UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 Form 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from __ to __
 Commission file number: 001-34814
 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Maryland
 27-2631712

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 700 South Kansas Avenue,
 Topeka,
 Kansas
 66603

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code:
 ( 785) 235-1341
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 CFFN
 The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer
 Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the average of the closing bid and asked price of such stock on the NASDAQ Stock Market as of March 31, 2024, was $ 772.2 million.
 As of November 21, 2024, there were issued and outstanding 132,774,365 shares of the Registrant's common stock.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Part III of Form 10-K - Portions of the proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders for the year ended September 30, 2024.

 Page No.

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 SIGNATURES

 Private Securities Litigation Reform Act-Safe Harbor Statement

 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. (the "Company"), and Capitol Federal Savings Bank ("Capitol Federal Savings" or the "Bank"), may from time to time make written or oral "forward-looking statements," including statements contained in documents filed or furnished by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These forward-looking statements may be included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the exhibits attached to it, in the Company's reports to stockholders, in the Company's press releases, and in other communications by the Company, which are made in good faith pursuant to the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

 These forward-looking statements include statements about our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The words "may," "could," "should," "would," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "plan" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions expressed in the forward-looking statements:

 • our ability to maintain overhead costs at reasonable levels;
 • our ability to attain a sufficient volume of one- to four-family loans in order to maintain the balance of that portfolio at a level desired by management;
 • our ability to invest funds in wholesale or secondary markets at favorable yields compared to the related funding source;
 • our ability to access cost-effective funding and maintain sufficient liquidity;
 • our ability to extend our commercial banking and trust asset management expertise across our market areas;
 • fluctuations in deposit flows;
 • transactions or activities that would result in the recapture of base-year, tax basis bad debt reserves;
 • the future earnings and capital levels of the Bank, the impact of pre-1998 bad debt recapture and the continued non-objection by our primary federal banking regulators, to the extent required, to distribute capital from the Bank to the Company, which could affect the Company's income tax expense and the Company's ability to pay dividends in accordance with its dividend policy and/or repurchase shares;
 • the strength of the U.S. economy in general and the strength and/or the availability of labor in the local economies in which we conduct operations, including areas where we have purchased large amounts of correspondent loans, originated commercial loans, and entered into commercial loan participations;
 • changes in real estate values, unemployment levels, general economic trends, and the level and direction of loan delinquencies and charge-offs may require changes in the estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses ("ACL"), which may adversely affect our business;
 • increases in classified and/or non-performing assets, which may require the Bank to increase the ACL, charge-off loans and incur elevated collection and carrying costs related to such non-performing assets;
 • results of examinations of the Bank and the Company by their respective primary federal banking regulators, including the possibility that the regulators may, among other things, require us to increase our ACL;
 • changes in accounting principles, policies, or guidelines;
 • the effects of, and changes in, monetary and interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("FRB");
 • the effects of, and changes in, trade and fiscal policies and laws of the United States government;
 • the effects of, and changes in, foreign and military policies of the United States government;
 • inflation, interest rate, market, monetary, and currency fluctuations and the effects of a potential economic recession or slower economic growth;
 • the impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks and related negative press about the banking industry in general on investor or depositor sentiment;
 • the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and the perceived overall value of these products and services by users, including the features, pricing, and quality compared to competitors' products and services;
 • the willingness of users to substitute competitors' products and services for our products and services;
 • our success in gaining regulatory approval of our products and services and branching locations, when required;
 • the impact of interpretations of, and changes in, financial services laws and regulations, including laws concerning taxes, banking, securities, consumer protection, trust and insurance and the impact of other governmental initiatives affecting the financial services industry;
 • the ability to attract and retain skilled employees;

 • implementing business initiatives may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated;
 • significant litigation;
 • technological changes;
 • our ability to maintain the security of our financial, accounting, technology, and other operating systems and facilities, including the ability to withstand cyberattacks;
 • changes in consumer spending, borrowing and saving habits; and
 • our success at managing the risks involved in our business.

 This list of factors is not all inclusive. See "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" for a discussion of risks and uncertainties related to our business that could adversely impact our operations and/or financial results. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company or the Bank.

 As used in this Form 10-K, unless we specify or the context indicates otherwise, "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. a Maryland corporation, and its subsidiaries. "Capitol Federal Savings," and "the Bank," refer to Capitol Federal Savings Bank, a federal savings bank and the wholly-owned subsidiary of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.

 Item 1. Business

 General

 The Company is a Maryland corporation with its common stock traded on the Global Select tier of the NASDAQ Stock Market. The Bank is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and is a federally chartered and insured savings bank headquartered in Topeka, Kansas. We have been, and intend to continue to be, a community-oriented financial institution offering a variety of financial services to meet the needs of the communities we serve.

 We attract deposits primarily from the general public and from businesses, and invest those funds primarily in permanent loans secured by first mortgages on owner-occupied, one- to four-family residences and in commercial loans, either secured by real estate or for commercial and industrial purposes. We also participate with other lenders in commercial loans, and have purchased loans primarily secured by mortgages on one- to four-family residences. The Bank also invests in certain investment securities and mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") using funding from deposits and Federal Home Loan Bank of Topeka ("FHLB") borrowings.

 We offer a variety of deposit accounts having a wide range of interest rates and terms, which generally include savings accounts, money market accounts, interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing checking accounts, and certificates of deposit with terms ranging from 91 days to 120 months. The Bank offers a suite of treasury management services designed to support business customers in managing their financial operations efficiently and securely. Our treasury management solutions include cash flow optimization, fraud prevention tools, and payment services tailored to meet the needs of commercial clients. By leveraging these services, we help businesses streamline their operations, reduce financial risk, and maximize liquidity while helping the Bank gather deposit and fee income.

 The Company's results of operations are primarily dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on loans, securities, and cash, and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. On a weekly basis, management reviews deposit flows, loan demand, cash levels, and changes in several market interest rates to assess all pricing strategies. The Bank's pricing strategy for first mortgage loan products includes setting interest rates based on secondary market prices and competitor pricing for our local lending markets. Pricing for commercial loans is generally based on competitor pricing and the credit risk of the borrower with consideration given to the overall relationship of the borrower. Generally, deposit pricing is based upon a survey of competitors in the Bank's market areas, and the need to attract funding and retain maturing deposits.

 The Company is significantly affected by prevailing economic conditions, including federal monetary and fiscal policies and federal regulation of financial institutions. Deposit balances are influenced by a number of factors, including interest rates paid on competing investment products, the level of personal income, and the personal rate of savings within our market

 areas. Lending activities are influenced by the demand for housing and business activity levels, our loan underwriting guidelines compared to those of our competitors, as well as the interest rate environment and interest rate pricing competition from other lending institutions.
 Management Strategy

 We seek to provide qualified borrowers the broadest possible access to home ownership through our mortgage lending programs and to offer a complete set of personal and commercial banking products and services to our customers. We strive to enhance stockholder value while maintaining a strong capital position. To achieve these goals, we focus on the following strategies:

 • Lending. We are one of the leading originators of one- to four-family loans in the state of Kansas. We originate these loans primarily for our own portfolio, and we service the loans we originate. Historically, we purchased one- to four-family loans from correspondent lenders but recently suspended that activity for balance sheet management purposes. We offer several commercial lending options and participate in commercial loans with other lenders, both locally and outside our market areas. We offer both fixed- and adjustable-rate products with various terms to maturity and pricing options. We maintain strong relationships with local real estate agents to attract loan business. We rely on our marketing efforts and customer service reputation to attract business from walk-in customers, customers that apply online, and existing customers. Our business development efforts help to bring new business relationships to the Bank.
 • Deposit Services. We offer a wide array of retail and business deposit products and services. These products include checking, savings, money market, certificates of deposit, and retirement accounts. We also offer Treasury Management solutions tailored to meet the needs of our commercial clients. Our deposit services are provided through our network of traditional branches and retail in-store locations, our call center (which operates on extended hours), mobile banking, telephone banking, and online banking and bill payment services.
 • Cost Control. We generally are effective at controlling our costs of operations. We centralize our loan servicing and deposit support functions for efficient processing. We serve a broad range of customers through relatively few branch locations. Our average deposit base per traditional branch at September 30, 2024 was approximately $128.7 million. This large average deposit base per branch helps to control costs. Our one- to four-family lending strategy and our effective management of credit risk allow us to service a large portfolio of loans at efficient levels because it costs less to service a portfolio of performing loans. We recognize it is more expensive to offer a full suite of commercial products and services, but we will continue our efforts to control those costs. The Bank continues to invest in its infrastructure, which can increase costs.
 • Asset Quality. We utilize underwriting standards for all of our lending products, including the loans we purchase and participate in, that are designed to limit our exposure to credit risk. We require complete documentation for both originated and purchased loans, and make credit decisions based on our assessment of the borrower's ability to repay the loan in accordance with its terms. Additionally, we monitor the asset quality of existing loans and strive to work proactively with customers who face challenging financial conditions.
 • Capital Position. Our policy has always been to protect the safety and soundness of the Bank through credit and operational risk management, balance sheet strength, and sound operations. The end result of these activities has been capital ratios that meet or exceed the well-capitalized standards set by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"). We believe that maintaining a strong capital position safeguards the long-term interests of the Bank, the Company, and our stockholders.
 • Stockholder Value. We strive to provide stockholder value while maintaining a strong capital position. We continue to generate returns to stockholders through dividend payments and share repurchases. Total dividends declared and paid during fiscal year 2024 were $44.5 million. The Company repurchased 3,280,110 shares for $19.3 million during fiscal year 2024, which all occurred in the first half of the year. The Company's cash dividend payout policy is reviewed quarterly by management and the Board of Directors, and the ability to pay dividends under the policy depends upon a number of factors, including the Company's financial condition and results of operations, regulatory capital requirements, regulatory limitations on the Bank's ability to make capital distributions to the Company, and the amount of cash at the holding company level. For fiscal year 2025, it is the current intention of the Board of Directors to continue the regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.085 per share.

 • Interest Rate Risk Management. Changes in interest rates are our primary market risk as our balance sheet is almost entirely comprised of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Therefore, fluctuations in interest rates have a significant impact not only upon our net income but also upon the cash flows related to those assets and liabilities and the market value of our assets and liabilities. In order to maintain what we believe to be acceptable levels of net interest income in varying interest rate environments, we actively manage our interest rate risk and assume a moderate amount of interest rate risk consistent with policies approved by the Board of Directors.

 Market Area and Competition

 Our corporate office is located in Topeka, Kansas. As of September 30, 2024, we had a network of 48 branches (44 traditional branches and four in-store branches) located in nine counties throughout Kansas and three counties in Missouri. We primarily serve the metropolitan areas of Topeka, Wichita, Lawrence, Manhattan, Emporia, and Salina, Kansas and a portion of the metropolitan area of greater Kansas City.

 Competition in originating one- to four-family and consumer loans and attracting retail deposits primarily comes from local, regional, and national banks, savings institutions, credit unions, mortgage brokerage firms, investment banking and brokerage firms, and online competitors that are not confined to any specific market area. The Bank has consistently been one of the top originators of residential one- to four-family loans in the state of Kansas. This has been achieved through strong relationships with real estate agents and targeted marketing campaigns which emphasize the strength of Capitol Federal's brand, competitive pricing, and the Bank's history as a portfolio lender. The Bank offers a diversified retail deposit product line, and trust and brokerage services. Management considers our well-established banking network and our reputation for financial strength and customer service to be major factors in our success at attracting and retaining customers in our market areas. The Bank ranked third in deposit market share, at 6.1%, in the state of Kansas as reported in the June 30, 2024 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") "Summary of Deposits - Market Share Report."

 There is similarly intense competition for quality commercial lending relationships in the areas we serve. Larger national, regional and local financial institutions, as well as credit unions, farm credit lenders, commercial finance companies, insurance companies, and other non-bank lenders have increased their presence in our market areas, ultimately placing downward pressure on pricing. We also compete with smaller local financial institutions that may have aggressive pricing and unique terms. We compete in a number of ways including customer service, quality of execution, range of products offered, price and reputation among others. While we provide competitive interest rates on both deposit and lending products, we believe that we can compete most successfully by focusing on the financial needs of growing companies and small and middle-market businesses, pairing these companies with experienced relationship managers who can offer a broad range of customized services, digital platforms and sophisticated cash management tools tailored to their business through our Treasury Management solutions.

 Available Information

 Our website address is www.capfed.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports can be obtained free of charge from our website. These reports are available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. These reports are also available on the SEC's website at

 Regulation and Supervision

 The Bank is examined and regulated by the OCC, its primary regulator, and its deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF"), which is administered by the FDIC. The Company, as a savings and loan holding company, is examined and regulated by the FRB.

 Set forth below is a description of certain laws and regulations that are applicable to the Company and the Bank. This description is intended as a brief summary of selected features of such laws and regulations and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the laws and regulations applicable to the Company and the Bank.

 General. The Bank, as a federally chartered savings bank, is subject to regulation and oversight by the OCC in all aspects of its operations. This regulation and oversight of the Bank is intended for the protection of depositors and other customers and not for the purpose of protecting the Company's stockholders. The investment and lending authority of the Bank is prescribed by federal laws and regulations and the Bank is prohibited from engaging in any activities not permitted by such laws and regulations. The Bank and Company are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital and the Bank is subject to limitations on making capital distributions to the Company.

 The Company is a unitary savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the Home Owners' Loan Act ("HOLA"). As such, the Company is registered with the FRB and subject to FRB regulations, examinations, supervision, and reporting requirements. In addition, the FRB has enforcement authority over the Company. Among other things, this authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities by the Company that are determined to be a serious risk to the Bank.

 The enforcement authority of the OCC and of the FRB includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil monetary penalties, to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders, and to initiate injunctive actions. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely filed reports. Except under certain circumstances, public disclosure of final enforcement actions by the OCC or the FRB is required by law.

 As a federally chartered savings bank, the Bank is required to maintain a significant portion of its assets in residential housing-related loans and investments in at least nine months of the most recent 12-month period. An institution that fails to do so is immediately subject to restrictions on its operations, including a prohibition against capital distributions, except with the prior approval of both the OCC and the FRB. Failure to meet this qualification is a statutory violation subject to enforcement action. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank met the qualification.

 The Bank's relationship with its depositors and borrowers is regulated to a great extent by federal laws and regulations, especially in such matters as the ownership of savings accounts and the form and content of mortgage requirements. In addition, the branching authority of the Bank is regulated by the OCC. The Bank is generally authorized to branch nationwide.

 The Bank is subject to a statutory lending limit on aggregate loans to one person or a group of related persons. The general limit is 15% of the Bank's unimpaired capital and surplus, plus an additional 10% for loans fully secured by readily marketable collateral. At September 30, 2024, the Bank's lending limit under this restriction was $135.5 million. The Bank has no loans or loan relationships in excess of its lending limit. Loan commitments and loans outstanding to the Bank's largest borrowing relationship totaled $113.0 million at September 30, 2024, all of which was current according to its terms.

 The OCC has adopted guidelines establishing safety and soundness standards on matters such as loan underwriting and documentation, asset quality, earnings standards, internal controls and audit systems, interest rate risk exposure, and compensation and other employee benefits. The Bank is subject to periodic examinations by the OCC regarding these and related matters. During these examinations, the examiners may require the Bank to increase its ACL, change the classification of loans, and/or recognize additional charge-offs based on their judgments, which can impact our capital and earnings.

 Regulatory Capital Requirements. The Bank and the Company are required to maintain specified levels of regulatory capital under regulations of the OCC and FRB, respectively. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13. Regulatory Capital Requirements" for additional regulatory capital information. At September 30, 2024, the Bank was considered well capitalized under OCC regulations.

 The OCC can establish individual minimum capital requirements for a particular institution which vary from the capital levels that would otherwise be required under the applicable capital regulations based on such factors as concentrations of credit risk, levels of interest rate risk, the risks of non-traditional activities, and other circumstances. The OCC has not imposed any such requirements on the Bank.

 The OCC is authorized and, under certain circumstances, required to take certain actions against federal savings banks that are not adequately capitalized because they fail to meet the minimum requirements associated with their elected capital framework. Any such institution must submit a capital restoration plan for OCC approval and may be restricted in, among

 other things, increasing its assets, acquiring another institution, establishing a branch or engaging in any new activities, and may not make capital distributions. Institutions that are deemed by the OCC to be "critically undercapitalized" are subject to the appointment of a conservator or receiver. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank and the Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

 Limitations on Dividends and Other Capital Distributions. OCC regulations impose restrictions on savings institutions with respect to their ability to make distributions of capital, which include dividends, stock redemptions or repurchases, cash-out mergers and other transactions charged to the capital account. Under FRB and OCC safe harbor regulations, a savings institution generally may make capital distributions during any calendar year equal to net income of the previous two calendar years and current year-to-date net income (to the extent not previously distributed). A savings institution that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Company, that proposes to make a capital distribution must submit written notice to the OCC and FRB 30 days prior to such distribution. The OCC and FRB may object to the distribution during that 30-day period based on safety and soundness or other concerns. Savings institutions that desire to make a larger capital distribution, are under special restrictions, or are not, or would not be, sufficiently capitalized following a proposed capital distribution must file an application and obtain regulatory non-objection prior to making such a distribution.

 The long-term ability of the Company to pay dividends to its stockholders is based primarily upon the ability of the Bank to make capital distributions to the Company. So long as the Bank remains well capitalized after each capital distribution, and operates in a safe and sound manner, it is management's belief that the OCC and FRB will continue to allow the Bank to distribute its earnings to the Company, although no assurance can be given in this regard.
 Insurance of Accounts and Regulation by the FDIC. The Bank also is subject to regulation and examination by the FDIC, which insures the deposits of the Bank to the maximum extent permitted by law. The DIF of the FDIC insures deposit accounts in the Bank up to applicable limits, with a maximum amount of deposit insurance for banks and savings institutions of $250 thousand per separately insured deposit ownership right or category.

 The FDIC assesses deposit insurance premiums on all FDIC-insured institutions quarterly based on annualized rates. Under these rules, assessment rates for an institution with total assets of less than $10 billion are determined by capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity (CAMELS) composite ratings and certain financial ratios, and range from 2.5 to 32.0 basis points, subject to certain adjustments. Assessment rates for an institution with $10 billion or more in total assets are assigned an individual rate based on a scorecard that measures the institution's composite rating, ability to withstand asset-related and funding-related stress and the magnitude of potential losses to the FDIC in the event of failure. The current assessment rates were set in October 2022, when the FDIC adopted a final rule that increased the initial base deposit assessment rate schedule uniformly by two basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The increased assessment rate will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2%, absent further action by the FDIC's Board of Directors. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, the Bank paid $6.1 million in FDIC premiums. Assessment rates are applied to an institution's assessment base, which is its average consolidated total assets minus its average tangible equity during the assessment period.

 The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments in the future, and any significant increases could have a material adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Company. Management cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future. In a banking industry emergency, the FDIC may also impose a special assessment.

 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not know of any practice, condition, or violation that may lead to termination of our deposit insurance.

 Community Reinvestment and Consumer Protection Laws. In connection with its lending activities, the Bank is subject to a number of federal laws designed to protect borrowers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. These include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 ("SAFE Act"), and the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"). With respect to federal consumer protection laws, regulations are generally promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), but the OCC, rather than the CFPB, currently

 examines the Bank for compliance with such laws and regulations because the Bank's regulatory assets have yet to exceed $10 billion for four consecutive quarter-ends.

 The CRA requires the appropriate federal banking agency, in connection with its examination of an FDIC-insured institution, to assess its record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the institution, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The federal banking regulators take into account the institution's record of performance under the CRA when considering applications for mergers, acquisitions, and branches. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of outstanding, satisfactory, needs to improve, or substantial non-compliance. The Bank received a satisfactory rating in its most recently completed CRA evaluation.

 Bank Secrecy Act /Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws, including the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and regulations thereunder. These laws and regulations require the Bank to implement policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity and source of deposits and wealth of its customers. Violations of these laws and regulations can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution's anti-money laundering activities when reviewing mergers and acquisitions.

 Federal Reserve System. In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 ("COVID-19") pandemic, the FRB reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective March 26, 2020, to support lending to households and businesses. At September 30, 2024, the reserve requirement of zero percent was still in place.

 The Bank is authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank "discount window." An eligible institution need not exhaust other sources of funds before going to the discount window, nor are there restrictions on the purposes for which the institution can use primary credit. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had no outstanding borrowings from the discount window.

 In March 2023, the FRB created a Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") to make additional funding available to eligible depository institutions. Advances could have been requested under the BTFP until March 11, 2024. The BTFP offered loans up to one year in length that could be prepaid without penalty. The amount that could be borrowed under the BTFP was based upon the par value of the securities pledged as collateral to the FRB. At September 30, 2023, the Bank had $500.0 million of BTFP borrowings. In October 2023, the Bank paid off the $500.0 million of BTFP borrowings and did not enter into additional BTFP borrowings during fiscal year 2024.

 Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks, each of which serves as a reserve, or central bank, for its members within its assigned region and is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Federal Home Loan Banks make loans, called advances, to members and provide access to a line of credit in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had $2.18 billion of FHLB advances, at par. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Financial Statements – Note 8. Deposits and Borrowed Funds" for additional information regarding FHLB advances.

 As a member, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain capital stock in FHLB. The minimum required FHLB stock amount is generally 4.5% of the Bank's FHLB advances and outstanding balance against the FHLB line of credit, and 2% of the outstanding principal balance of loans sold into the Mortgage Partnership Finance Program. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had $101.2 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with the FHLB's stock requirement. In past years, the Bank has received dividends on its FHLB stock, although no assurance can be given that these dividends will continue. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for additional information regarding FHLB stock.

 Federal Savings and Loan Holding Company Regulation. The HOLA prohibits a savings and loan holding company (directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries) from acquiring another savings association, or holding company thereof, without prior written approval from the FRB; acquiring or retaining, with certain exceptions, more than 5% of a non-subsidiary savings association, a non-subsidiary holding company, or a non-subsidiary company engaged in activities other

 than those permitted by the HOLA; or acquiring or retaining control of a depository institution that is not federally insured. In evaluating applications by savings and loan holding companies to acquire savings associations, the FRB must consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the insurance funds, the convenience and needs of the community, competitive factors, and other factors.

 The FRB has long set forth in its regulations its "source of strength" policy, which requires bank holding companies to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress. This policy now also applies to savings and loan holding companies.

 Transactions with Affiliates. Transactions between the Bank and its affiliates are required to be on terms as favorable to the institution as transactions with non-affiliates. Certain of these transactions are restricted to a percentage of the Bank's capital, and, in the case of loans, require eligible collateral in specified amounts. The Bank may not lend to any affiliate engaged in activities not permissible for a bank holding company or purchase or invest in the securities of affiliates. In addition, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices and not involve the purchase of low-quality assets.

 Taxation

 Federal Taxation. The Company and the Bank are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations. The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The Company has not received notification from the Internal Revenue Service of any potential tax liability for any years still subject to audit. For federal income tax purposes, the Bank currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a fiscal year ending on September 30 for filing its federal income tax return. Changes to the corporate federal income tax rate would result in changes to the Company's effective income tax rate and would require the Company to remeasure its deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax rate in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

 Prior to the enactment of the Small Business Job Protection Act (the "1996 Act"), the Bank was permitted to deduct, up to a specified formula limit, a certain percentage of income as bad debts, for which the Bank was not required to establish a deferred tax liability. The difference between actual bad debts and the formula limit bad debt amount ("excess reserves") was recorded in the Bank's retained earnings. As a result of the 1996 Act, savings institutions, like the Bank, were required to use the specific charge-off method in computing bad debts on their tax returns beginning with their 1996 Federal tax returns. The 1996 Act required the recapture of excess reserves over the base year, which was September 30, 1988 for the Bank. The excess reserves established prior to September 30, 1988 remain in retained earnings ("pre-1988 bad debt reserves") subject to recapture by the Bank on the occurrence of certain distributions in excess of current earnings and profits accumulated in tax years beginning after December 31, 1951 ("accumulated earnings and profits"). The Bank had $75.9 million in pre-1988 bad debt reserves at September 30, 2024, which equates to an unrecorded deferred tax liability of $15.9 million. See additional discussion regarding the Bank's pre-1988 bad debt recapture in "Part IA. Risk Factors - Other Risks", "Part II. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023" and "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Income Taxes".

 State Taxation. The earnings/losses of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc., Capitol Funds, Inc. and Capital City Investments, Inc. are combined for purposes of filing a consolidated Kansas corporate tax return. The Kansas corporate tax rate is 4.0%, plus a surcharge of 3.0% on earnings greater than $50 thousand.

 The Bank files a Kansas privilege tax return. For Kansas privilege tax purposes, the minimum tax rate is 4.5% of earnings during fiscal year 2024, which is calculated based on federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. The Bank has not received notification from the state of any potential tax liability for any years still subject to audit. The Bank's minimum rate for the Kansas privilege tax return will be reduced to 4.18% of earnings starting in fiscal year 2025.

 Additionally, the Bank files state tax returns in 16 other states and two cities where it has significant loan balances. In these states and cities, the Bank has either established a nexus under an economic nexus theory or has exceeded enumerated nexus thresholds based on the amount of interest income derived from loans within the state.

 Employees and Human Capital Resources

 At September 30, 2024, we had a total of 659 employees, including 76 part-time employees. The full-time equivalent of our total employees at September 30, 2024 was 636, an increase from 632 at September 30, 2023.

 Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management considers its employee relations to be good. We believe our ability to attract and retain employees is a key to our success. Accordingly, we strive to offer competitive salaries and employee benefits to all employees and monitor salaries in our market areas. Physical well-being is supported by the Company's health, dental, vision, life and various other insurances, and a wellness program that encourages employees to live a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Volunteer opportunities are provided and encouraged for all employees. Capitol Federal employees recorded over 3,690 hours in volunteer time for local organizations and charities during fiscal year 2024.

 Our Company respects, values and encourages diversity in our employees and customers. We seek to recognize and develop the unique contributions each individual brings to our Company, and we are fully committed to maintaining a culture of diversity as a pillar of our values and our success. These efforts are supported by our Board of Directors. Since 1977, at least one woman has served as a director of the Bank and, since its inception in 1999, at least one woman has served on the Board of Directors of the Company. In addition, since 2012, at least one underrepresented minority has served as a director of the Company and the Bank. The Board of Directors annually reviews the Company's diversity recruitment efforts and employment statistics.

 To assist in expanding diversity, the Company recruits employees through sources and organizations targeted at diverse communities. The Company also provides multiple opportunities for professional development and growth, including continuing education when applicable and specialty education within banking. Leadership development is supported through our Leadership Forum services, on a biannual basis, for mid-level leaders within the organization. Education for this program is currently provided by Banktastic. Annual employee educational requirements include targeted diversity, equity and inclusion training for all managers. All employees receive annual training on providing fair, high-quality service and understanding the causes of discrimination.

 The Company actively participates in initiatives to promote diversity and inclusion, both internally and externally. The Company has an Inclusion Task Force that promotes diversity and inclusion. During the current fiscal year, the Inclusion Task Force hosted events such as book and documentary discussions and developed an internal community webpage. Our employees, together with the Capitol Federal Foundation, contribute to programs that promote educational opportunities in all communities as well as housing in low-and-moderate income communities, including scholarships specifically for diverse candidates.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 There are risks inherent in the Bank's and Company's business. The following is a summary of material risks and uncertainties relating to the operations of the Bank and the Company. Adverse experiences with these could have a material impact on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Some of these risks and uncertainties are interrelated, and the occurrence of one or more of them may exacerbate the effect of others. These material risks and uncertainties are not necessarily presented in order of significance. In addition to the risks set forth below and the other risks described in this Annual Report, there may be risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

 Risks Related to Macroeconomic Conditions

 Changes in interest rates could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
 Our results of operations are primarily dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on loans, securities, cash at the Federal Reserve Bank and dividends received on FHLB stock, and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Changes in interest rates could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition because the majority of our interest-earning assets are long-term, fixed-rate loans, while the majority of our interest-bearing liabilities are shorter term, and therefore subject to a greater degree of interest rate fluctuations. This type of risk is known as interest rate risk and is affected by prevailing economic and competitive conditions that are beyond the

 Company's control, including general economic conditions, inflationary trends and/or monetary policies of the FRB and fiscal policies of the United States federal government.

 The impact of changes in interest rates is generally observed on the income statement. The magnitude of the impact will be determined by the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, both of which either reprice or mature within a given period of time, in addition to the yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. This difference provides an indication of the extent to which our net interest rate spread will be impacted by changes in interest rates. In addition, changes in interest rates will impact the expected level of repricing of the Bank's mortgage-related assets and callable debt securities. Generally, as interest rates decline, the amount of interest-earning assets expected to reprice will increase as borrowers have an economic incentive to reduce the cost of their mortgage or debt, which would negatively impact the Bank's interest income. Conversely, as interest rates rise, the amount of interest-earning assets expected to reprice will decline as the economic incentive to refinance the mortgage or debt is diminished. As this occurs, the amount of interest-earning assets repricing could diminish to the point where interest-bearing liabilities reprice to a higher interest rate at a faster pace than interest-earning assets, thus negatively impacting the Bank's net interest income. For additional information about the interest-rate risk we face, see "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk."

 Changes in interest rates can also have an adverse effect on our financial condition, as available-for-sale ("AFS") securities are reported at estimated fair value. Stockholders' equity, specifically accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), is increased or decreased by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of our AFS securities, net of deferred income taxes. Increases in interest rates generally decrease the fair value of AFS securities, which adversely impacts stockholders' equity. For additional information, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Strategic Securities Transaction," "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Stockholders' Equity" and "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income."

 Changes in interest rates, as they relate to customers, can also have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In times of rising interest rates, default risk may increase among borrowers with adjustable-rate loans as the rates on their loans adjust upward and their payments increase. Fluctuations in interest rates also affect customer demand for loan and deposit products. Competition from financial institutions and others could affect our ability to attract and retain deposits and could result in the Bank paying more for deposits.

 In addition to general changes in interest rates, changes that affect the shape of the yield curve could negatively impact the Bank. The Bank's interest-bearing liabilities are generally priced based on short-term interest rates while the majority of the Bank's interest-earning assets are priced based on long-term interest rates. Income for the Bank is primarily driven by the spread between these rates. As a result, a steeper yield curve, meaning long-term interest rates are significantly higher than short-term interest rates, would provide the Bank with a better opportunity to increase net interest income. When the yield curve is flat, meaning long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates are essentially the same, or when the yield curve is inverted, meaning long-term interest rates are lower than short-term interest rates, the net yield between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities that reprice is compressed or diminished and would likely negatively impact the Bank's net interest income. See "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for additional information about the Bank's interest rate risk management.

 An economic downturn, including a decline in real estate values, especially affecting our geographic market areas and certain regions of the country where we have commercial real estate loans or correspondent loans secured by one- to four-family properties, could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
 As we have grown our commercial real estate lending portfolio, we have continued to maintain relationships not only in our local markets but in geographically diverse markets. As a result, we are particularly exposed to downturns in regional housing and commercial real estate markets and, to a lesser extent, housing and commercial real estate markets nationwide, along with changes in the levels of unemployment or underemployment. We monitor the current status and trends of local and national employment levels and trends and current conditions in the real estate and housing markets, as well as commercial real estate markets, in our local market areas and certain areas where we have commercial real estate loans and correspondent loans. Decreases in local real estate values could adversely affect the value of the property used as collateral for our loans, which could cause us to realize a loss in the event of a foreclosure. Additionally, if insurance obtained by our

 borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, the decreases in the value of collateral securing our loans as a result of natural disasters or other related events could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. If insurance coverage is unavailable to our borrowers due to the reluctance of insurance companies to renew policies covering the collateral or due to other factors, the resulting increase in cost of home ownership could affect the ability of borrowers to repay loans. In addition, a decline in commercial real estate values would likewise adversely affect the value of collateral securing commercial real estate loans. Adverse conditions in our local economies and in certain areas where we have commercial real estate loans and correspondent loans, such as inflation, unemployment, supply chain disruptions, recession, natural disasters or pandemics, or other factors beyond our control, could adversely impact the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. Declines in collateral values and adverse economic conditions could result in increased delinquencies, non-performing assets, loan losses, and future loan loss provisions.

 Risks Related to Lending Activities

 The increase in commercial loans in our loan portfolio exposes us to increased lending and credit risks, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
 A growing portion of our loan portfolio consists of commercial loans. These loan types tend to be larger than and in different geographic regions from most of our existing loan portfolio and are generally considered to have different and greater risks than one- to four-family residential real estate loans and may involve multiple loans to groups of related borrowers. A growing commercial loan portfolio also subjects us to greater regulatory scrutiny. Furthermore, these loan types can expose us to a greater risk of delinquencies, non-performing assets, loan losses, and future loan loss provisions than one- to four-family residential real estate loans because repayment of such loans often depends on the successful operation of a business or of the underlying property. Repayment of such loans may be affected by factors outside the borrower's control, such as adverse conditions in the real estate market, the economy, environmental factors, natural disasters or pandemics, and/or changes in government regulation. Also, there are risks inherent in commercial real estate construction lending as the value of the project is uncertain prior to the completion of construction and subsequent lease-up. A sudden downturn in the economy, labor and/or supply chain issues, or other unforeseen events could result in stalled projects or collateral shortfalls, thus exposing us to increased credit risk.

 Commercial and industrial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the collateral underlying the loans. The borrowers' cash flow may prove to be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most often, this collateral consists of accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Significant adverse changes in a borrower's industries and businesses could cause rapid declines in values of, and collectability associated with, those business assets, which could result in inadequate collateral coverage for our commercial and industrial loans and expose us to future losses. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its clients. Inventory and equipment may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, may be illiquid and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. If the cash flow from business operations is reduced, the borrower's ability to repay the loan may be impaired. An increase in valuation allowances and charge-offs related to our commercial and industrial loan portfolio could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

 Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Third Parties, and Technology.

 The occurrence of any information system failure or interruption, breach of security or cyberattack, at the Company, at its third-party service providers or counterparties may have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
 Information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger, our deposits and our loans. In the normal course of our business, we collect, process, retain and transmit (by email and other electronic means) sensitive and confidential information regarding our customers, employees and others. We also outsource certain aspects of our data processing, data processing operations, remote network monitoring, engineering and managed security services to third-party service providers. In addition to confidential information regarding our customers, employees and others, we, and in some cases a third party, compile, process, transmit and store proprietary, non-public information concerning our business, operations, plans and strategies.

