 2022, each of our insurance subsidiaries had a
 catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual that provided coverage under any one catastrophic occurrence above a set retention of $ 2,000,000,
 with a combined retention of $ 5,000,000 for a catastrophe involving a combination of our insurance subsidiaries, up to the amount
 Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retained under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers.

 The following amounts represent reinsurance that our insurance subsidiaries ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 13,215,814

 $

 13,800,018

 $

 17,574,161

 17,895,306

 10,517,709

 9,309,624

 2,497,244

 1,271,006

 1,658,057

 The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net premiums our insurance subsidiaries earned during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Assumed

 $

 583,559,746

 $

 578,216,706

 $

 573,891,394

 Ceded

 ( 345,656,717

)

 ( 346,111,400

)

 ( 361,300,053

)

 Net

 $

 237,903,029

 $

 232,105,306

 $

 212,591,341

 -76-

 The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net losses and loss expenses our insurance subsidiaries incurred during 2023, 2022
 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Assumed

 $

 409,051,306

 $

 395,790,312

 $

 383,452,056

 Ceded

 ( 258,852,827

)

 ( 217,941,272

)

 ( 252,084,457

)

 Net

 $

 150,198,479

 $

 177,849,040

 $

 131,367,599

 b. Expense Sharing

 Donegal Mutual provides
 facilities, management and other services to us and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, Donegal Mutual purchases and maintains the information technology systems that support the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.
 Donegal Mutual allocates certain related expenses to Atlantic States in relation to the relative participation of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual in the pooling agreement. Our insurance subsidiaries other than Atlantic States reimburse Donegal
 Mutual for allocated costs of services Donegal Mutual provides on their behalf based on their proportion of the total direct premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group and other metrics. Donegal Mutual allocates costs related to its
 development and maintenance of information technology systems over the estimated useful life of those systems (generally five years) and charges a proportionate share of those costs to our insurance subsidiaries based on their percentage of the
 total net premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group. Allocated expenses from Donegal Mutual for services it provided to our insurance subsidiaries totaled $ 218,974,132, $ 199,177,393 and $ 186,568,897 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Donegal Mutual is currently in the midst of a multi-year effort to modernize certain of its key technology infrastructure and application systems. Donegal Mutual placed
 three releases of new systems into service in 2020, 2021 and 2023, respectively. Donegal Mutual allocated $ 10.5 million, $ 7.6 million and $ 5.1 million of related
 costs to our insurance subsidiaries in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Donegal Mutual will allocate to our insurance subsidiaries their proportionate share of the remaining $ 40.9 million of related costs over the next five years. Donegal Mutual incurred an additional $ 888,904
 of deferred costs related to releases under development that were not yet ready for their intended use at December 31, 2023.

 Our management believes that the allocation methods Donegal Mutual utilizes are reasonable. In addition, Donegal Mutual and we maintain a coordinating committee that
 consists of two members of our board of directors, neither of whom is a member of Donegal Mutual's board of directors, and two members of Donegal Mutual's board of directors, neither of whom is a member of our board of directors. The purpose of the
 coordinating committee is to maintain a process for an ongoing evaluation of the fairness of the terms of all transactions between Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.

 c. Lease Agreement

 We lease office equipment with terms ranging from 3 to 10 years to Donegal Mutual under a lease agreement dated January 1, 2011.

 -77-

 4 - Investments

 The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

 2023

 Carrying Value

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 Amortized

 Cost

 Gross

 Gains

 Gross

 Losses

 Value

 Held to Maturity

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 91,517,359

 $

 54,668

 $

 91,572,027

 $

 —

 $

 8,885,420

 $

 82,686,607

 376,897,952

 265,977

 377,163,929

 1,448,585

 46,844,714

 331,767,800

 201,847,288

 999,685

 202,846,973

 207,628

 14,804,569

 188,250,032

 9,234,439

 5,517

 9,239,956

 —

 418,057

 8,821,899

 $

 679,497,038

 $

 1,325,847

 $

 680,822,885

 $

 1,656,213

 $

 70,952,760

 $

 611,526,338

 2023

 Available for Sale

 Amortized

 Cost

 Gross

 Gains

 Gross

 Losses

 Value

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 89,367,383

 $

 199,299

 $

 4,146,999

 $

 85,419,683

 41,957,742

 11,665

 3,853,623

 38,115,784

 211,882,285

 100,014

 15,189,332

 196,792,967

 286,520,103

 594,023

 18,094,317

 269,019,809

 $

 629,727,513

 $

 905,001

 $

 41,284,271

 $

 589,348,243

 2022

 Held to Maturity

 Amortized

 Cost

 Gross

 Gains

 Gross

 Losses

 Value

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 103,362,028

 $

 $

 10,566,154

 $

 92,796,730

 382,097,461

 1,809,879

 60,494,134

 323,413,206

 190,948,922

 —

 20,510,543

 170,438,379

 12,030,949

 —

 634,583

 11,396,366

 $

 688,439,360

 $

 1,810,735

 $

 92,205,414

 $

 598,044,681

 2022

 Available for Sale

 Amortized

 Cost

 Gross

 Gains

 Gross

 Losses

 Value

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 68,537,456

 $

 108,683

 $

 5,124,827

 $

 63,521,312

 45,448,157

 33,994

 5,326,367

 40,155,784

 218,040,945

 8,315

 15,211,215

 202,838,045

 239,886,169

 155,278

 22,764,657

 217,276,790

 $

 571,912,727

 $

 306,270

 $

 48,427,066

 $

 523,791,931

 -78-

 At December 31, 2023, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 245.1 million and an amortized cost of $ 278.3 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 124.8
 million and an amortized cost of $ 140.8 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that
 comprised more than 10 % of that category at December 31, 2023. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 47 % and 35 %, respectively, of our total
 investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2023. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2023 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the
 special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

 At December 31, 2022, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 240.7 million and an amortized cost of $ 283.5 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 122.9
 million and an amortized cost of $ 144.0 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that
 comprised more than 10 % of that category at December 31, 2022. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 48 % and 35 %, respectively, of our total
 investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2022. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2022 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the
 special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

 We have segregated within
 accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $ 15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification
 date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on
 the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $ 284,095, $ 510,819 and $ 897,073 in other comprehensive income in 2023, 2022
 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, net unrealized losses of $ 1.3 million and $ 4.7 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive loss.

 We set forth below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from
 contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 Amortized Cost

 Value

 Held to maturity

 Due in one year or less

 $

 19,007,881

 $

 18,869,262

 Due after one year through five years

 105,894,799

 102,016,841

 Due after five years through ten years

 251,405,744

 230,975,966

 Due after ten years

 295,274,505

 250,842,370

 9,239,956

 8,821,899

 Total held to maturity

 $

 680,822,885

 $

 611,526,338

 Available for sale

 Due in one year or less

 $

 35,774,037

 $

 35,384,044

 Due after one year through five years

 175,526,581

 166,257,527

 Due after five years through ten years

 105,858,004

 95,629,511

 Due after ten years

 26,048,788

 23,057,352

 286,520,103

 269,019,809

 Total available for sale

 $

 629,727,513

 $

 589,348,243

 -79-

 The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

 Cost

 Gross Gains

 Gross Losses

 Value

 $

 18,843,929

 $

 7,059,027

 $

 —

 $

 25,902,956

 The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

 Cost

 Gross Gains

 Gross Losses

 Value

 $

 30,770,633

 $

 5,666,467

 $

 1,332,260

 $

 35,104,840

 The amortized cost of fixed maturities on deposit with various regulatory authorities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $ 10,499,430 and $ 9,473,047,
 respectively.

