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 UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For transition period from to.

 Commission File Number: 001-38046

 ICC Holdings, Inc.

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Pennsylvania
 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 81-3359409
 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 225 20th Street, Rock Island, Illinois
 (Address of principal executive offices)

 61201
 (Zip Code)

 ( 309) 793-1700

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

 ICCH

 The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023, based upon the closing sale price of the Common Stock on June 30, 2023 as reported on the NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC, was $ 31,649,025. Shares of Common Stock held directly or indirectly by each reporting officer and director along with shares held by the Company ESOP have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

 The number of shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding as of March 11, 2024 was 3,138,976.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

 Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders which is to be filed within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K, to the extent described in Part III.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 3A.

 Forward-Looking Information

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Exhibit Index

 Signatures

 ~ 2 ~

 Item 1. Business

 Overview

 ICC Holdings, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation that was organized in 2016. As used in this Form 10-K, references to the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to the consolidated group. On a stand-alone basis ICC Holdings, Inc. is referred to as the "Parent Company." The consolidated group consists of the holding company, ICC Holdings, Inc.; Two Rivers Realty Investments, LLC, a real estate services and holding company; Beverage Insurance Agency, Inc., dba Beverage Insurance Specialty, a wholesale insurance agency; Estrella Innovative Solutions, Inc., an outsourcing company; Southern Hospitality Education, LLC, dba Katkin, a full-service food safety and education company; Guild Insurance Inc. (Guild), an operating insurance agency acquired in October 2023; and Illinois Casualty Company (ICC), an operating insurance company. ICC is an Illinois domiciled company. ICC owns Two Rivers Investment Properties, LLC, a real estate services and holding company, and ICC Re Limited, a vehicle to participate in various Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) syndicate's underwriting activity.

 We are a specialty insurance carrier primarily underwriting commercial multi-peril, liquor liability, workers' compensation, and umbrella liability coverages for the food and beverage industry through our subsidiary insurance company, ICC. ICC writes business in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin and markets through independent agents. Approximately 23.1% and 22.6% of the premium was written in Illinois for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company operates as a single segment.

 We primarily market our products through a network of 184 independent agents in the states that we write in. ICC's financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) has been reaffirmed as of August 10, 2023, which is the fourth highest out of fifteen possible ratings. The Long-Term ICR is stable. A.M. Best also reaffirmed the Long-Term ICR of ICC Holdings, Inc. at "bbb-" (Good). The outlook assigned to the credit ratings of the Company is stable, as of August 10, 2023. We expect that ICC's upcoming evaluation by A.M. Best should occur on May 9, 2024; therefore, the ratings from this evaluation will not be available at the time of this report.

 Since inception, ICC has specialized in providing customized insurance products and aggressive claims defense for customers exclusively in the food and beverage industry.

 ICC was founded as an inter-insurance exchange in 1950 based upon the recognition that establishments serving alcohol require unique insurance protection. Beginning in 1998, we expanded the scope of our product offerings beyond liquor liability to include property, general liability, and umbrella. Workers' compensation coverage was added in 2007. Our goal is to meet the full range of business insurance needs of our clients in the food and beverage industry.

 In 1999, ICC recognized the significant need to automate. Upon determining available commercial software was inadequate to meet our long-term vision, we contracted the development of an integrated platform to handle agency, policy, and vendor management. Introduced in 2001, the first module successfully improved productivity and reporting capabilities. We built on that success by adding document imaging, claims, billing, and risk management modules. As it has grown, our information management system has provided us with a unique and comprehensive ability to automate processes, track and examine risk traits, and monitor claims development. As a result, ICC has constructed and leveraged a multi-variant pricing algorithm that allows us to better analyze our business to more effectively price to actual exposure.

 ICC mutualized in 2004 and began to expand its territory geographically within the Midwest. We are an admitted carrier in 19 states: Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, and Wisconsin. As we expand our territory and product lines, we maintain our focus and commitment to the food and beverage industry. As a result, we have developed an expertise in our niche, particularly within the areas of underwriting, loss control, and claims management. ICC continues to leverage that experience into the ongoing development of innovative insurance products and services uniquely tailored to the food and beverage industry.

 ICC is subject to examination and comprehensive regulation by the Illinois Department of Insurance. See Item 1. Business — Regulation.