 Information security risks for financial institutions continue to increase in part because of evolving technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others. Cyber criminals use a variety of tactics, such as ransomware, denial of service, and theft of sensitive business and customer information to extort payment or other concessions from victims. In some cases, these attacks have caused significant impacts on other businesses' access to data and ability to provide services. We are not able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all incidents of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including attacks on third-party vendors and their applications and products used by the Bank.

 We use a variety of physical, procedural and technological safeguards to prevent or limit the impact of system failures, interruptions and security breaches and to protect confidential information from mishandling, misuse or loss, including detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents. However, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be promptly detected and adequately addressed if they do, and early detection of security breaches may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection. If there is a failure in or breach of our information systems, or those of a third-party service provider, the confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, such information systems could be jeopardized, or could otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers, employees, or others.

 Our business and operations depend on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our information systems and those of our third-party service providers. Although we devote significant resources and management focus to ensuring the integrity of our information systems through information security measures, risk management practices, relationships with threat intelligence providers and business continuity planning, our facilities, computer systems, software and networks, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code and cyberattacks that could have a security impact. In addition, breaches of security may occur through intentional or unintentional acts by those having authorized or unauthorized access to our confidential or other information or the confidential or other information of our customers, employees or others. While we regularly conduct security and risk assessments on our systems and those of our third-party service providers, there can be no assurance that their information security protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyberattack or other security breach. Across our industry, the cost of minimizing these risks and investigating incidents has continued to increase with the frequency and sophistication of these threats.

 The occurrence of any of the foregoing could subject us to litigation or regulatory scrutiny, cause us significant reputational damage or erode confidence in the security of our information systems, products and services, cause us to lose customers or have greater difficulty in attracting new customers, have an adverse effect on the value of our common stock or subject us to financial losses that may not be covered by insurance, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As information security risks and cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to further enhance or modify our information security measures and/or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks.

 Furthermore, there continues to be heightened legislative and regulatory focus on privacy, data protection and information security. New or revised laws and regulations may significantly impact our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, the collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and employee information, and current or planned business activities. Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection and information security laws could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our customers are also targets of cyberattacks and identity theft. There continues to be instances involving financial services and consumer-based companies reporting the unauthorized disclosure of client or customer information or the destruction or theft of corporate data. Large scale identity theft could result in customers' accounts being compromised and fraudulent activities being performed in their names. We have implemented certain safeguards against these types of activities, but they may not fully protect us from financial losses. The occurrence of a security breach involving our customers' information, regardless of its origin, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, subject us to additional

 regulatory scrutiny, and expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Part I, Item 1C. Cybersecurity" for additional discussion related to cybersecurity.

 Third-party vendors subject the Company to potential business, reputation and financial risks.
 Third-party vendors are sources of operational and information security risk to the Company, including risks associated with operations errors, information system interruptions or breaches, and unauthorized disclosures of sensitive or confidential customer information. The Company requires third-party vendors to maintain certain levels of information security; however, vendors may remain vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, and/or other malicious attacks that could ultimately compromise sensitive information. We have developed procedures and processes for selecting and monitoring third-party vendors, but ultimately are dependent on these third-party vendors to secure their information. If these vendors encounter any of these types of issues, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, we could be exposed to disruption of operations, loss of service or connectivity to customers, reputational damage, and litigation risk that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements, because of changes in the vendor's organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could be disruptive to our operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, replacing certain third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense.

 We are heavily reliant on technology, and a failure to effectively implement technology initiatives or anticipate future technology needs or demands could adversely affect our business or performance.
 Like most financial institutions, the Bank significantly depends on technology to deliver its products and services and to otherwise conduct business. To remain technologically competitive and operationally efficient, the Bank invests in system upgrades, new technological solutions, and other technology initiatives. Many of these solutions and initiatives have a significant duration, are tied to critical information systems, and require substantial resources. Although the Bank takes steps to mitigate the risks and uncertainties associated with these solutions and initiatives, there is no guarantee that they will be implemented on time, within budget, or without negative operational or customer impact. The Bank also may not succeed in anticipating its future technology needs, the technology demands of its customers, or the competitive landscape for technology. If the Bank were to falter in any of these areas, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Competition

 Strong competition may limit our growth and profitability.
 While we are one of the largest mortgage loan originators in the state of Kansas, we compete in the same market areas as local, regional, and national banks, savings institutions, credit unions, mortgage brokerage firms, investment banking and brokerage firms, mortgage bankers and online competitors. We also compete with online investment and mortgage brokerages and online banks that are not confined to any specific market area. Many of these competitors operate on a national or regional level, are a conglomerate of various financial services providers housed under one corporation, or otherwise have substantially greater financial or technological resources than the Bank. We compete primarily on the basis of the interest rates offered to depositors, the terms of loans offered to borrowers, and the benefits afforded to customers as a local institution and portfolio lender. Should we face competitive pressure to increase deposit rates or decrease loan rates, our net interest income could be adversely affected. Additionally, our competitors may offer products and services that we do not or cannot provide, as certain deposit and loan products fall outside of our accepted level of risk. Our profitability depends upon our ability to compete in our local market areas.

 Risks Related to Regulation

 We operate in a highly regulated environment, which limits the manner and scope of our business activities, and we may be adversely affected by new and/or changes in laws and regulations or interpretation of existing laws and regulations.
 We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, and examination by the OCC, the FRB, and the FDIC. These regulatory authorities exercise broad discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the ability to

 impose restrictions on a bank's operations, reclassify assets, determine the adequacy of a bank's ACL, and determine the level of deposit insurance premiums assessed. The CFPB has broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws, including a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, like the authority to prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts and practices. The CFPB also has examination and enforcement authority over all banks with regulatory assets exceeding $10 billion at four consecutive quarter-ends. There are increased direct costs, additional regulatory burdens with indirect costs, and lost revenue, mainly related to interchange fees, associated with the Bank being over $10 billion in regulatory assets at certain points in time and for four consecutive quarter-ends. As long as the Bank does not exceed $10 billion in regulatory assets for four consecutive quarter ends, it will continue to be examined for compliance with consumer protection laws and the regulations of the CFPB by the Bank's primary bank regulator, the OCC. The Dodd-Frank Act also weakens the federal preemption rules that have been applicable for national banks and federal savings associations and gives state attorneys general the ability to enforce federal consumer protection laws.

 Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation, interpretation or application, could have an adverse impact on our operations. Moreover, bank regulatory agencies have been active in responding to concerns and trends identified in examinations and have issued formal enforcement orders requiring capital ratios in excess of regulatory requirements and/or assessing monetary penalties. Bank regulatory agencies, such as the OCC, the FRB and the FDIC, govern the activities in which we may engage, primarily for the protection of depositors' funds, the DIF and the safety and soundness of the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection or benefit of investors. The CFPB enforces consumer protection laws and regulations for the benefit of consumers and not the protection or benefit of investors. In addition, new laws and regulations, including those related to environmental, social, and governance initiatives, may continue to increase our costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business, and otherwise affect our operations. New laws and regulations may significantly affect the markets in which we do business, the markets for and value of our loans and securities, the products we offer, the fees we can charge and our ongoing operations, costs, and profitability.

 The Company is also directly subject to the requirements of entities that set and interpret accounting standards such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, and indirectly subject to the actions and interpretations of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which establishes auditing and related professional practice standards for registered public accounting firms and inspects registered firms to assess their compliance with certain laws, rules, and professional standards in public company audits. These regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, and monetary laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies and interpretations, control the methods by which financial institutions and their holding companies conduct business, engage in strategic and tax planning, implement strategic initiatives, and govern financial reporting.

 The Company's failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in civil or criminal sanctions and money penalties by state and federal agencies, and/or reputational damage, which could have an adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Part I, Item 1. Business - Regulation and Supervision" for more information about the regulations to which the Company is subject.

 Other Risks

 The Company's ability to pay dividends and repurchase shares is subject to the ability of the Bank to make capital distributions to the Company.
 The long-term ability of the Company to pay dividends to its stockholders and repurchase shares is based primarily upon the ability of the Bank to generate sufficient earnings to make capital distributions to the Company and on the availability of cash at the holding company level in the event the Bank's earnings are not sufficient to make capital distributions to the Company. Under certain circumstances, capital distributions from the Bank to the Company may be subject to regulatory approvals. See "Item 1. Business – Regulation and Supervision" for additional information.

 The Bank's bad debt recapture amount may impact the amount and timing of capital distributions to the Company.
 The Bank will report a net loss for tax purposes for fiscal year 2024 due to the sale of securities in October 2023 associated with the securities strategy and will therefore have negative current and accumulated earnings and profits for fiscal year 2024. As a result of the negative current and accumulated earnings and profits, capital distributions from the Bank to the holding company during fiscal year 2024 were deemed to be drawn out of the Bank's pre-1988 bad debt reserves and resulted in the recognition of income tax expense based on the amount of the capital distribution multiplied by the then-current Bank income tax rate. This additional tax expense reduced the amount of earnings available to be distributed to the holding company

 during fiscal year 2024. The Bank had $75.9 million in pre-1988 bad debt reserves at September 30, 2024, which equates to an unrecorded deferred tax liability of $15.9 million.

 Given the amount of cash at the holding company level ($50.1 million as of September 30, 2024), and in an effort to minimize the tax associated with the bad debt recapture, it is currently the intention of management and the Board of Directors to not distribute earnings from the Bank to the Company during fiscal year 2025. It is anticipated that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income during fiscal year 2025 to replenish tax accumulated earnings and profits to a positive level, allowing the Bank to make capital distributions to the Company during fiscal year 2026 and not be taxed on those distributions.

 See additional discussion regarding the Bank's pre-1988 bad debt recapture in "Part II. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023" and "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Income Taxes".

 Our risk management and compliance programs and functions may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.
 We maintain an enterprise risk management program that is designed to identify, quantify, monitor, report, and control the risks that we face. These risks include: interest-rate, credit, liquidity, operations, reputation, compliance and litigation. We also maintain a compliance program to identify, measure, assess, and report on our adherence to applicable laws, policies and procedures. While we assess and improve these programs on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that our risk management or compliance programs, along with other related controls, will effectively mitigate all risk and limit losses in our business. If conditions or circumstances arise that expose flaws or gaps in our risk management or compliance programs, or if our controls do not function as designed, the performance and value of our business could be adversely affected.

 The Company may not be able to attract and retain skilled employees.
 The Company's success depends, in large part, on its ability to attract and retain key people. Competition for the best people can be intense, and the Company spends considerable time and resources attracting and hiring qualified people for its operations. The unexpected loss of the services of one or more of the Company's key personnel could have an adverse impact on the Company's business because of their skills, knowledge of the Company's market, and years of industry experience, as well as the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

 The Company may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.
 Reported instances of fraud and related financial crimes are rising nationwide. Like all financial institutions, the Company is vulnerable to increasing fraud losses as fraud schemes perpetrated against the Company and its customers continue to evolve and become more sophisticated. While the Company has procedures and systems in place to detect, prevent, and mitigate fraud losses, fraud losses may still occur and could be material to the Company's results of operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Risk Management and Strategy

 Information security and privacy are an important part of our culture and foundational to our goal of delivering safe, secure and quality products and services. This philosophy is emphasized throughout the Bank by its Board of Directors, senior leaders, officers, managers and other employees to promote a Bank-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management.

 As a financial institution we collect, store, and transmit sensitive, confidential, and proprietary data and other information, including intellectual property, business information, funds-transfer instructions, payment card data, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees. This information can be of significant value to criminal actors, and, as described in Item 1A. Risk Factors, cybersecurity incidents and other security breaches involving this information at the Bank, at our service providers or counterparties, may negatively impact our business or performance.

 We have implemented a strategy to address threats to Bank assets and confidential information. Our information security program, under the responsibility of the Chief Information Officer and the Chief Compliance & Risk Management Officer, balances security risks with business goals and provides appropriate protections for the confidentiality, integrity and availability of Bank and customer information. We annually benchmark our information security program to assess its strength as measured against recommended industry security best practices.

 Due to our heavy reliance on the strength and capability of our technology systems, which we use both to interface with our customers and to manage our internal financial reporting and other systems, we utilize a layered cybersecurity model designed to protect our systems and sensitive data. This model is composed of a variety of different components including administrative controls, technical controls and other safeguards. These various components are centrally managed and monitored, creating a multi-layered and interlocking cybersecurity defense system. Unauthorized access to our customers' confidential or proprietary information as a result of a cybersecurity incident or otherwise could expose us to reputational harm and litigation and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers.

 We maintain a variety of programs and policies to support the management of cybersecurity risk with a focus on prevention, detection and recovery processes. These programs and policies leverage frameworks and controls from the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework, Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC") cybersecurity guidance, Center for Internet Security ("CIS") Benchmarks, as well as various other regulatory requirements and industry-specific standards. The Bank also participates in the federally recognized Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center and requires its employees and contractors to complete various education and training programs related to information security.

 The Bank's Information Technology ("IT") and Compliance and Risk Management ("C&RM") teams have the primary responsibility for establishing appropriate policies and procedures that are responsive to cybersecurity threats and other information security risks. Members of these teams have a wide variety of relevant certifications, such as Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Certified Information Security Manager, Certification in Risk Management Assurance and Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control. Our C&RM team provides risk management oversight to the IT team. The Bank's Internal Audit function, using internal and outside expertise, independently oversees, reviews and validates the IT and C&RM activities and reports to the Board of Directors' Audit Committee on the effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal controls.

 We have established an Enterprise Risk Management program. As part of this program, the C&RM team reviews our IT risk management practices, which are designed to identify, assess, manage, monitor, and report cybersecurity risks. The IT team is responsible for implementing risk management practices set forth in the IT risk management program.

 As one of the critical elements of the Bank's overall risk management approach, our cybersecurity risk management program and strategy is focused on the following key areas:

 • Incident Response and Recovery Planning: The Bank has implemented a comprehensive, cross-functional approach to identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and procedures that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by management in a timely manner.
 • Technical Safeguards: The Bank deploys technical safeguards that are designed to protect the sensitive information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and multifactor authentication and other access controls, which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence.
 • Outside Experts: The Bank routinely works with outside experts, consultants, auditors and other third parties in connection with managing its cybersecurity risks and for advice regarding best practices and technical expertise.
 • Education and Awareness: The Bank provides regular, mandatory training for personnel regarding cybersecurity threats on matters such as phishing and email security best practices to equip our personnel with effective tools to address cybersecurity threats, and to communicate the Bank's evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices.

 While processes are in place to minimize the chance of a successful cyberattack, the Bank has established incident response procedures to address a cyberattack that may occur despite these safeguards. The response procedures are designed to identify, analyze, contain and remediate any such cyber incident that occurs.

 The Bank engages in the periodic assessment and testing of our policies, standards, processes and practices that are designed to address cybersecurity threats and incidents. These efforts include a wide range of activities, including audits, assessments, tabletop exercises, threat modeling, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures and planning. We regularly engage third parties to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, audits, penetration tests and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The results of such assessments, audits and reviews are analyzed by the cybersecurity team and the Information Technology Oversight Committee ("ITOC") and provided to the Bank's Board of Directors. We adjust our cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments, audits and reviews.

 We have implemented a third-party risk program to oversee and manage information security and privacy risks associated with third-party relationships. The program includes the assessment of third parties that provide key services or will access, store, process, or transmit sensitive information during initial onboarding and throughout the lifecycle of the relationship, and management of applicable contractual requirements relating to confidentiality, integrity, availability and privacy obligations, including timely notification of incidents. Third-party services related to advice, assessments, auditing, testing and support related to cybersecurity and information technology processes and services, where appropriate, are also subject to the third-party risk program.

 Like other financial institutions, the Bank experiences malicious cyber activity on an ongoing basis directed at its websites, computer systems, software, networks and users. This malicious activity includes attempts at unauthorized access and implantation of computer viruses or malware. The Bank also experiences large volumes of phishing and other forms of social engineering attempted for the purpose of perpetuating fraud. Notwithstanding the breadth of our information security and privacy program, it may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse impact. Unauthorized access to our computer systems or stored data could result in theft, including cyber theft, or improper disclosure of confidential information, and the deletion or modification of records could cause interruptions in our operations. The impact of a material information technology event could have a materially adverse effect on our competitive position, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 Board Governance

 The members of the Boards of Directors of the Company and the Bank are identical. The Bank's Board of Directors oversees cybersecurity risk management and strategy for both entities through management updates regarding the policies, practices and security results related to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, IT risk management, IT security metrics, penetration testing, tabletop exercises, IT risk assessments, disaster recovery testing, and security awareness testing and training. Management is responsible for designing and implementing policies, processes and procedures, and deploying physical and virtual technology and safeguards to measure, monitor, and control cybersecurity risk. The Bank's Chief Information Officer provides an annual comprehensive update to the Board of Directors on the status of IT, and the plans for the future as well as quarterly updates which include any cyber incidents. The Bank's Chief Technology Officer provides annual training on cyber security topics and reports to the Board of Directors on the Bank's cyber incidents, if any. Cyber incidents with (i) the potential of materiality; (ii) anticipated publicity; or (iii) anticipated written notices to a significant number of customers; have been promptly reported to the Board with ongoing updates during regular Board meetings. The Bank's Chief Information Officer presents updates on new security measures, programs and services to ITOC. The minutes and materials from the ITOC meetings are available to the Board of Directors on the Directors' Board Portal. The Bank's Information Security Officer provides the Board of Directors an annual report on all aspects of Information Security, including steps taken to minimize the risk of cyber incidents through training and testing employees on phishing, social engineering, etc. This annual report also includes an independent third-party assessment of the Bank's information security systems together with information on steps taken to address any identified weaknesses. The Board of Directors also participates in an annual evaluation of risk and is presented with management's assessment of the top risks, which generally includes several cybersecurity components.

 Material Cybersecurity Incidents

 As of September 30, 2024, we were not aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Bank, including its business strategies, results of operations or financial condition. For more information on our cybersecurity-related risks, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Third Parties, and Technology".

 Item 2. Properties
 At September 30, 2024, we had 44 traditional branch offices and four in-store branch offices. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank owned the office building and related land in which its home office and executive offices are located, and 35 of its other branch offices. The remaining 12 branches are either leased or partially owned.

 For additional information regarding our lease obligations, see "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 5. Premises, Equipment and Leases."

 Management believes that the number of branch offices we currently have meets the present and immediately foreseeable needs of our customers. Management will continue to evaluate the performance of these locations through a number of metrics, including but not limited to, customer traffic, and determine on at least an annual basis whether or not we are branched in a way that most effectively serves our existing and prospective customer bases.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 In the normal course of business, the Company and the Bank are involved as parties to various routine legal actions. In our opinion, after consultation with legal counsel, we believe it is unlikely that any such pending legal actions will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 On November 2, 2022, the Bank was served a putative class action lawsuit, captioned Jennifer Harding, et al. vs. Capitol Federal Savings Bank (Case No. 2022-CV-00598), filed in the Third Judicial District Court, Shawnee County, Kansas against the Bank, alleging the Bank improperly charged overdraft fees on (1) debit card transactions that were authorized for payment on sufficient funds but later settled against a negative account balance (commonly known as "authorize positive purportedly settle negative" or "APPSN" transactions) and (2) merchant re-presentments of previously rejected payment requests. The complaint asserts a breach of contract claim (including breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing) for each practice and seeks restitution for alleged improper fees, alleged actual damages, costs and disbursements, and injunctive relief. On April 5, 2023, the court granted the Bank's motion to dismiss the complaint, with prejudice. The plaintiffs appealed this decision to the Kansas Court of Appeals, which issued an opinion on October 4, 2024 reversing the district court's ruling. In response, the Bank filed a petition for review with the Kansas Supreme Court on November 1, 2024. The review is currently pending.

 The Company assesses the liabilities and loss contingencies in connection with pending or threatened legal and regulatory proceedings on at least a quarterly basis and establishes accruals when it is believed to be probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Stock Listing
 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. common stock is traded on the Global Select tier of the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol "CFFN". At November 21, 2024, there were approximately 7,040 holders of record of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. common stock.

 Share Repurchases
 The following table summarizes our share repurchase activity during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and additional information regarding our share repurchase program. In February 2024, the Company notified the FRB of its intent to authorize the repurchase of up to $75.0 million in common stock over a period of time, depending upon market conditions and cash balances at the holding company level. This plan has no expiration date; however, the Federal Reserve Bank's approval for the Company to repurchase shares extends through February 2025. Shares may be repurchased from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions based upon market conditions, available liquidity and other factors. From December 2010 through September 30, 2024, $436.1 million worth of common stock was repurchased.

 Total Number of
 Approximate Dollar

 Total
 Shares Purchased as
 Value of Shares

 Number of
 Part of Publicly
 that May Yet Be

 Shares
 Price Paid
 Announced Plans
 Purchased Under the

 per Share
 or Programs
 Plans or Programs

 July 1, 2024 through

 July 31, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 75,000,000

 August 1, 2024 through

 August 31, 2024
 —
 —
 —
 75,000,000

 September 1, 2024 through

 —
 —
 —
 75,000,000

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 75,000,000

 Stockholders and General Inquiries
 Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 are available to stockholders at no charge in the Investor Relations section of our website, www.capfed.com.

 Stockholder Return Performance Presentation
 The information presented below assumes $100 invested on September 30, 2019 in the Company's common stock and in each of the indices, and assumes the reinvestment of all dividends. Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

 Period Ending

 9/30/2019
 9/30/2020
 9/30/2021
 9/30/2022
 9/30/2023
 9/30/2024

 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.
 100.00
 70.83
 94.25
 73.08
 45.68
 59.46

 NASDAQ Composite Index
 100.00
 140.96
 183.61
 135.41
 170.76
 236.74

 S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index
 100.00
 73.42
 133.58
 102.63
 99.42
 146.57

 Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

 Restrictions on the Payment of Dividends
 The Company's ability to pay dividends is dependent, in part, upon its ability to obtain capital distributions from the Bank. The dividend policy of the Company is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including the Company's financial condition and results of operations, regulatory capital requirements, regulatory limitations on the Bank's ability to make capital distributions to the Company, and the amount of cash at the holding company level. See "Part I, Item 1. Business - Limitations on Dividends and Other Capital Distributions" and "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - Other Risks" for additional discussion on the Bank's ability to make capital distributions to the Company.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and capital resources of the Company. The Bank comprises almost all of the consolidated assets and liabilities of the Company and the Company is dependent primarily upon the performance of the Bank for the results of its operations. Because of this relationship, references to management actions, strategies and results of actions apply to both the Bank and the Company except where the context indicates otherwise.

 Executive Summary
 The following summary should be read in conjunction with the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section in its entirety.

 In October 2023, the Company initiated a strategic securities transaction ("securities strategy") by selling $1.30 billion of securities, representing 94% of its securities portfolio. Since the Company had the intent to sell the $1.30 billion of securities to maturity at September 30, 2023, the Company recognized an impairment loss on those securities of $192.6 million which was reflected in the Company's financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold the securities and recognized $13.3 million ($10.0 million net of tax), or $0.08 per share, of additional loss related to the sale of the securities. The securities strategy was designed to allow the Company to improve its earnings stream going forward, beginning in the current fiscal year, by redeploying most of the proceeds into current market rate securities and to provide liquidity to deleverage the balance sheet utilizing the remaining proceeds. See additional information regarding the impact of the securities strategy on our financial measurements in "Average Balance Sheets" below. The $1.30 billion of securities sold had a weighted average yield of 1.22% and an average duration of 3.6 years. With the proceeds from the sale of the securities, the Company purchased $632.0 million of securities yielding 5.75%, paid down $500.0 million of borrowings with a weighted average cost of 4.70%, and held the remaining cash at the FRB earning interest at the reserve balance rate until such time as it could be used to fund commercial loan activity or for other Bank operations.

 A taxable net loss will be reported on the Company's September 30, 2024 federal tax return due to the net losses associated with the securities strategy, which resulted in the Bank and Company having a negative current and accumulated earnings and profit tax position. This required the Bank to draw upon the pre-1988 bad debt reserves for distributions from the Bank to the Company during the current fiscal year. See additional information regarding the Bank's pre-1988 bad debt recapture in "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Financial Statements - Note 9. Income Taxes". During the current year, the Bank was required to pay income taxes on the reductions to the pre-1988 bad debt reserves equal to the current corporate tax rate at the time of the distribution multiplied by the amount of Bank earnings paid to the Company ("pre-1988 bad debt recapture"). The Bank recorded $5.4 million of income tax expense on earnings distributions from the Bank to the Company during the current year due to the pre-1988 bad debt recapture. As of September 30, 2024, the amount of the Bank's remaining pre-1988 bad debt reserves was $75.9 million, or $15.9 million tax effected. It is currently the intention of management and the Board of Directors to make no distributions from the Bank to the Company during fiscal year 2025. By not making distributions during fiscal year 2025, the Bank will not incur income tax expense related to the pre-1988 bad debt recaptures as occurred during the current year. See "Financial Condition - Stockholders' Equity" section below for additional discussion.

 The Company recognized net income of $38.0 million, or $0.29 per share, for fiscal year 2024 compared to a net loss of $101.7 million, or $(0.76) per share, for the prior fiscal year. The net loss in the prior year resulted from the impairment loss on securities associated with the securities strategy. Excluding the net loss associated with the securities strategy, earnings per share would have been $0.37 for the current year and $0.33 for the prior year. The increase in earnings per share excluding the effects of the net loss associated with the securities strategy was due primarily to higher net interest income and a lower provision for credit losses in the current year, partially offset by higher income tax expense due primarily to the pre-1988 bad debt recapture.

 Periodically at management's discretion, we have utilized a strategy to increase earnings which entails entering into short-term FHLB borrowings and depositing the proceeds from these FHLB borrowings, net of the cost to purchase FHLB stock to meet FHLB stock holding requirements, at the FRB of Kansas City (the "leverage strategy"). See additional discussion regarding the leverage strategy in "Financial Condition - Borrowings" section below. When the leverage strategy is in place, it increases assets and liabilities and reduces the net interest margin due to the amount of earnings from the transaction in

 comparison to the size of the transaction. The leverage strategy was not utilized in the current fiscal year but it was in the prior fiscal year.

 The net interest margin increased 34 basis points, from 1.43% for the prior year to 1.77% for the current year. The leverage strategy negatively impacted the net interest margin for the prior year by 12 basis points. The remaining improvement in the net interest margin absent the leverage strategy was due to higher yields on securities and loans, which outpaced the increase in the cost of deposits, largely in retail certificates of deposit.

 The Company's efficiency ratio was 66.91% for the current year compared to (626.63)% for the prior year. Excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, the efficiency ratio would have been 61.97% for the current year and 65.31% for the prior year. The improvement in the efficiency ratio, excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, was due primarily to higher net interest income and lower non-interest expense in the current year compared to the prior year.

 Total assets were $9.53 billion at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $649.9 million from September 30, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to a $528.2 million decrease in securities, mainly as a result of the securities strategy, along with a $63.6 million decrease in the loan portfolio. The loan portfolio mix shifted toward higher earning commercial loans during the current fiscal year with a $287.2 million decrease in one- to four-family loans, partially offset by a $221.5 million increase in commercial loans. Management expects one- to four-family loans will continue to decrease as a percentage of total loans as cash flows generated from the one- to four-family loan portfolio will be used to fund commercial loan growth.

 Total liabilities at September 30, 2024 were $8.50 billion, a decrease of $638.1 million from September 30, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to a $699.6 million decrease in borrowings as some of the funds from the securities strategy were used to repay all $500.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the BTFP and not all maturing FHLB borrowings were replaced during the current fiscal year. The decrease in borrowings was partially offset by an increase in deposits. Total deposits increased $78.8 million from September 30, 2023, primarily in retail certificates of deposit, all in the 14 months or shorter term category, partially offset by a decrease in retail money market accounts as some customers elected to move funds to the Bank's certificate of deposit offerings or the Bank's higher yielding savings account offering.

 Total stockholders' equity was $1.03 billion at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $11.8 million from September 30, 2023 due primarily to stock buybacks early in fiscal year 2024, partially offset by an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. The improvement in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, was mainly a result of the securities strategy.

 The Bank's asset quality remains strong, reflected in the continued low level of loan delinquency and charge-off ratios. At September 30, 2024, loans 30 to 89 days delinquent were 0.20% of total loans receivable, net, and loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure were 0.12% of total loans receivable, net. The ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) ("NCOs") during the current year to average loans outstanding during the current year was 0% as there were only $111 thousand of NCOs during the current year.

 At September 30, 2024, the Bank's gap between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities projected to reprice within one year was $(1.51) billion, or (15.8)% of total assets, meaning the amount of interest-bearing liabilities exceeded the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or expected to reprice during the same period. See additional discussion in "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

 The Bank's Digital Transformation and Business Initiatives

 With the implementation of our new core system and its ancillary systems ("digital transformation") in August 2023, we improved our internal and customer-facing technology. The digital transformation implemented technology needed to enhance our customers' experience, deepen our wallet share with existing customers, and attract new customers. In addition to the improvements in technology, management has adjusted staffing in several areas to better align with the Bank's strategy to grow and enhance commercial banking and lending. Pairing improved technology, products and services with the right organizational structure has provided benefits in each of the Bank's customer segments: consumer, small business and commercial.

 The Bank has gained immediate traction with the new and improved True Blue Online ("TBO"), the Bank's digital banking platform for consumers and small businesses. Those gains include:
 aMobile app store ratings have improved by over 115% for Android comparing the ratings from the pre-digital transformation to the end of fiscal year 2024 and over 25% for iOS since the digital transformation,
 bVolume of deposit accounts opened online through the digital channel is over 62% higher in the current fiscal year compared to the prior fiscal year,
 cAchieved over 27,000 active users of our credit score service in TBO since August 2023, and
 dContinued growth in person-to-person payment volume following the integration of Zelle into TBO:
 iSettlement volume is up 92% year-over-year, and
 iiTransaction volume is up 117% year-over-year.

 Our small business customers now have access to improved digital services, and management has realigned staffing to focus on growing small business banking. We are in the process of adding more small business services into TBO to continue deposit and fee income growth in this area.

 For commercial banking, alignment of technology, people, products and services is crucial to our objective of capturing complete banking relationships as we continue to strategically grow this business. Management has continued to adjust staffing in numerous areas of the Bank, including deposit operations, lending, and commercial banking, to ensure resources are aligned with our priorities and strategies. The technology implemented with the digital transformation provides more flexibility for structuring commercial loan transactions and has allowed us to build digital banking services to meet our customers' deposit and payment requirements to grow deposit and treasury management fee income. During the current fiscal year, several new treasury management services were added in response to the needs of customers in the sales pipeline. Additionally, during the current fiscal year we began a project to improve pricing tools to equip staff to price new business in a profitable manner. The project is expected to be completed mid-fiscal year 2025 and is anticipated to provide immediate benefits to the Bank such as ensuring profitable pricing, more efficient pricing processes, and faster pricing negotiations with our customers. Leveraging our new technology and organizational structure to quickly respond to customer needs in the sales pipeline is central to our growth strategy for commercial deposits.

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 Our most critical accounting estimate is the methodology used to determine the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. This estimate is important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations, involves a high degree of complexity, and requires management to make difficult and subjective judgments that may require assumptions about highly uncertain matters. The use of different judgments, assumptions, and estimates could affect reported results materially. This critical accounting estimate and its application is reviewed at least annually by our audit committee. The following is a description of our critical accounting estimate and an explanation of the methods and assumptions underlying its application.

 Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The ACL is a valuation amount that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses expected on the Company's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures represents expected credit losses on unfunded portions of existing loans and commitments to originate or purchase loans that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

 Management estimates the ACL by projecting future loss rates which are dependent upon forecasted economic indices and applying qualitative factors when deemed appropriate by management. The key assumptions used in projecting future loss rates include the economic forecast, the forecast and reversion to mean time periods, and prepayment and curtailment assumptions. The assumptions are used to calculate and aggregate estimated cash flows for the time period that remains in each loan's contractual life. The cash flows are discounted back to the balance sheet date using each loan's effective yield, to arrive at a present value of future cash flows, which is compared to the amortized cost basis of the loan pool to determine the amount of ACL required by the calculation. Management then considers qualitative factors when assessing the overall level of ACL. See "Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Receivable" and "Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures" within "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for additional information.

 One of the most significant judgments used in projecting loss rates when estimating the ACL and reserves for off-balance sheet credit exposures is the macroeconomic forecast provided by a third party. The economic indices sourced from the macroeconomic forecast and used in projecting loss rates are the national unemployment rate, changes in commercial real estate prices, changes in home values, and changes in the United States gross domestic product. The economic index used in the calculation to which the calculation is most sensitive is the national unemployment rate. Each reporting period, several macroeconomic forecast scenarios are considered by management. Management selects the macroeconomic forecast(s) that is/are most reflective of expectations at that point in time. Changes in the macroeconomic forecast, especially for the national unemployment rate, could significantly impact the calculated estimated credit losses between reporting periods.

 Other key assumptions in the calculation of the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures estimates include the forecast and reversion to mean time periods and prepayment and curtailment assumptions. The calculation is less sensitive to these assumptions than the macroeconomic forecasts. The macroeconomic forecast is applied for a reasonable and supportable time period before reverting to long-term historical averages for each economic index. The forecast and reversion to mean time period used for each economic index at September 30, 2024 was four quarters. Prepayment and curtailment assumptions are generally based on the Company's historical experience and are adjusted by management as deemed necessary. The prepayment and curtailment assumptions vary based on loan product type.

 The ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may be materially affected by qualitative factors, for items not reflected in the economic forecast and/or discounted cash flow model, but which are deemed appropriate by management's current assessment of the risks related to the loan portfolio and/or external factors. Such qualitative factors may include changes in the Bank's loan portfolio composition and credit concentrations, changes in the balances and/or trends in asset quality and/or loan credit performance, changes in lending underwriting standards, the effect of other external factors such as significant unique events or conditions, and actual and/or expected changes in economic conditions, real estate values, and/or other economic developments. Management applied qualitative factors at September 30, 2024 to account for large dollar commercial loan concentrations and potential downside market risk with the recent housing price appreciation related to one- to four-family loans. The qualitative factors applied at September 30, 2024, and the importance and levels of the qualitative factors applied, may change in future periods depending on the level of changes to items such as the uncertainty of economic conditions and management's assessment of the level of credit risk within the loan portfolio as a result of such changes, compared to the amount of ACL calculated by the model. The evaluation of qualitative factors is inherently imprecise and requires significant management judgment. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses - Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the qualitative factors applied at September 30, 2024.

