UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 FORM 10-K
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 (mark one)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 001-35007
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Delaware

 20-5589597

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 2002 West Wahalla Lane
 Phoenix, Arizona 85027
 (Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)
 ( 602) 269-2000
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock $0.01 Par Value
 KNX
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large Accelerated Filer

 Accelerated Filer

 Non-Accelerated Filer

 Smaller Reporting Company

 Emerging Growth Company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates was $ 7,964,037,120, based on the closing price of our common stock as quoted on the NYSE as of such date.
 There were 161,975,633 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding as of February 17, 2025.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

 2024 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 PAGE

 Glossary of Terms

 Item 1. Business

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Item 2. Properties

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6. Reserved

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B. Other Information

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 2024 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

 The following glossary provides definitions for certain acronyms and terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These acronyms and terms are specific to our company, commonly used in our industry, or are otherwise frequently used throughout our document.

 Term
 Definition

 Knight-Swift/the Company/Management/We/Us/Our
 Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, these terms represent Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries.

 Annual Report
 Annual Report on Form 10-K

 2012 ESPP
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, effective beginning in 2012, amended and restated in 2018

 2014 Stock Plan
 The Company's second amended and restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 2017 Merger
 The September 8, 2017 merger of Knight and Swift, pursuant to which we became Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.

 2021 Debt Agreement
 The Company's unsecured credit agreement, entered into on September 3, 2021, as amended

 2021 Prudential Notes
 The unsecured Second Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, entered into on September 3, 2021, maturing October 2023 through January 2028

 2021 Revolver
 Revolving line of credit under the 2021 Debt Agreement, maturing on September 3, 2026

 2021 Term Loans
 The Company's term loans under the 2021 Debt Agreement, collectively consisting of the 2021 Term Loan A-1, 2021 Term Loan A-2 and 2021 Term Loan A-3

 2021 Term Loan A-1
 The Company's term loan under the 2021 Debt Agreement, which matured on December 3, 2022

 2021 Term Loan A-2
 The Company's term loan under the 2021 Debt Agreement, maturing on September 3, 2026

 2021 Term Loan A-3
 The Company's term loan under the 2021 Debt Agreement, maturing on September 3, 2026

 2023 Term Loan
 The Company's term loan entered into on June 22, 2023, maturing on September 3, 2026

 2022 RSA
 Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Sales Agreement, entered into on October 3, 2022 by Swift Receivables Company II, LLC with unrelated financial entities

 2023 RSA
 Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Sales Agreement, entered into on October 23, 2023 by Swift Receivables Company II, LLC with unrelated financial entities

 ACT
 AAA Cooper Transportation

 ACT Acquisition
 The Company's acquisition of 100% of the securities of ACT on July 5, 2021

 ASC
 Accounting Standards Codification Topic (or subtopic)

 ASU
 Accounting Standards Update

 Board
 Knight-Swift's Board of Directors

 BSBY
 Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index

 CODM
 Chief operating decision maker

 COVID-19
 Viral strain of a coronavirus which led the World Health Organization to declare a global pandemic in March 2020

 DHE
 The non-union regional LTL division of Dependable Highway Express, Inc.

 DHE Acquisition
 The acquisition by one of the Company's wholly owned subsidiaries of the operating assets and assumption of certain liabilities of DHE on July 30, 2024

 DOT
 United States Department of Transportation

 ELD
 Electronic Logging Device

 Eleos
 Eleos Technologies, LLC

 Embark
 Embark Technology Inc. and its related entities

 EPA
 United States Environmental Protection Agency

 EPS
 Earnings Per Share

 FASB
 United States Financial Accounting Standards Board

 2024 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

 The following glossary provides definitions for certain acronyms and terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These acronyms and terms are specific to our company, commonly used in our industry, or are otherwise frequently used throughout our document.

 Term
 Definition

 FLSA
 United States Fair Labor Standards Act

 FMCSA
 United States Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

 GAAP
 United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

 Knight
 Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, this term represents Knight Transportation, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

 LTL
 Less-than-truckload

 Mohave
 Mohave Transportation Insurance Company, a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary

 MME
 MME, Inc. and its subsidiary, Midwest Motor Express, Inc.

 NASDAQ
 National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations

 NYSE
 New York Stock Exchange

 Red Rock
 Red Rock Risk Retention Group, Inc., a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary

 RSU
 Restricted Stock Unit

 SEC
 United States Securities and Exchange Commission

 SOFR
 Secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York

 Swift
 Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, this term represents Swift Transportation Company and its subsidiaries.

 U.S. Xpress
 U.S. Xpress Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries

 U.S. Xpress Acquisition
 The Company's acquisition of 100% of the securities of U.S. Xpress on July 1, 2023

 UTXL
 UTXL Enterprises, Inc.

 US
 The United States of America

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report contains certain statements that may be considered "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical or current fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including without limitation:
 • any projections of earnings, revenues, cash flows, dividends, capital expenditures, or other financial items,
 • any statement of plans, strategies, and objectives of management for future operations,
 • any statements concerning proposed acquisition plans, new services or developments,
 • any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, and
 • any statements of belief and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.
 In this Annual Report, forward-looking statements include statements we make concerning:
 • our ability to gain market share and adapt to market and industry conditions, the ability of our infrastructure to support future growth, future market position, and the ability, desire, and effects of expanding our service offerings (including expansion of our LTL network), whether we grow organically or through potential acquisitions,
 • our ability to recruit and retain qualified driving associates,
 • future safety performance,
 • future performance of our segments or businesses,
 • future capital expenditures, equipment prices (including used equipment) and availability, our equipment purchasing or leasing plans, and mix of our owned versus leased revenue equipment, and our equipment turnover,
 • the impact of pending legal proceedings,
 • future insurance claims, coverage, coverage limits, premiums, and retention limits, including exposure through our Iron Insurance line of business,
 • the expected freight environment, including freight demand, capacity, seasonality, and volumes,
 • economic conditions and growth, including future inflation, consumer spending, supply chain conditions, labor supply and relations, and US Gross Domestic Product ("GDP") changes,
 • expected liquidity and methods for achieving sufficient liquidity, including our expected need or desire to incur indebtedness and our ability to comply with debt covenants,
 • future fuel prices and availability and the expected impact of fuel efficiency initiatives,
 • future expenses, including depreciation and amortization, interest rates, cost structure, and our ability to control costs,
 • future rates, operating profitability and margin, asset utilization, and return on capital,
 • future third-party service provider relationships and availability, including pricing terms,
 • future contracted pay rates with independent contractors, ability to lease equipment to independent contractors, and compensation arrangements with driving associates,
 • future capital allocation, capital structure, capital requirements, and growth strategies and opportunities,
 • future share repurchases and dividends,
 • future tax rates,
 • expected tractor and trailer fleet age, fleet size, and demand for trailer fleet,
 • future investment in and deployment of new or updated technology or services,
 • future classification of our independent contractors, including the impact of new laws and regulations regarding classification,
 • political conditions and regulations, including conflicts, trade regulation, quotas, duties, or tariffs, and any future changes to the foregoing,
 • the U.S. Xpress transaction, including integration efforts and any future effects of the acquisition, and

 • others.
 Such statements may be identified by their use of terms or phrases such as "believe," "may," "could," "will," "would," "should," "expects," "designed," "likely," "foresee," "goals," "seek," "target," "forecast," "estimates," "projects," "anticipates," "plans," "address," "intends," "hopes," "strategy," "objective," "mission," "continue," "maintain," "ongoing," "outlook," "potential," "feel," and similar terms and phrases. Forward-looking statements are based on currently available operating, financial, and competitive information. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, which could cause future events and actual results to materially differ from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report, and various disclosures in our press releases, stockholder reports, and other filings with the SEC.
 All such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to publicly release any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any change in the events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

 ITEM 1.
 BUSINESS

 Certain acronyms and terms used throughout this Annual Report are specific to our company, commonly used in our industry, or are otherwise frequently used throughout our document. Definitions for these acronyms and terms are provided in the "Glossary of Terms," available in the front of this document.

 Company Overview

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. is one of North America's largest and most diversified freight transportation companies, providing multiple full truckload, LTL, intermodal, and other complementary services. Our objective is to operate our business with industry-leading margins, continued organic growth and growth through acquisitions while providing safe, high-quality, cost-effective solutions for our customers. Knight-Swift uses a nationwide network of business units and terminals in the US and Mexico to serve customers throughout North America. In addition to operating one of the country's largest truckload fleets, Knight-Swift also contracts with third-party carriers to provide a broad range of transportation services to our customers while creating quality driving jobs for our driving associates and successful business opportunities for independent contractors.
 During 2024, we covered 1.8 billion loaded miles for shippers throughout North America, contributing to consolidated total revenue of $7.4 billion and consolidated operating income of $243.4 million. During 2024, the Truckload segment operated an average of 22,791 tractors (comprised of 20,644 company tractors and 2,147 independent contractor tractors) and 92,831 trailers. Our LTL segment operated an average of 3,569 tractors and 9,564 trailers. Additionally, the Intermodal segment operated an average of 615 tractors and 12,572 intermodal containers. Our four reportable segments are Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal.
 We have historically grown through a combination of organic growth and through mergers and acquisitions (discussed below). Mergers and acquisitions have enhanced our business and service offerings with additional terminals, driving associates, revenue equipment, and customer relationships. Our multiple service offerings, capabilities, and transportation modes enable us to transport, or arrange transportation for, general commodities for our diversified customer base throughout the US and Mexico using our equipment, information technology, and qualified driving associates and non-driver employees. We are committed to providing our customers with a wide range of full truckload, LTL, logistics, and intermodal services and continuing to invest in developing a range of solutions for our customers across multiple service offerings and transportation modes. Our overall objective is to provide full truckload, LTL, logistics, and intermodal services that, when combined, lead the industry in margin and growth, while providing efficient and cost-effective solutions for our customers.

 Business Combinations and Investments

 We became Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. on September 8, 2017 through the 2017 Merger transaction. Since 1966, we have continuously expanded the reach of our network, the depth of our capacity, and our service offerings through organic growth, as well as through the acquisition of twenty-five companies.
 See Note 1 and Note 4 in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report, for more information regarding the 2017 Merger and our recent acquisitions. See Note 5 in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report, regarding our partnership agreements with Transportation Resource Partners and our other equity investments in transportation-related companies.

 Industry and Competition

 The trucking industry has two primary types of motor carriers: full truckload and LTL. Full truckload carriers represent the largest part of the transportation supply chain for most retail and manufactured goods in North America and typically transport a full trailer (or container) of freight for a single customer from origin to destination without intermediate sorting and handling. By contrast, LTL carriers typically transport multiple shipments from multiple customers in the same trailer (or container). LTL shipments are then sent through a network of service centers where they may be conveyed to other trailers with nearby destinations. Generally, the full truckload industry is compensated based on miles, or length of haul, whereas the LTL industry is compensated based on freight density, weight, and length of haul. Overall, the US transportation and logistics industry is large, fragmented, and highly competitive. We compete with thousands of full truckload carriers, most of whom operate significantly smaller fleets than we do, as well as a number of national, regional, and inter-regional LTL carriers. Our trucking segments compete with other motor carriers for the services of driving associates, independent contractors, and management and other employees. To a lesser extent, our intermodal and logistics businesses compete with railroads, LTL carriers, logistics providers, and other transportation companies. Our logistics businesses compete with other logistics companies for the services of third-party capacity providers and management employees.
 Our industry has recently encountered the following major economic cycles:

 Period
 Economic Cycle

 2017 — 2019
 Strong cycle, driven by a record pricing climate through 2018. The industry experienced increased demand through 2018 for transportation services, including contract and non-contract market demand, partially due to a strong retail season. Capacity became tighter in the second half of 2017 and throughout 2018, due to increasing government regulation, the driver shortage, and severe storms interrupting business, among other factors. Capacity increased in the second half of 2018 leading to an oversupply during 2019, lower spot market rates, and downward pressure on contract rates.

 2020 — 2021
 The COVID-19 pandemic led to a new source of volatility throughout the global market in 2020. Economic activities were significantly curtailed across the nation at the onset of 2020, but began to resume in the second half of the year. Accordingly, demand in the freight market was weak in the beginning of the year and gradually strengthened in the second half of the year. The 2020 freight environment was disrupted, with unpredictable shipping volumes, shifts in pricing, and continued challenges in driver sourcing throughout the year. The COVID-19 pandemic continued to be a source of volatility throughout the global market in 2021 creating supply chain disruptions, increased demand for many products, tight transportation capacity and congestion at ocean ports and rail terminals.

 2022 — 2024
 Some momentum from 2021 continued into the first quarter of 2022, but the remainder of 2022 and beyond was characterized by uncertainty in the broader economy based on continuing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic abroad, conflicts overseas, a shift in consumer spending from goods toward services, and significant inflationary pressures on equipment, fuel, maintenance, labor, and other cost items. Overall consumer demand moderated and shippers worked through inventory overhangs as we experienced ongoing congestion at ports and labor challenges in the rail industry. Capacity, particularly smaller carriers, exited the market, primarily due to diminished non-contract opportunities and meaningfully higher operating costs, leading to a declining used equipment market and a volatile insurance market. These factors culminated in muted peak seasons with fewer spot and project opportunities. The freight environment in 2024 saw a stabilization in demand and pricing trends while carrier capacity continued to exit. These factors allowed for seasonal patterns of demand to reemerge, some levels of holiday season project activity to return, and an improvement in spot market rates late in the year.

 The principal means of competition in our industry are customer service and relationships, capacity, and price. In times of strong freight demand, customer service and capacity become increasingly important, and in times of weak freight demand, pricing becomes increasingly important. Most trucking contracts (other than dedicated contracts) do not guarantee truck availability or shipment volumes. Pricing is influenced by supply and demand.
 The trucking industry faces the following primary challenges, which we believe we are well-positioned to address, as discussed under "Our Competitive Strengths" and "Our Mission and Company Strategy," below:
 • tightening industry capacity;
 • cumulative impacts of regulatory initiatives, such as ELDs, hours-of-service limitations for drivers, and others;
 • uncertainty in the economic environment, including inflation, interest rates, and changing supply chain and consumer spending patterns;
 • driver shortages;

 • increased insurance costs as significant verdicts and settlement amounts for accident claims impact the industry;
 • significant and rapid fluctuations in fuel prices and availability, including in connection with the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East; and
 • increased prices for new revenue equipment, design changes of new engines, advancements in technology of revenue equipment, and volatility in the used equipment sales market.

 Our Competitive Strengths

 As a provider of multiple transportation solutions, including one of North America's largest truckload fleets, we believe that our principal competitive strengths are our regional presence, service quality, operating efficiency, cost control, technological enhancements in our revenue equipment and supporting back-office functions, and our diverse offerings that allow us to provide multiple transportation services and configuration of equipment that satisfies customers' needs.

 Regional Truckload and LTL Presence

 We believe that regional truckload operations, which expanded with the 2017 Merger and our recent acquisitions of U.S. Xpress and other companies, combined with our LTL capabilities through our acquisitions of ACT, MME, and DHE, offer several advantages, including:
 • obtaining greater freight volumes,
 • achieving higher revenue per mile by focusing on high-density freight lanes to minimize non-revenue miles,
 • enhancing our ability to recruit and train qualified driving associates,
 • enhancing safety and driving associate development and retention,
 • enhancing our ability to provide a high level of service and consistent capacity to our customers,
 • enhancing accountability for performance and growth,
 • furthering our full truckload capabilities to provide various shipping solutions to our customers,
 • expanding our LTL network,
 • furthering our logistics capabilities to contract with more third-party capacity providers, and
 • extending our transportation infrastructure, knowledge and scale to strengthen our relationships with third party providers.

 Operating Efficiency and Cost Control

 We expect to increase operational efficiencies through the adoption of best practices and capabilities across our brands, as well as the overall size of our company. We operate modern tractors and trailers in order to obtain operating efficiencies and attract and retain driving associates. We believe a generally compatible fleet of tractors and trailers simplifies our maintenance procedures and reduces parts, supplies, and maintenance costs. We regulate vehicle speed, which we believe will maximize fuel efficiency, reduce wear and tear, and enhance safety. We continue to update our fleet with more fuel-efficient and emission compliant engines, install aerodynamic devices on our tractors, and equip our trailers with trailer blades, which have led to meaningful improvements in fuel efficiency. We continue to invest capital in new equipment in our Truckload and LTL businesses to take advantage of improvements in tractor cab aerodynamic drag, engine efficiency, and developing fuel saving technologies, including continuing our investment in installing Start-Stop idle reduction technology in substantially all of our tractors to reduce emissions. Our logistics and intermodal businesses focus on effectively optimizing and meeting the transportation and logistics requirements of our customers and providing customers with various sources and modes of transportation capacity across our nationwide service network. We invest in technology that enhances our ability to optimize our freight opportunities while maintaining a low cost per transaction.

 Customer Service

 We strive to provide superior, on-time service at a meaningful value to our customers and seek to establish ourselves as a preferred transportation solutions provider for our customers. We provide full truckload and LTL capacity for customers in high-density lanes, where we can provide a high level of service, as well as flexible and customized logistics services on a nationwide basis. Our full truckload and LTL services together include dry van, refrigerated, and drayage, dedicated, expedited, and cross-border truckload lanes, customized according to customer needs. Our logistics and intermodal services include brokerage, intermodal, and certain logistics, freight management, and non-trucking services, which provide various shipping alternatives and transportation modes for customers by leveraging our extensive trailer fleet, enabling us to provide "power only" services that offer our customers additional flexibility and efficiency, and utilizing our expansive network of third-party capacity providers and rail partners. We price our full truckload, LTL, logistics, and intermodal services commensurately with the level of service our customers require and market conditions. By providing customers a high level of service, we believe we avoid competing solely based on price.

 Using Technology that Enhances Our Business

 We purchase and deploy technology that we believe will allow us to operate more safely, securely, and efficiently. Substantially all of our company-owned tractors are equipped with in-cab communication devices that enable us to communicate with our driving associates, obtain load position updates, manage our fleets, and provide our customers with freight visibility, as well as with ELDs that automatically record our driving associates' hours-of-service. The significant majority of our trailers are equipped with trailer-tracking technology that allows us to better manage our trailers. We have purchased and developed software for our logistics businesses that provides greater visibility of the capacity of our third-party providers and enhances our ability to provide our customers with solutions that offer a superior level of service. We have automated many of our back-office functions, and we continue to invest in technology that we expect will allow us to better serve our customers and improve overall efficiency.

 Diverse Service Offerings with Multiple Transportation Solutions

 With the addition of LTL services in 2021, we have further expanded our service capabilities while diversifying our revenue streams. We believe our diversified mix and scope of full truckload, LTL, logistics and intermodal services, combined with our value-added service offerings, allows us to provide our customers with one source to meet their shipping and logistics needs, and represents a significant advantage over most of our competitors. We continue to invest toward developing a range of solutions for our customers across multiple service offerings and transportation modes to continue to provide efficient and cost-effective solutions for our customers.

 Our Mission and Company Strategy

 Our mission is to operate full truckload, LTL, logistics, intermodal and related businesses that are industry-leading in both margin and growth, while providing cost-effective solutions for our customers. Our success depends on our ability to efficiently and effectively manage our resources in providing transportation and logistics solutions to our customers, as well as our ability to leverage efficiencies and best practices across our brands. We evaluate growth opportunities based on customer demand and supply chain trends, availability of drivers and third-party capacity providers, expected returns on invested capital, expected net cash flows, and our company-specific capabilities.

 Segment Operating Strategies

 Truckload Segment

 Our operating strategy for our Truckload segment is to achieve a high level of asset utilization within a highly disciplined operating system, while maintaining strict controls over our cost structure. We hope to achieve these goals by primarily operating in high-density, predictable freight lanes and attempting to develop and expand our customer base around each of our terminals by providing multiple truckload services for each customer. We believe this operating strategy allows us to take advantage of the large amount of freight transported in the markets we serve. Our terminals enable us to better serve our customers and work more closely with our driving associates. We operate a premium modern fleet that we believe appeals to driving associates and customers, reduces maintenance expenses and driving associate and equipment downtime, and enhances our fuel and other operating efficiencies. We employ technology in a cost-effective manner to assist us in controlling operating costs and enhancing revenue. Most recently, we have expanded our Truckload operations with the addition of U.S. Xpress in 2023.

 LTL Segment

 Our LTL segment was established in 2021 by the ACT and MME acquisitions and expanded with the DHE Acquisition in 2024. We further added 47 service centers through organic expansion, of which 37 of these service centers were added in 2024, as we seek to expand our LTL network to provide nationwide in-house coverage. The strategy for our LTL segment is to leverage our existing super-regional brand network, which already provides regional service transit speed and efficiency while concurrently offering national coverage as we complete our objective of forty-eight contiguous state coverage. Our LTL regional brand network operates on a shared single LTL enterprise operating and financial system for end-to-end visibility, continuity, and scale. Significant investment is needed to establish and maintain a network of LTL service centers. The substantial fixed costs and capital expenditures required for LTL carriers make it challenging for new entrants or small operators to effectively compete with established carriers. We plan to grow the LTL segment through organic growth and acquisitions and believe a national expansion effort will provide enhanced value to our customers. Our business strategy includes the continuous evaluation of yield management from each customer's commodity mix and shipping volume in their corresponding lanes. Additionally, a key component of our strategy is our focused effort with respect to improving utilization of our people, technology, and other resources to maximize operational efficiency while ensuring our customers' freight is delivered safely and timely.

 Logistics Segment

 Our operating strategy for our Logistics segment is to match the shipping needs of our customers with the capacity provided by our network of third-party carriers and our rail providers. Our goal is to increase our market presence, both in existing operating regions and in other areas where we believe the freight environment meets our operating strategy, while seeking to achieve industry-leading operating margins and returns on investment.

 Intermodal Segment

 Our operating strategy for our Intermodal segment is to complement our regional operating model, allowing us to better serve customers in longer haul lanes, while leveraging our investments in fixed assets. We have intermodal agreements with most major North American rail carriers.

 Growth Strategies

 We believe we have the terminal network, systems capability, and management capacity to support substantial growth. We have established a geographically diverse network that we believe can support a substantial increase in freight volumes, both organically and through acquisitions. Our network and business lines afford us the ability to provide multiple transportation solutions for our customers, and we maintain the flexibility within our network to adapt to freight market conditions. We believe our unique mix of regional management, together with our consistent efforts to centralize certain business functions to achieve collective economies of scale, allow us to develop future company leaders with relevant operating and industry experience, minimize the potential diseconomies of scale that can come with growth in size, take advantage of regional knowledge concerning capacity and customer shipping needs, and manage our overall business with a high level of performance accountability.

 Strengthening our customer relationships

 We market our services to both existing and new customers who value our broad geographic coverage, suite of transportation and logistics services, and industry-leading full truckload and LTL capacity and freight lanes that complement our existing operations. We seek customers who will diversify our freight base. We market our Truckload and LTL dry van, refrigerated, drayage, brokerage, and intermodal services, including dedicated and cross-border services within those offerings, to logistics customers seeking a single-source provider of multiple services but do not currently take advantage of our full array of transportation solutions.

 Improving asset productivity

 We focus on improving the revenue generated from our tractors and trailers without compromising safety. We anticipate that we can accomplish this objective through increased miles driven and rate per mile in our Truckload businesses. In our LTL business, our primary focus is increasing density, realizing efficiencies from connecting our ACT, MME, and DHE networks, and obtaining appropriate yield, measured by revenue per hundredweight.

 Acquiring and growing opportunistically

 We regularly evaluate potential opportunities for mergers, acquisitions, and other development and growth opportunities. We became Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. on September 8, 2017 through the 2017 Merger transaction. Since 1966, we have expanded our nationwide network and our service offerings through organic growth, as well as through the acquisition of twenty-five companies including our most recent U.S. Xpress Acquisition and DHE Acquisition.

 Expanding existing Truckload terminals and LTL door count

 Historically, a substantial portion of our Truckload revenue growth has been generated by our expansion into new geographic regions through the opening of additional terminals. Although we continue to seek opportunities to further increase our Truckload business in this manner, our primary focus is on developing and expanding our existing terminals by strengthening our customer relationships, recruiting qualified driving associates and non-driver employees, adding new customers, and expanding the range of transportation and logistics solutions offered from these terminals. With our acquisitions of ACT, MME, and DHE we have created a super-regional LTL footprint and continue to seek opportunities to expand our door count and expand network coverage.

 Diversifying our service offerings

 We are committed to providing our customers a broad and growing range of full truckload, LTL, logistics, and intermodal services and continue to invest considerable resources toward developing a range of solutions for our customers. We believe that these offerings contribute meaningfully to our results and reflect our strategy to bring complementary services to our customers to assist them with their supply chain needs. We plan to continue to leverage our nationwide footprint and expertise to add value to our customers through our diversified service offerings.

 Customers and Marketing

 Marketing
 Our marketing mission is to be a strategic, efficient transportation capacity partner for our customers by providing transportation and logistics solutions that are responsive to the unique needs of our customers. We deliver these capacity solutions through our network of owned assets, independent contractors, third-party capacity providers, and rail providers. The diverse and premium services we offer provide a comprehensive approach to supply chain solutions for our customers. At December 31, 2024, we had a sales staff of approximately 200 individuals across the US and Mexico, who work closely with management to establish and expand accounts. Our sales and marketing leaders are members of our senior management team, who are assisted by other sales professionals in each segment. Our sales team emphasizes our industry-leading service, environmental leadership, and ability to accommodate a variety of customer needs, while providing consistent capacity and financial strength and stability.
 Customers
 Our customers are typically large corporations in the retail (including discount, general merchandise, and online retail), food and beverage, consumer products, paper products, transportation and logistics, housing and building, automotive, and manufacturing industries. Many of our customers have extensive operations, geographically distributed locations, and diverse shipping needs.

 Consistent with industry practice, our typical customer contracts (other than dedicated contracts) do not guarantee shipment volumes by our customers or truck availability by us. This affords us and our customers some flexibility to negotiate rates in response to changes in freight demand and industry-wide truck capacity. Our dedicated services within the Truckload and LTL segments assign particular driving associates and revenue equipment to prescribed routes, pursuant to multi-year agreements. This dedicated service provides individual customers with a guaranteed source of capacity and allows our driving associates to have more predictable schedules and routes. Under our dedicated transportation services, we provide driving associates, equipment, maintenance, and, in some instances, transportation management services that supplement the customer's in-house transportation department.
 A majority of our terminals are linked to our corporate information technology systems at our brand headquarters. The capabilities of this system and its software enhance our operating efficiency by providing cost-effective access to detailed information concerning equipment location and availability, drivers' hours of service, shipment tracking, on-time delivery status, and other specific customer requirements. The system also enables us to respond promptly and accurately to customer requests and assists us in optimally matching available equipment with customer loads. Additionally, our customers can track shipments and obtain copies of shipping documents via our website. We also provide electronic data interchange services to customers desiring these services.
 We believe our fleet capacity, terminal network, customer service and suite of services offer a competitive advantage for major shippers, particularly in times of rising freight volumes when shippers must quickly access capacity across multiple facilities and regions.
 We strive to maintain a diversified customer base. Services provided to our largest customer generated 12.6% and 11.2% of total revenue in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenue generated by our largest customer is reported in each of our reportable operating segments. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenue in 2024 or 2023.
 Our top customers drive a substantial portion of our total revenue, as follows:
 • In 2024, our top 25, top 10, and top 5 customers accounted for 47.2%, 33.6%, and 24.1% of our total revenue, respectively.
 • In 2023, our top 25, top 10, and top 5 customers accounted for 45.3%, 31.5%, and 22.7% of our total revenue, respectively.

 Revenue Equipment

 We operate a modern fleet of company tractors intended to help attract and retain driving associates, promote safe operations, and reduce maintenance and repair costs.
 In 2024, we obtained our revenue equipment through a combination of cash purchases and finance leases. We typically obtain tractors and trailers manufactured to our specifications in order to meet a wide variety of customer needs. Growth of our tractor and trailer fleet is determined by market conditions and our experience and expectations regarding equipment utilization. In acquiring revenue equipment, we consider a number of factors, including economy, price, rate, economic environment, technology, warranty terms, manufacturer support, driving associate comfort, and resale value. We maintain strong relationships with our equipment vendors and have the financial flexibility to react as market conditions dictate.
 Our current approach is to replace our tractors between four and nine years after purchase and to replace our trailers every seven or more years. Changes in the current market for used tractors and trailers, regulatory changes, and difficult market and supply chain conditions faced by tractor and trailer manufacturers may result in price increases that may affect the period of time for which we operate our equipment.
 Our newer equipment has enhanced features, which we believe tends to lower the overall life cycle costs by reducing safety-related expenses, lowering repair and maintenance expenses, improving fuel economy, and improving driving associate satisfaction. In 2025 and beyond, we will continue to monitor the appropriateness of this relatively short tractor trade-in cycle against the lower capital expenditure and financing costs of a longer tractor trade-in cycle, based on current and future business needs.

 Human Capital

 Employees
 The strength of our company is our people, working together with common goals. As of December 31, 2024, our full-time employee headcount was comprised of:

 Company driving associates (including driver trainees)
 25,100

 Technicians and other equipment maintenance personnel
 1,500

 Corporate and terminal leadership and support personnel
 8,700

 Total
 35,300

 As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 1,700 Trans-Mex driving associates in Mexico that were represented by a union.
 Company Driving Associates
 We recognize that the recruitment, training, and retention of a professional driving associate workforce, which is one of our most valuable assets, is essential to our continued growth and meeting the service requirements of our customers. In order to attract and retain safe driving associates who are committed to the highest levels of customer service and safety, we focus our operations for driving associates around a collaborative and supportive team environment. To help retain driving associates we provide late model and comfortable equipment, direct communication with management, competitive wages and benefits, and other incentives designed to encourage driving associate safety, retention, and long-term employment. Some examples of these incentive programs include our Million Miler, military apprenticeship, and Drive for a Degree programs. To help recruit drivers, we have established various driving academies across the US. Our academies are strategically located in areas where external driver-training organizations were lacking. In other areas of the US, we have contracted with driver training schools, which are managed by third parties. There are certain minimum qualifications for candidates to be accepted into the academy, including passing the DOT physical examination and drug/alcohol screening, which includes hair follicle testing, a qualification standard more stringent than required by the DOT.
 Terminal Staff
 Most of our large terminals are staffed with terminal leaders, fleet leaders, driver leaders, planners, safety coordinators, shop leaders, technicians, and customer service representatives. Our terminal leaders work with driver leaders, customer service representatives, and other operations personnel to coordinate the needs of both our customers and our driving associates. Terminal leaders are also responsible for serving existing customers in their areas. Fleet leaders supervise driver leaders, who are responsible for the general operation of our trucks and their driving associates, focusing on driving associate retention, productivity per truck, fuel consumption, fuel efficiency (with respect to driver-controllable idle time), safety, and scheduled maintenance. Customer service representatives are assigned specific customers to ensure specialized, high-quality service, and frequent customer contact.
 Succession Planning and Talent Management
 We regularly review talent development and succession plans to identify and develop a pipeline of talent to maintain business operations. We understand the potential costs and risks of bringing in an outside executive officer and that businesses are often, but not always, more successful in promoting internal candidates. Accordingly, the Board makes an effort to identify potential successors for those positions long in advance of any potential positional vacancies, perform skills gap analyses for those internal candidates, and provide training and exposure on those gap areas to those candidates in order to develop better potential successors. The Board is primarily responsible for succession planning for the CEO, but also participates in succession planning discussions for other executive officer positions. We believe that our culture, compensation structure, long-term equity program, and robust training and development program provide motivation for talented leaders to remain with the Company.

 Independent Contractors
 In addition to our employed driving associates, we enter into contractor agreements with third parties who own and operate tractors (or hire their own driving associates to operate the tractors) that service our customers. We pay these independent contractors for their services, based on a contracted rate per mile. By operating safely and productively, independent contractors can improve their own profitability and ours. Independent contractors are responsible for most costs incurred for owning and operating their tractors. In 2024, independent contractors comprised 8.2% of our total fleet, as measured by average tractor count.

 Safety and Insurance

 Safety
 We are committed to safe and secure operations. We conduct an intensive driver qualification process, including defensive driving training. We require prospective drivers to meet higher qualification standards than those required by the DOT, including extensive background checks and hair follicle drug testing. We regularly communicate with drivers to promote safety and instill safe work habits through effective use of various media and safety review sessions. We dedicate personnel and resources to ensure safe operation and regulatory compliance. We employ technology to assist us in managing risks associated with our business. We have event recorders in substantially all of our tractors, which are used daily by drivers and operations leaders to provide feedback and coaching in regard to driving behaviors. In addition, we have an innovative recognition program for driver safety performance and emphasize safety through our equipment specifications and maintenance programs. Our Corporate Directors of Safety review all accidents and report weekly to leadership.
 Insurance
 The primary claims arising in our business consist of auto liability, including personal injury, property damage, physical damage, and cargo loss. We self-insure for a significant portion of our claims exposure and related expenses. We also maintain insurance that covers our directors and officers for losses and expenses arising out of claims, based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers. While under dispatch and our operating authority, the independent contractors we contract with are covered by our liability coverage and self-insurance retention limits. However, each is responsible for physical damage to his or her own equipment, occupational accident coverage, and liability exposure while the truck is used for non-company purposes. Additionally, fleet operators are responsible for any applicable workers' compensation requirements for their employees.
 We insure certain casualty risks through our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiaries, Mohave and Red Rock. Mohave and Red Rock provide reinsurance associated with a share of our automobile liability risk. In addition to insuring a proportionate share of our corporate casualty risk, Mohave provides reinsurance to third-party insurance companies who provide insurance coverage for independent contractors, as well as affiliated carriers through the first quarter of 2024.
 Based on results of operations of this business, including the continued unfavorable development of insurance reserves, the Company ceased all third-party insurance operations and canceled any remaining policies as of March 31, 2024.
 Please refer to Note 10 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for more information about our insurance policies, self-insurance retention limits, and the third-party insurance carrier business.

 Fuel

 We actively manage our fuel purchasing network in an effort to maintain adequate fuel supplies and reduce our Truckload and LTL fuel costs. Additionally, we utilize a fuel surcharge program to pass a majority of increases in fuel costs to our customers. In 2024, we purchased 13.5% of our fuel in bulk at our locations across the US and Mexico. We purchased substantially all of the remainder through a network of retail truck stops with which we have negotiated volume purchasing discounts. The volumes we purchase at terminals and through the fuel network vary based on procurement costs and other factors. We seek to reduce our fuel costs by routing our driving associates to truck stops when fuel prices at such stops are more affordable than the bulk rate paid for fuel at our terminals. We primarily store fuel in above-ground storage tanks at most of our other bulk fueling terminals. We believe that we are

 sufficiently in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations relating to the storage and dispensing of fuel.

 Seasonality

 See Note 1 in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report, regarding the impact of seasonality on our operations.

 Environmental Regulation

 General
 We have bulk fuel storage and fuel islands at many of our terminals, as well as vehicle maintenance, repair, and washing operations at some of our facilities, which exposes us to certain environmental risks. Soil and groundwater contamination have occurred at some of our facilities in prior years, for which we have been responsible for remediating the environmental contamination. Also, a small percentage of our total shipments contain hazardous materials, which are generally rated as low to medium-risk, and subject us to a wide array of regulation. In the past, we have been responsible for the costs of clean-up of cargo and diesel fuel spills caused by traffic accidents or other events.
 We have instituted programs to monitor and mitigate environmental risks and maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws governing the hauling, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials, fuel spillage or seepage, emissions from our vehicles and facilities, engine-idling, discharge and retention of storm water, and other environmental matters. As part of our safety and risk management program, we periodically perform internal environmental reviews. We are a Charter Partner in the EPA's SmartWay Transport Partnership, a voluntary program promoting energy efficiency and air quality. We believe that our operations are in material compliance with current laws and regulations and do not know of any existing environmental condition that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or operating results.
 If we are held responsible for the cleanup of any environmental incidents or conditions caused by our operations or business, or if we are found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to clean-up costs and other liabilities, including substantial fines, penalties and/or civil and criminal liability, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We have paid penalties for spills and violations in the past; however, they have not been material to our financial results or position.
 Greenhouse Gas ("GHG") Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards
 California ARB — In 2008, the State of California's Air Resources Board ("ARB") approved the Heavy-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Reduction Regulation in efforts to reduce GHG emissions from certain long-haul tractor-trailers that operate in California by requiring them to utilize technologies that improve fuel efficiency (regardless of where the vehicle is registered). The regulation, which became effective in 2010, required owners of long-haul tractors and 53-foot trailers to be EPA SmartWay certified or replace or retrofit their vehicles with aerodynamic technologies and low-rolling resistance tires. The regulation also contained certain emissions and registration standards for refrigerated trailers.
 In 2019, the California Phase 2 Standards, which generally align with the federal Phase 2 Standards (the "Phase 2 Standards," discussed in further detail below), with some minor additional requirements, became final.

 The Advanced Clean Trucks ("ACT") regulation became effective in 2021, requiring original equipment manufacturers to begin shifting towards greater production and sales of zero-emission heavy-duty tractors starting with model year 2024. Under ACT, by 2045, every new tractor sold in California will need to be zero-emission. The most aggressive ACT standards apply to Class 4-8 trucks, which range from 14,000-33,000 pounds, by requiring that 9% of such trucks be zero emission beginning in 2024 and increasing to 75% by 2035. Similar (albeit lower) increasing zero emission requirements apply to Class 2b-3 trucks, and Class 7-8 trucks between 2024 and 2035. Among other impacts, ACT could affect the cost and/or supply of traditional diesel tractors. It has also led to similar legislation in other states, with several already adopting ACT, and a number of other states either considering adoption of ACT or affirmatively conducting a preliminary rule making process to that effect. In January 2024, the Advanced Clean Fleets ("ACF") regulation became effective, also aimed at transitioning to zero emission vehicles. ACF is a purchase requirement for medium and heavy-duty fleets to adopt an increasing percentage of zero emission trucks, designed to complement the sell-side obligations of ACT. However, given legal challenges to the ACF and a lack of public support for environmental regulation from the current administration, ARB withdrew its request for the EPA to provide a waiver of certain federal regulations necessary for ARB to impose the environmental restrictions and mandates in the ACF that are more stringent than federal law, which effectively tabled the ACF. If ARB seeks to adopt and implement the ACF in the future, it could materially and negatively impact our business by increasing our compliance obligations, operating costs, and related expenses.
 The periodic testing portion of California's Clean Truck Check (as a part of ARB's Clean Truck program), known as Phase 3 of the Clean Truck Check, began in July 2024. Under Phase 3, heavy duty vehicles are subject to periodic emissions testing and annual compliance fees, increasing our operating costs and related expenses.
 Additionally, in October 2023, California enacted two bills into law, Senate Bill 253 ("SB 253") and Senate Bill 261 ("SB 261"), which could require certain companies doing business in California to disclose greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions and climate-related financial risks, with reporting beginning in 2026. SB 253 requires companies that exceed $1 billion in annual revenue and that do business in California to publicly disclose their GHG emissions, while SB 261 requires companies doing business in California and earning annual revenue exceeding $500 million to report on their climate-related financial risks and measures taken to mitigate such risks on or before January 2026. Further legislation was enacted in 2024, delaying effectiveness of the final regulations under SB 253 until July 2025, and permitting subsidiaries of reporting companies to file on a consolidated basis with their parent companies. These laws are currently facing legal challenges, which could result in delays or modifications to the laws. Additional reporting requirements will likely result in increased compliance costs.
 EPA and NHTSA — The EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") have begun taking coordinated steps in support of a new generation of clean vehicles and engines through reduced GHG emissions and improved fuel efficiency at a national level.
 Originally, the rule was written so that tractors and certain trailer types would be subject to the Phase 2 Standards beginning with model-years 2018 and 2021 respectively, increasing in and phasing in completely by model-year 2027. This rule would have marked the first time federal mandates would have been applied to trailers, with respect to aerodynamics and low-rolling resistance tires. The final rule was effective in December 2016. However, implementation of the Phase 2 Standards as they relate to trailers was successfully challenged in the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. As a result, the Phase 2 Standards will only require reductions in emissions and fuel consumption for tractors. The Company's new tractor purchases in 2024 complied with the emission and fuel consumption reductions required by the Phase 2 Standards.
 Even though the trailer provisions of the Phase 2 Standards have been removed, we will still need to ensure the majority of our fleet is compliant with the California Phase 2 Standards.
 In 2022, the EPA adopted a final rule that established new emissions standards of nitrogen oxides for heavy-duty motor vehicles beginning with model year 2027 being more than 80% stronger than current emission standards, with the intent to reduce heavy-duty emissions by almost 50% from 2022 levels by 2045. The EPA has indicated that the December 2022 rule is the first part of a three part plan focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, which is commonly referred to as the "Cleaner Trucks Initiative," or the "Clean Trucks Plan." In April 2023, the EPA released the second and third parts to the Clean Trucks Plan, including a proposed rule relating to GHG standards for heavy-duty vehicles, known as "Phase 3," to the EPA's GHG program. A final rule with respect to the Phase 3 regulations was issued in March 2024 and establishes new GHG emission standards for heavy-duty motor vehicles which are phased-in starting with model year 2027 and increasing in stringency annually through model year 2032.