 We derived net investment income, consisting primarily of interest and dividends, from the following sources:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 40,445,697

 $

 34,945,437

 $

 32,343,878

 765,881

 897,429

 1,437,948

 Short-term investments

 2,471,998

 817,428

 321,117

 Other

 29,250

 29,250

 29,250

 Investment income

 43,712,826

 36,689,544

 34,132,193

 Investment expenses

 ( 2,859,611

)

 ( 2,673,432

)

 ( 3,006,562

)

 $

 40,853,215

 $

 34,016,112

 $

 31,125,631

 We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Gross realized gains:

 $

 1,059,244

 $

 1,149,761

 $

 676,724

 2,662,661

 1,765,923

 1,430,465

 Real estate

 —

 477,287

 —

 3,721,905

 3,392,971

 2,107,189

 Gross realized losses:

 3,300,351

 2,129,736

 294,126

 732,940

 4,113,526

 462,335

 4,033,291

 6,243,262

 756,461

 Net realized (losses) gains

 ( 311,386

)

 ( 2,850,291

)

 1,350,728

 Gross unrealized gains on equity securities

 3,651,125

 258,532

 5,627,949

 Gross unrealized losses on equity securities

 ( 109,125

)

 ( 7,593,038

)

 ( 501,391

)

 Increase in allowance for credit losses

 ( 57,807

)

 —

 —

 Net investment gains (losses)

 $

 3,172,807

 $

 ( 10,184,797

)

 $

 6,477,286

 Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments:

 $

 28,839,658

 $

 ( 177,147,840

)

 $

 ( 27,576,934

)

 2,724,820

 15,823,189

 4,010,973

 $

 31,564,478

 $

 ( 161,324,651

)

 $

 ( 23,565,961

)

 -80-

 We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2023 as follows:

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Unrealized Losses

 Unrealized Losses

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 32,223,934

 $

 217,164

 $

 116,537,998

 $

 12,815,255

 13,097,410

 67,913

 307,429,319

 50,630,424

 13,065,558

 324,293

 353,862,937

 29,669,608

 46,964,057

 220,436

 178,112,881

 18,291,938

 $

 105,350,959

 $

 829,806

 $

 955,943,135

 $

 111,407,225

 We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Unrealized Losses

 Unrealized Losses

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 90,245,322

 $

 5,326,954

 $

 47,237,638

 $

 10,364,027

 261,464,427

 49,327,324

 47,945,038

 16,493,177

 298,706,256

 22,272,711

 72,959,284

 13,449,047

 143,885,626

 10,940,722

 69,878,986

 12,458,518

 $

 794,301,631

 $

 87,867,711

 $

 238,020,946

 $

 52,764,769

 We held 869 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying
 factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

 We did no t recognize any impairment losses on
 specific securities in 2023, 2022 or 2021. We had no sales or transfers from our held to maturity portfolio in 2023, 2022 or 2021.
 We had no derivative instruments or hedging activities during 2023, 2022 or 2021.

 -81-

 5 - Fair Value Measurements

 We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of inputs, or assumptions, used in the
 determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

 Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

 Level 2 - directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

 Level 3 - unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

 For investments that have
 quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active
 markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services. We classify our fixed maturity investments and non-publicly traded equity securities as
 Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

 At December 31, 2023, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using
 those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at December 31, 2023, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

 We present our cash and
 short-term investments at estimated fair value. The carrying values in our balance sheet for premium receivables, reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and loss expenses and reinsurance balances payable approximate their fair values. The
 carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for our borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

 We evaluate our assets and liabilities on a regular basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period. Based on our review of
 the methodology and summary of inputs the pricing services use, we have concluded that our Level 1 and Level 2 investments were classified properly at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2023:

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Quoted Prices in

 Active Markets

 for Identical

 Assets (Level 1)

 Significant

 Other Observable

 Inputs (Level 2)

 Significant

 Unobservable

 Inputs (Level 3)

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 85,419,683

 $

 —

 $

 85,419,683

 $

 —

 38,115,784

 —

 38,115,784

 —

 196,792,967

 —

 196,792,967

 —

 269,019,809

 —

 269,019,809

 —

 25,902,956

 23,910,968

 1,991,988

 —

 Total investments in the fair value hierarchy

 $

 615,251,199

 $

 23,910,968

 $

 591,340,231

 $

 —

 -82-

 The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022:

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Quoted Prices in

 Active Markets

 for Identical

 Assets (Level 1)

 Significant

 Other Observable

 Inputs (Level 2)

 Significant

 Unobservable

 Inputs (Level 3)

 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies

 $

 63,521,312

 $

 —

 $

 63,521,312

 $

 —

 40,155,784

 —

 40,155,784

 —

 202,838,045

 —

 202,838,045

 —

 217,276,790

 —

 217,276,790

 —

 35,104,840

 32,820,452

 2,284,388

 —

 Total investments in the fair value hierarchy

 $

 558,896,771

 $

 32,820,452

 $

 526,076,319

 $

 —

 6 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

 Changes in our insurance subsidiaries' deferred policy acquisition costs are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Balance, January 1

 $

 73,170,230

 $

 68,028,373

 $

 59,156,958

 Acquisition costs deferred

 156,087,174

 147,571,857

 137,604,415

 Amortization charged to earnings

 ( 154,214,000

)

 ( 142,430,000

)

 ( 128,733,000

)

 Balance, December 31

 $

 75,043,404

 $

 73,170,230

 $

 68,028,373

 7 - Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment
 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

 2023

 2022

 Estimated

 Useful Life

 Office equipment

 $

 8,289,730

 $

 8,245,030

 3 - 15 years

 Automobiles

 42,794

 42,794

 5 years

 Real estate

 2,575,207

 2,575,207

 5 - 50 years

 Software

 1,386,936

 1,386,936

 5 years

 12,294,667

 12,249,967

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 9,661,262

)

 ( 9,494,862

)

 $

 2,633,405

 $

 2,755,105

 Depreciation expense for
 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $ 166,400, $ 173,535
 and $ 208,641, respectively.

 -83-

 8 - Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses

 The establishment of an appropriate liability for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance
 subsidiaries' ultimate liability will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage
 definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and
 extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries' estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries' estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for
 substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their
 estimates have exceeded their actual liabilities. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries' estimate of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received since the prior
 reporting date.

 We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries' liability for losses and loss expenses as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Balance at January 1

 $

 1,121,045,758

 $

 1,077,620,301

 $

 962,007,437

 Less reinsurance recoverable

 ( 451,184,222

)

 ( 451,261,306

)

 ( 404,818,480

)

 Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1

 1,131,836

 —

 —

 Net balance at January 1

 670,993,372

 626,358,995

 557,188,957

 Incurred related to:

 Current year

 625,831,043

 608,900,206

 551,917,571

 Prior years

 ( 16,653,344

)

 ( 44,821,213

)

 ( 31,208,029

)

 Total incurred

 609,177,699

 564,078,993

 520,709,542

 Paid related to:

 Current year

 330,290,039

 302,272,322

 269,316,762

 Prior years

 260,738,168

 218,304,130

 182,222,742

 Total paid

 591,028,207

 520,576,452

 451,539,504

 Net balance at December 31

 689,142,864

 669,861,536

 626,358,995

 Plus reinsurance recoverable

 437,013,974

 451,184,222

 451,261,306

 Balance at December 31

 $

 1,126,156,838

 $

 1,121,045,758

 $

 1,077,620,301

 Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $ 16.7 million, $ 44.8 million and $ 31.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims
 management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2023 development represented 2.5 % of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines
 of business for accident years prior to 2023. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 7.2 % of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and
 commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2021 development
 represented 5.6 % of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the
 personal automobile, workers' compensation and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2021. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for
 Atlantic States and MICO.

 Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion
 to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider our insurance subsidiaries' material lines of business to be personal
 automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers' compensation.

 -84-

 Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries
 have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries' estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries' IBNR reserves include
 their actuaries' projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries' projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries' methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in
 place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during 2023.

 The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying
 earned premium by an " a priori," or expected, loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries' expectation of losses at the time our
 insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies, before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and
 severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

 The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss
 development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method from which the actuaries select loss development factor assumptions. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of estimates each of these methods produce.

 The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims
 per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns or economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy
 limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

 Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they
 otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in
 the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date on which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries'
 ability to accurately predict loss frequency and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

 Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event.
 In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count
 for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and
 report them by line of business. For purposes of the claim development tables we present below, our insurance subsidiaries count claims on policies they issue even if they eventually close such claims without making a loss payment. Claims our
 insurance subsidiaries close without making a loss payment typically generate loss expenses. The methods our insurance subsidiaries have used to summarize claim counts have not changed significantly over the time periods we report in the tables
 below.