 The ACL and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures were $23.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively at September 30, 2024, compared to $23.8 million and $4.1 million, respectively, at September 30, 2023. The decrease in the ACL between periods was mainly related to one- to four-family loans due to a decrease in the ACL to loan ratio and a decrease in overall one- to four-family loan balances, partially offset by an increase in the ACL for commercial loans due to commercial loan growth. The $1.9 million increase in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures was due primarily to an increase in the balance of off-balance sheet credit exposures and an increase in the ACL to loan ratio, which is applied to the off-balance sheet credit exposures, between periods, specifically for commercial construction loans. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses - Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the assumptions used in the Company's September 30, 2024 estimate of ACL.

 While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the adequacy of the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is determined by certain factors outside of the Company's control, such as the performance of our loan portfolio, changes in the economic environment including economic uncertainty, changes in interest rates, and the view of the regulatory authorities toward classification of assets and the level of ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. Additionally, the level of ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may fluctuate based on the balance and mix of the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet credit exposures. If actual results differ significantly from our assumptions, our ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may not be sufficient to cover inherent losses in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our ACL and an increase in the provision for credit losses.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 For a discussion of Recent Accounting Pronouncements, see "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

 Financial Condition

 The following table summarizes the Company's financial condition at the dates indicated.

 Change expressed in:

 2024
 2023

 (Dollars and shares in thousands)

 Total assets
 $
 9,527,608
 $
 10,177,461
 $
 (649,853)
 (6.4)
 %

 AFS securities
 (528,216)
 (38.2)

 Loans receivable, net
 (63,611)
 (0.8)

 6,129,982
 6,051,220
 78,762
 1.3

 2,179,564
 2,879,125
 (699,561)
 (24.3)

 Stockholders' equity
 1,032,270
 1,044,054
 (11,784)
 (1.1)

 Equity to total assets at end of period
 10.8
 %
 10.3
 %

 Average number of basic shares outstanding
 130,671
 133,557
 (2,886)
 (2.2)

 Average number of diluted shares outstanding
 130,671
 133,557
 (2,886)
 (2.2)

 Loans Receivable. Total loans, net at September 30, 2024 were $7.91 billion, a decrease of $63.6 million from September 30, 2023. The decrease in the loan portfolio was due mainly to a $287.2 million decrease in one- to four-family loans, partially offset by a $221.5 million increase in commercial loans.

 Originating one- to four-family loans is the Bank's primary lending business. The Bank also originates consumer loans primarily secured by one- to four-family residential properties and originates and participates in commercial loans. In addition, the Bank historically purchased one- to four-family loans from correspondent lenders. The Bank has a portfolio concentration in one- to four-family loans and a geographic concentration of these loans in Kansas and Missouri.

 As a result of continued high interest rates and lack of housing inventory which has reduced housing market transactions, our single-family origination activity has slowed which has directly impacted the Bank's one- to four-family loan portfolio. Origination and refinance activity has slowed considerably, and one- to four-family loan balances have been reduced through scheduled repayments and loan payoffs. During the June 30, 2024 quarter, the Bank suspended its one- to four-family correspondent lending channels for the foreseeable future. Management expects that the balance of one- to four-family loans will continue to decrease as a percentage of the Bank's loan portfolio as cash flows generated from one- to four-family loans are used to fund commercial loan growth.

 As noted above, the Bank suspended its one- to four-family correspondent lending channels for the foreseeable future during the current year. The Bank previously purchased one- to four-family loans, on a loan-by-loan basis, from a select group of correspondent lenders ("correspondent purchased"). Loan purchases enabled the Bank to attain geographic diversification in the one- to four-family loan portfolio. We generally paid a premium of 0.50% to 1.00% of the loan balance to purchase these loans, and 1.00% of the loan balance to purchase the servicing of these loans. The premium paid is amortized against the interest earned over the life of the loan, which reduces the loan yield. If a loan pays off before the scheduled maturity date, the remaining premium is recognized as reduction in interest income.

 In the past, the Bank has also purchased one- to four-family loans from correspondent and nationwide lenders in bulk loan packages ("bulk purchased"). The majority of the Bank's bulk purchased loans were guaranteed by one seller. The Bank has not experienced any losses with this group of loans since the loan package was purchased in August 2012.

 The Bank originates owner-occupied construction-to-permanent loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate. The majority of these loans are secured by property located within the Bank's Kansas City market area. The Bank's owner-occupied construction-to-permanent loan program combines the construction loan and the permanent loan into one loan, allowing the borrower to secure the same interest rate structure throughout the construction period and the permanent loan term.

 The Bank offers a variety of secured consumer loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, home improvement loans, vehicle loans, and loans secured by savings deposits. The Bank also originates a very limited amount of unsecured loans. Generally, consumer loans are originated in the Bank's market areas. The majority of our consumer loan portfolio is comprised of home equity lines of credit, which have adjustable interest rates. For a majority of the home equity lines of credit, the Bank has the first mortgage or the Bank is in the first lien position.

 The Bank's commercial loan portfolio is composed of commercial real estate loans, commercial construction loans and commercial and industrial loans. Our commercial real estate loans include a variety of property types, including multi-family dwellings, senior housing facilities, hotels, retail buildings, and office buildings located in Kansas, Texas, and Missouri, and 15 other states. The Bank's commercial and industrial loan portfolio consists largely of loans secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. These loans are generally made to borrowers and secured by assets located in the Bank's market area.

 Commercial borrowers are generally required to provide financial information annually, including borrower financial statements, subject property rental rates and income, maintenance costs, updated real estate property tax and insurance payments, and personal financial information for the guarantor(s). This allows the Bank to monitor compliance with loan covenants and review the borrower's performance, including cash flows from operations, debt service coverage, and comparison of performance to projections and year-over-year performance trending. Additionally, the Bank monitors and performs site visits, or in the case of participation loans, obtains updates from the lead bank as needed to determine the condition of the collateral securing the loan. Depending on the financial strength of the project and/or the complexity of the borrower's financials, the Bank may also perform a global analysis of cash flows to account for all other properties owned by the borrower or guarantor. If signs of weakness are identified, the Bank may begin performing more frequent financial and/or collateral reviews or initiate contact with the borrower, or the lead bank will contact the borrower if the loan is a participation loan, to ensure cash flows from operations are maintained at a satisfactory level to meet the debt requirements. The Bank mitigates the risk of commercial real estate construction lending during the construction period by monitoring inspection reports from an independent third-party, project budget, percentage of completion, on-site inspections and percentage of advanced funds. Commercial and industrial loans are monitored through a review of borrower performance as indicated by borrower financial statements, borrowing base reports, accounts receivable aging reports, and inventory aging reports. These reports are required to be provided by the borrowers monthly, quarterly, or annually depending on the nature of the borrowing relationship. The Bank regularly monitors the level of risk in the entire commercial loan portfolio, including concentrations in such factors as geographic locations, collateral types, tenant brand name, borrowing relationships, and lending relationships in the case of participation loans, among other factors.

 The following table presents information related to the composition of our loan portfolio in terms of dollar amounts, weighted average rates, and percentage of total as of the dates indicated.

 Rate
 Rate

 $
 3,941,952
 3.60
 %
 $
 3,978,837
 3.39
 %

 2,212,587
 3.48
 2,405,911
 3.44

 127,161
 2.80
 137,193
 1.85

 6.05
 69,974
 3.68

 Total
 3.55
 6,591,915
 3.38

 1,191,624
 5.43
 995,788
 5.29

 129,678
 6.66
 112,953
 6.36

 187,676
 6.40
 178,746
 5.01

 Total
 1,508,978
 5.65
 1,287,487
 5.35

 Consumer loans:

 99,988
 8.90
 95,723
 8.83

 Other
 9,615
 5.72
 9,256
 5.20

 Total
 109,603
 8.62
 104,979
 8.51

 4.02
 7,984,381
 3.76

 Less:

 ACL

 Deferred loan fees/discounts
 30,336
 31,335

 Premiums/deferred costs
 (37,458)
 (41,662)

 Total loans receivable, net
 $
 $

 The following table presents the contractual maturity of our loan portfolio, along with associated weighted average yields, at September 30, 2024. Loans that have adjustable interest rates are shown as maturing in the period during which the contract is due. The table does not reflect the effects of possible prepayments or enforcement of due on sale clauses.

 One year or less(1)

 Over one year to five years
 Over five years to 15 years
 Over 15 years
 Total

 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield

 $
 1,128
 3.83
 %
 $
 59,901
 3.33
 %
 $
 1,097,701
 2.99
 %
 $
 2,783,222
 3.88
 %
 $
 3,941,952
 3.62
 %

 3.02
 16,997
 2.59
 375,859
 2.46
 1,819,688
 3.57
 2,212,587
 3.38

 7.06
 5.12
 26,033
 4.54
 100,888
 2.46
 127,161
 2.89

 Construction(2)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,778
 4.67
 21,192
 6.21
 6.09

 Total
 1,177
 3.82
 77,132
 3.17
 1,501,371
 2.89
 4,724,990
 3.74
 3.53

 118,520
 6.22
 328,552
 5.15
 510,013
 4.99
 234,539
 6.62
 1,191,624
 5.48

 28,039
 7.19
 52,771
 7.18
 43,669
 5.81
 5,199
 4.57
 129,678
 6.62

 Construction(2)

 11,014
 7.94
 156,617
 6.21
 14,302
 7.05
 5,743
 6.57
 187,676
 6.39

 Total
 157,573
 6.51
 537,940
 5.66
 567,984
 5.11
 245,481
 6.58
 1,508,978
 5.69

 Home equity(3)

 9.90
 1,924
 6.53
 46,934
 8.66
 50,490
 8.59
 99,988
 8.59

 Other
 1.73
 8,146
 5.62
 7.60
 18.00
 9,615
 5.68

 Total
 1,119
 6.40
 10,070
 5.80
 47,875
 8.63
 50,539
 8.60
 109,603
 8.33

 $
 159,869
 6.49
 $
 625,142
 5.35
 $
 2,117,230
 3.61
 $
 5,021,010
 3.93
 4.01

 Less:

 ACL

 Deferred loan fees/discounts
 30,336

 Premiums/deferred costs
 (37,458)

 Total loans receivable, net
 $

 (1)Includes demand loans, loans having no stated maturity, and overdraft loans.
 (2)Construction loans are presented based upon the contractual maturity date, which includes the permanent financing period for construction-to-permanent loans.
 (3)For home equity loans, including those that do not have a stated maturity date, the maturity date calculated assumes the borrower always makes the required minimum payment. The majority of home equity loans assume a maximum term of 240 months.

 The following table presents, as of September 30, 2024, the amount of loans due after September 30, 2025, and whether these loans have fixed or adjustable interest rates.

 Fixed
 Adjustable
 Total

 $
 3,535,348
 $
 405,476
 $
 3,940,824

 1,836,292
 376,252
 2,212,544

 3,671
 123,484
 127,155

 9,211
 13,759

 Total
 5,384,522
 918,971
 6,303,493

 310,636
 762,468
 1,073,104

 41,628
 60,011
 101,639

 74,805
 101,857
 176,662

 Total
 427,069
 924,336
 1,351,405

 20,639
 78,709
 99,348

 Other
 6,015
 3,121
 9,136

 Total
 26,654
 81,830
 108,484

 $
 5,838,245
 $
 1,925,137
 $
 7,763,382

 Loan Activity - The following table summarizes activity in the loan portfolio, along with weighted average rates where applicable, for the periods indicated, excluding changes in ACL, deferred loan fees/discounts, and premiums/deferred costs. Loans that were paid off as a result of refinances are included in repayments. Loan endorsements are not included in the activity in the following table because a new loan is not generated at the time of the endorsement. The endorsed balance and rate are included in the ending loan portfolio balance and rate. Commercial loan renewals are not included in the activity presented in the following table unless new funds are disbursed at the time of renewal. The renewal balance and rate are included in the ending loan portfolio balance and rate.

 Rate
 Rate

 $
 7,984,381
 3.76
 %
 $
 7,471,670
 3.33
 %

 Originated and refinanced
 660,937
 7.21
 930,362
 5.96

 Purchased and participations
 47,712
 7.80
 644,072
 5.59

 Change in undisbursed loan funds
 168,483
 (99,179)

 Repayments
 (917,871)
 (956,562)

 Principal (charge-offs)/recoveries, net
 (111)
 (106)

 Other
 (20,280)
 (5,876)

 $
 4.02
 $
 7,984,381
 3.76

 The following table presents loan origination, refinance, and purchase/participation activity for the periods indicated, excluding endorsement activity, along with associated weighted average rates and percent of total. Commercial loan renewals are not included in the activity in the following table except to the extent new funds are disbursed at the time of renewal. Loan originations, purchases/participations, and refinances are reported together.

 Rate
 Rate

 Fixed-rate:

 One- to four-family
 $
 207,757
 6.39
 %
 29.3
 %
 $
 404,598
 5.47
 %
 25.7
 %

 One- to four-family construction
 24,578
 6.56
 3.5
 39,599
 5.72
 2.5

 Real estate
 7,920
 7.63
 1.1
 43,408
 7.48
 2.7

 22,251
 6.96
 3.1
 40,238
 7.81
 2.6

 3,632
 7.07
 0.5
 149,046
 5.89
 9.5

 8,402
 9.00
 1.2
 6,080
 8.20
 0.4

 Consumer other
 2,975
 7.22
 0.4
 4,620
 6.93
 0.3

 Total fixed-rate
 277,515
 6.58
 39.1
 687,589
 5.87
 43.7

 Adjustable-rate:

 One- to four-family
 53,910
 6.37
 7.6
 342,093
 4.97
 21.7

 One- to four-family construction
 16,875
 6.51
 2.4
 28,545
 5.22
 1.8

 Real estate
 114,502
 7.56
 16.2
 223,910
 5.60
 14.2

 49,593
 7.65
 7.0
 57,295
 7.28
 3.6

 152,739
 7.96
 21.5
 177,471
 6.22
 11.3

 40,248
 9.39
 5.7
 55,896
 8.43
 3.6

 Consumer other
 3,267
 5.42
 0.5
 1,635
 4.25
 0.1

 Total adjustable-rate
 431,134
 7.68
 60.9
 886,845
 5.75
 56.3

 Total originated, refinanced and purchased/participations
 $
 708,649
 7.25
 100.0
 %
 $
 1,574,434
 5.81
 100.0
 %

 Purchased and participation loans included above:

 Fixed-rate:

 Correspondent purchased - one- to four-family
 $
 2,978
 6.43
 $
 199,858
 5.20

 Participations and purchases - commercial
 4,400
 7.08
 19,016
 9.43

 Total fixed-rate purchased/participations
 7,378
 6.82
 218,874
 5.57

 Adjustable-rate:

 Correspondent purchased - one- to four-family
 2.93
 215,939
 4.86

 Participations and purchases - commercial
 39,815
 8.04
 209,259
 6.36

 Total adjustable-rate purchased/participations
 40,334
 7.98
 425,198
 5.60

 Total purchased/participation loans
 $
 47,712
 7.80
 $
 644,072
 5.59

 One- to Four-Family Loans - The following table presents, for our portfolio of one- to four-family loans, the amount, percent of total, weighted average rate, weighted average credit score, weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio, and average balance per loan as of September 30, 2024. Credit scores were updated in September 2024, from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency. The LTV ratios were based on the current loan balance and either the lesser of the purchase price or original appraisal, or the most recent Bank appraisal, if available. In most cases, the most recent appraisal was obtained at the time of origination.

 % of

 Total
 Rate
 Score
 LTV
 Balance

 $
 3,941,952
 62.5
 %
 3.60
 %
 %
 $

 2,212,587
 35.1
 3.48

 127,161
 2.0
 2.80

 0.4
 6.05

 $
 100.0
 %
 3.55

 The following table presents originated and correspondent purchased activity in our one- to four-family loan portfolio, excluding endorsement activity, along with associated weighted average rates, weighted average LTV ratios and weighted average credit scores for the current year.

 Rate
 LTV
 Score

 $
 299,623
 6.41
 %
 %

 3,497
 5.91

 $
 303,120
 6.40

 As of September 30, 2024, the Bank had one- to four-family loan origination and refinance commitments of $46.3 million at a weighted average rate of 6.10%. There were no one- to four-family correspondent loan purchase commitments at September 30, 2024, as during the current year the Bank suspended purchasing one- to four-family loans from correspondent lenders.

 Commercial Loans - During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Bank originated commercial loans and entered into commercial loan participations totaling $350.6 million, which was comprised of $156.4 million in commercial construction real estate loans, $122.4 million in commercial real estate loans, and $71.8 million in commercial and industrial loans. During the current fiscal year, the Bank also processed commercial loan disbursements, excluding lines of credit, of approximately $326.7 million at a weighted average rate of 6.58%, which included $245.0 million, $60.1 million, and $21.6 million of disbursements on new and existing commercial construction, commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loans, respectively.

 As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Bank's commercial and industrial gross loan amounts (unpaid principal plus undisbursed amounts) totaled $163.6 million and $158.5 million, respectively, and commitments totaled $3.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Of the $163.6 million outstanding at September 30, 2024, $74.1 million, or 46%, of the portfolio related to working capital loans, $43.8 million, or 27%, related to financing/leasing/purchasing vehicles and equipment, and $37.9 million, or 24%, related to purchasing/refinancing business/assets.

 The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by type of primary collateral as of the dates indicated. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank had 12 commercial real estate and commercial construction loan commitments totaling $186.1 million, at a weighted average rate of 7.19%. Management anticipates fully funding the majority of the undisbursed amounts as most are not cancellable by the Bank. Of the total commercial real estate and commercial construction undisbursed amounts and commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2024, management anticipates funding approximately $150 million during the December 2024 quarter, $78 million during the March 2025 quarter, $83 million during the June 2025 quarter, and $149.7 million during the September 2025 quarter or later. At September 30, 2024, the unpaid principal balance of non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans was $886.1 million and the unpaid principal balance of owner occupied commercial real estate loans was $165.3 million, which are included in the table below.

 Unpaid
 Undisbursed
 Gross Loan
 Gross Loan

 Count
 Principal

 Multi-family
 $
 172,674
 $
 187,033
 $
 359,707
 $
 308,846

 Senior housing
 327,144
 5,190
 332,334
 331,207

 Hotel
 293,720
 29,676
 323,396
 233,012

 Retail building
 263,877
 52,384
 316,261
 352,499

 Office building
 127,289
 127,961
 130,921

 One- to four-family property
 59,467
 3,949
 63,416
 70,265

 Single use building
 43,176
 43,438
 47,193

 Warehouse/manufacturing
 34,243
 34,656
 35,963

 Other
 57,710
 4,303
 62,013
 53,032

 $
 1,379,300
 $
 283,882
 $
 1,663,182
 $
 1,562,938

 Weighted average rate
 5.56
 %
 6.79
 %
 5.77
 %
 5.47
 %

 The following table summarizes the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by state as of the dates indicated.

 Unpaid
 Undisbursed
 Gross Loan
 Gross Loan

 Count
 Principal

 Kansas
 $
 562,079
 $
 151,358
 $
 713,437
 $
 670,498

 Texas
 301,486
 46,580
 348,066
 348,707

 Missouri
 260,890
 52,256
 313,146
 332,610

 New York
 60,000
 —
 60,000
 —

 Colorado
 42,604
 7,413
 50,017
 49,385

 Arkansas
 35,522
 1,066
 36,588
 33,046

 Nebraska
 32,418
 32,422
 37,609

 California
 12,271
 2,769
 15,040
 —

 Other
 72,030
 22,436
 94,466
 91,083

 $
 1,379,300
 $
 283,882
 $
 1,663,182
 $
 1,562,938

 The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by unpaid principal balance, aggregated by type of primary collateral and state, along with weighted average LTV ratio and weighted average debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR") as of September 30, 2024. The LTV ratio is calculated using the gross loan amount (composed of unpaid principal and undisbursed amounts) as of September 30, 2024 and the most current collateral value available, which is most often the value at origination/purchase. For existing real estate, the "as is" value is used. If the property is to be constructed, the "as completed" value of the collateral is utilized. The DSCR is calculated based on historical borrower performance, or projected borrower performance for newly formed entities with no performance history. The DSCR is calculated at the time of origination, and is updated at the time of subsequent loan renewals or reviews of borrower financials. The DSCR presented in the table below is based on the DSCR at the time of origination unless an updated DSCR has been calculated. As of September 30, 2024 approximately 50% of the loans, based on unpaid principal balance, had updated DSCRs.

 Weighted
 Weighted

 Kansas
 Texas
 Missouri
 New York
 Other
 Total
 LTV
 DSCR

 Senior Housing
 $
 161,146
 $
 —
 $
 109,820
 $
 —
 $
 56,178
 $
 327,144
 70.2
 %
 1.41x

 Hotel
 42,633
 140,054
 9,672
 60,000
 41,361
 293,720
 57.3
 %
 1.45

 Retail Building
 85,366
 84,515
 50,317
 —
 43,678
 263,876
 60.5
 %
 1.91

 Multi-family
 95,935
 15,546
 40,517
 —
 20,677
 172,675
 62.6
 %
 1.41

 Office Building
 57,477
 60,471
 8,983
 —
 127,289
 49.0
 %
 2.68

 Other
 119,522
 41,581
 —
 32,593
 194,596
 51.6
 %
 3.10

 $
 562,079
 $
 301,486
 $
 260,890
 $
 60,000
 $
 194,845
 $
 1,379,300
 59.6
 %
 1.87

 Weighted LTV
 60.0
 %
 59.4
 %
 59.7
 %
 46.2
 %
 62.8
 %
 59.6
 %

 Weighted DSCR
 2.05x
 1.50x
 2.18x
 1.18x
 1.74x
 1.87x

 The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and construction loans and outstanding loan commitments, categorized by aggregate gross loan amount (unpaid principal plus undisbursed amounts) or outstanding loan commitment amount, average loan amount, weighted average LTV ratio and weighted average DSCR, as of September 30, 2024. See information above for the weighted average LTV ratio and DSCR calculations. For loans and commitments over $50.0 million, $182.2 million were related to hotels in California, New York, and Texas, $143.1 million were related to multi-family properties located in Kansas, and $60.0 million was related to an office building in Texas.

 Weighted
 Weighted

 Count
 LTV
 DSCR

 Greater than $50 million
 $
 385,283
 $
 64,214
 54.4
 %
 1.49x

 >$30 to $50 million
 211,210
 35,202
 63.4
 1.41

 >$20 to $30 million
 368,147
 24,543
 67.9
 1.28

 >$15 to $20 million
 153,069
 17,008
 61.3
 1.83

 >$10 to $15 million
 143,695
 11,975
 71.8
 1.57

 >$5 to $10 million
 195,657
 7,247
 64.7
 1.83

 $1 to $5 million
 263,607
 2,312
 59.7
 2.11

 Less than $1 million
 128,604
 40.0
 4.06

 $
 1,849,272
 2,356
 60.0
 1.77

 Asset Quality

 Delinquent and nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned ("OREO"). The following table presents the Company's 30 to 89 day delinquent loans at the dates indicated. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans less related charge-offs, if any. Of the loans 30 to 89 days delinquent at September 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately 66% and 72%, respectively, were 59 days or less delinquent. The increase in commercial real estate loans that were 30 to 89 days delinquent from September 30, 2023 was not due to one underlying reason. Management is working closely with the borrowers to address payment issues.

 2024
 2023

 $
 8,884
 $
 9,078

 3,049
 5,192

 —
 —
 1,123

 2,996

 $
 16,030
 $
 16,366

 Loans 30 to 89 days delinquent

 to total loans receivable, net
 0.20
 %
 0.21
 %

 The following table presents the Company's nonaccrual loans and OREO at the dates indicated. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans less related charge-offs, if any. Nonaccrual loans are loans that are 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure and other loans required to be reported as nonaccrual pursuant to accounting and/or regulatory reporting requirements and/or internal policies, even if the loans are current. At all dates presented, there were no loans 90 or more days delinquent that were still accruing interest. Non-performing assets include nonaccrual loans and OREO.

 2024
 2023

 Loans 90 or More Days Delinquent or in Foreclosure:

 $
 2,274
 $
 2,246

 4,024
 3,410

 1,535

 1,163
 1,966

 9,514
 8,894

 Loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure

 as a percentage of total loans
 0.12
 %
 0.11
 %

 Nonaccrual loans less than 90 Days Delinquent:(1)

 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total nonaccrual loans
 10,092
 9,409

 Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of total loans
 0.13
 %
 0.12
 %

 OREO:

 Originated(2)

 $
 —
 $
 —

 —
 —

 Total non-performing assets
 $
 10,147
 $
 9,628

 Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets
 0.11
 %
 0.09
 %

 (1)Includes loans required to be reported as nonaccrual pursuant to accounting and/or internal policies, even if the loans are current.
 (2)Real estate-related consumer loans where we also hold the first mortgage are included in the one- to four-family category as the underlying collateral is one- to four-family property.

 The following table presents the states where the properties securing ten percent or more of the total amount of our one- to four-family loans, excluding construction loans, are located and the corresponding balance of loans 30 to 89 days delinquent, 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure, and weighted average LTV ratios for loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure at September 30, 2024. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans, less related charge-offs, if any. The LTV ratios were based on the current loan balance and either the lesser of the purchase price or original appraisal, or the most recent Bank appraisal, if available. At September 30, 2024, potential losses, after taking into consideration anticipated private mortgage insurance proceeds and estimated selling costs, have been charged-off.

 Loans 30 to 89
 Loans 90 or More Days Delinquent

 One- to Four-Family
 Days Delinquent
 or in Foreclosure

 State
 LTV

 Kansas
 $
 3,491,566
 55.4
 %
 $
 7,911
 65.9
 %
 $
 2,233
 28.5
 %
 %

 Missouri
 1,084,592
 17.2
 3,447
 28.7
 12.7

 Other states
 1,728,512
 27.4
 5.4
 4,609
 58.8

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 12,001
 100.0
 %
 $
 7,833
 100.0
 %

 Classified Assets. In accordance with the Bank's asset classification policy, management regularly reviews the problem assets in the Bank's portfolio to determine whether any assets require classification. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for asset classification definitions.

 The following table presents loans classified as special mention or substandard at the dates presented. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans less related charge-offs, if any. The increase in commercial real estate special mention loans at September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023 was due mainly to three loans moving to special mention during the current year as certain underlying economic considerations related to the loans are being monitored by management. The decrease in commercial and industrial special mention loans at September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023 was due mainly to two loans being upgraded to pass due to an improvement in financial results.

 One- to four-family
 $
 17,528
 $
 22,715
 $
 18,603
 $
 19,314

 16,169
 2,302
 2,488
 1,138

 13,919

 $
 34,436
 $
 25,839
 $
 35,337
 $
 20,797

 Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table presents the distribution of our ACL and the ratio of ACL to loans receivable, by loan type, at the dates indicated. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates", "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the Bank's ACL, including management's qualitative factors.

 % of
 % of
 % of
 % of

 ACL to
 ACL to
 Loans to
 ACL to
 ACL to
 Loans to

 Loans
 Total
 Total
 Loans
 Total
 Total

 of ACL
 Ratio
 ACL
 Loans
 of ACL
 Ratio
 ACL
 Loans

 $
 1,650
 0.04
 %
 7.2
 %
 49.8
 %
 $
 2,084
 0.05
 %
 8.8
 %
 49.9
 %

 1,861
 0.08
 8.1
 27.9
 2,972
 0.12
 12.4
 30.1

 0.11
 0.6
 1.6
 0.15
 0.9
 1.7

 0.07
 0.1
 0.3
 0.09
 0.3
 0.9

 Total
 3,673
 0.06
 16.0
 79.6
 5,328
 0.08
 22.4
 82.6

 Real estate
 15,719
 1.32
 68.2
 15.0
 15,589
 1.57
 65.6
 12.5

 1,186
 0.91
 5.1
 1.6
 1,104
 0.98
 4.6
 1.4

 2,249
 1.20
 9.8
 2.4
 1,487
 0.83
 6.3
 2.2

 Total
 19,154
 1.27
 83.1
 19.0
 18,180
 1.41
 76.5
 16.1

 Consumer loans:

 0.11
 0.5
 1.3
 0.15
 0.6
 1.2

 Other consumer
 1.00
 0.4
 0.1
 1.18
 0.5
 0.1

 Total consumer loans
 0.19
 0.9
 1.4
 0.24
 1.1
 1.3

 $
 0.29
 %
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %
 $
 0.30
 %
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %

 Historically, the Bank has maintained very low delinquency ratios and NCO rates. Over the past two years, the Bank's highest ratio of commercial loans 90 days or more delinquent to total commercial loans at a quarter end was 0.17%. The highest such ratio for one- to four-family originated and correspondent loans, combined, was 0.12%. The amount of total NCOs during fiscal year 2024 was $111 thousand. During the 10-year period ended September 30, 2024, the Bank recognized $1.4 million of total NCOs. As of September 30, 2024, the ACL balance was $23.0 million and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures totaled $6.0 million. Management believes that this level of ACL and reserves is adequate for the risk characteristics in our loan portfolio.

 The Bank's commercial real estate ACL ratios, in aggregate, continue to be higher than those of our peers. The following tables present the average and median commercial real estate ACL ratios for the Bank and two of the Bank's peer groups at the month ends for the periods noted. The OCC peer group consists of all savings banks greater than $1 billion in assets and the Asset Size peer group consists of all banks between $5 billion and $15 billion in asset size. The peer group information is sourced from the respective peers' Call Reports.

2022
 December
2022
 March
2023
 June
2023
2023
 December
2023
 March
2024
 June
2024
2024

 Bank
 1.17
 %
 1.30
 %
 1.28
 %
 1.45
 %
 1.57
 %
 1.58
 %
 1.60
 %
 1.57
 %
 1.32
 %

 OCC
 0.96
 0.92
 1.21
 1.22
 1.21
 1.14
 1.10
 1.11
 N/A

 Asset Size
 1.17
 1.18
 1.18
 1.19
 1.24
 1.16
 1.16
 1.15
 N/A

 Median
2022
 December
2022
 March
2023
 June
2023
2023
 December
2023
 March
2024
 June
2024
2024

 Bank
 1.17
 %
 1.30
 %
 1.28
 %
 1.45
 %
 1.57
 %
 1.58
 %
 1.60
 %
 1.57
 %
 1.32
 %

 OCC
 0.90
 0.84
 1.00
 0.98
 1.06
 1.02
 0.98
 1.02
 N/A

 Asset Size
 1.13
 1.15
 1.13
 1.12
 1.12
 1.10
 1.13
 1.06
 N/A

 The following table presents ACL activity and related ratios at the dates and for the periods indicated. On October 1, 2023, the Bank adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"), which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors. The Company applied a modified retrospective approach when adopting ASU 2022-02, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment which is reflected in the table below ("ASU 2022-02 Adoption").

 At or For the Year Ended September 30,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $
 16,371
 $
 19,823

 ASU 2022-02 Adoption
 —
 —

 Charge-offs
 (160)
 (115)
 (70)

 Recoveries

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 (111)
 (106)

 (633)
 7,494
 (3,638)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 $
 $
 16,371

 Ratio of NCOs during the period

 to average non-performing assets
 1.12
 %
 1.09
 %
 (1.59)
 %

 ACL to nonaccrual loans at end of period
 228.25
 252.51
 173.37

 ACL to loans receivable, net at end of period
 0.29
 0.30
 0.22

 ACL at end of period to NCOs during the period
 207x
 223x
 N/M

 The ratio of NCOs to average non-performing assets during the current year was higher than the prior year due to higher NCOs compared to the prior year. The ratio of ACL to nonaccrual loans was lower at the end of the current year compared to the prior year-end due to a higher balance of nonaccrual loans and a lower ACL balance. The decrease in the ratio of the ACL to total loans as of September 30, 2024 from September 30, 2023 was due mainly to a decrease in the one- to four-family ACL to loan ratio and a decrease in overall one- to four-family loan balances, partially offset by an increase in the ACL for commercial loans due to commercial loan growth. The ratio of ACL at end of period to NCOs during the period was lower in the current year due to higher NCOs along with a lower ACL balance compared to the prior year. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information related to ACL activity by specific loan categories.

 The following table presents NCOs, average loans, and NCOs as a percentage of average loans, by loan type, for the periods indicated.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 NCOs
 Average Loans
 % of Average Loans
 NCOs
 Average Loans
 % of Average Loans
 NCOs
 Average Loans
 % of Average Loans

 $
 (28)
 $
 3,951,870
 —
 %
 $
 (6)
 $
 3,981,468
 —
 %
 $
 (129)
 $
 3,937,188
 —
 %

 —
 2,340,841
 —
 —
 2,428,257
 —
 —
 2,072,677
 —

 —
 132,460
 —
 —
 143,105
 —
 —
 159,152
 —

 —
 33,101
 —
 —
 65,741
 —
 —
 48,079
 —

 Total
 (28)
 6,458,272
 —
 (6)
 6,618,571
 —
 (129)
 6,217,096
 —

 Real estate
 1,073,219
 0.01
 (1)
 875,850
 —
 (101)
 692,115
 (0.01)

 (5)
 120,354
 —
 93,840
 0.08
 74,133
 0.05

 —
 184,848
 —
 —
 181,141
 —
 —
 117,878
 —

 Total
 1,378,421
 0.01
 1,150,831
 0.01
 (61)
 884,126
 (0.01)

 97,694
 0.05
 94,131
 0.02
 85,514
 —

 Other
 9,663
 0.19
 8,885
 0.19
 8,030
 0.04

 Total
 107,357
 0.06
 103,016
 0.04
 93,544
 —

 $
 $
 7,944,050
 —
 $
 $
 7,872,418
 —
 $
 (186)
 $
 7,194,766
 —

 Securities. The following table presents the distribution of our securities portfolio, at amortized cost, at the dates indicated. Overall, fixed-rate securities comprised 95% of our securities portfolio at September 30, 2024. The weighted average life ("WAL") is the estimated remaining maturity (in years) after three-month historical prepayment speeds and projected call option assumptions have been applied. Weighted average yields on tax-exempt securities are not calculated on a fully tax-equivalent basis.