 Complying with these and any future GHG regulations enacted by California's ARB, the EPA, the NHTSA and/or any other state or federal governing body has increased and will likely continue to increase the cost of our new tractors, may increase the cost of new trailers, may require us to retrofit certain of our trailers, may increase our maintenance costs, and could impair equipment productivity and increase our operating costs, particularly if such costs are not offset by potential fuel savings. These adverse effects, combined with the uncertainty as to the reliability of the newly designed diesel engines and the residual values of our equipment, could materially increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business or operations. We cannot predict, however, the extent to which our operations and productivity will be impacted. We will continue monitoring our compliance with federal and state GHG regulations.
 Climate-change Proposals
 Federal and state lawmakers are considering a variety of other climate-change proposals related to carbon emissions and GHG emissions. The proposals could potentially limit carbon emissions within certain states and municipalities, which continue to restrict the location and amount of time that diesel-powered tractors (like ours) may idle.
 These restrictions could force us to purchase on-board power units that do not require the engine to idle or to alter our driving associates' behavior, which could result in a decrease in productivity, or increase in driving associate turnover.

 Industry Regulation

 Our operations are regulated and licensed by various federal, state, and local government agencies in North America, including the DOT, the FMCSA, and the US Department of Homeland Security, among others. Our company, as well as our driving associates and independent contractors, must comply with enacted governmental regulations regarding safety, equipment, and operating methods. Examples include regulation of equipment weight, equipment dimensions, driver hours-of-service, driver eligibility requirements, including drug and alcohol testing, on-board reporting of operations, and ergonomics. The following discussion presents recently enacted federal, state, and local regulations that could have an impact on our operations.
 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Bill
 Commercial Driver's License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse — There is a national Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse, a database containing information about violations of the FMCSA's drug and alcohol testing program for holders of commercial driver's licenses. Currently, the Company is required to (1) report drug and alcohol violations to the Clearinghouse; (2) query the Clearinghouse regarding drug and alcohol violations for current and prospective employees prior to permitting such employees to operate a commercial motor vehicle ("CMV"); and (3) query the Clearinghouse for each currently employed driver annually. In November 2024, a new rule referred to by the FMCSA as "Clearinghouse II," a program which relates to drivers with drug and alcohol violations, took effect. Under Clearinghouse II, a driver with a drug or alcohol violation resulting in a "Prohibited" status in the Clearinghouse may not operate a CMV and must complete the FMCSA's return-to-duty education, treatment, and testing prior to regaining CMV driving privileges. With Clearinghouse II now in effect, states will be required to query the Clearinghouse when issuing, renewing, transferring, or upgrading a commercial driver's license and must revoke a driver's commercial driving privileges if such driver is prohibited from driving a motor vehicle for one or more drug or alcohol violations. It is expected that the rule may exacerbate the already existing shortage of drivers.
 In 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services ("DHHS") announced proposed mandatory guidelines to allow employers to drug test truck drivers and other federal workers for pre-employment and random testing using hair specimens. However, the proposal also requires a second sample using either urine or an oral fluid test if a hair test is positive, if a donor is unable to provide a sufficient amount of hair for faith-based or medical reasons, or due to an insufficient amount or length of hair. DHHS indicated the two-test approach is intended to protect federal workers from issues that have been identified as limitations of hair testing, and related legal deficiencies identified in prior court cases. In 2022, an industry group known as the Trucking Alliance, of which the Company is a member, sought an exemption from the FMCSA that would allow positive hair specimen tests to be uploaded into the Clearinghouse. This request was denied by the FMCSA, however, noting they cannot act until DHHS finalizes these guidelines, which have been delayed by DHHS until May 2025. Additionally, in 2022 the DOT issued a notice of proposed rule making that would include oral fluid testing as an alternative to urine testing for purposes of the

 DOT's drug testing program, with a goal of improving the integrity and effectiveness of the drug testing program, along with potential cost savings to regulated parties. In June 2023, a final rule became effective amending the DOT's drug testing program to include oral fluid testing; however, implementation cannot take effect until DHHS approves at least two laboratories to conduct oral fluid testing. Currently, DHHS has not approved any laboratories. Any changes to drug testing programs may reduce the number of available drivers. We currently perform hair follicle testing and will continue to monitor any developments in this area. Finally, federal drug regulators have announced a proposal to add fentanyl to a drug testing panel that would detect the use of such drug among safety-sensitive federal employees, which would include truck drivers if adopted by the DOT. Currently, fentanyl testing is expected to be added to the urine panel beginning as soon as July 2025.
 Entry-Level Driver Training — Effective in 2022, the FMCSA established minimum training standards (the "ELDT Regulations") which unified curriculum to be followed and completed by certain individuals applying for (or upgrading) a Class A or Class B commercial driver's license, or obtaining a hazardous materials, passenger, or school bus endorsement on their commercial driver's license. Such individuals are subject to the entry-level driver training requirements and must complete a prescribed curriculum of theory and behind-the-wheel instruction prior to taking the skills test. Training schools and other programs (including ours) are required to implement the prescribed curriculum and register with the FMCSA's Training Provider Registry to certify that their program meets the classroom and driving standards. We are also required to comply with this rule in the course of operating our driving schools.
 Brokerage Operations — In January 2024, the FMCSA implemented more oversight of truck brokers, freight forwarders, and the surety bond and trust companies that back them modifying regulations in five areas: (1) assets readily available, (2) immediate suspension of broker/freight forwarder operating authority, (3) surety or trust responsibilities, (4) enforcement authority, and (5) entities eligible to serve as BMC-85 trustees. Among other changes, the rule allows brokers or freight forwarders to meet regulatory requirements to have "assets readily available" by maintaining trusts that meet certain criteria, including that they can be liquidated within seven calendar days of an event that triggers a payment from the trust. The rule also stipulates that "available financial security" falls below $75,000 when there is a drawdown on the broker or freight forwarder's surety bond or trust fund. Compliance with this final rule has been pushed back until January 2026. Implementation and compliance with these changes may negatively impact our business by increasing our compliance obligations, operating costs, and related expenses. Additionally, in October 2024, the FMCSA published a notice of proposed rulemaking relating to brokerage operations which, among other things, proposes to increase transparency and the maintenance of recordkeeping procedures. It is uncertain what changes, if any, will result from the notice of proposed rulemaking.
 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
 Among other things, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ("IIJA"), signed into in 2021, created an apprenticeship program for drivers ages 18 to 20 years old to eventually qualify to drive commercial trucks in interstate commerce. The FMCSA announced the establishment of this apprenticeship program in 2022 in an effort to begin to help the industry's ongoing driver shortage. This program, known as the Safe Driver Apprenticeship Pilot Program ("SDAP"), is open to 18 to 20-year-old drivers who already hold intrastate commercial driver's licenses and sets a strict training regimen for participating drivers and carriers to comply with. Motor carriers interested in participating must complete an application for participation and submit monthly data on an apprentice's driver activity, safety outcomes, and additional supporting information. The SDAP is limited to 3,000 driver-apprentices at any given time, with new driver-apprentices allowed into the program to replace those that leave or age out. If not renewed, the SDAP is currently set to conclude in November 2025. In May 2023, the DRIVE Safe Integrity Act of 2023 was introduced, which supports participation in the SDAP and would permit 18- to 20-year-olds to operate across state lines if data from the SDAP does not indicate such drivers are less safe than current CMV drivers. Whether this legislation will ultimately become law is uncertain. It remains unclear whether any regulatory changes will stem from the apprenticeship program.
 The IIJA also required that the FMCSA clarify the differences between brokers, bona fide agents, and dispatch services, and to further specify its interpretation of the definitions of "broker" and "bona fide agents." In June 2023, FMCSA issued final guidance on the definitions of "broker" and "bona fide agents," in which the distinction between the two largely hinges upon control and whether the person or company is engaged in the allocation of traffic between motor carriers. Certain of the Company's subsidiaries currently hold FMCSA brokerage authority, so while the impact of this guidance remains to be seen, the Company does not currently anticipate an adverse impact on its operations.

 Hours-of-service
 From time to time, the FMCSA proposes and implements changes to regulations impacting hours-of-service. Such changes can negatively impact our productivity and affect our operations and profitability by reducing the number of hours per day or week our driving associates and independent contractors may operate and/or disrupting our network. No such changes are currently proposed. In recent years, the FMCSA has made changes to the hours-of-service rules that provide greater flexibility to drivers regarding their 30-minute rest breaks, an extension of the shorthaul exemption by an additional two hours, and an extension of duty time for drivers encountering adverse weather by up to two hours. Certain industry groups have challenged these hours-of-service rules in court, and while the FMCSA's final rule has been upheld, it remains unclear if industry or other groups will bring additional challenges against the FMCSA's final rule. Any future changes to hours-of-service regulations could materially and adversely affect our operations and profitability. Future rulemaking relating to ELDs may occur in the future, which may affect our ELD technology, compliance, and compliance efforts.
 Safety and Fitness Ratings
 There are currently two methods of evaluating the safety and fitness of carriers: CSA, which evaluates and ranks fleets on certain safety-related standards by analyzing data from recent safety events and investigation results, and the DOT safety rating, which is based on an on-site investigation and affects a carrier's ability to operate in interstate commerce. Additionally, the FMCSA has proposed rules in the past that would change the methodologies used to determine carrier safety and fitness.
 DOT Safety Rating — The DOT safety rating is currently the only safety measurement system that has a direct impact on a carrier's ability to operate in interstate commerce. Our motor carriers currently have a satisfactory DOT safety rating, which is the best available rating under the current safety rating scale. If we were to receive a conditional or unsatisfactory DOT safety rating, it could adversely affect our business, as some of our existing customer contracts require a satisfactory DOT safety rating.
 CSA — In December 2010, the FMCSA introduced CSA, an enforcement and compliance model that ranks carriers on seven categories of safety-related data. The seven categories of safety-related data, currently include Unsafe Driving, Hours-of-Service Compliance, Driver Fitness, Controlled Substances/Alcohol, Vehicle Maintenance, Hazardous Materials Compliance, and Crash Indicator (such categories known as "BASICs"). Carriers are grouped by category with other carriers that have a similar number of safety events (i.e., crashes, inspections, or violations) and carriers are ranked and assigned a rating percentile or score to prioritize them for interventions if they are above a certain threshold.
 Certain CSA scores were initially published and made available to the general public. However, in 2015, as part of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation ("FAST") Act, Congress mandated that the FMCSA remove all CSA scores from public view until a more comprehensive study regarding the effectiveness of CSA improving truck safety could be completed. For more information about proposed changes to the CSA program, please refer to the "Safety Fitness Determination" section, below. The FMCSA has been conducting a study on the causation of crashes, expanding on its previous Large Truck Crash Causation Study, known as the Crash Causal Factors Program ("CCFP"). Phase 1 of the CCFP is designed to study crashes of heavy-duty trucks, and the Phase 1 final report is expected in 2029. However, any changes that increase the likelihood of us receiving unfavorable scores could adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.
 In 2020 the FMCSA announced permanent effectiveness of a pilot program that does not count a crash in which a motor carrier was not at fault when calculating the carrier's safety measurement profile, called the Crash Preventability Demonstration Program ("CPDP"). The CPDP expanded the types of eligible crashes, modified the Safety Measurement System ("SMS") to exclude crashes with not preventable determinations from the prioritization algorithm and noted the not preventable determinations in the Pre-Employment Screening Program.
 Currently, CSA scores generally do not have a direct impact on a carrier's safety rating. However, the occurrence of unfavorable scores in one or more categories may affect driving associate recruiting and retention by causing qualified driving associates to seek employment with other carriers, cause our customers to direct their business away from us and to carriers with more favorable scores, subjecting us to an increase in compliance reviews and roadside inspections, or cause us to incur greater than expected expenses in our attempts to improve unfavorable scores, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

 Safety Fitness Determination — In February 2023, the FMCSA published a notice of proposed changes to its SMS methodology, including the BASIC categories. In August 2023, the FMCSA announced in an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking and request for comments that it was interested in developing a new methodology to determine whether a carrier is fit to operate CMVs. Additionally, the US Government Accountability Office made a suggestion in 2023 to the FMCSA to make complaint data public. In November 2024, the FMCSA published a notice announcing a revised SMS methodology implementing certain changes proposed in the February 2023 notice, including, among other changes, (i) rebranding BASICs as "Compliance Categories" and revising certain categories, (ii) consolidating existing road violations into simplified and distinct violation groups and simplifying the scale used to measure the severity of violations, (iii) adjusting intervention thresholds, and (iv) revising the SMS methodology to focus more heavily on recent violations. Whether this revised SMS methodology will take effect is uncertain, however, any change which results in the Company or its subsidiaries receiving less favorable scores, or an increased visibility of less favorable scores or of complaints against the Company may have an adverse effect on our operations and financial position. Moreover, in September 2023, the FMCSA announced a proposal that would allow carriers to undergo an appeal process for requests of data review, which are in relation to such requests through the agency's DataQs system. The proposal, if adopted, may provide an opportunity for the Company to appeal in certain scenarios which could result in more favorable outcomes.
 Equipment Developments
 In 2021, legislation was reintroduced into the US House of Representatives and would require commercial motor vehicles with a gross weight of more than 26,000 pounds to be equipped with a speed limiter that would limit the vehicle's speed to no more than 65 miles per hour. Whether this legislation will ultimately become law is uncertain. The FMCSA issued a notice of intent announcing its intention to propose a rule during 2023 which will require certain commercial vehicles to be equipped with speed limiters; however, no final rule was proposed. It is now expected that the DOT will issue a rule sometime in May 2025. While we electronically govern the speed of substantially all of our company tractors and require our independent contractors to comply with the Company's speed policy, such legislation could result in a decrease in fleet production and driver availability, either of which could adversely affect our business or operations.
 In 2022, the FMCSA issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking that would require fleets and independent contractors to equip their trucks with unique electronic identification systems designed to streamline roadside inspections and provide transparency and accountability in day-to-day trucking operations. The petition was generally disfavored by transportation industry participants, citing, among other things, the petition's failure to address privacy and data security risks. It remains to be seen what rules, if any, may stem from this notice. However, in February 2023 the FMCSA announced a new operational test for monitoring and enforcing driver and motor carrier safety compliance standards. In March 2024, the FMCSA began proof-of-concept testing to determine whether the technology required for electronic identification systems is sufficient and the information and data being provided is secure, reliable, and useful for the FMCSA.
 In February 2023, the FMCSA issued a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking requesting additional information on automated driving systems ("ADS") and seeking comment on regulatory approaches that would enable it to obtain relevant safety information and the current and anticipated size of the population of carriers operating ADS-equipped commercial motor vehicles. Public comment closed in March 2023, and it remains to be seen, what, if any, final rules will result therefrom.
 The FMCSA, in conjunction with the NHTSA, have announced their intention to propose a rule for performance standards and maintenance requirements for automatic emergency braking on heavy trucks. In June 2023, the FMCSA and NHTSA issued a joint proposed rule that would require automated emergency braking on all new heavy-duty trucks. Additionally, in April 2023, NHTSA issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking that would require side underride guards to be installed on all new heavy-duty trucks. Public comment on the FMCSA and NHTSA joint proposed rule and the NHTSA notice of proposed rulemaking closed in 2023, and, while a final rule with respect to automatic braking is expected to be issued in 2025, it remains to be seen, what, if any, final rules will stem therefrom.

 Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 ("FSMA")
 In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") published a final rule establishing requirements for shippers, loaders, carriers by motor vehicle and rail vehicle, and receivers engaged in the transportation of food, to use sanitary transportation practices to ensure the safety of the food they transport as part of the FSMA. This rule sets forth requirements related to among other things, equipment used to transport food, measures taken during such transportation, personnel training, and record retention. We believe we have been in compliance with these requirements since that time. However, if we are found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations related to the FSMA, or if we transport food or goods that are contaminated or are found to cause illness and/or death, we could be subject to substantial fines, lawsuits, penalties and/or criminal and civil liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 As the FDA continues its efforts to modernize food safety, it is likely additional food safety regulations will take effect in the future. In 2020, the FDA released its "New Era of Smarter Food Safety" blueprint, which creates a ten year roadmap to create a more digital, traceable and safer food system. This blueprint builds on the work done under the FSMA, generally requiring persons who manufacture, process, pack, or hold foods on the FDA's "Food Traceability List" to maintain detailed records of key data elements for critical tracking events in a manner that can be provided to the FDA within 24 hours of request. It is still unclear what impact of the Food Traceability Rule will have on the Company and others in the industry, but further regulation in this area could negatively affect our business by increasing our compliance obligations and related expenses going forward.
 Legislation Regarding Independent Contractors
 Tax and other regulatory authorities, as well as independent contractors themselves, have sought in the past to assert that independent contractors in the trucking industry are employees rather than independent contractors. Federal legislators continue to introduce legislation concerning the classification of independent contractors as employees, including legislation that proposes to increase the tax and labor penalties against employers who intentionally or unintentionally misclassify employees as independent contractors and are also found to have violated employees' overtime or wage requirements. The Protecting the Rights to Organize ("PRO") Act was passed by the US House of Representatives and received by the US Senate in 2021, which was further sent to the Senate's Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. In 2023, a substantially similar bill was introduced to the US House of Representatives and referred to the House Committee on Education and Workforce. These bills propose to apply the "ABC Test" for classifying workers under Federal Fair Labor Standards Act claims. In January 2024, the Department of Labor published a final rule regarding independent contractor classification, which took effect in 2024. The final rule rescinded the Independent Contractor Status Under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Under the 2024 rule, workers' relationship with a principal are classified under six factors, including: (1) opportunity for profit and loss depending on managerial skill; (2) investments by the worker and the principal; (3) degree of permanence of the relationship; (4) nature and degree of control; (5) extent to which worker is integral to the principal's business; and (6) skill and initiative, together with a provision for unspecified other factors, to determine if such worker should be classified as an independent contractor. Additionally, federal legislators have sought to:
 • abolish the current safe harbor allowing taxpayers meeting certain criteria to treat individuals as independent contractors if they are following a long-standing, recognized practice,
 • extend the FLSA to independent contractors, and
 • impose notice requirements based upon employment or independent contractor status and fines for failure to comply.
 Some states have adopted initiatives to increase their revenues from items such as unemployment, workers' compensation, and income taxes, and we believe a reclassification of independent contractors as employees would help states with this initiative. Federal and state taxing and other regulatory authorities and courts apply a variety of standards in their determination of independent contractor status.

 Recently, courts in certain states have issued decisions that could result in a greater likelihood that independent contractors would be judicially classified as employees in such states. Further, class actions and other lawsuits have been filed against us and other members of our industry seeking to reclassify independent contractors as employees for a variety of purposes, including workers' compensation and health care coverage. Our defense of such class actions and other lawsuits has not always been successful, and we have been subject to adverse judgments with respect to such matters. In addition, carriers such as us that operate or have operated lease-purchase programs have been more susceptible to lawsuits seeking to reclassify independent contractors that have engaged in such programs. If our independent contractors were determined to be our employees, we would incur additional exposure under federal and state tax, workers' compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, employment, and tort laws, which could potentially include prior periods, as well as potential liability for employee benefits and tax withholdings. We currently observe and monitor our compliance with current related and applicable laws and regulations, but we cannot predict whether future laws and regulations, judicial decisions, or settlements regarding the classification of independent contractors will adversely affect our business or operations.
 In 2019, California enacted A.B. 5 ("AB5"), a new law that changed the landscape of the state's treatment of employees and independent contractors. AB5 provides that the three-pronged "ABC Test" must be used to determine worker classification in wage-order claims. Under the ABC Test, a worker is presumed to be an employee and the burden to demonstrate their independent contractor status is on the hiring company through satisfying all three of the following criteria:
 • the worker is free from control and direction in the performance of services;
 • the worker is performing work outside the usual course of the business of the hiring company;
 • the worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business.
 How AB5 will be enforced is still to be determined. While it was set to go into effect in January 2020, it was subject to various court proceedings, and ultimately AB5 was retroactively placed into law as of January 2020, with the ABC Test being applied in certain circumstances retroactively to April 2018. Litigation surrounding the matter continues, and it remains unclear whether such challenges will be successful in invalidating the law. It is also possible AB5 will spur similar legislation in states other than California, which could adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.
 Wage and Hour Legislation
 In 2018, the FMCSA granted a petition filed by the American Trucking Associations and in doing so determined that federal law does preempt California's wage and hour laws, and interstate truck drivers are not subject to such laws. The FMCSA's decision has been appealed by labor groups and multiple lawsuits have been filed in federal courts seeking to overturn the decision. In 2021, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the FMCSA's determination that federal law does preempt California's meal and rest break laws, as applied to drivers of property-carrying commercial motor vehicles. Other current and future state and local wage and hour laws, including laws related to employee meal breaks and rest periods, may also vary significantly from federal law. Further, driver piece rate compensation, which is an industry standard, has been attacked as non-compliant with state minimum wage laws. Both of these issues are adversely impacting the Company and the industry as a whole, with respect to the practical application of the laws, thereby resulting in additional cost. As a result, we are subject to an uneven patchwork of wage and hour laws throughout the US. If federal legislation is not passed preempting state and local wage and hour laws, we will either need to comply with the most restrictive state and local laws across our entire fleet, or revise our management systems to comply with varying state and local laws. Either solution could result in increased compliance costs, increased driver turnover, decreased efficiency, and amplified legal exposure.
 In a 2023 case involving the Fair Labor Standards Act, the First Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a decision that would require additional payment to team drivers to be paid while in their sleeper berth. It is unclear if other jurisdictions will adopt this view, or if any legislation will result from this holding. If so, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 In November 2023, a bill was introduced to Congress that would eliminate an exclusion of truck drivers from receiving overtime pay. If enacted, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Other Regulation

 Recently, the Trump administration issued a memorandum directing federal departments and agencies to freeze regulatory actions. In particular, the memorandum prohibited new rules from being proposed or issued until such rules are reviewed and approved by heads of departments or agencies appointed under the Trump administration. Rules previously sent to the Federal Register but not already published are also to be withdrawn to permit additional review and permission to proceed. Additionally, existing rules could be delayed for up to 60 days to allow for additional review, including the assessment of their impacts, and to allow for public comments.
 Inflation Reduction Act
 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 contains provisions relating to energy, climate change, and tax reform. In particular, the Inflation Reduction Act shifts timing for certain tax payments, imposes an excise tax on certain corporate stock buybacks, and creates a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax, which is generally applicable to corporations that reported over $1 billion in profits in each of the three proceeding tax years. Tax changes in the Inflation Reduction Act, together with changes to any other US tax laws may have an adverse impact on our business and profitability. It is unclear what other legislative initiatives will be signed into law and what changes they may undergo. However, adoption and implementation could negatively impact our business by increasing our compliance obligations and related expenses.
 Infrastructure Spending
 In November 2022, Senate lawmakers introduced legislation that would set aside grant funds over four years to expand truck parking across the United States. Such legislation would allow for the creation of new parking areas, the expansion of existing facilities, and the approval of commercial parking at existing weigh stations, rest areas, and park-and-ride facilities. It would also allow for truck parking expansion at commercial truck stops and travel plazas. More recently, the DOT has provided funding to increase parking in certain heavily congested areas of Nevada, Ohio, and Wisconsin, and Congressional leaders have included a provision in the House funding bill introduced in June 2024 to allocate $200 million for truck parking projects. Industry groups are generally in favor of additional funding to improve parking infrastructure as a lack of available parking has negatively impacted the industry as a whole, including the Company and its subsidiaries.
 Brokerage Liability
 Recently, federal courts have reached different decisions on the issue of whether preemption applies to broker liability. In June 2022, the US Supreme Court declined to review a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision holding that broker liability is not preempted by federal regulation, which would expose freight brokers to a patchwork of state regulations across the United States. In April 2023, the Eleventh Circuit Court held that the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act ("FAAAA") expressly preempted such personal liability claims against a broker, and subsequently in July 2023, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals provided a supporting decision holding that the plaintiff's claim was preempted by the FAAAA. The US Supreme Court declined to review the issue, and is uncertain how long the current circuit split will continue and whether the US Supreme Court will decide to review similar cases in the future. If additional circuit courts, or the US Supreme Court, adopt the Ninth Circuit view that freight broker liability is not preempted by federal regulation, it could lead to a patchwork of regulations across the United States and also result in primary (as opposed to contingent) liability being imposed upon freight brokers, and increased insurance premiums for brokerage operations generally. Although we are committed to selecting safe and secure motor carriers in carrying out our brokerage activities, if we are found to be negligent in the motor carrier selection process it could lead to significant liabilities in the event of an accident, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and operating results.
 SHIP IT Act
 In January 2023, the Safer Highways and Increased Performance for Interstate Trucking Act (the "SHIP IT Act") was introduced into the US House of Representatives. As proposed, the SHIP IT Act would allow states to issue special permits for overweight vehicles and loads during emergencies, allow drivers to apply for Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act grants, attempt to recruit truck drivers to the industry through targeted and temporary tax credits, streamline the CDL process in certain respects, and expand access to truck parking and rest areas for commercial drivers. A similar bill, the Truck Parking Safety Improvement Act, was introduced into the Senate in March of 2023

 and if enacted as proposed, would dedicate $755 million in funding over the next three years to expand access to truck parking and rest areas for commercial drivers. It remains unclear whether such acts will ultimately become law, however, and what changes they may undergo prior to finalization.
 Truck Leasing Task Force
 In February 2023, the Secretary of Transportation announced the creation of the Truck Leasing Task Force ("TLTF"). The TLTF is a committee tasked with evaluating lease agreements in the industry and their effects on industry participants, including independent contractors. In January 2025, the TLTF provided a report to Congress and the Secretaries of Transportation and Labor recommending Congress ban truck lease-purchase programs where motor carriers have control over the work, compensation, and debts of the driver-lessee. It is unclear what, if any, actions will be taken as a result of the report; however, any future laws or regulations stemming from the TLTF could disrupt the Company's leasing practices and cause materially adverse effects on our operations and financial position.

 Available Information

 Our investor site,  includes our annual reports on Form 10-K with accompanying XBRL documents, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q with accompanying XBRL documents, current reports on Form 8-K with accompanying XBRL documents, and amendments to those reports that are filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable once the material is electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

 ITEM 1A.
 RISK FACTORS

 When evaluating our company, the following risks should be considered in conjunction with the other information contained in this Annual Report. If we are unable to mitigate and/or are exposed to any of the following risks in the future, then there could be a material, adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

 Our risks are grouped into the following risk categories:

 Strategic
 Operational
 Compliance
 Financial

 *Industry and Competition
 *Company Growth
 *Trucking Industry Regulation
 *Capital Requirements

 *Market Changes
 *Customers
 *Internal Controls
 *Debt

 *Macroeconomic Changes
 *Vendors and Suppliers
 *Environmental Regulation
 *Goodwill and Intangibles

 *International Operations
 *Insurance
 *Labor Regulation
 *Investments

 *Mergers and Acquisitions
 *Employees and Contractors
 *ESG
 *Taxation

 *Systems and Cybersecurity
 *Dividend Policy

 *Public Health

 *Climate Change

 Strategic Risk

 Our business is subject to economic, credit, business, and regulatory factors that are largely beyond our control, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
 The full truckload, LTL, intermodal, and brokerage industries are highly cyclical, and our business is dependent on a number of factors that may have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, many of which are beyond our control. In the pursuit of our goal of building a nationwide in-house LTL network, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully add new markets or terminals, or whether such markets and terminals will be profitable. Expansion of our LTL network could disrupt our existing operations, distract management as they seek to improve operations from the expansion, incur additional costs as we work to make new locations operational, and increase the risks associated with our LTL operations if such expansion is detrimental to our profitability, service levels, or operations.
 Economic conditions that decrease shipping demand or increase the supply of available tractors and trailers can exert downward pressure on rates and equipment utilization, thereby decreasing asset productivity. The risks associated with these factors are heightened when the US economy is weakened. During such times, we may experience a reduction in overall freight levels and freight patterns may change as supply chains are redesigned, resulting in an imbalance between our capacity and our customers' freight demands. Unfavorable market and economic conditions such as weakened freight demand and inflation have had a materially adverse impact on our results of operations in the past, and the occurrence or continuance thereof could have similar impacts in the future.
 We cannot predict future economic conditions, fuel price fluctuations, cost increases, revenue equipment resale values, or how consumer confidence, macroeconomic conditions, or production capabilities, could be affected by armed conflicts or terrorist attacks, government efforts to combat terrorism, military action against or from a foreign state or group located in a foreign state, or heightened security requirements. Enhanced security measures in connection with such events could impair our operating efficiency and productivity and result in higher operating costs. In addition, the Trump administration has stated its intention to impose new or increased tariff rates on imported goods from a number of countries, including China, Canada, Mexico, and the EU. Such trade policies and tariff implementations, and any related retaliatory trade policies and tariff implementations by foreign government may result in decreased shipping volumes, increased equipment and fuel costs, and could have an adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations.
 We operate in a highly competitive and fragmented industry, and numerous competitive factors could limit growth opportunities and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
 We operate in a highly competitive industry. The following factors could limit our growth opportunities and have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations:
 • many of our competitors periodically reduce their freight rates to gain business, especially during times of reduced growth rates in the economy, which may limit our ability to maintain or increase freight rates or maintain or grow profitability of our business;

 • some of our customers operate their own private trucking fleets and they may decide to transport more of their own freight;
 • competition from non-asset-based and other logistics and freight brokerage companies, or LTL providers with a nationwide network, may adversely affect our customer relationships and freight rates;
 • advances in technology may require us to increase investments in order to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher freight rates to cover the cost of these investments; and
 • our brand names are valuable assets that are subject to the risk of adverse publicity (whether or not justified), which could result in the loss of value attributable to our brand and reduced demand for our services.
 Increased prices for new revenue equipment, design changes of new engines, decreased availability of new revenue equipment, future use of autonomous trucks, and the failure of manufacturers to meet their sale or trade-back obligations to us could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and profitability.
 We are subject to risk with respect to higher prices for new equipment for our full truckload and LTL operations. We have experienced an increase in prices for new tractors and trailers in recent periods, and the resale value of the tractors and trailers has not increased to the same extent. Increased regulation has increased the cost of our new tractors and could impair equipment productivity, in some cases, resulting in lower fuel mileage, and increasing our operating expenses. Future use of autonomous and alternative fuel tractors could increase the price of new tractors and decrease the value of used, non-autonomous tractors. We expect equipment prices to continue to rise for the foreseeable future.
 Tractor and trailer vendors may reduce their manufacturing output in response to lower demand for their products in economic downturns or shortages of component parts. Lower output from manufacturers could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to purchase or take possession of a quantity of new revenue equipment that is sufficient to sustain our desired growth rate and to maintain a late-model fleet. Tractor and trailer manufacturers have experienced periodic shortages of certain components and supplies, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, including semiconductor chips, forcing some manufacturers to curtail or suspend their production, which led to a lower supply of tractors and trailers and higher prices. An inability to obtain an adequate supply of new tractors or trailers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, particularly our maintenance expense, the length of our trade cycle, and driver retention.
 We have certain revenue equipment leases and financing arrangements with balloon payments at the end of the lease term similar to the residual value we are contracted to receive from certain equipment manufacturers upon sale or trade back to the manufacturers. If we do not purchase new equipment that triggers the trade-back obligation, or the equipment manufacturers do not pay the contracted value at the end of the lease term, we could be exposed to losses if and to the extent the balloon payment owed to the lease or finance company exceeds the proceeds from selling the equipment on the open market.
 We have trade-in and repurchase commitments that specify, among other things, what our primary equipment vendors will pay us for disposal of a substantial portion of our revenue equipment. The prices we expect to receive under these arrangements may be higher than the prices we would receive in the open market. We may suffer a financial loss upon disposition of our equipment if these vendors refuse or are unable to meet their financial obligations under these agreements.
 Declines in demand for our used revenue equipment could result in decreased equipment sales, resale values, and gains on sales of assets.
 We are sensitive to the used equipment market and fluctuations in prices and demand for tractors and trailers. The market for used equipment is affected by several factors, including the demand for freight, the supply of new and used equipment, the availability and terms of financing, the presence of buyers for export to foreign countries, and commodity prices for scrap metal. Declines in demand for the used equipment we sell could result in diminished sales volumes or lower used equipment sales prices, either of which could negatively affect our gains on sales of assets. We have seen a softening of the used equipment market recently, which has led to lower gain on sale in recent quarters.

 If fuel prices increase significantly or fuel availability becomes scarce, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Our full truckload and LTL operations are dependent upon diesel fuel, and accordingly, significant increases in diesel fuel costs or decreases in availability of fuel could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition if we are unable to pass increased costs on to customers through rate increases or fuel surcharges.
 The price and availability of diesel fuel are subject to fluctuations due to changes in the level of global oil production, seasonality, weather, global politics, tariffs, and other market factors. Fuel is subject to regional pricing differences and often costs more on the West Coast and in the Northeast, where we have significant operations. While we use a fuel surcharge program to recapture a portion of the increases in fuel prices it does not protect us against the full effect of increases in fuel prices. Because our fuel surcharge recovery lags behind changes in fuel prices our fuel surcharge recovery may not capture the increased costs we pay for fuel, especially when prices are rising. Our results of operations would be negatively affected and more volatile to the extent we cannot recover higher fuel costs or fail to improve our fuel price protection through our fuel surcharge program. Any widespread or long-term shortage or rationing of diesel fuel could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
 Global conflicts could adversely impact our business and financial results.
 Although we do not have any direct operations in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Middle East, China, or Taiwan, we may be affected by the broader consequences of such conflicts or their expansion to other areas or countries or similar conflicts elsewhere, such as increased inflation, supply chain issues, including shortages of new revenue equipment, access to parts for our revenue equipment, embargoes, tariffs, geopolitical shift, access to or increased prices for diesel fuel, higher energy prices, potential retaliatory action by foreign governments, including cyber-attacks, and the extent of an armed conflict's effect on the global economy. The magnitude of these risks cannot be predicted, including the extent to which the conflict may heighten other risks disclosed herein. Ultimately, these or other factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
 We are subject to certain risks arising from doing business in Mexico.
 We have operations in Mexico, which subjects us to general international business risks, including:
 • foreign currency fluctuation;
 • changes in Mexico's economic strength;
 • disruptions related to port of entry restrictions;
 • difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations and intellectual property rights;
 • burdens of complying with a wide variety of international and US export, import, business procurement, transparency, and corruption laws, including the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;
 • changes in trade agreements, US-Mexico trade relations, or the imposition of tariffs on imports from Mexico and related retaliatory tariffs that may be imposed by the Mexican government;
 • theft or vandalism of our revenue equipment; and
 • social, political, and economic instability.
 We may not make acquisitions in the future, or if we do, we may not be successful in our acquisition strategy.
 Historically, acquisitions have been a part of our growth strategy. There is no assurance that we will be successful in identifying, negotiating, or consummating any future acquisitions. If we do not make any future acquisitions, our growth rate could be materially and adversely affected. Any future acquisitions we undertake could involve issuing dilutive equity securities or incurring indebtedness, the terms of which may be less favorable to us than anticipated. In addition, acquisitions (including our recent acquisition of U.S. Xpress and DHE) involve numerous risks, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations, including:
 • the acquired company may not achieve anticipated revenue, earnings, or cash flow;
 • we may assume liabilities beyond our estimates or what was disclosed to us;
 • we may be unable to successfully assimilate or integrate the acquired company's operations or assets into our business and realize the anticipated economic, operational, and other benefits in a timely manner, which could result in substantial costs and delays or other operational, technical, or financial problems;

 • transaction costs and acquisition-related integration costs could adversely affect our results of operations in the period in which such costs are recorded;
 • the potential for deficiencies in internal controls at the acquired business, as well as implementing our own management information systems, operating systems and internal controls for the acquired operations;
 • the timing and impact of purchase accounting adjustments;
 • diverting our management's attention from other business concerns;
 • risks of entering into new markets or business offerings in which we have had no or only limited prior experience; and
 • the potential loss of customers, key employees, or driving associates of the acquired company.

 Operational Risk

 We may not grow substantially in the future and we may not be successful in sustaining or improving our profitability.
 There is no assurance that in the future, our business will grow substantially or without volatility, nor can we assure you that we will be able to effectively adapt our management, administrative, and operational systems to respond to any future growth. Our operating margins may be adversely affected by future changes in and expansion of our business or by changes in economic conditions and we may not be able to sustain or improve our profitability in the future.
 Furthermore, the continued progression and development of new business offerings are subject to risks, including, but not limited to:
 • initial unfamiliarity with pricing, service, operational, and liability issues;
 • the potential need for additional capital, including for terminals and equipment;
 • customer relationships may be difficult to obtain or retain, or we may have to reduce rates to gain and develop customer relationships;
 • specialized equipment and information and management systems technology may not be adequately utilized;
 • insurance and claims may exceed our past experience or estimations; and
 • we may be unable to recruit and retain qualified personnel and management with requisite experience or knowledge of developing service offerings.
 We derive a significant portion of our revenues from our major customers, the loss of one or more of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.
 A significant portion of our operating revenue is generated from a number of major customers, the loss of one or more of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business. Refer to Part I, Item 1, "Business" for information regarding our customer concentrations. Aside from our dedicated operations, we generally do not have long-term contractual relationships, rate agreements, or minimum volume guarantees with our customers. There is no assurance any of our customers will continue to utilize our services, renew our existing contracts, continue at the same volume levels, or not seek to modify terms of existing contracts, including rates. A reduction in or termination of our services by one or more of our major customers could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 Retail and discount retail customers account for a substantial portion of our freight. Accordingly, our results may be more susceptible to trends in unemployment and retail sales than carriers that do not have this concentration.
 In addition, our customers' financial difficulties could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition, especially if these customers were to delay or default on payments to us. For our multi-year and dedicated contracts, the rates we charge may not remain advantageous. Further, despite the existence of contractual arrangements, certain of our customers may nonetheless engage in competitive bidding processes that could negatively impact our contractual relationship.