 The following tables present information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency
 and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims that our insurance subsidiaries included within their net incurred claims amounts. The tables include unaudited information about incurred and paid claims development for
 the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2022, which we present as supplementary information.

 -85-

 Personal

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Total IBNR

 Plus

 Expected

 Development

 on Reported

 Claims

 Cumulative

 Number of

 Reported

 Claims

 2014

 $

 124,426

 $

 124,806

 $

 124,210

 $

 126,200

 $

 126,779

 $

 126,734

 $

 126,861

 $

 126,977

 $

 127,108

 $

 127,148

 $

 2015

 137,569

 139,333

 139,181

 142,493

 142,408

 142,073

 142,010

 141,965

 141,894

 2016

 150,216

 153,937

 157,516

 157,943

 156,935

 156,436

 156,227

 155,834

 2017

 166,690

 176,728

 175,939

 174,784

 173,730

 173,032

 172,712

 2018

 186,580

 183,358

 181,558

 180,787

 179,732

 178,990

 2019

 161,056

 157,689

 156,300

 154,805

 153,883

 1,227

 2020

 111,483

 103,585

 100,339

 99,253

 1,543

 2021

 119,364

 118,752

 114,707

 2,792

 2022

 126,203

 134,834

 5,639

 2023

 152,740

 27,416

 Total

 $

 1,431,995

 Personal Automobile

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2014

 $

 85,377

 $

 104,736

 $

 114,893

 $

 120,491

 $

 123,815

 $

 124,926

 $

 125,619

 $

 125,762

 $

 126,701

 $

 127,026

 2015

 93,611

 116,303

 128,395

 135,027

 139,121

 140,028

 140,892

 141,172

 141,298

 2016

 102,433

 129,507

 143,321

 151,159

 153,521

 154,769

 155,521

 155,505

 2017

 111,964

 142,372

 159,879

 166,099

 169,190

 170,895

 171,513

 2018

 115,585

 150,175

 163,036

 169,651

 173,922

 176,233

 2019

 103,101

 127,187

 141,004

 146,667

 150,017

 2020

 66,084

 81,783

 89,736

 94,094

 2021

 76,477

 93,998

 103,427

 2022

 83,616

 109,845

 2023

 99,574

 Total

 1,328,532

 $

 104,457

 -86-

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims

 Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

 2014

 $

 56,916

 $

 58,378

 $

 57,680

 $

 57,332

 $

 57,288

 $

 57,402

 $

 57,367

 $

 57,371

 $

 57,353

 $

 57,362

 $

 —

 2015

 63,359

 63,925

 63,053

 63,071

 63,099

 62,993

 63,043

 63,036

 63,042

 —

 2016

 62,443

 64,064

 63,735

 63,355

 63,279

 63,409

 63,472

 63,478

 2017

 79,283

 79,911

 79,305

 79,247

 79,065

 78,815

 78,819

 2018

 81,965

 83,385

 82,905

 82,566

 82,058

 81,977

 2019

 73,294

 73,554

 73,234

 72,168

 72,176

 2020

 61,633

 62,718

 61,595

 61,495

 2021

 67,677

 66,996

 65,451

 2022

 82,433

 82,045

 1,846

 2023

 86,693

 8,046

 Total

 $

 712,538

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2014

 $

 45,823

 $

 56,255

 $

 56,990

 $

 57,195

 $

 56,995

 $

 57,243

 $

 57,336

 $

 57,339

 $

 57,318

 $

 57,327

 2015

 51,885

 61,542

 62,204

 62,590

 62,844

 62,943

 62,936

 62,938

 63,042

 2016

 50,125

 61,145

 62,760

 63,144

 63,162

 63,217

 63,266

 63,296

 2017

 67,077

 77,663

 78,006

 78,127

 78,454

 78,528

 78,556

 2018

 70,385

 79,892

 80,905

 81,464

 81,568

 81,826

 2019

 58,074

 69,145

 70,416

 70,884

 71,209

 2020

 51,226

 60,348

 60,809

 61,189

 2021

 52,161

 63,920

 64,124

 2022

 63,107

 79,187

 2023

 67,636

 Total

 687,392

 $

 25,294

 -87-

 Commercial Automobile

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims

 Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

 2014

 $

 42,760

 $

 44,544

 $

 47,326

 $

 48,213

 $

 49,284

 $

 49,168

 $

 49,308

 $

 49,291

 $

 49,285

 $

 49,212

 $

 2015

 46,526

 48,323

 51,412

 54,259

 54,517

 54,619

 53,793

 53,477

 53,431

 2016

 54,302

 57,353

 65,905

 67,127

 66,894

 66,085

 65,922

 65,602

 2017

 61,484

 67,927

 67,697

 67,249

 65,310

 64,631

 65,022

 2018

 79,307

 81,396

 82,313

 83,043

 82,226

 82,368

 2019

 88,864

 91,245

 90,290

 86,140

 84,566

 2020

 90,367

 87,766

 85,016

 83,590

 2,528

 2021

 109,824

 99,231

 96,947

 6,346

 2022

 115,287

 108,690

 17,627

 2023

 112,135

 37,768

 Total

 $

 801,563

 Commercial Automobile

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2014

 $

 22,707

 $

 31,089

 $

 39,436

 $

 44,374

 $

 47,290

 $

 48,418

 $

 48,603

 $

 48,714

 $

 48,757

 $

 48,829

 2015

 23,875

 35,342

 41,678

 48,261

 51,605

 51,992

 52,728

 53,052

 53,047

 2016

 27,033

 38,237

 48,837

 57,237

 60,485

 64,421

 65,076

 65,273

 2017

 28,707

 40,213

 49,703

 57,128

 59,889

 62,187

 64,074

 2018

 33,862

 47,941

 57,451

 69,487

 74,421

 79,308

 2019

 36,948

 53,026

 63,575

 72,139

 80,617

 2020

 31,884

 46,459

 60,665

 70,669

 2021

 39,851

 56,101

 69,908

 2022

 46,242

 67,367

 2023

 45,387

 Total

 644,479

 $

 157,172

 -88-

 Commercial Multi-Peril

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims

 Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

 2014

 $

 48,204

 $

 50,135

 $

 51,843

 $

 52,336

 $

 53,294

 $

 53,116

 $

 52,926

 $

 52,933

 $

 53,502

 $

 53,395

 $

 —

 2015

 42,070

 43,874

 44,728

 45,104

 45,873

 45,366

 45,420

 45,595

 46,181

 —

 2016

 43,005

 46,988

 48,267

 48,871

 48,732

 48,823

 48,802

 48,374

 2017

 56,185

 56,043

 56,517

 54,812

 55,076

 54,244

 55,002

 2018

 66,265

 66,470

 67,749

 67,810

 65,911

 65,900

 2019

 71,865

 73,836

 76,326

 75,821

 76,015

 2,093

 2020

 83,195

 79,910

 76,490

 74,796

 4,524

 2021

 116,827

 117,574

 119,321

 14,055

 2022

 142,395

 141,935

 27,544

 2023

 129,069

 43,788

 Total

 $

 809,988

 Commercial Multi-Peril

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2014

 $

 27,920

 $

 35,520

 $

 40,936

 $

 47,021

 $

 50,017

 $

 51,615

 $

 52,103

 $

 52,252

 $

 52,875

 $

 53,074

 2015

 21,837

 29,419

 34,323

 39,162

 42,849

 44,090

 44,439

 44,764

 45,572

 2016

 19,660

 29,402

 34,612

 41,193

 43,435

 44,944

 47,432

 48,048

 2017

 27,399

 36,926

 42,691

 46,361

 49,488

 51,494

 52,422

 2018

 30,597

 42,296

 48,050

 54,913

 59,118

 62,253

 2019

 28,210

 41,266

 47,522

 55,951

 63,156

 2020

 34,729

 46,193

 52,646

 58,754

 2021

 46,768

 69,735

 82,580

 2022

 57,641

 86,664

 2023

 56,238

 Total

 608,761

 $

 201,748

 -89-

 Workers' Compensation

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims

 Cumulative Number of Reported Claims

 2014

 $

 51,508

 $

 51,553

 $

 49,288

 $

 48,537

 $

 47,540

 $

 47,693

 $

 47,849

 $

 47,620

 $

 47,794

 $

 47,623

 $

 2015

 53,332

 49,615

 45,991

 44,986

 43,006

 42,597

 42,225

 42,043

 41,875

 2016

 58,814

 49,802

 47,883

 44,969

 44,098

 43,559

 43,484

 43,447

 2017

 60,450

 56,351

 52,687

 51,464

 49,557

 48,802

 48,668

 2018

 62,197

 55,291

 52,514

 47,912

 47,007

 46,742

 2019

 60,998

 59,624

 57,728

 56,480

 55,893

 1,003

 2020

 57,172

 57,850

 57,384

 56,714

 1,824

 2021

 67,035

 65,530

 64,225

 3,550

 2022

 67,046

 67,331

 6,428

 2023

 62,401

 21,881

 Total

 $

 534,919

 Workers' Compensation

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

 Year

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2014

 $

 13,932

 $

 28,513

 $

 36,284

 $

 40,393

 $

 42,465

 $

 43,866

 $

 44,403

 $

 44,671

 $

 45,314

 $

 45,905

 2015

 13,071

 27,531

 34,192

 36,929

 37,936

 38,596

 39,096

 39,478

 39,762

 2016

 14,709