 Yield
 WAL
 Yield
 WAL

 MBS
 $
 756,775
 5.63
 %
 5.7
 $
 901,440
 1.71
 %
 4.7

 Government-sponsored enterprises ("GSE") debentures
 69,077
 5.63
 0.4
 479,610
 0.64
 1.9

 4,000
 5.12
 7.6
 4,000
 5.12
 8.6

 Municipal bonds
 —
 —
 —
 2.55
 6.9

 $
 829,852
 5.63
 5.2
 $
 1,385,992
 1.35
 3.8

 The composition and maturities of the securities portfolio at September 30, 2024 is indicated in the following table by remaining contractual maturity, without consideration of call features or pre-refunding dates, along with associated weighted average yields. The weighted average yields are current yields and includes the amortization of premiums or discounts and are calculated by multiplying each estimated fair value by its current yield and dividing the sum of these results by the total estimated fair value. Yields on tax-exempt investments are not calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis.

 1 year or less
 More than 1 to 5 years
 More than 5 to 10 years
 Over 10 years
 Total Securities

 Fair
 Fair
 Fair
 Fair
 Fair

 Value
 Yield
 Value
 Yield
 Value
 Yield
 Value
 Yield
 Value
 Yield

 MBS
 $
 2.60
 %
 $
 42,353
 5.58
 %
 $
 199,403
 5.98
 %
 $
 541,441
 5.50
 %
 $
 5.63
 %

 —
 —
 10,000
 5.52
 59,305
 5.64
 —
 —
 69,305
 5.63

 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,388
 5.12
 —
 —
 3,388
 5.12

 $
 2.60
 $
 52,353
 5.57
 $
 262,096
 5.90
 $
 541,441
 5.50
 $
 5.63

 The following table summarizes the activity in our securities portfolio for the periods presented. The weighted average yields for the beginning and ending balances are as of the first and last days of the periods presented and are generally derived from recent prepayment activity on the securities in the portfolio. The beginning and ending WALs are the estimated remaining principal repayment terms (in years) after three-month historical prepayment speeds and projected call option assumptions have been applied.

 Yield
 WAL
 Yield
 WAL

 Beginning balance - carrying value
 $
 1.35
 %
 3.8
 $
 1,563,307
 1.29
 %
 4.2

 Maturities and repayments
 (455,110)
 (186,860)

 Proceeds from sale
 (1,272,512)
 —

 Net amortization of (premiums)/discounts
 8,182
 (3,016)

 Purchases
 1,176,645
 5.55
 5.1
 —
 —
 —

 Net loss from securities sales
 (13,345)
 —

 Change in valuation on AFS securities
 27,924
 11,051

 Ending balance - carrying value
 $
 5.63
 5.2
 $
 1.35
 3.8

 Liabilities. Total liabilities were $8.50 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $9.13 billion at September 30, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in borrowings as some of the funds from the securities strategy were used to repay all $500.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the BTFP, partially offset by an increase in deposits.

 Deposits. The following table presents the amount, weighted average rate and percent of total for the components of our deposit portfolio at the dates presented. Total deposits increased from September 30, 2023, primarily in retail certificates of deposit, all in the 14 months or shorter term category, partially offset by a decrease in retail money market accounts, as some customers elected to move funds to the Bank's certificate of deposit offerings or the Bank's higher yielding savings account offering. The amount of commercial non-maturity deposits included in the table below at September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $259.7 million and $267.3 million, respectively. The increase in the deposit portfolio rate at September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023 was due mainly to higher rates on retail certificates of deposit.

 At September 30,

 2024
 2023

 % of
 % of

 Rate
 Total
 Rate
 Total

 Non-interest-bearing checking
 $
 549,596
 —
 %
 9.0
 %
 $
 558,326
 —
 %
 9.2
 %

 Interest-bearing checking
 847,542
 0.23
 13.8
 901,994
 0.19
 14.9

 Savings
 540,572
 0.82
 8.8
 480,091
 0.12
 7.9

 Money market
 1,226,962
 1.46
 20.0
 1,380,617
 1.96
 22.8

 Retail certificates of deposit
 2,830,579
 4.23
 46.2
 2,533,954
 3.47
 41.9

 Commercial certificates of deposit
 58,236
 4.40
 1.0
 48,751
 3.56
 0.8

 Public unit certificates of deposit
 76,495
 4.62
 1.2
 147,487
 4.44
 2.5

 $
 6,129,982
 2.45
 100.0
 %
 $
 6,051,220
 2.07
 100.0
 %

 During the current year, management sought to grow certificates of deposit with terms of 14 months or less by offering market competitive rates. We focused on terms that should allow us to price down certificates of deposit as and when the FRB reduces overnight rates, which first occurred in September 2024 and occurred again in November 2024. The weighted average maturity ("WAM") of our retail certificate of deposit portfolio as of September 30, 2024 was approximately 10 months. Our retail certificate of deposit retention rate has been approximately 87% over the past 12-months. Additionally, management focused on retaining and growing deposits through the introduction of a high-yield savings account early in fiscal year 2024 which had an annual percentage yield of 4.30% for balances over $10 thousand as of September 30, 2024. The high-yield savings account balance was $96.2 million as of September 30, 2024. Of this amount, approximately 45% relates to existing Bank customers increasing their balances during the year by bringing in funds from outside the Bank, approximately 40% is from internal Bank transfers from other deposit products, largely the money market portfolio, and the remaining 15% is composed of new deposit relationships. While there is an immediate repricing and increase in cost on internal transfers within the Bank, we believe we have captured rate sensitive money by offering this product, rather than having those funds leave the Bank.

 As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $766.8 million (or approximately 12%) and $789.0 million (or approximately 13%), respectively, of the Bank's Call Report deposit balance was uninsured. Of the $766.8 million at September 30, 2024, approximately $460.1 million related to commercial and retail deposit accounts, with the remainder mainly comprised of fully collateralized public unit deposits and intercompany accounts. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting requirements.

 The following table sets forth the portion of the Bank's certificate of deposit portfolio, by account, that are in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, by remaining time until maturity, as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands).

 3 months or less
 $
 139,686

 Over 3 through 6 months
 124,002

 Over 6 through 12 months
 137,847

 Over 12 months
 114,722

 $
 516,257

 Borrowings. Total borrowings at September 30, 2024 were $2.18 billion, which was comprised of $1.98 billion in fixed-rate FHLB advances, $200.0 million in FHLB variable-rate advances tied to interest rate swaps, and $1.1 million in finance leases. Borrowings decreased $699.6 million from September 30, 2023 as some of the funds from the securities strategy were used to repay all $500.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the BTFP and not all maturing FHLB borrowings were replaced during the current fiscal year.

 The following table presents the maturity of term borrowings, which consist of FHLB advances, along with associated weighted average contractual and effective rates as of September 30, 2024. Amortizing FHLB advances are presented based on their maturity dates versus their quarterly scheduled repayment dates.

 Maturity by
 Contractual
 Effective

 Fiscal Year
 Rate
 Rate(1)

 2025
 650,000
 3.23
 2.94

 2026
 575,000
 2.81
 2.95

 2027
 477,500
 3.14
 3.24

 2028
 310,656
 4.78
 4.13

 2029
 167,500
 4.44
 4.44

 $
 2,180,656
 3.41
 3.29

 (1)The effective rate includes the impact of interest rate swaps and the amortization of deferred prepayment penalties resulting from FHLB advances previously prepaid.

 The following table presents borrowing activity for the periods shown. The borrowings presented in the table have original contractual terms of one year or longer or are tied to interest rate swaps with original contractual terms of one year or longer. Line of credit borrowings and finance leases are excluded from the table. The effective rate is shown as a weighted average and includes the impact of interest rate swaps and the amortization of deferred prepayment penalties resulting from FHLB advances previously prepaid. The WAM is the remaining weighted average contractual term in years. The beginning and ending WAMs represent the remaining maturity at each date presented. During the current year, management paid down BTFP borrowings with the proceeds received from the securities strategy.

 2024
 2023

 Effective
 Effective

 Rate
 WAM
 Rate
 WAM

 $
 2,882,828
 3.34
 %
 1.8
 $
 2,062,500
 2.44
 %
 2.5

 Maturities and repayments
 (527,172)
 2.95
 —
 (329,672)
 2.01
 —

 New FHLB borrowings
 325,000
 4.54
 4.4
 650,000
 4.47
 3.2

 BTFP, net
 (500,000)
 4.70
 —
 500,000
 4.70
 1.0

 $
 2,180,656
 3.29
 1.6
 $
 2,882,828
 3.34
 1.8

 Leverage Strategy
 Periodically, the Bank has utilized a leverage strategy to increase earnings, which entails entering into short-term FHLB borrowings and depositing the proceeds from these FHLB borrowings, net of the purchases of FHLB stock made to meet FHLB stock holding requirements, at the FRB. The leverage strategy is not a core operating business for the Company. It provides the Company the ability to utilize excess capital to generate earnings. Additionally, it is a strategy that can be exited quickly without additional costs. The profitability of the leverage strategy is attributable to net income derived from the dividends received on the increased FHLB stock holdings, plus the net interest rate spread between the yield on the leverage strategy cash at the FRB and the rate paid on the leverage strategy FHLB borrowings, less applicable FDIC premiums and estimated income tax expense. Leverage strategy borrowings are repaid prior to each quarter end so there is no impact to

 quarter end capital ratios. The leverage strategy was not in place at any time during the current year due to the strategy being unprofitable, but it was in place at points during the prior year. During the prior year, the average balance of cash associated with the leverage strategy was $882.8 million and interest earned on that cash was $37.8 million, the average balance of FHLB stock associated with the leverage strategy was $41.6 million and dividends earned on that stock were $3.6 million, and the average balance of FHLB borrowings associated with the leverage strategy was $924.4 million and the related interest expense was $39.7 million. Additionally, the Company recognized $406 thousand of FDIC premiums and $215 thousand of income tax expense during the prior year related to the leverage strategy. When the leverage strategy is in place, it reduces the net interest margin due to the amount of earnings from the transaction in comparison to the size of the transaction. Management continues to monitor the net interest rate spread and overall profitability of the leverage strategy.

 Maturities of Interest-Bearing Liabilities. The following table presents the maturity and weighted average repricing rate, which is also the weighted average effective rate, of certificates of deposit, split between retail/commercial and public unit amounts, and non-amortizing term borrowings for the next four quarters as of September 30, 2024.

 December 31,
 March 31,
 June 30,

 2024
 2025
 2025
 2025
 Total

 Retail/Commercial Certificates:

 $
 681,571
 $
 636,105
 $
 520,483
 $
 307,071
 $
 2,145,230

 Repricing Rate
 4.49
 %
 4.56
 %
 4.61
 %
 4.41
 %
 4.53
 %

 Public Unit Certificates:

 $
 30,025
 $
 17,526
 $
 5,841
 $
 5,853
 $
 59,245

 Repricing Rate
 4.68
 %
 4.90
 %
 4.62
 %
 4.64
 %
 4.74
 %

 Term Borrowings:

 $
 200,000
 $
 150,000
 $
 200,000
 $
 100,000
 $
 650,000

 Repricing Rate
 3.35
 %
 1.93
 %
 3.27
 %
 2.97
 %
 2.94
 %

 Total

 $
 911,596
 $
 803,631
 $
 726,324
 $
 412,924
 $
 2,854,475

 Repricing Rate
 4.25
 %
 4.08
 %
 4.24
 %
 4.07
 %
 4.17
 %

 The following table sets forth the WAM information for our certificates of deposit, in years, as of September 30, 2024.

 Retail certificates of deposit
 0.8

 Commercial certificates of deposit
 0.6

 Public unit certificates of deposit
 0.6

 Total certificates of deposit
 0.8

 Stockholders' Equity. Stockholders' equity totaled $1.03 billion at September 30, 2024. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased $19.3 million of shares and paid regular quarterly cash dividends totaling $44.5 million, or $0.34 per share. On October 22, 2024, the Company announced a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.085 per share, or approximately $11.1 million, payable on November 15, 2024 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 1, 2024.

 Consistent with our goal to operate a sound and profitable financial organization, we actively seek to maintain a well-capitalized status for the Bank in accordance with regulatory standards. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank's capital ratios exceeded the well-capitalized requirements and the Bank exceeded all internal policy thresholds for sensitivity to changes in rates. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank's community bank leverage ratio was 9.2%. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13. Regulatory Capital Requirements" for additional regulatory capital information.

 During the current year, the Company repurchased 3,280,110 shares of common stock at an average price of $5.87 per share. These repurchases occurred in the first half of the current year. The Company currently has $75.0 million authorized for repurchase under existing stock repurchase plans. The FRB's current approval for the Company to repurchase shares up to the $75.0 million authorization expires in February 2025. Shares may be repurchased from time to time based upon market conditions, available liquidity and other factors.

 Based on the Company's accumulated earnings and profits at the beginning of its 2024 tax year and the current year tax earnings and profits deficit as a result of the losses associated with the securities strategy (See "Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 - Income Tax Expense" below), the Company believes that all dividends paid to stockholders by the Company during fiscal year 2024 should be treated as a return of capital, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 301(c)(2), which reduced the tax basis in the stockholders' shares by the amount of the dividend received. Stockholders should consult their own tax advisors to determine the income tax consequences of their specific situation. The Company is providing this for informational purposes only and not as legal or tax advice. Based on the Company's proposed actions for fiscal year 2025 (as discussed further below), the Company anticipates that the majority, if not all, of the dividend payments to Company stockholders in fiscal year 2025 will be treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 At September 30, 2024, Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. at the holding company level, had $50.1 million in cash on deposit at the Bank. Given the amount of cash at the holding company level, and in an effort to minimize the tax associated with the pre-1988 bad debt recapture, it is currently the intention of management and the Board of Directors to not distribute earnings from the Bank to the Company during fiscal year 2025. See additional information regarding the pre-1988 bad debt recapture in "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Income Taxes". It is currently anticipated that the Bank will have sufficient taxable income during fiscal year 2025 to replenish tax accumulated earnings and profits to a positive level, allowing the Bank to make earnings distributions to the Company during fiscal year 2026 and not be taxed on those distributions. For fiscal year 2025, it is the intention of the Company's Board of Directors to pay out the regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.085 per share, totaling $0.34 per share for the year. To the extent that earnings in fiscal year 2025 exceed $0.34 per share, the Board of Directors will consider the payment of additional dividends. Dividend payments depend upon a number of factors, including the Company's financial condition and results of operations, regulatory capital requirements, regulatory limitations on the Bank's ability to make capital distributions to the Company, the Bank's taxable current earnings and accumulated earnings and profits, and the amount of cash at the holding company level.

 The following table presents regular quarterly cash dividends and special cash dividends paid in calendar years 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 Calendar Year

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Per Share
 Per Share
 Per Share

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Regular quarterly dividends paid

 Quarter ended March 31
 $
 11,127
 $
 0.085
 $
 11,319
 $
 0.085
 $
 11,535
 $
 0.085

 Quarter ended June 30
 11,044
 0.085
 11,321
 0.085
 11,534
 0.085

 Quarter ended September 30
 11,043
 0.085
 11,323
 0.085
 11,534
 0.085

 Quarter ended December 31
 11,061
 0.085
 11,308
 0.085
 11,508
 0.085

 True-up dividends paid
 —
 —
 —
 —
 37,701
 0.280

 True Blue Capitol dividends paid
 —
 —
 —
 —
 27,143
 0.200

 Calendar year-to-date dividends paid
 $
 44,275
 $
 0.340
 $
 45,271
 $
 0.340
 $
 110,955
 $
 0.820

 Rate/Volume Analysis. The table below presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, comparing fiscal years 2024 to 2023. For the comparison of fiscal years 2023 to 2022, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to (1) changes in volume, which are changes in the average balance multiplied by the previous year's average rate, and (2) changes in rate, which are changes in the average rate multiplied by the average balance from the previous year. The net changes attributable to the combined impact of both rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

 2024 vs. 2023

 Increase (Decrease) Due to

 Volume
 Rate
 Total

 Interest-earning assets:

 $
 6,962
 $
 21,659
 $
 28,621

 MBS
 (11,843)
 26,973
 15,130

 Investment securities
 (3,724)
 8,907
 5,183

 (4,795)
 (3,813)

 (36,895)
 8,827
 (28,068)

 Total interest-earning assets
 (50,295)
 67,348
 17,053

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Checking
 (148)

 Savings
 (31)
 1,369
 1,338

 Money market
 (3,645)
 6,552
 2,907

 Certificates of deposit
 11,380
 41,183
 52,563

 (56,483)
 7,466
 (49,017)

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 (48,927)
 57,193
 8,266

 Net change in net interest income
 $
 (1,368)
 $
 10,155
 $
 8,787

 Average Balance Sheets. The following table presents the average balances of our assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity, and the related weighted average yields and rates on our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated. For fiscal year 2022 information, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Weighted average yields are derived by dividing annual income by the average balance of the related assets, and weighted average rates are derived by dividing annual expense by the average balance of the related liabilities, for the periods shown. Average outstanding balances are derived from average daily balances. The weighted average yields and rates include amortization of fees, costs, premiums and discounts, which are considered adjustments to yields/rates. Weighted average yields on tax-exempt securities are not calculated on a fully taxable equivalent basis.

 2024
 2023

 Interest
 Interest

 Earned/
 Yield/
 Earned/
 Yield/

 Paid
 Rate
 Paid
 Rate

 Interest-earning assets:

 One- to four-family loans:

 $
 3,984,971
 $
 142,011
 3.56
 %
 $
 4,047,209
 $
 135,873
 3.36
 %

 2,340,841
 76,493
 3.27
 2,428,257
 76,335
 3.14

 132,460
 2,999
 2.26
 143,105
 1,923
 1.34

 Total one- to four-family loans
 6,458,272
 221,503
 3.43
 6,618,571
 214,131
 3.24

 Commercial loans
 1,378,421
 78,042
 5.57
 1,150,831
 57,991
 4.97

 Consumer loans
 107,357
 9,162
 8.53
 103,016
 7,965
 7.73

 Total loans receivable(1)

 7,944,050
 308,707
 3.87
 7,872,418
 280,087
 3.55

 MBS(2)

 619,521
 33,650
 5.43
 1,150,013
 18,520
 1.61

 Investment securities(2)(3)

 180,640
 8,749
 4.84
 524,919
 3,565
 0.68

 FHLB stock(4)

 106,064
 10,009
 9.44
 157,925
 13,821
 8.75

 Cash and cash equivalents(5)

 286,988
 15,728
 5.39
 998,793
 43,796
 4.32

 Total interest-earning assets
 9,137,263
 376,843
 4.11
 10,704,068
 359,789
 3.35

 Other non-interest-earning assets
 460,278
 263,713

 Total assets
 $
 9,597,541
 $
 10,967,781

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity:

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Checking
 $
 873,097
 1,978
 0.23
 $
 961,779
 1,504
 0.16

 Savings
 493,456
 1,826
 0.37
 525,423
 0.09

 Money market
 1,302,817
 22,333
 1.71
 1,567,540
 19,426
 1.24

 Retail certificates
 2,680,003
 106,204
 3.96
 2,266,740
 54,724
 2.41

 Commercial certificates
 54,484
 2,247
 4.12
 40,258
 2.47

 Wholesale certificates
 109,217
 4,961
 4.54
 134,641
 5,132
 3.81

 Total deposits
 5,513,074
 139,549
 2.53
 5,496,381
 82,267
 1.50

 Borrowings(6)

 2,338,222
 75,233
 3.21
 3,658,015
 124,250
 3.38

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 7,851,296
 214,782
 2.73
 9,154,396
 206,517
 2.25

 Non-interest-bearing deposits
 533,821
 562,023

 Other non-interest-bearing liabilities
 180,979
 179,373

 Stockholders' equity
 1,031,445
 1,071,989

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 9,597,541
 $
 10,967,781

 Net interest income(7)

 $
 162,061
 $
 153,272

 Net interest-earning assets
 $
 1,285,967
 $
 1,549,672

 Net interest margin(8)

 1.77
 1.43

 Ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities
 1.16x
 1.17x

 Selected performance ratios:

 Return on average assets(9)(14)

 0.40
 %
 (0.93)
 %

 Return on average equity(10)(14)

 3.69
 (9.48)

 Average equity to average assets
 10.75
 9.77

 Operating expense ratio(11)

 1.17
 1.04

 Efficiency ratio(12)(14)

 66.91
 (626.63)

 Pre-tax yield on leverage strategy(13)

 —
 0.13

 (1)Balances are adjusted for unearned loan fees and deferred costs. Loans that are 90 or more days delinquent are included in the loans receivable average balance with a yield of zero percent.
 (2)AFS securities are adjusted for unamortized purchase premiums or discounts.
 (3)The average balance of investment securities includes an average balance of nontaxable securities of $51 thousand and $1.0 million for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 (4)There was no FHLB stock related to the leverage strategy for the year ended September 30, 2024. Included in this line, for the year ended September 30, 2023, is FHLB stock related to the leverage strategy with an average outstanding balance of $41.6 million and dividend income of $3.6 million, at a weighted average yield of 8.69%, and FHLB stock not related to the leverage strategy with an average outstanding balance of $116.3 million, and dividend income of $10.2 million, at a weighted average yield of 8.77%.
 (5)There was no cash and cash equivalents related to the leverage strategy during the year ended September 30, 2024. The average balance of cash and cash equivalents includes an average balance of cash related to the leverage strategy of $882.8 million and interest income of $37.8 million, at a weighted average yield of 4.22% during the year ended September 30, 2023.
 (6)There were no borrowings related to the leverage strategy during the year ended September 30, 2024. Included in this line, for the year ended September 30, 2023 are FHLB borrowings related to the leverage strategy with an average outstanding balance of $924.4 million and interest paid of $39.7 million, at a weighted average rate of 4.24%, and borrowings not related to the leverage strategy with an average outstanding balance of $2.73 billion, and interest paid of $84.5 million, at a weighted average rate of 3.08%. The FHLB advance amounts and rates included in this line include the effect of interest rate swaps and are net of deferred prepayment penalties.
 (7)Net interest income represents the difference between interest income earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income depends on the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the interest rates earned or paid on them.
 (8)Net interest margin represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. Management believes the net interest margin is important to investors as it is a profitability measure for financial institutions.
 (9)Return on average assets represents net income as a percentage of total average assets. Management believes that the return on average assets is important to investors as it shows the Company's profitability in relation to the Company's average assets.
 (10)Return on average equity represents net income as a percentage of total average equity. Management believes that the return on average equity is important to investors as it shows the Company's profitability in relation to the Company's average equity.
 (11)The operating expense ratio represents non-interest expense as a percentage of average assets. Management believes the operating expense ratio is important to investors as it provides insight into how efficiently the Company is managing its expenses in relation to its assets. It is a financial measurement ratio that does not take into consideration changes in interest rates.
 (12)The efficiency ratio represents non-interest expense as a percentage of the sum of net interest income (pre-provision for credit losses) and non-interest income. Management believes the efficiency ratio is important to investors as it is a measure of a financial institution's total non-interest expense as a percentage of the sum of net interest income (pre-provision for credit losses) and non-interest income. A lower value generally indicates that it is costing the financial institution less money to generate revenue, related to its net interest margin and non-interest income.
 (13)The pre-tax yield on the leverage strategy represents pre-tax income resulting from the transaction as a percentage of the average interest-earning assets associated with the transaction. Management believes this ratio is important to investors as it provides the yield the Company is earning on the leverage strategy transaction.
 (14)The table below provides a reconciliation between performance measures presented in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the same performance measures excluding the impact of the net loss on the securities transactions associated with the securities strategy, which are not presented in accordance with GAAP. The securities strategy was non-recurring in nature; therefore management believes it is meaningful to investors to present certain financial measures excluding the securities strategy to better evaluate the Company's core operations. See information regarding the securities strategy in the "Executive Summary" discussion above.

 2024
 2023

 Without
 Without

 Actual
 Strategy
 Actual
 Strategy

 (GAAP)
 Strategy
 (Non-GAAP)
 (GAAP)
 Strategy
 (Non-GAAP)

 Return on average assets
 0.40
 %
 (0.10)
 %
 0.50
 %
 (0.93)
 %
 (1.33)
 %
 0.40
 %

 Return on average equity
 3.69
 (0.97)
 4.66
 (9.48)
 (13.58)
 4.10

 Efficiency Ratio
 66.91
 4.94
 61.97
 (626.63)
 (691.94)
 65.31

 Earnings per share(15)

 $
 0.29
 $
 (0.08)
 $
 0.37
 $
 (0.76)
 $
 (1.09)
 $
 0.33

 (15)Earnings per share is calculated as net income divided by average shares outstanding. Management believes earnings per share is an important measure to investors as it shows the Company's earnings in relation to the Company's outstanding shares.

 Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
 The Company recognized net income of $38.0 million, or $0.29 per share, for the current year, compared to net loss of $101.7 million, or $(0.76) per share, for the prior year. The net loss in the prior year resulted from a $192.6 million impairment loss ($145.6 million net of tax) on the securities associated with the securities strategy. See additional discussion regarding the securities strategy in the "Executive Summary" section above. The securities associated with the securities strategy were sold in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024 resulting in $13.3 million ($10.0 million net of tax) of net losses related to the sale. Excluding the effects of the net loss associated with the securities strategy, earnings per share would have been $0.37 for the current year and $0.33 for the prior year. The increase in earnings per share excluding the effects of the net losses associated with the securities strategy was due primarily to higher net interest income and a lower provision for credit losses in the current year, partially offset by higher income tax expense.

 Periodically, at management's discretion, we have utilized the leverage strategy to increase earnings which entails entering into short-term FHLB borrowings and depositing the proceeds from these FHLB borrowings, net of the purchases of FHLB stock made to meet FHLB stock holding requirements, at the FRB. See additional information regarding the leverage strategy in the "Financial Condition - Borrowings" section above. When the leverage strategy is in place, it reduces the net interest margin due to the amount of earnings from the transaction in comparison to the size of the transaction.

 The net interest margin increased 34 basis points, from 1.43% for the prior year to 1.77% for the current year. The leverage strategy negatively impacted the net interest margin for the prior year by 12 basis points. The remaining improvement in the net interest margin absent the leverage strategy was due to higher yields on securities and loans which outpaced the increase in the cost of deposits, largely in retail certificates of deposit.

 Interest and Dividend Income
 The following table presents the components of interest and dividend income for the years presented, along with the change measured in dollars and percent.

 2024
 2023

 INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME:

 $
 308,707
 $
 280,087
 $
 28,620
 10.2
 %

 MBS
 33,650
 18,520
 15,130
 81.7

 15,728
 43,796
 (28,068)
 (64.1)

 10,009
 13,821
 (3,812)
 (27.6)

 Investment securities
 8,749
 3,565
 5,184
 145.4

 Total interest and dividend income
 $
 376,843
 $
 359,789
 $
 17,054
 4.7

 The increase in interest income on loans receivable was due largely to an increase in the weighted average yield, along with an increase in the average balance of the portfolio primarily as a result of growth in the commercial loan portfolio as the loan portfolio mix continued to shift from one- to four-family loans to commercial loans. The increase in the weighted average yield was due primarily to originations and purchases at higher market rates between periods, as well as disbursements on commercial construction loans at rates higher than the overall portfolio rate and upward repricing of existing adjustable-rate loans due to higher market interest rates. The increase in the average balance was mainly in the commercial loan portfolio which was partially offset by a decrease in the average balance of the one-to four-family loan portfolio. See additional discussion in the "Financial Condition - Loans Receivable" section above.

 The increase in interest income on MBS and investment securities was due to an increase in the weighted average yield, partially offset by a decrease in the average balance, both a result of the securities strategy.

 The decrease in interest income on cash and cash equivalents and the decrease in dividend income on FHLB stock were due mainly to the leverage strategy being utilized during the prior year and not being utilized during the current year. Interest income on cash and cash equivalents related to the leverage strategy decreased $37.8 million and dividend income on FHLB

 stock related to the leverage strategy decreased $3.6 million compared to the prior year. Interest income on cash and cash equivalents not associated with the leverage strategy increased $9.7 million due largely to an increase in the average balance of cash and cash equivalents. The increase in the average balance was mainly a result of the securities strategy as not all of the proceeds from the securities strategy were immediately redeployed due to future anticipated commercial loan fundings and the higher rate paid on amounts held at the FRB.

 Interest Expense
 The following table presents the components of interest expense for the years presented, along with the change measured in dollars and percent.

 2024
 2023

 INTEREST EXPENSE:

 $
 139,549
 $
 82,267
 $
 57,282
 69.6
 %

 75,233
 124,250
 (49,017)
 (39.5)

 Total interest expense
 $
 214,782
 $
 206,517
 $
 8,265
 4.0

 The increase in interest expense on deposits was due almost entirely to an increase in the weighted average rate paid on deposits, specifically retail certificates of deposit and money market accounts. To a lesser extent, the average balance of retail certificates of deposit also increased interest expense on deposits, partially offset by a decrease in the average balance of money market accounts. See additional information regarding the deposit portfolio composition in the "Financial Condition - Deposits" section above.

 Interest expense on borrowings associated with the leverage strategy decreased $39.7 million compared to the prior year due to the leverage strategy being in place during the prior year and not being in place during the current year. Interest expense on borrowings not associated with the leverage strategy decreased $9.3 million due mainly to a decrease in borrowings under the BTFP, which were repaid during the current year, and a reduction in the average outstanding balance on the Bank's FHLB line of credit compared to the prior year. The decrease in these borrowings was partially offset by new borrowings in the current year at market interest rates higher than the overall portfolio rate, to replace maturing advances and fund operational needs.

 Provision for Credit Losses
 The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.3 million during the current year, compared to a provision for credit losses of $6.8 million for the prior year. The provision for credit losses in the current year was comprised of a $1.9 million increase in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures, partially offset by a $633 thousand release in the ACL for loans. The increase in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures was due primarily to an increase in the balance of off-balance sheet credit exposures and an increase in the ACL to loan ratio, which is applied to off-balance sheet credit exposures, between periods, specifically for commercial construction loans. The change in the balance of the ACL from the prior fiscal year end to the end of the current fiscal year was a decrease of $724 thousand which differs from the $633 thousand above primarily due to NCOs. The reduction in ACL was due to a decrease in the ACL for our one- to four-family loans as a result of a decrease in the ACL to loan ratio and a decrease in loan balances, partially offset by an increase in the ACL for our commercial loans due to growth in the commercial loan portfolio. See discussion regarding the ACL in the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Critical Accounting Estimates" section above.

 Non-Interest Income
 The following table presents the components of non-interest income for the years presented, along with the change measured in dollars and percent.

 2024
 2023

 NON-INTEREST INCOME:

 Deposit service fees
 $
 10,562
 $
 12,745
 $
 (2,183)
 (17.1)
 %

 Insurance commissions
 3,257
 3,487
 (230)
 (6.6)

 Net loss from securities transactions
 (13,345)
 (192,622)
 179,277
 93.1

 Other non-interest income
 4,770
 4,935
 (165)
 (3.3)

 Total non-interest income
 $
 5,244
 $
 (171,455)
 $
 176,699
 103.1

 The decrease in deposit service fees was due primarily to a change in the fee structure of certain deposit products after the Bank's digital transformation. The decrease in insurance commissions was primarily due to adjustments to accrued contingent commissions made in anticipation of lower commissions largely related to industry changes in underwriting and loss experience which is adversely impacting new business and projected loss ratios. The industry changes impacting commissions are expected to persist for the foreseeable future, so management is currently evaluating other insurance revenue streams while maintaining our current lines of business. The net loss from securities transactions in the prior year related to the impairment loss on securities associated with the securities strategy while the $13.3 million loss in the current year related to additional losses incurred on those securities when they were ultimately sold during the first quarter of fiscal year 2024.
 Non-Interest Expense
 The following table presents the components of non-interest expense for the years presented, along with the change measured in dollars and percent.

 2024
 2023

 NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:

 Salaries and employee benefits
 $
 52,272
 $
 51,491
 $
 1.5
 %

 Information technology and related expense
 20,324
 23,425
 (3,101)
 (13.2)

 Occupancy, net
 13,558
 14,236
 (678)
 (4.8)

 Federal insurance premium
 6,052
 4,456
 1,596
 35.8

 Regulatory and outside services
 5,743
 6,039
 (296)
 (4.9)

 Advertising and promotional
 4,264
 4,305
 (41)
 (1.0)

 Deposit and loan transaction costs
 2,719
 2,694
 0.9

 Office supplies and related expense
 1,691
 2,499
 (808)
 (32.3)

 Other non-interest expense
 5,320
 4,789
 11.1

 Total non-interest expense
 $
 111,943
 $
 113,934
 $
 (1,991)
 (1.7)

 The increase in salaries and employee benefits was mainly attributable to higher incentive compensation in the current year compared to the prior year, as no incentive compensation was paid in the prior year due to the net loss recognized by the Company. The decrease in information technology and related expense was due mainly to lower third-party project management expenses associated with the Bank's digital transformation during the prior year along with the discontinuation of other costs associated with the previous core system, partially offset by higher software licensing expenses resulting from new agreements associated with the digital transformation. The increase in the federal insurance premium was due primarily

 to an increase in the FDIC assessment rate as a result of the way the assessment rate was adjusted for the occurrence of the Bank's net loss during the quarter ending September 30, 2023. The decrease in regulatory and outside services was due to the prior year including expenses related to the digital transformation. The decrease in office supplies and related expense was due primarily to the outsourcing of statement processing related to the digital transformation, and the timing of office supply purchases between periods. The increase in other non-interest expense was due mainly to an increase in customer fraud losses.

 The Company's efficiency ratio was 66.91% for the current year compared to (626.63)% for the prior year. Excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, the efficiency ratio would have been 61.97% for the current year and 65.31% for the prior year. The improvement in the efficiency ratio, excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, was due primarily to higher net interest income and lower non-interest expense in the current year compared to the prior year.

 Income Tax Expense
 The following table presents pretax income, income tax expense, and net income for the periods presented, along with the change measured in dollars and percent and effective tax rate.

 2024
 2023

 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
 $
 54,103
 $
 (138,955)
 $
 193,058
 138.9
 %

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 16,093
 (37,296)
 53,389
 143.1

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 (101,659)
 $
 139,669
 137.4

 Effective Tax Rate
 29.7
 %
 26.8
 %

 For the prior year, absent the net loss, the effective income tax rate would have been 18.1%. The higher effective tax rate in the current year was due primarily to recording $5.4 million of income tax expense on the current year distributions of earnings from the Bank to the Company in association with the pre-1988 bad debt recapture ($0.04/share reduction in earnings per share), along with higher state income tax expense mainly related to the tax treatment of the bad debt recapture, partially offset by a $3.3 million tax benefit related to the $13.3 million net loss on the securities sale associated with the securities strategy.