 We depend on third-party capacity providers, and service instability from these transportation providers could increase our operating costs and reduce our ability to offer intermodal and brokerage services, which could adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, and customer relationships.
 Our intermodal operations use railroads and some third-party drayage carriers to transport freight for our customers, and intermodal dependence on railroads could increase if we expand our intermodal services. In certain markets, rail service is limited to a few railroads or even a single railroad. Intermodal providers have experienced poor service from providers of rail-based services in the past. Our ability to provide intermodal services in certain traffic lanes would be reduced or eliminated if the railroads' services became unstable. Railroads could reduce their services in the future for various reasons, which may include work stoppages, insufficient network capacity, adverse weather conditions, accidents, or other factors, which could increase the cost of the rail-based services we provide, could create cargo claims, and could reduce the reliability, timeliness, efficiency, and overall attractiveness of our rail-based intermodal services.
 Our intermodal operations have been negatively impacted by labor difficulties in recent periods. Although labor challenges in the rail industry have softened, the future threat or occurrence of a work stoppage, strike, or other labor disruption among rail employees could significantly reduce or even halt operating capacity of our intermodal operations, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, price increases could result in higher costs to us, which we may be unable to pass on to our customers and could result in the reduction or elimination of our ability to offer intermodal services. In addition, we may not be able to negotiate additional contracts with railroads to expand our capacity, add additional routes, obtain multiple providers, or obtain railroad services at current cost levels, any of which could limit our ability to provide this service.
 Our logistics operations are dependent upon the services of third-party capacity providers, including other truckload and LTL capacity providers. These third-party providers may seek other freight opportunities and may require increased compensation in times of improved freight demand or tight full truckload and LTL capacity. Most of our third-party capacity provider transportation services contracts are cancelable on 30 days' notice or less. If we are unable to secure the services of these third parties, or if we become subject to increases in the prices we must pay to secure such services, and we are not able to obtain corresponding customer rate increases, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
 Insurance and claims expenses could significantly reduce our earnings.
 Our future insurance and claims expense might exceed historical levels, which could reduce our earnings. We self-insure, or insure through our captive insurance companies, a significant portion of our claims exposure. For a detailed discussion of our self-insurance programs, including self-insurance retention limits, please refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. Higher self-insured retention levels may increase the impact of auto liability occurrences on our results of operations. We reserve for anticipated losses and expenses and periodically evaluate and adjust our claims reserves to reflect our experience. Estimating the number and severity of claims, as well as related judgment or settlement amounts, is inherently difficult, and claims may ultimately prove to be more severe than our estimates. This, along with legal expenses, incurred but not reported claims, and other uncertainties can cause unfavorable differences between actual self-insurance costs and our reserve estimates. Accordingly, ultimate results may differ materially from our estimates, which could result in losses over our reserved amounts and could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Although we believe our aggregate insurance limits should be sufficient to cover reasonably expected claims, it is possible that the amount of one or more claims could exceed our aggregate coverage limits. If any claim were to exceed our coverage, we would bear the excess, in addition to our self-insured amounts. Furthermore, insurance carriers have raised premiums for many businesses, including transportation companies.
 In addition, rising healthcare costs could negatively impact financial results or force us to make changes to existing benefit programs, which could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain employees.

 Insuring risk through our captive insurance companies could adversely impact our operations.
 We insure certain affiliated risks through our captive insurance company, Mohave, and through our risk retention group, Red Rock. Additionally, Mohave provides reinsurance to third-party insurance companies who provide insurance coverage for independent contractors, as well as affiliated carriers through the first quarter of 2024. Based on results of operations of this business, including the continued unfavorable development of insurance reserves, the Company ceased all third-party insurance operations and canceled any remaining policies as of March 31, 2024.
 Red Rock insures a share of our automobile liability risk. The insurance and reinsurance markets are subject to market pressures. Our captive insurance companies' access to the reinsurance markets may be restricted or involve the retention of additional risk, which could expose us to volatility in claims expenses.
 Our captive insurance companies are regulated by state authorities. State regulations generally provide protection to policy holders, rather than stockholders. These regulations may increase our costs of regulatory compliance, limit our ability to change premiums, restrict our ability to access cash held in our captive insurance companies, and otherwise impede our ability to take actions we deem advisable.
 In the future, we may continue to insure our automobile liability risk through our captive insurance subsidiaries, which will cause increases in the required amount of our restricted cash or other collateral, such as letters of credit. Significant increases in the amount of collateral required by third-party insurance carriers and regulators would reduce our liquidity.
 If we are unable to recruit, develop, and retain our key employees, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We are highly dependent upon the services of certain key employees and we believe their valuable knowledge about the transportation industry and relationships with our key customers and vendors would be difficult to replicate. We currently do not have employment agreements with our key employees, and the loss of any of their services or inadequate succession planning could negatively impact our operations and future profitability.
 Difficulties attracting and retaining qualified driving associates or increases in driving associate compensation could have a materially adverse effect on our profitability and the ability to maintain or grow our fleet.
 Difficulty in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of qualified driving associates, independent contractors, and third-party capacity providers could have a materially adverse effect on our growth and profitability. The truckload and LTL transportation industries are subject to a shortage of qualified driving associates. Such shortage is exacerbated during periods of economic expansion, in which there may be alternative employment opportunities, or during periods of economic downturns, in which unemployment benefits might be extended and financing is limited for independent contractors who seek to purchase equipment or for students who seek financial aid for driving school. Furthermore, capacity at driving schools may be limited by future outbreaks of contagious diseases and any governmental imposed lockdown or other attempts to reduce the spread of such an outbreak may reduce the pool of potential drivers available to us. Regulatory requirements could further reduce the number of eligible driving associates. We believe our employee screening process, which includes background checks and hair follicle drug testing, is more rigorous than generally employed in our industry and has decreased the pool of qualified applicants available to us. Our inability to engage a sufficient number of driving associates and independent contractors may negatively affect our operations.
 In addition, we suffer from a high turnover rate of driving associates and independent contractors. This high turnover rate requires us to spend significant resources on recruiting and retention.
 Further, our driving associate compensation and independent contractor expenses are subject to market conditions and we may find it necessary to increase driving associate and independent contractor contracted rates in future periods.

 Our leasing arrangements with independent contractors expose us to risks that we do not face with our company driving associates.
 Our financing subsidiaries offer financing to some of the independent contractors we contract with to purchase or lease tractors from us. If these independent contractors default or experience a lease termination in conjunction with these agreements and we cannot replace them, we may incur losses on amounts owed to us. Also, if liquidity constraints or other restrictions prevent us from providing financing to the independent contractors we contract with in the future, then we could experience a shortage of independent contractors.
 Our lease contracts with independent contractors are governed by federal leasing regulations, which impose specific requirements on us and the independent contractors. In the past, we have been the subject of lawsuits, alleging violations of lease agreements or failure to follow the contractual terms, some of which resulted in adverse decisions against the Company. We could be subjected to similar lawsuits and decisions in the future, which if determined adversely to us, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
 "Other Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, discusses how we could be affected by changes in law or regulations regarding our leasing arrangements with independent contractors.
 We have operations and business lines in ancillary areas that may increase risk or impair our financial position.
 We have from time to time expanded our business lines into ancillary areas, such as support services provided to our customers and third-party carriers, including insurance coverage, equipment maintenance, equipment leasing, warehousing, trailer parts manufacturing, and warranty services. We may incur significant costs in the development and refinement of these business lines, some of which may be outside of our core competency. In addition, the development and expansion of these areas may result in us incurring unanticipated costs to effectively support the new business lines, the potential for disruption to our core business, the distraction of management, the inability to effectively compete with competitors in the areas of our new lines of business, and the potential that we may need to discontinue operations or business lines and incur significant related costs. We cannot guarantee that these businesses or strategies will be successful and any of these businesses or strategies may not achieve the anticipated financial results and could have an adverse effect on volatility, our business, financial condition and operating results. We may decide to divest of business lines, which may involve significant challenges and risks, costs, and disruptions, and may result in ongoing financial or legal involvement in the divested business through indemnification, retained liabilities, or other financial arrangements, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 We are dependent on management information and communications systems and other information technology assets (including the data contained therein), and a significant systems disruption or failure in the foregoing, including those caused by cybersecurity breaches, whether internally or with third parties, could adversely affect our business.
 Our business depends on the efficient, stable, and uninterrupted operation of our management information and communications systems and other information technology assets (including the data contained therein). Our management information and communication systems are used in various aspects of our business, including accepting and planning loads, dispatching equipment and drivers, billing and collecting for our services, and producing financial statements. If any of our critical information or communications systems fail or become unavailable, it could temporarily affect the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations. Our operations and those of our providers are vulnerable to interruption by natural disasters, such as fires, storms, and floods, which may increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. We and our service providers are also vulnerable to interruption by power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks on websites, terrorist attacks, internet failures, and other events beyond our control. More sophisticated and frequent cyber-attacks in recent years have increased security risks associated with information technology systems. The expansion of remote and flexible work arrangements, including those available to our employees, has introduced additional cybersecurity risks, including heightened exposure to phishing and social engineering attacks, potential unauthorized access to sensitive information due to remote access vulnerabilities, and increased compliance considerations. The use of personal devices and videoconferencing applications in remote work environments may further contribute to these risks, potentially increasing the exposure to data breaches or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. Our business and operations could be adversely affected in the event of a system failure, disruption, or security breach that causes a delay, interruption, or impairment of our services and operations. Although we carry insurance to help protect us from losses due to an interruption of our systems, there is no

 guarantee such an interruption will fall within the coverage limits of our insurance. Any such failure, inability to upgrade or update, disruption, or security breach (including cyberattacks) related to our systems and technological assets may also impact third-parties upon which we rely in our business, and could hinder our services or such third-parties, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.
 We receive and transmit confidential data in the normal course of business. Despite our implementation of safeguards, our information and communication systems are vulnerable to disruption, unauthorized access and viewing, misappropriation, altering, or deleting of information. A security breach could damage our business operations and reputation and could cause us to incur costs associated with repairing our systems, increased security, customer notifications, lost operating revenue, litigation, regulatory action, and reputational damage. Further, data privacy laws may result in increased liability and compliance and monitoring costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and business operations.
 In addition, the adoption of artificial intelligence ("AI") and other emerging technologies may become significant to operating results in the future, including in areas such as brokerage, pickup and delivery appointments, and other areas where automation is possible. While AI and other technologies may offer substantial benefits, they may also introduce additional risk, including those relating to errors or inaccuracies in work product developed through the use of AI and privacy, intellectual property, and legal and regulatory risks. If we are unable to successfully implement and utilize such emerging technologies as effectively and as quickly as competitors, our results of operation may be negatively affected.
 The impact of climate change, weather, and other catastrophic events and seasonality could have a materially adverse effect on our infrastructure, results of operations and profitability or make our results of operations and profitability more volatile.
 The potential physical effects of climate change, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, fires, fog, mist, freezing conditions, sea-level rise and other climate-related events, could cause loss or damage to our equipment or properties, deteriorate or destroy the infrastructure upon which we rely, increase the likelihood of accidents, disrupt fuel supplies, and/or increase our claim liabilities and our cost or ability to obtain insurance coverage, any of which could impair our operations and financial position. Operational impacts, such as the delay or difficult in delivering freight, could result in loss of revenue, decrease the demand for our services, and harm our reputation. In addition, certain warehouses and loading docks that we frequently utilize and certain of our terminals are in locations susceptible to the impacts of storm-related flooding and sea-level rise, which could result in additional costs and loss of revenue. We could incur significant costs to improve the climate resiliency of our equipment and properties and otherwise prepare for, respond to, and mitigate such physical effects of climate change. We are not able to accurately predict the materiality of any potential losses or costs associated with the physical effects of climate change.
 "Seasonality" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, discusses in detail how seasonality could impact our operations.
 The effects of a widespread outbreak of an illness or disease, or any other public health crisis, as well as regulatory measures implemented in response to such events, could negatively impact the health and safety of our workforce and/or adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
 We face a wide variety of risks related to public health crises, epidemics, pandemics or similar events, such as COVID-19. If a new health epidemic or outbreak were to occur, we could experience broad and varied impacts similar to the impact of COVID-19, including adverse impacts to our workforce, our operations, and financial impacts, such as increased costs, tightening of credit markets, market volatility, equipment shortages, and a weakened freight environment. If any of these were to occur, our operations, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

 Compliance Risk

 We operate in a highly regulated industry, and changes in existing regulations or violations of existing or future regulations could have a materially adverse effect on our operations and profitability.
 We, our drivers, and our equipment are regulated by various federal and state agencies in the states, provinces, and countries in which we operate. Future laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations may be more stringent, require changes in our operating practices, influence the demand for transportation services, or require us to incur significant additional costs, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 "Industry Regulation" and "Other Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, discusses in detail regulations related to our business that could materially impact our business, financial condition, and operations.
 Receipt of an unfavorable DOT safety rating or an unfavorable ranking under the CSA program could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and operations.
 If we, or one of our subsidiaries, received a conditional or unsatisfactory DOT safety rating or an unfavorable ranking under the CSA program, it could lead to increased risk of liability, increased insurance, maintenance and equipment costs, and potential loss of customers, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 "Industry Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, provides discussion of the DOT safety rating system and the CSA program.
 Ineffective internal controls could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and our reputation.
 Our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, failure or interruption of information technology systems, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, including with the implementation of our internal controls in acquired companies, our business and operating results could be harmed and we could fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which also could have a negative impact on our reputation.
 Compliance with various environmental laws and regulations to which our operations are subject may increase our costs of operations, and non-compliance with such laws and regulations could result in substantial fines or penalties.
 We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations. We have instituted programs to monitor and control environmental risks and promote compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations; however, in the event of any of the following, we could be subject to clean-up costs and liabilities, including substantial fines or penalties or civil and criminal liability, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations:
 • we are involved in a spill or other accident involving hazardous substances;
 • there are releases of hazardous substances we transport;
 • soil or groundwater contamination is found at our facilities or results from our operations; and
 • we are found to be in violation of or fail to comply with applicable environmental laws or regulations.
 Certain of our terminals are located on or near environmental Superfund sites designated by the EPA and/or state environmental authorities. We have not been identified as a potentially responsible party with regard to any such site. Nevertheless, we could be deemed responsible for clean-up costs.
 In addition, tractors and trailers used in our full truckload and LTL operations are affected by laws and regulations related to air emissions and fuel efficiency. Governmental agencies continue to enact more stringent laws and regulations to reduce engine emissions. These laws and regulations are applicable to engines used in our revenue equipment. We have incurred and continue to incur costs related to the implementation of these more rigorous laws and regulations. Additionally, in certain locations governments have banned or may in the future ban internal combustion engines for some types of vehicles. To the extent these bans affect our revenue equipment, we may be

 forced to incur substantial expense to retrofit existing engines or make capital expenditures to update our fleet. As a result, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be negatively affected.
 As the environmental laws and regulations to which we are subject become more stringent, and may become further restrictive given concerns over climate change, we may experience increased costs related to compliance, and if such laws and regulations take effect faster than we anticipate or are prepared for, we may experience difficulty complying. In addition, certain environmental laws and regulations may require us to disclose certain metrics or other data related to our operations that have historically been confidential, or impose additional environmental monitoring or reporting requirements. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in fines or penalties, a decrease in productivity, and other constraints that could impair our financial and operational position and have a negative impact on our stock price and reputation. "Environmental Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, provides a discussion of the environmental laws and regulations applicable to our business and operations.
 Developments in labor and employment law and any unionizing efforts by employees could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Although our only collective bargaining agreement exists at our Mexican subsidiary, we always face the risk that our employees will try to unionize. If we entered into a collective bargaining agreement with our domestic employees, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, customer retention, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity, and could cause significant disruption of, or inefficiencies in, our operations, because:
 • restrictive work rules could hamper our ability to improve or sustain operating efficiency or could impair our service reputation and limit our ability to provide certain services;
 • a strike or work stoppage could negatively impact our profitability and could damage customer and employee relationships;
 • shippers may limit their use of unionized companies because of the threat of strikes and other work stoppages;
 • unionization of any of our operations could lead to pressure on our LTL and full truckload employees to unionize;
 • collective agreements could result in material increases in wages and benefits; and
 • an election and bargaining process could divert management's time and attention from our overall objectives and impose significant expenses.
 If the independent contractors we contract with were ever re-classified as employees, the magnitude of this risk would increase. "Industry Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, provides discussion of labor and employment laws applicable to our business and operations.
 If our independent contractors are deemed by regulators or the judicial process to be employees, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Tax and other regulatory authorities, as well as independent contractors themselves, have increasingly asserted that independent contractors in the trucking industry are employees rather than independent contractors. Carriers such as us that operate or have operated lease-purchase programs have been more susceptible to lawsuits seeking to reclassify independent contractors that have engaged in such programs. We have been subject to litigation relating to such matters in the past and continue to be at risk moving forward. If the independent contractors we engage were determined to be our employees, we would incur additional exposure under federal and state tax, workers' compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, employment, insurance, discrimination, and tort laws, including for prior periods, as well as potential liability for employee benefits and tax withholdings. Furthermore, if independent contractors were deemed employees, then certain of our third-party revenue sources, including shop and insurance margins, would be eliminated. "Industry Regulation" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, provides discussion of legislation regarding independent contractors.
 Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 The nature of our business exposes us to the potential for various claims and litigation, including class-action litigation and other legal proceedings related to personal injury, labor and employment, property damage, cargo claims, safety and contract compliance, environmental liability, and other matters, and we have been subject to litigation regarding these matters in the past. The number and severity of litigation claims may be worsened by various factors, including, among others, weather and distracted driving by both truck drivers and other motorists.

 These legal proceedings have resulted, and may result in the future, in the payment of substantial settlements or damages and increases in our insurance costs.
 Recently, trucking companies, including us, have been subject to lawsuits, including class action lawsuits, alleging violations of various federal and state wage and hour laws regarding, among other things, employee meal breaks, rest periods, overtime eligibility, and failure to pay for all hours worked. A number of these lawsuits have resulted in the payment of substantial settlements or damages by the defendants.
 The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. We establish reserves based on our assessment of known legal matters and contingencies. New legal claims, or subsequent developments related to known claims, may affect our assessment and estimates of our recorded legal reserves and may require us to make payments in excess of our reserves. The cost to defend litigation may also be significant. Because of the potential expenses and uncertainties associated with litigation, we may from time to time settle disputes, even where we believe we have a meritorious position. Further, not all claims are covered by our insurance, and there can be no assurance that our coverage limits will be adequate to cover all amounts in dispute. To the extent we experience claims that are uninsured, exceed our coverage limits, involve significant aggregate use of our self-insured retention amounts, or cause increases in future premiums, the resulting expenses could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows, and our involvement in legal proceedings could negatively impact our business reputation and our relationship with our customers, suppliers, employees, and stockholders.
 Changes to trade regulation, quotas, duties or tariffs, caused by the changing US and geopolitical environments or otherwise, may increase our costs and adversely affect our business.
 Recently, the Trump administration has stated its intention to impose new or increased tariff rates on imported goods from a number of countries, including China, Canada, Mexico, and the E.U. The imposition of additional tariffs or quotas or changes to certain trade agreements, or retaliatory trade policies could, among other things, increase the costs of the materials used by our suppliers to produce new revenue equipment, limit the availability of new revenue equipment, or increase the price of fuel. Such cost increases for our revenue equipment suppliers would likely be passed on to us, and to the extent fuel prices increase, we may not be able to fully recover such increases through rate increases or our fuel surcharge program, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business.
 Increasing attention on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters may have a negative impact on our business, impose additional costs on us, and expose us to additional risks.
 Our implementation reporting on ESG matters present numerous operational, financial, legal, reputational and other risks, many of which are outside of our control, and all of which could have a material negative impact on our business. Companies have recently faced attention from stakeholders relating to ESG matters, including environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and diversity and inclusion. Failure to satisfy our stakeholders with regard to ESG matters could negatively impact our reputation, our ability to attract or retain employees, and our attractiveness as an investment and business partner. Organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment toward the Company, which could have a negative impact on our stock price. Further, the Trump administration's initiatives surrounding ESG matters may be inconsistent with stakeholder positions on ESG matters, and we may experience conflicts between actual or proposed governmental regulations and stakeholder expectations, which could negatively impact investor sentiment or expose us to government investigation or enforcement actions.

 Financial Risk

 We have significant ongoing capital requirements that could affect our profitability if our capital investments do not match customer demand, we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, or we are unable to obtain financing on favorable terms.
 Our full truckload and LTL operations are capital intensive, and our policy of operating newer equipment requires us to expend significant amounts on capital annually. If anticipated demand differs materially from actual usage, our capital intensive full truckload and LTL operations may have too many or too few assets. Continued growth of our LTL network has increased and will continue to increase our capital requirements for real estate associated with LTL operations. During periods of decreased customer demand, our asset utilization may suffer, and we may be forced to sell equipment on the open market or turn in equipment under certain equipment leases in order to right-size our fleet. This could cause us to incur losses on such sales or require payments in connection with such turn-ins, particularly during times of a softer used equipment market, either of which could have a materially adverse effect on our profitability.
 In the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, maintain compliance with financial and other covenants in our financing agreements, or obtain equity capital or financing on favorable terms in the future, we may have to limit our fleet size, enter into less favorable financing, or operate our revenue equipment for longer periods, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our operations and profitability.
 If credit markets weaken, it may be difficult for us to access our current sources of credit and may be difficult for our lenders to find the capital to fund us. We may need to incur additional debt, or issue debt or equity securities in the future, to refinance existing debt, fund working capital requirements, make investments, or support other business activities. Declines in consumer confidence, decreases in domestic spending, economic contractions, rating agency actions, and other trends in the credit market may impair our future ability to secure financing on satisfactory terms, or at all.
 In the future, we may need to obtain additional financing that may not be available or, if it is available, may result in a reduction in the percentage ownership of our then-existing stockholders.
 We may need to raise additional funds in order to:
 • finance unanticipated working capital requirements, capital investments, or refinance existing indebtedness;
 • develop or enhance our technological infrastructure and our existing products and services;
 • fund strategic relationships;
 • respond to competitive pressures; and
 • acquire complementary businesses, technologies, products, or services.
 If the economy and/or the credit markets weaken, or we are unable to enter into finance or operating leases to acquire revenue equipment on terms favorable to us, our business, financial results, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected, especially if consumer confidence declines and domestic spending decreases. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, our ability to fund our strategic initiatives, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance technology or services, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our then-existing stockholders may be reduced, and holders of these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our then-existing stockholders. Volatility to equity markets could also impair our financial position in general terms and our ability to effectively capitalize on potential merger and acquisition opportunities.
 In the event of an economic downturn or disruption in the credit markets, our indebtedness could place us at a competitive disadvantage in terms of our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations compared to our competitors that are less leveraged.
 This could have negative consequences that include:
 • increased vulnerability to adverse economic, industry, or competitive developments;
 • cash flows from operations that are committed to payment of principal and interest, thereby reducing our ability to use cash for our operations, capital expenditures, and future business opportunities;

 • increased interest rates that would affect our variable rate debt or our ability to utilize appropriate leverage in general;
 • potential noncompliance with financial covenants, borrowing conditions, and other debt obligations (where applicable);
 • lack of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, debt service requirements, and general corporate or other purposes;
 • limits on our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business, market conditions, or in the economy; and
 • undertaking cost-saving measures that adversely impact our ability to grow and our long-term financial position.
 Our debt agreements contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.
 As detailed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, we must comply with various affirmative, negative, and financial covenants. A breach of any of these covenants could result in default or (when applicable) cross-default. Upon default under our primary credit facility, the lenders could elect to declare all outstanding amounts to be immediately due and payable, as well as terminate all commitments to extend further credit. Such actions by those lenders could cause cross-defaults with our other debt agreements. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders could use any collateral granted to satisfy all or part of the debt owed to them. If the lenders accelerated our debt repayments, we might not have sufficient assets to repay all amounts borrowed.
 In addition, we have other financing that includes certain affirmative and negative covenants and cross-default provisions. Failure to comply with these covenants and provisions may jeopardize our ability to continue to sell receivables under the facility and could negatively impact our liquidity.
 Our debt agreements contain variable rate debt that could affect our financial results should interest rates rise.
 We are subject to exposure from variable interest rates, as described in Item 7A of this Annual Report.
 We could determine that our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles are impaired, thus recognizing a related impairment loss.
 We have goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet, which have increased since our U.S. Xpress and DHE acquisitions. Given our history of acquisitions and growth objectives, our goodwill and intangible assets could grow. We periodically evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. We could recognize impairments in the future, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets. If these events occur, our profitability and financial condition will suffer.
 If our investments in entities are not successful or decrease in market value, we may be required to write off or lose the value of a portion or all of our investments, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Through one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have directly or indirectly invested in certain entities that make privately negotiated equity investments. In the past, the Company has recorded impairment charges to reflect the other-than-temporary decreases in the fair value of its portfolio. If the financial position of any such entity declines, we could be required to write down all or part of our investment in that entity, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Changes in taxation could lead to an increase of our tax exposure and could affect the Company's financial results.
 Our effective tax rate may be adversely impacted by changes in tax laws in jurisdictions where we operate. President Trump has indicated a desire to amend the federal tax laws. Until any changes are passed into law we will not know if such changes, if any, will have a materially adverse effect on our financial results and financial position. At December 31, 2024, the Company has a deferred tax liability of $919.8 million. The amount of deferred tax liability is determined by using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities are expected to reverse. Our net current tax liability has been determined based on the currently enacted rate of 21%. If the current rate were to change due to legislation, it would have an immediate revaluation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities in the year of enactment.

 We may change our dividend policy at any time.
 We have historically paid quarterly dividends to holders of our common stock. Although we expect to continue to pay dividends to holders of our common stock, the declaration and amount of any future dividends is subject to approval of our Board and various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, our cash flow and cash needs, compliance with applicable law, restrictions on the payment of dividends under existing or future financing arrangements, changes in tax laws relating to corporate dividends, and deterioration in our financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, our dividend policy may change at any time without notice, and our Board may determine to terminate payment of dividends, or reduce the amount or frequency of dividend payments, and we may not pay dividends at our historical rates or at all.

 ITEM 1B.
 UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 None.

 ITEM 1C.
 CYBERSECURITY

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 Risk Management Strategy
 While no organization can eliminate cybersecurity risk entirely, we devote significant resources to our cybersecurity strategy that we believe is reasonably designed to mitigate our cybersecurity and information technology risk. These efforts are designed to protect against, and mitigate the effects of, among other things, cybersecurity incidents where unauthorized parties attempt to access confidential, sensitive, or personal information; potentially hold such information for ransom; destroy data; disrupt or delay our operations or systems; or otherwise cause harm to the Company, our customers, employees, vendors, or other key stakeholders.
 Process — We use a multi-layered defensive cybersecurity strategy based on best practices to identify risks, protect technology assets, detect anomalies, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents. Our processes to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats includes the following:
 • Identify - We identify risks from cybersecurity threats by first developing and maintaining an understanding of assets and systems essential to our operations and reputation, as well as assets and systems that could provide value to threat actors. Any attempt by a threat actor is considered a potential risk if a threat actor can use it to reduce the value of an asset, reduce our ability to utilize or otherwise access the value of an asset, or surreptitiously gain or increase their access to an asset or system which would result in decreased information security or a disruption in our operations.
 • Assess - We assess risks from cybersecurity threats by evaluating exposure of our assets to identified cyber risks, as well as potential impacts to our operations or reputation from our inability to access or utilize an asset or system, or a threat actor's ability to gain access to an asset or system. We further evaluate the potential materiality of these risks based on the potential impact to our operations or reputation.
 • Manage - We mitigate risks from cybersecurity threats by applying multiple layers of defense to maximize our continued ability to access or utilize an asset or system and minimize threat actors' ability to gain or increase their access to an asset or system. We prioritize defensive mechanisms, including administrative, physical, and technical controls, according to their relative cost and reduction in risk.
 We further monitor, test, assess, and update these processes, including working with technology partners, government agencies, regulators, law enforcement, industry groups, and peers to implement practices to guard against an evolving cyber threat environment and to ensure we remain compliant with relevant regulatory requirements. We offer cybersecurity training for corporate employees at headquarters and terminal locations, focusing on reducing human risk through anti-phishing and social engineering exercises. We also carry cybersecurity insurance that provides protection against potential losses arising from certain cybersecurity incidents as part of our cybersecurity risk mitigation strategy.
 Integration into our Risk Management Program — Our processes to assess, identify, and manage cybersecurity risks are expressly incorporated into our risk management program, which includes technology as one of the five primary risk categories addressed by our risk program, with cybersecurity risks being one of the three subcategories within the technology risk category. As a result, our risk management leadership team works with the Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and Vice President of Information Technology Security ("VPIT"), which we refer to collectively as "Cybersecurity Leadership," to define the top areas of risk in both the technology and cybersecurity areas, with such risks incorporated into our risk management program. Our risk management leadership team also meets on a quarterly basis with our cross-functional technology risk working group, comprised of leaders across the information technology, operations, internal audit, information security and legal departments, to monitor developments on an ongoing basis in the threat landscape in order to identify and prioritize key cybersecurity threats that may impact the Company.
 Incident Response
 The Company has a dedicated cybersecurity incident response team, overseen by Cybersecurity Leadership, which is responsible for managing and coordinating the Company's cybersecurity incident response plans and efforts. This team also collaborates closely with other teams in identifying, protecting from, detecting, responding to, and recovering from cybersecurity incidents. Cybersecurity incidents that meet certain thresholds are escalated to Cybersecurity Leadership and cross-functional teams on an as-needed basis for support and guidance. Additionally, this team tracks potentially material cybersecurity incidents to help identify and analyze them. The Company's

 cybersecurity incident response team partners with the Company's internal cybersecurity teams as well as with external legal advisors, communication specialists, government agencies, regulators, law enforcement, vendors, and other key stakeholders as appropriate to respond to cybersecurity incidents. The Company maintains a cybersecurity incident response plan to prepare for and respond to cybersecurity incidents. The incident response plan includes standard processes for reporting and escalating cybersecurity incidents to senior management and the Board as appropriate. Additionally, the Company conducts at least one cybersecurity tabletop exercise on an annual basis, where members of a cross-functional team engage in a simulated cybersecurity incident scenario. This preparedness exercise is intended to provide training for the participants and to help the Company assess its processes and capabilities in addressing major cybersecurity incidents.
 Use of Third Parties
 The Company engages cybersecurity consultants, auditors, and other third parties to assess and enhance its cybersecurity practices. These third parties conduct assessments, penetration testing, and risk assessments to identify weaknesses and recommend improvements. Additionally, the Company leverages a number of third-party tools and technologies as part of its efforts to enhance cybersecurity functions. This includes a managed security service provider to augment the Company's dedicated security operations team, an endpoint detection and response system for continuous monitoring, detection, and response capabilities, and a security information and event management solution to automate real-time threat detection, investigation, and prioritization.
 We also rely on third-party service providers to support our business and operations, which may include processing of confidential and other sensitive data. We are committed to continuing to develop and enhance our onboarding and monitoring processes for third-party vendors to ensure alignment with best practices. Despite our efforts, it's important to note our service providers are ultimately responsible to establish and uphold their respective cybersecurity programs. We have limited ability to monitor the cybersecurity practices of our service providers and there can be no assurance that we can prevent or mitigate the risk of any compromise or failure in the information systems, software, networks, or other assets owned or controlled by our service providers. Notwithstanding our efforts to mitigate any such risk, there can be no assurance that the compromise or failure of supplier information systems, technology assets, or cybersecurity programs would not have an adverse effect on the security of our information systems.
 Risks from Material Cybersecurity Threats
 As of the date of this report, the Company has not identified any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably anticipated to have a material effect on the Company. Although the Company has not experienced cybersecurity incidents that are individually, or in the aggregate, material, the Company has experienced cyberattacks in the past, which the Company believes have thus far been mitigated by preventative, detective, and responsive measures put in place by the Company. Further, despite the capabilities, processes, and other security measures we employ that we believe are designed to detect, reduce, and mitigate the risk of cybersecurity incidents, we may not be aware of all vulnerabilities or might not accurately assess the risks of incidents, and such preventative measures cannot provide absolute security and may not be sufficient in all circumstances or mitigate all potential risks. Our business and operations could be materially and adversely impacted by cybersecurity incidents. For a detailed discussion of the Company's cybersecurity related risks, refer to "Operational Risk" within Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report.

 Cybersecurity Governance

 Board Oversight
 The Board is responsible for overseeing management's assessments of major risks facing the Company and for reviewing options to mitigate such risks. The Board's oversight of major risks, including cybersecurity risks, occurs at both the full Board level and at the Board committee level through the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
 The Board — The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the CIO, members of senior management, and other personnel and advisors, as requested by the Board, report on the risks to the Company, including cybersecurity risks, at regularly scheduled meetings of the Board and its committees. Based on these reports, the Board requests follow-up data and presentations to address any specific concerns and recommendations. Additionally, the Board committees have opportunities to report regularly to the entire Board and review with the Board any major issues that arise at the committee level, which may include cybersecurity risks.

 Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee — The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, which is comprised entirely of independent directors, reviews with management the Company's technology and cybersecurity frameworks, policies, programs, opportunities, and risk profile both at its regularly scheduled meetings and, if appropriate, in real time. Cybersecurity Leadership, members of the cybersecurity team, or other advisors, as requested by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, report at least quarterly on the Company's technology, data privacy, and cybersecurity strategies and risks. Cybersecurity topics are presented to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee on a quarterly basis and generally highlight any significant cybersecurity incidents, the cyber threat landscape, cybersecurity program enhancements, cybersecurity risks and related mitigation activities, and any other relevant cybersecurity topics. Reporting to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is multi-format and includes both live presentations and memoranda. The Board believes that this regular cadence of reporting helps to provide the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee with an informed understanding of the Company's dynamic cybersecurity program and threat landscape. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee further reviews with management the Company's business continuity and disaster recovery plans and capabilities, including our cybersecurity and business interruption insurance coverages, and the effectiveness of the Company's escalation procedures. Based on these management reports, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may request follow-up data and presentations to address any specific concerns and recommendations. In addition to this regular reporting, significant cybersecurity risks or threats may also be escalated by management on an as needed basis to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may also escalate such issues to the full Board at any time.
 Management's Role
 The Company has a dedicated cybersecurity organization within its technology department that focuses on current and emerging cybersecurity matters. The Company's cybersecurity function is led by Cybersecurity Leadership who are actively involved in assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. They are responsible for implementing cybersecurity policies, programs, procedures, and strategies. The responsibilities and relevant experience of each of the Cybersecurity Leaders are listed below:
 • The CIO provides leadership for the Company's technology department, including responsibility for leading organization-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, and processes. Our CIO has served in this role since June 2024 and has over 25 years of cybersecurity experience, including technology positions at the US Army, Accenture, Advance Auto Parts, Finishline Shoes, and PF Chang's.
 • The VPIT, reporting to the CIO, is responsible for the assessment, oversight, and management of our enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy and governance. Our VPIT has served in this role since 2020 and has significant relevant experience and professional certifications, including nearly 20 years of cybersecurity and infrastructure experience. The VPIT, along with our cybersecurity team, has guided the organization through building a multi-layer cybersecurity program.
 The Company's cybersecurity department is comprised of teams that engage in a range of cybersecurity activities such as threat intelligence, security architecture, and incident response. These teams, in coordination with third parties, conduct vulnerability management and penetration testing to identify, classify, prioritize, remediate, and mitigate vulnerabilities. The results of these tests are reviewed with the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Leaders from each team regularly meet with Cybersecurity Leadership to provide visibility into major issues and seek alignment with strategy. As noted above under "Incident Response," the Company's cybersecurity incident response plan includes standard processes for reporting and escalating cybersecurity incidents to senior management and the Board, as appropriate. Cybersecurity incidents that meet certain thresholds are escalated to Cybersecurity Leadership and cross-functional teams on an as-needed basis for support and guidance. The Company's incident response team also coordinates with external legal advisors, communication specialists, government agencies, regulators, law enforcement, and other key stakeholders.

 ITEM 2.
 PROPERTIES

 Our Knight and Swift headquarters are both located in Phoenix, Arizona. Including Knight's former headquarters location, which was re-purposed as a regional operations facility, our headquarters cover approximately 200 acres, consisting of about 300,000 square feet of office space, 150,000 square feet of repair and maintenance facilities, a 20,000 square-foot driving associates' center and restaurant, an eight thousand square-foot recruiting and training center, a six thousand square-foot warehouse, a 300-space parking structure, as well as two truck wash and fueling facilities. Our U.S. Xpress headquarters located in Chattanooga, Tennessee, covers approximately 29.4 acres of land consisting of about 100,000 square feet of office space. Our ACT headquarters located in Dothan, Alabama, covers approximately 20 acres of land consisting of about 57,474 square feet of office space, a 2,364 square foot supply warehouse, 37,248 square feet of repair and maintenance facilities, 8,274 square feet of parts warehousing, and a 15,110 square foot loading dock.
 We have over 300 locations in the US and Mexico, including our headquarters, terminals, driving academies, and certain other locations, which are included in the table below. Our terminals may include customer service, marketing, fuel, and/or repair facilities. Given the fluidity of our operations, and to promote operational efficiency, our terminal properties are used by each of our Truckload, LTL, Logistics, Intermodal, and All Other Segments. We also own or lease parcels of vacant land, drop yards, and space for temporary trailer storage for ourselves and other carriers, as well as several non-operating facilities, which are excluded from the table below. As of December 31, 2024, our aggregate monthly rent for all leased properties was approximately $5.3 million with varying terms expiring through December 2053. We believe that substantially all of our property is in good condition and our facilities have sufficient capacity to meet our current needs.
 The following listing shows our logos with our corresponding company descriptions, as the logos are used to depict brand representation by location in the accompanying table:

 Logo
 Brand
 Reportable Segment(s)

 Knight
 Truckload, Logistics

 Swift
 Truckload, Logistics, Intermodal

 U.S. Xpress
 Truckload, Logistics

 ACT
 LTL

 MME
 LTL

 Barr-Nunn Transportation LLC

 Abilene Motor Express, LLC

 DHE
 LTL

 Owned/Leased

 Location
 Brand
 Owned
 Leased
 Total

 Alabama

 Arizona

 Arkansas

 California

 Colorado

 Florida

 Georgia

 Idaho

 Illinois

 Indiana

 Iowa

 Kansas

 Kentucky

 Louisiana

 Mexico

 Michigan

 Minnesota

 Mississippi

 Missouri

 Montana

 Nebraska

 Nevada

 New Jersey

 New Mexico

 New York

 North Carolina

 North Dakota

 Ohio

 Oklahoma

 Oregon

 Pennsylvania

 South Carolina

 South Dakota

 Tennessee

 Texas

 Utah

 Virginia

 Washington

 West Virginia

 Wisconsin

 Wyoming

 Total Properties

 ITEM 3.
 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 We are party to certain lawsuits in the ordinary course of business. Information about our legal proceedings is included in Note 17 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference herein. Based on management's present knowledge of the facts and (in certain cases) advice of outside counsel, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending matters are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company's overall financial position, operating results, or cash flows after taking into account any existing accruals. However, actual outcomes could be material to the Company's financial position, operating results, or cash flows for any particular period.