 30,344

 37,178

 40,570

 41,208

 41,543

 41,809

 42,195

 2017

 15,581

 31,990

 39,684

 42,954

 44,242

 45,174

 45,935

 2018

 17,644

 31,928

 37,072

 41,611

 43,279

 44,359

 2019

 16,939

 33,009

 41,740

 47,121

 50,079

 2020

 14,591

 32,817

 44,089

 48,259

 2021

 20,931

 42,633

 51,781

 2022

 18,643

 41,225

 2023

 17,546

 Total

 427,046

 5,251

 $

 113,124

 -90-

 The following table presents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claims adjustment expenses in our
 consolidated balance sheet:

 At December 31,

 2023

 Net outstanding liabilities:

 Personal automobile

 $

 104,457

 25,294

 Commercial automobile

 157,172

 201,748

 Workers ' compensation

 113,124

 Other

 34,916

 636,711

 Reinsurance recoverable:

 Personal automobile

 $

 98,157

 15,325

 Commercial automobile

 94,517

 118,979

 Workers ' compensation

 84,766

 Other

 6,643

 418,387

 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses

 $

 71,059

 Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses

 $

 The following table presents supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2023:

 Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance

 Years

 Personal automobile

 65.6

 %

 16.9

 %

 8.5

 %

 4.2

 %

 2.2

 %

 0.9

 %

 0.5

 %

 0.1

 %

 0.4

 %

 0.3

 %

 81.1

 16.0

 1.2

 0.5

 0.2

 0.2

 0.1

 —

 0.1

 —

 Commercial automobile

 42.3

 18.1

 14.4

 11.9

 6.2

 3.7

 1.4

 0.4

 —

 0.1

 44.3

 17.6

 9.8

 10.3

 6.6

 3.4

 2.1

 0.8

 1.5

 0.4

 30.9

 32.6

 15.6

 8.1

 3.3

 1.9

 1.1

 0.8

 1.0

 1.2

 9 - Borrowings

 Lines of Credit

 In August 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company ("M&T") that related to a $ 20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $ 20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11 %.

 -91-

 Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for
 cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $ 35.0 million that was outstanding at December 31, 2023. The cash advance
 carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74 % and is due in August 2024. In March 2020, Atlantic States issued $ 50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in
 exchange for a cash advance in the same amount that carried a fixed interest rate of 0.83 %. Atlantic States obtained this contingent
 liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Atlantic States repaid this advance when it became due in March 2021.

 The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States' membership in the
 FHLB of Pittsburgh at December 31, 2023.

 FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement

 $

 1,591,800

 Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $ 42,729,397)

 45,690,038

 Borrowing capacity currently available

 5,107,416

 Subordinated Debentures

 In September 2021, upon receipt of approval from the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, MICO repaid in full the $ 5.0 million surplus note held previously by Donegal Mutual, along with accrued interest of $ 178,082.

 10 - Reinsurance

 Unaffiliated Reinsurers

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual participate in a consolidated third-party reinsurance program, for which the coverage and parameters are common to all of
 our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The program utilizes several different reinsurers, all of which have an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the
 opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries had in place for 2023:

 •

 excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered losses over a set retention of $ 3.0
 million for all losses other than workers' compensation and a retention of $ 2.0 million for workers' compensation losses; and

 •

 catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered 100 % of an accumulation of many
 losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $ 25.0 million up to aggregate losses
 of $ 175.0 million per occurrence.

 As many as 24 reinsurers provided coverage for 2023 on
 any one treaty with no reinsurer taking more than 17.5 % of any one treaty. The amount of
 coverage provided under each of these types of reinsurance depended upon the amount, nature, size and location of the risks being reinsured.

 In order to write
 automobile insurance in the State of Michigan, MICO is required to be a member of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association ("MCCA"). The MCCA provides reinsurance to MICO for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims
 in the state of Michigan over a set retention.

 In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries had a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which
 each of our insurance subsidiaries recovered 100 % of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural
 disasters, over a set retention of $ 3.0 million up to aggregate losses of $ 22.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provided additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance
 subsidiaries over a combined retention of $ 6.0 million.

 Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchased facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures in excess of the covered
 limits of their respective treaty reinsurance.

 -92-

 The following amounts represent ceded reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Premiums written

 $

 43,030,879

 $

 37,002,702

 $

 38,173,733

 42,416,710

 36,947,675

 37,984,833

 16,318,760

 31,096,016

 29,999,528

 6,732,955

 6,118,784

 6,063,759

 116,717,187

 149,628,406

 138,909,584

 Total Reinsurance

 The following amounts represent total ceded reinsurance transactions with both affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 388,073,427

 $

 383,059,075

 $

 399,284,886

 275,171,587

 249,037,288

 282,083,985

 168,724,466

 160,591,399

 176,935,842

 437,013,974

 451,184,222

 451,261,306

 The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums written for 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Direct

 $

 702,227,408

 $

 641,971,207

 $

 609,204,706

 Assumed

 589,675,724

 568,272,026

 601,864,198

 Ceded

 ( 396,206,492

)

 ( 366,714,634

)

 ( 406,802,395

)

 Net premiums written

 $

 895,696,640

 $

 843,528,599

 $

 804,266,509

 The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums earned for 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Direct

 $

 686,584,907

 $

 627,331,528

 $

 601,408,581

 Assumed

 583,559,906

 578,216,997

 573,891,506

 Ceded

 ( 388,073,427

)

 ( 383,059,075

)

 ( 399,284,886

)

 Net premiums earned

 $

 882,071,386

 $

 822,489,450

 $

 776,015,201

 Percentage of assumed premiums earned to net premiums earned

 66.2

 %

 70.3

 %

 74.0

 %

 11 - Income Taxes

 Our provision for income tax expense (benefit) for 2023, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Current federal income tax

 $

 408,575

 $

 1,280,041

 $

 3,998,431

 Deferred federal income tax

 229,397

 ( 2,958,735

)

 1,085,903

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 $

 637,972

 $

 ( 1,678,694

)

 $

 5,084,334

 -93-

 Our effective tax rate is different from the amount computed at the statutory federal rate of 21 %. The reasons for such difference and the related tax effects are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)

 $

 5,063,476

 $

 ( 3,638,099

)

 $

 30,338,508

 Tax at federal statutory rate

 1,063,330

 ( 764,001

)

 6,371,087

 Tax-exempt interest

 ( 1,328,312

)

 ( 1,446,102

)

 ( 1,491,154

)

 Proration

 351,415

 384,944

 401,717

 Dividends received deduction

 ( 77,348

)

 ( 93,675

)

 ( 115,713

)