 Our executive offices are located at 225 20th Street, Rock Island, Illinois 61201, and our phone number is (309) 793-1700. Our corporate website address is  Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and such information should not be considered to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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 Our Business Strategies

 We believe that our mission is to deliver expertly crafted insurance products and services for the food and beverage industry. Accordingly, we believe that this focus positions us to write profitable business in both hard insurance markets (where industry capital is constricted, competition is low, and premium rates are rising) and soft insurance markets (where industry capital is rising, competition is high and premium rates are falling). As part of our business process, we have developed our business strategy and focus using the following guiding principles to reflect the essence of who we aspire to be:

 •

 We exist to return value to our stakeholders in the form of strong financial performance and sustained surplus growth.

 •

 We conduct our business with the highest ethics, unquestionable integrity, and commitment to disciplined corporate governance.

 •

 We recognize and reward the commitment of all employees who make us successful, by challenging them, valuing them, and recognizing their contribution, while cultivating a mutually supporting culture.

 •

 We are committed to being an inclusive culture and promote a collaborative workforce that aligns with the diversity we see among our policyholders.

 •

 We are committed to the independent agency system and our mutual drive to deliver the highest quality products at competitive prices.

 •

 Customer experience—understanding and meeting the evolving needs and expectations of our policyholder and agents is at the fundamental core of our existence.

 •

 We thrive in the marketplace by pursuing a unique understanding of the niche, offering customized products, and aggressively defending our insureds.

 •

 We identify worthy causes to support with company and employee resources. We promote responsible corporate citizenship.

 •

 Innovation drives our efficiency, quality, and effectiveness. We proactively improve our products and processes through intelligent investment in talent and technology that meets the exacting needs of our customer.

 •

 We utilize journey mapping to identify areas to improve and enhance the overall customer experience as well as to offer innovative coverage solutions.

 To effectuate our mission and guiding principles, we have identified the following core strategies to achieve our long-term success:

 •

 Offer ISO-based commercial property and casualty policies focused on the unique requirements of the food and beverage industry. Immerse ourselves in the rapidly changing legal and technological fields to quickly adapt to new product and service needs.

 •

 Pursue continuous methodical and deliberate geographic expansion.

 •

 Develop MGA operations to diversify risk and provide non-corelated revenue stream.

 •

 Market through independent insurance agents that are committed to the hospitality industry and sell the value of our coverage and products.

 •

 Develop complimentary investments that create value-added services and enhance risk management for our agents and insureds as well as generate supplementary revenue streams.

 •

 Leverage data and technology to maximize operational efficiency, maintain sustainable pricing and drive continuous innovation.

 •

 Employ an investment strategy that maximizes return within acceptable risk tolerances.

 •

 Promote a culture of excellence that encourages teamwork and contributes to talent attraction, development, and retention.

 •

 Maintain a robust and comprehensive Enterprise Risk Management program, focused on upside optimization and downside mitigation.

 •

 Employ highly skilled and credentialed claims staff for superior first-party claims handling and aggressive third-party claims investigation and defense.

 •

 Carefully research and implement internally developed and purchased Artificial Intelligence solutions into claims handling and underwriting to drive automation and profitability.

 •

 Physically inspect every risk we write in order to better understand the data and the risk, to enhance risk management, prevent losses, and optimize underwriting processes.

 Competitive Growth Strategies

 Technology – We believe that existing and developing technology and information systems are impacting and will continue to impact the insurance industry's use of risk analysis in the underwriting process, providing tools for reduction of claims, and modernizing the claims handling process. As part of our focus, we have internally developed a completely integrated policy management system. This system allows us to leverage loss control data for predictive analytics in both the claims and underwriting areas. For example, in the underwriting area, we create pricing models taking into account the unique characteristics of our customers, with industry-specific variables such as latest hour of close, type and frequency of on-site entertainment, and average alcoholic beverage pricing. We also have achieved better efficiency by moving to a more paperless organization and have integrated off-site employees in our claims, underwriting, accounting, loss control, and IT development areas. We intend to remain a leader in the industry in utilizing technology and data analysis to price our coverage based on the risk assumed, reduce accidents, and provide prompt claims response.

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 Industry Expertise – We have provided the food and beverage industry with insurance products and services since 1950. By leveraging over 70 years of experience in this industry, we better understand our customers and their needs. This understanding allows us to more accurately price our products and services and defend claims aggressively and economically using the experience of our in-house legal department and an established network of specialized defense attorneys. We are recognized as the exclusively endorsed property and liability insurance provider for the: Arizona Licensed Beverage Association; Colorado Licensed Beverage Association; Tavern League of Colorado; Illinois Licensed Beverage Association; Michigan Licensed Beverage Association; Minnesota Licensed Beverage Association; Ohio Bar Owners Association; and Pennsylvania Licensed Beverage and Tavern Association. We provide insurance agents and policyholders with education on industry topics, such as liquor liability, alcohol server training, food handling, allergen safety, sexual harassment prevention, and bar and night club security. Our employees are also regular panel speakers at local and national claims conferences and other industry association events.