 ITEM 4.
 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5.
 MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Common Stock

 Our common stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol "KNX". As of December 31, 2024, we had 161,896,124 shares of common stock outstanding. On February 17, 2025, there were 36 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers or other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of individual stockholders represented by the record holders.
 See "Equity Plan Information" under Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report for certain information concerning shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans.

 Dividend Policy

 We have paid a quarterly cash dividend as Knight-Swift since December 2017.
 Our most recent dividend was declared on February 12, 2025 for $0.18 per share of common stock and is scheduled to be paid in March 2025.
 We currently expect to continue to pay comparable quarterly cash dividends in the future. Future payment of cash dividends, and the amount of any such dividends, is subject to the approval of our Board and will depend upon our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and cash requirements, tax treatment, contractual restrictions, and compliance with applicable law, as well as other factors deemed relevant by our Board.

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

 The following table shows our purchases of our common stock and the remaining amounts we are authorized to repurchase for each monthly period in the fourth quarter of 2024.

 Period
 Total Number of Shares Purchased
 Average Price Paid per Share
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Approximate Dollar Value That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 1

 October 1, 2024 to October 31, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 200,041

 November 1, 2024 to November 30, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 200,041

 December 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 200,041

 Total as of December 31, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 200,041

 1On April 25, 2022, we announced that the Board approved the $350.0 million 2022 Knight-Swift Share Repurchase Plan, replacing the 2020 Knight-Swift Share Repurchase Plan. There is no expiration date associated with this share repurchase authorization. See Note 18 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

 Stockholders Return Performance Graph

 The following graph compares the cumulative annual total return of stockholders from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2024 of our stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the NYSE Composite index and an index of other companies within the trucking industry (NASDAQ Trucking & Transportation) over the same period. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in Knight-Swift's common stock and in each of the indexes (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2019, and tracks it through December 31, 2024. The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of Knight-Swift's future stock price performance.

 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.
 $
 100.00
 $
 117.63
 $
 172.72
 $
 149.92
 $
 166.56
 $
 155.11

 NYSE Composite
 100.00
 106.99
 129.11
 117.04
 133.16
 154.19

 NASDAQ Trucking & Transportation
 100.00
 106.29
 120.41
 97.55
 130.87
 133.76

 ITEM 6.
 RESERVED

 ITEM 7.
 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Certain acronyms and terms used throughout this Annual Report are specific to our company, commonly used in our industry, or are otherwise frequently used throughout our document. Definitions for these acronyms and terms are provided in the "Glossary of Terms," available in the front of this document.
 Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with "Business" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report, as well as the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and Part I "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements" of this Annual Report, and elsewhere in this report. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed.

 Executive Summary

 Company Overview
 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. is one of North America's largest and most diversified freight transportation companies, providing multiple full truckload, LTL, intermodal, and other complementary services. Our objective is to operate our business with industry-leading margins, continued organic growth, and growth through acquisitions while providing safe, high-quality, and cost-effective solutions for our customers. Knight-Swift uses a nationwide network of business units and terminals in the US and Mexico to serve customers throughout North America. In addition to operating one of the country's largest truckload fleets, Knight-Swift also contracts with third-party carriers to provide a broad range of transportation services to our customers while creating quality driving jobs for our driving associates and successful business opportunities for independent contractors. Our four reportable segments are Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal. Additionally, we have various other operating segments, included within our All Other Segments.
 Key Financial Highlights
 During 2024, consolidated total revenue was $7.4 billion, which is a 3.8% increase over 2023. Consolidated operating income was $243.4 million in 2024, reflecting a decrease of 28.0% from 2023. Consolidated net income attributable to Knight-Swift decreased by 45.8% from 2023 to $117.6 million.
 • Truckload — 96.7% operating ratio during 2024, with a 9.4% increase in revenue, excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions, compared to 2023.
 • LTL — 92.9% operating ratio during 2024 with a 16.2% increase in revenue, excluding fuel surcharge.
 • Logistics — 95.9% operating ratio during 2024. Load count reduced by 11.1%, leading to a 1.3% decrease in revenue, excluding intersegment transactions.
 • Intermodal — 102.4% operating ratio during 2024. Load count improved by 3.5%, leading to a 10.0% decrease in operating loss.
 • All Other Segments — Operating loss improved 76.5% to $26.2 million during 2024 compared to $111.6 million in 2023, largely as a result of winding down our third-party insurance program, ultimately ceasing operations at the end of the first quarter of 2024.
 • Liquidity and Capital — During 2024, we generated $799.1 million in operating cash flows. Our Free Cash Flow1 was $233.8 million. We paid down $140.2 million in long-term debt, $134.8 million in finance lease liabilities, and $175.9 million on our operating lease liabilities. We obtained financing of $150.0 million in new long-term debt and $165.0 million from net borrowings on our revolving lines of credit. In 2024, we issued $104.2 million in dividends to our stockholders. Gain on sale of property and equipment decreased to $34.4 million in 2024, compared to $64.7 million in 2023.
 We ended 2024 with $1.1 billion in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and available liquidity and $7.1 billion of stockholders' equity. The face value of our debt, net of unrestricted cash ("Net Debt") was $2.7 billion at the end of 2024. We do not foresee material liquidity constraints or any issues with our ongoing ability to meet our debt covenants. See discussion under "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information.
 ________
 1Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Key Financial Data and Operating Metrics

 2024
 2023

 GAAP financial data:
 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 $
 $

 Revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 $
 6,611,957
 $
 6,308,169

 Net income attributable to Knight-Swift
 $
 $

 Earnings per diluted share
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.34

 96.7
 %
 95.3
 %

 Non-GAAP financial data:

 Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift 1

 $
 172,085
 $
 278,739

 Adjusted EPS 1

 $
 1.06
 $
 1.72

 Adjusted Operating Ratio 1

 94.7
 %
 93.1
 %

 Revenue equipment statistics by segment:

 Average tractors 2

 22,791
 20,948

 Average trailers 3

 92,831
 87,865

 LTL

 Average tractors 4

 3,569
 3,201

 Average trailers 5

 9,564
 8,482

 Average tractors

 Average containers
 12,572
 12,730

 1Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift, Adjusted EPS, and Adjusted Operating Ratio are non-GAAP financial measures and should not be considered alternatives, or superior to, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. However, management believes that presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors regarding the Company's results of operations. Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift, Adjusted EPS, and Adjusted Operating Ratio are reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," below.
 2Our tractor fleet within the Truckload segment had a weighted average age of 2.6 years and 2.5 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 3Note that average trailers includes 8,985 and 8,724 trailers within our All Other Segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our trailer fleet within the Truckload segment had a weighted average age of 9.4 years and 8.9 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 4Our LTL tractor fleet had a weighted average age of 4.2 years and 4.4 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and includes 619 and 611 tractors from ACT's and MME's dedicated and other businesses for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 5Our LTL trailer fleet had a weighted average age of 8.4 years and 8.6 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and includes 876 and 723 trailers from ACT's and MME's dedicated and other businesses for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Results of Operations — Summary

 Notes regarding presentation: A discussion of changes in our results of operations from 2022 to 2023 has been omitted from this Annual Report, but may be found in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our 2023 Annual Report filed with the SEC on February 22, 2024.
 In accordance with accounting treatment applicable to each of our recent acquisitions, Knight-Swift's reported results do not include the operating results of the acquired entities prior to the respective acquisition dates. Accordingly, comparisons between the Company's 2024 results and prior periods may not be meaningful. Refer to Note 1 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for a list of our recent acquisitions.
 Operating Results: 2024 Compared to 2023 — The $99.5 million decrease in net income attributable to Knight-Swift to $117.6 million in 2024 from $217.1 million in 2023, includes the following:
 • Contributor — $129.6 million decrease in operating income within our Truckload segment, primarily due to a 7.6% decrease in average revenue per tractor, which includes the results of U.S. Xpress. Excluding U.S. Xpress, revenue, excluding fuel surcharge, per tractor increased 1.6% year-over-year.
 • Contributor — $31.5 million decrease in operating income from our LTL segment as a result of increased costs related to expanding our LTL service area and a 4.1% decrease in weight per shipment.
 • Contributor — $20.1 million decrease in operating income within our Logistics segment driven by a 11.1% decrease in load count.
 • Contributor — $49.1 million increase in net interest expense primarily due to an increase in interest rates and increase in outstanding borrowings.
 • Offset — $85.4 million decrease in operating loss within our All Other Segments, largely as a result of exiting the third-party insurance business at the end of the first quarter of 2024.
 • Offset — $22.6 million increase in "Other income (expenses), net," primarily driven by a mark-to-market adjustment in 2024 related to certain purchase price obligations associated with the acquisition of U.S. Xpress.
 • Offset — $21.8 million decrease in consolidated income tax expense, primarily due to a decrease in income before income taxes. This resulted in a 2024 effective tax rate of 22.1% and a 2023 effective tax rate of 20.3%.
 • Offset — $1.0 million decrease in operating loss within our Intermodal segment driven by a 3.5% increase in load count.
 See additional discussion of our operating results within "Results of Operations — Consolidated Operating and Other Expenses" below.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Results of Operations — Segment Review

 The Company has four reportable segments: Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal, as well as certain other operating segments included within our All Other Segments. Refer to Note 23 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for descriptions of our segments. Refer to Part I, Item 1, "Business – Our Mission and Company Strategy" of this Annual Report for discussion related to our segment operating strategies.
 Consolidating Tables for Total Revenue and Operating Income

 2024
 2023

 Revenue:

 $
 67.9
 %
 $
 65.8
 %

 LTL
 $
 16.7
 %
 $
 15.2
 %

 $
 7.7
 %
 $
 8.2
 %

 $
 387,232
 5.2
 %
 $
 410,549
 5.7
 %

 Subtotal
 $
 7,227,721
 97.5
 %
 $
 6,773,908
 94.9
 %

 All Other Segments
 $
 266,496
 3.6
 %
 $
 462,061
 6.5
 %

 Intersegment eliminations
 $
 (84,139)
 (1.1
 %)
 $
 (94,203)
 (1.4
 %)

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 2024
 2023

 Operating income (loss):

 $
 168,345
 69.2
 %
 $
 297,977
 88.1
 %

 LTL
 $
 87,390
 35.9
 %
 $
 118,880
 35.2
 %

 $
 23,312
 9.6
 %
 $
 43,418
 12.8
 %

 $
 (9,458)
 (3.9
 %)
 $
 (10,507)
 (3.1
 %)

 Subtotal
 $
 269,589
 110.8
 %
 $
 449,768
 133.0
 %

 All Other Segments
 $
 (26,201)
 (10.8
 %)
 $
 (111,615)
 (33.0
 %)

 $
 243,388
 100.0
 %
 $
 338,153
 100.0
 %

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Revenue
 • Our truckload services include irregular route and dedicated, refrigerated, expedited, flatbed, and cross-border transportation of various products, goods, and materials for our diverse customer base with approximately 16,300 irregular route and 6,500 dedicated tractors.
 • Our LTL business, which was initially established in 2021 through the ACT Acquisition and later the MME and DHE acquisitions, provides our customers with regional LTL transportation service through our growing network of approximately 170 facilities and a door count of approximately 6,060. Our LTL segment operates approximately 3,600 tractors and approximately 9,600 trailers, including equipment used for ACT's and MME's dedicated and other businesses. The LTL segment also provides national coverage to our customers by utilizing partner carriers for areas outside of our direct network.
 • Our Logistics and Intermodal segments provide a multitude of shipping solutions, including additional sources of truckload capacity and alternative transportation modes, by utilizing our vast network of third-party capacity providers and rail providers, as well as certain logistics and freight management services. We continue to offer power-only services through our Logistics segment by leveraging our fleet of approximately 93,000 trailers as of December 31, 2024.
 • All Other Segments include support services provided to our customers and third-party carriers including equipment maintenance, equipment leasing, warehousing, trailer parts manufacturing, warranty services, and insurance for independent contractors, as well as insurance for affiliated carriers through the first quarter of 2024. All Other Segments also include certain corporate expenses (such as legal settlements and accruals, certain impairments, and amortization of intangibles related to the 2017 Merger and various acquisitions).
 • In addition to the revenues earned from our customers for the trucking and non-trucking services discussed above, we also earn fuel surcharge revenue from our customers through our fuel surcharge programs, which serve to recover a majority of our fuel costs. This generally applies only to loaded miles for our Truckload and LTL segments and typically does not offset non-paid empty miles, idle time, nor out-of-route miles driven. Fuel surcharge programs involve a computation based on the change in national or regional fuel prices. These programs may update as often as weekly, but typically require a specified minimum change in fuel cost to prompt a change in fuel surcharge revenue. Therefore, many of these programs have a time lag between when fuel costs change and when the change is reflected in fuel surcharge revenue for our Truckload and LTL segments.
 Expenses
 Our most significant expenses typically vary with miles traveled and include fuel, driving associate-related expenses (such as wages and benefits), and services purchased from third-party service providers (including other trucking companies, railroad and drayage providers, and independent contractors). Maintenance and tire expenses, as well as the cost of insurance and claims generally vary with the miles we travel but also have a controllable component based on safety performance, fleet age, operating efficiency, and other factors. Our primary fixed costs are depreciation and lease expense for revenue equipment and terminals, non-driver employee compensation, amortization of intangible assets, and interest expenses.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Operating Statistics
 We measure our consolidated and segment results through the operating statistics listed in the table below. Our chief operating decision makers monitor the GAAP results of our reportable segments, supplemented by certain non-GAAP information. Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for more details. Additionally, we use a number of primary indicators to monitor our revenue and expense performance and efficiency.

 Operating Statistic
 Relevant Segment(s)

 Average Revenue per Tractor
 Measures productivity and represents revenue (excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions) divided by average tractor count

 Total Miles per Tractor
 Total miles (including loaded and empty miles) divided by average tractor count

 Average Length of Haul
 Truckload, LTL
 For our Truckload segment this is calculated as average miles traveled with loaded trailer cargo per order.
For our LTL segment this is calculated as average miles traveled from the origin service center to the destination service center.

 Non-paid Empty Miles Percentage
 Percentage of miles without trailer cargo

 Shipments per Day
 LTL
 Average number of shipments completed each business day

 Weight per Shipment
 LTL
 Total weight (in pounds) divided by total shipments

 Revenue per shipment
 LTL
 Total revenue divided by total shipments

 Revenue xFSC per shipment
 LTL
 Total revenue, excluding fuel surcharge, divided by total shipments

 Revenue per hundredweight
 LTL
 Measures yield and is calculated as total revenue divided by total weight (in pounds) times 100

 Revenue xFSC per hundredweight
 LTL
 Total revenue, excluding fuel surcharge, divided by total weight (in pounds) times 100

 Average Tractors
 Truckload, LTL, Intermodal
 Average tractors in operation during the period, including company tractors and tractors provided by independent contractors

 Average Trailers
 Truckload, LTL
 Average trailers in operation during the period

 Average Revenue per Load
 Logistics, Intermodal
 Total revenue (excluding intersegment transactions) divided by load count

 Gross Margin Percentage
 Logistics gross margin (revenue, excluding intersegment transactions, less purchased transportation expense, excluding intersegment transactions) as a percentage of logistics revenue, excluding intersegment transactions

 Average Containers
 Average containers in operation during the period

 GAAP Operating Ratio
 Truckload, LTL, Logistics, Intermodal
 Measures operating efficiency and is widely used in our industry as an assessment of management's effectiveness in controlling all categories of operating expenses. Calculated as operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue, or the inverse of operating margin

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Ratio
 Truckload, LTL, Logistics, Intermodal
 Measures operating efficiency and is widely used in our industry as an assessment of management's effectiveness in controlling all categories of operating expenses. Consolidated and segment Adjusted Operating Ratios are reconciled to their corresponding GAAP operating ratios under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures," below

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Segment Review
 Truckload Segment
 We generate revenue in the Truckload segment primarily through irregular route, dedicated, refrigerated, flatbed, expedited, and cross-border service offerings, with approximately 16,300 irregular route tractors and approximately 6,500 dedicated route tractors in use during 2024. Generally, we are paid a predetermined rate per mile or per load for our truckload services. Additional revenues are generated by charging for tractor and trailer detention, loading and unloading activities, dedicated services, other specialized services, and through the collection of fuel surcharge revenue to mitigate the impact of increases in the cost of fuel. The main factors that affect the revenue generated by our Truckload segment are rate per mile from our customers, the percentage of miles for which we are compensated, and the number of loaded miles we generate with our equipment.
 The most significant expenses in the Truckload segment are primarily variable and include fuel and fuel taxes, driving associate-related expenses (such as wages, benefits, training, and recruitment), and costs associated with independent contractors primarily included in "Purchased transportation" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Maintenance expense (which includes costs for replacement tires for our revenue equipment) and insurance and claims expenses have both fixed and variable components. These expenses generally vary with the miles we travel, but also have a controllable component based on safety, fleet age, efficiency, and other factors. The main fixed costs in the Truckload segment are depreciation and rent expenses from tractors, trailers, and terminals, as well as compensating our non-driver employees.

 2024
 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per tractor data)

 $
 $
 7.2
 %

 Revenue, excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions
 $
 4,408,612
 $
 4,031,054
 9.4
 %

 GAAP: Operating income
 $
 168,345
 $
 297,977
 (43.5
 %)

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Income 1

 $
 194,744
 $
 314,542
 (38.1
 %)

 Average revenue per tractor 2

 $
 193,436
 $
 209,258
 (7.6
 %)

 GAAP: Operating ratio 2

 96.7
 %
 93.7
 %
 bps

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Ratio 1 2

 95.6
 %
 92.2
 %
 bps

 Non-paid empty miles percentage 2

 14.0
 %
 14.3
 %
 (30
 bps)

 Average length of haul (miles) 2

 (2.5
 %)

 Total miles per tractor 2

 81,563
 85,233
 (4.3
 %)

 Average tractors 2 3

 22,791
 20,948
 8.8
 %

 Average trailers 2 4

 92,831
 87,865
 5.7
 %

 1Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.
 2Defined within "Operating Statistics" above.
 3Includes 20,644 and 18,821 company-owned tractors for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 4Average trailers includes 8,985 and 8,724 trailers from our All Other Segments for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Our Truckload segment revenue, excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions, increased 9.4 % year-over-year, driven by a 13.6% increase in loaded miles. Revenue per loaded mile, excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions, declined 3.8% year-over-year. The 2024 Adjusted Operating Ratio increased 340 basis points year-over-year to 95.6%.
 We believe our extensive trailer fleet, which has grown to approximately 93,000 trailers as of the end of 2024, positions us to provide valuable capacity, flexibility, and efficiency to our customers through our Truckload and Logistics segments. We are focused on disciplined pricing and capacity commitments that we expect will position our business to continue to respond as market conditions improve.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 LTL Segment
 Our LTL segment provides regional direct service and serves our customers' national transportation needs by utilizing key partner carriers for coverage areas outside of our network. We primarily generate revenue by transporting freight for our customers through our core LTL services.
 Our revenues are impacted by shipment volume and tonnage levels that flow through our network. Additional revenues are generated through fuel surcharges and accessorial services provided during transit from shipment origin to destination. We focus on the following multiple revenue generation factors when reviewing revenue yield: revenue per hundredweight, revenue per shipment, weight per shipment, and length of haul. Fluctuations within each of these metrics are analyzed when determining the revenue quality of our customers' shipment density.
 Our most significant expenses are related to direct costs associated with the transportation of our freight moves including direct salary, wage and benefit costs, fuel expense, and depreciation expense associated with revenue equipment costs. Other expenses associated with revenue generation that can fluctuate and impact operating results are insurance and claims expense, as well as maintenance costs of our revenue equipment. These expenses can be influenced by multiple factors including our safety performance, equipment age, and other factors. A key component to lowering our operating costs is labor efficiency within our network. We continue to focus on technological advances to improve the customer experience and reduce our operating costs.

 2024
 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per shipment and per hundredweight data)

 $
 $
 14.1
 %

 Revenue, excluding fuel surcharge
 $
 1,063,165
 $
 914,568
 16.2
 %

 GAAP: Operating income
 $
 87,390
 $
 118,880
 (26.5)
 %

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Income 1

 $
 105,511
 $
 134,560
 (21.6)
 %

 GAAP: Operating ratio 2

 92.9
 %
 89.0
 %
 bps

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Ratio 1 2

 90.1
 %
 85.3
 %
 bps

 LTL shipments per day 2

 20,756
 18,899
 9.8
 %

 LTL weight per shipment 2

 1,005
 1,048
 (4.1)
 %

 LTL average length of haul (miles) 2

 6.5
 %

 LTL revenue per shipment 2

 $
 202.67
 $
 193.32
 4.8
 %

 LTL revenue xFSC per shipment 2

 $
 174.10
 $
 163.10
 6.7
 %

 LTL revenue per hundredweight 2

 $
 20.17
 $
 18.44
 9.4
 %

 LTL revenue xFSC per hundredweight 2

 $
 17.33
 $
 15.56
 11.4
 %

 LTL average tractors 2 3

 3,569
 3,201
 11.5
 %

 LTL average trailers 2 4

 9,564
 8,482
 12.8
 %

 1Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.
 2Defined under "Operating Statistics," above.
 3Includes 619 and 611 tractors from ACT's and MME's dedicated and other businesses for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 4Includes 876 and 723 trailers from ACT's and MME's dedicated and other businesses for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Our LTL segment grew revenue, excluding fuel surcharge, 16.2% as shipments per day increased 9.8% year-over-year, which includes the acquisition of DHE on July 30, 2024. Revenue per hundredweight, excluding fuel surcharge, increased 11.4%, while revenue per shipment, excluding fuel surcharge, increased by 6.7%, reflecting a 4.1% decrease in weight per shipment. This segment produced a 90.1% Adjusted Operating Ratio in 2024, while Adjusted Operating Income decreased 21.6% year-over-year primarily due to start-up costs and early-stage operations at our recently opened facilities and costs related to the system integration of DHE, which was completed during the fourth quarter of 2024.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 During 2024, we opened 37 additional service centers and added 14 more facilities through the DHE Acquisition in the third quarter. Overall, our organic and inorganic expansion activities in 2024 added approximately 1,430 doors, representing over 30% growth in our door count from the beginning of the year. We believe this meaningfully impacts the reach of our service offering and ultimately will increase the density of our network. We believe the investments in our network during 2024 bring opportunities to service additional freight and customers, though the associated set-up costs and initial operational inefficiencies are near-term headwinds to improving margins. Our focus for 2025 will be to grow shipment volumes at these locations, particularly as they participate in the bid cycle, which we expect will help drive both revenue and margin expansion in the business. While we currently anticipate that our pace of facility additions will slow in 2025, we continue to look for both organic and inorganic opportunities to geographically expand our footprint within the LTL market.

 Logistics Segment
 The Logistics segment is less asset-intensive than the Truckload and LTL segments and is dependent upon capable non-driver employees, modern and effective information technology, and third-party capacity providers. Logistics revenue is primarily generated by its brokerage operations. We generate additional revenue by offering specialized logistics solutions (including, but not limited to, trailing equipment, origin management, surge volume, disaster relief, special projects, and other logistics needs). Logistics revenue is mainly affected by the rates we obtain from customers, the freight volumes we ship through third-party capacity providers, and our ability to secure third-party capacity providers to transport customer freight.
 The most significant expense in the Logistics segment is purchased transportation that we pay to third-party capacity providers, which is primarily a variable cost, and is included in "Purchased transportation" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Variability in this expense depends on truckload capacity, availability of third-party capacity providers, rates charged to customers, current freight demand, and customer shipping needs. Fixed Logistics operating expenses primarily include non-driver employee compensation and benefits recorded in "Salaries, wages, and benefits," as well as depreciation and amortization expense recorded in "Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 2024
 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per load data)

 $
 $
 (2.1
 %)

 Revenue, excluding intersegment transactions
 $
 $
 577,695
 (1.3
 %)

 GAAP: Operating income
 $
 23,312
 $
 43,418
 (46.3
 %)

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Income 1 2

 $
 27,968
 $
 45,031
 (37.9
 %)

 Revenue per load - Brokerage only 2

 $
 1,894
 $
 1,724
 9.9
 %

 Gross margin percentage - Brokerage only 2

 17.5
 %
 18.7
 %
 (120
 bps)

 GAAP: Operating ratio 2

 95.9
 %
 92.5
 %
 bps

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Operating Ratio 1 2

 95.1
 %
 92.2
 %
 bps

 1Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.
 2Defined under "Operating Statistics" above.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Logistics Adjusted Operating Ratio was 95.1%, with a gross margin of 17.5% in 2024, compared to 18.7% in 2023. Logistics load count, excluding U.S. Xpress, declined by 26.3% year-over-year. With the inclusion of U.S. Xpress logistics volumes, load count declined by 11.1% year-over-year. Revenue per load increased by 9.9% year-over-year, but was offset by increased purchase transportation costs. We remain disciplined on price and diligent in carrier qualification to provide value to customers while maintaining profitability. We continue to leverage our power-only capabilities to complement our asset business, build a broader and more diversified freight portfolio, and to enhance the returns on our capital assets.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Intermodal Segment
 The Intermodal segment complements our regional operating model, while also allowing us to better serve customers in longer haul lanes, and reduces our investment in fixed assets. Through the Intermodal segment, we generate revenue by moving freight over the rail in our containers and other trailing equipment, combined with revenue for drayage to transport loads between railheads and customer locations. The most significant expense in the Intermodal segment is the cost of purchased transportation that we pay to third-party capacity providers (including rail providers), which is primarily variable and included in "Purchased transportation" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. While rail pricing is primarily determined on an annual basis, purchased transportation varies as it relates to rail capacity, freight demand, and customer shipping needs. The main fixed costs in the Intermodal segment are depreciation of our company tractors related to drayage, containers, and chassis, as well as non-driver employee compensation and benefits.

 2024
 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per load data)

 $
 387,232
 $
 410,549
 (5.7
 %)

 GAAP: Operating loss
 $
 (9,458)
 $
 (10,507)
 10.0
 %

 Average revenue per load 1

 $
 2,590
 $
 2,842
 (8.9
 %)

 GAAP: Operating ratio 1

 102.4
 %
 102.6
 %
 (20
 bps)

 Load count
 149,512
 144,471
 3.5
 %

 Average tractors 1 2

 (3.8
 %)

 Average containers 1

 12,572
 12,730
 (1.2
 %)

 1Defined within "Operating Statistics" above.
 2Includes 561 and 577 company-owned tractors for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Intermodal operated with a 102.4% operating ratio in 2024. While load count increased year-over-year by 3.5%, total revenue decreased 5.7% year-over-year to $387.2 million as revenue per load declined 8.9%, resulting from soft demand and competitive truck capacity.
 We remain focused on growing our load count with disciplined pricing across a diverse group of customers, although we expect future results will be impacted by the cost of alternative truck capacity.

 All Other Segments
 Our All Other Segments include support services provided to our customers and third-party carriers including equipment maintenance, equipment leasing, warehousing, trailer parts manufacturing, warranty services, and insurance for independent contractors, as well as insurance for affiliated carriers through the first quarter of 2024. Our All Other Segments also include certain corporate expenses (such as legal settlements and accruals, certain impairments, and $46.7 million in annual amortization of intangibles related to the 2017 Merger and various acquisitions).

 2024
 2023

 $
 266,496
 $
 462,061
 (42.3
 %)

 Operating income (loss)
 $
 (26,201)
 $
 (111,615)
 76.5
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023 — Revenue declined 42.3% year-over-year, largely as a result of winding down our third-party carrier insurance program in the first quarter of 2024. The $26.2 million operating loss within our All Other Segments is primarily driven by the intangible amortization during 2024. The operating loss within our All Other Segments improved from the prior year, which had included a $125.5 million operating loss for the third-party insurance business during 2023.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Results of Operations — Consolidated Operating and Other Expenses

 Consolidated Operating Expenses
 The following tables present certain operating expenses from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income, including each operating expense as a percentage of total revenue and as a percentage of revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge. Truckload and LTL fuel surcharge revenue can be volatile and is primarily dependent upon the cost of fuel, rather than operating expenses unrelated to fuel. Therefore, we believe that revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge is a better measure for analyzing many of our expenses and operating metrics.

 2024
 2023

 $
 2,821,987
 $
 2,479,759
 13.8
 %

 38.1
 %
 34.7
 %
 bps

 42.7
 %
 39.3
 %
 bps

 Salaries, wages, and benefits expense is primarily affected by the total number of miles driven by and rates we pay to our company driving associates, and employee benefits including healthcare, workers' compensation, and other benefits. To a lesser extent, non-driver employee headcount, compensation, and benefits affect this expense. Driving associate wages represent the largest component of salaries, wages, and benefits expense.
 Several ongoing market factors have reduced the pool of available driving associates, contributing to a challenging driver sourcing market, which we believe will continue. Having a sufficient number of qualified driving associates is a significant headwind, although we continue to seek ways to attract and retain qualified driving associates, including heavily investing in our recruiting efforts, our driving academies, technology, equipment, and terminals that improve the experience of driving associates. We expect labor costs (related to both driving associates and non-driver employees) to remain inflationary, which we expect will result in additional increases in pay and benefits expenses in the future, thereby increasing our salaries, wages, and benefits expense.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated salaries, wages, and benefits includes a $263.6 million increase as a result of including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023 as well as an $87.0 million increase from LTL wages primarily due to the DHE Acquisition.

 2024
 2023

 Fuel
 $
 871,146
 $
 878,407
 (0.8
 %)

 11.8
 %
 12.3
 %
 (50
 bps)

 13.2
 %
 13.9
 %
 (70
 bps)

 Fuel expense consists primarily of diesel fuel expense for our company-owned tractors. The primary factors affecting our fuel expense are the cost of diesel fuel, the fuel economy of our equipment, and the miles driven by company driving associates.
 Our fuel surcharge programs help to offset increases in fuel prices, but generally apply only to loaded miles for our Truckload and LTL segments and typically do not offset non-paid empty miles, idle time, or out-of-route miles driven. Typical fuel surcharge programs involve a computation based on the change in national or regional fuel prices. These programs may update as often as weekly, but typically require a specified minimum change in fuel cost to prompt a change in fuel surcharge revenue for our Truckload and LTL segments. Therefore, many of these programs have a time lag between when fuel costs change and when the change is reflected in fuel surcharge revenue. Due to this time lag, our fuel expense, net of fuel surcharge, negatively impacts our operating income during periods of sharply rising fuel costs and positively impacts our operating income during periods of falling fuel costs. We continue to utilize our fuel efficiency initiatives such as trailer blades, idle-control, management of tractor speeds, fleet updates for more fuel-efficient engines, management of fuel procurement, and driving associate training programs that we believe contribute to controlling our fuel expense.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 2024 Compared to 2023 — The decrease in consolidated fuel expense was primarily due to lower average weekly DOE fuel prices of $3.76 per gallon in 2024 compared to $4.20 per gallon in 2023, mostly offset by the increase in fuel expense as a result of including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023.

 2024
 2023

 $
 546,883
 $
 473,491
 15.5
 %

 7.4
 %
 6.6
 %
 bps

 8.3
 %
 7.5
 %
 bps

 Operations and maintenance expense consists of direct operating expenses, such as driving associate hiring and recruiting expenses, equipment maintenance, and tire expense. Operations and maintenance expenses are typically affected by the age of our company-owned fleet of tractors and trailers and the miles driven. We expect the driver market to remain competitive throughout 2025, which could increase future driving associate development and recruiting costs and negatively affect our operations and maintenance expense. We expect to continue refreshing our tractor fleet in the coming quarters, subject to availability of new revenue equipment, to maintain the average age of our equipment.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated operations and maintenance expense includes a $57.5 million increase as a result of including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023 and a $10.0 million increase in maintenance primarily related to tractor and trailer tire expenses, excluding U.S. Xpress.

 2024
 2023

 $
 415,652
 $
 609,536
 (31.8
 %)

 5.6
 %
 8.5
 %
 (290
 bps)

 6.3
 %
 9.7
 %
 (340
 bps)

 Insurance and claims expense consists of premiums for liability, physical damage, and cargo, and will vary based upon the frequency and severity of claims, our level of self-insurance, and premium expense. In recent years, insurance carriers have raised premiums for many businesses, including transportation companies. As a result, our insurance and claims expense could increase in the future, or we could raise our self-insured retention limits or reduce excess coverage limits when our policies are renewed or replaced. Insurance and claims expense also varies based on the number of miles driven by company driving associates and independent contractors, the frequency and severity of accidents, trends in development factors used in actuarial accruals, and developments in prior-year claims. In future periods, our higher self-insured retention limits and lower excess coverage limits may cause increased volatility in our consolidated insurance and claims expense.
 In the first quarter of 2024, we exited our third-party insurance business, which offered insurance products to third-party carriers, earning premium revenues, which were partially offset by increased insurance reserves, and which exposed us to claims and inability to collect premiums. We ceased operating this business in the first quarter of 2024, which we expect will result in some reduction of volatility as we will no longer be exposed to new claims from the third-party insurance business.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Consolidated insurance and claims expense decreased primarily due to a $259.7 million decrease in insurance costs associated with the third-party insurance business, which we exited in the first quarter of 2024. This decrease was partially offset by an increase of $42.2 million in insurance and claims expense as a result of including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 2024
 2023

 Operating taxes and licenses
 $
 127,505
 $
 117,024
 9.0
 %

 1.7
 %
 1.6
 %
 bps

 1.9
 %
 1.9
 %
 —
 bps

 Operating taxes and licenses include state franchise taxes, state and federal highway use taxes, property taxes, vehicle license and registration fees, and fuel and mileage taxes, among others. The expense is impacted by changes in the tax rates and registration fees associated with our tractor fleet and regional operating facilities.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated operating taxes and licenses expense is primarily due to the inclusion of $7.5 million of operating taxes and licenses expense from including U.S Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023.

 2024
 2023

 Communications
 $
 31,152
 $
 29,661
 5.0
 %

 0.4
 %
 0.4
 %
 —
 bps

 0.5
 %
 0.5
 %
 —
 bps

 Communications expense is comprised of costs associated with our tractor and trailer tracking systems, information technology systems, and phone systems.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated communications expense is primarily due to the inclusion of $2.0 million of communications expense from including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023.

 2024
 2023

 $
 717,522
 $
 664,962
 7.9
 %

 9.7
 %
 9.3
 %
 bps

 10.9
 %
 10.5
 %
 bps

 Depreciation relates primarily to our owned tractors, trailers, buildings, electronic logging devices, other communication units, and other similar assets. Changes to this fixed cost are generally attributed to increases or decreases in company-owned equipment, the relative percentage of owned versus leased equipment, and fluctuations in new equipment purchase prices. Depreciation can also be affected by the cost of used equipment that we sell or trade and the replacement of older used equipment. Management periodically reviews the condition, average age, and reasonableness of estimated useful lives and salvage values of our equipment and considers such factors in light of our experience with similar assets, used equipment market conditions, and prevailing industry practices.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated depreciation and amortization of property and equipment includes a $65.7 million increase of expense as a result of including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023. This was partially offset by a decrease in tractor and trailer depreciation as a result of the decrease in the tractor and trailer counts for our legacy business, excluding U.S. Xpress.
 We anticipate that depreciation and amortization expense will increase, as a percentage of revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge, as we intend to purchase, rather than enter into operating leases, for a majority of our revenue equipment, terminal improvements, or terminal expansions in 2025.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 2024
 2023

 Amortization of intangibles
 $
 75,280
 $
 70,138
 7.3
 %

 1.0
 %
 1.0
 %
 —
 bps

 1.1
 %
 1.1
 %
 —
 bps

 Amortization of intangibles relates to intangible assets identified with the 2017 Merger, ACT Acquisition, U.S. Xpress Acquisition, and other acquisitions. See Note 4 and Note 8 in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report for further details regarding the Company's intangible assets, historical amortization, and anticipated future amortization.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated amortization of intangibles for 2024 is primarily attributed to the U.S. Xpress and DHE acquisitions. See Note 4 in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report for more details regarding our acquisitions.

 2024
 2023

 Rental expense
 $
 171,665
 $
 130,269
 31.8
 %

 2.3
 %
 1.8
 %
 bps

 2.6
 %
 2.1
 %
 bps

 Rental expense consists primarily of payments for revenue equipment assumed in the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, as well as our terminals and other real estate leases.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated rental expense is primarily related to the inclusion of $38.0 million from including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023. Additional increases relate to the incorporation of new facilities as we expand our LTL network and were partially offset by a decrease in the rental expense for revenue equipment.

 2024
 2023

 $
 1,170,806
 $
 1,190,836
 (1.7
 %)

 15.8
 %
 16.7
 %
 (90
 bps)

 17.7
 %
 18.9
 %
 (120
 bps)

 Purchased transportation expense is comprised of payments to independent contractors in our trucking operations, as well as payments to third-party capacity providers related to logistics, freight management, and non-trucking services in our logistics and intermodal businesses. Purchased transportation is generally affected by capacity in the market, as well as changes in fuel prices. As capacity tightens, our payments to third-party capacity providers and to independent contractors tend to increase. Additionally, as fuel prices increase, payments to third-party capacity providers and independent contractors increase. Purchased transportation expense may also fluctuate as a percentage of revenue based on the relative growth of our logistics and intermodal businesses as compared to our full truckload and LTL businesses.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The decrease in consolidated purchased transportation expense is primarily due to decreased load volume within our logistics business and lower miles driven by independent contractors, partially offset by $152.2 million of additional purchased transportation expense from including U.S. Xpress' full year expense in 2024 compared to its partial year expense in 2023 following the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in July 2023.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 2024
 2023

 Impairments
 $
 19,012
 $
 2,236
 750.3
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023 — In 2024, we incurred impairment charges related to building improvements, certain revenue equipment held for sale, leases, and other equipment (within the Truckload segment and All Other Segments). In 2023, we incurred impairment charges related to certain revenue equipment held for sale (within the Truckload segment) and terminated software projects (recorded within our All Other Segments, specifically related to our third-party insurance business).