 Fiscal Year 2025 Outlook
 Salaries and employee benefits expense is expected to be $5.7 million higher in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 due to an anticipated increase in incentive compensation, merit increases, and the filling of vacant positions. Information technology and related expenses are anticipated to be $1.4 million higher in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 due to these expenses returning to a more normal run rate and implementation of new banking technologies. We anticipate that the federal deposit insurance premium will be approximately $1.7 million less in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 because there is no longer an increase in our assessment rate due to the net loss in fiscal year 2023. Overall, management is expecting a 4.8% increase in operating expenses for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024.

 Management anticipates the effective income tax rate for fiscal year 2025 will be 19% to 20%. The effective income tax rate is anticipated to be lower than fiscal year 2024 as it is currently the intention of management and the Board of Directors to not make capital distributions from the Bank to the Company during fiscal year 2025. By not making capital distributions during fiscal year 2025, the Bank will not incur income tax expense related to the bad debt recapture as occurred during fiscal year 2024. See "Financial Condition - Stockholders' Equity" section above for additional discussion.

 Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
 For this discussion, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Liquidity refers to our ability to generate sufficient cash to fund ongoing operations, to repay maturing certificates of deposit and other deposit withdrawals, to repay maturing borrowings, and to fund loan commitments. Liquidity management is both a daily and long-term function of our business management. The Company's most available liquid assets are represented by cash and cash equivalents and AFS securities. The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, FHLB borrowings, repayments and maturities of outstanding loans and MBS and other short-term investments, and funds provided by operations. The Bank's long-term borrowings primarily have been used to manage long-term liquidity needs and the Bank's interest rate risk with the intention to improve the earnings of the Bank while maintaining capital ratios that meet or exceed the regulatory standards for well-capitalized financial institutions. In addition, the Bank's focus on managing risk has provided additional liquidity capacity by maintaining a balance of MBS and investment securities available as collateral for borrowings.

 We generally intend to manage cash reserves sufficient to meet short-term liquidity needs, which are routinely forecasted for 10, 30, and 365 days. Additionally, on a monthly basis, we perform a liquidity stress test in accordance with the Interagency Policy Statement on Funding and Liquidity Risk Management. The liquidity stress test incorporates both short-term and long-term liquidity scenarios in order to identify and to quantify liquidity risk. Management also monitors key liquidity statistics related to items such as wholesale funding gaps, borrowings capacity, and available unpledged collateral, as well as various liquidity ratios.

 In the event short-term liquidity needs exceed available cash, the Bank has access to a line of credit at the FHLB, in addition to the FRB of Kansas City's discount window. Per FHLB's lending guidelines, total FHLB borrowings cannot exceed 40% of Bank Call Report total assets without the pre-approval of FHLB senior management. The Bank's FHLB borrowing limit approved by FHLB senior management was 50% of Bank Call Report total assets as of September 30, 2024. The Bank's FHLB borrowing limit approved by FHLB senior management became 45% of Bank Call Report total assets effective November 1, 2024. The reduction in the percentage from 50% to 45% was related to FHLB's internal lending limit guidelines. FHLB borrowings are secured by certain qualifying loans pursuant to a blanket collateral agreement with FHLB. When the leverage strategy is in place, the Bank maintains the resulting excess cash reserves from the FHLB borrowings at the FRB of Kansas City, which can be used to meet any short-term liquidity needs. Additionally, FHLB borrowings may exceed 40% of Bank Call Report total assets if the Bank continues its leverage strategy and FHLB senior management continues to approve the Bank's borrowing limit being in excess of 40% of Call Report total assets. All or a portion of the short-term FHLB borrowings in conjunction with the leverage strategy can be repaid at maturity, if necessary or desired. The amount that can be borrowed from the FRB of Kansas City's discount window is based upon the fair value of securities pledged as collateral. At September 30, 2024, the amount of securities pledged for the discount window was $111.3 million. At September 30, 2024, there were no borrowings from the FRB of Kansas City's discount window. Management tests the Bank's access to the FRB of Kansas City's discount window annually with a nominal overnight borrowing.

 If management observes unusual trends in the amount and frequency of line of credit utilization and/or short-term borrowings that is not in conjunction with a planned strategy, such as the leverage strategy, the Bank will likely utilize long-term wholesale borrowing sources such as FHLB advances and/or repurchase agreements to provide long-term, fixed-rate funding. The maturities of these long-term borrowings are generally staggered in order to mitigate the risk of a highly negative cash flow position at maturity. Recently, the Bank started entering into fully-amortizing FHLB advances that require periodic payments of principal over the term of the advance. This type of advance allows the Bank the opportunity to start repricing its liability cash flows sooner in a down-rate environment and generally provides for favorable pricing when compared to similar long term bullet advances with comparable average lives as a result of the current term structure of interest rates. The Bank's internal policy limits total borrowings to 55% of total assets. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had total borrowings, at par, of $2.18 billion, or approximately 23% of total assets. The borrowings balance was composed primarily of FHLB advances, of which, $714.7 million is scheduled to be repaid (amortizing advances) or mature in the next 12 months. Management estimated that the Bank had $2.93 billion in additional liquidity available at September 30, 2024 based on the Bank's blanket collateral agreement with FHLB and unencumbered securities.

 At September 30, 2024, the Bank had no repurchase agreements. The Bank may enter into repurchase agreements as management deems appropriate, not to exceed 15% of total assets, and subject to the total borrowings internal policy limit of 55% as discussed above.

 The Bank has the ability to utilize the repayment and maturity of outstanding loans, MBS, and other investments for liquidity needs rather than reinvesting such funds into the related portfolios. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had $744.2 million of securities that were eligible but unused as collateral for borrowing or other liquidity needs. The Bank also has access to other sources of funds for liquidity purposes, such as brokered and public unit certificates of deposit. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank's policy allowed for combined brokered and public unit certificates of deposit up to 15% of total deposits. At September 30, 2024, the Bank did not have any brokered certificates of deposit, and public unit certificates of deposit were approximately 1% of total deposits. The Bank had pledged securities with an estimated fair value of $108.7 million as collateral for public unit certificates of deposit at September 30, 2024. The securities pledged as collateral for public unit certificates of deposit are held under joint custody with FHLB and generally will be released upon deposit maturity.

 At September 30, 2024, $2.20 billion of the Bank's certificate of deposit portfolio was scheduled to mature within the next 12 months, including $59.2 million of public unit certificates of deposit and $49.0 million of commercial certificates of deposit. Based on our deposit retention experience and our current pricing strategy, we anticipate the majority of the maturing retail certificates of deposit will renew or transfer to other deposit products of the Bank at prevailing rates, although no assurance can be given in this regard. Due to the nature of public unit certificates of deposit and commercial certificates of deposit, retention rates are not as predictable as for retail certificates of deposit.

 The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of customers. These financial instruments consist primarily of commitments to originate, purchase, or participate in loans or fund lines of credit. Additionally, the Company has investments in several low-income housing partnerships and, under the terms of the agreements, the Company has a commitment to fund a specified amount that will be due in installments over the life of the agreements. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6. Low Income Housing Partnerships and Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information regarding these commitments.

 While scheduled payments from the amortization of loans and MBS and payments on short-term investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit flows, prepayments on loans and MBS, and calls of investment securities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition, and are less predictable sources of funds. To the extent possible, the Bank manages the cash flows of its loan and deposit portfolios by the rates it offers customers. We anticipate we will continue to have sufficient funds, through the repayments and maturities of loans and securities, deposits and borrowings, to meet our current commitments.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Asset and Liability Management and Market Risk

 The rates of interest the Bank earns on its assets and pays on its liabilities are generally established contractually for a period of time. Fluctuations in interest rates have a significant impact not only upon our net income, but also upon the cash flows and market values of our assets and liabilities. Our results of operations, like those of other financial institutions, are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Risk associated with changes in interest rates on the earnings of the Bank and the market value of its financial assets and liabilities is known as interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is our most significant market risk, and our ability to adapt to changes in interest rates is known as interest rate risk management.

 The general objective of our interest rate risk management program is to determine and manage an appropriate level of interest rate risk while maximizing net interest income in a manner consistent with our policy to manage, to the extent practicable, the exposure of net interest income to changes in market interest rates. The Board of Directors and Asset and Liability Management Committee ("ALCO") regularly review the Bank's interest rate risk exposure by forecasting the impact of hypothetical, alternative interest rate environments on net interest income and the market value of portfolio equity ("MVPE") at various dates. The MVPE is defined as the net of the present value of cash flows from existing assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet instruments. The present values are determined based upon market conditions as of the date of the analysis, as well as in alternative interest rate environments providing potential changes in the MVPE under those alternative interest rate environments. Net interest income is projected in the same alternative interest rate environments with both a static balance sheet and with management strategies considered. The MVPE and net interest income analyses are also conducted to estimate our sensitivity to rates for future time horizons based upon market conditions as of the date of the

 analysis. The MVPE ratio continues to be an important measurement for management as we consider the changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs and portfolio balances. MVPE represents a long-term view of the interest sensitivity of the Bank's balance sheet while our net interest income projections inform management of the short-term impacts of pricing decisions. In addition to the interest rate environments presented below, management also reviews the impact of non-parallel rate shock scenarios on a quarterly basis. These scenarios consist of flattening and steepening the yield curve by changing short-term and long-term interest rates independent of each other, and simulating cash flows and determining valuations as a result of these hypothetical changes in interest rates to identify rate environments that pose the greatest risk to the Bank. This analysis helps management quantify the Bank's exposure to changes in the shape of the yield curve.

 General assumptions used by management to evaluate the sensitivity of our financial performance to changes in interest rates presented in the tables below are utilized in, and set forth under, the gap table and related notes. Although management finds these assumptions reasonable, the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities and the estimated effects of changes in interest rates on our net interest income and MVPE indicated in the below tables could vary substantially if different assumptions were used or actual experience differs from the assumptions. To illustrate this point, the projected cumulative excess (deficiency) of interest-earning assets over interest-bearing liabilities within the next 12 months as a percent of total assets ("one-year gap") is also provided for an up 200 basis point scenario, as of September 30, 2024.

 Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

 Gap Table. The following gap table summarizes the anticipated maturities or repricing periods of the Bank's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities based on the information and assumptions set forth in the notes below. Cash flow projections for mortgage-related assets are calculated based in part on prepayment assumptions at current and projected interest rates. Prepayment projections are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and assumptions and, therefore, cannot be determined with a high degree of accuracy. Although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react differently to changes in market interest rates. Assumptions may not reflect how actual yields and costs respond to market interest rate changes. The interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market interest rates. Certain assets, such as adjustable-rate loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. In the event of a change in interest rates, prepayment rates would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the gap table below. A positive gap generally means more cash flows from assets are expected to reprice than cash flows from liabilities and suggests that in a rising rate environment, earnings should increase. A negative gap generally means more cash flows from liabilities are expected to reprice than cash flows from assets and suggests, in a rising rate environment, that earnings should decrease. For additional information regarding the impact of changes in interest rates, see the following Change in Net Interest Income and Change in MVPE discussions and tables.

 More Than
 More Than

 Within
 One Year to
 Three Years
 Over

 One Year
 Three Years
 to Five Years
 Five Years
 Total

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans receivable(1)

 $
 1,678,859
 $
 1,846,594
 $
 1,417,793
 $
 2,977,546
 $
 7,920,792

 Securities(2)

 260,983
 270,581
 151,144
 147,144
 829,852

 Other interest-earning assets
 192,251
 —
 —
 —
 192,251

 Total interest-earning assets
 2,132,093
 2,117,175
 1,568,937
 3,124,690
 8,942,895

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Non-maturity deposits(3)

 716,264
 487,721
 368,611
 1,642,186
 3,214,782

 Certificates of deposit
 2,204,475
 654,578
 106,060
 2,965,310

 Borrowings(4)

 721,264
 1,157,685
 310,331
 25,188
 2,214,468

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 3,642,003
 2,299,984
 785,002
 1,667,571
 8,394,560

 Excess (deficiency) of interest-earning assets over

 interest-bearing liabilities
 $
 (1,509,910)
 $
 (182,809)
 $
 783,935
 $
 1,457,119
 $
 548,335

 Cumulative excess (deficiency) of interest-earning assets over

 interest-bearing liabilities
 $
 (1,509,910)
 $
 (1,692,719)
 $
 (908,784)
 $
 548,335

 Cumulative excess (deficiency) of interest-earning assets over interest-bearing

 liabilities as a percent of total Bank assets at:

 (15.9)
 %
 (17.8)
 %
 (9.5)
 %
 5.8
 %

 (11.7)

 Cumulative one-year gap - interest rates +200 bps at:

 (17.9)

 (11.9)

 (1)Adjustable-rate loans are included in the period in which the rate is next scheduled to adjust or in the period in which repayments are expected to occur, or prepayments are expected to be received, prior to their next rate adjustment, rather than in the period in which the loans are due. Fixed-rate loans are included in the periods in which they are scheduled to be repaid, based on scheduled amortization and prepayment assumptions. Balances are net of undisbursed amounts and deferred fees and exclude loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure.
 (2)MBS reflect projected prepayments at amortized cost. All other securities are presented based on contractual maturities, term to call dates or pre-refunding dates as of September 30, 2024, at amortized cost.
 (3)Although the Bank's checking, savings, and money market accounts are subject to immediate withdrawal, management considers a substantial amount of these accounts to be core deposits having significantly longer effective maturities. The decay rates (the assumed rates at which the balances of existing accounts decline) used on these accounts are based on assumptions developed from our actual experiences with these accounts. If all of the Bank's checking, savings, and money market accounts had been assumed to be subject to repricing within one year, interest-bearing liabilities estimated to mature or reprice within one year would have exceeded interest-earning assets with comparable characteristics by $4.01 billion, for a cumulative one-year gap of (42.1)% of total assets.
 (4)Borrowings exclude deferred prepayment penalty costs. Included in this line item are $200.0 million of FHLB adjustable-rate advances tied to interest rate swaps. The repricing for these liabilities is projected to occur at the maturity date of each interest rate swap.

 At September 30, 2024, the Bank's gap between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities projected to reprice within one year was $(1.51) billion, or (15.8)% of total assets, compared to $(1.19) billion, or (11.7)% of total assets, at September 30, 2023. The change in the one-year gap amount was due to a net increase in the amount of liability cash flows coming due in one year, partially offset by an increase in the amount of interest-earning asset cash flows coming due in one year, as of September 30, 2024, compared to September 30, 2023. The net increase in liability cash flows coming due in one year primarily related to the Bank's retail certificate of deposit portfolio, partially offset by a net decrease in borrowings coming due in one year as the Bank repaid its BTFP amount outstanding in conjunction with the securities strategy during the current year. The increase in the one-year cash flow for retail certificates of deposit was due to the Bank continuing to offer higher rates on shorter-term certificates of deposit. The increase in interest-earning assets projected to mature or reprice within one year was due primarily to an increase in the amount of loans expected to mature or reprice, partially offset by decreases in securities in conjunction with the securities strategy and the balance of cash between periods.

 The amount of interest-bearing liabilities expected to reprice in a given period is not typically significantly impacted by changes in interest rates because the Bank's borrowings and certificate of deposit portfolios have contractual maturities and generally cannot be terminated early without a penalty. If interest rates were to increase 200 basis points, as of September 30, 2024, the Bank's one-year gap is projected to be $(1.71) billion, or (17.9)% of total assets. The change in the gap compared to when there is no change in rates was due to lower anticipated net cash flows primarily as a result of lower prepayments on mortgage-related assets in the higher rate environment. This compares to a one-year gap of $(1.21) billion, or (11.9)% of total assets, if interest rates were to have increased 200 basis points as of September 30, 2023.

 Change in Net Interest Income. The Bank's net interest income projections are a reflection of the response to interest rates of assets and liabilities that are expected to mature or reprice over the next year. Repricing occurs as a result of cash flows that are received or paid on assets or due on liabilities which would be replaced at then current market interest rates or on adjustable-rate products that reset during the next year. The Bank's borrowings and certificate of deposit portfolios have stated maturities, and the cash flows related to those liabilities do not generally fluctuate as a result of changes in interest rates. Cash flows from mortgage-related assets and callable agency debentures can vary significantly as a result of changes in interest rates. As interest rates decrease, borrowers have an economic incentive to lower their cost of debt by refinancing or endorsing their mortgage to a lower interest rate. Similarly, agency debt issuers are more likely to exercise embedded call options and issue new securities at a lower interest rate.

 For each date presented in the following table, the estimated change in the Bank's net interest income is based on the indicated instantaneous, parallel and permanent change in interest rates. The change in each interest rate environment represents the difference between estimated net interest income in the zero basis point interest rate environment ("base case," assumes the forward market and product interest rates implied by the yield curve are realized) and the estimated net interest income in each alternative interest rate environment (assumes market and product interest rates have a parallel shift in rates across all maturities by the indicated change in rates). Projected cash flows for each scenario are based upon varying prepayment assumptions to model anticipated customer behavior changes as market rates change. Estimations of net interest income used in preparing the table below were based upon the assumptions that the total composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not change materially and that any repricing of assets or liabilities occurs at anticipated product and market rates for the alternative rate environments as of the dates presented. The estimation of net interest income does not include any projected gains or losses related to the sale of loans or securities, or income derived from non-interest income sources, but does include the use of different prepayment assumptions in the alternative interest rate environments. It is important to consider that estimated changes in net interest income are for a cumulative four-quarter period. These do not reflect the earnings expectations of management. Estimates for the -300 basis point scenario were not prepared at September 30, 2023.

 Change
 Net Interest Income At September 30,

 (in Basis Points)
 2024
 2023

 in Interest Rates(1)

 Amount ($)
 Change ($)
 Change (%)
 Amount ($)
 Change ($)
 Change (%)

 -300 bp
 $
 188,322
 $
 11,696
 6.6
 %
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 -200 bp
 183,769
 7,143
 4.0
 126,495
 (6,963)
 (5.2)

 -100 bp
 180,936
 4,310
 2.4
 130,374
 (3,084)
 (2.3)

 000 bp
 176,626
 —
 —
 133,458
 —
 —

 +100 bp
 171,222
 (5,404)
 (3.1)
 136,147
 2,689
 2.0

 +200 bp
 165,422
 (11,204)
 (6.3)
 138,804
 5,346
 4.0

 +300 bp
 158,758
 (17,868)
 (10.1)
 141,494
 8,036
 6.0

 (1)Assumes an instantaneous, parallel, and permanent change in interest rates at all maturities.
 In general, increases/(decreases) in the Bank's net interest income projections under the various interest rate scenarios presented are due to the degree in which cash flows are realized and the rates projected to be earned on funds received through loan and securities repayments, in each scenario, are greater/(less) than the rates projected to be paid on deposits and borrowings in the next 12 months. The net interest income projection was higher in the base case scenario at September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023, due primarily to transactions associated with the securities strategy, which resulted in a decrease in interest expense on borrowings due to the Bank repaying its BTFP borrowing and an increase in interest income on securities due to reinvestment of proceeds into higher-yielding securities.

 During the current fiscal year, growth in the Bank's deposit portfolio was almost entirely within its certificate of deposit portfolio; more specifically, in short-term certificates of deposit as the Bank's highest offer rates were on products in this category. The WAM of the Bank's retail certificate of deposit portfolio decreased from 1.3 years as of September 30, 2023, to 0.8 years as of September 30, 2024, due in part to the passage of time, but primarily due to growth in the balance of shorter-term certificates of deposit. The current Federal Open Market Committee ("FOMC") tightening cycle reached its peak during the prior year and expectations of easing have now become the consensus. By shortening the WAL of its certificate of deposit portfolio, the Bank will be better positioned to reprice its highest-costing deposits as short-term market interest rates decrease. This dynamic, when coupled with the growth in the certificate of deposit portfolio and increases in deposit betas, is the primary driver of the change in the Bank's net interest income profile projections between September 30, 2023 and 2024.

 Change in MVPE. Changes in the estimated market values of our financial assets and liabilities drive changes in estimates of MVPE. The market value of an asset or liability reflects the present value of all the projected cash flows over its remaining life, discounted at market interest rates. As interest rates rise, generally the market value for both financial assets and liabilities decrease. The opposite is generally true as interest rates fall. The MVPE represents the theoretical market value of capital that is calculated by netting the market value of assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet instruments. If the market values of financial assets increase at a faster pace than the market values of financial liabilities, or if the market values of financial liabilities decrease at a faster pace than the market values of financial assets, the MVPE will increase. The market value of shorter term-to-maturity financial instruments is less sensitive to changes in interest rates than is the case with longer term-to-maturity financial instruments. Because of this, the market values of our certificates of deposit (which generally have relatively shorter average lives) tend to display less sensitivity to changes in interest rates than do our mortgage-related assets (which generally have relatively longer average lives). The average life expected on our mortgage-related assets varies under different interest rate environments because borrowers have the ability to prepay their mortgage loans. Therefore, as interest rates decrease, the WAL of mortgage-related assets decrease as well. As interest rates increase, the WAL would be expected to increase, as well as increasing the sensitivity of these assets in higher rate environments.

 The following table sets forth the estimated change in the MVPE for each date presented based on the indicated instantaneous, parallel, and permanent change in interest rates. The change in each interest rate environment represents the difference between the MVPE in the base case (assumes the forward market interest rates implied by the yield curve are realized) and the MVPE in each alternative interest rate environment (assumes market interest rates have a parallel shift in rates). Projected cash flows for each scenario are based upon varying prepayment assumptions to model anticipated customer behavior as market rates change. The estimations of the MVPE used in preparing the table below were based upon the assumption that the total composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not change, that any repricing of assets or liabilities occurs at current product or market rates for the alternative rate environments as of the dates presented, and that different prepayment rates were used in each alternative interest rate environment. The estimated MVPE results from the valuation of cash flows from financial assets and liabilities over the anticipated lives of each for each interest rate environment. The table below presents the effects of the changes in interest rates on our assets and liabilities as they mature, repay, or reprice, as shown by the change in the MVPE for alternative interest rates. Estimates for the -300 basis point scenario were not prepared at September 30, 2023.

 Change
 Market Value of Portfolio Equity At September 30,

 (in Basis Points)
 2024
 2023

 in Interest Rates(1)

 Amount ($)
 Change ($)
 Change (%)
 Amount ($)
 Change ($)
 Change (%)

 -300 bp
 $
 1,460,440
 $
 359,922
 32.7
 %
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 -200 bp
 1,345,708
 245,190
 22.3
 1,302,781
 283,093
 27.8

 -100 bp
 1,218,938
 118,420
 10.8
 1,145,404
 125,716
 12.3

 000 bp
 1,100,518
 —
 —
 1,019,688
 —
 —

 +100 bp
 962,354
 (138,164)
 (12.6)
 888,642
 (131,046)
 (12.9)

 +200 bp
 797,497
 (303,021)
 (27.5)
 757,870
 (261,818)
 (25.7)

 +300 bp
 634,145
 (466,373)
 (42.4)
 632,716
 (386,972)
 (38.0)

 (1)Assumes an instantaneous, parallel, and permanent change in interest rates at all maturities.

 The Bank's MVPE increased from $1.02 billion at September 30, 2023 to $1.10 billion at September 30, 2024. The increase was due primarily to a decrease in market interest rates between the two periods, most notably across the intermediate and long-term tenors of the yield curve, as well as to the Bank's balance sheet composition changes resulting from the securities strategy. The decrease in market interest rates resulted in an increase in the value of the Bank's interest-earning assets more than it increased the value of its interest-bearing liabilities.

 As interest rates increase, borrowers have less economic incentive to prepay or to refinance their mortgages and agency debt issuers have less economic incentive or opportunity to exercise their call options in order to issue new debt at lower interest rates, resulting in lower projected cash flows on these assets. As interest rates increase in the rising interest rate scenarios, prepayments on mortgage-related assets are more likely to decrease and only be realized through significant changes in borrowers' lives such as divorce, death, job-related relocations, or other major events as there is less economic incentive for borrowers to prepay their debt, resulting in an increase in the average lives of mortgage-related assets. Similarly, call projections for callable agency debentures decrease as interest rates rise, which results in cash flows related to these assets moving closer to their contractual maturity dates. The longer expected average lives of these assets increases the sensitivity of their market value to changes in interest rates. Conversely, as interest rates decrease, borrowers who obtained or issued credit in a higher rate environment have more economic incentive to prepay or to refinance their mortgages and agency debt issuers have more economic incentive and opportunity to exercise their call options in order to issue new debt at lower interest rates, resulting in higher projected cash flows on these assets. The then shorter expected average lives of these assets decrease the sensitivity of their market value to changes in interest rates.

 In the increasing interest rate scenarios, the sensitivity reflects the negative impacts of rates on the value of the Bank's loan and securities portfolios more so than on its deposit and borrowings portfolios. In the decreasing interest rate scenarios, the Bank's MVPE increased due to a larger increase in the market value of the Bank's assets than the Bank's liabilities. This is because the Bank's mortgage-related assets continue to have a longer duration in these interest rate scenarios which results in greater sensitivity in market value as interest rates change.

 The following table presents the weighted average yields/rates and WALs (in years), after applying prepayment, call assumptions, and decay rates for our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities as of September 30, 2024. Yields presented for interest-earning assets include the amortization of fees, costs, premiums and discounts, which are considered adjustments to the yield. The interest rate presented for term borrowings is the effective rate, which includes the impact of interest rate swaps and the amortization of deferred prepayment penalties resulting from FHLB advances previously prepaid. The WAL presented for term borrowings includes the effect of interest rate swaps.

 Yield/Rate
 WAL
 % of Category

 $
 5.63
 %
 2.9
 9.4
 %

 Loans receivable:

 Fixed-rate one- to four-family
 5,376,460
 3.41
 6.6
 67.9
 %
 59.1

 Fixed-rate commercial
 506,754
 4.82
 2.8
 6.4
 5.6

 All other fixed-rate loans
 36,321
 6.93
 6.2
 0.5
 0.4

 Total fixed-rate loans
 5,919,535
 3.55
 6.3
 74.8
 65.1

 Adjustable-rate one- to four-family
 905,240
 4.18
 3.9
 11.4
 9.9

 Adjustable-rate commercial
 1,002,224
 6.13
 5.1
 12.6
 11.0

 All other adjustable-rate loans
 96,252
 8.33
 2.8
 1.2
 1.1

 Total adjustable-rate loans
 2,003,716
 5.35
 4.5
 25.2
 22.0

 4.01
 5.8
 100.0
 %
 87.1

 9.47
 1.9
 1.1

 4.60
 —
 2.4

 Total interest-earning assets
 $
 9,097,999
 4.24
 5.4
 100.0
 %

 Non-maturity deposits
 $
 2,615,076
 0.93
 5.8
 46.9
 %
 33.7
 %

 Retail certificates of deposit
 2,830,579
 4.23
 0.8
 50.7
 36.5

 Commercial certificates of deposit
 58,236
 4.40
 0.6
 1.0
 0.7

 Public unit certificates of deposit
 76,495
 4.62
 0.6
 1.4
 1.0

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 5,580,386
 2.69
 3.2
 100.0
 %
 71.9

 Term borrowings
 2,181,738
 3.29
 1.6
 28.1

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 $
 7,762,124
 2.86
 2.7
 100.0
 %

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.:

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. and subsidiary's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated November 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ KPMG LLP
 Kansas City, Missouri
 November 27, 2024

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors
 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. and subsidiary (the Company) as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated November 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 Allowance for credit losses on loans evaluated on a collective basis
 As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's total allowance for credit losses on loans (ACL) was $23.0 million as of September 30, 2024, a substantial portion of which related to the allowance for credit losses for loans evaluated on a collective basis (the collective ACL). The collective ACL includes the measure of expected lifetime credit losses on a pool basis, with loans aggregated into pools based on similar risk characteristics. The Company utilized a discounted cash flow (DCF) methodology to calculate the collective ACL. Average historical loss rates are calculated for each pool using the Company's historical charge-offs, or peer data when the Company's own historical loss rates are not reflective of future loss expectations, and outstanding loan balances during a historical time period. These historical loss rates are compared to historical data related to economic indices during the same time periods over which the historical loss rates were calculated, and a correlation is estimated using regression analysis. The Company's model pairs the results of the regression analysis with an economic forecast of these same economic indices in order to model probabilities of default (PDs). The PDs are then used to generate expected cash flows using segment-specific risk factors and other assumptions to model loss given defaults (LGDs). The forecast is applied for a reasonable and supportable time period of four quarters before reverting back to historical loss experience, which is accomplished by reversion to long-term historical

 averages at the economic index level using a straight-line method over four quarters. Contractual cash flows are adjusted for expected prepayment speeds and curtailment rates. Using all of these inputs and assumptions, the DCF methodology generates aggregated estimated cash flows for the time period that remains in each loan's contractual life. These cash flows are discounted back to the reporting date using each loan's effective yield, to arrive at a present value of future cash flows. Each loan pool's allowance estimate is equal to the aggregate shortage, if any, of the present value of future cash flows compared to the amortized cost basis of the loan pool. Qualitative factors are considered for items not included in historical loss rates, macroeconomic forecasts, or other model inputs based on management's current assessment of risks related to loan portfolio attributes and external factors.
 We identified the assessment of the collective ACL as a critical audit matter. A high degree of audit effort, including specialized skills and knowledge in the industry, and subjective and complex auditor judgment was involved in the assessment of the collective ACL. Specifically, the assessment encompassed the evaluation of the collective ACL methodology, including the methods and models used to estimate (1) the PD and LGD and their significant assumptions, including the economic forecast and economic indices, the reasonable and supportable forecast and reversion periods, and peer data used for historical loss rates; (2) expected prepayment speeds and curtailment rates; and (3) the large dollar commercial loan concentration qualitative factor. The assessment also included an evaluation of the conceptual soundness and performance of the underlying models and assumptions. In addition, auditor judgment was required to evaluate the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained.
 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the measurement of the collective ACL, including controls related to the:
 • design of the collective ACL methodology
 • continued use and appropriateness of the PD and LGD models
 • performance monitoring of the PD and LGD models
 • identification and determination of the significant assumptions used in the PD and LGD models
 • development of the qualitative factors, including the significant assumptions used in the measurement of the qualitative factors
 • analysis of the collective ACL results, trends, and ratios.
 We evaluated the Company's process to develop the collective ACL estimate by testing certain sources of data, factors, and assumptions that the Company used, and considered the relevance and reliability of such data, factors, and assumptions. In addition, we involved credit risk professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
 • evaluating the Company's collective ACL methodology for compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
 • evaluating judgments made by the Company relative to the performance monitoring of the PD and LGD models by comparing them to relevant Company specific metrics and trends and the applicable industry practices and regulatory guidance
 • assessing the conceptual soundness and performance testing of the PD and LGD models by inspecting the model documentation to determine whether the model is suitable for its intended use
 • evaluating the methodology used to select the economic forecast and economic indices, the reasonable and supportable forecast and reversion periods, peer data used for average historical loss rates, and prepayment speeds and curtailment rates by comparing them to the Company's business environment and relevant industry practices
 • evaluating the methodology used to develop the large dollar commercial loan concentrations qualitative factor and the effect of that factor on the collective ACL by comparing it to relevant credit risk factors and consistency with credit trends.
 We also assessed the sufficiency of the audit evidence obtained relative to the collective ACL by evaluating the:
 • cumulative results of the audit procedures
 • qualitative aspects of the Company's accounting practices
 • potential bias in the accounting estimates
 /s/ KPMG LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.
 Kansas City, Missouri
 November 27, 2024

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. and subsidiary (the "Company") as of September 30, 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended September 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Kansas City, Missouri
 November 29, 2023
 We began serving as the Company's auditor in 1974. In 2024 we became the predecessor auditor.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 and 2023 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2024
 2023

 ASSETS:

 Cash and cash equivalents (includes interest-earning deposits of $ 192,138 and $ 213,830)

 $
 $

 Available-for-sale ("AFS") securities, at estimated fair value (amortized cost of $ 829,852 and $ 1,385,992)

 Loans receivable, net (allowance for credit losses ("ACL") of $ 23,035 and $ 23,759)

 Federal Home Loan Bank Topeka ("FHLB") stock, at cost
 110,714

 Premises and equipment, net
 91,463
 91,531

 Income taxes receivable, net
 8,531

 Deferred income tax assets, net
 21,978
 29,605

 Other assets
 331,722
 336,044

 TOTAL ASSETS
 $
 9,527,608
 $
 10,177,461

 LIABILITIES:

 $
 6,129,982
 $
 6,051,220

 2,179,564
 2,879,125

 Advances by borrowers
 61,801
 62,993

 Other liabilities
 123,991
 140,069

 Total liabilities
 8,495,338
 9,133,407

 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:

 Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $.01 par value; 1,400,000,000 shares authorized, 132,735,565 and 135,936,375 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 1,327
 1,359

 Additional paid-in capital
 1,146,851
 1,166,643

 Unearned compensation, Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP")
 ( 26,431)
 ( 28,083)

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 111,104)
 ( 104,565)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"), net of tax
 21,627
 8,700

 Total stockholders' equity
 1,032,270
 1,044,054

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 $
 9,527,608
 $
 10,177,461

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME:

 $
 308,707
 $
 280,087
 $
 228,531

 Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS")
 33,650
 18,520
 19,406

 15,728
 43,796
 18,304

 10,009
 13,821
 10,031

 Investment securities
 8,749
 3,565
 3,268

 Total interest and dividend income
 376,843
 359,789
 279,540

 INTEREST EXPENSE:

 139,549
 82,267
 34,456

 75,233
 124,250
 52,490

 Total interest expense
 214,782
 206,517
 86,946

 NET INTEREST INCOME
 162,061
 153,272
 192,594

 PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES
 1,259
 6,838
 ( 4,630)

 NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES
 160,802
 146,434
 197,224

 NON-INTEREST INCOME:

 Deposit service fees
 10,562
 12,745
 13,798

 Insurance commissions
 3,257
 3,487
 2,947

 Net loss from securities transactions
 ( 13,345)
 ( 192,622)
 —

 Other non-interest income
 4,770
 4,935
 6,085

 Total non-interest income
 5,244
 ( 171,455)
 22,830

 NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:

 Salaries and employee benefits
 52,272
 51,491
 56,600

 Information technology and related expense
 20,324
 23,425
 18,311

 Occupancy, net
 13,558
 14,236
 14,370

 Federal insurance premium
 6,052
 4,456
 3,020

 Regulatory and outside services
 5,743
 6,039
 6,192

 Advertising and promotional
 4,264
 4,305
 5,178

 Deposit and loan transaction costs
 2,719
 2,694
 2,797

 Office supplies and related expense
 1,691
 2,499
 1,951

 Other non-interest expense
 5,320
 4,789
 4,432

 Total non-interest expense
 111,943
 113,934
 112,851

 INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE (BENEFIT)
 54,103
 ( 138,955)
 107,203

 INCOME TAX EXPENSE (BENEFIT)
 16,093
 ( 37,296)
 22,750

 NET INCOME (LOSS)
 $
 $
 $

 Basic earnings (loss) per share ("EPS")
 $
 0.29
 $
 ( 0.76)
 $
 0.62

 Diluted EPS
 $
 0.29
 $
 ( 0.76)
 $
 0.62

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities arising during the period, net of taxes of $( 7,133), $( 2,696), and $ 51,565

 22,362
 8,355
 ( 159,770)

 Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses on AFS securities included in net income, net of taxes of $ 383, $( 47,000), and $ 0

 ( 1,188)
 145,622
 —

 Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges arising during the period, net of taxes of $ 701, $( 1,923), and $( 8,177)

 ( 2,135)
 5,957
 25,339

 Reclassification adjustment for cash flow hedge amounts included in net income, net of taxes of $ 1,967, $ 1,808, and $( 1,647)

 ( 6,112)
 ( 5,601)
 5,103

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 50,937
 $
 52,674
 $
 ( 44,875)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Additional
 Unearned
 Total

 Common
 Paid-In
 Compensation
 Accumulated
 Stockholders'

 Stock
 Capital
 ESOP
 Deficit
 AOCI
 Equity

 Balance at September 30, 2021
 $
 1,388
 $
 1,189,633
 $
 ( 31,387)
 $
 98,944
 $
 ( 16,305)
 $
 1,242,273

 Net income, fiscal year 2022

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 ( 129,328)
 ( 129,328)

 ESOP activity
 1,652
 1,740

 Restricted stock activity, net
 ( 6)
 ( 6)

 Stock-based compensation

 Cash dividends to stockholders ($ 0.76 per share)

 ( 103,131)
 ( 103,131)

 Balance at September 30, 2022
 1,388
 1,190,213
 ( 29,735)
 80,266
 ( 145,633)
 1,096,499

 Net loss, fiscal year 2023

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 154,333
 154,333

 ESOP activity
 ( 473)
 1,652
 1,179

 Stock-based compensation

 Repurchase of common stock
 ( 29)
 ( 23,424)
 —
 ( 23,453)

 Cash dividends to stockholders ($ 0.62 per share)

 ( 83,172)
 ( 83,172)

 Balance at September 30, 2023
 1,359
 1,166,643
 ( 28,083)
 ( 104,565)
 8,700
 1,044,054

 Net income, fiscal year 2024

 Cumulative effect of adopting Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-02
 ( 27)
 ( 27)

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 12,927
 12,927

 ESOP activity
 ( 725)
 1,652

 Restricted stock activity, net
 ( 10)
 ( 9)

 Stock-based compensation

 Repurchase of common stock
 ( 33)
 ( 19,415)
 ( 19,448)

 Cash dividends to stockholders ($ 0.34 per share)

 ( 44,522)
 ( 44,522)

 Balance at September 30, 2024
 $
 1,327
 $
 1,146,851
 $
 ( 26,431)
 $
 ( 111,104)
 $
 21,627
 $
 1,032,270

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 FHLB stock dividends
 ( 10,009)
 ( 13,821)
 ( 10,031)

 1,259
 6,838
 ( 4,630)

 Originations of loans receivable held-for-sale ("LHFS")
 ( 712)
 ( 1,217)
 ( 1,088)

 Proceeds from sales of LHFS
 1,222
 1,113

 Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on securities
 ( 8,182)
 3,016
 4,967

 Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment
 7,929
 9,039
 9,365

 Amortization of intangible assets
 1,069
 1,372

 Amortization of deferred amounts related to FHLB advances, net
 1,529
 1,643
 1,804

 Common stock committed to be released for allocation - ESOP
 1,179
 1,740

 Stock-based compensation

 Provision for deferred income taxes
 3,546
 ( 45,520)
 2,047

 Net loss from securities transactions
 13,345
 192,622
 —

 Changes in:

 Unrestricted cash collateral from derivative counterparties, net
 ( 11,850)
 1,940
 12,050

 Other assets, net
 8,227
 2,528
 6,661

 Income taxes receivable, net
 8,139
 ( 7,303)
 ( 2,197)

 Other liabilities
 ( 22,831)
 ( 4,372)
 ( 10,823)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 31,184
 47,531
 97,301

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

 Purchase of AFS securities
 ( 1,176,645)
 —
 ( 88,026)

 Proceeds from calls, maturities and principal reductions of AFS securities
 455,110
 186,860
 323,025

 Proceeds from sale of AFS securities
 1,272,512
 —
 —

 Proceeds from the redemption of FHLB stock
 19,548
 358,491
 302,243

 Purchase of FHLB stock
 —
 ( 354,760)
 ( 319,415)

 Net change in loans receivable
 63,626
 ( 520,229)
 ( 381,561)

 Proceeds from sale of participating interest in loans receivable
 —
 5,563
 —

 Purchase of premises and equipment
 ( 7,184)
 ( 6,281)
 ( 5,557)

 Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned ("OREO")

 Proceeds from sale of assets held-for-sale
 —
 —

 Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI") death benefit
 1,049
 1,023

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 629,109
 ( 329,103)
 ( 167,576)

 (Continued)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

 Cash dividends paid
 ( 44,522)
 ( 83,172)
 ( 103,131)

 Net change in deposits
 78,762
 ( 143,646)
 ( 402,530)

 Proceeds from borrowings
 350,100
 4,293,870
 1,454,402

 Repayments on borrowings
 ( 1,052,291)
 ( 3,548,542)
 ( 906,902)

 Change in advances by borrowers
 ( 1,192)
 ( 17,074)
 7,338

 Repurchase of common stock
 ( 19,448)
 ( 23,453)
 —

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 688,591)
 477,983
 49,177

 NET (DECREASE) / INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 ( 28,298)
 196,411
 ( 21,098)

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:

 Beginning of year
 49,194
 70,292

 End of year
 $
 $
 $
 49,194

 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:

 Income tax payments
 $
 6,017
 $
 5,424
 $
 13,559

 Interest payments
 $
 224,701
 $
 188,908
 $
 83,833

 (Concluded)

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 Description of Business - Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. (the "Company") provides a full range of retail banking services through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Capitol Federal Savings Bank (the "Bank"), a federal savings bank, which has 44 traditional and four in-store banking offices serving primarily the metropolitan areas of Topeka, Wichita, Lawrence, Manhattan, Emporia and Salina, Kansas and portions of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The Bank emphasizes mortgage lending, primarily originating one- to four-family loans, and providing personal retail financial services, along with offering commercial banking and lending products.

 Basis of Presentation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank has two wholly owned subsidiaries, Capitol Funds, Inc. and Capital City Investments, Inc. Capitol Funds, Inc. has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Capitol Federal Mortgage Reinsurance Company. Capital City Investments, Inc. is a real estate and investment holding company. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash - Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the statement of cash flows consisted entirely of cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Restricted cash relates to the collateral postings to/from the Bank's derivative counterparties associated with the Bank's interest rate swaps. There was no restricted cash included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2024 or September 30, 2023. See additional discussion regarding the interest rate swaps in "Note 8. Deposits and Borrowed Funds."

 Net Presentation of Cash Flows Related to Borrowings - At times, the Bank enters into FHLB advances with contractual maturities of 90 days or less. Cash flows related to these advances are reported on a net basis in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

 Securities - Securities include MBS and agency debentures issued primarily by United States Government-Sponsored Enterprises ("GSEs"), including Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, United States Government agencies, including Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), corporate bonds, and municipal bonds. Securities are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM"), AFS, or trading based on management's intention for holding the securities on the date of purchase. Generally, classifications are made in response to liquidity needs, asset/liability management strategies, and the market interest rate environment at the time of purchase.

 Accrued interest receivable for all securities is reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet and totaled $ 4.8 million and $ 3.1 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company excludes accrued interest from the amortized cost of securities and does not measure ACL for accrued interest. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income.

 Securities that management has the intention and ability to hold to maturity are classified as HTM and reported at amortized cost. Such securities are adjusted for the amortization of premiums and discounts which are recognized as adjustments to interest income over the life of the securities using the level-yield method. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the portfolio did not contain any securities classified as HTM.

 Securities that management may sell if necessary for liquidity or asset management purposes are classified as AFS and reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and non-credit losses reported as a component of AOCI within stockholders' equity, net of deferred income taxes. The amortization of premiums and discounts are recognized as adjustments to interest income over the life of the securities using the level-yield method. Gains or losses on the disposition of AFS securities are

 recognized using the specific identification method. The Company primarily uses prices obtained from third-party pricing services to determine the fair value of securities. See additional discussion of fair value of AFS securities in "Note 14. Fair Value of Financial Instruments."

 Securities that are purchased and held principally for resale in the near future are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, neither the Company nor the Bank maintained a trading securities portfolio.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on AFS Debt Securities - Management monitors AFS debt securities for impairment on an ongoing basis and performs a formal review quarterly. If an AFS debt security is in an unrealized loss position at the time of the quarterly review, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. If either condition is met, the entire loss in fair value is recognized in current earnings. If neither condition is met, and the Company does not expect to recover the amortized cost basis, the Company determines whether the decline in fair value resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the security structure, the cause(s) and severity of the loss, expectations of future performance (including recent events specific to the issuer or industry and the issuer's financial condition and current ability to make payments in a timely manner), and external credit ratings and recent downgrades in such ratings. Management's assessment involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment that is based on information available at a point in time. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss might exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss is deemed to have occurred, and an ACL is recorded. The ACL is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis.

 Changes in the ACL on AFS debt securities are recorded as an increase or decrease in the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. Losses are charged against the ACL on securities when management believes the collectability of an AFS security is in doubt or when either of the conditions regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Interest accrued on AFS debt securities but not received is also reversed against interest income. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not identify any credit losses related to the Company's AFS debt securities, so there was no ACL on AFS debt securities as of those dates.

 Loans Receivable - Loans receivable that management has the intention and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are carried at amortized cost, excluding accrued interest. Amortized cost is the amount of unpaid principal, net of undisbursed loan funds, unamortized premiums and discounts, and deferred loan fees and costs. Net loan fees and costs, and premiums and discounts are amortized as yield adjustments to interest income using the level-yield method. Loans are presented on the consolidated balance sheet net of the related ACL.

 Interest on loans receivable is accrued based on the principal amount outstanding. Accrued interest receivable for loans is reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet and totaled $ 26.3 million and $ 25.0 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company does not calculate ACL for accrued interest. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income.

 Loan endorsements - Certain existing one- to four- family loan customers, have the opportunity, for a fee, to endorse their original loan terms to current loan terms being offered by the Bank, without being required to complete the standard application and underwriting process. The fee received for each endorsement is deferred and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the life of the loan. If the change in loan terms resulting from the endorsement is deemed to be more than minor, all existing unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs are recognized at the time of endorsement. If the change in loan terms is deemed to be minor, the fee received for the endorsement is added to the net remaining unamortized deferred fee or deferred cost balance.

 Troubled debt restructurings - Prior to the Company's adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") and Vintage Disclosures on October 1, 2023, a loan was accounted for as a TDR if the Bank granted a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Such concessions generally involved extensions of loan maturity dates, the granting of periods during which reduced payment amounts were required, and/or reductions in interest rates. The Bank does not forgive principal or interest, nor does it commit to lend additional

 funds to these borrowers, except for situations generally involving the capitalization of delinquent loan payments and/or escrow on one- to four-family loans and consumer loans, not to exceed the original loan amount. In the case of commercial loans, the Bank generally does not forgive principal or interest or commit to lend additional funds unless the borrower provides additional collateral or other enhancements to improve the credit quality.

 Loan modifications - The TDR policy outlined above regarding Bank concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty continues to apply for loan modifications upon adoption of ASU 2022-02. If the change in the loan terms resulting from the modification is deemed to be more than minor, all existing unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs are recognized at the time of modification. Modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are in the form of principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, or a term extension (or a combination thereof) require disclosure in the notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company's modification disclosures are included in Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses. Modified loans are included in the Company's ACL model based on the risk characteristics of the loan. If a modified loan is deemed uncollectible and no longer shares similar risk characteristics within the respective loan pool in the ACL model, the loan is evaluated on an individual basis and any loss is charged-off against the related ACL.

 Delinquent loans - A loan is considered delinquent when payment has not been received within 30 days of its contractual due date. The number of days delinquent is determined by the number of scheduled payments that remain unpaid, assuming a period of 30 days between each scheduled payment.

 Nonaccrual loans - The accrual of income on loans is generally discontinued when interest or principal payments are 90 days in arrears. Loans on which the accrual of income has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual and all delinquent accrued interest is reversed. A nonaccrual one- to four-family or consumer loan is returned to accrual status once the contractual payments have been made to bring the loan less than 90 days past due. A nonaccrual commercial loan is returned to accrual status once the loan has been current for a minimum of six months, all fees and interest are paid current, the loan has a sufficient debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR"), and the loan is well secured and within policy.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Receivable - The ACL is a valuation amount that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans. It represents management's current expectations of total expected credit losses included in the Company's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is determined using relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on loans with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, along with the application of qualitative factors when necessary. The ACL is recorded upon origination or purchase of a loan and is updated at subsequent reporting dates. Changes in the ACL are recorded through increases or decreases to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. The ACL is an estimate that requires significant judgment including projections of the macroeconomic environment as of a point in time. The macroeconomic environment continuously changes, which can cause fluctuations in estimated expected losses.

 The Bank's ACL is measured on a collective ("pool") basis, with loans aggregated into pools based on similar risk characteristics such as collateral type, historical loss experience, loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio for originated one- to four-family loans, and payment sources for commercial loans. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Charge-offs against the related ACL amounts for any loan type may be recorded if the Bank has knowledge of the existence of a probable loss.

 One- to four-family loans and consumer home equity loans are deemed to be collateral dependent and individually evaluated for loss when the loan is generally 180 days delinquent, and any identified losses are charged-off at that time. Losses are based on new collateral values obtained through appraisals, less estimated costs to sell. Anticipated private mortgage insurance proceeds are taken into consideration when calculating the loss amount. If the Bank holds the first and second mortgage, both loans are combined when evaluating whether there is a potential loss on the loan. When a non-real estate secured consumer loan is 120 days delinquent, any identified losses are charged-off. Commercial loans are generally individually evaluated for loss during the quarterly special loan review process, or at any time management determines circumstances warrant. In general, commercial loans are individually evaluated for loss if they are rated substandard or below. Loss amounts are calculated using the market value of collateral adjusted for costs to sell compared to the amount due from the borrower, adjusted for any government guaranty there may be on the loan. If the loss amount is calculated and the Bank's commercial loan committee determines the amount is uncollectible, the amount is charged-off. If the loss amount is determined to be collectible, then the amount is reserved as a specific valuation allowance. The determination of whether the

 loss is collectible or uncollectible is based on current financial information from the borrower, as well as any facts and information of which the Bank may have knowledge.

 The primary credit risk characteristics inherent in the one- to four-family and consumer loan portfolios are a decline in economic conditions, such as elevated levels of unemployment or underemployment, and declines in residential real estate values. Any one or a combination of these events may adversely affect the ability of borrowers to repay their loans, resulting in increased delinquencies, non-performing assets, charge-offs, and provisions for credit losses. Although the commercial loan portfolio is subject to the same risk of declines in economic conditions, the primary risk characteristics inherent in this portfolio include the ability of the borrower to sustain sufficient cash flows from leases and business operations, the ability to control operational or business expenses to satisfy their contractual debt payments, and the ability to utilize personal or business resources to pay their contractual debt payments if the cash flows are not sufficient. Additionally, if the Bank were to repossess the secured collateral of a commercial real estate loan, the pool of potential buyers is typically more limited than that for a residential property. Therefore, the Bank could have to hold the property for an extended period of time, or be forced to sell at a discounted price, resulting in additional losses. Our commercial and industrial loans are primarily secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, which may be difficult to appraise, may be illiquid and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.

 For loans evaluated for credit losses on a pool basis, average historical loss rates are calculated for each pool using the Company's historical charge-offs, or peer data when the Company's own historical loss rates are not reflective of future loss expectations, and outstanding loan balances during a historical time period. The historical time periods can be different based on the individual pool and represent management's credit expectations for the pool of loans over the remaining contractual life. Generally, the historical time periods are at least one economic cycle. These historical loss rates are compared to historical data related to economic indices including national unemployment rate, changes in commercial real estate price index, changes in home values, and changes in the United States gross domestic product during the same time periods over which the historical loss rates were calculated, and a correlation is estimated using regression analysis. Each quarter, the Company's model pairs the results of the regression analysis with an economic forecast of these same economic indices, which is provided by a third party, in order to model probabilities of default ("PDs"). The PDs are then used to generate expected cash flows using segment-specific risk factors and other assumptions to model loss given defaults ("LGDs"). The forecast is applied for a reasonable and supportable time period, as determined by management, before reverting back to historical loss experience, which is accomplished by reversion to long-term historical averages at the economic index level using a straight-line method. Contractual cash flows are adjusted for expected prepayment speeds and curtailment rates selected by management. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications. In the case of revolving lines of credit, since the rate of principal reduction is generally at the discretion of the borrower, remaining contractual lives are calculated by estimating future cash flows expected to be received from the borrower until the outstanding balance has been reduced to zero.

 Using all of these inputs and assumptions, the discounted cash flow methodology generates aggregated estimated cash flows for the time period that remains in each loan's contractual life. These cash flows are discounted back to the reporting date using each loan's effective yield, to arrive at a present value of estimated future cash flows. Each loan pool's ACL is equal to the aggregate shortage, if any, of the present value of estimated future cash flows compared to the amortized cost basis of the loan pool.

 Additionally, qualitative factors are considered for items not included in historical loss rates, macroeconomic forecasts, or other model inputs, as deemed appropriate by management's current assessment of risks related to loan portfolio attributes and external factors. Such qualitative factor considerations include changes in the Bank's loan portfolio composition and credit concentrations, changes in the loan balances and/or trends in asset quality and/or loan credit performance, changes in lending underwriting standards, the effect of other external factors such as significant unique events or conditions, and actual and/or expected changes in economic conditions, real estate values, and/or other economic developments in the geographic areas in which the Bank operates, and/or other management considerations to account for credit risks not fully reflected in the discounted cash flow model. Management assesses the potential impact of such items and adjusts the modeled ACL as deemed appropriate based upon the assessment.

 Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures - The Company's off-balance sheet credit exposures are comprised of unfunded portions of existing loans, such as lines of credit and construction loans, and commitments to originate or purchase loans that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. Expected credit losses on these amounts are calculated using the same ACL to loan ratio that is calculated by the ACL model; however, the estimate of credit risk for off-balance sheet credit exposures also takes into consideration the likelihood that funding of the unfunded amount/commitment will occur. The reserve for these off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded as a liability and is presented in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes to the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures are recorded through increases or decreases to the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock - As a member of FHLB, the Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of FHLB stock. The Bank's holding requirement varies based on the Bank's activities, primarily the Bank's outstanding borrowings, with FHLB. FHLB stock is carried at cost and is considered a restricted asset because it cannot be pledged as collateral or bought or sold on the open market and because it has certain redemption restrictions. Management conducts a quarterly evaluation to determine if any FHLB stock impairment exists. The quarterly impairment evaluation focuses primarily on the capital adequacy and liquidity of FHLB, while also considering the impact that legislative and regulatory developments may have on FHLB. Stock and cash dividends received on FHLB stock are reflected as dividend income in the consolidated statements of income.

 Premises, Equipment, and Leases - Land is carried at cost. Buildings, leasehold improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and leasehold amortization. Buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the respective leases. The costs for major improvements and renovations are capitalized, while maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to operating expenses as incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions are recorded as non-interest income or non-interest expense as incurred.

 The Company leases real estate property for branches, ATMs, and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and if the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease. Leases that meet any of the following criteria are considered financing leases: (1) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset by the end of the lease term; (2) the lease grants the Company an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise; (3) the lease term is the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying assets; (4) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the Company that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all the fair value of the underlying asset; or (5) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term.

 A right-of-use asset represents the Company's right to use an underlying asset during the lease term. The calculated amounts of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the minimum remaining lease payments. The Company's lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company's discretion. If, at lease inception, the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company includes the extended term in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Generally, the Company cannot practically determine the interest rate implicit in the lease, so the Company's incremental borrowing rate is used as the discount rate for the lease. The Company uses FHLB advance interest rates, which have been deemed as the Company's incremental borrowing rate, at lease inception based upon the term of the lease. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

 The right-of-use assets associated with operating leases are recorded in other assets and for finance leases in premises and equipment on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The lease liabilities associated with operating leases are included in other liabilities and for finance leases in borrowings on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The period over which a right-of-use asset is amortized is generally the lesser of the expected remaining term or the remaining useful life of the leased asset. The lease liability is decreased as periodic lease payments are made. For facility-related leases, the Company elected, by lease class, to not separate lease and non-lease components. The Company performs impairment assessments for right-of-use assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable.

 Operating lease expense is recognized over the lease term. Variable lease expense primarily represents payments such as common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and utilities and are recognized as expense in the period when those payment

 obligations are incurred. Short-term lease expense relates to leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. Operating lease expense, variable lease expense and short-term lease expense associated with operating leases are included in occupancy expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Company has elected to not record a right-of-use asset or lease liability for short-term leases.

 Financing lease right-of-use assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and the related expense is reported in occupancy expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income. The lease obligation is increased by the accrual of interest and decreased by subsequent lease payments. Interest expense on finance leases is reported in interest expense on borrowings in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

 Low Income Housing Partnerships - As part of the Bank's community reinvestment initiatives, the Bank invests in affordable housing limited partnerships ("low income housing partnerships") that make equity investments in affordable housing properties. The Bank is a limited partner in each partnership in which it invests. A separate, unrelated third party is the general partner. The Bank receives affordable housing tax credits and other tax benefits for these investments.

 Other Assets - Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet are the Company's intangible assets, which consist of goodwill, deposit intangibles and other intangibles.

 Goodwill is assessed for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently in certain circumstances. The test for impairment is performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the fair value is determined to be less than the carrying amount, an impairment is recorded.

 The Company's intangible assets primarily relate to core deposits. These intangible assets are amortized based upon the expected economic benefit over an estimated life determined at the time of acquisition and are tested for impairment whenever certain events occur or circumstances change.

 Interest Rate Swaps - The Company uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy to hedge the variable cash outflows associated with certain borrowings. Interest rate swaps are carried at fair value in the Company's consolidated financial statements. For interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of such agreements are recorded in AOCI and are subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the period that interest on the borrowings affects earnings. Effectiveness is assessed using regression analysis. At the inception of a hedge, the Company documents certain items, including the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, the risk management objective and the nature of the risk being hedged, a description of how effectiveness will be measured and an evaluation of hedged transaction effectiveness.

 Income Taxes - The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) represents the change in deferred income tax assets and liabilities excluding the tax effects of the change in net unrealized gain (loss) on AFS securities and interest rate swaps. Income tax related penalties and interest, if any, are included in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. To the extent that management considers it more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be recovered, a valuation allowance is recorded. All positive and negative evidence is reviewed in determining how much of a valuation allowance is recognized on a quarterly basis.

 Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of an uncertain tax position taken, or expected to be taken, in a tax return. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the related tax liabilities line in the consolidated balance sheet.

 Employee Stock Ownership Plan - The funds borrowed by the ESOP from the Company to purchase the Company's common stock are being repaid from dividends paid on unallocated ESOP shares and, if necessary, contributions by the Bank. The ESOP shares pledged as collateral are reported as a reduction of stockholders' equity at cost. As ESOP shares are committed to be released from collateral each quarter, the Company records compensation expense based on the average market price of the Company's common stock during the quarter. Additionally, the ESOP shares become outstanding for EPS computations once they are committed to be released.

 Stock-based Compensation - The Company has share-based plans under which stock options and restricted stock awards have been granted. Compensation expense is recognized over the service period of the share-based payment award. The Company utilizes a fair-value-based measurement method in accounting for the share-based payment transactions. The Company applies the modified prospective method in which compensation cost is recognized over the service period for all awards granted.

 Trust Asset Management - Assets (other than cash deposits with the Bank) held in fiduciary or agency capacities for customers are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, since such items are not assets of the Company or its subsidiaries.

 Revenue Recognition - Non-interest income within the scope of ASC Topic 606 is recognized by the Company when performance obligations, under the terms of the contract, are satisfied. This income is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for the providing of services. The majority of the Company's applicable non-interest income continues to be recognized at the time when services are provided to its customers. See "Note 16. Revenue Recognition" for additional information.

 Segment Information - As a community-oriented financial institution, substantially all of the Bank's operations involve the delivery of loan and deposit products to customers. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of these community banking operations, which constitute the Company's only operating segment for financial reporting purposes.

 Earnings Per Share - Basic EPS is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or resulted in the issuance of common stock. These potentially dilutive shares would then be included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period using the treasury stock method. Shares issued and shares reacquired during any period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding.

 In computing both basic and diluted EPS, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding includes the ESOP shares previously allocated to participants and shares committed to be released for allocation to participants and shares of restricted stock which have vested. ESOP shares that have not been committed to be released are excluded from the computation of basic and diluted EPS. Unvested restricted stock awards contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends and are treated as participating securities in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method.

 Dividends - Dividends paid are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings. As a result, if the Company is in an accumulated deficit position, a dividend payment will increase the accumulated deficit.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements - In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, this ASU requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables within the scope of ASC 326-20, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses-Measured at Amortized Cost. The Company adopted the ASU on October 1, 2023 on a prospective basis, except for the amendments impacting the measurement of the ACL for TDRs, which were adopted on a modified retrospective approach. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a $20 thousand increase in ACL, a $16 thousand increase in reserves for off-balance sheet credit exposures, and a cumulative effect-adjustment to accumulated deficit of $27 thousand, net of tax. The adjustments are attributable to including TDRs in the ACL model, as of

 October 1, 2023. The new required disclosures associated with this ASU are included above and in Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses.

 In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. This ASU incorporates a variety of Topics into the Codification that are currently included in SEC Regulations S-X and S-K. The ASU is intended to align the accounting standards of GAAP with SEC Regulations S-X and S-K. Each amendment in the ASU will only become effective for the Company if the SEC removes the related disclosure or presentation requirement from its existing regulations by June 30, 2027. This may result in disclosures currently presented outside of the Company's financial statements being relocated to the Company's financial statements. The amendments will be applied prospectively by the Company. The ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's disclosures as the Company is currently subject to SEC Regulations S-X and S-K.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures of segment information for all public entities, including those that have a single reportable segment, primarily in the area of segment revenues and expenses. Entities that have a single reportable segment, like the Company, will be required to provide all the disclosures required by this ASU and all existing segment disclosures requirements in ASC 280, Segment Reporting. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, which is the fiscal year ending September 30, 2025 for the Company, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, which is the quarter ending December 31, 2025 for the Company. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on the Company's segment disclosures.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities to provide additional annual disclosures regarding specific categories of the income tax rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items within the income tax rate reconciliation that meet a certain quantitative threshold. This ASU is effective for the Company on October 1, 2025, starting with its Form 10-Q for the quarter ending December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on the Company's income tax disclosures.

 In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU removes references to various Concept Statements to simplify the Codification and provide a distinction between authoritative and nonauthoritative literature. This ASU is effective for the Company on October 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU, but it is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial condition or results of operation, or the Company's disclosures.

 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This ASU requires additional expense disclosures by public entities in the notes to the financial statements. The ASU outlines the specific costs that are required to be disclosed which include such costs as: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, selling costs, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization related to oil and gas production. It also requires qualitative descriptions of the amounts remaining in the relevant expense income statement captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively in the notes to the financial statements and the entity's definition of selling expenses. The disclosures are required for each interim and annual reporting period. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, which is the fiscal year ending September 30, 2028 for the Company, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, which is the quarter ending December 31, 2027 for the Company. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on the Company's expense disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 2. EARNINGS PER SHARE
 Shares acquired by the ESOP are not included in basic average shares outstanding until the shares are committed for allocation or vested to an employee's individual account. Unvested shares awarded pursuant to the Company's restricted stock benefit plans are treated as participating securities in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method as they contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends. The two-class method is an earnings allocation that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Net income
 $
 $
 $

 Income allocated to participating securities
 ( 33)
 ( 45)

 Net income available to common stockholders
 $
 37,977
 $
 ( 101,608)
 $
 84,408

 Total basic average common shares outstanding
 130,670,780
 133,556,864
 135,700,447

 Effect of dilutive stock options
 —
 —
 —

 Total diluted average common shares outstanding
 130,670,780
 133,556,864
 135,700,447

 Net EPS:

 Basic
 $
 0.29
 $
 ( 0.76)
 $
 0.62

 Diluted
 $
 0.29
 $
 ( 0.76)
 $
 0.62

 Antidilutive stock options, excluded from the diluted average

 common shares outstanding calculation
 326,308
 369,421
 516,603

 3. SECURITIES
 The following tables reflect the amortized cost, estimated fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities at the dates presented. The majority of our AFS securities at both dates presented were government guaranteed or issued by a GSE.

 Gross
 Gross

 Fair

 Cost
 Gains
 Value

 MBS
 $
 756,775
 $
 26,885
 $
 $

 69,077
 —
 69,305

 4,000
 —
 3,388

 $
 829,852
 $
 27,113
 $
 $

 Gross
 Gross

 Fair

 Cost
 Gains
 Value

 MBS
 $
 901,440
 $
 $
 $
 900,734

 479,610
 —
 479,428

 4,000
 —
 3,378

 Municipal bonds
 —
 —

 $
 1,385,992
 $
 $
 1,623
 $

 At September 30, 2024, there was $ 713.3 million of residential MBS and $ 70.2 million of commercial MBS. At September 30, 2023 all MBS were residential MBS.

 The following tables summarize the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of those AFS securities on which an unrealized loss at the dates presented was reported and the continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and equal to or greater than 12 months as of the dates presented.

 Less Than 12 Months
 Equal to or Greater Than 12 Months

 MBS
 $
 10,997
 $
 $
 2,919
 $

 —
 —
 3,388

 $
 10,997
 $
 $
 6,307
 $

 Less Than 12 Months
 Equal to or Greater Than 12 Months

 MBS
 $
 6,179
 $
 $
 34,555
 $

 —
 —
 24,818

 —
 —
 3,378

 $
 6,179
 $
 $
 62,751
 $
 1,514

 The unrealized losses at September 30, 2024 were a result of an increase in market yields from the time the securities were purchased. In general, as market yields rise, the fair value of securities will decrease; as market yields fall, the fair value of securities will increase. Management did not record an ACL on securities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2024 as management does not believe any of the securities were impaired due to credit quality reasons. The issuers of these securities continue to make scheduled and timely principal and interest payments, as applicable, under the contractual term of the securities so management believes the entire principal balance will be collected as scheduled. Additionally, management does not have the intent to sell any of the securities, and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the securities before the recovery of the remaining amortized cost, which could be at maturity. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date, if not before, or if market yields decline.

 The amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS debt securities as of September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual principal repayments may differ from contractual maturities due to prepayment or early call privileges by the issuer. In the case of MBS, borrowers on the underlying loans generally have the right to prepay their loans without penalty. For this reason, MBS are not included in the maturity categories.

 Cost

 One year through five years
 $
 10,000
 $
 10,000

 Five years through ten years
 63,077
 62,693

 73,077
 72,693

 MBS
 756,775

 $
 829,852
 $

 The following table presents the taxable and non-taxable components of interest income on investment securities for the years presented.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Taxable
 $
 8,747
 $
 3,538
 $
 3,234

 Non-taxable

 $
 8,749
 $
 3,565
 $
 3,268

 The following table summarizes the carrying value of securities pledged as collateral for the obligations indicated below as of the dates presented.

 2024
 2023

 Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City ("FRB of Kansas City") borrowings
 $
 111,281
 $
 519,195

 Public unit deposits
 108,748
 178,396

 $
 220,029
 $
 697,591

 At September 30, 2023, management intended to sell securities with an estimated fair value of $ 1.30 billion, therefore an unrealized loss of $ 192.6 million associated with those securities was recognized in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended September 30, 2023 as a net loss from securities transactions. The Bank sold $ 1.30 billion of AFS securities during the current fiscal year. The Bank received gross proceeds of $ 1.27 billion from the sale and realized gross losses of $ 14.9 million and gross gains of $ 1.6 million, resulting in a net loss of $ 13.3 million on the sale. All other dispositions of securities during the current year and prior year periods were the result of principal repayments, calls, or maturities.

 4. LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

 Loans receivable, net at September 30, 2024 and 2023 is summarized as follows:

 2024
 2023

 $
 3,941,952
 $
 3,978,837

 2,212,587
 2,405,911

 127,161
 137,193

 69,974

 Total
 6,591,915

 1,191,624
 995,788

 129,678
 112,953

 187,676
 178,746

 Total
 1,508,978
 1,287,487

 99,988
 95,723

 Other
 9,615
 9,256

 Total
 109,603
 104,979

 7,984,381

 Less:

 ACL

 Deferred loan fees/discounts
 30,336
 31,335

 Premiums/deferred costs
 ( 37,458)
 ( 41,662)

 $
 $

 As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank serviced loans for others aggregating $ 38.1 million and $ 44.2 million, respectively. Such loans are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors and foreclosure processing. Loan servicing income includes servicing fees withheld from investors and certain charges collected from borrowers, such as late payment fees. The Bank held borrowers' escrow balances on loans serviced for others of $ 942 thousand and $ 972 thousand as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Lending Practices and Underwriting Standards - Originating one- to four-family loans is the Bank's primary lending business. The Bank also originates consumer loans primarily secured by one- to four-family residential properties and originates and participates in commercial loans. The Bank has historically also purchased one- to four-family loans from correspondent lenders, but during the current fiscal year the Bank suspended its one- to four-family correspondent lending channels for the foreseeable future. The Bank has a loan concentration in one- to four-family loans and a geographic concentration of these loans in Kansas and Missouri.