 Enterprise Risk Management – As part of our effort to grow responsibly, we have put in place a cross-functional, multi-dimensional enterprise risk management program. The program is focused on financial, organization, operational, tactical, market, and legal risks and is managed at two different levels: the enterprise risk committee of our board of directors and our internal enterprise risk management committee. The focus of the enterprise risk committee of our board of directors is on oversight of top tier risk, emerging risks, and risk optimization. The internal enterprise risk committee is comprised of our executive team, which is focused on conducting a review of all risks attendant to the Company approximately once a year; rating triaged risks for severity, frequency, and control; completing risk control reports for stress testing, risk tolerance, and mitigation plans; measuring and monitoring risk on an ongoing basis; and tying enterprise risk management to individual performance evaluations and compensation.

 Growth Strategies

 While we have established a significant market share in our existing territories, we believe that there is still opportunity for growth within our existing footprint. We will continue to seek out insurance agency partners who have a commitment to our niche and an ability to sell the value represented by our products. Our long-term growth plan also involves expanding geographically into states where we believe current insurance laws provide an attractive market within our niche for our existing products and services. We will consider geographic expansion opportunities that allow us to leverage existing agency relationships whose footprints overlap our own. Growth opportunities will always be carefully evaluated with long term profitability at the forefront of the decision-making process.

 Although we do not have any current plans or intent to expand or grow our business by acquisition, we will consider the opportunities that are presented to us.

 Reaction to Market Cycles

 Many insurance companies sporadically target businesses within our niche; however, a relatively small number make a long-term commitment to the niche through changing insurance market cycles. When the insurance market is "hard" and premium growth is achievable in less specialized segments, many carriers exit this niche. Large and diversified insurance carriers have the ability to shift their focus and resources to less challenging areas. When market conditions "soften," those same carriers often aggressively move back into our niche for premium growth. Because we specialize in this niche, we do not shift resources to other market segments. Therefore, the Company generally maintains pricing stability throughout market cycles by relying on our strong loss control, underwriting and claims expertise, and our customer service commitment. We react to market cycles by adjusting our appetite for risks based on pricing and cycle conditions, but we maintain a consistent commitment to the food and beverage industry. Due to the relatively small number of insurance companies that make a long-term commitment to this niche, the insurance market does not fluctuate to the same extent as the insurance market for the general commercial market.

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 Our Challenges

 Our business faces significant challenges that can impede our goal of growing our business while realizing operating profits, including the following:

 Changes in the Economy

 Factors such as business revenue, consumer spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, and inflation can all affect the business and economic environment. These same factors affect our ability to generate revenue and profits. Insurance premiums in our market are heavily dependent upon our customer revenues, payroll, property values, and ability to operate their businesses as normal. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, declines in spending and disposable income, the demand for insurance products is adversely affected. Changes in the economy may lead our customers to have less need for insurance coverage, to modify coverage or to not renew with the Company, all of which affect our ability to generate revenue.

 Estimating Our Loss Reserves.

 We maintain loss reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses for reported and unreported claims incurred as of the end of each accounting period. These reserves represent management's estimates of what the ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost. Pursuant to applicable insurance regulations, these reserves are reviewed by an independent actuary on at least an annual basis. Setting reserves is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance that current or future reserves will prove adequate. If our loss reserves are inadequate, it will have an unfavorable impact on our results. See Item 1. Business — Losses and Settlement Expense for a summary of the favorable and unfavorable developments in our loss reserves in the previous 10-year period.

 Reliance on Independent Agents.

 Our product is distributed through a contracted network of primarily independent insurance agents. Agents are typically contracted with a number of insurance carriers. The producers within an agency will determine which product is most appropriate to recommend to their client or prospective client. The agency will select a product based on a variety of factors such as: premium; coverage; service including billing and claims; agency compensation; and agency/company relationship. Establishing and maintaining long-term financially successful agency relationships is very important to the long-term success of a company. As discussed previously, we acquired Guild Insurance, Inc. in the fourth quarter of 2023. We do not anticipate this will have a material impact on our agency relationships.

 Maintaining Our Financial Strength Ratings.