 2024
 2023

 Miscellaneous operating expenses
 $
 198,080
 $
 157,294
 25.9
 %

 Miscellaneous operating expenses primarily consists of legal and professional services fees, general and administrative expenses, and other costs, net of gain on sales of equipment.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in net consolidated miscellaneous operating expenses is primarily due to a $30.2 million decrease in gain on sales of property and equipment, as well as the inclusion of the full year expense of $14.4 million in 2024 compared to the partial year expense in 2023 from the results of U.S. Xpress.
 Consolidated Other Expenses, net
 The following table summarizes fluctuations in certain non-operating expenses included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income:

 2024
 2023

 Interest income
 $
 (16,556)
 $
 (21,577)
 (23.3
 %)

 Interest expense
 $
 171,158
 $
 127,100
 34.7
 %

 Other income, net
 $
 (60,260)
 $
 (37,659)
 60.0
 %

 Income tax expense
 $
 $
 (39.8
 %)

 Interest income — Interest income includes interest earned from financing revenue equipment to independent contractors, as well as interest earned from our investments.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The decrease in consolidated interest income is primarily due to the lower balances in our interest yielding cash accounts during 2024.
 Interest expense — Interest expense is comprised of debt and finance lease interest expense, as well as amortization of deferred loan costs.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Consolidated interest expense increased due to an increase in interest rates during 2024 and an increase in the average debt balance. Additional details regarding our debt are discussed in Note 13 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
 Other income, net — Other income, net is primarily comprised of (gains) and losses from our various equity investments, as well as certain other non-operating income and expense items that may arise outside of the normal course of business.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The increase in consolidated other income, net is primarily due to the $36.6 million benefit for the mark-to-market adjustment in 2024 related to certain purchase price obligations associated with the acquisition of U.S. Xpress, partially offset by a $12.1 million write-off of a minority investment in a transportation-adjacent technology venture which ceased operations in the third quarter of 2024.
 See Note 4 in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report for more details regarding our purchase price obligations in connection with the U.S. Xpress Acquistion.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Income tax expense — In addition to the discussion below, Note 11 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report provides further analysis related to income taxes.
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The decrease in consolidated income tax expense was primarily due to a reduction in pre-tax earnings in addition to tax benefits from mark-to-market adjustments and decreased state tax expense due to changes in rates. These were partially offset by a decrease in the release of valuation allowance, reductions in foreign currency benefits, and decreases in stock compensation deductions. As a result, the effective tax rate for 2024 was 22.1% as compared to the 2023 effective tax rate of 20.3%.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 The terms "Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift," "Adjusted EPS," "Adjusted Operating Income," "Adjusted Operating Expenses," "Adjusted Operating Ratio," and "Free Cash Flow," as we define them, are not presented in accordance with GAAP. These financial measures supplement our GAAP results in evaluating certain aspects of our business. We believe that using these measures improves comparability in analyzing our performance because they remove the impact of items from our operating results that, in our opinion, do not reflect our core operating performance. Management and the Board focus on Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Expenses and Adjusted Operating Ratio as key measures of our performance, all of which are reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures and further discussed below. Management and the Board use Free Cash Flow as a key measure of our liquidity. Free Cash Flow does not represent residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. We believe our presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures is useful because it provides investors and securities analysts the same information that we use internally for purposes of assessing our core operating performance.
 Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Expenses, Adjusted Operating Ratio, and Free Cash Flow are not substitutes for their comparable GAAP financial measures, such as net income, cash flows from operating activities, operating income, or other measures prescribed by GAAP. There are limitations to using non-GAAP financial measures. Although we believe that they improve comparability in analyzing our period to period performance, they could limit comparability to other companies in our industry if those companies define these measures differently. Because of these limitations, our non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered measures of income generated by our business or discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. Management compensates for these limitations by primarily relying on GAAP results and using non-GAAP financial measures on a supplemental basis.
 Pursuant to the requirements of Regulation G, the following tables reconcile GAAP consolidated net income attributable to Knight-Swift to non-GAAP consolidated Adjusted Net Income attributable to Knight-Swift, GAAP consolidated earnings per diluted share to non-GAAP consolidated Adjusted EPS, GAAP consolidated operating ratio to non-GAAP consolidated Adjusted Operating Ratio, GAAP reportable segment operating income to non-GAAP reportable segment Adjusted Operating Income, GAAP reportable segment operating expenses to non-GAAP segment Adjusted Operating Expenses, GAAP reportable segment operating ratio to non-GAAP reportable segment Adjusted Operating Ratio, and GAAP cash flow from operations to non-GAAP Free Cash Flow.
 Note regarding presentation: A discussion of changes in our results of operations from 2022 to 2023 has been omitted from this Annual Report, but may be found in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our 2023 Annual Report filed with the SEC on February 22, 2024.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation:
 Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS

 2024
 2023

 GAAP: Net income attributable to Knight-Swift
 $
 $

 Income tax expense attributable to Knight-Swift

 Income before income taxes attributable to Knight-Swift
 150,586
 271,917

 75,945
 70,138

 19,012
 2,236

 Legal accruals 3

 2,560
 7,694

 Transaction fees 4

 6,868

 Other acquisition related expenses 5

 —
 7,697

 Severance expense 6

 7,219
 5,151

 Change in fair value of deferred earnout 7

 (859)
 (3,359)

 Loss on investment 8

 12,107
 —

 USX mark to market adjustment 9

 (36,617)
 —

 Adjusted income before income taxes
 230,555
 368,342

 Provision for income tax expense at effective rate 10

 (58,470)
 (89,603)

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift
 $
 172,085
 $
 278,739

 Note: Since the numbers reflected in the table below are calculated on a per share basis, they may not foot due to rounding.

 2024
 2023

 GAAP: Earnings per diluted share
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.34

 Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to Knight-Swift
 0.20
 0.34

 Income before income taxes attributable to Knight-Swift
 0.93
 1.68

 0.47
 0.43

 0.12
 0.01

 Legal accruals 3

 0.02
 0.05

 Transaction fees 4

 —
 0.04

 Other acquisition related expenses 5

 —
 0.05

 Severance expense 6

 0.04
 0.03

 Change in fair value of deferred earnout 7

 (0.01)
 (0.02)

 Loss on investment 8

 0.07
 —

 USX mark to market adjustment 9

 (0.23)
 —

 Adjusted income before income taxes
 1.42
 2.28

 Provision for income tax expense at effective rate 10

 (0.36)
 (0.55)

 Non-GAAP: Adjusted EPS
 $
 1.06
 $
 1.72

 1"Amortization of intangibles" reflects the non-cash amortization expense relating to intangible assets identified in the 2017 Merger, the ACT Acquisition, the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, and other acquisitions, as well as the non-cash amortization expense related to the fair value of favorable leases assumed in the DHE acquisition included within "Rental expense" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 2"Impairments" reflects the non-cash impairments:
 •2024 impairments of building improvements, certain revenue equipment held for sale, leases, and other equipment (within the Truckload segment and All Other Segments).
 •2023 impairments related to certain revenue equipment held for sale (within the Truckload segment) and terminated software projects (recorded within our All Other Segments, specifically related to our third party insurance business).
 3"Legal accruals" are included in "Miscellaneous operating expenses" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and reflect the following:
 • Year-to-date 2024 legal expense reflects the increased estimated exposures for accrued legal matters based on recent settlement agreements.
 • During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company recorded estimated exposure for various legal matters. Additionally, the Company identified a probable loss contingency related to our third-party carrier insurance business included within our All Other segments. During the second and third quarters of 2023, legal expense reflects the increased estimated exposure for various accrued legal matters based on recent settlement agreements. First quarter 2023 legal expense reflects a decrease in the estimated exposure related to an accrued legal matter previously identified as probable and estimable in prior periods based on a recent settlement agreement.
 4"Transaction fees" reflects certain legal and professional fees associated with the July 1, 2023 and July 30, 2024 acquisitions of U.S. Xpress and DHE, respectively. The transaction fees are primarily included within "Miscellaneous operating expenses" and "Salaries, wages, and benefits" and with smaller amounts included in other line items in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
 5"Other acquisition related expenses" represents one-time expenses associated with the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, including certain severance expenses, including the acceleration of stock compensation expense as well as other operating expenses. These are primarily included within "Salaries, wages, and benefits" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
 6"Severance expense" is included within "Salaries, wages, and benefits" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
 7"Change in fair value of deferred earnout" reflects the benefit for the change in fair value of a deferred earnout related to various acquisitions, which is recorded in "Miscellaneous operating expenses."
 8"Loss on investment" reflects the write-off of a minority investment in a transportation-adjacent technology venture which ceased operations in the third quarter of 2024 and is recorded within the All Other Segments.
 9Mark-to-market adjustment related to certain purchase price obligations associated with the acquisition of U.S. Xpress.
 10For 2024, an adjusted effective tax rate of 25.4% was applied in our Adjusted EPS calculation to exclude certain discrete items.
 For 2023, an effective tax rate of 24.3% was applied in our Adjusted EPS calculation. The change in the effective tax rate was primarily impacted by the change in pre-tax income based on the adjustments presented in Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift. For 2023, the effective tax rate was normalized to exclude the third quarter 2023 tax benefit from the partial release of the pre-acquisition allowance associated with the U.S. Xpress net operating loss and tax credit carryforward benefits.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Expenses, and Adjusted Operating Ratio

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 (7,166,690)
 (6,803,613)

 $
 243,388
 $
 338,153

 96.7
 %
 95.3
 %

 Non-GAAP Presentation

 $
 $

 Truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 (798,121)
 (833,597)

 Revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 6,611,957
 6,308,169

 7,166,690
 6,803,613

 Truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 (798,121)
 (833,597)

 (75,945)
 (70,138)

 (19,012)
 (2,236)

 Legal accruals 3

 (2,560)
 (7,694)

 Transaction fees 4

 (602)
 (6,868)

 Other acquisition related expenses 5

 —
 (7,697)

 Severance expense 6

 (7,219)
 (5,151)

 Change in fair value of deferred earnout 7

 3,359

 Adjusted Operating Expenses
 6,264,090
 5,873,591

 Adjusted Operating Income
 $
 347,867
 $
 434,578

 Adjusted Operating Ratio
 94.7
 %
 93.1
 %

 1See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 1.
 2See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 2.
 3See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 3.
 4See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 4.
 5See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 5.
 6See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 6.
 7See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 7.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Reportable Segment Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Expenses, and Adjusted Operating Ratio
 Truckload Segment

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 (4,866,596)
 (4,400,678)

 $
 168,345
 $
 297,977

 96.7
 %
 93.7
 %

 Non-GAAP Presentation

 $
 $

 Fuel surcharge
 (625,739)
 (665,711)

 Intersegment transactions
 (590)
 (1,890)

 Revenue, excluding fuel surcharge and intersegment transactions
 4,408,612
 4,031,054

 4,866,596
 4,400,678

 Fuel surcharge
 (625,739)
 (665,711)

 Intersegment transactions
 (590)
 (1,890)

 (7,099)
 (5,576)

 (17,132)
 (656)

 Legal accruals 3

 (702)
 —

 Other acquisition related expenses 4

 —
 (7,697)

 Severance expense 5

 (1,466)
 (2,636)

 Adjusted Operating Expenses
 4,213,868
 3,716,512

 Adjusted Operating Income
 $
 194,744
 $
 314,542

 Adjusted Operating Ratio
 95.6
 %
 92.2
 %

 1"Amortization of intangibles" reflects the non-cash amortization expense relating to intangible assets identified in historical Knight acquisitions and the U.S. Xpress Acquisition.
 2See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 2.
 3See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 3.
 4See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 5.
 5See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 6.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 LTL Segment

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 (1,148,157)
 (963,574)

 $
 87,390
 $
 118,880

 92.9
 %
 89.0
 %

 Non-GAAP Presentation

 $
 $

 Fuel surcharge
 (172,382)
 (167,886)

 Revenue, excluding fuel surcharge
 1,063,165
 914,568

 1,148,157
 963,574

 Fuel surcharge
 (172,382)
 (167,886)

 (17,447)
 (15,680)

 (674)
 —

 Adjusted Operating Expenses
 957,654
 780,008

 Adjusted Operating Income
 $
 105,511
 $
 134,560

 Adjusted Operating Ratio
 90.1
 %
 85.3
 %

 1"Amortization of intangibles" reflects the non-cash amortization expense relating to intangible assets identified with the ACT, MME, and DHE acquisitions, as well as the non-cash amortization expense related to the fair value of favorable leases assumed in the DHE Acquisition.
 2See Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Consolidated Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Knight-Swift and Adjusted EPS footnote 2.
 Logistics Segment

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 (546,689)
 (538,832)

 $
 23,312
 $
 43,418

 95.9
 %
 92.5
 %

 Non-GAAP Presentation

 $
 $

 Intersegment transactions
 —
 (4,555)

 Revenue, excluding intersegment transactions
 577,695

 546,689
 538,832

 Intersegment transactions
 —
 (4,555)

 (4,656)
 (1,613)

 Adjusted Operating Expenses
 542,033
 532,664

 Adjusted Operating Income
 $
 27,968
 $
 45,031

 Adjusted Operating Ratio
 95.1
 %
 92.2
 %

 1"Amortization of intangibles" reflects the non-cash amortization expense relating to intangible assets identified in the U.S. Xpress and UTXL acquisitions.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Intermodal Segment

 2024
 2023

 $
 387,232
 $
 410,549

 (396,690)
 (421,056)

 Operating loss
 $
 (9,458)
 $
 (10,507)

 102.4
 %
 102.6
 %

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation: Free cash flow

 2024

 GAAP: Cash flows from operations
 $
 799,063

 Proceeds from sale of property and equipment, including assets held for sale
 253,923

 Purchases of property and equipment
 (819,150)

 Non-GAAP: Free Cash Flow
 $
 233,836

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Sources of Liquidity
 The following table presents our available sources of liquidity as of December 31, 2024:

 Source:
 Amount

 Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash
 $
 218,261

 Availability under 2021 Revolver, due September 2026 1

 849,899

 Availability under 2023 RSA, due October 2025 2

 14,333

 Total unrestricted liquidity
 $
 1,082,493

 Cash and cash equivalents – restricted 3

 151,969

 Total liquidity, including restricted cash
 $
 1,234,462

 1As of December 31, 2024, we had $232.0 million in borrowings under our $1.1 billion 2021 Revolver. We additionally had $18.1 million in outstanding letters of credit (discussed below) issued under the 2021 Revolver, leaving $849.9 million available under the 2021 Revolver.
 2Based on eligible receivables at December 31, 2024, our borrowing base for the 2023 RSA was $500.7 million, while outstanding borrowings were $459.2 million, along with $27.2 million in outstanding letters of credit, leaving $14.3 million available under the 2023 RSA.
 3Restricted cash and restricted investments are primarily held by our captive insurance companies for claims payments. "Cash and cash equivalents – restricted" consists of $147.7 million, which is included in "Cash and cash equivalents — restricted" in the consolidated balance sheets held by Mohave and Red Rock for claims payments. The remaining $4.3 million is included in "Other long-term assets" and is held in escrow accounts to meet statutory requirements.
 Uses of Liquidity
 Our business requires substantial amounts of cash for operating activities, including salaries and wages paid to our employees, contract payments to independent contractors, insurance and claims payments, tax payments, and others. We also use large amounts of cash and credit for the following activities:
 Capital Expenditures — Subject to our liquidity and our ability to generate acceptable returns, we make substantial cash capital expenditures to maintain a modern company tractor fleet, refresh and expand our trailer fleet (when justified by customer demand), expand our network of LTL service centers, and, to a lesser extent, fund upgrades to our terminals and technology in our various service offerings. In connection with our business strategy, we regularly evaluate acquisition, investment, and strategic partnership opportunities. We expect net cash capital expenditures will be in the range of $575.0 to $625.0 million in 2025. Our expected net cash capital expenditures primarily represent replacements of existing tractors and trailers and investments in our terminal network, driver amenities, and technology, and excludes acquisitions.
 Over the long-term, we will continue to have significant capital requirements, which may require us to seek additional borrowing, lease financing, or equity capital. The availability of financing or equity capital will depend upon our financial condition and results of operations as well as prevailing market conditions. If such additional borrowing, lease financing, or equity capital is not available at the time we need it, then we may need to borrow more under the 2021 Revolver (if not then fully drawn), extend the maturity of then-outstanding debt, rely on alternative financing arrangements, engage in asset sales, limit our fleet size, or operate our revenue equipment for longer periods.
 There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional debt under our existing financial arrangements to satisfy our ongoing capital requirements. However, we believe the combination of our expected cash flows, financing available through operating and finance leases, available funds under our 2023 RSA, and availability under the 2021 Revolver will be sufficient to fund our expected capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months.
 Refer to Note 16 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional discussion of our short-term and long-term contractual payment obligations related to purchase commitments.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Principal and Interest Payments — As of December 31, 2024, we had debt, accounts receivable securitization, and finance lease obligations of $2.9 billion, which are discussed under "Material Debt Agreements," below. Certain cash flows from operations are committed to minimum payments of principal and interest on our debt and lease obligations. Additionally, when our financial position allows, we periodically make voluntary prepayments on our outstanding debt balances.
 Prior to the maturity of our 2023 RSA, 2023 Term Loan, 2021 Term Loans, 2021 Revolver, Prudential Notes, revenue equipment installment notes, and other debt, we expect to be contractually obligated to make interest payments of approximately $19.4 million, $27.0 million, $115.7 million, $7.0 million, $0.7 million, $11.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Refer to Notes 12 and 13 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional discussion of the principal payment obligations related to the 2023 RSA, 2023 Term Loan, and 2021 Debt Agreement.
 Refer to Note 14 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional discussion on our contractual principal and interest payment obligations for finance leases.
 Letters of Credit — Pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Debt Agreement and the 2023 RSA, our lenders may issue standby letters of credit on our behalf. When we have certain letters of credit outstanding, the availability under the 2021 Revolver or 2023 RSA is reduced accordingly. As of December 31, 2024, we also had outstanding letters of credit of $246.0 million pursuant to a bilateral agreement which does not impact the availability of the 2021 Revolver and 2023 RSA. Standby letters of credit are typically issued for the benefit of regulatory authorities, insurance companies and state departments of insurance for the purpose of satisfying certain collateral requirements, primarily related to our automobile, workers' compensation, and general insurance liabilities.
 Share Repurchases — From time to time, and depending on Free Cash Flow1 availability, debt levels, the price of our common stock, general economic and market conditions, as well as internal approval requirements, we may repurchase shares of our outstanding common stock. The 2022 Knight-Swift Repurchase Plan had $200.0 million available as of December 31, 2024. See further details regarding our share repurchases under Note 18 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
 Working Capital
 We had a working capital deficit of $258.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and a working capital deficit of $116.3 million as of December 31, 2023. The $141.7 million increase in the deficit was primarily due to the current classification of the 2023 RSA, which matures October 2025.
 ________
 1Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures."

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Material Debt Agreements
 As of December 31, 2024, we had $2.9 billion in material debt obligations at the following carrying values:
 •$349.1 million: 2021 Term Loan A-2, due September 2026, net of $0.9 million in deferred loan costs
 •$779.4 million: 2021 Term Loan A-3, due September 2026, net of $0.6 million in deferred loan costs
 •$249.5 million: 2023 Term Loan, due September 2026, net of $0.5 million in deferred loan costs
 •$459.0 million: 2023 RSA outstanding borrowings, net of $0.2 million in deferred loan costs
 •$597.4 million: Finance lease obligations
 •$232.0 million: 2021 Revolver, due September 2026
 •$192.3 million: Revenue equipment installment notes
 •$23.3 million: Other, net of approximately $10,000 in deferred loan costs
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $2.7 billion in material debt obligations at the following carrying values:
 •$199.9 million: 2021 Term Loan A-2, due September 2024, net of $0.1 million in deferred loan costs
 •$799.1 million: 2021 Term Loan A-3, due September 2026, net of $0.9 million in deferred loan costs
 •$249.1 million: 2023 Term Loan, due September 2026, net of $0.9 million in deferred loan costs
 •$526.5 million: 2023 RSA outstanding borrowings, net of $0.5 million in deferred loan costs
 •$528.9 million: Finance lease obligations
 •$67.0 million: 2021 Revolver, due September 2026
 •$279.3 million: Revenue equipment installment notes
 •$33.6 million: Other, net of approximately $22,000 in deferred loan costs
 Key terms and other details regarding our material debt obligations and finance leases are discussed in Notes 12, 13, and 14 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, and are incorporated by reference herein.

 Cash Flow Analysis

 2024
 2023
 Change

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 799,063
 $
 1,161,676
 $
 (362,613)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 (759,122)
 (1,228,025)
 468,903

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 (139,397)
 150,690
 (290,087)

 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The $362.6 million decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to a $94.8 million decrease in operating income, a $161.1 million cash payment for a commutation agreement to transfer certain outstanding insurance reserves to a third party, a $77.1 million decrease in change in trade receivables, and a $56.3 million increase in cash paid for interest. These were partially offset by a $30.4 million decrease in cash paid for taxes and various changes in working capital. Factors affecting the increase in operating income are discussed in "Results of Operations — Consolidated Operating and Other Expenses."
 Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
 2024 Compared to 2023 — The $468.9 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a $272.8 million decrease in net cash invested in acquisitions and a $213.8 million decrease in net cash capital expenditures.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities
 2024 Compared to 2023 — Net cash used in financing activities increased by $290.1 million, primarily due to a $175.8 million increase in net repayments on our 2023 RSA, a $154.9 million increase in repayments on finance leases and long-term debt, and a $100.0 million decrease in proceeds from long-term debt. These were offset by a $86.0 million increase in net borrowings on our 2021 Revolver.

 Inflation

 Most of our operating expenses are inflation-sensitive, with inflation generally leading to increased costs of operations. Price increases in manufactured revenue equipment have impacted the cost for us to acquire new equipment in recent periods. Cost increases have also impacted the cost of parts for equipment repairs and maintenance. The qualified driver shortage experienced by the trucking industry overall has had the effect of increasing compensation paid to our driving associates. We have also experienced inflation in insurance and claims cost related to health insurance and claims as well as auto liability insurance and claims. Prolonged periods of inflation have recently and could continue to cause interest rates, fuel, wages, and other costs to increase as well. Any of these factors could adversely affect our results of operations unless freight rates correspondingly increase.

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Therefore, the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and associated disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities are affected by these estimates and assumptions. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis, utilizing historical experience, consultation with experts, and other methods considered reasonable in the particular circumstances. Nevertheless, actual results may differ significantly from our estimates and assumptions, and it is possible that materially different amounts could be reported using differing estimates or assumptions. We consider our critical accounting estimates to be those that require us to make more significant judgments and estimates when we prepare our financial statements.
 Note 2 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report describes the Company's accounting policies. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Note 2, as it presents uncertainties involved in applying the accounting policies, and provides insight into the quality of management's estimates and variability in the amounts recorded for these critical accounting estimates. Our critical accounting estimates include the following:
 Claims Accruals — Insurance and claims expense varies as a percentage of total revenue, based on the frequency and severity of claims incurred in a given period, as well as changes in claims development trends. The actual cost to settle our self-insured claim liabilities, as well as our third-party claim liabilities, may differ from our reserve estimates due to legal costs, claims that have been incurred but not reported, and various other uncertainties, including the inherent difficulty in estimating the severity of the claim and the potential judgment or settlement amount to dispose of the claim. If claims development factors that are based upon historical experience had increased by 10%, our claims accrual as of December 31, 2024 would have potentially increased by $43.4 million.
 Refer to Note 10, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the changes in the claims accrual balance.
 Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets — The test of goodwill requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets (including goodwill) and liabilities to reporting units and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a combination of comparative valuation multiples of publicly traded companies, internal transaction methods, and discounted cash flow models. Estimating the fair value of reporting units includes several significant assumptions, including future cash flow estimates, determination of appropriate discount rates, and other assumptions that management believed reasonable under the circumstances. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or goodwill impairment for each reporting unit.
 Knight-Swift evaluated its goodwill associated with the 2017 Merger and various acquisitions as of June 30, 2024 and 2023. The evaluations were completed using fair value measurement guidance prescribed in ASC 350,

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. The fair value of the goodwill was established using an equal weighting of both the income and market approaches. In evaluating this quantitative analysis, the Company determined that it was more likely than not that fair value exceeded carrying value for the Company's reporting units as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.
 The test of indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison of the estimated fair value of certain trade names to their carrying values. The determination of the fair value of the trade names requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, discount rates, and royalty rates. Changes in these assumptions could materially affect the determination of the fair value of the trade names, the amount of any trade names impairment charge, or both. Management evaluated trade names for impairment as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 noting that the fair value exceeded carrying value for the trade name.
 Refer to Note 8, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the changes in the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset balances.
 Depreciation and Amortization — Selecting the appropriate accounting method requires management judgment, as there are multiple acceptable methods that are in accordance with GAAP, including straight-line, declining-balance, and sum-of-the-years' digits. As discussed in Note 2 included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis and intangible customer relationships are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We believe that these methods properly spread the costs over the useful lives of the assets. Management judgment is also involved when determining estimated useful lives of the Company's long-lived assets. We determine useful lives of our long-lived assets, based on historical experience, as well as future expectations regarding the period we expect to benefit from the asset. Factors affecting estimated useful lives of property and equipment may include estimating loss, damage, obsolescence, and company policies around maintenance and asset replacement. Factors affecting estimated useful lives of long-lived intangible assets may include legal, contractual, or other provisions that limit useful lives, historical experience with similar assets, future expectations of customer relationships, among others.
 Refer to Note 8, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the impact of the amortization of definite-lived intangibles on our results for 2024 and 2023.
 Impairments of Long-lived Assets — Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as necessary. Estimating fair value includes several significant assumptions, including future cash flow estimates, determination of appropriate discount rates, and other assumptions that management believed reasonable under the circumstances. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or impairment.
 Refer to Note 21, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the changes in long-lived assets and the impact on our results for 2024 and 2023.
 Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired in Business Combinations — Management performs fair value assessments in determining the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired through the business combination as of the acquisition date. Management and third-party specialists use significant inputs and assumptions in the valuations of acquired net assets such as certain prospective information, discount rates, royalty rates, and market data. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value.
 Refer to Note 4, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations and the impact on our results for 2024 and 2023.
 Fair Value of Contingent Consideration — Management performs assessments in determining the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements associated with certain acquisitions and which based on the acquired businesses achieving certain thresholds related to performance. The fair values of these contingent consideration arrangements are included as part of the purchase price of the acquired companies on their respective acquisition dates. For each transaction, we estimate the fair value of contingent earnout payments as part of the initial purchase price and record the estimated fair value of contingent consideration as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONTINUED

 The fair values of certain earnout arrangements are estimated by discounting the expected future contingent payments to present value using a variation of the income approach, specifically using a Monte Carlo Simulation approach. The key assumptions used in our valuation were: (i) forecast of operating income and net income, (ii) the volatility associated with operating income and net income, (iii) risk-adjusted discount rate applied to forecasted operating income and net income, and (iv) the credit-adjusted discount rate related to the payment of the contingent consideration.
 Refer to Notes 4 and 21, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the fair value of contingent consideration agreements and the impact on our results for 2024 and 2023.
 Income Taxes — Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part. We periodically assess the likelihood that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. To the extent we believe the likelihood of recovery is not sufficient, a valuation allowance is established for the amount determined not to be realizable. Management judgment is necessary in determining the frequency at which we assess the need for a valuation allowance, the accounting period in which to establish the valuation allowance, as well as the amount of the valuation allowance. We believe that we have adequately provided for our future tax consequences based upon current facts and circumstances and current tax law. However, should our tax positions be challenged, different outcomes could result and have a significant impact on the amounts reported in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
 Management judgment is also required regarding a variety of other factors including the appropriateness of tax strategies. We utilize certain income tax planning strategies to reduce our overall income taxes. It is possible that certain strategies might be disallowed, resulting in an increased liability for income taxes. Significant management judgments are involved in assessing the likelihood of sustaining the strategies and determining the likely range of defense and settlement costs, in the event that tax strategies are challenged by taxing authorities. An ultimate result worse than our expectations could adversely affect our results of operations.
 Refer to Note 11, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the changes in the balances of deferred taxes assets and related valuation allowances.
 Leases — At the inception of a lease, management judgment is involved in the determination of the discount rate, the determination of whether a contract contains a lease, classification of operating versus finance lease, assessment of useful lives, and estimation of residual values. Discounted future minimum lease payments are used in determining the lease classification represent the present value of minimum rental payments called for over the lease term, inclusive of residual value guarantees (if applicable) and amounts that would be required to be paid, if any, by the Company upon default for leases containing subjective acceleration or cross default clauses.
 Refer to Note 14, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the changes in balance of operating leases.
 Stock-based Compensation — We issue several types of stock-based compensation, including awards that vest, based on service conditions, performance conditions, or a combination of service and performance conditions. Determining the appropriate amount to expense in each period is based on likelihood and timing of achievement of the stated targets for performance-based awards, and requires judgment, including forecasting future financial results, market performance, and other factors. The estimates are revised periodically, based on the probability and timing of achieving the required performance targets, and adjustments are made as appropriate. There is also some judgement involved with estimating expected forfeiture rates as we have opted to net the benefit of expected forfeitures against our stock-based compensation expense.
 Refer to Note 19, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for discussion about the assumptions related to these awards and the impact on our results for 2024 and 2023.
 Legal Settlements and Reserves — See Note 17 in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report.

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 See Note 3 in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, which is incorporated herein by reference, for recently issued accounting pronouncements that could have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 ITEM 7A.
 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 Interest Rate Risk
 We have exposure from variable interest rates, primarily related to our 2021 Debt Agreement, 2023 Term Loan, and 2023 RSA. These variable interest rates are impacted by changes in short-term interest rates. We primarily manage interest rate exposure through a mix of variable rate debt (weighted average rate of 6.0% as of December 31, 2024) and fixed rate equipment lease financing. Assuming the level of borrowings as of December 31, 2024, a hypothetical one percentage point increase in interest rates would increase our annual interest expense by $21.1 million.
 Commodity Price Risk
 We have commodity exposure with respect to fuel used in company-owned tractors. Increases in fuel prices would raise our operating costs, even after applying fuel surcharge revenue. Historically, we have been able to recover a majority of fuel price increases from our customers in the form of fuel surcharges. The weekly average diesel price per gallon in the US decreased to an average of $3.76 per gallon for 2024 from an average of $4.20 per gallon for 2023. We cannot predict the extent or speed of potential changes in fuel price levels in the future, the degree to which the lag effect of our fuel surcharge programs will impact us as a result of the timing and magnitude of such changes, or the extent to which effective fuel surcharges can be maintained and collected to offset such increases. We generally have not used derivative financial instruments to hedge our fuel price exposure in the past, but continue to evaluate this possibility.

 ITEM 8.
 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, together with related notes and the report of Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accountants, are set forth on the following pages. Other required financial information set forth herein is more fully described in Item 15 of this Annual Report.

 Audited Financial Statements of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Financial Statements
 Page

 Report of independent registered public accounting firm [PCAOB ID Number 248 ]

 Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

 Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and, 2022

 Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and, 2022

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1
 Introduction and Basis of Presentation

 Note 2
 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Note 3
 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 Note 4
 Acquisitions

 Note 5
 Equity Investments

 Note 6
 Trade Receivables, net

 Note 7
 Assets Held for Sale

 Note 8
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 Note 9
 Accrued Payroll and Purchased Transportation and Accrued Liabilities

 Note 10
 Claims Accruals

 Note 11
 Income Taxes

 Note 12
 Accounts Receivable Securitization

 Note 13
 Debt and Financing

 Note 14
 Leases

 Note 15
 Defined Benefit Pension Plan

 Note 16
 Purchase Commitments

 Note 17
 Contingencies and Legal Proceedings

 Note 18
 Share Repurchase Plans

 Note 19
 Stock-based Compensation

 Note 20
 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding

 Note 21
 Fair Value Measurement

 Note 22
 Related Party Transactions

 Note 23
 Information by Segment, Geography, and Customer Concentration

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.
 Opinion on the financial statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"), and our report dated February 20, 2025 and expressed an unqualified opinion.
 Basis for opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical audit matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
 Swift and U.S. Xpress auto liability claims accrual
 As described further in footnote 10 to the financial statements, the Company is self-insured for a portion of its risk related to auto liability claims. The Company accrues for the cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims by evaluating the nature and severity of individual claims and by estimating future claims development based upon historical development trends. The actual cost to settle self-insured claim liabilities may differ from the Company's reserve estimates due to legal costs, claims that have been incurred but not reported, and various other uncertainties, including the inherent difficulty in estimating the severity of the claims and the potential judgment or settlement amount to dispose of the claim.

 We identified the estimation of the Swift and U.S. Xpress auto liability claims accrual, which are subject to certain self-insured retention limits, as a critical audit matter. Auto liability unpaid claim liabilities are determined by projecting the estimated ultimate loss related to a claim, less actual costs paid to date. These estimates rely on the assumption that historical claim patterns are an accurate representation for future claims that have been incurred but not completely paid. The principal considerations for assessing the auto liability as a critical audit matter is the high level of estimation uncertainty related to determining the severity of these types of claims, as well as the inherent subjectivity in management's judgment in estimating the total costs to settle or dispose of these claims.
 Our audit procedures related to this critical audit matter included the following, among others:
 • We tested the operating effectiveness of controls over auto liability claims, including the completeness and accuracy of claim expenses and payments and management's review over actuarial calculations.
 • We tested management's process for determining the auto liability accrual, including evaluating the reasonableness of the methods and certain assumptions used in estimating the ultimate claim losses with the assistance of an actuarial specialist.
 • We tested the claims data used in the actuarial calculation by selecting samples of historical claims data and inspecting source documents to test key attributes of the claims data.
 Fair value of mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration liability
 As described in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration liability was $132.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The fair value of the liability is based on Monte Carlo simulations that measure the present value of the expected future payment to be made in accordance with provisions outlined in the purchase agreement. Management estimates the future payment using the earnout formula specified in the purchase agreement and the related financial projections. In determining the inputs to the earnout formula fair value, management estimates the financial projections and volatility of such projections. The payment is discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate.
 The principal considerations for our determination that the valuation of the liability is a critical audit matter is that management utilized significant judgment and specialized skills in the estimation of the liability. In turn, auditing management's judgments regarding the assigned fair value involved a high degree of subjectivity due to the estimation uncertainty and complex valuation model used in the determination of fair value.
 Our audit procedures related to the mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration liability included the following, among others.
 • We tested the operating effectiveness of controls relating to management's valuation of the liability, including the development of the financial projections, volatility and discount rate.
 • We tested managements process for estimating the fair value of the liability by evaluating the valuation method and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data provided by management, including evaluating the reasonableness of the financial projections, volatility and discount rate.
 • Utilizing the assistance of valuation specialists with specialized skill and knowledge we developed an independent calculation for comparison to management's fair value of the liability.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.
 Phoenix, Arizona

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 2024
 2023

 ASSETS
 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Current assets:

 $
 218,261
 $
 168,545

 Cash and cash equivalents – restricted
 147,684
 297,275

 Restricted investments, held-to-maturity, amortized cost
 —

 Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 37,797 and $ 39,458, respectively

 803,696
 888,603

 Contract balance – revenue in transit
 7,238
 12,246

 Prepaid expenses
 123,089
 148,696

 Assets held for sale
 82,993
 83,366

 Income tax receivable
 37,260
 65,815

 Other current assets
 28,520
 43,939

 Total current assets
 1,448,741
 1,709,015

 Property and equipment:

 Revenue equipment
 5,356,602
 5,154,593

 Land and land improvements
 460,629
 426,635

 Buildings and building improvements
 976,354
 861,194

 Furniture and fixtures
 172,470
 156,911

 Shop and service equipment
 99,266
 84,049

 Leasehold improvements
 39,193
 37,228

 Gross property and equipment
 7,104,514
 6,720,610

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 2,401,129)
 ( 2,104,211)

 Property and equipment, net
 4,703,385
 4,616,399

 Operating lease right-of-use-assets
 372,841
 484,821

 3,962,142
 3,848,798

 Intangible assets, net
 2,057,044
 2,058,882

 Other long-term assets
 154,379
 152,850

 Total assets
 $
 12,698,532
 $
 12,870,765

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 329,697
 $
 355,173

 Accrued payroll and purchased transportation
 194,875
 164,884

 Accrued liabilities
 64,100
 220,350

 Claims accruals – current portion
 249,953
 480,200

 Finance lease liabilities and long-term debt – current portion
 288,428
 459,759

 Operating lease liabilities – current portion
 120,715
 144,921

 Accounts receivable securitization – current portion
 458,983
 —

 Total current liabilities
 1,706,751
 1,825,287

 Revolving line of credit
 232,000
 67,000

 1,445,313
 1,223,021

 Finance lease liabilities – less current portion
 457,303
 407,150

 Operating lease liabilities – less current portion
 274,549
 371,407

 Accounts receivable securitization
 —
 526,508

 Claims accruals – less current portion
 335,880
 315,476

 Deferred tax liabilities
 919,814
 951,749

 Other long-term liabilities
 210,117
 79,086

 Total liabilities
 5,581,727
 5,766,684

 Commitments and contingencies (Notes 4, 5, 15, 16, and 17)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, par value $ 0.01 per share; 10,000 shares authorized; none issued

 —
 —

 Common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share; 500,000 shares authorized; 161,896 and 161,385 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 1,619
 1,613

 Additional paid-in capital
 4,446,726
 4,426,852

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 442)
 ( 830)

 Retained earnings
 2,661,064
 2,659,755

 Total Knight-Swift stockholders' equity
 7,108,967
 7,087,390

 Noncontrolling interest
 7,838
 16,691

 Total stockholders' equity
 7,116,805
 7,104,081

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 12,698,532
 $
 12,870,765

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Revenue:

 Revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 $
 6,611,957
 $
 6,308,169
 $
 6,508,165

 Truckload and LTL fuel surcharge
 798,121
 833,597
 920,417

 7,428,582

 Operating expenses:

 2,821,987
 2,479,759
 2,173,933

 Fuel
 871,146
 878,407
 895,603

 546,883
 473,491
 422,872

 415,652
 609,536
 455,918

 Operating taxes and licenses
 127,505
 117,024
 111,197

 Communications
 31,152
 29,661
 23,656

 717,522
 664,962
 594,981

 Amortization of intangibles
 75,280
 70,138
 64,843

 Rental expense
 171,665
 130,269
 56,856

 1,170,806
 1,190,836
 1,444,937

 Impairments
 19,012
 2,236

 Miscellaneous operating expenses
 198,080
 157,294
 91,148

 7,166,690
 6,803,613
 6,336,754

 243,388
 338,153
 1,091,828

 Other (expenses) income:

 Interest income
 16,556
 21,577
 5,439

 Interest expense
 ( 171,158)
 ( 127,100)
 ( 50,803)

 Other income (expense), net
 60,260
 37,659
 ( 25,958)

 Total other expenses, net
 ( 94,342)
 ( 67,864)
 ( 71,322)

 Income before income taxes
 149,046
 270,289
 1,020,506

 Income tax expense
 249,388

 116,086
 215,521
 771,118

 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 1,540
 1,628

 Net income attributable to Knight-Swift
 $
 $
 $
 771,325

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 1,606
 ( 1,873)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 118,014
 $
 218,755
 $
 769,452

 Earnings per share:

 Basic
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.35
 $
 4.75

 Diluted
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.34
 $
 4.73

 Dividends declared per share:
 $
 0.64
 $
 0.56
 $
 0.48

 Weighted average shares outstanding:

 Basic
 161,738
 161,188
 162,260

 Diluted
 162,173
 161,826
 163,211

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Total Knight-Swift Stockholders' Equity
 Noncontrolling
 Interest
 Total
Stockholders' Equity

 Shares
 Par Value

 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Balances – December 31, 2021
 165,980
 $
 1,660
 $
 4,350,913
 $
 2,181,142
 $
 ( 563)
 $
 6,533,152
 $
 10,298
 $
 6,543,450