 One- to four-family loans - Full documentation to support an applicant's credit and income, and sufficient funds to cover all applicable fees and reserves at closing, are required on all loans. Properties securing one- to four-family loans are appraised by either staff appraisers or fee appraisers, both of which are independent of the loan origination function.

 The underwriting standards for loans purchased from correspondent lenders were generally similar to the Bank's internal underwriting standards. The underwriting of loans purchased from correspondent lenders on a loan-by-loan basis was performed by the Bank's underwriters.

 The Bank also originates owner-occupied construction-to-permanent loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate. Construction draw requests and the supporting documentation are reviewed and approved by designated personnel.

 The Bank also performs regular documented inspections of the construction project to ensure the funds are being used for the intended purpose and the project is being completed according to the plans and specifications provided.
 Commercial loans - The Bank's commercial portfolio includes loans that are originated by the Bank or in participation with a lead bank. For commercial participation loans, the Bank performs the same underwriting procedures as if the loan was originated by the Bank.

 The Bank's commercial loan portfolio has a concentration in commercial real estate and commercial construction loans and a geographic concentration in Kansas, Texas, and Missouri. When underwriting a commercial real estate or commercial construction loan, several factors are considered, such as the income producing potential of the property, cash equity provided by the borrower, the financial strength of the borrower, managerial expertise of the borrower or tenant, feasibility studies, lending experience with the borrower and the marketability of the property. At the time of origination, LTV ratios on commercial real estate loans generally do not exceed 85 % of the appraised value of the property securing the loans and the minimum DSCR is generally 1.15 x. The Bank generally requires a guaranty on all commercial real estate loans, but for an experienced borrower with a strong DSCR and low LTV ratio, the Bank may allow the guaranty percentage to be reduced, phased out, or originated as a non-recourse loan.

 For commercial construction loans, LTV ratios generally do not exceed 80 % of the projected appraised value of the property securing the loans and the minimum DSCR is generally 1.15 x, but it applies to the projected cash flows, and the borrower must have successful experience with the construction and operation of properties similar to the subject property. Appraisals on properties securing these loans are performed by independent state certified fee appraisers. For construction loans, guaranties are typically required during the period of construction. After construction is complete, for select experienced borrowers that have a strong DSCR and low LTV ratio, the guaranty may be reduced or phased out when the property meets certain performance metrics. Additionally, the Bank generally requires the borrower to contribute equity at the start of a project and prior to any Bank funding.

 The Bank's commercial and industrial loans are generally made to borrowers and secured by assets located in the Bank's market areas and are underwritten on the basis of the borrower's ability to service the debt from income. Working capital loans are primarily collateralized by short-term assets whereas term loans are primarily collateralized by longer-term assets. In general, commercial and industrial loans involve different types of credit risk than commercial real estate loans due to the nature of the loans and the type of collateral securing the loans. As a result of these different complexities, variables and risks, commercial and industrial loans generally require evaluation of different metrics and factors before origination, and require more monitoring and servicing after origination than other types of loans.

 Management regularly monitors the level of risk in the entire commercial loan portfolio, including concentrations in such factors as geographic locations, collateral types, tenant brand name, borrowing relationships, and lending relationships in the case of participation loans, among other factors. Annual reviews are performed for larger loans and lending relationships. The annual reviews include evaluating updated financials, as well as performing stress tests to measure the ability of the loans to withstand certain stress scenarios such as interest rate increases, revenue decreases and expense increases.

 Consumer loans - The Bank offers a variety of consumer loans, the majority of which are home equity loans and lines of credit for which the Bank also has the first mortgage or the first lien position.

 The underwriting standards for consumer loans include a determination of an applicant's payment history on other debts and an assessment of an applicant's ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. Although creditworthiness of an applicant is a primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the security in relation to the proposed loan amount.

 Credit Quality Indicators - Based on the Bank's lending emphasis and underwriting standards, management has segmented the loan portfolio into three segments: (1) one- to four-family; (2) consumer; and (3) commercial. See discussion regarding the credit risks for these loan segments in "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Receivable." These segments are further divided into classes for purposes of providing disaggregated credit quality information about the loan portfolio. The classes are: one- to four-family - originated, one- to four-family - correspondent purchased, one- to four-family - bulk purchased, consumer - home equity, consumer - other, commercial - commercial real estate, and commercial - commercial and industrial. One- to four-family construction loans are included in

 the originated class and commercial construction loans are included in the commercial real estate class. As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company's loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to loan classification and delinquency status.

 Loan Classification - In accordance with the Bank's asset classification policy, management regularly reviews the problem loans in the Bank's portfolio to determine whether any require classification. Loan classifications are defined as follows:

 • Special mention - These loans are performing loans on which known information about the collateral pledged or the possible credit problems of the borrower(s) have caused management to have doubts as to the ability of the borrower(s) to comply with present loan repayment terms and which may result in the future inclusion of such loans in the nonaccrual loan categories.
 • Substandard - A loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans include those characterized by the distinct possibility the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
 • Doubtful - Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts and conditions and values highly questionable and improbable.
 • Loss - Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets on the books is not warranted.

 The following tables set forth, as of the dates indicated, the amortized cost of loans by class of financing receivable, year of origination or most recent credit decision, and loan classification. All revolving lines of credit and revolving lines of credit converted to term loans are presented separately, regardless of origination year. Loans classified as doubtful or loss are individually evaluated for loss. At September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there were no loans classified as doubtful, and all loans classified as loss were fully charged-off.

 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Prior
 Converted

 Year
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Years
 to Term
 Total

 Pass
 $
 241,765
 $
 325,492
 $
 578,275
 $
 809,643
 $
 521,647
 $
 1,447,237
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,924,059

 —
 1,229
 1,982
 9,565
 —
 —
 13,843

 —
 1,398
 9,571
 —
 —
 12,144

 Pass
 325,384
 482,103
 570,970
 225,650
 623,496
 —
 —
 2,228,401

 —
 —
 —
 3,685

 —
 —
 1,662
 —
 5,130
 —
 —
 7,057

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 124,076
 —
 —
 124,076

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,514
 —
 —
 3,514

 242,563
 652,822
 1,063,977
 1,383,986
 749,865
 2,223,566
 —
 —
 6,316,779

 Pass
 326,158
 400,649
 284,493
 135,935
 74,174
 110,309
 23,865
 —
 1,355,583

 12,440
 2,543
 —
 —
 1,094
 —
 —
 16,169

 —
 —
 —
 2,302

 Pass
 46,335
 32,112
 18,131
 8,075
 1,350
 2,051
 20,876
 —
 128,930

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 385,703
 436,131
 302,624
 144,010
 76,263
 114,172
 44,829
 —
 1,503,732

 Pass
 7,331
 4,377
 4,575
 1,437
 2,127
 73,020
 5,895
 99,576

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other

 Pass
 4,112
 2,737
 1,697
 —
 9,473

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 11,523
 7,148
 6,316
 1,822
 2,246
 73,531
 6,357
 109,862

 Total
 $
 639,789
 $
 1,096,101
 $
 1,372,917
 $
 1,529,818
 $
 827,047
 $
 2,339,984
 $
 118,360
 $
 6,357
 $
 7,930,373

 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Prior
 Converted

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Years
 to Term
 Total

 Pass
 $
 318,569
 $
 597,298
 $
 874,518
 $
 568,081
 $
 251,773
 $
 1,398,616
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,008,855

 —
 1,883
 1,468
 1,863
 8,067
 —
 —
 14,048

 7,954
 —
 —
 10,125

 Pass
 346,084
 517,976
 607,968
 246,926
 62,744
 643,520
 —
 —
 2,425,218

 1,674
 1,133
 —
 —
 4,566

 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,402
 —
 —
 5,966

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 134,464
 —
 —
 134,464

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,208
 —
 —
 3,208

 665,253
 1,117,986
 1,485,849
 817,322
 317,676
 2,202,364
 —
 —
 6,606,450

 Pass
 403,269
 301,164
 208,942
 81,478
 82,027
 79,170
 10,448
 —
 1,166,498

 2,483
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,483

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,135

 Pass
 30,206
 23,166
 11,740
 3,228
 2,693
 27,104
 —
 98,885

 13,191
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 13,890

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 449,216
 324,330
 220,682
 85,373
 84,939
 80,255
 38,251
 —
 1,283,046

 Pass
 5,501
 5,624
 1,955
 1,069
 2,224
 72,119
 6,205
 95,443

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other

 Pass
 4,758
 2,693
 —
 9,250

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 10,261
 8,363
 2,742
 1,411
 2,389
 72,718
 6,449
 105,212

 Total
 $
 1,124,730
 $
 1,450,679
 $
 1,709,273
 $
 904,106
 $
 403,494
 $
 2,285,008
 $
 110,969
 $
 6,449
 $
 7,994,708

 Delinquency Status - The following tables set forth, as of the dates indicated, the amortized cost of current loans, loans 30 to 89 days delinquent, and loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure ("90+/FC"), by class of financing receivable and year of origination or most recent credit decision as of the dates indicated. All revolving lines of credit and revolving lines of credit converted to term loans are presented separately, regardless of origination year.

 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Prior
 Converted

 Year
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Years
 to Term
 Total

 $
 241,765
 $
 326,211
 $
 578,430
 $
 811,455
 $
 521,550
 $
 1,459,500
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,938,911

 30-89
 —
 1,074
 1,666
 5,422
 —
 —
 8,864

 —
 —
 1,451
 —
 —
 2,271

 326,377
 482,598
 571,182
 226,048
 624,961
 —
 —
 2,231,964

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 2,479
 —
 —
 3,089

 —
 —
 1,662
 —
 2,163
 —
 —
 4,090

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 125,982
 —
 —
 125,982

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,539
 —
 —
 1,539

 242,563
 652,822
 1,063,977
 1,383,986
 749,865
 2,223,566
 —
 —
 6,316,779

 338,511
 403,193
 284,493
 135,932
 74,266
 110,448
 23,055
 —
 1,369,898

 30-89
 —
 —
 1,094
 —
 2,993

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,163

 46,736
 32,112
 17,990
 8,052
 1,350
 2,051
 20,914
 —
 129,205

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 385,703
 436,131
 302,624
 144,010
 76,263
 114,172
 44,829
 —
 1,503,732

 7,331
 4,378
 4,540
 1,437
 2,133
 72,721
 6,084
 99,438

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other

 4,109
 2,728
 1,641
 —
 9,345

 30-89
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 11,523
 7,148
 6,316
 1,822
 2,246
 73,531
 6,357
 109,862

 Total
 $
 639,789
 $
 1,096,101
 $
 1,372,917
 $
 1,529,818
 $
 827,047
 $
 2,339,984
 $
 118,360
 $
 6,357
 $
 7,930,373

 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Prior
 Converted

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Years
 to Term
 Total

 $
 318,211
 $
 598,283
 $
 875,563
 $
 567,975
 $
 253,546
 $
 1,407,090
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,020,668

 30-89
 1,437
 5,960
 —
 —
 10,117

 —
 —
 1,587
 —
 —
 2,243

 346,084
 518,650
 608,573
 247,346
 62,652
 643,739
 —
 —
 2,427,044

 30-89
 —
 1,069
 2,862
 —
 —
 5,252

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,454
 —
 —
 3,454

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 136,577
 —
 —
 136,577

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 665,253
 1,117,986
 1,485,849
 817,322
 317,676
 2,202,364
 —
 —
 6,606,450

 404,867
 301,164
 208,942
 81,478
 82,027
 79,188
 10,448
 —
 1,168,114

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,966

 43,397
 23,166
 11,740
 3,228
 2,690
 27,684
 —
 112,653

 30-89
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 449,216
 324,330
 220,682
 85,373
 84,939
 80,255
 38,251
 —
 1,283,046

 5,428
 5,631
 1,955
 2,195
 71,986
 6,312
 95,243

 30-89
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other

 4,737
 2,613
 —
 9,126

 30-89
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 10,261
 8,363
 2,742
 1,411
 2,389
 72,718
 6,449
 105,212

 Total
 $
 1,124,730
 $
 1,450,679
 $
 1,709,273
 $
 904,106
 $
 403,494
 $
 2,285,008
 $
 110,969
 $
 6,449
 $
 7,994,708

 Gross Charge-Offs - Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on October 1, 2023, the Company has been required to present gross charge-offs by class of financing receivable and year of origination or most recent credit decision. The following table sets forth the required gross charge-off information for the year ended September 30, 2024.

 Lines

 of Credit

 Year
 Year
 Year
 Year
 Prior
 Lines of
 Converted to

 Year
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Years
 Term
 Total

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Commercial and Industrial
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Home Equity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Delinquent and Nonaccrual Loans - The following tables present the amortized cost, at the dates indicated, by class, of loans 30 to 89 days delinquent, loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure, total delinquent loans, current loans, and total loans. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, all loans 90 or more days delinquent were on nonaccrual status.

 90 or More Days
 Total
 Total

 30 to 89 Days
 Delinquent or

 in Foreclosure
 Loans
 Loans
 Cost

 $
 8,864
 $
 2,271
 $
 11,135
 $
 3,938,911
 $
 3,950,046

 3,089
 4,090
 7,179
 2,231,964
 2,239,143

 1,539
 1,608
 125,982
 127,590

 2,993
 1,163
 4,156
 1,369,898
 1,374,054

 129,205
 129,678

 99,438
 100,247

 Other
 9,345
 9,615

 $
 16,049
 $
 9,581
 $
 25,630
 $
 7,904,743
 $
 7,930,373

 90 or More Days
 Total
 Total

 30 to 89 Days
 Delinquent or

 in Foreclosure
 Loans
 Loans
 Cost

 $
 10,117
 $
 2,243
 $
 12,360
 $
 4,020,668
 $
 4,033,028

 5,252
 3,454
 8,706
 2,427,044
 2,435,750

 1,095
 136,577
 137,672

 1,966
 2,002
 1,168,114
 1,170,116

 112,653
 112,930

 95,243
 95,955

 Other
 9,126
 9,257

 $
 16,347
 $
 8,936
 $
 25,283
 $
 7,969,425
 $
 7,994,708

 The amortized cost of mortgage loans secured by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.6 million and $ 2.5 million, respectively, which is included in loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure in the tables above. The carrying value of residential OREO held as a result of obtaining physical possession upon completion of a foreclosure or through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure was $ 55 thousand at September 30, 2024 and $ 219 thousand at September 30, 2023.

 The following table presents the amortized cost at September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, by class, of loans classified as nonaccrual. Nonaccrual loans with no ACL were individually evaluated for loss and any losses have been charged off.

 2024
 2023

 Nonaccrual Loans
 Nonaccrual Loans with No ACL
 Nonaccrual Loans
 Nonaccrual Loans with No ACL

 $
 2,271
 $
 $
 2,457
 $

 4,090
 3,739

 1,539

 1,495
 1,984

 —

 Other
 —

 $
 10,166
 $
 3,010
 $
 9,453
 $
 1,990

 Loan Modifications - The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans as of September 30, 2024 that were both experiencing financial difficulties and modified during the year ended September 30, 2024, by class of financing receivable and by type of modification. Also presented in the table is the percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans as of September 30, 2024 that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulties as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable as of September 30, 2024. During the year ended September 30, 2024, there was a $ 50 thousand charge-off related to a commercial real estate loan modified during the year ended September 30, 2024. The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to borrowers included in these tables.

 Term

 Extension,

 Term
 Payment

 Extension
 Delay, and
 Total

 Interest
 and
 Interest
 Class of

 Principal
 Rate
 Payment
 Term
 Payment
 Rate
 Financing

 Forgiveness
 Reduction
 Delay
 Extension
 Delay
 Reduction
 Total
 Receivable

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,547
 $
 6,992
 $
 —
 $
 8,539
 0.22
 %

 —
 —
 —
 1,716
 —
 2,054
 0.09

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 1,885
 8,708
 —
 10,593
 0.17

 —
 —
 8,196
 —
 —
 8,388
 0.61

 —
 —
 —
 —
 0.51

 —
 —
 8,196
 —
 9,053
 0.60

 Consumer loans:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 0.09

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 0.08

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 8,285
 $
 1,885
 $
 9,553
 $
 $
 19,735
 0.25

 Financial effect of loan modifications - The table below presents the financial effects of loan modifications during the year ended September 30, 2024, including the weighted average term extension, weighted average payment delay, and weighted average interest rate reduction.

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2024

 Term
 Payment
 Interest Rate

 Extension
 Delays
 Reduction

 33 months
 4 months
 N/A

 36 months
 4 months
 N/A

 24 months
 6 months
 N/A

 6 months
 6 months
 0.50
 %

 Consumer home equity
 N/A
 7 months
 N/A

 Performance of loan modifications - The following table provides information about the subsequent performance during the year ended September 30, 2024 of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2024

 30 to 89 Days
 90 or More Days
Delinquent or in Foreclosure
 Total
Delinquent Loans
Loans
 Total
Amortized Cost

 $
 1,800
 $
 $
 2,520
 $
 6,019
 $
 8,539

 1,345
 2,054

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 8,196
 8,388

 Commercial & industrial
 —

 Consumer loans:

 —
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 2,453
 $
 1,195
 $
 3,648
 $
 16,087
 $
 19,735

 TDRs - Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on October 1, 2023, loans were accounted for as TDRs if the Bank granted a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. The following tables present the amortized cost for the periods presented, prior to restructuring and immediately after restructuring in all loans restructured during the years presented.

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2023

 Pre-
 Post-

 of
 Restructured
 Restructured

 Contracts

 $
 $

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2022

 Pre-
 Post-

 of
 Restructured
 Restructured

 Contracts

 $
 $

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $

 The following table provides information on TDRs that became delinquent during the periods presented within 12 months after being restructured.

 For the Years Ended

 September 30, 2022

 Number of
 Number of

 Contracts
 Cost
 Contracts
 Cost

 $
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $

 Allowance for Credit Losses - The following table summarizes ACL activity, by loan portfolio segment, for the periods presented.

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2024

 One- to Four-Family

 Bulk

 Total
 Commercial
 Total

 $
 2,149
 $
 2,972
 $
 $
 5,328
 $
 18,180
 $
 $

 Adoption of ASU 2022-02
 —

 Balance at October 1, 2023
 2,152
 2,973
 5,346
 18,182
 23,779

 Charge-offs
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 80)
 ( 80)
 ( 160)

 Recoveries
 —
 —

 ( 514)
 ( 1,112)
 ( 75)
 ( 1,701)
 1,047
 ( 633)

 $
 1,666
 $
 1,861
 $
 $
 3,673
 $
 19,154
 $
 $

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2023

 One- to Four-Family

 Bulk

 Total
 Commercial
 Total

 $
 2,066
 $
 2,734
 $
 $
 5,006
 $
 11,120
 $
 $
 16,371

 Charge-offs
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 75)
 ( 40)
 ( 115)

 Recoveries
 —
 —

 7,134
 7,494

 $
 2,149
 $
 2,972
 $
 $
 5,328
 $
 18,180
 $
 $

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2022

 One- to Four-Family

 Bulk

 Total
 Commercial
 Total

 $
 1,612
 $
 2,062
 $
 $
 3,978
 $
 15,652
 $
 $
 19,823

 Charge-offs
 ( 9)
 —
 —
 ( 9)
 ( 40)
 ( 21)
 ( 70)

 Recoveries
 —
 —

 ( 98)
 ( 4,593)
 ( 3,638)

 $
 2,066
 $
 2,734
 $
 $
 5,006
 $
 11,120
 $
 $
 16,371

 The key assumptions in the Company's ACL model at September 30, 2024 include the economic forecast, the forecast and reversion to mean time periods, and prepayment and curtailment assumptions. Management also considered certain qualitative factors when evaluating the adequacy of the ACL at September 30, 2024. The key assumptions utilized in estimating the Company's ACL at September 30, 2024 are discussed below.
 • Economic Forecast - Management considered several economic forecasts provided by a third party and selected an economic forecast that was the most appropriate considering the facts and circumstances at September 30, 2024. The forecasted economic indices applied to the model at September 30, 2024 were the national unemployment rate, changes in commercial real estate price index, changes in home values, and changes in the U.S. gross domestic product. The economic index most impactful to all loan pools within the model at September 30, 2024 was the national unemployment rate. The forecasted national unemployment rate in the economic scenario selected by management at September 30, 2024 had the national unemployment rate gradually increasing to 4.1 % by September 30, 2025, which was the end of our four-quarter forecast time period.
 • Forecast and reversion to mean time periods - The forecasted time period and the reversion to mean time period were each four quarters for all of the economic indices at September 30, 2024.
 • Prepayment and curtailment assumptions - The assumptions used at September 30, 2024 were generally based on actual historical prepayment and curtailment speeds, adjusted by management as deemed necessary. The prepayment and curtailment assumptions vary for each respective loan pool in the model.
 • Qualitative factors - Management applied qualitative factors at September 30, 2024 to account for large dollar commercial loan concentrations and potential downside market risk with the recent housing price appreciation related to one-to four-family loans. These qualitative factors were applied to account for credit risks not fully reflected in the discounted cash flow model.
 The Company's commercial real estate and construction loans generally have low LTV ratios and strong DSCRs which serve as indicators that losses in the commercial real estate and construction loan portfolios might be unlikely; however, because there is uncertainty surrounding the nature, timing and amount of expected losses, management believes that in the event of a realized loss within the large dollar commercial loan pools, the magnitude of such a loss is likely to be significant. The large dollar commercial loan concentration qualitative factor addresses the risk associated with a large dollar relationship deteriorating due to a loss event. As part of its analysis, management considered external data including historical loss information for the industry and commercial real estate price index trending information from a variety of reputable sources to help determine the amount of this qualitative factor.
 For one- to four-family loans, management believes there is potential downside market risk with the recent housing price appreciation related to, in particular, newer originations and developed a qualitative factor to account for this risk. To determine the appropriate amount of the one- to four-family loan qualitative factor as of September 30, 2024, management considered external historical home price index trending information, along with the Bank's recent origination/purchase activity, historical loan loss experience and portfolio balance trending, the one-to four-family loan portfolio composition with regard to loan size, and management's knowledge of the Bank's loan portfolio and the one- to four-family lending industry. This qualitative factor replaced the economic uncertainties qualitative factor that was in place at September 30, 2023 and was less than the amount of the economic uncertainty qualitative factor at September 30, 2024 resulting in a decrease in ACL for one- to four-family loans compared to the prior year.

 Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures - The following is a summary of the changes in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures during the periods indicated. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank's off-balance sheet credit exposures totaled $ 826.5 million and $ 837.7 million, respectively. The increase in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures during the current year was due to an increase in the balance of commercial off-balance sheet credits along with an increase in the ACL to loan ratio, specifically for commercial construction loans.

 For the Years Ended

 $
 4,095
 $
 4,751

 Adoption of ASU 2022-02
 —

 1,892
 ( 656)

 $
 6,003
 $
 4,095

 5. PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND LEASES
 A summary of the net carrying value of premises and equipment at September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Land
 $
 16,070
 $
 16,045

 Building and improvements
 128,730
 123,830

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 54,485
 52,364

 Total premises and equipment
 199,285
 192,239

 Less accumulated depreciation
 107,822
 100,708

 Premises and equipment, net
 $
 91,463
 $
 91,531

 At September 30, 2024, the Company's operating leases had remaining terms that ranged from 0.1 years to 33 years, some of which included the assumed exercise of renewal options that the Company considers to be reasonably certain. A right-of-use asset of $ 8.5 million and $ 11.3 million was included in other assets and a lease liability of $ 8.9 million and $ 11.6 million was included in other liabilities for the Company's operating leases on the consolidated balance sheets, as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 respectively. As of September 30, 2024, for the Company's operating leases, the weighted average remaining lease term was 24.1 years and the weighted average discount rate was 2.69 %. The following table presents lease expenses and supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases for the years indicated.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating lease expense
 $
 1,141
 $
 1,307
 $
 1,397

 Variable lease expense

 Short-term lease expense

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
 1,130
 1,211
 1,312

 The Company entered into finance leases during the current year. The Company's finance leases as of September 30, 2024 had remaining terms that ranged from 3 years to 23 years. A finance lease right-of-use asset of $ 1.0 million was included in premises and equipment, net and a finance lease liability of $ 1.1 million was included in borrowings on the consolidated balance sheets, as of September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, for the Company's finance leases, the weighted average remaining lease term was 20.0 years and the weighted average discount rate was 5.17 %. During the year ended September 30, 2024, amortization expense of finance lease right-of-use assets, interest expense on finance lease liabilities, and cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities was $ 59 thousand, $ 53 thousand and $ 73 thousand, respectively.

 The following table presents future minimum payments, for operating and finance leases with initial or remaining terms in excess of one year as of September 30, 2024:

 Operating
 Finance
 Total

 Fiscal year 2025
 $
 $
 $

 Fiscal year 2026

 Fiscal year 2027

 Fiscal year 2028

 Fiscal year 2029

 Thereafter
 9,727
 1,386
 11,113

 Total future minimum lease payments
 12,764
 1,836
 14,600

 Amounts representing interest
 ( 3,842)
 ( 754)
 ( 4,596)

 Present value of net future minimum lease payments
 $
 8,922
 $
 1,082
 $
 10,004

 6. LOW INCOME HOUSING PARTNERSHIPS
 The Bank's investment in low income housing partnerships, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets, was $ 131.4 million and $ 121.8 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Bank's obligations related to unfunded commitments, which are included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, were $ 74.3 million and $ 63.6 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The majority of the commitments at September 30, 2024 are projected to be funded through the end of calendar year 2027.

 For fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, the net income tax benefit associated with these investments, which consists of proportional amortization expense and affordable housing tax credits and other related tax benefits, was reported in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. The amount of proportional amortization expense recognized during fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 10.4 million, $ 10.1 million and $ 9.3 million, respectively, and the amount of affordable housing tax credits and other related tax benefits was $ 12.6 million, $ 12.4 million and $ 11.6 million, respectively, resulting in a net income tax benefit of $ 2.2 million, $ 2.3 million and $ 2.3 million, respectively. There were no impairment losses during fiscal years 2024, 2023, or 2022 resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of tax credits or other circumstances.

 7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 Changes in the carrying amount of the Company's intangible assets associated with an acquisition in fiscal year 2018, which are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, are presented in the following table.

 Core Deposit and

 Goodwill

 Other Intangibles

 Balance at September 30, 2021
 $
 9,324

 $
 3,961

 Less: Amortization
 —
 ( 1,372)

 Balance at September 30, 2022
 9,324

 2,589

 Less: Amortization
 —

 ( 1,069)

 Balance at September 30, 2023
 9,324

 1,520

 Less: Amortization
 —
 ( 774)

 Balance at September 30, 2024
 $
 9,324
 $

 As of September 30, 2024, there was no impairment recorded on goodwill or other intangible assets.

 The estimated amortization expense for the next five years related to the core deposit and other intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands):

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 2029
 —

 8. DEPOSITS AND BORROWED FUNDS
 Deposits - Non-interest-bearing deposits totaled $ 549.6 million and $ 558.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Certificates of deposit with a minimum denomination of $250 thousand were $ 516.3 million and $ 521.0 million as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Deposits in excess of $250 thousand may not be fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

 Borrowings - Borrowings at September 30, 2024 consisted of $ 2.18 billion in FHLB advances, of which $ 1.98 billion were fixed-rate advances and $ 200.0 million were variable-rate advances, and $ 1.1 million in finance leases. Borrowings at September 30, 2023 consisted of $ 2.38 billion in FHLB advances, of which $ 2.02 billion were fixed-rate advances and $ 365.0 million were variable-rate advances, and $ 500.0 million of borrowings from the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). There were no borrowings against the variable-rate FHLB line of credit at September 30, 2024 or 2023. Additionally, the Bank is authorized to borrow from the FRB of Kansas City's "discount window" but there were no such borrowings at September 30, 2024 or 2023.

 FHLB advances and BTFP borrowings at September 30, 2024 and 2023 were comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023

 FHLB advances
 $
 2,180,656
 $
 2,382,828

 BTFP borrowings
 —
 500,000

 Deferred prepayment penalty - FHLB advances
 ( 2,173)
 ( 3,703)

 $
 2,178,483
 $
 2,879,125

 Weighted average contractual interest rate on FHLB advances
 3.41
 %
 3.41
 %

 Weighted average effective interest rate on FHLB advances(1)

 3.29
 3.06

 Weighted average contractual interest rate on BTFP borrowings
 —
 4.70

 (1) The effective interest rate includes the net impact of deferred amounts and interest rate swaps related to the adjustable-rate FHLB advances.

 FHLB borrowings are secured by certain qualifying loans pursuant to a blanket collateral agreement with FHLB and certain securities, when necessary. Per FHLB's lending guidelines, total FHLB borrowings cannot exceed 40 % of a borrowing institution's regulatory total assets without the pre-approval of FHLB senior management. The Bank's borrowing limit approved by FHLB senior management was 50 % as of September 30, 2024 and became 45 % starting November 1, 2024. At September 30, 2024, the ratio of the par value of the Bank's FHLB borrowings to the Bank's Call Report total assets was 23 %.
 The amount that could be borrowed under the BTFP was based upon the par value of securities pledged as collateral, the term could be up to one year in length, and the borrowings could be prepaid without penalty. Advances could be requested under the BTFP until March 11, 2024. Subsequent to September 30, 2023, the Bank repaid the $ 500.0 million of BTFP borrowings and did not enter into any additional BTFP borrowings after that point in time.
 At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank had entered into interest rate swap agreements with a total notional amount of $ 200.0 million and $ 365.0 million, respectively, in order to hedge the variable cash flows associated with $ 200.0 million and $ 365.0 million, respectively, of adjustable-rate FHLB advances. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the interest rate swap agreements had an average remaining term to maturity of 2.3 years and 2.1 years, respectively. The interest rate swaps were designated as cash flow hedges and involved the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Bank making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap agreements. At September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the interest rate swaps were in a gain position with a total fair value of $ 2.1 million and $ 13.0 million, respectively, which was reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. During fiscal year 2024 and 2023, $ 6.1 million and $ 5.6 million, respectively, was reclassified from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense. At September 30, 2024, the Company estimated that $ 1.8 million of interest expense associated with the interest rate swaps would be reclassified from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense on FHLB borrowings during the next 12 months. The Bank has minimum collateral

 posting thresholds with its derivative counterparties and posts collateral on a daily basis. The Bank held cash collateral of $ 2.1 million at September 30, 2024 and $ 14.0 million at September 30, 2023.
 Periodically, management has utilized a leverage strategy to increase earnings which entails entering into short-term FHLB borrowings and depositing the proceeds from these FHLB borrowings, net of the cost to purchase FHLB stock to meet FHLB stock holding requirements, at the FRB of Kansas City ("leverage strategy"). The leverage strategy is not a core operating business for the Company. It provides the Company the ability to utilize excess capital to generate earnings. Additionally, it is a strategy that can be exited quickly without additional costs. Leverage strategy borrowings are repaid prior to each quarter end. The leverage strategy was not in place during the current year due to the strategy being unprofitable, but it was in place at points during the prior year. When the leverage strategy is in place, it reduces the net interest margin due to the amount of earnings from the transaction in comparison to the size of the transaction. Management continues to monitor the net interest rate spread and overall profitability of the leverage strategy.
 Scheduled Repayment of Borrowed Funds and Maturity of Certificates of Deposit - The following table presents the scheduled repayment of term borrowings, at par, and the maturity of certificates of deposit as of September 30, 2024. With the exception of amortizing FHLB advances, FHLB advances are payable at maturity. Amortizing FHLB advances are presented based on their maturity dates versus their quarterly scheduled repayment dates. At September 30, 2024, the Bank's FHLB advances had maturities ranging from October 2024 to August 2029.

 Certificates

 of Deposit

 2025
 650,000
 2,204,587

 2026
 575,000
 515,572

 2027
 477,500
 138,893

 2028
 310,656
 94,600

 2029
 167,500
 11,455

 Thereafter
 —

 $
 2,180,656
 $
 2,965,310

 9. INCOME TAXES
 Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 consisted of the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 12,153
 $
 6,789
 $
 17,105

 State
 1,435
 3,598

 12,547
 8,224
 20,703

 Deferred:

 Federal
 1,316
 ( 39,209)
 1,632

 State
 2,230
 ( 6,311)

 3,546
 ( 45,520)
 2,047

 $
 16,093
 $
 ( 37,296)
 $
 22,750

 The Company's effective tax rates were 29.7 %, 26.8 %, and 21.2 % for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The differences between such effective rates and the statutory Federal income tax rate computed on income before income tax expense resulted from the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 %
 %
 %

 Federal income tax expense

 computed at statutory Federal rate
 $
 11,362
 21.0
 %
 $
 ( 29,180)
 21.0
 %
 $
 22,513
 21.0
 %

 Increases (decreases) in taxes resulting from:

 Pre-1988 bad debt recapture
 5,406
 10.0
 —
 —
 —
 —

 State taxes, net of Federal tax effect
 2,497
 4.8
 ( 5,412)
 3.9
 3,399
 3.2

 Low income housing tax credits, net
 ( 2,244)
 ( 4.2)
 ( 2,303)
 1.6
 ( 2,238)
 ( 2.1)

 ESOP related expenses, net
 ( 448)
 ( 0.8)
 ( 652)
 0.5
 ( 641)
 ( 0.6)

 Other
 ( 480)
 ( 1.1)
 ( 0.2)
 ( 283)
 ( 0.3)

 $
 16,093
 29.7
 %
 $
 ( 37,296)
 26.8
 %
 $
 22,750
 21.2
 %

 Pre-1988 bad debt recapture - Prior to the Small Business Job Protection Act (the "1996 Act"), the Bank was permitted to deduct, up to a specified formula limit, a certain percentage of income as bad debts, for which the Bank was not required to establish a deferred tax liability. The difference between actual bad debts and the formula limit bad debt amount ("excess reserves") was recorded in the Bank's retained earnings. As a result of the 1996 Act, savings institutions, like the Bank, were required to use the specific charge-off method in computing bad debts on their tax returns beginning with their 1996 Federal tax returns. The 1996 Act required the recapture of excess reserves over the base year, which was September 30, 1988 for the Bank. The excess reserves established prior to September 30, 1988 are to remain in retained earnings ("pre-1988 bad debt reserves") subject to recapture by the Bank on the occurrence of certain distributions in excess of current earnings and profits accumulated in tax years beginning after December 31, 1951 ("accumulated earnings and profits"). For tax purposes, if current and accumulated earnings and profits are negative, distributions from the Bank to Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. would be deemed to be drawn out of the Bank's pre-1988 bad debt reserve requiring a payment of income tax at the then-current rate by the Bank on the amount of earnings deemed to be removed from the pre-1988 bad debt reserves for such distributions ("pre-1988 bad debt recapture").