 In June 2021, A.M. Best upgraded ICC's financial strength rating to "A-" from "B++" stable outlook. This rating was reaffirmed as of August 10, 2023. A key to achieving our goal of significant growth in our premiums written is maintaining an A.M. Best rating of "A-" or better. Increasing our capitalization and maintaining strong operating performance are significant rating components reviewed by A.M. Best. This is combined with a review of various other rating requirements. If we are not able to increase our rating or if A.M. Best downgrades our rating, it is likely that we will not be able to compete as effectively and our ability to sell insurance policies could decline. As a result, our financial results would be adversely affected. A.M. Best reviews our rating approximately once per year.

 Attracting, Developing and Retaining Experienced Personnel.

 To sustain our growth as a property and casualty insurance company operating in a specialty niche market, we must continue to attract, develop, and retain management, marketing, distribution, underwriting, customer service, and claims personnel with expertise in the products we offer. The loss of key personnel, or our inability to recruit, develop, and retain additional qualified personnel, could materially and adversely affect our business, growth, and profitability.

 Competitive Strengths

 Our opportunity for growth is driven by our competitive strengths, which include the following:

 Use of Data and Metrics to Improve our Underwriting Results.

 Our analysis of data available through both governmental and other industry resources, combined with our internal data, drives our underwriting and pricing decisions. We have developed a multi-variant risk grading system and pricing algorithms that combine both objective and subjective inputs that drive both whether to provide coverage and pricing. This information helps us avoid providing coverage to higher risk insureds while improving our overall risk profile. Most risks we insure are inspected within the first 60 days of policy binding, which permits us to cancel the policy if we determine that the insured is not an acceptable risk or pricing is inadequate. Each inspection consists of an extensive risk profile questionnaire as well as 25 to 100 pictures of the insured's place of business. We believe this approach reduces claims frequency.

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 Focus on niche food and beverage business.

 We target niche markets within the food and beverage industry that support adequate pricing and believe we can adapt to changing market needs ahead of our competitors through our strategic focus. We develop and deliver specialty insurance products priced to meet our customers' needs and strive to generate consistent underwriting profit. We believe that our extensive experience and expertise specific to underwriting and claims management in the food and beverage industry will allow continued loss ratio improvement going forward. The Company is committed to retaining this underwriting and claim handling expertise as a core competency as the volume of business increases.

 Strong market presence with name recognition and long-standing producer relationships.

 We have been writing insurance for the food and beverage industry in Illinois since 1950. Approximately 23.1% of current direct premium was generated in Illinois for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Great care is taken in building the ICC brand in all states of operation and the Company holds a significant market share in nearly all states serviced. ICC acknowledges that each state, each agency, and each customer is unique. A commitment to the quality of products and services is universally important and recognized.

 Scalable operations positioned for growth.

 We are focused on automation and operating efficiencies across our core functional areas. We have consistently increased premium per full time equivalent employee for five consecutive years with the exception of 2020 during which we experienced a decrease in written premium per full time equivalent employee due to the disproportionate negative impact COVID-19 had on the Company's market niche. We believe we are well positioned in both terms of personnel and systems to increase written premiums and to expand into new geographic markets with better than industry level profitability using the efficient operating infrastructure we have developed.

 Experienced management team.

 We are managed by an experienced group of executives led by Arron K. Sutherland, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Sutherland has served in his current position since June 2010, joined ICC in 2006 and has worked in the insurance industry for over 26 years. Michael R. Smith, our Vice President – Chief Financial Officer, has served with ICC since 2011. Mr. Smith has more than 26 years of experience in the insurance industry. Howard J. Beck, our Vice President – Chief Underwriting Officer, has been with ICC since 2004 and has 31 years of insurance experience and 27 years of property and casualty underwriting experience. Norman D. Schmeichel, our Vice President – Chief Information Officer, has served with ICC since 2002. Mr. Schmeichel has more than 26 years of experience in information technologies and 19 years of experience in the insurance industry. Additionally, Julia B. Suiter, our Vice President – Chief Legal Officer, has served with ICC since 2009 and has over 26 years of experience in insurance defense and contract law. Kathleen S. Springer, our Vice President – Chief Human Resources Officer, has served with ICC since 2008 and has over 26 years of experience in benefits, compensation, and talent acquisition and more than 12 years of experience in the insurance industry. As a group, our executive officers have on average more than 24 years' experience in the property and casualty insurance industry.