 Stock options

 595,602

 216,893

 148,320

 Additional tax paid for prior
 year

 159,261

 ( 6,071

)

 ( 15,874

)

 Other, net

 ( 125,976

)

 29,318

 ( 214,049

)

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 $

 637,972

 $

 ( 1,678,694

)

 $

 5,084,334

 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are
 as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Unearned premium

 $

 18,130,477

 $

 17,560,126

 Loss reserves

 10,067,846

 9,712,582

 Net unrealized losses

 8,743,238

 11,088,307

 Net state operating loss carryforward - DGI Parent

 8,072,420

 8,068,185

 Other

 1,492,635

 1,472,110

 Total gross deferred tax assets

 46,506,616

 47,901,310

 Less valuation allowance

 ( 8,072,420

)

 ( 8,068,185

)

 Net deferred tax assets

 38,434,196

 39,833,125

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 15,759,115

 15,365,749

 Loss reserve transition adjustment

 564,002

 856,267

 Other

 2,578,554

 2,008,092

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities

 18,901,671

 18,230,108

 Net deferred tax asset

 $

 19,532,525

 $

 21,603,017

 We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of a deferred tax asset. At December 31, 2023 and 2022,
 we established a valuation allowance of $ 8.1 million for our net state operating loss carryforward, which will expire between 2024 and 2043. We determined that we were not required to
 establish a valuation allowance for the other net deferred tax assets of $ 38.4 million and $ 39.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, since it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing
 temporary differences, future taxable income and our implementation of tax-planning strategies.

 We are no longer subject to income tax examinations for tax years prior to 2016. In 2019, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") began a federal income tax audit of our consolidated tax returns for tax years 2016 to 2018. No material issues
 have been raised and no adjustments have been proposed as a result of this ongoing audit.

 -94-

 12 - Stockholders' Equity

 Each share of our Class A common stock outstanding at the time of the declaration of any dividend or other distribution payable in cash upon the shares of our Class B
 common stock is entitled to a dividend or distribution payable at the same time and to stockholders of record on the same date in an amount at least 10 %
 greater than any dividend declared upon each share of our Class B common stock. In the event of our merger or consolidation with or into another entity, the holders of our Class A common stock and the holders of our Class B common stock are
 entitled to receive the same per share consideration in such merger or consolidation. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, any assets available to common stockholders will be distributed pro-rata to the holders of our Class A
 common stock and our Class B common stock after payment of all of our obligations.

 On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of the SEC
 Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did no t purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program
 during 2023, 2022 or 2021. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception
 through December 31, 2023.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our treasury stock consisted of 3,002,588
 and 72,465 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively.

 13 - Stock Compensation Plans

 Equity Incentive Plans

 Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Employees. During 2019, we adopted a plan that made a total of 4,500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates. The plan provides for the granting of awards by our board of
 directors in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or any combination of the above. The plan provides that stock options may become exercisable up to five years from their date of grant, with an option price not less than fair market value on the date preceding the date of grant. We have not granted any stock appreciation rights.

 Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Directors. During 2019, we adopted a plan that made 500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to our directors and the directors of our subsidiaries and affiliates. We may make awards in the form of stock
 options. The plan also provides for the issuance of 500 shares of restricted stock on the first business day of January in each year to
 each of our directors and each director of Donegal Mutual who does not serve as one of our directors. We issued 8,500 shares of
 restricted stock on January 3, 2023 under our director plan. We issued 8,500 shares of restricted stock on January 4, 2022 under our
 director plan. We issued 10,000 shares of restricted stock on January 4, 2021 under our director plan.

 No further shares are available for future option grants for plans in effect prior to 2019.

 We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of
 operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing
 model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently
 available on U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term used as the assumption in the model. We base the expected term of an option award on our historical experience for similar awards. We determine the
 dividend yield by dividing the per share dividend by the grant date stock price. We base the expected volatility on the volatility of our stock price over a historical period comparable to the expected term.

 -95-

 The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2023 was $ 1.51. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 4.12 %,
 an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 20 % and an expected dividend yield of 5 %.

 The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2022 was $ 1.48. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 3.91 %,
 an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 22 % and an expected dividend yield of 5 %.

 The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2021 was $ 1.21. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 0.91 %,
 an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 20 % and an expected dividend yield of 4 %.

 We charged compensation expense for our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of $ 876,569, $ 818,853 and $ 965,701 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $ 184,079, $ 171,959 and $ 202,797. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans was $ 1.9 million and $ 1.7 million,
 respectively. We expect to recognize this cost over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.

 During 2023, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $ 6.8 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $ 139,135 for 2023. During 2022, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $ 17.4 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $ 360,452 for 2022. During 2021, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $ 12.3 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $ 438,850 for 2021.

 -96-

 Information regarding activity in our stock option plans follows:

 Number of Options

 Weighted-Average Exercise

 Price Per Share

 Outstanding at December 31, 2020

 9,694,352

 $

 15.24

 Granted - 2021

 906,500

 14.39

 Exercised - 2021

 ( 946,646

)

 13.00

 Forfeited - 2021

 ( 404,664

)

 15.69

 Expired - 2021

 ( 1,139,816

)

 16.40

 Outstanding at December 31, 2021

 8,109,726

 15.22

 Granted - 2022

 956,600

 14.08

 Exercised - 2022

 ( 1,202,806

)

 14.50

 Forfeited - 2022

 ( 545,618

)

 15.35

 Expired - 2022

 ( 935,723

)

 16.81

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 6,382,179

 14.94

 Granted - 2023

 959,200

 13.87

 Exercised - 2023

 ( 493,866

)

 13.79

 Forfeited - 2023

 ( 379,288

)

 15.29

 Expired - 2023

 ( 1,415,897

)

 15.81

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 5,052,328

 $

 14.58

 Exercisable at:

 December 31, 2021

 6,297,849

 $

 15.43

 December 31, 2022

 4,627,630

 $

 15.21

 December 31, 2023

 3,234,327

 $

 14.90

 Shares available for future option grants at December 31, 2023 totaled 569,540
 shares under all plans.

 The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023:

 Grant Date

 Exercise Price

 Number of Options Outstanding

 Weighted-Average

 Remaining

 Contractual Life

 Number of Options Exercisable

 December 18, 2014

 $

 15.80

 883,839

 1.0 years

 883,839

 December 19, 2019

 14.98

 819,765

 1.0 years

 819,765

 December 17, 2020

 14.43

 701,024

 2.0 years

 701,024

 January 4, 2021

 14.07

 10,000

 2.0 years

 10,000

 December 16, 2021

 14.39

 764,500

 3.0 years

 509,666

 February 9, 2022

 14.15

 2,000

 3.1 years

 2,000

 April 18, 2022

 13.28

 10,000

 3.3 years

 6,667

 December 15, 2022

 14.09

 904,100

 4.0 years

 301,366

 December 21, 2023

 13.87

 957,100

 5.0 years

 —

 Total

 5,052,328

 3,234,327

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 Since 1996, we have maintained an Employee Stock Purchase Plan. During 2011, we adopted a plan that
 made 300,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance, which we amended in 2019 to make 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance. The 2011 plan expired during 2021. During 2021, we adopted a new plan that made 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance and extends over a 10 -year period. The plan provides for shares to be offered to all eligible employees at a purchase price equal to the lesser of 85 % of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day before the first day of each enrollment period (June 1 and December 1 of each year) under the plan or 85 % of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day of each subscription period (June 30 and December 31 of each year).

 -97-

 A summary of plan activity follows:

 Shares Issued

 Price

 Shares

 January 1, 2021

 $

 11.96

 23,336

 July 1, 2021

 11.88

 24,619

 January 1, 2022

 12.15

 24,907

 July 1, 2022

 11.56

 23,454

 January 1, 2023

 12.07

 26,545

 July 1, 2023

 12.27

 28,912

 On January 1, 2024, we issued 29,787 shares at a price of
 $ 11.89 per share under this plan.