 Common stock issued to employees
 2,505
 2,511
 2,511

 Common stock issued to the Board
 —

 Common stock issued under ESPP
 4,047
 4,048
 4,048

 Company shares repurchased
 ( 6,001)
 ( 60)
 ( 299,881)
 ( 299,941)
 ( 299,941)

 Shares withheld – RSU settlement
 ( 20,623)
 ( 20,623)
 ( 20,623)

 Employee stock-based compensation expense
 33,928
 33,928
 33,928

 Cash dividends paid and dividends accrued ($ 0.48 per share)

 ( 78,396)
 ( 78,396)
 ( 78,396)

 771,325
 771,325
 ( 207)
 771,118

 Other comprehensive loss
 ( 1,873)
 ( 1,873)
 ( 1,873)

 Investment in noncontrolling interest

 Balances – December 31, 2022
 160,706
 $
 1,607
 $
 4,392,266
 $
 2,553,567
 $
 ( 2,436)
 $
 6,945,004
 $
 10,277
 $
 6,955,281

 Common stock issued to employees

 Common stock issued to the Board
 —

 U.S. Xpress assumed equity awards
 1,462
 1,462
 1,462

 Common stock issued under ESPP
 4,067
 4,068
 4,068

 Shares withheld – RSU settlement
 ( 19,932)
 ( 19,932)
 ( 19,932)

 Employee stock-based compensation expense
 27,922
 27,922
 27,922

 Cash dividends paid and dividends accrued ($ 0.56 per share)

 ( 91,029)
 ( 91,029)
 ( 91,029)

 ( 1,628)
 215,521

 Other comprehensive income
 1,606
 1,606
 1,606

 Investment in noncontrolling interest
 8,281
 8,281

 Distribution to noncontrolling interest
 ( 239)
 ( 239)

 Balances – December 31, 2023
 161,385
 $
 1,613
 $
 4,426,852
 $
 2,659,755
 $
 ( 830)
 $
 7,087,390
 $
 16,691
 $
 7,104,081

 Common stock issued to employees
 —

 Common stock issued to the Board
 —
 1,206
 1,206
 1,206

 Common stock issued under ESPP
 4,116
 4,118
 4,118

 Shares withheld – RSU settlement
 ( 12,030)
 ( 12,030)
 ( 12,030)

 Employee stock-based compensation expense
 23,557
 23,557
 23,557

 Cash dividends paid and dividends accrued ($ 0.64 per share)

 ( 104,287)
 ( 104,287)
 ( 104,287)

 ( 1,540)
 116,086

 Other comprehensive income

 Investment in noncontrolling interest
 2,900
 2,900

 Distribution to noncontrolling interest
 ( 9,005)
 ( 9,005)
 ( 10,213)
 ( 19,218)

 Balances – December 31, 2024
 161,896
 $
 1,619
 $
 4,446,726
 $
 2,661,064
 $
 ( 442)
 $
 7,108,967
 $
 7,838
 $
 7,116,805

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023 (recast)
 2022 (recast)

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 116,086
 $
 215,521
 $
 771,118

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and intangibles
 792,802
 735,100
 659,824

 Gain on sale of property and equipment
 ( 34,447)
 ( 64,651)
 ( 92,891)

 Impairments
 19,012
 2,236

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 22,263)
 10,784
 30,852

 Non-cash lease expense
 171,849
 121,831
 41,943

 Loss (gain) on equity securities
 11,554
 ( 2,096)
 52,274

 Other adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
 ( 21,842)
 62,005
 46,632

 Increase (decrease) in cash resulting from changes in:

 Trade receivables
 78,005
 155,100
 58,708

 Income tax receivable
 28,555
 ( 6,841)
 ( 58,065)

 Accounts payable
 14,818
 12,628
 ( 24,769)

 Accrued liabilities and claims accrual
 ( 221,569)
 53,304
 11,151

 Operating lease liabilities
 ( 175,898)
 ( 120,550)
 ( 42,893)

 Other assets and liabilities
 42,401
 ( 12,695)
 ( 18,841)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 799,063
 1,161,676
 1,435,853

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity investments
 3,620
 9,706

 Purchases of held-to-maturity investments
 —
 ( 30)
 ( 11,145)

 Proceeds from sale of property and equipment, including assets held for sale
 253,923
 292,627
 183,421

 Purchases of property and equipment
 ( 819,150)
 ( 1,071,611)
 ( 800,563)

 Expenditures on assets held for sale
 ( 438)
 ( 833)
 ( 545)

 Net cash, restricted cash, and equivalents invested in acquisitions
 ( 185,491)
 ( 458,288)
 ( 31,291)

 Other cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities
 ( 8,496)
 6,490
 4,233

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 759,122)
 ( 1,228,025)
 ( 646,184)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Repayments of finance leases and long-term debt
 ( 275,079)
 ( 120,219)
 ( 274,833)

 Proceeds from long-term debt
 150,000
 250,000
 —

 Borrowings on revolving lines of credit
 552,000
 466,000
 332,500

 Repayments on revolving lines of credit
 ( 387,000)
 ( 442,000)
 ( 549,500)

 Borrowings under accounts receivable securitization
 28,800
 197,000
 140,000

 Repayments of accounts receivable securitization
 ( 96,600)
 ( 89,000)
 —

 Proceeds from common stock issued
 5,328
 5,208
 7,432

 Repurchases of the Company's common stock
 —
 —
 ( 299,941)

 Dividends paid
 ( 104,153)
 ( 91,149)
 ( 78,304)

 Other cash flows used in financing activities
 ( 12,693)
 ( 25,150)
 ( 31,701)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 139,397)
 150,690
 ( 754,347)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents
 ( 99,456)
 84,341
 35,322

 Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at beginning of period
 469,686
 385,345
 350,023

 Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at end of period
 $
 370,230
 $
 469,686
 $
 385,345

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Continued

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

 Cash paid during the period for:

 Interest
 $
 174,485
 $
 118,150
 $
 48,905

 Income taxes
 9,929
 40,378
 289,159

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Equipment acquired included in accounts payable
 $
 4,091
 $
 45,574
 $
 34,909

 Transfers from property and equipment to assets held for sale
 116,653
 175,297
 90,951

 Noncontrolling interest associated with acquisitions
 —
 5,178
 —

 Purchase price adjustment on acquisition
 —
 —
 2,164

 Contingent consideration associated with acquisitions and investments
 —
 174,107
 1,717

 U.S. Xpress assumed equity awards
 —
 1,462
 —

 Conversion of note receivable to equity investment
 —
 12,107
 —

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
 44,654
 73,162
 86,910

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities through acquisitions
 12,400
 —
 —

 Property and equipment obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities
 200,498
 181,693
 152,509

 Property and equipment obtained in exchange for debt and finance lease liabilities reclassified from operating lease liabilities
 22,790
 —
 6,462

 Reconciliation of Cash, Restricted Cash, and Equivalents:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 $
 218,261
 $
 168,545
 $
 196,770

 Cash and cash equivalents – restricted 1

 147,684
 297,275
 185,792

 Other long-term assets 1

 4,285
 3,866
 2,783

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents
 $
 370,230
 $
 469,686
 $
 385,345

 ________
 1 Reflects cash and cash equivalents that are primarily restricted for claims payments.
 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1 — Introduction and Basis of Presentation
 Certain acronyms and terms used throughout this Annual Report are specific to Knight-Swift, commonly used in the trucking industry, or are otherwise frequently used throughout this document. Definitions for these acronyms and terms are provided in the "Glossary of Terms," available in the front of this document.
 Description of Business
 Knight-Swift is a transportation solutions provider, headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. During 2024, the Truckload segment operated an average of 22,791 tractors (comprised of 20,644 company tractors and 2,147 independent contractor tractors). The Company operated 92,831 trailers during the year, including trailers within the Truckload segment and leasing activities within the All Other Segments. The LTL segment operated an average 3,569 tractors and 9,564 trailers. Additionally, the Intermodal segment operated an average of 615 tractors and 12,572 intermodal containers. The Company's four reportable segments are Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal.
 Recent Acquisitions
 The Company recently completed the following acquisitions:
 • The operating assets, and assumption of certain liabilities, of DHE on July 30, 2024. The results are included within the LTL segment.
 • 100.0 % of U.S. Xpress on July 1, 2023. The results are included within the Truckload and Logistics segments.
 • 100.0 % of MME on December 6, 2021. The results are included within the LTL segment.
 • 100.0 % of ACT on July 5, 2021. The results are included within the LTL segment.
 • 100.0 % of UTXL on June 1, 2021. The results are included within the Logistics segment.
 • 100.0 % of Eleos, 79.44 % on February 1, 2021 and the remaining percentage in 2024. The results are included within the All Other Segments. The noncontrolling interest is presented as a separate component of the consolidated financial statements.
 Note regarding comparability: In accordance with the accounting treatment applicable to the transactions, the Company's consolidated results, as reported, do not include the operating results of its ownership interest in the acquired entities prior to the respective acquisition dates. Accordingly, comparisons between the Company's current and prior period results may not be meaningful.
 Additional information regarding the Company's recent acquisitions is included in Note 4.
 Basis of Presentation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries. In management's opinion, these consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP and include all adjustments necessary (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) for the fair presentation of the periods presented.
 With respect to transactional/durational data, references to "years", including "2024", "2023", and "2022" pertain to calendar years. Similarly, references to "quarters", including "first", "second", "third", and "fourth" pertain to calendar quarters.
 Changes in Presentation
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company presents gross borrowings on its revolving lines of credit and gross repayments on its revolving lines of credit as separate items. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to align with the current period presentation.
 Seasonality
 In the full truckload transportation industry, results of operations generally follow a seasonal pattern. Freight volumes in the first quarter are typically lower due to less consumer demand, customers reducing shipments following the holiday season, and inclement winter weather. At the same time, operating expenses generally increase, and tractor productivity of the Company's Truckload fleet, independent contractors, and third-party carriers decreases during the winter months due to decreased fuel efficiency, increased cold-weather-related equipment

 maintenance and repairs, and increased insurance claims and costs attributed to higher accident frequency from harsh weather. These factors typically lead to lower operating profitability, as compared to other parts of the year. Additionally, beginning in the latter half of the third quarter and continuing into the fourth quarter, the Company typically experiences surges pertaining to holiday shopping trends toward delivery of gifts purchased over the Internet as well as the length of the holiday season (consumer shopping days between Thanksgiving and Christmas). However, as the Company continues to diversify its business through expansion into the LTL industry, warehousing, and other activities, seasonal volatility has become somewhat more tempered. Additionally, macroeconomic trends and cyclical changes in the trucking industry, including imbalances in supply and demand, can override the seasonality faced in the industry.
 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
 ASU 2023-07: Segment Reporting (ASC 280) — Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
 Summary of the Standard — The amendments in this ASU update reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring that an entity disclose significant segment expenses, disclose other segment items by reportable segments, provide annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit and loss, the titles and positions of the CODMs, and other items.
 Current Period Impact of Adoption — In accordance with ASU 2023-07 the Company has expanded its segment disclosures to provide greater transparency into segment-level performance.
 Refer to Note 2 and Note 23 for updated segment disclosures.
 Other ASUs
 There were various other ASUs that became effective during 2024 which did not have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position, cash flows, or disclosures.

 Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Use of Estimates — The preparation of the consolidated financial statements, in accordance with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the Company's consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates and periodically adjusts its estimates and assumptions, based on historical experience, the impact of the current economic environment, and other key factors. Volatile energy markets, as well as changes in consumer spending have increased the inherent uncertainty in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include:
 • carrying amount of property and equipment;
 • carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets;
 • leases;
 • estimates of claims accruals;
 • contingent obligations;
 • calculation of projected pension benefit obligation;
 • calculation of stock-based compensation;
 • valuation of net assets acquired in business combination;
 • valuation of contingent consideration agreements;
 • valuation allowance for deferred income tax assets;
 • valuation allowances for receivables; and
 • valuation of financial instruments.

 Segments — The Company uses the "management approach" to determine its reportable segments, as well as to determine the basis of reporting the operating segment information. Certain of the Company's operating segments have been aggregated into reportable segments. The management approach focuses on financial information that management uses to make operating decisions. The Company's CODMs use total revenue, operating expense categories, operating ratios, operating income, and key operating statistics to evaluate performance and allocate resources to the Company's operations and is based around the transportation service offerings provided to the Company's customers, as well as the equipment utilized.
 Operating income is the measure that management uses to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Operating income should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP net income. Management believes the presentation of operating income enhances the understanding of the Company's performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business segments. Operating income is defined as "Total revenue" less "Total operating expenses."
 Based on the unique nature of the Company's operating structure, certain revenue-generating assets are interchangeable between segments. Additionally, the Company's CODMs do not review assets or liabilities by segment to make operating decisions. The Company allocates depreciation and amortization expense of its property and equipment to the segments based on the actual utilization of the asset by the segment during the period.
 See Note 23 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's segments.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents — Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash, money market funds, and highly liquid instruments with insignificant interest rate risk and original maturities of three months or less. Cash balances with institutions may be in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") limits or may be invested in sweep accounts that are not insured by the institution, the FDIC, or any other government agency.
 Restricted Cash and Equivalents — The Company's wholly-owned captive insurance companies, Red Rock and Mohave, maintain certain operating bank accounts, working trust accounts, and investment accounts. The cash and cash equivalents within these accounts are restricted by insurance regulations to fund the insurance claim losses to be paid by the captive insurance companies, and therefore, are classified as "Cash and cash equivalents – restricted" and included within "Other long-term assets" in the consolidated balance sheets.
 Inventories and Supplies — Inventories and supplies, which are included in "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily consist of spare parts, tires, fuel, and supplies and are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Depending on the class of inventory, cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method or average cost. Replacement tires held in the shops are classified as inventory and expensed when placed in service. Replacement tire costs incurred over the road are immediately expensed.
 Property and Equipment — Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs to construct significant assets include capitalized interest incurred during the construction and development period. Expenditures for replacements and improvements are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
 Net gains on the disposal of property and equipment are presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income within "Miscellaneous operating expenses."
 Tires on purchased revenue equipment are capitalized along with the related equipment cost when the vehicle is placed in service, and are depreciated over the life of the vehicle.
 Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated on a straight-line basis down to the salvage value, as applicable, over the following estimated useful lives:

 Category:
 Range (in years)

 Revenue equipment*
 —

 Shop and service equipment
 —

 Land improvements
 —

 Buildings and building improvements
 —

 Furniture and fixtures
 —

 Leasehold improvements
 Lesser of lease term or leasehold improvement life

 *For finance leases involving revenue equipment, the depreciation period is equal to the term of the lease agreement.
 Management believes that these methods properly spread the costs over the useful lives of the assets. Management judgment is involved when determining estimated useful lives of the Company's long-lived assets. Useful lives of the Company's long-lived assets are determined based on historical experience, as well as future expectations regarding the period the Company expects to benefit from the asset. Factors affecting estimated useful lives of property and equipment may include estimating loss, damage, obsolescence, and Company policies around maintenance and asset replacement.
 Management evaluates its property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, management performs a recoverability test that compares the carrying amount with the projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group. An impairment is recorded for any excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, when necessary. Estimating fair value includes several significant assumptions, including future cash flow estimates, determination of appropriate discount rates, and other assumptions that management believes reasonable under the circumstances. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or impairment.
 Goodwill — Management evaluates goodwill on an annual basis as of June 30th, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The Company performs a quantitative analysis on an annual basis, in accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Management estimates the fair values of its reporting units using a combination of the income and market approaches. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value, then management recognizes an impairment loss of the same amount. This loss is only limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Refer to Note 8 for the results of the Company's annual evaluation as of June 30, 2024.
 On a periodic basis, the Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount. If the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the Company conducts a quantitative goodwill impairment test.
 See Notes 4 and 8 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's goodwill.
 Intangible Assets other than Goodwill — The Company's intangible assets other than goodwill primarily consist of acquired customer relationships, trade names, and other intangibles from acquisitions. Amortization of acquired customer relationships, and other intangibles is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, which ranges from 3 years to 20 years. Certain trade names have indefinite useful lives and are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually, unless events occur or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value.
 Management reviews its intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, management performs a recoverability test that compares the carrying amount with the projected discounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group. An impairment is recorded for any excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value, which is generally determined using discounted future cash flows.

 Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals. Estimating fair value includes several significant assumptions, including future cash flow estimates, determination of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions that management believes reasonable under the circumstances. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or impairment.
 See Notes 4 and 8 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's intangible assets.
 Claims Accruals — The Company is self-insured for a portion of its risk related to auto liability, workers' compensation, property damage, cargo damage, and group health. The Company assumed premiums under a reinsurance agreement covering auto liability, including non-trucking auto liability, cargo and general liability coverages for individual members of an independent carrier safety association.
 Based on results of operations of this business, including the continued unfavorable development of insurance reserves, the Company ceased all third-party insurance operations and canceled any remaining policies as of March 31, 2024. As a result, we do not expect this business to have a material impact to our results moving forward.
 Self-insurance results from buying insurance coverage that applies in excess of a retained portion of risk for each respective line of coverage. The Company accrues for the cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims by evaluating the nature and severity of individual claims and by estimating future claims development based upon historical claims development trends. The actual cost to settle self-insured claim liabilities may differ from the Company's reserve estimates due to legal costs, claims that have been incurred but not reported, and various other uncertainties, including the inherent difficulty in estimating the severity of the claims and the potential judgment or settlement amount to dispose of the claim.
 See Notes 10 and 17 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's claims accruals.
 Leases — Management evaluates the Company's leases based on the underlying asset groups. The assets currently underlying the Company's leases include revenue equipment (primarily tractors and trailers), real estate (primarily buildings, office space, land, and drop yards), as well as technology and other equipment that supports business operations. Management's significant assumptions and judgments include the determination of the discount rate (discussed below), as well as the determination of whether a contract contains a lease.
 In accordance with ASC 842, Leases, property and equipment held under operating leases are recorded as right-of-use assets, with a corresponding operating lease liability. Additionally, property and equipment held under finance leases are recorded as property and equipment with corresponding finance lease liabilities. All expenses related to operating leases are reflected in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in "Rental expense." Expenses related to finance leases are reflected in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in "Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment" and "Interest expense."
 • Lease Term — The Company's leases generally have lease terms corresponding to the useful lives of the underlying assets. Revenue equipment leases have fixed payment terms based on the passage of time, which is typically three to five years for tractors and five to seven years for trailers. Certain finance leases for revenue equipment contain renewal or fixed price purchase options. Real estate leases, excluding drop yards, generally have varying lease terms between five and fifteen years and may include renewal options. Drop yards include month-to-month leases, as well as leases with varying lease terms generally ranging from two to five years.
 Options to renew or purchase the underlying assets are considered in the determination of the right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability once reasonably certain of exercise.
 • Portfolio Approach — The Company typically leases its revenue equipment under master lease agreements, which contain general terms, conditions, definitions, representations, warranties, and other general language, while the specific contract provisions are contained within the various individual lease schedules that fall under a master lease agreement. Each individual leased asset within a lease schedule is similar in nature (i.e., all tractors or all trailers) and has identical contract provisions to all of the other individual leased assets within the same lease schedule (such as the contract provisions discussed above). Management has elected to apply the portfolio approach to its revenue equipment leases, as accounting for its revenue equipment under the portfolio approach would not be materially different from separately accounting for each individual underlying asset as a lease. Each individual real estate and other lease is accounted for at the individual asset level.

 • Nonlease Components — Management has elected to combine its nonlease components (such as fixed charges for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, utilities, and insurance) with lease components for each class of underlying asset, as applicable, as the nonlease components in the Company's lease contracts typically are not material. These nonlease components are usually present within the Company's real estate leases. The Company's assets are generally insured by umbrella policies, in which the premiums change from one policy period to the next, making them variable in nature. Accordingly, these insurance costs are excluded from the Company's calculation of right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities.
 • Short-Term Lease Exemption — Management has elected to apply the short-term lease exemption to all asset groups. Accordingly, leases with terms of twelve months or less are not capitalized and continue to be expensed on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. This primarily affects the Company's drop yards and corresponding temporary structures on those drop yards. To a lesser extent, certain short-term leases for revenue equipment, technology, and other assets are affected.
 • Discount Rate — The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease, when readily determinable, which is generally related to the Company's finance leases. Otherwise the Company's incremental borrowing rate is applied. The implicit interest rate is not readily determinable for the Company's operating leases. As such, management applies the Company's incremental borrowing rate, which is defined by GAAP as the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is based on the results of an independent third-party valuation.
 • Residual Values — The Company's finance leases for revenue equipment are typically structured with balloon payments at the end of the lease term equal to the residual value the Company is contracted to receive from certain equipment manufacturers upon sale or trade back to the manufacturers. If the Company does not receive proceeds of the contracted residual value from the manufacturer, the Company is still obligated to make the balloon payment at the end of the lease term.
 In connection with certain revenue equipment operating leases, the Company issues residual value guarantees, which provide that if the Company does not purchase the leased equipment from the lessor at the end of the lease term, then the Company is liable to the lessor for an amount equal to the shortage (if any) between the proceeds from the sale of the equipment and an agreed value. To the extent management believes any manufacturer will refuse or be unable to meet its obligation, the Company recognizes additional rental expense to the extent the fair market value at the lease termination is expected to be less than the obligation to the lessor. Proceeds from the sale of equipment under the Company's operating leases generally exceed the payment obligation on substantially all operating leases. Although the Company typically owes certain amounts to its lessors at the end of its revenue equipment leases, the Company's equipment manufacturers have corresponding guarantees back to the Company as to the buyback value of the units.
 See Note 14 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's leases.
 Fair Value Measurements — See Note 21 for accounting policies and financial information relating to fair value measurements.
 Contingencies — See Note 17 for accounting policies and financial information related to contingencies.
 Revenue Recognition — Management applies the five-step analysis to the Company's four reportable segments (Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal).
 • Step 1: Contract Identification — Management has identified that a legally enforceable contract with its customers is executed by both parties at the point of pickup at the shipper's location, as evidenced by the bill of lading. Although the Company may have master agreements with its customers, these master agreements only establish general terms. There is no financial obligation to the shipper until the load is tendered/accepted and the Company takes possession of the load.
 • Step 2: Performance Obligations — The Company's only performance obligation is transportation services. The Company's delivery, accessorial, and dedicated operations truck capacity in its dedicated operations represent a bundle of services that are highly interdependent and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.

 These services are not capable of being distinct from one another. For example, the Company generally would not provide accessorial services or truck capacity without providing delivery services.
 • Step 3: Transaction Price — Depending on the contract, the total transaction price may consist of mileage revenue, fuel surcharge revenue, accessorial fees, truck capacity, and/or non-cash consideration. Non-cash consideration is measured by the estimated fair value of the non-cash consideration at contract inception. There is no significant financing component in the transaction price, as the Company's customers generally pay within the contractual payment terms of 30 to 60 days.
 • Step 4: Allocating Transaction Price to Performance Obligations — The transaction price is entirely allocated to the only performance obligation: transportation services.
 • Step 5: Revenue Recognition — The performance obligation of providing transportation services is satisfied over time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized over time. Management estimates the amount of revenue in transit at period end based on the number of days completed of the dispatch (which is generally one to three days for the Truckload, LTL, and Logistics segments, but can be longer for intermodal operations). Management believes this to be a faithful depiction of the transfer of services because if a load is dispatched, but terminates mid-route and the load is picked up by another carrier, then that carrier would not need to re-perform the services for the days already traveled.
 The Company outsources the transportation of loads to third-party carriers through its logistics operations. Management has determined that the Company is a principal in these arrangements, and therefore records revenue associated with these contracts on a gross basis. The Company has the primary responsibility to meet the customers' requirements. The Company invoices and collects from its customers and maintains discretion over pricing. Additionally, the Company is responsible for the selection of third-party transportation providers to the extent used to satisfy customer freight requirements.
 Significant judgments involved in the Company's revenue recognition and corresponding accounts receivable balances include:
 • Measuring in-transit revenue at period end (discussed above).
 • Estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience and any known trends or uncertainties related to customer billing and account collectability. Management reviews the adequacy of its allowance for doubtful accounts on a quarterly basis. Uncollectible accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, and accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts.
 • Contract Balances — In-transit revenue balances are included in "Contract balance – revenue in transit" in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's contract liability balances are typically immaterial.
 • Revenue Disaggregation — In considering the level at which the Company should disaggregate revenues pertaining to contracts with customers, management determined that there are no significant differences between segments in how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue or cash flows are affected by economic factors. Additionally, management considered how and where the Company has communicated information about revenue for various purposes, including disclosures outside of the financial statements and how information is regularly reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision makers for evaluating financial performance of the Company's segments, among others. Based on these considerations, management determined that revenues should be disaggregated by reportable segment.
 The Company recognizes operating lease revenue from leasing tractors and related equipment to third parties, including independent contractors. Operating lease revenue from rental operations is recognized as earned, which is straight-lined per the rent schedules in the lease agreements. Losses from lease defaults are recognized as offsets to revenue.

 Stock-based Compensation — The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASC 718 requires that all share-based payments to employees and non-employee directors, including grants of employee stock options, be recognized in the financial statements based upon a grant-date fair value of an award. Equity awards settled in cash are remeasured at each reporting period and are recognized as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets during the vesting period until settlement.
 • Fair Value — The fair value of performance units is estimated using the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation model. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-valuation model. The fair value of restricted stock units is the closing stock price on the grant date.
 • Vesting — The requisite service period is the specified vesting date in the grant agreement or the date that the employee becomes retirement-eligible, based on the terms of the grant agreement. The Company calculates the number of awards expected to vest as awards granted, less expected forfeitures over the life of the award (estimated at grant date). All awards require future service and thus forfeitures are estimated based on historical forfeitures and the remaining term until the related award vests. Performance-based awards vest contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria established by the Company's compensation committee.
 • Expense — Awards that are only subject to time-vesting provisions are amortized using the straight-line method, by amortizing the grant-date fair value over the requisite service period of the entire award. Awards subject to time-based vesting and performance conditions are amortized using the individual vesting tranches. Unless a material deviation from the assumed forfeiture rate is observed during the term in which the awards are expensed, any adjustment necessary to reflect differences in actual experience is recognized in the period the award becomes payable or exercisable.
 Determining the appropriate amount to expense in each period is based on the likelihood and timing of achievement of the stated targets for performance-based awards, and requires judgment, including forecasting future financial results and market performance. The estimates are revised periodically, based on the probability and timing of achieving the required performance targets, and adjustments are made as appropriate.
 See Note 19 for additional information relating to the Company's stock-based compensation plan.
 Income Taxes — Management accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and respective tax bases of assets and liabilities (using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse). The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Net deferred incomes taxes are classified as noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets.
 A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets if the Company determines it is more likely than not that such assets will not ultimately be realized. In making such determinations, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial operations. To the extent management believes the likelihood of recovery is not sufficient, a valuation allowance is established for the amount determined not to be realizable. Management judgment is necessary in determining the frequency at which the need for a valuation allowance is assessed, the accounting period in which to establish the valuation allowance, as well as the amount of the valuation allowance.
 Unrecognized tax benefits are defined as the difference between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit recognized and measured pursuant to ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company does not recognize a tax benefit for uncertain tax positions unless it concludes that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on audit (including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes) by the taxing authority, based solely on the technical merits of the associated tax position. If the recognition threshold is met, the Company recognizes a tax benefit measured at the largest amount of the tax benefit that, in management's judgment, is greater than 50 % likely to be realized. The Company records expected incurred interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions in "Income tax expense" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive

 income. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision.
 Significant management judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part. Management periodically assesses the likelihood that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. Management judgment is also required regarding a variety of other factors including the appropriateness of tax strategies. The Company utilizes certain income tax planning strategies to reduce its overall income taxes. It is possible that certain strategies might be disallowed, resulting in an increased liability for income taxes. Significant management judgments are involved in assessing the likelihood of sustaining the strategies and determining the likely range of defense and settlement costs, in the event that tax strategies are challenged by taxing authorities. An ultimate result worse than the Company's expectations could adversely affect its results of operations.
 See Note 11 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's income taxes.

 Note 3 — Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 Date Issued
 Reference
 Expected Adoption Date and Method
 Financial Statement Impact

 November 2024
 ASU 2024-04: Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20)

 The amendments in this ASU aim to improve the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance in Subtopic 470-20. The amendments clarify when and how companies should recognize expenses related to incentives offered to investors to convert their convertible debt or preferred stock into common stock earlier than they otherwise would.
 January 2025

 November 2024
 ASU 2024-03: Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

 The amendments in this ASU require disclosure, in the notes to financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity:
1) disclose the amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, etc., recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities included in each relevant expense caption;
2) include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements;
3) disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively; and
4) disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, and entity's definition of "selling expenses."

 January 2026, Prospective adoption

 March 2024
 ASU No. 2024-02: Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements
 The amendments in this ASU contain amendments to the Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most cases, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas.
 January 2025, Prospective or retrospective

 March 2024

 ASU 2024-01: Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)

 The amendments in this ASU improve GAAP by adding an illustrative example that includes four fact patterns to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether a profits interest award should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718.
 January 2025, Prospective or retrospective

 December 2023
 ASU 2023-09: Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

 The amendments in the ASU update disclosure requirements related to income taxes including disclosures related to the rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, and other items.
 January 2025, Prospective or retrospective

 Date Issued
 Reference
 Expected Adoption Date and Method
 Financial Statement Impact

 November 2023
 ASU 2023-07: Segment Reporting (ASC 280) — Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures 1

 The amendments in this ASU update reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring that an entity disclose significant segment expenses, disclose other segment items by reportable segments, provide annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit and loss, the title of the chief operating decision maker, and other items.
 January 2024

 No material impact

 June 2022
 ASU No. 2022-03: Fair Value Measurements (ASC 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions 1

 The amendments in this ASU clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security, and not considered in measuring fair value.
 January 2024, Prospective
 No material impact

 1 Adopted during the first quarter of 2024.
 Since management is continuing to evaluate the impacts of several of the above standards, disclosures around these preliminary assessments are subject to change.

 Note 4 — Acquisitions
 DHE
 On July 30, 2024, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary, acquired the operating assets and assumed certain liabilities of the regional LTL division of Dependable Highway Express, Inc. based in Los Angeles, California.
 The total purchase price consideration of $ 185.0 million, including net working capital adjustments, was funded through borrowing on the 2021 Revolver on the transaction date. At closing, $ 1.5 million of the cash consideration was placed in escrow to secure certain of the sellers' indemnification obligations and remains subject to further adjustments.
 The goodwill recognized represents expected synergies from combining the operations of DHE with the Company, including enhanced service offerings, as well as other intangible assets that did not meet the criteria for separate recognition. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
 Purchase Price Allocation
 The purchase price allocation for DHE is preliminary and has been allocated based on estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, and among other things may be pending the completion of the valuation of acquired tangible assets, an independent valuation of certain acquired intangible assets, assessment of lease agreements, assessment of certain liabilities, and assessment of other tax related items as applicable. As the Company obtains more information, the preliminary purchase price allocation disclosed below is subject to change. Any future adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation, including changes within identifiable intangible assets or estimation uncertainty impacted by market conditions, may impact future net earnings. The purchase price allocation adjustments can be made through the end of the measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date.

 July 30, 2024 Opening Balance Sheet as Reported at September 30, 2024
 Adjustments
 July 30, 2024 Opening Balance Sheet as Reported at December 31, 2024

 Fair value of the consideration transferred
 $
 184,986
 $
 —
 $
 184,986

 Other current assets
 —

 Property and equipment
 29,796
 —
 29,796

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 15,448
 —
 15,448

 Identifiable intangible assets 1

 72,400
 1,000
 73,400

 Other noncurrent assets
 —

 Total assets
 118,187
 1,000
 119,187

 Claims accruals – current and noncurrent portions
 ( 4,000)
 —
 ( 4,000)

 Operating lease liabilities – current and noncurrent portions
 ( 12,400)
 —
 ( 12,400)

 Total liabilities
 ( 16,400)
 —
 ( 16,400)

 $
 83,199
 $
 ( 1,000)
 $
 82,199

 1 Includes $ 57.9 million in customer relationships and $ 15.5 million in trade names.
 Eleos
 In 2024, the Company acquired the remaining 20.56 % non-controlling interest of Eleos.
 U.S. Xpress
 On July 1, 2023, the Company acquired Chattanooga, Tennessee-based U.S. Xpress Enterprises, Inc. ("U.S. Xpress"), one of the largest asset-based truckload carriers in the United States. The acquisition was completed through a Knight-Swift subsidiary formed to hold the U.S. Xpress business post-closing ("HoldCo") with Max Fuller, former Executive Chairman of U.S. Xpress, Eric Fuller, former CEO of U.S. Xpress, and their related entities and trusts (collectively, the "Rollover Holders"), rolling over a portion of their shares of U.S. Xpress into HoldCo for approximately 10% interest in HoldCo.
 The total purchase price consideration of $ 630.0 million consisted of $ 454.4 million in cash, including approximately $ 139.8 million in debt payoffs, and $ 1.5 million in assumed equity related to the revaluation of equity awards. Cash was funded from the 2023 Term Loan, as well as existing Knight-Swift liquidity. The purchase price also included contingent consideration valued at $ 174.1 million, consisting of two classes of membership interests in HoldCo. The Class A membership interests are subject to put and call rights at a defined fair market value measure in favor of the Rollover Holders and the Company, respectively, and will be purchased by the Company at that defined fair market value measure if outstanding at the fifth anniversary of the acquisition date. In order for the put right to become exercisable, it is subject to a $ 175 million minimum adjusted operating income threshold for U.S. Xpress. In addition, the Company had a call right, exercisable only within the first 15 months after closing, at an exercise price of approximately $ 140 million. As of December 31, 2024, the call right expired. The Class B membership interests will be repurchased by the Company for $ 40 million if U.S. Xpress achieves $ 250 million in adjusted operating income for a trailing annual period at or prior to the fifth anniversary of closing. If such threshold is not met, the Class B interests will be forfeited for no value.
 During 2024, the Company recognized mark-to-market adjustments related to the Class A and Class B purchase price obligations resulting in the mandatorily redeemable Class A obligation decreasing $ 1.8 million and the Class B contingent consideration obligation decreasing $ 34.8 million. The total mark-to-market adjustment totaled $ 36.6 million and is recorded in "Other income (expense), net" in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
 As of December 31, 2024, the mandatorily redeemable Class A contingent obligation totaling $ 132.3 million and the Class B contingent consideration obligation totaling $ 5.2 million are both included in "Other long-term liabilities" in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the $ 134.1 million in mandatorily redeemable Class A membership interests is included in "Accrued liabilities" in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and the $ 40.0 million in mandatory purchase of Class B membership interest is included in "Other long-term liabilities" in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

 The purchase of the equity interests of U.S. Xpress resulted in the historical tax basis of U.S. Xpress' assets continuing to be recovered and any intangible assets arising through purchase accounting will result in additional stock basis for tax purposes. Deferred taxes were established as of the opening balance sheet for purchase accounting fair value adjustments (other than for goodwill). The merger agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for a transaction of this nature.
 During 2024, the Company's consolidated operating results included U.S. Xpress' total revenue of $ 1.6 billion and a net loss of $ 46.6 million. U.S. Xpress' net loss during 2024 included $ 9.2 million related to the amortization of intangible assets acquired in the U.S. Xpress Acquisition. During 2023, the Company's consolidated operating results included U.S. Xpress' total revenue of $ 916.2 million and a net loss of $ 11.7 million. U.S. Xpress' net loss during 2023 included $ 4.6 million related to the amortization of intangible assets acquired in the U.S. Xpress Acquisition.
 The goodwill recognized represents expected synergies from combining the operations of U.S. Xpress with the Company, including enhanced service offerings, as well as other intangible assets that did not meet the criteria for separate recognition. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
 Purchase Price Allocation
 The purchase price was allocated based on estimated fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocation was open for adjustments through the end of the measurement period, which closed one year from the July 1, 2023 acquisition date.

 July 1, 2023 Opening Balance Sheet as Reported at December 31, 2023
 Adjustments
 July 1, 2023 Opening Balance Sheet as Reported at June 30, 2024

 Fair value of the consideration transferred
 $
 632,109
 $
 —
 $
 632,109

 3,321
 —
 3,321

 Receivables
 216,659
 217,004

 Prepaid expenses
 21,347
 —
 21,347

 Other current assets
 47,317
 —
 47,317

 Property and equipment
 433,210
 —
 433,210

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 337,055
 —
 337,055

 Identifiable intangible assets 1

 348,000
 —
 348,000

 Other noncurrent assets
 28,457
 —
 28,457

 Total assets
 1,435,366
 1,435,711

 Accounts payable
 ( 115,494)
 ( 1,600)
 ( 117,094)

 Accrued payroll and payroll-related expenses
 ( 27,485)
 —
 ( 27,485)

 Accrued liabilities
 ( 19,966)
 ( 809)
 ( 20,775)

 Claims accruals – current and noncurrent portions
 ( 180,251)
 ( 11,650)
 ( 191,901)

 Operating lease liabilities – current and noncurrent portions
 ( 376,763)
 —
 ( 376,763)

 Long-term debt and finance leases – current and noncurrent portions
 ( 337,949)
 —
 ( 337,949)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 33,072)
 9,942
 ( 23,130)

 Other long-term liabilities
 ( 34,230)
 ( 26,872)
 ( 61,102)

 Total liabilities
 ( 1,125,210)
 ( 30,989)
 ( 1,156,199)

 Noncontrolling interest
 ( 391)
 —
 ( 391)

 Total stockholders' equity
 ( 391)
 —
 ( 391)

 $
 322,344
 $
 30,644
 $
 352,988

 1 Includes $ 184.5 million in customer relationships and $ 163.5 million in trade names.

 Pro Forma Information — The following unaudited pro forma information combines the historical operations of the Company and U.S. Xpress giving effect to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, and related transactions as if consummated on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the comparative period presented.

 2023
 2022

 $
 8,097,050
 $
 9,589,752

 Net income attributable to Knight-Swift
 144,340
 728,827

 Earnings per share – diluted
 0.89
 4.47

 The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been presented for comparative purposes only and includes certain adjustments such as recognition of assets acquired at estimated fair values and related depreciation and amortization, elimination of transaction costs incurred by Knight-Swift and U.S. Xpress during the periods presented that were directly related to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, and related income tax effects of these items. As a result of the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, both Knight-Swift and U.S. Xpress incurred certain acquisition-related expenses, including professional legal and advisory fees, acceleration of share-based compensation, bonus incentives, severance payments, filing fees and other miscellaneous expenses. These acquisition-related expenses totaled $ 33.0 million during 2023. These expenses were eliminated in the presentation of the unaudited pro forma "Net income attributable to Knight-Swift" presented above.
 The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not purport to represent the actual results of operations that Knight-Swift and U.S. Xpress would have achieved had the companies been combined during the periods presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and is not intended to project the future results of operations that the combined company may achieve after the identified transactions. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not reflect any cost savings that may be realized as a result of the U.S. Xpress Acquisition and also does not reflect any restructuring or integration-related costs to achieve those potential cost savings.
 The Company did not complete any other material acquisitions during 2024 and 2023.