 Products

 ICC has specialized in the food and beverage industry since 1950. Our product language is based on Insurance Services Offices (ISO) forms, which is an industry standard, but tailored to the specific needs of our clients. We began by writing liquor liability or dram shop insurance and that remains a prominent line of business today. Commercial property and liability are written in a single policy as a business owners policy (BOP). ICC also writes workers' compensation and commercial umbrella policies which are written as complementary lines to the BOP and liquor liability and are not offered on a stand-alone basis. As of December 31, 2023, ICC had 5,904 BOP policies, 7,095 liquor liability policies, 1,710 workers' compensation policies, and 1,512 commercial umbrella policies. 89.7% of BOP policies and 96.5% of liquor liability policies are for either restaurants or taverns. While we do not currently write commercial auto insurance, we do insure risks associated with the delivery of food or beverage.

 Lloyd's Syndicates

 On December 12, 2023, the Company became a member of Lloyd's through ICC Re Limited. As a member of Lloyd's, the Company is required to maintain capital at Lloyd's, referred to as Funds at Lloyd's (FAL), to support underwriting of property and casualty and reinsurance business.

 Marketing and Distribution

 Our commercial insurance product is sold by over 184 independent insurance agents, also referred to as producers. These agencies access multiple insurance companies and are typically established businesses in the communities in which they operate. We view these agents as our primary customers because they are in a position to recommend either our insurance products or those of a competitor to their customers. We consider our relationships with these agencies to be a core strength of the Company. As discussed previously, we acquired Guild Insurance, Inc. in the fourth quarter of 2023. We do not anticipate this will have a material impact on our agency relationships.

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 We manage our producers through quarterly business reviews utilizing various internally generated reports. Our quantitative agency review (QAR) measures each agency on a variety of weighted metrics and ranks them from high to low. The measurement is updated on a weekly basis and is available for all company employees' review.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, three of our producers were responsible for more than 5% of our direct premiums written and our top 10 producers accounted for approximately 42.0% of direct premiums written.

 Our agency partners are supported by our Marketing Department. These representatives also identify and train new agents. We conduct regularly scheduled webinars for agents as well as onsite training on company products and services. These include technical training about our products as well as sales training to effectively market our products. We also offer our agents industry specific training that qualifies for continuing education credit for state insurance license requirements.

 Agents are compensated through a fixed base commission with an opportunity for profit sharing depending on the producer's premiums written and profitability. Agents receive commission as a percentage of premiums (generally 15% for most lines, except workers' compensation policies which are generally at 7.5%) as their primary compensation from us. We offer a contingent compensation plan as an incentive for producers to place high-quality business with us and to support our loss control efforts. We believe that the contingent compensation paid to our producers is comparable with those offered by other insurance companies and is designed to reward agents for growth and profitability.

 Our marketing efforts are also supported by our claims, litigation, billing, underwriting, and loss control departments. As industry specialists, we can offer expertise in all interactions with agents and/or policyholders. For example, our claims philosophy is to provide prompt and efficient service and claims processing, resulting in a positive experience for both the agents and policyholders. We take an aggressive, defense-oriented position on third party liability claims, which is recognized and appreciated by our policyholders. We believe that these positive experiences result in higher policyholder retention and create new business opportunities for our agents. While we rely on our agents for front line distribution and customer support, underwriting, billing, loss control, and claim handling responsibilities are retained by us. Many of our agents have had direct relationships with us for a number of years.

 Underwriting, Risk Assessment and Pricing

 Our underwriting philosophy is aimed at consistently generating profits through sound risk selection, stringent loss control, and pricing discipline. One key element in sound risk selection is our use of risk characteristic metrics. Through our practice of focused underwriting, we have identified predictive metrics of data that many other insurance companies do not recognize or measure. Use of these metrics allows us to more effectively price risks, thereby improving our profitability and allowing us to compete favorably with other insurance carriers. We are also very active in leveraging our onsite loss control inspections. An example would be the monitoring of kitchen fire suppression systems servicing to reduce kitchen fire losses.

 Our philosophy is to understand our industry and be disciplined in our underwriting efforts. We will not compromise profitability for top line growth.

 Our competitive strategy in underwriting is:

 •

 Maximize the use of available information acquired through a wide variety of industry resources.

 •

 Allow our internal metrics and rating to establish risk pricing and use sound underwriting judgment for risk selection and pricing modification.

 •

 Utilize our risk grading system, which combines both objective and subjective inputs, to quantify desirability of risks and improve our overall risk profile.

 •

 Physically inspect most new insureds within the first 60 days of policy binding with our in-house loss control representatives. Our inspection consists of an extensive risk profile questionnaire and includes 25 to 100 electronic photos of the insured's place of business. Inspections that demonstrate that a risk is not desirable is a basis for revoking coverage.