 Agency Stock Purchase Plan

 Since 1996, we have
 maintained an Agency Stock Purchase Plan. During 2018, we adopted a plan that made 350,000 shares of our Class A common stock available
 for issuance to agents of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. During 2021, we amended the 2018 plan to make 400,000 shares of
 our Class A common stock available for issuance. The 2018 plan expired in 2021. During 2021, we adopted a new plan that made 500,000
 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance to agents of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The plan permits an agent to invest up to $ 12,000 per subscription period (April 1 to September 30 and October 1 to March 31 of each year) under various methods. We issue stock at the end of each subscription period at a price equal
 to 90 % of the average market price during the last ten trading days of each subscription period. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we issued 86,469,
 104,393 and 99,828
 shares, respectively, under this plan. The expense we recognized under this plan was not material.

 14 - Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions

 The following table presents selected information, as filed with state insurance regulatory authorities, for our insurance subsidiaries as determined in accordance with
 accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such insurance regulatory authorities:

 -98-

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Atlantic States:

 Statutory capital and surplus

 $

 273,626,140

 $

 263,579,356

 $

 278,883,189

 Statutory unassigned surplus

 167,301,333

 158,056,862

 174,073,348

 Statutory net income (loss)

 7,193,716

 ( 3,124,687

)

 ( 7,417,845

)

 MICO:

 Statutory capital and surplus

 71,608,571

 75,441,871

 75,197,207

 Statutory unassigned surplus

 49,582,271

 53,422,483

 53,201,571

 Statutory net income (loss)

 3,298,940

 ( 233,391

)

 7,704,417

 Peninsula:

 Statutory capital and surplus

 50,398,403

 52,234,684

 47,867,789

 Statutory unassigned surplus

 32,089,203

 33,925,484

 29,558,589

 Statutory net income

 4,121,754

 4,192,697

 3,536,404

 Southern:

 Statutory capital and surplus

 68,041,175

 64,463,124

 64,238,221

 Statutory unassigned surplus

 ( 8,907,602

)

 7,523,951

 7,330,382

 Statutory net (loss) income

 ( 16,927,267

)

 ( 410,561

)

 6,927,576

 Our principal source of cash for payment of dividends is dividends from our insurance subsidiaries. State insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain
 certain minimum capital and surplus amounts on a statutory basis. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance
 regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements that may further impact their ability to pay dividends. Our insurance subsidiaries' statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2023
 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Amounts available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries
 without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities in 2024 are approximately $ 27.4 million from Atlantic States, $ 7.2 million from MICO and $ 5.0 million
 from Peninsula, or a total of approximately $ 39.6 million.

 15 - Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Our insurance subsidiaries must file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities using accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted
 by those authorities. We refer to these accounting principles and practices as statutory accounting principles ("SAP"). Accounting principles used to prepare these SAP financial statements differ from those used to prepare financial statements on
 the basis of GAAP.

 Reconciliations of statutory net (loss) income and capital and surplus, as determined using SAP, to the net income (loss) and stockholders' equity amounts included in
 the accompanying consolidated financial statements are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Statutory net (loss) income of insurance subsidiaries

 $

 ( 2,312,857

)

 $

 424,058

 $

 10,750,552

 Increases (decreases):

 1,873,174

 5,141,857

 8,871,415

 Deferred federal income taxes

 ( 229,397

)

 2,958,735

 ( 1,085,903

)

 Salvage and subrogation recoverable

 3,644,800

 5,195,800

 2,551,800

 Consolidating eliminations and adjustments

 ( 10,574,579

)

 ( 14,791,466

)

 ( 18,769

)

 Parent-only net income (loss)

 12,024,363

 ( 888,389

)

 4,185,079

 $

 $

)

 $

 -99-

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Statutory capital and surplus of insurance subsidiaries

 $

 463,674,289

 $

 455,719,035

 $

 466,186,406

 Increases (decreases):

 75,043,404

 73,170,230

 68,028,373

 Deferred federal income taxes

 ( 13,072,768

)

 ( 23,794,084

)

 ( 21,294,388

)

 Salvage and subrogation recoverable

 32,351,000

 28,706,200

 23,510,400

 Non-admitted assets and other adjustments, net

 1,328,142

 712,623

 929,862

 ( 41,036,366

)

 ( 49,367,986

)

 5,958,434

 Parent-only equity and other adjustments

 ( 38,542,347

)

 ( 1,553,006

)

 ( 12,283,000

)

 Stockholders' equity

 $

 479,745,354

 $

 483,593,012

 $

 531,036,087

 16 - Supplementary Cash Flow Information

 The following table reflects net income taxes and interest we paid during 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income taxes

 $

 —

 $

 4,500,000

 $

 6,200,000

 Interest

 618,519

 623,947

 1,150,211

 -100-

 17 - Earnings Per Share

 We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to be paid cash dividends
 that are at least 10 % higher than the cash dividends we pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for
 the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining
 undistributed earnings using a participation percentage reflecting the dividend rights of each class.

 We present below a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class A common stock:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Basic earnings (loss) per share:

 Numerator:

 Allocation of net income (loss)

 $

 3,788

 $

 ( 1,571

)

 $

 21,131

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average shares outstanding

 27,469

 26,409

 25,388

 Basic earnings (loss) per share

 $

 0.14

 $

 ( 0.06

)

 $

 0.83

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share:

 Numerator:

 Allocation of net income (loss)

 $

 3,788

 $

 ( 1,571

)

 $

 21,131

 Denominator:

 Number of shares used in basic computation

 27,469

 26,409

 25,388

 Weighted-average effect of dilutive securities

 Add: Director and employee stock options

 —

 Number of shares used in per share computations

 27,563

 26,409

 25,534

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 $

 0.14

 $

 ( 0.06

)

 $

 0.83

 We used the following information in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class B common stock:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share:

 Numerator:

 Allocation of net income (loss)

 $

 $

 ( 388

)

 $

 4,123

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average shares outstanding

 5,577

 5,577

 5,577

 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share

 $

 0.11

 $

 ( 0.07

)

 $

 0.74

 We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted loss per share for 2022 because we sustained a net loss for the period.

 -101-

 18 - Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

 Condensed Balance Sheets

 2023

 2022

 Assets

 Investment in subsidiaries/affiliates (equity method)

 $

 506,855

 $

 509,513

 Short-term investments

 1,469

 7,325

 Cash

 8,043

 3,288

 Property and equipment

 Other

 4,866

 4,589

 Total assets

 $

 521,737

 $

 525,301

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Liabilities

 Cash dividends declared to stockholders

 $

 5,570

 $

 5,297

 Notes payable to subsidiary

 Other

 1,422

 1,411

 Total liabilities

 41,992

 41,708

 Stockholders' equity

 479,745

 483,593

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 521,737

 $

 525,301

 Condensed Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Statements of Income (Loss)

 Revenues

 Dividends from subsidiaries

 $

 13,000

 $

 —

 $

 5,000

 Other

 Total revenues

 13,638

 5,481

 Operating expenses

 1,202

 1,245

 1,223

 Interest

 Total expenses

 1,989

 2,032

 2,010

 Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries

 11,649

 ( 1,506

)

 3,471

 Income tax benefit

 ( 375

)

 ( 618

)

 ( 714

)

 Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries

 12,024

 ( 888

)

 4,185

 Equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries

 ( 7,598

)

 ( 1,071

)

 21,069

 $

 4,426

 $

 ( 1,959

)

 $

 25,254

 Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 $

 4,426

 $

 ( 1,959

)

 $

 25,254

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 Unrealized gain (loss) - subsidiaries

 6,018

 ( 44,988

)

 ( 7,847

)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 6,018

 ( 44,988

)

 ( 7,847

)

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $

 10,444

 $

 ( 46,947

)

 $

 17,407

 -102-

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $

 4,426

 $

 ( 1,959

)

 $

 25,254

 Adjustments:

 Equity in undistributed net loss (income) of subsidiaries

 7,598

 1,071

 ( 21,069

)

 Other

 ( 168

)

 ( 1,972

)

 ( 536

)

 Net adjustments

 7,430

 ( 901

)

 ( 21,605

)

 Net cash provided (used)

 11,856

 ( 2,860

)

 3,649

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Net sale (purchases) of short-term investments

 5,856

 ( 7,316

)

 —

 Net purchase of property and equipment

 ( 45

)

 —

 ( 13

)

 Investment in subsidiaries

 ( 819

)

 ( 768

)

 ( 916

)

 Other

 ( 28

)

 —

 Net cash received (used)

 5,022

 ( 8,112

)

 ( 929

)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Cash dividends paid

 ( 21,894

)

 ( 20,503

)

 ( 19,099

)

 Issuance of common stock

 9,771

 20,388

 15,433

 Net cash used

 ( 12,123

)

 ( 115

)

 ( 3,666

)

 Net change in cash

 4,755

 ( 11,087

)

 ( 946

)

 Cash at beginning of year

 3,288

 14,375

 15,321

 Cash at end of year

 $

 8,043

 $

 3,288

 $

 14,375

 19 - Segment Information

 We have three reportable segments, which consist of our
 investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. Using independent agents, our insurance subsidiaries market commercial lines of insurance to small and medium-sized businesses and personal lines of
 insurance to individuals.