 The net loss associated with the strategic securities transaction ("securities strategy") that was recognized in fiscal year 2023 net income will be recognized in the Company's fiscal year 2024 income tax return due to the sale of the securities occurring in October 2023 (in fiscal 2024). As a result, the Company will report a taxable net loss on its September 30, 2024 income tax return, resulting in negative current and accumulated earnings and profits for the Bank for the current fiscal year. This required the Bank to draw upon the pre-1988 bad debt reserves for distributions from the Bank to the Company during the current fiscal year and resulted in income tax expense in fiscal year 2024 equivalent to the distributions paid by the Bank times the Bank's current statutory tax rate of 21 %. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Bank recorded $ 5.4 million of income tax expense related to these distributions. The Bank estimates its pre-1988 bad debt reserves to be $ 75.9 million at September 30, 2024, which equates to an unrecorded deferred tax liability of $ 15.9 million at September 30, 2024.

 The components of the net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Net operating loss carry forward
 $
 30,459
 $
 —

 Low income housing tax credit carry forward
 12,813
 —

 ACL
 4,837
 4,989

 Lease liabilities
 2,156
 2,835

 ESOP compensation
 1,522
 1,510

 Reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures
 1,451

 Salaries, deferred compensation and employee benefits
 1,431
 1,269

 Net purchase discounts related to acquired loans

 Low income housing partnerships

 Net loss on securities transactions
 —
 47,006

 Unrealized loss on AFS securities
 —

 Other

 Gross deferred income tax assets
 55,620
 60,129

 Valuation allowance
 ( 27)
 ( 30)

 Gross deferred income tax asset, net of valuation allowance
 55,593
 60,099

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 FHLB stock dividends
 18,871
 17,547

 Unrealized gain on AFS securities
 6,382
 —

 ACL
 2,741
 2,936

 Premises and equipment
 2,317
 3,164

 Lease right-of-use assets
 2,043
 2,748

 Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps
 3,176

 Deposit intangible

 Other

 Gross deferred income tax liabilities
 33,615
 30,494

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 21,978
 $
 29,605

 During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company reversed the $ 47.0 million deferred tax asset as of September 30, 2023 related to the net loss on the securities transaction and recorded a deferred tax asset for the anticipated taxable net loss in the current fiscal year. The deferred tax asset related to the taxable net loss, or net operating loss, was $ 30.5 million at September 30, 2024. The gross federal and state net operating loss amount at September 30, 2024 was $ 126.0 million and will carryforward indefinitely. In addition, the Company recorded a deferred tax asset in the current fiscal year related to its low income housing tax credits that are currently not utilized due to income tax return income limitations. The related deferred tax asset at September 30, 2024 was $ 12.8 million. Federal tax credits carry forward for 20 years.

 The State of Kansas allows for a bad debt deduction on savings and loan institutions' privilege tax returns of up to 5% of Kansas taxable income. Due to the low level of net loan charge-offs experienced by the Bank historically, at times, the Bank's bad debt deduction on the Kansas privilege tax return has been in excess of actual net charge-offs, resulting in a state deferred tax liability, which is presented separately from the federal deferred tax asset related to ACL.

 The Company assesses the available positive and negative evidence surrounding the recoverability of its deferred tax assets and applies its judgment in estimating the amount of valuation allowance necessary under the circumstances. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a valuation allowance of $ 27 thousand and $ 30 thousand, respectively, related to the net operating losses generated by the Company's consolidated Kansas corporate income tax return as management believes there will not be sufficient taxable income to fully utilize these deferred tax assets before they begin to expire in 2028 and thereafter. For this reason, a valuation allowance was recorded for the related amounts at September 30, 2024 and 2023. No additional valuation allowances were recorded for the Company's other deferred tax assets as management believes it is more likely than not that these amounts will be realized through the reversal of the Company's existing taxable temporary differences and projected future taxable income.

 For the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits.

 The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and the state of Kansas, as well as other states where it has either established nexus under an economic nexus theory or has exceeded enumerated nexus thresholds based on the amount of loan interest income derived from sources within a given state. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years ending before 2021.

 10. EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN
 The ESOP trust acquired 3,024,574 shares ( 6,846,728 shares post-corporate reorganization) of common stock in the Company's initial public offering and 4,726,000 shares of common stock in the Company's corporate reorganization in December 2010. Both acquisitions of common stock were made with proceeds from loans from the Company, secured by shares of the Company's stock purchased in each offering. The Bank has agreed to make cash contributions to the ESOP trust on an annual basis sufficient to enable the ESOP trust to make the required annual loan payments to the Company on September 30th of each year. The loan for the shares acquired in the initial public offering matured on September 30, 2013. The loan for the shares acquired in the corporate reorganization matures on September 30, 2040.

 As annual loan payments are made on each September 30th, shares are released from collateral and allocated to qualified employees based on the proportion of their qualifying compensation to total qualifying compensation. On September 30, 2024, 165,198 shares were released from collateral. On September 30, 2025, 165,198 shares will be released from collateral. As ESOP shares are committed to be released from collateral, the Company records compensation expense. Dividends on unallocated ESOP shares are applied to the debt service payments of the loan secured by the unallocated shares. Dividends on unallocated ESOP shares in excess of the debt service payment are recorded as compensation expense and distributed to participants or participants' ESOP accounts. Compensation expense related to the ESOP was $ 927 thousand for the year ended September 30, 2024, $ 1.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, and $ 1.7 million for the year ended September 30, 2022. Of these amounts, $ 725 thousand and $ 472 thousand of income, and $ 88 thousand of expense related to the difference between the market price of the Company's common stock when the shares were acquired by the ESOP trust ($10 per share) and the average market price of the Company's common stock during the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The market price of the Company's common stock averaged below $10 per share during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which is why income rather than expense was recognized for market price differences for those years. There was no compensation expense for dividends on unallocated ESOP shares in excess of the debt service payments for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, or 2022.

 Shares may be withdrawn from the ESOP trust due to diversification (a participant may begin to diversify at least 25 % of their ESOP shares at age 50), retirement, termination, or death of the participant. The following is a summary of shares held in the ESOP trust as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Allocated ESOP shares
 4,239,629
 4,223,478

 Unreleased ESOP shares
 2,643,168
 2,808,366

 Total ESOP shares
 6,882,797
 7,031,844

 Fair value of unreleased ESOP shares
 $
 16,401
 $
 13,396

 11. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 The Company has a Stock Option Plan, a Restricted Stock Plan, and an Equity Incentive Plan, all of which are considered share-based plans. The Stock Option Plan and Restricted Stock Plan expired in April 2015. No additional grants can be made from these two plans; however, awards granted under these two plans remain outstanding until they are individually vested, forfeited or expire. The objectives of the Equity Incentive Plan are to provide additional compensation to certain officers, directors and key employees by facilitating their acquisition of an equity interest in the Company and enable the Company to retain personnel of experience and ability in key positions of responsibility.

 Stock Option Plans – There are currently 61,565 stock options outstanding as a result of grants awarded from the Stock Option Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan had 5,907,500 stock options originally eligible to be granted and, as of September 30, 2024, the Company had 4,443,029 stock options still available for future grants under this plan. The Equity Incentive Plan will expire on January 24, 2027 and no additional grants may be made after expiration, but awards granted under this plan will remain outstanding until they are individually vested, forfeited, or expire.

 The Company may issue incentive and nonqualified stock options under the Equity Incentive Plan. The incentive stock options expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant, and the nonqualified stock options expire no later than 15 years from the date of grant. The vesting period of stock options under the Equity Incentive Plan generally has ranged from 3 to 5 years. The stock option exercise price cannot be less than the market value at the date of the grant as defined by each plan. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

 At September 30, 2024, the Company had 316,374 stock options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $ 12.48 and a weighted average contractual life of 1.7 years, all of which were exercisable. The exercise price may be paid in cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of both. New shares are issued by the Company upon the exercise of stock options.

 Restricted Stock Plans – The Equity Incentive Plan had 2,363,000 shares originally eligible to be granted as restricted stock and, as of September 30, 2024, the Company had 1,449,175 shares available for future grants of restricted stock under this plan. As noted above, this plan will expire on January 24, 2027 and no additional grants may be made after expiration, but awards granted under this plan will remain outstanding until they are individually vested or forfeited. The vesting period of the restricted stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan has generally ranged from 3 to 5 years. At September 30, 2024, the Company had 131,258 unvested shares of restricted stock with a weighted average grant date fair value of $ 6.51 per share.

 Compensation expense is calculated based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock at the date of the grant, as defined by the plan, and is recognized over the vesting period. Compensation expense attributable to restricted stock awards during the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 totaled $ 348 thousand, $ 327 thousand, and $ 492 thousand, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock that vested during the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 totaled $ 213 thousand, $ 285 thousand, and $ 408 thousand, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, there was $ 682 thousand of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years.

 12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 The following table summarizes the Bank's loan commitments as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Originate fixed-rate
 $
 44,191
 $
 44,767

 Originate adjustable-rate
 130,419
 29,343

 Purchase/participate fixed-rate
 24,500
 1,246

 Purchase/participate adjustable-rate
 38,739

 $
 237,849
 $
 75,876

 Commitments to originate loans are commitments to lend to a customer. Commitments to purchase/participate in loans represent commitments to purchase loans from correspondent lenders on a loan-by-loan basis or participate in commercial loans with a lead bank. The Bank evaluates each borrower's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Commitments generally have expiration dates or other termination clauses, and one- to four-family loan commitments may require the payment of a fee. Some of the commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn upon; therefore, the amount of total commitments disclosed in the table above does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no significant loan-related commitments that met the definition of derivatives or commitments to sell mortgage loans. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank had approved but unadvanced lines of credit of $ 278.1 million and $ 293.9 million, respectively.

 In the normal course of business, the Company and the Bank are named defendants in various lawsuits and counterclaims. In the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, none of the currently pending suits are expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2024, or future periods.

 13. REGULATORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
 The Bank and the Company are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and, possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial statements. Under regulatory capital adequacy guidelines, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company's and Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Additionally, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines to be considered well capitalized per the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. The Company's and Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

 The Bank and the Company must maintain certain minimum capital ratios as set forth in the table below for capital adequacy purposes. At September 30, 2024, the Bank and Company met the requirements to elect the community bank leverage ratio ("CBLR"). Qualifying institutions that elect to use the CBLR framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than 9% will be considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements in the regulatory agencies' capital rules and to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements. Management believes that as of September 30, 2024, the Bank and Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject and that there have been no conditions or events subsequent to September 30, 2024 that would have changed this assessment.

 At September 30, 2023, the Bank did not meet the requirements to elect the CBLR and the Company met the requirements but did not elect the CBLR. Since the Bank did not then meet the CBLR requirements it was required at September 30, 2023 to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.50% above certain minimum risk-based capital ratios for capital adequacy purposes in order to be considered well capitalized and to avoid certain restrictions on capital distributions and other payments, including dividends, share repurchases, and certain compensation. The Bank and Company met all capital adequacy requirements as of September 30, 2023 to which they were subject, including the capital conservation buffer.

 To Be Well

 Capitalized

 Under Prompt

 For Capital
 Corrective Action

 Actual
 Adequacy Purposes
 Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Bank

 As of September 30, 2024

 CBLR
 $
 874,067
 9.2
 %
 $
 853,970
 9.0
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 As of September 30, 2023

 Tier 1 leverage
 $
 903,969
 8.5
 %
 $
 423,358
 4.0
 %
 $
 529,197
 5.0
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital
 903,969
 16.0
 254,670
 4.5
 367,856
 6.5

 Tier 1 capital
 903,969
 16.0
 339,559
 6.0
 452,746
 8.0

 Total capital
 931,823
 16.5
 452,746
 8.0
 565,932
 10.0

 Company

 As of September 30, 2024

 CBLR
 $
 957,481
 10.1
 %
 $
 853,927
 9.0
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 As of September 30, 2023

 Tier 1 leverage
 $
 1,024,880
 9.7
 %
 $
 423,312
 4.0
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 CET1 capital
 1,024,880
 18.1
 254,681
 4.5
 N/A
 N/A

 Tier 1 capital
 1,024,880
 18.1
 339,574
 6.0
 N/A
 N/A

 Total capital
 1,052,734
 18.6
 452,766
 8.0
 N/A
 N/A

 Generally, savings institutions, such as the Bank, may make capital distributions during any calendar year equal to the earnings of the previous two calendar years and current year-to-date earnings. It is generally required that the Bank remain well capitalized before and after the proposed distribution. The Company's ability to pay dividends is dependent, in part, upon its ability to obtain capital distributions from the Bank. So long as the Bank continues to remain well capitalized after each capital distribution and operates in a safe and sound manner, it is management's belief that the regulators will continue to allow the Bank to distribute its net income to the Company, although no assurance can be given in this regard.

 In conjunction with the Company's corporate reorganization in December 2010, a "liquidation account" was established for the benefit of certain depositors of the Bank in an amount equal to Capitol Federal Savings Bank MHC's ownership interest in the retained earnings of Capitol Federal Financial as of June 30, 2010. (Prior to the corporate reorganization, Capitol Federal Financial was the Bank's mid-tier holding company and Capitol Federal Savings Bank MHC, a mutual holding company, owned a majority of the stock of Capitol Federal Financial.) As of September 30, 2024, the balance of this liquidation account was $ 70.9 million. Under applicable federal banking regulations, neither the Company nor the Bank is permitted to pay dividends to its stockholders if stockholders' equity would be reduced below the amount of the liquidation account at that time.

 14. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 Fair Value Measurements – The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures in accordance with ASC 820 and ASC 825. The Company's AFS securities and interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other financial instruments on a non-recurring basis, such as OREO and loans individually evaluated for impairment. These non-recurring fair value adjustments involve the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual financial instruments.

 The Company groups its financial instruments at fair value in three levels based on the markets in which the financial instruments are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
 • Level 1 - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
 • Level 2 - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
 • Level 3 - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company's own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument. Valuation techniques include the use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques. The results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the financial instrument.

 The Company bases the fair value of its financial instruments on the price that would be received from the sale of an instrument in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. The Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

 The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 AFS Securities - The Company's AFS securities portfolio is carried at estimated fair value. The Company primarily uses prices obtained from third-party pricing services to determine the fair value of its securities. On a quarterly basis, management corroborates a sample of prices obtained from the third-party pricing service for Level 2 securities by comparing them to an independent source. If the price provided by the independent source varies by more than a predetermined percentage from the price received from the third-party pricing service, then the variance is researched by management. The Company did not have to adjust prices obtained from the third-party pricing service when determining the fair value of its securities during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The Company's major security types, based on the nature and risks of the securities, are:
 • MBS - The majority of these securities are issued by GSEs. Estimated fair values are based on a discounted cash flow method. Cash flows are determined based on prepayment projections of the underlying mortgages and are discounted using current market yields for benchmark securities. (Level 2)
 • GSE Debentures - Estimated fair values are based on a discounted cash flow method. Cash flows are determined by taking any embedded options into consideration and are discounted using current market yields for similar securities. (Level 2)
 • Corporate Bonds and Municipal Bonds - Estimated fair values are based on a discounted cash flow method. Cash flows are determined by taking any embedded options into consideration and are discounted using current market yields for securities with similar credit profiles. (Level 2)

 Interest Rate Swaps - The Company's interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and are reported at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet in other assets if in a gain position, and in other liabilities if in a loss position, with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as AOCI in stockholders' equity. See "Note 8. Deposits and Borrowed Funds" for additional information. The estimated fair values of the interest rate swaps are obtained from the counterparty and are determined by a discounted cash flow analysis using observable market-based inputs. On a quarterly basis, management corroborates the estimated fair values by internally calculating the estimated fair value using a discounted cash flow analysis with independent observable market-based inputs from a third party. No adjustments were made to the estimated fair values obtained from the counterparty during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. (Level 2)

 The following tables provide the level of valuation assumption used to determine the carrying value of the Company's financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the dates presented. The Company did not have any Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2024 or 2023.

 Quoted Prices
 Significant
 Significant

 in Active Markets
 Other Observable
 Unobservable

 Carrying
 for Identical Assets
 Inputs
 Inputs

 Value
 (Level 1)
 (Level 2)
 (Level 3)

 AFS Securities:

 MBS
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 69,305
 —
 69,305
 —

 3,388
 —
 3,388
 —

 —
 —

 Interest rate swaps
 2,103
 —
 2,103
 —

 $
 858,369
 $
 —
 $
 858,369
 $
 —

 Quoted Prices
 Significant
 Significant

 in Active Markets
 Other Observable
 Unobservable

 Carrying
 for Identical Assets
 Inputs
 Inputs

 Value
 (Level 1)
 (Level 2)
 (Level 3)

 AFS Securities:

 MBS
 $
 900,734
 $
 —
 $
 900,734
 $
 —

 479,428
 —
 479,428
 —

 3,378
 —
 3,378
 —

 Municipal bonds
 —
 —

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Interest rate swaps
 —
 —

 $
 1,397,500
 $
 —
 $
 1,397,500
 $
 —

 The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for significant financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The significant unobservable inputs used in the determination of the fair value of assets classified as Level 3 have an inherent measurement uncertainty that, if changed, could result in higher or lower fair value measurements of these assets as of the reporting date.

 Loans Receivable – Collateral dependent assets are assets evaluated on an individual basis. Those collateral dependent assets that are evaluated on an individual basis are considered financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The fair value of collateral dependent loans/loans individually evaluated for loss on a non-recurring basis during fiscal years 2024 and 2023 that were still held in the portfolio as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 8.9 million and $ 4.0 million, respectively. Fair values of collateral dependent loans/loans individually evaluated for loss cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the loan and, as such, are classified as Level 3.

 The one- to four-family loans included in this amount were individually evaluated to determine if the carrying value of the loan was in excess of the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs of 10 %. Fair values were estimated through current appraisals. Management does not adjust or apply a discount to the appraised value of one- to four-family loans, except for the estimated sales cost noted above, and the primary unobservable input for these loans was the appraisal.

 For commercial loans, if the most recent appraisal or book value of the collateral does not reflect current market conditions due to the passage of time and/or other factors, management will adjust the existing appraised or book value based on

 knowledge of local market conditions, recent transactions, and estimated selling costs, if applicable. Adjustments to appraised or book values are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace. The primary significant unobservable inputs for commercial loans individually evaluated during the year ended September 30, 2024 were downward adjustments to the book value of the collateral for lack of marketability. During fiscal year 2024, the adjustments ranged from 5 % to 100 %, with a weighted average of 40 %. During fiscal year 2023, the adjustments ranged from 5 % to 100 %, with a weighted average of 20 %. The basis utilized in calculating the weighted averages for these adjustments was the original unadjusted value of each collateral item.

 OREO – OREO primarily represents real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure and is carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value for one- to four-family OREO is estimated through current appraisals or listing prices, less estimated selling costs of 10 %. Management does not adjust or apply a discount to the appraised value or listing price, except for the estimated sales costs noted above. The primary significant unobservable input for one- to four-family OREO was the appraisal or listing price. The fair value of one- to four-family OREO measured on a non-recurring basis during fiscal year 2024 that was still held in the portfolio as of September 30, 2024 was $ 55 thousand. There was no one- to four-family OREO measured on a non-recurring basis during fiscal year 2023 that was still held in the portfolio as of September 30, 2023. The one- to four-family OREO held at September 30, 2023 was measured during fiscal year 2022. The carrying value of the properties equaled the fair value of the properties at September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 For commercial OREO, if the most recent appraisal or book value of the collateral does not reflect current market conditions due to the passage of time and/or other factors, management will adjust the existing appraised or book value based on knowledge of local market conditions, recent transactions, and estimated selling costs, if applicable. Adjustments to appraised or book values are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace. The primary significant unobservable input for commercial OREO is downward adjustments to book value of the collateral for lack of marketability. Fair values of foreclosed property cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale of the property and, as such, are classified as Level 3. There was no commercial OREO measured on a non-recurring basis during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 Fair Value Disclosures – The Company estimated fair value amounts using available market information and a variety of valuation methodologies as of the dates presented. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value. The estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts the Company would realize from a current market exchange at subsequent dates.

 The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments by fair value hierarchy, at the dates presented, were as follows:

 Carrying
 Estimated Fair Value

 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 AFS securities
 —
 —

 7,660,535
 —
 —
 7,660,535

 —
 —

 Interest rate swaps
 2,103
 2,103
 —
 2,103
 —

 Liabilities:

 6,129,982
 6,135,652
 3,164,672
 2,970,980
 —

 2,179,564
 2,169,403
 —
 2,169,403
 —

 Carrying
 Estimated Fair Value

 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 AFS securities
 —
 —

 7,358,462
 —
 —
 7,358,462

 110,714
 110,714
 110,714
 —
 —

 Interest rate swaps
 —
 —

 Liabilities:

 6,051,220
 6,004,975
 3,321,028
 2,683,947
 —

 2,879,125
 2,802,849
 —
 2,802,849
 —

 15. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 The following tables present the changes in the components of AOCI, net of tax, for the years presented.

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2024

 on AFS
 on Cash Flow
 Total

 Hedges
 AOCI

 $
 ( 1,142)
 $
 9,842
 $
 8,700

 Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications
 22,362
 ( 2,135)
 20,227

 Amount reclassified from AOCI, net of taxes of $ 1,967

 —
 ( 6,112)
 ( 6,112)

 Reclassification adjustment on AFS securities included in net income, net of taxes of $ 383

 ( 1,188)
 —
 ( 1,188)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 21,174
 ( 8,247)
 12,927

 $
 20,032
 $
 1,595
 $
 21,627

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2023

 on AFS
 on Cash Flow
 Total

 Hedges
 AOCI

 $
 ( 155,119)
 $
 9,486
 $
 ( 145,633)

 Other comprehensive income, before reclassifications
 8,355
 5,957
 14,312

 Amount reclassified from AOCI, net of taxes of $ 1,808

 —
 ( 5,601)
 ( 5,601)

 Reclassification adjustment on AFS securities included in net income, net of taxes of $( 47,000)

 145,622
 —
 145,622

 Other comprehensive income
 153,977
 154,333

 $
 ( 1,142)
 $
 9,842
 $
 8,700

 For the Year Ended September 30, 2022

 on AFS
 on Cash Flow
 Total

 Hedges
 AOCI

 $
 4,651
 $
 ( 20,956)
 $
 ( 16,305)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications
 ( 159,770)
 25,339
 ( 134,431)

 Amount reclassified from AOCI, net of taxes of $( 1,647)

 —
 5,103
 5,103

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 159,770)
 30,442
 ( 129,328)

 $
 ( 155,119)
 $
 9,486
 $
 ( 145,633)

 16. REVENUE RECOGNITION
 Details of the Company's primary types of non-interest income revenue streams by financial statement line item reported in the consolidated statements of income that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606 are below. During fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, revenue from contracts with customers totaled $ 15.3 million, $ 17.6 million and $ 18.1 million, respectively.

 Deposit Service Fees
 Interchange Transaction Fees - Interchange transaction fee income primarily consists of interchange fees earned on a transactional basis through card payment networks. The performance obligation for these types of transactions is satisfied as services are rendered for each transaction and revenue is recognized daily concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

 In order to participate in the card payment networks, the Company must pay various transaction related costs established by the networks ("interchange network charges"), including membership fees and a per unit charge for each transaction. The Company is acting as an agent for its debit card customers when they are utilizing the card payment networks; therefore, interchange transaction fee income is reported net of interchange network charges. Interchange network charges totaled $ 4.2 million, $ 4.0 million and $ 3.6 million for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Service Charges on Deposit Accounts - Service charges on deposit accounts consist of account maintenance fees and transaction-based fees such as those for overdrafts, insufficient funds, wire transfers and the use of out-of-network ATMs. The Company's performance obligation is satisfied over a period of time, generally a month, for account maintenance and at the time of service for transaction-based fees. Revenue is recognized after the performance obligation is satisfied. Payments are typically collected from the customer's deposit account at the time the transaction is processed and/or at the end of the customer's statement cycle (typically monthly).

 Insurance Commissions
 Commissions are received on insurance product sales. The Company acts in the capacity of an agent between the Company's customer and the insurance carrier. The Company's performance obligation is satisfied when the terms of the policy have been agreed upon and the insurance policy becomes effective. Additionally, the Company earns performance-based incentives ("contingent insurance commissions") based on certain criteria established by the insurance carriers. Contingent insurance commissions are accrued based upon management's expectations.

 Other Non-Interest Income
 Trust Asset Management Income - The Company provides trust asset management services to customers. The Company primarily earns fees for these services over time as the services are provided and the Company assesses fees at each month end. Fees are charged based on a tiered scale of the market value of the individual trust asset accounts at the end of the month.

 17. PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (PARENT COMPANY ONLY)
 The Company serves as the holding company for the Bank (see "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies"). The Company's (parent company only) balance sheets at the dates presented, and the related statements of income and cash flows for each of the years presented are as follows:

 BALANCE SHEETS

 SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 and 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2024
 2023

 ASSETS:

 $
 50,110
 $
 83,400

 Investment in the Bank
 948,800
 923,143

 Note receivable - ESOP
 32,731
 34,273

 Receivable from the Bank
 —
 2,438

 Income taxes receivable, net

 Other assets

 TOTAL ASSETS
 $
 1,032,583
 $
 1,044,125

 LIABILITIES:

 Deferred income tax liabilities, net
 $
 $

 Payable to the Bank, net
 —

 Other liabilities

 Total liabilities

 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:

 Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $.01 par value; 1,400,000,000 shares authorized, 132,735,565 and 135,936,375 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 1,327
 1,359

 Additional paid-in capital
 1,146,851
 1,166,643

 Unearned compensation - ESOP
 ( 26,431)
 ( 28,083)

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 111,104)
 ( 104,565)

 AOCI, net of tax
 21,627
 8,700

 Total stockholders' equity
 1,032,270
 1,044,054

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 $
 1,032,583
 $
 1,044,125

 STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 2024
 2023
 2022

 INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME:

 Dividend income from the Bank
 $
 25,745
 $
 86,217
 $
 111,745

 Interest income from other investments
 2,442
 2,236
 1,484

 Total interest and dividend income
 28,187
 88,453
 113,229

 NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:

 Salaries and employee benefits

 Regulatory and outside services

 Other non-interest expense

 Total non-interest expense
 2,073
 1,875
 1,716

 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX (BENEFIT) EXPENSE AND EQUITY IN
UNDISTRIBUTED (EXCESS OF DISTRIBUTION OVER) EARNINGS OF
SUBSIDIARY
 26,114
 86,578
 111,513

 INCOME TAX (BENEFIT) EXPENSE
 ( 5)
 ( 49)

 INCOME BEFORE (EXCESS OF DISTRIBUTION OVER)/EQUITY IN
UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARY
 26,119
 86,507
 111,562

 EQUITY IN/(EXCESS OF DISTRIBUTION OVER) UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARY
 11,891
 ( 188,166)
 ( 27,109)

 NET INCOME (LOSS)
 $
 $
 $

 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 2024
 2023
 2022

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 (Equity in)/Equity in excess of distribution over earnings of subsidiary
 ( 11,891)
 188,166
 27,109

 Depreciation of equipment

 Provision for deferred income taxes
 ( 2)
 ( 12)
 ( 10)

 Changes in:

 Receivable from/payable to the Bank
 2,489
 ( 2,519)
 18,239

 Income taxes receivable/payable
 ( 92)

 Other assets
 ( 11)
 ( 2)
 ( 10)

 Other liabilities
 —

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 28,719
 84,153
 129,840

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

 Principal collected on note receivable from ESOP
 1,542
 1,494
 1,446

 Net cash provided by investing activities
 1,542
 1,494
 1,446

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

 Net payment from subsidiary related to restricted stock awards

 Cash dividends paid
 ( 44,522)
 ( 83,172)
 ( 103,131)

 Repurchase of common stock
 ( 19,448)
 ( 23,453)
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 63,551)
 ( 106,224)
 ( 102,862)

 NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 ( 33,290)
 ( 20,577)
 28,424

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:

 Beginning of year
 83,400
 103,977
 75,553

 End of year
 $
 50,110
 $
 83,400
 $
 103,977

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the "Act") as of September 30, 2024. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Act). The Company's internal control system is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

 The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or untimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the Company's financial statements.

 All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial reporting. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of any system of internal control may vary over time. The design of any internal control system also factors in resource constraints and consideration for the benefit of the control relative to the cost of implementing the control. Because of these inherent limitations in any system of internal control, management cannot provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud within the Company have been detected.

 Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Management has concluded that the Company maintained an effective system of internal control over financial reporting based on these criteria as of September 30, 2024.

 The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, Kansas City, Missouri (Auditor Firm ID: 185), who audited the consolidated financial statements (as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024) included in Item 8 of this annual report, has issued an audit report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024 and it is included in Item 8.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Act) that occurred during the Company's quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Trading Plans
 During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Information required by this item concerning the Company's directors and executive officers and any delinquent reports under Section 16(a) of the Act is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 Information required by this item regarding the audit committee of the Company's Board of Directors, including information regarding the audit committee financial experts serving on the committee, is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 Code of Ethics
 We have adopted a written code of ethics within the meaning of Item 406 of SEC Regulation S-K that applies to our principal executive officer and senior financial officers, and to all of our other employees and our directors, a copy of which is available free of charge in the Investor Relations section of our website, www.capfed.com.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Information required by this item concerning compensation is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Information required by this item concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 The following table sets forth information as of September 30, 2024 with respect to compensation plans under which shares of our common stock may be issued.

 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 Number of Shares

 Remaining Available

 for Future Issuance

 Number of Shares
 Under Equity

 to be issued upon
 Weighted Average
 Compensation Plans

 Exercise of
 Exercise Price of
 (Excluding Shares

 Outstanding Options,
 Outstanding Options,
 Reflected in the

 Plan Category
 Warrants and Rights
 Warrants and Rights
 First Column)

 Equity compensation plans

 approved by stockholders
 316,374
 $
 12.48
 5,892,204
 (1)

 Equity compensation plans not

 approved by stockholders
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 316,374
 $
 12.48
 5,892,204

 (1)This amount includes 1,449,175 shares available for future grants of restricted stock under the Company's 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Information required by this item concerning certain relationships, related transactions and director independence is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 Information required by this item concerning principal accountant fees and services is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in January 2025, a copy of which will be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)The following is a list of documents filed as part of this report:

 (1)Financial Statements:
 The following financial statements are included under Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
 1.Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms.
 2.Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023.
 3.Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
 4.Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
 5.Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
 6.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
 7.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 (2)Financial Statement Schedules:
 All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the information is not required under the related instructions or is not applicable.

 (3)Exhibits:
 See "Index to Exhibits."

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None

 INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 Exhibit
 Document

 3(i)

 Charter of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc., as filed on May 6, 2010, as Exhibit 3(i) to Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.'s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-166578) and incorporated herein by reference

 3(ii)

 Bylaws of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc., as amended, filed on March 30, 2020, as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K for Capitol Federal Financial Inc. and incorporated herein by reference

 Description of the Registrant's Securities, as filed on November 27, 2019, as Exhibit 4 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference

 10.1

 Form of Amended and Restated Change of Control Agreement with each of John B. Dicus, Kent G. Townsend, Rick C. Jackson, Natalie G. Haag, Robert D. Kobbeman, Anthony S. Barry, and William J. Skrobacz, as filed on November 29, 2023, as Exhibit 10 to the Registrant's September 30, 2023 10-K*

 10.2

 Capitol Federal Financial's 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "Stock Option Plan") filed on April 13, 2000 as Appendix A to Capitol Federal Financial's Revised Proxy Statement (File No. 000-25391) and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.3

 Capitol Federal Financial Deferred Incentive Bonus Plan, as amended, filed on May 8, 2020 as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's March 31, 2020 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.4

 Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Stock Option Plan filed on February 4, 2005 as Exhibit 10.5 to the December 31, 2004 Form 10-Q for Capitol Federal Financial and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.5

 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Stock Option Plan filed on February 4, 2005 as Exhibit 10.6 to the December 31, 2004 Form 10-Q for Capitol Federal Financial and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.6

 Description of Director Fee Arrangements, as filed on November 23, 2022, as Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.7

 Short-term Performance Plan, as amended, filed on May 8, 2020 as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's March 31, 2020 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.8

 Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") filed on December 22, 2011 as Appendix A to Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.'s Proxy Statement (File No. 001-34814) and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.9

 Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Equity Incentive Plan filed on February 6, 2012 as Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's December 31, 2011 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.10

 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the Equity Incentive Plan filed on February 6, 2012 as Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant's December 31, 2011 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.11

 Form of Stock Appreciation Right Agreement under the Equity Incentive Plan filed on February 6, 2012 as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant's December 31, 2011 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 10.12

 Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Equity Incentive Plan filed on February 6, 2012 as Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant's December 31, 2011 Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference*

 Code of Ethics**

 Insider Trading Policy

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 23.1

 Consent of KPMG LLP

 23.2

 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP

 31.1

 Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made by John B. Dicus, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

 31.2

 Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made by Kent G. Townsend, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made by John B. Dicus, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Kent G. Townsend, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

 Compensation Recovery Policy of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc., as filed on November 29, 2023, as Exhibit 97 to the Registrant's September 30, 2023 10-K*

 * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 **May be obtained free of charge in the Investor Relations section of our website, www.capfed.com.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 CAPITOL FEDERAL FINANCIAL, INC.

 By:
 /s/ John B. Dicus

 John B. Dicus, Chairman, President and

 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 By:
 /s/ John B. Dicus
 By:
 /s/ Michael T. McCoy, M.D.

 John B. Dicus, Chairman, President
 Michael T. McCoy, M.D., Director

 and Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 By:
 /s/ James G. Morris

 James G. Morris, Director

 By:
 /s/ Kent G. Townsend

 Kent G. Townsend, Executive Vice President,

 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
 By:
 /s/ Michel' P. Cole

 (Principal Financial Officer)
 Michel' P. Cole, Director

 By:
 /s/ Jeffrey R. Thompson
 By:
 /s/ Carlton A. Ricketts

 Jeffrey R. Thompson, Director
 Carlton A. Ricketts, Director

 By:
 /s/ Jeffrey M. Johnson
 By:
 /s/ Tara D. Van Houweling

 Jeffrey M. Johnson, Director
 Tara D. Van Houweling, First Vice President

 and Reporting Director

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 By:
 /s/ Morris J. Huey II

 Morris J. Huey II, Director