 •

 Provide very high-quality service to our agents and insureds by responding quickly and effectively to information requests and policy submissions. Treat our agents as partners and have the same expectation of them.

 Our underwriting department works in teams with each agent assigned to one of two teams. We underwrite our accounts by evaluating each risk with consistently applied standards. Each policy undergoes a thorough evaluation process prior to every renewal.

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 Our underwriting staff of 26 employees has an average of 11 years of insurance industry experience. Howard J. Beck, our Vice President – Chief Underwriting Officer, has been with ICC since 2004 and has over 31 years of insurance experience with 27 years of property and casualty underwriting experience..

 We strive to be disciplined in our pricing by pursuing targeted rate changes to continually improve our underwriting profitability while still being able to attract and retain profitable customers. Our pricing reviews involve evaluating our claims experience, loss trends, data acquired from inspections, applications, and other data sources to identify characteristics that drive the frequency and severity of our claims. These results drive changes to rates and rating metrics as well as understanding what portions of our business are most profitable.

 This knowledge and analysis enables us to price risks accurately, improve account retention, and drive profitable new business.

 Claims and Litigation Management

 Our claims team supports our underwriting strategy by working to provide a timely, good faith claims handling response to our policyholders. Claims excellence is achieved by timely investigation and handling of claims, settlement of meritorious claims for equitable amounts, maintenance of adequate case reserves, and control of claims loss settlement expenses.

 Claims on insurance policies are received directly from the insured or through our independent agents. Our claims department supports our producer relationship strategy by working to provide a consistently responsive level of claim service to our policyholders.

 Vice President – Chief Legal Officer, Julia Suiter, provides oversight of our claims and legal departments. She has over 26 years of experience in insurance defense litigation and contract law. Ms. Suiter, supervises a legal department staff that includes a Litigation Manager, Litigation Counsel, a Paralegal, a Claims Manager, and a claims staff of 19 employees with considerable years of experience in processing property and casualty insurance claims.

 Technology

 Our technology efforts are focused on supporting our strategy of differentiating ourselves from our competitors through use of data mining, business intelligence solutions, and data analysis to determine profitability of new and existing business and to better price risks that we underwrite.

 We have streamlined internal processes to achieve operational efficiencies through the implementation of a policy and claim imaging and workflow system. This system provides online access to electronic copies of policies, quotes, inspections, and any other correspondence enabling our associates to quickly and efficiently underwrite policies, adjust claims, and respond to our producers' inquiries.

 Since the system integrates all aspects of the policy life cycle, from underwriting to billing to claims, we can better automate all internal workflows through electronic routing thus lowering costs and providing better service to our customers. This system allows us to leverage loss control data for predictive analytics in both the claims and underwriting areas. For example, in the underwriting area, we can create pricing models taking into account the unique characteristics of our customers, such as neighborhoods, entertainment on site, and average alcoholic beverage pricing.

 We have implemented best in class virus or malware protections while still enabling our employees to work from any location. We are tested on a periodic basis to ensure our protections are sufficient.

 We have the ability to scale since we are almost entirely a paperless organization. This allows us to integrate off-site employees just as if they are in the office. We intend to remain a leader in the industry by utilizing technology and data analysis to price our coverage based on the risk assumed and to both reduce accidents and provide a prompt response to claims.

 As part of our disaster recovery program, we utilize a third-party backup software package to provide a complete copy of our production systems at an off-site location that is updated on a daily basis. We also have a generator that will allow the home office to operate in the event power or access to our headquarters is disrupted. We test this disaster recovery plan annually as well as continually expand its capabilities to eliminate business interruption to the best of our ability.

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 Reinsurance

 In accordance with insurance industry practice, we reinsure a portion of our exposure and pay to the reinsurers a portion of the premiums received on all policies reinsured. Insurance policies written by us are reinsured with other insurance companies principally to:

 •

 reduce net liability on individual risks;

 •

 mitigate the effect of individual loss occurrences (including catastrophic losses);

 •

 stabilize underwriting results;

 •

 decrease leverage; and

 •

 increase our underwriting capacity.