 We evaluate the performance of the commercial lines and personal lines primarily based upon our insurance subsidiaries' underwriting results as determined under SAP for
 our total business.

 We do not allocate assets to the commercial and personal lines and review the two segments in total for purposes of decision-making. We operate only in the United
 States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues.

 -103-

 Financial data by segment is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues:

 Premiums earned:

 $

 533,029

 $

 521,227

 $

 478,966

 349,042

 301,263

 297,049

 GAAP premiums earned

 882,071

 822,490

 776,015

 Investment gains (losses)

 3,173

 ( 10,185

)

 6,477

 Other

 1,241

 1,900

 2,848

 Total revenues

 $

 927,338

 $

 848,221

 $

 816,466

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income (loss) before income taxes:

 Underwriting (loss) income:

 $

 ( 6,998

)

 $

 ( 22,665

)

 $

 ( 35,174

)

 ( 35,118

)

 ( 13,506

)

 17,235

 SAP underwriting loss

 ( 42,116

)

 ( 36,171

)

 ( 17,939

)

 GAAP adjustments

 3,735

 8,667

 9,945

 GAAP underwriting loss

 ( 38,381

)

 ( 27,504

)

 ( 7,994

)

 Investment gains (losses)

 3,173

 ( 10,185

)

 6,477

 Other

 ( 582

)

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 $

 5,063

 $

 ( 3,638

)

 $

 30,339

 20 - Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments

 Our insurance subsidiaries' liabilities for guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments were $ 1.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. These liabilities included $ 702,261
 and $ 663,883 related to surcharges collected by our insurance subsidiaries on behalf of regulatory authorities for 2023 and 2022,
 respectively.

 21 - Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 Pursuant to new accounting guidance we adopted on January 1, 2023, we make estimates
 with respect to the potential impairment of financial instruments and recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. We refer to Note 2 - Impact of New Accounting Standards for more
 information regarding the new accounting guidance. We have established allowances for expected credit losses with respect to held-to-maturity debt securities and reinsurance recoverable.

 Held-to-Maturity

 Debt Securities

 For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit
 losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit
 standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our
 results of operations.

 -104-

 The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as
 held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and changes in the allowance for expected credit
 losses for 2023.

 At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 Balance at beginning of period

 $

 688,439

 $

 —

 Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses

 1,268

 Current period change for expected credit losses

 Balance at end of period

 $

 679,497

 $

 1,326

 Reinsurance

 Receivable

 For reinsurance receivable, we establish an allowance for expected credit losses
 based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions,
 to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations.

 The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the
 allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for 2023.

 At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 Balance at beginning of period

 $

 456,522

 $

 —

 Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses

 1,132

 Current period change for expected credit losses

 Balance at end of period

 $

 441,431

 $

 1,394

 -105-

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Donegal Group Inc.:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Donegal Group Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December
 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement
 schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the
 results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB),
 the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of
 Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 6, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
 responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with
 the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit
 to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the
 consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated
 financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our
 audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial
 statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging,
 subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below,
 providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Estimate of Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

 As discussed in Notes 1 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the liabilities
 for losses and loss expenses (reserves) through an internal reserve analysis that relies upon generally accepted actuarial practices. The Company develops reserve estimates by line of business and, as experience emerges and other information
 develops, the reserve estimates are assessed in aggregate and adjusted as necessary. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a liability of $1.126 billion for reserves.

 -106-

 We identified the evaluation of the estimate of reserves as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the
 Company's estimate of reserves involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainties in the use of actuarial methods and assumptions, which considered internal and external factors. Assumptions included the selection of loss
 development factors, a priori ratios, and the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used. Evaluating the actuarial methods and assumptions required specialized skills and
 auditor judgment.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated, with
 the involvement of actuarial professionals, when appropriate, the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's reserving process. These included controls related to the Company's actuarial
 analyses and determination of the Company's estimate of recorded reserves. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

 •

 evaluating the Company's actuarial methods by comparing them to generally accepted actuarial practices

 •

 developing an independent estimate of reserves for certain lines of business using methods consistent with generally accepted actuarial practices by independently forming assumptions of loss
 development factors, a priori ratios, and the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used, considering internal and external factors

 •

 assessing the Company's internal actuarial analysis for certain lines of business by reviewing the assumptions and actuarial methods used, which included the selection of loss development
 factors, a priori ratios, and the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used, considering internal and external factors

 •

 developing a range of reserves and comparing to the Company's recorded reserves and assessing movement of the Company's recorded reserves within that range.

 We or our predecessor firms have served as the Company's auditor since 1986.

 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 -107-

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules
 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at December 31, 2023 covered by this Form 10-K Report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at December 31, 2023, our disclosure
 controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act and our disclosure controls and
 procedures are also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer,
 to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the
 participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, our management has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the "COSO Framework"). Based on our evaluation under the COSO Framework, our
 management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2023.

 The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report, which is included in this
 Form 10-K Report.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Donegal Mutual implemented a new application system that Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries began to utilize during 2021 for the allocation of expenses and, beginning in 2022, for reinsurance premiums and
 commissions. Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries expanded the utilization of this application system in 2023 to include the preparation of financial statements based on statutory accounting principles, or SAP, that state insurance
 regulators prescribe or permit. The SAP financial statements of our insurance subsidiaries serve as the starting point for our financial statements prepared using GAAP. The new application system provides for further automation of, and enhanced
 internal controls over, these processes. The implementation of the new system is part of a multi-year accounting systems and process modernization initiative Donegal Mutual is implementing to achieve various benefits for Donegal Mutual and our
 insurance subsidiaries, including streamlined financial reporting workflows and a more efficient control environment.

 Such changes resulted in changes to procedures related to our financial reporting. Prior to the implementation of the new systems, we identified and designed new internal controls that we incorporated into our internal
 controls over financial reporting. Following the implementation, we validated these new controls according to our established processes. We did not implement these changes in internal controls to respond to any actual or perceived significant
 deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting.

 -108-

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 Trading Arrangements of Directors and Executive Officers

 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading
 arrangement," as each term is defined in item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 -109-

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

 Donegal Group Inc.:

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Donegal Group Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control –
 Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of
 December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and December 31,
 2022, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III
 (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 6, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the
 accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with
 the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial
 reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and
 testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides
 a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external
 purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately
 and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted
 accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection
 of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that
 controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 -110-

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Other than the information we provide below and the information regarding executive officers included in Part I of this Form 10-K Report, we incorporate the response to this Item 10 by reference to our proxy statement we
 will file with the SEC on or about March 17, 2023 relating to our annual meeting of stockholders that we will hold on April 18, 2024, or our Proxy Statement.

 We incorporate the full text of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by reference to Exhibit 14 to this Form 10-K Report.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 We incorporate the response to this Item 11 by reference to our Proxy Statement. Neither the Report of our Compensation Committee nor the Report of our Audit Committee included in our Proxy Statement shall constitute or
 be deemed to constitute a filing with the SEC under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or be deemed to have been incorporated by reference into any filing we make under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically
 incorporate the Report of Our Compensation Committee or the Report of Our Audit Committee by reference.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 We incorporate the response to this Item 12 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 We incorporate the response to this Item 13 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 We incorporate the response to this Item 14 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

 -111-

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a)

 Financial statements, financial statement schedule and exhibits filed:

 (i)

 Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries:

 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the years in the three-year period
 ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023,
 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report and Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 (Filed as Exhibit 23.1)

 (b)

 Financial Statement Schedule

 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 We have omitted all other schedules since they are not required, not applicable or the information is included in the financial statements or notes to the financial statements.