 Note 5 — Equity Investments
 Transportation Resource Partners
 Since 2003, the Company has entered into partnership agreements with entities that make privately-negotiated equity investments, including TRP Capital Partners, LP ("TRP IV"), TRP Capital Partners V, LP ("TRP V"), TRP CoInvest Partners, (QLS) I, LP ("TRP IV Coinvestment QLS"), TRP Coinvest Partners, FFR I, LP ("TRP IV Coinvestment FFR"), and TRP Coinvest Partners V (PW) I, LP ("TRP V Coinvest"), and TRP Capital Partners VI, LP ("TRP VI"). In these agreements, the Company committed to invest in return for an ownership percentage.
 The following table presents ownership and commitment information for the Company's investments in TRP partnerships:

 Knight-Swift's Ownership Interest 1

 Total Commitment (All Partners)
 Knight-Swift's Contracted Commitment
 Knight-Swift's Remaining Commitment

 TRP IV – equity investment 3

 4.2
 %
 $
 116,065
 $
 4,900
 $
 —

 TRP V - equity method investment 2 4

 16.6
 %
 $
 180,700
 $
 30,000
 $
 3,885

 TRP V Coinvest - equity method investment 2

 13.3
 %
 $
 30,000
 $
 4,000
 $
 —

 TRP VI - equity method investment 2 5

 17.8
 %
 $
 224,160
 $
 40,000
 $
 30,095

 1 The Company's share of the results is included within "Other income (expenses), net" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
 2 The TRP IV Coinvestments, TRP V, TRP V Coinvest, and TRP VI are unconsolidated majority interests. Management considered the criteria set forth in ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, to establish the appropriate accounting treatment for these investments. This guidance requires the use of the equity method for recording investments

 in limited partnerships where the "so minor" interest is not met. As such, the investments are being accounted for under the equity method. Knight's ownership interest reflects its ultimate ownership of the portfolio companies underlying the TRP V, TRP V Coninvest, and TRP VI legal entities.
 3 In accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities, these investments are recorded at cost minus impairment.
 4 Management anticipates that the following amounts will be due: $ 0.5 million in 2025, $ 1.0 million from 2026 through 2027, $ 1.0 million from 2028 through 2029, and $ 1.4 million thereafter.
 5 Management anticipates that the following amounts will be due: $ 7.8 million in 2025, $ 14.1 million from 2026 through 2027, $ 5.1 million from 2028 through 2029, and $ 3.1 million thereafter.
 Embark
 During the second quarter of 2021, the Company invested $ 25.0 million in Embark in exchange for a convertible note. The terms of the agreement provided that the amount outstanding on the convertible note would be automatically converted into a number of shares of Embark's common stock upon either the closing of a qualified financing or upon a public event, subject to discounted conversion pricing per share based on a valuation of Embark.
 In November 2021, Embark and Northern Genesis Acquisition Corp II, a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, completed a business combination agreement entered into on June 22, 2021, resulting in Embark becoming a publicly-traded company. In association with this transaction, the Company's convertible note automatically converted into a number of shares of Embark's common stock as outlined above. Further, the Company acquired an additional $ 25.0 million in Embark's common stock pursuant to a common stock subscription agreement between the Company and Embark. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of the combined investment in Embark was $ 1.0 million. This resulted in a net unrealized loss of $ 53.4 million recognized during 2022, within "Operating income, net" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. During 2023, Embark was acquired in an all-cash transaction with former shareholders receiving the proceeds. This resulted in a net realized loss of $ 0.1 million for 2023 and a full liquidation of the Embark investment.
 Other Equity Investments
 On October 1, 2020, the Company used approximately $ 39.6 million in cash to purchase 21.0 % of the equity interests of a transportation-related company ("Holdings Co."), complementary to its suite of services. Based on Holdings Co.'s board of directors and the Company's minority rights, the Company has concluded that its investment allows it to exercise significant influence over the operational and financial decisions of Holdings Co. and therefore has recorded the transaction as an equity method investment.
 The carrying amount of the Company's initial investment in Holdings Co. was approximately $ 36.6 million in excess of the Company's initial underlying equity interest in the net assets in Holdings Co. This basis difference represents the Company's proportionate share of the fair value of Holdings Co.'s net tangible assets and its identified intangible assets, with the remaining excess recognized as equity method goodwill. The Company's proportionate share of certain identified definite-lived intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives and accreted against the earnings recognized from the Company's interest in Holdings Co.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a $ 12.1 million realized loss on a minority investment in a transportation-adjacent technology venture which ceased operations in the third quarter of 2024, which is recorded in "Other income (expense), net" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 Net Investment Balances
 Net investment balances included in "Other long-term assets" in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 (in thousands)

 TRP IV Coinvestment QLS – equity method investment

 TRP IV Coinvestment FFR – equity method investment

 TRP V – equity method investment
 25,671
 25,776

 TRP V Coinvest – equity method investment
 5,009
 6,922

 TRP VI - equity method investment
 9,865
 —

 Other equity method investments – equity method investment 1

 63,739
 69,001

 Total carrying value
 $
 104,640
 $
 102,252

 1 In accordance with ASC 323, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, the net investment balance includes accretion of amortization of certain definite-lived intangibles.

 Note 6 — Trade Receivables, net
 Trade receivables, net balances were comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Trade customers
 $
 800,873
 $
 807,458

 Equipment manufacturers
 8,479
 24,903

 Insurance premiums
 2,179
 33,000

 Other
 29,962
 62,700

 Trade receivables
 841,493
 928,061

 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
 ( 37,797)
 ( 39,458)

 Trade receivables, net
 $
 803,696
 $
 888,603

 The following is a rollforward of the allowance for doubtful accounts for trade receivables:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Beginning balance
 $
 39,458
 $
 22,980
 $
 21,663

 Provision
 2,913
 19,116
 13,078

 Recoveries
 ( 743)
 —
 —

 Write-offs directly against the reserve
 ( 1,806)
 ( 2,431)
 ( 994)

 Write-offs for revenue adjustments
 ( 2,025)
 ( 1,520)
 ( 11,517)

 Other 1

 —
 1,313

 Ending balance
 $
 37,797
 $
 39,458
 $
 22,980

 1 Represents allowance for doubtful trade accounts receivable assumed in 2023 from the Company's acquisitions. Represents measurement period adjustment during 2022 related to the MME acquisition. See Note 4 for further details regarding these acquisitions.
 See Note 12 for a discussion of the Company's accounts receivable securitization program and the related accounting treatment.

 Note 7 — Assets Held for Sale
 The Company expects to sell its assets held for sale within the next twelve months. Revenue equipment held for sale totaled $ 73.3 million and $ 83.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Land and facilities held for sale totaled $ 9.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company had no land and facilities held for sale as of December 31, 2023. Net gains on disposals, including disposals of property and equipment classified as assets held for sale, reported in "Miscellaneous operating expenses" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income were $ 34.4 million during 2024, $ 64.7 million during 2023, and $ 92.9 million during 2022.
 During 2024, the Company incurred impairment losses of $ 12.4 million primarily related to certain tractors and trailers as a result of a softer used equipment market. During 2023, the Company incurred impairment losses of $ 0.5 million primarily related to certain tractors and trailers as a result of a softer used equipment market. During 2022, the Company did not recognize impairment losses related to assets held for sale.

 Note 8 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Goodwill balance at beginning of period
 $
 3,848,798
 $
 3,519,339
 $
 3,515,135

 Acquisition and measurement period adjustments 1

 113,344
 329,459
 4,204

 Goodwill balance at end of period
 $
 3,962,142
 $
 3,848,798
 $
 3,519,339

 1 The goodwill associated with the U.S. Xpress Acquisition was allocated to the Truckload and Logistics segments. The goodwill associated with the MME and DHE acquisitions was allocated to the LTL segment. The goodwill associated with the Eleos and other acquisitions were allocated to the All Other Segments. See Note 4 regarding the amount attributed to adjustments to the opening balance sheets.
 The following presents the components of goodwill by reportable segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Net Carrying Amount 1

 Net Carrying Amount 1

 $
 2,954,882
 $
 2,929,116

 LTL
 630,521
 548,322

 111,018
 106,140

 175,594
 175,594

 All Other
 90,127
 89,626

 $
 3,962,142
 $
 3,848,798

 1 The net carrying amount and gross carrying amount are equal since there are no accumulated impairment losses.
 There were no impairments identified during annual goodwill impairment testing in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

 Other Intangible Assets
 Other intangible asset balances were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Definite-lived intangible assets: 1

 Gross carrying amount

 $
 1,484,534
 $
 1,426,592

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 411,400)
 ( 336,120)

 Definite-lived intangible assets, net
 1,073,134
 1,090,472

 Indefinite-lived trade names:

 Gross carrying amount
 983,910
 968,410

 Intangible assets, net
 $
 2,057,044
 $
 2,058,882

 1 The Company's definite-lived intangible assets include customer relationships which have a gross carrying amount of $ 1.5 billion and $ 1.4 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other categories of the Company's definite-lived intangible assets include non-compete agreements, internally-developed software, trade names, and others. Identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization have been recorded at fair value. Definite-lived intangible assets related to acquisitions other than the 2017 Merger are amortized over a weighted-average amortization period of 19.4 years. The Company's customer relationship intangible assets related to the 2017 Merger are being amortized over a weighted average amortization period of 19.9 years.
 The following table presents amortization of intangible assets related to the 2017 Merger and various acquisitions:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amortization of intangible assets related to the 2017 Merger
 $
 41,375
 $
 41,375
 $
 41,375

 Amortization related to other intangible assets
 33,905
 28,763
 23,468

 Amortization of intangibles
 $
 75,280
 $
 70,138
 $
 64,843

 As of December 31, 2024, management anticipates that the composition and amount of amortization associated with intangible assets will be $ 77.0 million for 2025, $ 75.6 million for 2026, $ 74.4 million for 2027, $ 73.2 million for 2028, and $ 73.2 million for 2029. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets, and other events.
 See Note 2 for accounting policies regarding goodwill and other intangible assets.

 Note 9 — Accrued Payroll and Purchased Transportation and Accrued Liabilities
 The following table presents the composition of accrued payroll and purchased transportation:

 2024
 2023

 Accrued payroll 1

 $
 165,281
 $
 157,310

 Accrued purchased transportation
 29,594
 7,574

 Accrued payroll and purchased transportation
 $
 194,875
 $
 164,884

 1 Accrued payroll includes accruals related to the Knight-Swift 401(k) Retirement Plan (the "401(k) Plan") which is offered by the Company to its employees. Eligible employees must be at least 18 years of age, have completed ninety days of service, and belong to an Eligible Class of Employees (as defined in the 401(k) Plan) with the Company in order to participate in the 401(k) Plan. Employees earn vested interests in their employer contribution accounts over a period of five years based upon their years of service. The Employer may make discretionary matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan.
 The Company's employee benefits expense for matching contributions related to the 401(k) plans was approximately $ 31.5 million, $ 31.3 million, and $ 29.6 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. This expense was included in "Salaries, wages, and benefits" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the

 balance above in accrued payroll included $ 39.2 million and $ 36.2 million, respectively, in matching contributions for the 401(k) plans.
 The following table presents the composition of accrued liabilities:

 2024
 2023

 Mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration 1

 $
 —
 $

 Other
 64,100
 86,243

 Accrued liabilities
 $
 64,100
 $
 220,350

 1 As of December 31, 2024, the mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration is included in "Other long-term liabilities" in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Refer to Note 4 for further information regarding the contingent consideration related to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition.

 Note 10 — Claims Accruals
 Claims accruals represent the uninsured portion of outstanding claims at year-end. The current portion reflects the amount of claims expected to be paid in the following year. The Company's insurance programs for workers' compensation, auto and collision liability, physical damage, third-party carrier and independent contractor claims, cargo damage, and medical involves self-insurance with varying risk retention levels.
 Claims accruals were comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Auto reserves
 $
 458,748
 $
 413,662

 Workers' compensation reserves
 87,712
 95,164

 Third-party carrier claims reserves
 244,613

 Independent contractor claims reserves
 6,199
 6,783

 Cargo damage reserves
 7,957
 7,238

 Employee medical and other reserves
 24,872
 28,216

 Claims accruals
 585,833
 795,676

 Less: current portion of claims accruals
 ( 249,953)
 ( 480,200)

 Claims accruals, less current portion
 $
 335,880
 $
 315,476

 Self Insurance
 Automobile Liability, General Liability, and Excess Liability — Effective November 1, 2023 the Company has $ 75.0 million in excess auto liability ("AL") coverage subject to aggregate limits as well as AL claims subject to a $ 15.0 million self-insured retention ("SIR") per occurrence in addition to certain specific deductibles within the excess coverage above the $ 15.0 million SIR. For 2019 through 2023 the Company maintained varying excess AL coverage ranging from $ 100.0 million to $ 130.0 million with AL claims subject to SIR per occurrence ranging from $ 2.0 million to $ 10.0 million, including aggregate deductibles, depending upon the respective subsidiary.
 Workers' Compensation and Employers' Liability — The Company is self-insured for workers' compensation coverage. The Company, and its various subsidiaries maintain statutory coverage limits, subject to SIR for each accident and disease ranging from $ 1.0 million to $ 5.0 million depending upon the respective subsidiary.
 Cargo Damage and Loss — The Company is insured against cargo damage and loss with liability limits of $ 2.0 million per truck or trailer with a $ 15.0 million limit per occurrence.
 Medical — The Company and its various subsidiaries maintain primary and excess coverage for employee medical expenses, with SIR per claimant ranging from $ 0.4 million to $ 1.0 million depending upon the respective subsidiary.

 Third-party Carrier Insurance
 In 2020, the Company assumed premiums under a reinsurance agreement covering auto liability, including non-trucking auto liability, cargo and general liability coverages for individual members of an independent carrier safety association. The per occurrence limits assumed were $ 1.0 million per occurrence for auto liability claims, $ 1.0 million per occurrence for general liability claims, and $ 0.3 million per occurrence for cargo liability claims.
 In 2022, the Company began assuming premiums under a reinsurance agreement covering automotive and physical damage with limits of $ 1.0 million per occurrence.
 Based on results of operations of this business, including the continued unfavorable development of insurance reserves, the Company decided to initiate exiting this business during the fourth quarter of 2023 and ceased all third-party insurance operations and canceled any remaining policies as of March 31, 2024. As a result, we do not expect this business to have a material impact to our results moving forward.
 During 2024, the Company finalized the terms for transactions with the insurer under the third-party reinsurance agreement covering auto liability associated with the Company's third-party carrier insurance business. The first agreement finalized on February 14, 2024, effectively transferred $ 161.1 million in third-party auto liability insurance claim liabilities to the insurer for policy periods from October 1, 2020 through March 31, 2023. The transfer of these liabilities was funded by conveying to the insurer the corresponding restricted cash held in trust for payment of the third-party insurance claims. A second agreement finalized on December 28, 2024, effectively transferred the remaining $ 77.2 million in third-party auto liability insurance claim liabilities to the insurer for the policy period of April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024. The transfer of these liabilities will be funded by conveying to the insurer the corresponding restricted cash held in trust for payment of the third-party insurance claims in installments from December 30, 2024 through October 1, 2025. The Company remains responsible for potential additional premiums and aggregate reinsurance amounts above agreed loss development thresholds depending upon the ultimate development of claims.
 See Note 2 for accounting policy regarding the Company's claims accruals.

 Note 11 — Income Taxes
 The following table presents the Company's income tax expense:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current expense:

 Federal
 $
 34,201
 $
 15,726
 $
 174,277

 State
 6,275
 16,423
 39,687

 Foreign
 11,799
 12,135
 4,277

 52,275
 44,284
 218,241

 Deferred expense (benefit):

 Federal
 ( 13,448)
 17,353
 25,850

 State
 ( 6,612)
 ( 2,397)
 1,432

 Foreign
 ( 4,472)
 3,865

 ( 19,315)
 10,484
 31,147

 Income tax expense
 $
 $
 $
 249,388

 Rate Reconciliation — Expected tax expense is computed by applying the US federal corporate income tax rate of 21.0 % to earnings before income taxes for 2024, 2023, and 2022. Actual tax expense differs from expected tax expense as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Computed "expected" tax expense
 $
 31,300
 $
 56,761
 $
 214,306

 Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:

 State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit
 ( 1,654)
 10,578
 32,786

 Addition/(release) of valuation allowance
 ( 14,604)
 —

 Nondeductible per-diem paid to drivers
 2,954
 2,406
 —

 Effect of rates different than statutory
 3,156
 1,721
 2,217

 Mark-to-market adjustment
 ( 7,690)
 —
 —

 Other, net
 4,266
 ( 2,094)

 Income tax expense
 $
 $
 $
 249,388

 Deferred Income Taxes — The components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) included in "Deferred tax liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets were:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Accrued liabilities
 $
 16,340
 $
 12,282

 Allowance for doubtful accounts
 16,354
 16,733

 Bonus accrual
 2,136
 2,331

 Claims accrual
 136,779
 127,850

 Capital loss carryforward
 2,839
 6,518

 Deferred revenue
 4,596
 5,358

 Interest expense limitation carryforwards
 34,197
 18,530

 Lease reserve
 5,807
 7,900

 Net operating loss and credit carryforwards
 46,246
 54,173

 Stock amortization
 8,884
 8,947

 Operating Lease liabilities
 92,678
 120,782

 Research and development
 13,645
 7,717

 Vacation accrual
 5,788
 6,430

 Other
 3,979

 Total deferred tax assets
 387,185
 399,530

 Valuation allowance
 ( 11,063)
 ( 10,435)

 Total deferred tax assets, net
 376,122
 389,095

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Intangible assets
 ( 426,185)
 ( 430,948)

 Investments
 ( 4,918)
 ( 316)

 Property and equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation
 ( 748,950)
 ( 766,053)

 Prepaid taxes, licenses, and permits deducted for tax purposes
 ( 18,784)
 ( 19,936)

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 ( 91,172)
 ( 118,152)

 Foreign accruals
 ( 4,250)
 ( 3,760)

 Unrecognized tax benefit
 ( 1,677)
 ( 1,677)

 Other
 —
 ( 2)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 1,295,936)
 ( 1,340,844)

 Deferred income taxes
 $
 ( 919,814)
 $
 ( 951,749)

 Valuation Allowance — Valuation allowances are provided if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has a valuation allowance of $ 11.1 million and $ 10.4 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, to offset the tax benefit of capital loss and certain state operating loss carryforwards. In 2024, $ 3.0 million of the valuation allowance was reversed primarily due to the utilization and expiration of the Company's capital loss carryforward. In addition, $ 3.6 million in valuation allowance was established to offset the tax benefit of certain separate company state operating loss carryforwards.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Valuation allowance at beginning of year
 $
 10,435
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Additions charged to provision for income taxes
 3,616
 —

 Charges to other accounts
 —
 25,039
 —

 Reductions, deferred tax assets realized or written-off
 ( 2,988)
 ( 14,639)
 —

 Valuation allowance at end of year
 $
 11,063
 $
 10,435
 $
 —

 Cumulative Undistributed Foreign Earnings — As of December 31, 2024, foreign withholding taxes have not been provided on approximately $ 168.3 million of cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested outside the US. As such, the Company is not required to provide withholding taxes on these earnings until they are repatriated in the form of dividends or otherwise.
 Unrecognized Tax Benefits — The Company's unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 would favorably impact the Company's effective tax rate if subsequently recognized. Management does not expect a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months.
 See Note 2 for accounting policy related to the Company's income taxes.
 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for 2024, 2023, and 2022 is below:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year
 $
 1,677
 $
 1,735
 $
 1,735

 Increases for tax positions taken in the current year
 —
 1,677
 —

 Decreases for tax positions taken prior to beginning of year
 —
 ( 1,080)
 —

 Lapse of statute of limitations
 —
 ( 655)
 —

 Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year
 $
 1,677
 $
 1,677
 $
 1,735

 Interest and Penalties — There were no accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
 Tax Examinations — Certain of the Company's subsidiaries are currently under examination by federal and state jurisdictions for tax years ranging from 2009 to 2022. At the completion of these examinations, management does not expect any adjustments that would have a material impact on the Company's effective tax rate. Years subsequent to 2019 remain subject to examination.

 Note 12 — Accounts Receivable Securitization
 On October 23, 2023, the Company entered into the 2023 RSA, which further amended the 2022 RSA. The 2023 RSA is a secured borrowing that is collateralized by the Company's eligible receivables, for which the Company is the servicing agent. The Company's receivable originator subsidiaries sell, on a revolving basis, undivided interests in all of their eligible accounts receivable to Swift Receivables Company II, LLC ("SRCII") who in turn sells a variable percentage ownership in those receivables to the various purchasers. The Company's eligible receivables are included in "Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts" in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's eligible receivables generally have high credit quality, as determined by the obligor's corporate credit rating.
 The 2023 RSA is subject to fees, various affirmative and negative covenants, representations and warranties, and

 default and termination provisions customary for facilities of this type. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2024. Collections on the underlying receivables by the Company are held for the benefit of SRCII and the various purchasers and are unavailable to satisfy claims of the Company and its subsidiaries.
 The following table summarizes the key terms of the 2023 RSA (dollars in thousands):

 2023 RSA

 Effective date
 October 23, 2023

 Final maturity date
 October 1, 2025

 Borrowing capacity
 $ 575,000

 Accordion option 1

 $ 100,000

 Unused commitment fee rate 2

 20 to 40 basis points

 Program fees on outstanding balances 3

 one month SOFR + credit spread adjustment 10 basis points + 82.5 basis points

 1 The accordion option increases the maximum borrowing capacity, subject to participation by the purchasers.
 2 The commitment fee rates are based on the percentage of the maximum borrowing capacity utilized.
 3 As identified within the 2023 RSA, the lender can trigger an amendment by identifying and deciding upon a replacement index for SOFR.
 Availability under the 2023 RSA is calculated as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Borrowing base, based on eligible receivables
 $
 500,700
 $
 527,600

 Less: outstanding borrowings 1

 ( 459,200)
 ( 527,000)

 Less: outstanding letters of credit
 ( 27,167)
 —

 Availability under accounts receivable securitization facilities
 $
 14,333
 $

 1 As of December 31, 2024, outstanding borrowings are included in "Accounts receivable securitization – current portion" in the consolidated balance sheets and are offset by $ 0.2 million of deferred loan costs. As of December 31, 2023, outstanding borrowings are included in "Accounts receivable securitization – less current portion" in the consolidated balance sheets and are offset by $ 0.5 million of deferred loan costs. Interest accrued on the aggregate principal balance at a rate of 5.5 % and 6.3 %, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Program fees and unused commitment fees are recorded in "Interest expense" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Company's accounts receivable securitization incurred program fees of $ 28.9 million in 2024, $ 24.8 million in 2023, and $ 9.3 million in 2022.
 Refer to Note 21 for information regarding the fair value of the 2023 RSA.

 Note 13 — Debt and Financing
 Other than the Company's accounts receivable securitization as discussed in Note 12 and its outstanding finance lease obligations as discussed in Note 14, the Company's long-term debt consisted of the following:

 2024
 2023

 2021 Term Loan A-2, due September 3, 2026, net 1 2

 $
 349,149
 $
 199,902

 2021 Term Loan A-3, due September 3, 2026, net 1 2

 779,411
 799,058

 2023 Term Loan, due September 3, 2026, net 1 3

 249,459
 249,135

 Revenue equipment installment notes 1 4

 192,255
 279,339

 Prudential Notes, net 1

 16,611
 25,078

 Other
 6,722
 8,567

 Total long-term debt, including current portion
 1,593,607
 1,561,079

 Less: current portion of long-term debt
 ( 148,294)
 ( 338,058)

 Long-term debt, less current portion
 $
 1,445,313
 $
 1,223,021

 2024
 2023

 Total long-term debt, including current portion
 $
 1,593,607
 $
 1,561,079

 2021 Revolver, due September 3, 2026 1 5

 232,000
 67,000

 Long-term debt, including revolving line of credit
 $
 1,825,607
 $
 1,628,079

 1 Refer to Note 21 for information regarding the fair value of debt.
 2 The carrying amounts of the 2021 Term Loan A-2 and 2021 Term Loan A-3 are net of $ 0.9 million and $ 0.6 million in deferred loan costs as of December 31, 2024, respectively. The carrying amounts of the 2021 Term Loan A-2, and 2021 Term Loan A-3 are net of $ 0.1 million and $ 0.9 million in deferred loan costs as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
 3 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the 2023 Term Loan was net of $ 0.5 million in deferred loan costs. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the 2023 Term Loan was net of $0.9 million in deferred loan costs.
 4 The revenue equipment installment loans were assumed at the close of the U. S. Xpress Acquisition and have a weighted average interest rate of 4.68 % as of December 31, 2024.
 5 The Company also had outstanding letters of credit of $ 18.1 million and $ 18.0 million under the 2021 Revolver, primarily related to workers' compensation and self-insurance liabilities, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company also had outstanding letters of credit of $ 246.0 million and $ 264.3 million under a separate bilateral agreement which do not impact the availability of the 2021 Revolver as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

 Credit Agreements
 2021 Debt Agreement — On September 3, 2021, the Company entered into the $ 2.3 billion 2021 Debt Agreement (an unsecured credit facility) with a group of banks, replacing the Company's prior debt agreements. The 2021 Debt agreement included the 2021 Term Loan A-1 which was paid off on December 3, 2022. On August 6, 2024, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Debt Agreement (the "2024 Amendment") which, among other things, extended the maturity of the Company's 2021 Term Loan A-2 from September 3, 2024 to September 3, 2026, increased the size of the 2021 Term Loan A-2 from $ 200 million to $ 350 million, aligned the applicable margin for the 2021 Term Loan A-2 with that of the rest of the credit facility, transitioned the reference rate for the credit facility from BSBY to SOFR, and made other conforming changes. The following table presents the key terms of the 2021 Debt Agreement, as amended by the 2024 Amendment:

 2021 Term Loan A-2
 2021 Term Loan A-3
 2021 Revolver 2

 2021 Debt Agreement Terms

 Maximum borrowing capacity
 $ 350,000
 $ 800,000
 $ 1,100,000

 Final maturity date

 Interest rate margin reference rate
 SOFR + credit spread adjustment 10 basis points
 SOFR + credit spread adjustment 10 basis points
 SOFR + credit spread adjustment 10 basis points

 Interest rate minimum margin 1

 0.88 %
 0.88 %
 0.88 %

 Interest rate maximum margin 1

 1.50 %
 1.50 %
 1.50 %

 Minimum principal payment — amount
 $ —
 $ 10,000
 $ —

 Minimum principal payment — frequency
 Once
 Quarterly
 Once

 Minimum principal payment — commencement date
 September 30, 2024

 1 The interest rate margin for the 2021 Term Loan and 2021 Revolver is based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2024, interest accrued at 5.96 % on the 2021 Term Loan A-2, 5.96 % on the 2021 Term Loan A-3, and 5.96 % on the 2021 Revolver.
 2 The commitment fee for the unused portion of the 2021 Revolver is based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio, and ranges from 0.10 % to 0.20 %. As of December 31, 2024, commitment fees on the unused portion of the 2021 Revolver accrued at 0.20 % and outstanding letter of credit fees accrued at 1.50 %.
 Pursuant to the 2021 Debt Agreement, the 2021 Revolver and the 2021 Term Loans contain certain financial covenants with respect to a maximum net leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio. The 2021 Debt Agreement provides flexibility regarding the use of proceeds from asset sales, payment of dividends, stock repurchases, and equipment financing. In addition to the financial covenants, the 2021 Debt Agreement includes usual and customary events of default for a facility of this nature and provides that, upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default, payment of all amounts payable under the 2021 Debt Agreement may be accelerated, and the lenders' commitments may be terminated. The 2021 Debt Agreement contains certain usual and customary restrictions and covenants relating to, among other things, dividends (which are restricted only if a default or event of default occurs and is continuing or would result therefrom), liens, affiliate transactions, and other indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the 2021 Debt Agreement.
 Borrowings under the 2021 Debt Agreement, are made by Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., and are guaranteed by certain of the Company's material domestic subsidiaries (other than its captive insurance subsidiaries, driving academy subsidiary, and bankruptcy-remote special purpose subsidiary).
 2023 Term Loan — On June 22, 2023, the Company entered into the $ 250.0 million 2023 Term Loan (an unsecured credit facility) with a group of banks. The 2023 Term Loan matures on September 3, 2026. There are no scheduled principal payments due until maturity. The 2023 Term Loan contains terms similar to the 2021 Debt Agreement. The proceeds received from the 2023 Term Loan were used to fund a portion of the Company's acquisition of U.S. Xpress. The interest rate applicable to the 2023 Term Loan is subject to a leverage-based grid and as of December 31, 2024 is equal to SOFR plus the 0.1 % SOFR adjustment plus 1.75 %. As of December 31, 2024, interest accrued at 6.21 % on the 2023 Term Loan.

 U.S. Xpress's Revenue Equipment Installment Notes — In connection with the U.S. Xpress Acquisition, the Company assumed revenue equipment installment notes with various lenders to finance tractors and trailers. Payments are due in monthly installments with final maturities at various dates through March 15, 2028, and the notes are secured by related revenue equipment with a net book value of $ 166.4 million as of December 31, 2024. Payment terms generally range from 48 months to 84 months. The interest rates as of December 31, 2024 range from 2.0 % to 7.17 %.
 2021 Prudential Notes — Through the ACT Acquisition, the Company assumed the Second Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement with Prudential Capital Group ("2014 Prudential Notes"). On September 3, 2021, ACT entered into the 2021 Prudential Notes, replacing the 2014 Prudential Notes. The 2021 Prudential Notes have interest rates ranging from 4.05 % to 4.40 % and various maturity dates ranging from January 2025 through January 2028.
 The 2021 Prudential Notes previously allowed ACT to borrow up to $ 125.0 million, less amounts then currently outstanding with Prudential Capital Group, provided that certain financial ratios are maintained. The 2021 Prudential Notes are unsecured and contain usual and customary restrictions on, among other things, the ability to make certain payments to stockholders, similar to the provisions of the Company's 2021 Debt Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, ACT was in compliance with the covenants under the 2021 Prudential Notes.
 See Note 21 for fair value disclosures regarding the Company's debt instruments.

 Note 14 — Leases
 Lessee Disclosures
 Lease Cost — The components of the Company's lease cost were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 (in thousands)

 Operating lease cost:

 Operating lease costs
 $
 160,891
 $
 116,811

 Short-term lease cost 1

 10,774
 13,458

 Rental expense
 171,665
 130,269

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of property and equipment
 134,597
 62,591

 Interest expense
 23,286
 12,452

 Total finance lease cost
 157,883
 75,043

 Total operating and finance lease costs
 $
 329,548
 $
 205,312

 1 Short-term lease cost includes leases with a term of twelve months or less, as well as month-to-month leases and variable lease costs.
 Lease Liability Calculation Assumptions — The assumptions underlying the calculation of the Company's right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities are disclosed below.

 2024
 2023

 Operating
 Finance
 Operating
 Finance

 Revenue equipment leases

 Weighted average remaining lease term
 3.6 years
 3.6 years
 3.9 years
 3.8 years

 Weighted average discount rate
 5.0
 %
 4.4
 %
 4.9
 %
 3.6
 %

 Real estate and other leases

 Weighted average remaining lease term
 8.3 years
 8.3 years
 8.8 years
 9.3 years

 Weighted average discount rate
 4.4
 %
 4.2
 %
 4.1
 %
 4.2
 %

 Maturity Analysis of Lease Liabilities (as Lessee) — Future minimum lease payments for all noncancellable leases were:

 Operating
 Finance

 2025
 $
 139,070
 $
 164,614

 2026
 98,954
 106,955

 2027
 53,905
 129,833

 2028
 36,971
 130,591

 2029
 23,864
 70,818

 Thereafter
 106,872
 72,584

 Future minimum lease payments
 459,636
 675,395

 Less: amounts representing interest
 ( 64,372)
 ( 77,958)

 Present value of minimum lease payments
 395,264
 597,437

 Less: current portion
 ( 120,715)
 ( 140,134)

 Lease liabilities – less current portion
 $
 274,549
 $
 457,303

 Supplemental Cash Flow Lease Disclosures — The following table sets forth cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 2024
 2023

 (in thousands)

 Operating cash flows for operating leases
 $
 175,898
 $
 120,550

 Operating cash flows for finance leases
 23,286
 12,452

 Financing cash flows for finance leases
 134,838
 60,887

 Refer to Note 22 for information regarding the leasing transactions between the Company and its related parties.
 Lessor Disclosures
 The Company leases revenue equipment to independent contractors and other third parties under operating leases, which generally have terms between three and four years, and include renewal and purchase options. These leases also include variable charges associated with miles driven in excess of the stipulated allowable miles in the contract, which are accounted for separately and presented in the table below. Lease classification is determined based on minimum rental receipts per the agreement, including residual value guarantees, when applicable, as well as receivables due to the Company upon default or cross-default. When independent contractors default on their leases, the Company typically re-leases the equipment to other independent contractors. As such, future lease receipts reflect original leases and re-leases.
 The Company's leases to third parties, some of which are subleases, are generally short-term, and may include renewal options.
 The owned assets underlying the Company's leases as lessor primarily consist of revenue equipment. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the gross carrying value of such revenue equipment underlying these leases was $ 51.9 million and $ 68.3 million, respectively, and accumulated depreciation was $ 26.5 million and $ 33.2 million, respectively. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis down to the residual value, as applicable, over the estimated useful life of the equipment. Depreciation expense for these assets was $ 12.7 million and $ 13.2 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Additionally, the Company periodically leases or subleases out real estate for use by third parties. These leases have varying terms, and may include renewal options.
 Management's significant assumptions and judgments include the determination of the amount the Company expects to derive from the underlying asset at the end of the lease term, as well as whether a contract contains a lease.

 Lease Revenue and Rental Income — The components of the Company's lease revenue are included in "Revenue, excluding truckload and LTL fuel surcharge" and the Company's rental income is included in "Other income, net" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. These amounts are disclosed in the table below.

 2024
 2023

 (in thousands)

 Operating lease revenue
 $
 55,154
 $
 80,021

 Variable lease revenue

 Total lease revenue 1

 $
 56,065
 $
 81,016

 Rental income 2

 $
 15,379
 $
 13,656

 1 Represents operating revenue earned by the Company for leasing equipment to independent contractors and other third-parties.
 2 Represents non-operating income earned from leasing real estate to third parties.
 Maturity Analysis of Future Lease Revenues (as Lessor) — Future minimum lease revenues for all noncancellable leases were:

 2025
 $
 46,077

 2026
 27,926

 2027
 15,422

 2028
 4,506

 2029

 Thereafter
 3,336

 Future minimum lease revenues
 $
 97,993

 Refer to Note 22 for information regarding the leasing transactions between the Company and related parties.

 Note 15 — Defined Benefit Pension Plan
 Through the ACT Acquisition, the Company assumed a defined benefit pension plan covering ACT's drivers, drivers' helpers, warehousemen, warehousemen's helpers, mechanics, and mechanics' helpers. The plan provides normal retirement benefits based on years of credited service and applicable benefit units as defined by the plan. Provision is also made for early and defined retirements.
 The pension plan was amended such that benefit accrual and plan participation for the plan were effectively frozen as of January 1, 1997, resulting in a curtailment on that date. The net pension liability recognized is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 32,717
 $
 35,401

 Less: fair value of plan assets
 33,788
 $
 35,423

 Overfunded status

 $
 ( 1,071)
 $
 ( 22)

 Accrued pension liability recognized 1

 $
 1,238
 $

 1 The pension liability is included in "Other long-term liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets.
 "Other comprehensive income (loss)" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income included a $ 0.1 million gain during 2024 and a $ 1.4 million gain and $ 0.5 million for partial settlement of the plan related to a retiree annuity purchase during 2023. The provisions of the plan do not require compensation levels to be considered in determining the plan's benefit obligation. As such, the accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation are the same.

 Other information concerning the defined benefit pension plan is summarized below:

 2024
 2023

 Net periodic pension income (expense)
 $
 $
 ( 7)

 Benefits paid
 1,363
 $
 3,050

 Assumptions
 A weighted-average discount rate of 5.11 % and 4.85 % was used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
 The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine net periodic pension cost:

 2024
 2023

 Discount rate
 5.39
 %
 4.73
 %

 Expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets
 6.00
 %
 6.00
 %

 ACT's assumptions for the expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets are based on a periodic review of the plan's asset allocation over a long-term period. Expectations of returns for each asset class are based on comprehensive reviews of historical data and economic/financial market theory. The expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets was selected from within the reasonable range of rates determined by (1) historical real returns, net of inflation, for the asset classes covered by the investment policy and (2) projections of inflation over the long-term period during which benefits are payable to plan participants.
 The defined benefit pension plan weighted-average asset allocations, by asset category, are as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Asset category:

 Equity securities
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Debt securities
 %
 %

 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %

 Pension plan assets
 The target allocation by asset category, is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Asset category:

 Debt securities
 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %

 The investment policy includes various guidelines and procedures designed to ensure assets are invested in a manner necessary to meet expected future benefit payments. The investment guidelines consider a broad range of economic conditions. Central to the policy are target allocation percentages (shown above) by major asset categories. The objectives of the target allocation percentages are to maintain investment portfolios that diversify risk through prudent asset allocation parameters and achieve asset returns that meet or exceed the plan's actuarial assumptions.
 Refer to Note 21 for additional information regarding fair value measurements of the Company's investments.

 Cash flows
 ACT did not contribute to the pension plan during 2024. ACT is not expecting to recognize any net loss within "Other comprehensive loss" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income during 2025.
 The following benefit payments are expected to be paid in each of the fiscal years as follows:

 2025
 2,177

 2026
 2,334

 2027
 2,455

 2028
 2,552

 2029
 2,554

 2030 through 2034
 12,742

 Total
 $
 24,814

 Note 16 — Purchase Commitments
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding commitments to acquire revenue equipment of $ 619.0 million in 2025 ($ 552.2 million of which were tractor commitments) and none thereafter. These purchases may be financed through any combination of operating leases, finance leases, debt, proceeds from sales of existing equipment, and cash flows from operations.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding purchase commitments to acquire facilities and non-revenue equipment of $ 104.3 million in 2025, $ 26.4 million in the two-year period 2026 through 2027, and $ 8.6 million in the two-year period 2028 through 2029, and none thereafter. Factors such as costs and opportunities for future terminal expansions may change the amount of such expenditures.