 Reinsurance can be facultative or treaty. Under facultative reinsurance, each policy or portion of a risk is reinsured individually. Under treaty reinsurance, an agreed-upon portion of a class of business is automatically reinsured. Reinsurance also can be classified as quota share reinsurance, pro rata reinsurance or excess of loss reinsurance. Under quota share reinsurance and pro rata reinsurance, the insurance company issuing the policy cedes a percentage of its insurance liability to the reinsurer in exchange for a like percentage of premiums, less a ceding commission. The company issuing the policy in turn recovers from the reinsurer the reinsurer's share of all loss and settlement expenses incurred on those risks. Under excess of loss reinsurance, an insurer limits its liability to all or a particular portion of the amount in excess of a predetermined deductible or retention. Regardless of type, reinsurance does not legally discharge the insurance company issuing the policy from primary liability for the full amount due under the reinsured policies. However, the assuming reinsurer is obligated to reimburse the company issuing the policy to the extent of the coverage ceded.

 We determine the amount and scope of reinsurance coverage to purchase each year based on a number of factors. These factors include the evaluation of the risks accepted, consultations with reinsurance intermediates and a review of market conditions, including the availability and pricing of reinsurance. A primary factor in the selection of reinsurers from whom we purchase reinsurance is their financial strength. Our reinsurance arrangements are generally renegotiated annually. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we ceded to reinsurers $10.5 million of written premiums, compared to $9.5 million of written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2022. We expect 2024's reinsurance spend to increase slightly over 2023.

 The chart below illustrates the 2024 reinsurance coverage under our excess of loss treaty for individual liability and property risks (with the defined terms following the chart):

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 Term

 Meaning

 1 @ x%

 "1" refers to the number of times that we reinstate the coverage. The number prior to the "%" sign indicates the overall cost to us when reinstating coverage.

 AAD

 This is short for Aggregate Annual Deductible. Aggregate annual deductible is the maximum amount ICC needs to pay within a policy period before the reinsurer pays for covered losses.

 Basket Coverage

 Excess liability reinsurance that attaches once retained losses in combined property and casualty occurrences (i.e., those that involve BOP property and BOP liability, or Liquor Liability or Workers' Compensation or Hired and Non-owned Auto) exceed $1 million. If ICC has an occurrence where the combined property and casualty retention is greater than $1.0 million, then the company would recover up to $1.0 million of loss in excess of that $1.0 million retention. The basket coverage limits the Company's retention in any one combined occurrence to $1 million and not the combined separate retentions provided for in the casualty reinsurance ($1.0 million), Workers' Compensation reinsurance ($1.0 million), Hired and Non-owned Auto reinsurance ($750,000) and Property reinsurance ($1.0 million).

 Casualty

 For this chart, this refers to our Liquor Liability, BOP Liability, Workers' Compensation, and any Umbrella policies.

 Catastrophe

 Reflects the sum of all individual losses directly resulting from any one occurrence, disaster, accident or loss or a series of occurrences, disasters, accidents, or losses arising out of one event.

 Free

 Indicates that there is no additional reinsurance premium payment associated with reinstating the reinsurance coverage.

 MAOL

 This reinsurance sublimit puts a cap on the maximum loss any one life/claimant can contribute to the reinsurance recoverable.

 Per Risk

 Reinsurance in which the reinsurance limit and our loss retention apply "per risk," rather than per accident, per event, or in the aggregate.

 Retention

 The amount of loss and settlement expense retained by us either per occurrence on casualty losses or per risk on property claims.

 WC

 This is short for Workers' Compensation.

 XOL

 This is short for Excess of Loss reinsurance coverage.

 XS

 This is short for Excess. For example, our Property per Risk tower has three separate contracts providing coverage. The top layer in that tower provides $7.0 million coverage for each risk for losses in excess of $5.0 million.

 We retain the first $1.0 million of workers' compensation losses. Losses in excess of the $1.0 million are covered under our casualty excess of loss program within the Casualty XOL Tower up to $11.0 million. Above $11.0 million, losses are covered under a workers' compensation cover within the WC XOL Tower that provides $14.5 million in excess of $11.0 million. We have an additional cover that provides $15.0 million of coverage in excess of $25.5 million.

 Casualty risks (Casualty XOL Tower) (business owners liability other than hired and non-owned auto, liquor liability, and umbrella) are covered for $10.0 million in loss above a $1.0 million retention for each loss occurrence. Hired and non-owned losses have a $750,000 retention instead of the standard $1.0 million retention on casualty. The Company only offers limits up to $2.0M and accordingly buys reinsurance up to the $2.0M limit.

 Property per risk excess of loss program (Property Per Risk XOL Tower) provides coverage above our $1.0 million retention up to $12.0 million on a treaty basis and facultative for a few risks above that to their full limits.

 Property catastrophe reinsurance (Section A Property Cat Occurrence) provides coverage in any one event for $13.5 million of loss in excess of our $1.5 million retention.