 (c)

 Exhibits

 Exhibit No.

 Description of Exhibits

 Reference

 3.1

 Certificate of Incorporation of Donegal Group Inc., as amended.

 (i)

 3.2

 Second Amended and Restated By-laws of Donegal Group Inc.

 (q)

 3.3

 State of Delaware Certificate of Change of Registered Agent and/or Registered Office

 (r)

 4.1

 Description of Donegal Group Inc's Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.

 (m)

 Management Contracts and Compensatory Plans or Arrangements

 10.1

 Donegal Group Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.

 (g)

 10.2

 Donegal Group Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.

 (g)

 10.3

 Employment Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and
 Kevin G. Burke.

 (l)

 10.4

 Employment Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and
 Jeffrey D. Miller.

 (l)

 10.5

 Form of Employment Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group
 Inc. and Our Executive Officers Other Than Kevin G. Burke and Jeffrey D. Miller.

 (s)

 10.6

 Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (a)

 -112-

 10.7

 Amendment No. 1 effective January 1, 2000 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (a)

 10.8

 Amendment No. 2 effective January 6, 2000 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (b)

 10.9

 Amendment No. 3 effective July 23, 2001 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (b)

 10.10

 Amendment No. 4 effective January 1, 2002 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (b)

 10.11

 Amendment No. 5 effective December 31, 2001 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (b)

 10.12

 Amendment No. 6 effective July 1, 2002 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.

 (c)

 10.13

 Donegal Group Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.

 (h)

 10.14

 Donegal Group Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.

 (h)

 10.15

 Donegal Group Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.

 (j)

 10.16

 Donegal Group Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.

 (j)

 10.17

 Donegal Group Inc. 2020 Long-Term Executive Incentive Plan.

 (k)

 10.18

 Donegal Group Inc. Cash Incentive Bonus Plan for 2021.

 (m)

 10.19

 Donegal Group Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

 (n)

 10.20

 Donegal Group Inc. Cash Incentive Bonus Plan for 2022.

 (p)

 10.21

 Donegal Group Inc. Cash Incentive Bonus Plan for 2023.

 (s)

 10.22

 Donegal Group Inc. Cash Incentive Bonus Plan for 2024.

 10.23

 Donegal Group Inc. 2023 Long-Term Executive Incentive Plan.

 (s)

 Other Material Contracts

 10.24

 Amended and Restated Proportional Reinsurance Agreement dated March 1, 2010 between Donegal Mutual Insurance
 Company and Atlantic States Insurance Company.

 (e)

 10.25

 Amended and Restated Tax Sharing Agreement dated December 1, 2010 among Donegal Group Inc., Atlantic States
 Insurance Company, Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, Le Mars Insurance Company, The Peninsula Insurance Company, Peninsula Indemnity Company and Michigan Insurance Company.

 (f)

 10.26

 Amended and Restated Services Allocation Agreement dated September 1, 2021 among Donegal Mutual Insurance
 Company, Donegal Group Inc., Atlantic States Insurance Company, Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, The Peninsula Insurance Company, Peninsula Indemnity Company and Michigan Insurance Company.

 (p)

 10.27

 Quota-share Reinsurance Agreement dated December 1, 2010 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Michigan
 Insurance Company.

 (f)

 10.28

 Donegal Group Inc. 2021 Agency Stock Purchase Plan.

 (o)

 10.29

 Discretionary Loan Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and M&T Bank dated August 1, 2020.

 (m)

 10.30

 Amendment to Discretionary Loan Agreement
 between Donegal Group Inc. and M&T Bank dated September 24, 2021 - terms effective as of June 30, 2023 benchmark transition event.

 (t)

 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

 (d)

 Subsidiaries of Registrant.

 23.1

 Report and Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 31.1

 Rule 13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 31.2

 Rule 13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 -113-

 32.1

 Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 32.2

 Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 97.1

 Donegal Group Inc. Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy.

 Exhibit 101.INS

 Exhibit 101.SCH

 Exhibit 101.PRE

 Exhibit 101.CAL

 Exhibit 101.LAB

 Exhibit 101.DEF

 (a)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 1999.

 (b)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2001.

 (c)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2002.

 (d)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2003.

 (e)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2009.

 (f)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2010.

 (g)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 8-K Report dated April 22, 2013.

 (h)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the copy of such plan in Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 16, 2015 filed on March 16, 2015.

 (i)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2019.

 (j)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the copy of such plan in Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 18, 2019 filed on March 18, 2019.

 (k)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2019.

 (l)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 8-K Report dated October 1, 2020.

 (m)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2020.

 (n)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the copy of such plan in Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 15, 2021 filed on March 15, 2021.

 (o)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form S-3 Registration Statement filed on September 30, 2021.

 (p)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 (q)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 8-K Report dated July 22, 2022.

 (r)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 8-K Report dated August 10, 2022.

 (s)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 (t)

 We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2023.

 -114-

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 -115-

 DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

 Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 ($ in thousands)

 Segment

 Net

 Premiums

 Earned

 Net

 Investment

 Income

 Net Losses

 and Loss

 Amortization

 of Deferred

 Policy

 Acquisition

 Costs

 Other

 Underwriting

 Net

 Premiums

 Written

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $

 533,029

 $

 —

 $

 345,401

 $

 94,842

 $

 93,325

 $

 528,429

 349,042

 —

 263,777

 59,372

 58,423

 367,268

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 882,071

 $

 $

 609,178

 $

 154,214

 $

 151,748

 $

 895,697

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $

 521,227

 $

 —

 $

 342,456

 $

 91,965

 $

 89,056

 $

 530,846

 301,263

 —

 221,623

 50,465

 48,868

 312,684

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 822,490

 $

 $

 564,079

 $

 142,430

 $

 137,924

 $

 843,530

 Year Ended December 31, 2021

 $

 478,966

 $

 —

 $

 321,483

 $

 84,927

 $

 85,345

 $

 512,674

 297,049

 —

 199,227

 43,806

 44,023

 291,593

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 776,015

 $

 $

 520,710

 $

 128,733

 $

 129,368

 $

 804,267

 -116-

 DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION, CONTINUED

 ($ in thousands)

 At December 31,

 Segment

 Deferred

 Policy

 Acquisition

 Costs

 Liability

 For Losses

 and Loss

 Unearned

 Premiums

 Other Policy

 Claims and

 Benefits

 Payable

 2023

 $

 42,775

 $

 869,393

 $

 341,664

 $

 —

 32,268

 256,764

 257,747

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 75,043

 $

 $

 599,411

 $

 —

 2022

 $

 43,756

 $

 859,842

 $

 345,437

 $

 —

 29,414

 261,204

 232,216

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 $

 73,170

 $

 $

 577,653

 $

 —

 -117-

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 DONEGAL GROUP INC.

 By:

 /s/ Kevin G. Burke

 Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive

 Officer

 Date: March 6, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Kevin G. Burke

 President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director

 Kevin G. Burke

 (principal executive officer)

 /s/ Jeffrey D. Miller

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 Jeffrey D. Miller

 (principal financial and accounting officer)

 /s/ Scott A. Berlucchi

 Scott A. Berlucchi

 /s/ Dennis J. Bixenman

 Dennis J. Bixenman

 /s/ Jack L. Hess

 Jack L. Hess

 /s/ Barry C. Huber

 Barry C. Huber

 /s/ David C. King

 David C. King

 /s/ Kevin M. Kraft, Sr.

 Kevin M. Kraft, Sr.

 /s/ Jon M. Mahan

 Jon M. Mahan

 /s/ S. Trezevant Moore, Jr.

 S. Trezevant Moore, Jr.

 /s/ Annette B. Szady

 Annette B. Szady

 /s/ Richard D. Wampler, II

 Richard D. Wampler, II

 -118-