 Note 17 — Contingencies and Legal Proceedings
 Accounting Policy
 The Company is involved in certain claims and pending litigation primarily arising in the normal course of business. The majority of these claims relate to workers' compensation, auto collision and liability, physical damage, and cargo damage, as well as certain class action litigation in which plaintiffs allege failure to provide meal and rest breaks, unpaid wages, unauthorized deductions, and other items. The Company accrues for the uninsured portion of claims losses and the gross amount of other losses when the likelihood of the loss is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. These accruals are based on management's best estimate within a possible range of loss. When there is no amount within the range of loss that appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, then management accrues to the low end of the range. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
 When it is reasonably possible that exposure exists in excess of the related accrual (which could be no accrual), management discloses an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, unless an estimate cannot be determined (because, among other reasons, (1) the proceedings are in various stages that do not allow for assessment; (2) damages have not been sought; (3) damages are unsupported and/or exaggerated; (4) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals; and/or (5) there are significant factual issues to be resolved).
 If the likelihood of a loss is remote, the Company does not accrue for the loss. However, if the likelihood of a loss is remote, but it is at least reasonably possible that one or more future confirming events may materially change management's estimate within twelve months from the date of the financial statements, management discloses an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, unless an estimate cannot be determined.
 Legal Proceedings
 The Company is party to certain legal proceedings incidental to its business. The majority of these claims relate to bodily injury, property damage, cargo and workers' compensation incurred in the transportation of freight, as well as certain class action litigation related to personnel and employment matters. We record a liability when we believe that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
 Based on management's present knowledge of the facts and, in certain cases, advice of outside counsel, management believes the resolution of open claims and pending litigation, taking into account existing reserves, is

 not likely to have a materially adverse impact on our overall financial position, operating results, or cash flows. However, there are inherent uncertainties in these legal matters, some of which are beyond management's control, making the ultimate outcomes difficult to predict. Moreover, management's views and estimates related to these matters may change in the future, as new events and circumstances arise and the matters continue to develop. The Company's financial position, cash flows or results of operations could be materially affected in any particular period by future claims or the adverse development or ultimate resolution of one or more of these contingencies.
 The Company has made accruals with respect to its legal matters where appropriate, as well as legal fees which are included in "Accrued liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has recorded an aggregate accrual of approximately $ 6.8 million and $ 4.8 million relating to the Company's outstanding legal proceedings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Other Environmental
 The Company's tractors and trailers are involved in motor vehicle accidents, experience damage, mechanical failures and cargo issues as an incidental part of the normal ordinary course of operations. From time to time, these matters result in the discharge of diesel fuel, motor oil, or other hazardous materials into the environment. Depending on local regulations and who is determined to be at fault, the Company is sometimes responsible for the clean-up costs associated with these discharges. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's estimate for its total legal liability for all such clean-up and remediation costs was approximately $ 1.4 million in the aggregate for all current and prior year claims.

 Note 18 — Share Repurchase Plans
 In 2022, the Company announced that the Board approved the repurchase of up to $ 350.0 million of the Company's outstanding common stock (the "2022 Knight-Swift Share Repurchase Plan").
 The Company made no share repurchases during 2024 and 2023. no
 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 200.0 million remaining under the 2022 Knight-Swift Share Repurchase Plan.

 Note 19 — Stock-based Compensation
 Compensatory Stock Plans
 Before the 2017 Merger, Knight and Swift granted stock-based awards under their respective stock-based compensation plans, discussed below.
 2014 Stock Plan — Currently, the 2014 Stock Plan, as amended and restated, is the Company's only compensatory stock-based incentive plan. The previous 2014 stock plan replaced Swift's 2007 Omnibus Incentive Plan when it was adopted by Swift's board of directors in March 2014 and then approved by the Swift stockholders in May 2014. The previous 2014 stock plan was amended and restated to rename the plan and for other administrative changes relating to the 2017 Merger. The 2014 Stock Plan was again amended and restated in 2020 to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance and extended the term of the 2014 Stock Plan, as well as to amend certain provisions to comply with best practices. Other terms of the 2014 Stock Plan, as amended and restated, remain substantially the same as the previous 2014 stock plan and first amended and restated stock plan. The 2014 Stock Plan, as amended and restated, permits the payment of cash incentive compensation and authorizes the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units, cash-based awards, and stock-based awards to the Company's employees and non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate number of shares remaining available under the 2014 Stock Plan was approximately 4.3 million.
 U.S. Xpress Assumption — In connection with the U.S. Xpress Acquisition the registered securities under the U.S. Xpress 2018 Omnibus Plan (the "U.S. Xpress Legacy Plan") were deregistered. As such, no future awards may be granted under the U.S. Xpress Legacy Plan. Outstanding awards granted under the U.S. Xpress Legacy Plan were assumed by Knight-Swift and continue to be governed by the U.S. Xpress Legacy Plan until such awards have been exercised, forfeited, canceled, or have otherwise expired or terminated.

 Legacy Plans — In connection with the 2017 Merger, the registered securities under the Knight Amended and Restated 2003 Stock Option Plan, the Knight 2012 Equity Compensation Plan, the Knight Amended and Restated 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan, and the Swift 2007 Omnibus Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Legacy Plans") were deregistered. As such, no future awards may be granted under these Legacy Plans. Outstanding awards granted under the Legacy Plans were assumed by Knight-Swift and continue to be governed by such Legacy Plans until such awards have been exercised, forfeited, canceled, or have otherwise expired or terminated.
 See Note 2 regarding the Company's accounting policy for stock-based compensation.
 Stock-based Compensation Expense
 Stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, which is included in "Salaries, wages, and benefits" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income is comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Restricted stock units
 22,887
 27,543
 21,091

 Performance units
 12,837

 Total stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures
 $
 23,557
 $
 27,922
 $
 33,928

 Income tax benefit 1

 $
 4,768
 $
 6,166
 $
 4,201

 1 The income tax benefit is calculated by applying the statutory tax rate to stock-based compensation expense for equity awards.
 Unrecognized Stock-based Compensation Expense
 The following table presents the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and the expected weighted average period over which these expenses will be recognized:

 Expense
 Weighted Average Period

 (In years)

 Restricted stock units
 48,567
 2.0

 Performance units
 9,273
 2.4

 Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense
 $
 57,840
 2.1

 Stock Award Grants

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Restricted stock units
 520,331
 422,384
 534,307

 Performance units
 90,105
 106,880
 118,520

 Total stock awards granted
 610,436
 529,264
 652,827

 Stock Options
 Stock options are the contingent right of award holders to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a stated price for a limited time. The exercise price of options granted equals the fair value of the Company's common stock determined by the closing price of the Company's common stock quoted on the NYSE on the grant date. Most stock options granted by the Company could not be exercised until at least one year after the grant date and had a five to ten-year contractual term. Stock options were generally forfeited upon termination of employment for reasons other than death, disability, or retirement.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no stock options outstanding.
 The following table summarizes stock option exercise information for the years presented:

 Stock option exercises
 2023
 2022

 (In thousands, except share data)

 Number of stock options exercised
 6,813
 76,900

 Intrinsic value of stock options exercised
 $
 $
 1,297

 Cash received upon exercise of stock options
 $
 $
 2,511

 Income tax benefit
 $
 $

 Restricted Stock Units
 A restricted stock unit represents a right to receive a common share of stock when the unit vests. Restricted stock unit recipients do not have voting rights with respect to the shares underlying unvested awards. Employees generally forfeit their units if their employment terminates before the vesting date, with the exception of death, disability, or retirement.
 The following table is a rollforward of unvested restricted stock units:

 Unvested restricted stock units:
 Number of Awards
 Weighted Average Fair Value 1

 Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023
 1,544,426
 $
 48.71

 Granted
 520,331
 49.66

 Vested 2

 ( 527,094)
 46.13

 Forfeited
 ( 146,222)
 51.26

 Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2024
 1,391,441
 $
 49.77

 1T he fair value of each restricted stock unit is based on the closing market price on the grant date.
 2 Includes 185,782 shares withheld for taxes which were excluded from the "Common stock issued to employees" activity within the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity.
 Performance Units
 The Company issues performance units to select key employees, that may be earned based on achieving performance targets approved by the compensation committee annually. The initial award is subject to an adjustment determined by the Company's performance achieved over a three-year performance period when compared to the objective performance standards adopted by the compensation committee. Furthermore, the performance units have additional service requirements subsequent to the achievement of the performance targets. Performance units do not earn dividend equivalents.
 The following table is a rollforward of unvested performance units:

 Unvested performance units:
 Shares

 Weighted Average Fair Value

 Unvested performance units at December 31, 2023
 477,092
 $
 54.17

 Granted
 90,105
 $
 61.17

 Shares earned above target
 19,998
 $
 42.34

 Vested 1

 ( 103,915)
 $
 43.41

 Forfeited
 ( 178,090)
 $
 59.32

 Unvested performance units at December 31, 2024 2

 305,190
 $
 59.88

 1 Includes 37,941 shares withheld for taxes which were excluded from the "Common stock issued to employees" activity within the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity.

 2 The performance measurement period for units granted in 2021 is January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024 (three full calendar years). The performance measurement period for units granted in 2022 is January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025 (three full calendar years). The performance measurement period for units granted in 2023, as well as certain units granted in 2024, is January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2026 (three full calendar years). The performance measurement period for units granted in 2024 is January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2027 (three full calendar years). All performance units, if and to the extent earned, will vest one month following the expiration of the performance measurement period.
 The following table presents the weighted average assumptions used in the fair value computation for performance units:

 Performance unit fair value assumptions:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Dividend yield 1

 1.09
 %
 0.97
 %
 0.87
 %

 Expected volatility 2

 30.74
 %
 30.09
 %
 33.11
 %

 Average peer volatility 2

 34.89
 %
 33.59
 %
 38.22
 %

 Average peer correlation coefficient 3

 0.56
 0.58
 0.61

 Risk-free interest rate 4

 4.09
 %
 4.08
 %
 4.07
 %

 Expected term (in years) 5

 3.1
 3.0
 3.1

 Weighted-average fair value of performance units granted
 $
 61.17
 $
 59.74
 $
 57.78

 1 The dividend yield, used to project stock price to the end of the performance period, is based on the Company's historical experience and future expectation of dividend payouts. Total stockholder return is determined assuming that dividends are reinvested in the issuing entity over the performance period, which is mathematically equivalent to utilizing a 0% dividend yield.
 2 Management (or peer company) estimated volatility using the Company's (or peer company's) historical share price performance over the remaining performance period as of the grant date.
 3 The correlation coefficients are used to model the way in which each entity tends to move in relation to each other; the correlation assumptions were developed using the same stock price data as the volatility assumptions.
 4 The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on US Treasury securities at a constant maturity with a maturity period that most closely resembles the expected term of the performance award.
 5 Since the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation is an open form model that uses an expected life commensurate with the performance period, the expected life of the performance units was assumed to be the period from the grant date to the end of the performance period.
 Non-compensatory Stock Plan: ESPP
 The Company's 2012 ESPP is administered by the Company, is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, and is considered non-compensatory. Pursuant to the 2012 ESPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 1.4 million shares of its common stock to eligible employees who participate in the plan. Employees are eligible to participate in the 2012 ESPP following at least 90 days of employment with the Company or any of its participating subsidiaries. Under the terms of the 2012 ESPP, eligible employees may elect to purchase common stock through payroll deductions, not to exceed 15 % of their gross cash compensation. The purchase price of the common stock is 95 % of the common stock's fair market value quoted on the NYSE on the last trading day of each offering period. There are four three-month offering periods corresponding to the calendar quarters. Each eligible employee is restricted to purchasing a maximum of $ 6,250 of common stock during an offering period, determined by the fair market value of the common stock as of the last day of the offering period, and $ 25,000 of common stock during a calendar year. Officers or employees who own 5 % or more of the total voting power or value of common stock are restricted from participating in the 2012 ESPP.
 The plan was amended effective January 1, 2019 to align with new federal tax legislation that lifted the restriction on contributing to the ESPP if the participant had a hardship withdrawal on the 401(k) plan.
 In 2024, the Company issued approximately 80,000 shares under the 2012 ESPP at a weighted average discounted price per share of $ 56.20. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is authorized to issue an additional 0.7 million shares under the 2012 ESPP.

 Note 20 — Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
 Earnings per share, basic and diluted, as presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, are calculated by dividing net income attributable to Knight-Swift by the respective weighted average common shares outstanding during the period.
 The following table reconciles basic weighted average shares outstanding to diluted weighted average shares outstanding:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
 161,738
 161,188
 162,260

 Dilutive effect of equity awards

 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
 162,173
 161,826
 163,211

 Anti-dilutive shares excluded from earnings per diluted share 1

 1 Shares were excluded from the dilutive-effect calculation because the outstanding awards' exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the Company's common stock.

 Note 21 — Fair Value Measurement
 ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, requires that the Company disclose estimated fair values for its financial instruments. The estimated fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time and are based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates. Because the fair value is estimated as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amounts that will actually be realized or paid at settlement or maturity of the instruments in the future could be significantly different.
 The estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments represent management's best estimates of the amounts that would be received to sell those assets or that would be paid to transfer those liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at that date. The estimated fair value measurements maximize the use of observable inputs. However, in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, the estimated fair value measurement reflects management's own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These judgments are developed by the Company based on the best information available under the circumstances.
 The following summary presents a description of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument.
 Equity Method Investments — The estimated fair value of the Company's equity method investments are privately negotiated investments. The carrying amount of these investments approximates the fair value.
 Pension Plan Assets — The estimated fair value of ACT's pension plan assets are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable.
 Debt Instruments and Leases — For notes payable under the 2023 Term Loan, the 2021 Revolver, the 2021 Term Loans, the 2021 Prudential Notes, and the revenue equipment installment notes, fair value approximates the carrying value due to the variable interest rate. The carrying value of the 2023 RSA and the 2022 RSA approximates fair value, as the underlying receivables are short-term in nature and only eligible receivables (such as those with high credit ratings) are qualified to secure the borrowed amounts. For finance and operating lease liabilities, the carrying value approximates the fair value, as the Company's finance and operating lease liabilities are structured to amortize in a manner similar to the depreciation of the underlying assets.
 Contingent Consideration — The estimated fair value of the Company's contingent consideration owed to sellers is calculated using applicable models and inputs for each acquired entity.

 Other — Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, net accounts receivable, income tax refund receivable, and accounts payable represent financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value, as they are short-term in nature. These instruments are accordingly excluded from the disclosures below. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the below are not considered financial instruments, subject to this disclosure.
 Fair Value Hierarchy — ASC 820 establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP and expands financial statement disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. ASC 820 further specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques, which is based on whether the inputs into the valuation technique are observable or unobservable. The hierarchy follows:
 • Level 1 — Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured.
 • Level 2 — Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices from markets that are not active for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques.
 • Level 3 — Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Unobservable inputs are valuation technique inputs that reflect the Company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
 The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's major categories of financial assets and liabilities:

 December 31, 2023

 Consolidated Balance Sheets Caption
 Carrying
Value
 Estimated
Fair Value
 Carrying
Value
 Estimated
Fair Value

 Financial Assets:

 Equity method investments 1

 Other long-term assets
 104,640
 104,640
 102,252
 102,252

 Financial Liabilities:

 2021 Term Loan A-2, due September 2026 1 2

 349,149
 350,000
 199,902
 200,000

 2021 Term Loan A-3, due September 2026 1 2

 779,411
 780,000
 799,058
 800,000

 2023 Term Loan, due September 2026 1 3

 249,459
 250,000
 249,135
 250,000

 2021 Revolver, due September 2026
 Revolving line of credit
 232,000
 232,000
 67,000
 67,000

 Revenue equipment installment notes 4

 Finance lease liabilities and long-term debt
– current portion,
 192,255
 192,255
 279,339
 279,339

 2021 Prudential Notes 1 5

 Finance lease liabilities and long-term debt
– current portion,
 16,611
 16,621
 25,078
 25,100

 2023 RSA, due October 2025 1 6

 Accounts receivable securitization
– current portion,
Accounts receivable securitization – less current portion
 458,983
 459,200
 526,508
 527,000

 Mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration 7

 Accrued liabilities, Other long-term liabilities
 132,287
 132,287

 Contingent consideration 7

 Accrued liabilities, Other long-term liabilities
 5,203
 5,203
 40,859
 40,859

 1 Level 2 inputs used to estimate the fair value.
 2 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amounts of the 2021 Term Loan A-2 and 2021 Term Loan A-3 are net of $ 0.9 million and $ 0.6 million in deferred loan costs, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amounts of the 2021 Term Loan A-2, and 2021 Term Loan A-3 are net of $ 0.1 million and $ 0.9 million in deferred loan costs, respectively.
 3 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the 2023 Term Loan is net of $ 0.5 million in deferred loan costs. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the 2023 Term Loan is net of $ 0.9 million in deferred loan costs.

 4 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the revenue equipment installment notes included $ 0.6 million in fair value adjustments. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the revenue equipment installment notes included $ 1.3 million in fair value adjustments.
 5 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amount of the 2021 Prudential Notes is net of $ 10,000 in deferred loan costs and $ 0.6 million in fair value adjustments. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the 2021 Prudential Notes is net of $ 22,000 in deferred loan costs and $ 1.1 million in fair value adjustments.
 6 The carrying amount of the 2023 RSA is net of $ 0.2 million in deferred loan costs as of December 31, 2024. The carrying amount of the 2023 RSA is net of $ 0.5 million in deferred loan costs as of December 31, 2023.
 7 Refer to Note 4 for information regarding the contingent consideration related to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition.
 Recurring Fair Value Measurements (Assets) — As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no major categories of assets estimated at fair value that were measured on a recurring basis.
 Recurring Fair Value Measurements (Liabilities) — The following table depicts the level in the fair value hierarchy of the inputs used to estimate the fair value of liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using

 Estimated Fair Value
 Level 1 Inputs
 Level 2 Inputs
 Level 3 Inputs
 Total Gain (Loss)

 As of December 31, 2024

 Mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration 1 2

 $
 132,287
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 132,287
 $
 1,820

 Contingent consideration 1

 $
 5,203
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,203
 $
 35,656

 As of December 31, 2023

 Mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration 1

 —
 —
 —

 Contingent consideration 1

 40,859
 —
 —
 40,859
 3,359

 1 The Company measures contingent consideration liabilities at fair value each reporting period using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company uses a probability weighted value analysis as a valuation technique to convert future estimated cash flows to a single present value amount. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements are forecasted operating income and net income over the earnout period, and the probability outcome percentages assigned to each scenario. Significant increases or decreases to either of these inputs would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earnout liabilities. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount settled, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount settled will be recorded in earnings for business combinations.
 The following is a rollforward for the summary of changes in the fair value of the Company's contingent consideration liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis utilizing Level 3 assumptions:

 2024
 2023

 Beginning balance
 $
 174,966
 $
 4,218

 Change in fair value of contingent consideration (a)

 ( 36,617)
 —

 Fair value of contingent consideration issuances (b)

 —
 174,107

 Settlement of contingent consideration (c)

 ( 859)
 ( 3,359)

 Ending balance
 $
 137,490
 $
 174,966

 (a) The fair values of the mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration and other contingent consideration related to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition are based on Monte Carlo simulations that measure the present value of the expected future payments to be made in accordance with the provisions outlined in the purchase agreement, which is a Level 3 fair value measurement. In determining fair value, the Company estimates the future performance using financial projections developed by management about operating income and net income and the volatility associated with operating income and net income. As of December 31, 2024, the Company used volatility rates of 38.0 % and 41.0 % for operating income and net income, respectively. The Company estimates future payments using the earnout formula and performance targets specified in the purchase agreement and these financial projections. These payments are discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted rate that takes into consideration market-based rates of return that reflect the ability of U.S. Xpress to achieve the targets. As of December 31, 2024 the Company used a discount rate of 5.7 %. Changes in financial projections or the risk-adjusted discount rate, would result in a change in the fair value of contingent consideration.
 Based on the Company's ongoing assessment of the fair value of the contingent consideration the Company recorded a net decrease in the estimated fair value of such liabilities of $ 36.6 million during 2024 which was recognized as a gain and is recorded in "Other income (expense), net" in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
 (b) Refer to Note 4 for information regarding the initial measurement of the contingent consideration related to the U.S. Xpress Acquisition.
 (c) The Company recognized gains of $ 0.9 million and $ 3.4 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively. These gains were related to the settlement of certain contingent consideration agreements and are recorded in "Miscellaneous operating expenses" in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
 2 As of December 31, 2024, the call option has expired and the mandatorily redeemable contingent consideration is now in the put option period.
 Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements (Assets) — The following table depicts the level in the fair value hierarchy of the inputs used to estimate the fair value of assets measured on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using

 Estimated Fair Value
 Level 1 Inputs
 Level 2 Inputs
 Level 3 Inputs
 Total Loss

 As of December 31, 2024

 Buildings 1

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 288)

 Operating lease right-of-use assets 2

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,974)

 Equipment 3

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 12,750)

 As of December 31, 2023

 Buildings 1

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 187)

 Equipment 3

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 469)

 Software 4

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,580)

 1 Reflects the non-cash impairment of building improvements (within the Truckload segment and the All Other Segments).
 2 Reflects the non-cash impairment related to the market value of facility leases (within the Truckload segment and the LTL segment).
 3 Reflects the non-cash impairment of certain revenue equipment held for sale and other equipment (within the Truckload segment and the All Other Segments).
 4 Reflects the non-cash impairment of software (within the All Other Segments).
 Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements (Liabilities) — As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no liabilities included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value that were measured on a nonrecurring basis.
 Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets — The following table sets forth the level within the fair value hierarchy of ACT's pension plan financial assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis. Assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. ACT's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of these assets and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

 Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:

 Estimated
Fair Value
 Level 1 Inputs
 Level 2 Inputs
 Level 3 Inputs

 As of December 31, 2024

 Fixed income funds
 33,399
 33,399
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total pension plan assets
 $
 33,788
 $
 33,788
 $
 —
 $
 —

 As of December 31, 2023

 Fixed income funds
 34,536
 34,536
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total pension plan assets
 $
 35,423
 $
 35,423
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Note 22 — Related Party Transactions
 The following table presents Knight-Swift's transactions with companies controlled by and/or affiliated with its related parties:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Provided by Knight-Swift
 Received by Knight-Swift
 Provided by Knight-Swift
 Received by Knight-Swift
 Provided by Knight-Swift
 Received by Knight-Swift

 Facility and Equipment Leases

 1,008
 —

 Other Services

 —

 Receivables and payables pertaining to related party transactions were:

 December 31, 2023

 Receivable
 Payable
 Receivable
 Payable

 Certain affiliates 1

 —

 1 "Certain affiliates" includes entities that are associated with various board members and executives and require approval by the Audit Committee of the Board prior to completing transactions. Transactions with these entities generally include facility and equipment leases, equipment sales, and other services.
 Aircraft Purchase — During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased an airplane for $ 6.0 million from related parties.

 Note 23 — Information by Segment, Geography, and Customer Concentration
 Segment Information
 Since the merger of Knight and Swift in 2017, the Company has grown both organically as well as through strategic acquisitions, including the ACT Acquisition and the acquisition of MME in 2021, the U.S. Xpress Acquisition in 2023, and the DHE Acquisition in 2024. Additionally, the Company's various logistics and intermodal businesses have been re-organized with oversight by one segment leader respectively. Based on these events as well as the information reviewed by the CODMs, identified as the Executive Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, and the Chief Financial Officer, the Company identified ten operating segments structured around the types of transportation services offerings provided to our customers, as well as the equipment utilized. The Company aggregated the three truckload operating segments into the one reportable segment discussed below based on similarities with both their qualitative and economic characteristics.
 The Company has four reportable segments: Truckload, LTL, Logistics, and Intermodal, as well as certain other operating segments included within All Other Segments, discussed below. Based on how economic factors affect the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue or cash flows, the Company disaggregates revenues by reportable segment for the purposes of applying the ASC 606 guidance.

 The Truckload reportable segment is comprised of three full truckload operating segments that provide similar transportation services to the Company's customers utilizing similar transportation equipment over both irregular (one-way movement) and/or dedicated routes. The Truckload reportable segment consists of irregular route and dedicated, refrigerated, expedited, flatbed, and cross-border operations.
 LTL
 Our LTL segment, established in 2021 through the ACT Acquisition and later the acquisitions of MME and DHE, is comprised of one operating segment and provides our customers with regional LTL transportation services through a network of approximately 170 service centers in the Company's geographical footprint. The Company's LTL service also includes national coverage to customers by utilizing partner carriers for areas outside of the Company's direct network.
 The Logistics reportable segment is comprised of one logistics operating segment that provides transportation services to the Company's customers and primarily consists of brokerage and other freight management services utilizing third-party transportation providers and their equipment.
 The Intermodal reportable segment is comprised of one intermodal operating segment that provides transportation services to the Company's customers. These transportation services include arranging the movement of customers' freight through third-party intermodal rail services on the Company's trailing equipment (containers and trailers on flat cars), as well as drayage services to transport loads between the railheads and customer locations.
 All Other Segments
 The All Other Segments include four non-reportable operating segments that consist of support services provided to the Company's customers and independent contractors (including repair and maintenance shop services, equipment leasing, warranty services, and insurance), trailer parts manufacturing, warehousing, and certain driving academy activities, as well as certain corporate expenses (such as legal settlements and accruals, certain impairments, and amortization of intangibles related to the 2017 Merger and various acquisitions).
 Intersegment Eliminations
 Certain operating segments provide transportation and related services for other affiliates outside their segments. For certain operating segments, such services are billed at cost, and no profit is earned. For the other operating segments, revenues for such services are based on negotiated rates, and are reflected as revenues of the billing segment. These rates are adjusted from time to time, based on market conditions. Such intersegment revenues and expenses are eliminated in Knight-Swift's consolidated results.
 See Note 2 for additional disclosures regarding the Company's accounting policies about segment disclosures.

 The following tables present the Company's financial information by segment:

 2024

 Operating income (loss) by segment:
 LTL
 All Other Segments 2

 Eliminations
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 387,232
 $
 266,496
 $
 ( 84,139)
 $

 Less 1:

 1,786,201
 681,697
 27,195
 60,850
 268,617
 ( 2,573)
 2,821,987

 Fuel
 749,067
 102,723
 —
 17,322
 2,034
 —
 871,146

 519,485
 75,389
 10,993
 28,568
 ( 67,929)
 ( 19,623)
 546,883

 316,342
 51,988
 5,869
 3,968
 37,485
 —
 415,652

 545,773
 79,944
 3,445
 22,257
 66,103
 —
 717,522

 453,020
 16,961
 470,289
 241,904
 11,212
 ( 22,580)
 1,170,806

 Other segment items 3

 496,708
 139,455
 28,898
 21,821
 ( 24,825)
 ( 39,363)
 622,694

 Total operating expense
 4,866,596
 1,148,157
 546,689
 396,690
 292,697
 ( 84,139)
 7,166,690

 Operating income (loss)
 $
 168,345
 $
 87,390
 $
 23,312
 $
 ( 9,458)
 $
 ( 26,201)
 $
 —
 $
 243,388

 96.7 %
 92.9 %
 95.9 %
 102.4 %
 109.8 %
 100.0 %
 96.7 %

 2023 (recast)

 Operating income (loss) by segment:
 LTL
 All Other Segments 2 4

 Eliminations
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 410,549
 $
 462,061
 $
 ( 94,203)
 $

 Less 1:

 1,544,819
 584,836
 24,961
 56,978
 270,330
 ( 2,165)
 2,479,759

 Fuel
 757,841
 100,926
 —
 17,009
 2,662
 ( 31)
 878,407

 455,919
 57,566
 10,629
 36,430
 ( 64,178)
 ( 22,875)
 473,491

 270,560
 32,394
 2,424
 4,948
 299,210
 —
 609,536

 504,378
 67,144
 4,165
 19,621
 69,654
 —
 664,962

 452,242
 17,710
 469,909
 264,213
 20,663
 ( 33,901)
 1,190,836

 Other segment items 3

 414,919
 102,998
 26,744
 21,857
 ( 24,665)
 ( 35,231)
 506,622

 Total operating expense
 4,400,678
 963,574
 538,832
 421,056
 573,676
 ( 94,203)
 6,803,613

 Operating income (loss)
 $
 297,977
 $
 118,880
 $
 43,418
 $
 ( 10,507)
 $
 ( 111,615)
 $
 —
 $
 338,153

 93.7 %
 89.0 %
 92.5 %
 102.6 %
 124.2 %
 100.0 %
 95.3 %

 2022 (recast)

 Operating income by segment:
 LTL
 All Other Segments 2

 Eliminations
 Total

 $
 4,531,115
 $
 1,069,554
 $
 920,707
 $
 485,786
 $
 516,735
 $
 ( 95,315)
 $
 7,428,582

 Less 1:

 1,265,931
 548,758
 27,197
 51,967
 283,448
 ( 3,368)
 2,173,933

 Fuel
 749,605
 124,884
 —
 17,152
 3,962
 —
 895,603

 395,801
 52,592
 8,823
 44,396
 ( 54,881)
 ( 23,859)
 422,872

 201,032
 32,143
 1,580
 3,698
 217,464
 455,918

 453,562
 61,819
 2,407
 16,727
 60,466
 —
 594,981

 436,636
 19,953
 711,389
 283,028
 32,568
 ( 38,637)
 1,444,937

 Other segment items 3

 281,967
 102,796
 35,369
 20,651
 ( 62,821)
 ( 29,452)
 348,510

 Total operating expense
 3,784,534
 942,945
 786,765
 437,619
 480,206
 ( 95,315)
 6,336,754

 $
 746,581
 $
 126,609
 $
 133,942
 $
 48,167
 $
 36,529
 $
 —
 $
 1,091,828

 83.5 %
 88.2 %
 85.5 %
 90.1 %
 92.9 %
 100.0 %
 85.3 %

 1 The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the CODM.
 2 The credits within All Other Segments represent allocations within corporate to the other segments.
 3 Other segment items for each reportable segment include operating taxes and licenses, communications, amortization of intangibles, rental expense, impairments, and other miscellaneous operating expenses.
 4 The $ 111.6 million operating loss within our All Other Segments is primarily driven by the $ 125.5 million operating loss in the third-party insurance business.
 Geographical Information
 In aggregate, operating revenue from the Company's foreign operations was less than 5.0 % of consolidated total revenue for each of 2024, 2023, and 2022. Additionally, long-lived assets on the balance sheets of the Company's foreign subsidiaries were less than 5.0 % of consolidated "Total assets" as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Customer Concentration
 Services provided to the Company's largest customer generated 12.6 %, 11.2 %, and 13.1 % of total revenue in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Revenue generated by the Company's largest customer is reported in each of our reportable operating segments. No other customer accounted for 10.0 % or more of total revenue in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

 ITEM 9.
 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 None.

 ITEM 9A.
 CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 As of the end of the period covered by this annual report on Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), including controls and procedures to timely alert management to material information relating to Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries required to be included in our periodic SEC filings. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 There has been no significant change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that:
 (1)pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company's assets;
 (2)provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of management and directors of the Company; and
 (3)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
 Under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, management conducted an evaluation of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this evaluation, management used the criteria in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on this assessment, management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 was audited by Grant Thornton LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that also audited the Company's consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Grant Thornton LLP's report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting is included herein.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.
 Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 Basis for opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting ("Management's Report"). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

 Phoenix, Arizona

 ITEM 9B.
 OTHER INFORMATION

 During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.

 ITEM 9C
 DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 10.
 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

 The information required under this Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions "Proposal One: Election of Directors," "Management," "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Code of Business Conduct and Ethics," "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Nomination of Director Candidates," "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Board Committees," and "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Securities Trading Policy" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC.

 ITEM 11.
 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

 The information required under this Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," and "Compensation Committee Report" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC.

 ITEM 12.
 SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 Equity Plan Information
 2014 Stock Plan — Currently, the 2014 Stock Plan, as amended and restated, is the Company's only compensatory stock-based incentive plan. The 2014 Stock Plan, as amended and restated, permits the payment of cash incentive compensation and authorizes the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units, cash-based awards, and stock-based awards to the Company's employees and non-employee directors.
 2012 ESPP — The 2012 ESPP, as amended, authorized the Company to issue shares of its common stock to eligible employees who participate in the plan.

 The following table represents securities authorized for issuance under the Company's stock plans at December 31, 2024:

 Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))

 Plan Category:
 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 1,696,631
 $
 —
 4,968,221

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 1,696,631
 $
 —
 4,968,221

 Column (a) includes 1,696,631 shares of Knight-Swift common stock underlying outstanding restricted stock units and performance units. Because there is no exercise price associated with such awards, such equity awards are not included in the weighted-average exercise price calculation in column (b).
 Columns (a) and (b) pertain to the 2014 Stock Plan. No amounts related to the 2012 ESPP are included in columns (a) or (b). Column (c) includes 4,261,748 shares available for issuance under the 2014 Stock Plan and 706,473 shares available for issuance under the 2012 ESPP.
 Other information required under this Item 12 is hereby incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC.

 ITEM 13.
 CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

 The information required under this Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions "Relationships and Related Party Transactions," "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Composition of Board," "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Board Leadership Structure," and "The Board of Directors and Corporate Governance — Board Committees" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC.

 ITEM 14.
 PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

 The information required under this Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption "Audit and Non-Audit Fees" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC.

 ITEM 15.
 EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 (a) List of documents filed as a part of this Form 10-K:
 (1) See the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 hereof.
 (2) Financial Statement Schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or is not present in the amounts sufficient to require submission of a schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto.
 (b) Exhibits

 2.1*

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 9, 2017, by and among Swift Transportation Company, Bishop Merger Sub, Inc., and Knight Transportation, Inc.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017

 2.2*

 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 5, 2021, by and among AAA Cooper Transportation, the Stockholders of AAA Cooper Transportation, Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., and Reid B. Dove, in his capacity as Sellers' Representative

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021

 2.3

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 20, 2023, by and among Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings, Inc., U.S. Xpress Enterprises, Inc., and Liberty Merger Sub Inc.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2023

 3.1

 Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020

 3.2

 Fifth Amended and Restated By-laws of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2023

 4.1

 Description of the Registrant's Securities

 10.1**

 Knight Transportation, Inc. 2012 Equity Compensation Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Knight's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 6, 2012.

 10.2**

 Knight Transportation, Inc. Form of Stock Option Grant Agreement - Amended and Restated 2003 Stock Option and Equity Compensation Plan or 2012 Equity Compensation Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Knight's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012

 10.3**

 Swift Transportation Co., Inc. Retirement Plan, effective January 1, 1992, amended and restated on January 1, 2007

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 333-168257 filed on July 22, 2010

 10.4**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Restricted Stock Grant Award Notice - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.5**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.6**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Notice - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.7**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Performance Unit Award Notice - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.8

 Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers from time to time party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers from time to time party thereto, the various Purchase Agents from time to time party thereto, the various LC Participants from time to time party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated June 14, 2013

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013

 10.9

 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated September 25, 2013

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.10

 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated March 31, 2015

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015

 10.11

 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated December 10, 2015

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015

 10.12**

 Swift Transportation Company Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016

 10.13**

 First Amendment to Swift Transportation Company Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016

 10.14**

 Second Amendment to Swift Transportation Company Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018

 10.15**

 Third Amendment to Swift Transportation Company Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018

 10.16

 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2017 among Swift Transportation Company, Jerry Moyes, Vickie Moyes, Jerry and Vickie Moyes Family Trust Dated 12/11/87, an Arizona grantor trust, LynDee Moyes Nester, Michael Moyes, and the Persons that may join from time to time

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017

 10.17

 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2017, among Swift Transportation Company, Gary J. Knight, The Gary J. Knight Revocable Living Trust dated May 19, 1993, as amended, and the Persons that may join from time to time

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017

 10.18

 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2017, among Swift Transportation Company, Kevin P. Knight, The Kevin and Sydney Knight Revocable Living Trust dated March 25, 1994, as amended, and the Persons that may join from time to time

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017

 10.19

 Letter Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2017, by and between Swift Transportation Company and Jerry Moyes

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017

 10.20**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice (Executive) - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2017

 10.21**

 Swift Transportation Company Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice (Standard) - 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2017

 10.22**

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017

 10.23**

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Appendix B of Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A field on April 9, 2020

 10.24

 Third Omnibus Amendment and Consent, by and among the Originators party thereto, Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., as successor by merger with Swift Transportation Company, Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the Purchaser Agents party thereto, the LC Participants party thereto and PNC Bank, National Association, as LC Bank and as administrator

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017

 10.25

 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated July 11, 2018

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018

 10.26**

 First Amendment to the Knight-Swift Transportation Holding Inc. Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020

 10.27

 Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated April 23, 2021.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021

 10.28

 Credit Agreement, dated as of September 3, 2021, by and among Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., the lenders thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and PNC Bank National Association, as Co-Syndication Agents

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021

 10.29**

 Form of RSU Award Notice

 10.30**

 Form of Target Performance Unit Award Notice (2022)

 10.31**

 Form of Relative Performance Unit Award Notice (2022)

 10.32**

 Form of Target Performance Unit Award Notice (2023)

 10.33**

 Form of Relative Performance Unit Award Notice (2023)

 10.34**

 Form of Target Performance Unit Award Notice (2024)

 10.35**

 Form of Relative Performance Unit Award Notice (2024)

 10.36

 Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated October 3, 2022

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 of form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022

 10.37

 Rollover Agreement, dated March 20, 2023, by and among Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., Liberty Holdings Topco LLC, Max L. Fuller, William Eric Fuller, and each of the other Stockholders set forth on Schedule A thereto

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023

 10.38

 Form of Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Liberty Holdings Topco LLC

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023

 10.39

 Irrevocable Proxy and Agreement, dated March 20, 2023, by and among each Stockholder of U.S. Xpress Enterprises, Inc. set forth on Schedule A thereto and U.S. Xpress Enterprises, Inc.

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023

 10.40*

 Credit Agreement, dated as of June 22, 2023, by and among Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., the Lender referred to therein, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and PNC Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Lenders and Co-Syndication Agents

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023

 10.41

 Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, by and among Swift Receivables Company II, LLC, Swift Transportation Services, LLC, the various Conduit Purchasers party thereto, the various Related Committed Purchasers party thereto, the various Purchase Agents party thereto, the various LC Participants party thereto, and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrator and LC Bank, dated October 23, 2023

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023

 10.42

 Severance Agreement and Release by and between David A. Jackson and Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., dated as of March 8, 2024

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024

 10.43

 First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 6, 2024, by and among Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., the lenders thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and PNC Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Lenders and Co-Syndication Agents

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024

 19.1

 Knight-Swift Securities Trading Policy

 21.1

 Subsidiaries of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.

 23.1

 Consent of Grant Thornton

 31.1

 Certification pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Adam W. Miller, the Company's Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

 31.2

 Certification pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Andrew Hess, the Company's Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

 32.1

 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Adam W. Miller, the Company's Chief Executive Officer

 Furnished herewith

 32.2

 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Andrew Hess, the Company's Chief Financial Officer

 Furnished herewith

 97.1

 Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc. Clawback Policy

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 * Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish to the SEC a supplemental copy of any omitted schedule upon request by the SEC.
 ** Management contract or compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement.

 ITEM 16.
 10-K SUMMARY

 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirement of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 By:
 /s/ Adam W. Miller

 Adam W. Miller

 Chief Executive Officer

 in his capacity as such and on behalf of the registrant

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 Signature and Title
 Date
 Signature and Title
 Date

 /s/ Adam W. Miller
 /s/ Michael Garnreiter

 Adam W. Miller
 Michael Garnreiter

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Andrew Hess
 /s/ Robert Synowicki, Jr.

 Andrew Hess
 Robert Synowicki, Jr.

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Cary M. Flanagan
 /s/ David Vander Ploeg

 Cary M. Flanagan
 David Vander Ploeg

 Chief Accounting Officer

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Kevin P. Knight
 /s/ Kathryn Munro

 Kevin P. Knight
 Kathryn Munro

 Executive Chairman

 /s/ Gary J. Knight
 /s/ Roberta Roberts Shank

 Gary J. Knight
 Roberta Roberts Shank

 Executive Vice Chairman

 /s/ Reid B. Dove
 /s/ Louis Hobson

 Reid B. Dove
 Louis Hobson

 /s/ Jessica Powell
 /s/ Amy Boerger

 Jessica Powell
 Amy Boerger