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 The insolvency or inability of any reinsurer to meet its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Our reinsurance providers, the majority of whom are longstanding partners who understand our business, are all carefully selected with the help of our reinsurance broker. We monitor the solvency of reinsurers through regular review of their financial statements and, if available, their A.M. Best ratings. All of our reinsurance partners have at least an "A-" rating from A.M. Best. According to A.M. Best, companies with a rating of "A-" or better "have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders."

 The following table sets forth the largest amounts of loss and loss expenses unpaid and recoverable from reinsurers as of December 31, 2023:

 Losses and Settlement

 Expense Recoverable

 On Unpaid Claims (In thousands)

 Percentage of Total

 A.M. Best

 Reinsurance Company

 Recoverable

 Rating

 General Reinsurance Corporation

 $

 9,602

 75.5

 %

 A++

 Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Incorporated

 5.0

 %

 A+

 Partner Reinsurance Co. of the U.S.

 3.5

 %

 A+

 Hannover Rueck SE

 3.1

 %

 A+

 Aspen Insurance UK Ltd.

 2.6

 %

 A

 Swiss Reinsurance

 2.3

 %

 A+

 Axis Reinsurance Company

 1.6

 %

 A

 Everest Reinsurance Company

 1.4

 %

 A+

 Toa Reinsurance Company

 0.9

 %

 A+

 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company

 0.9

 %

 A

 Lloyd's Syndicate Number 2791

 0.5

 %

 A

 All other reinsurers including anticipated subrogation

 2.7

 %

 A- or better

 Total

 $

 100.0

 %

 Losses and Settlement Expense Reserves

 We are required by applicable insurance laws and regulations to maintain reserves for payment of loss and settlement expenses. These reserves are established for both reported claims and for claims incurred but not reported (IBNR), arising from the policies we have issued. The laws and regulations require that provision be made for the ultimate cost of those claims without regard to how long it takes to settle them or the time value of money. The determination of reserves involves actuarial and statistical projections of what we expect to be the cost of the ultimate settlement and administration of such claims. The reserves are set based on facts and circumstances then known, estimates of future trends in claims severity, and other variable factors such as inflation and changing judicial theories of liability.

 Estimating the ultimate liability for losses and settlement expense is an inherently uncertain process. Therefore, the reserve for losses and settlement expense does not represent an exact calculation of that liability. Our reserve policy recognizes this uncertainty by maintaining reserves at a level providing for the possibility of adverse development relative to the estimation process. We do not discount our reserves to recognize the time value of money.

 When a claim is reported to us, our claims personnel establish a "case reserve" for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment. This estimate reflects an informed judgment based upon general insurance reserving practices and on the experience and knowledge of our claims staff. In estimating the appropriate reserve, our claims staff considers the nature and value of the specific claim, the severity of injury or damage, and the policy provisions relating to the type of loss. Case reserves are adjusted by our claims staff as more information becomes available. It is our policy to resolve each claim as expeditiously as possible.

 We maintain IBNR reserves to provide for already incurred claims that have not yet been reported and developments on reported claims. The IBNR reserve is determined by estimating our ultimate net liability for both reported and IBNR claims and then subtracting the case reserves and paid loss and settlement expense for reported claims.

 Each quarter, we compute our estimated ultimate liability using principles and procedures applicable to the lines of business written. However, because the establishment of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process, we cannot provide assurance that ultimate losses will not exceed the established loss reserves. Adjustments in aggregate reserves, if any, are reflected in the operating results of the period during which such adjustments are made.

 ~ 12 ~

 The following table provides information about open claims, reserves, and paid loss and settlement expense on a direct basis only:

 As of and for the period ended December 31, 2023

 (In millions, except open claims count)

 Open Claims

 Total Reserves 1

 Case Reserves

 IBNR Reserves

 Paid Losses and Settlement Expense

 Commercial Multi-Peril (non-liability portion)

 $

 4.34

 $

 4.18

 $

 0.16

 $

 18.84

 Commercial Multi-Peril (liability portion)

 34.67

 12.81

 21.86

 11.25

 Workers' Compensation

 5.35

 2.90

 2.45

 2.59

 Other Liability - occurrence

 27.26

 12.00

 15.26

 10.15

 Total

 1,278

 $

 71.62

 $

 31.89

 $

 39.73

 $

 42.83

 Assumed reserves of $0.30 million are excluded from the Total Gross Reserves. Workers Compensation ($0.29 million assumed reserve) and Umbrella Liability ($0.01 million assumed reserve) are the only lines of business that have assumed reserves.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending unpaid losses and settlement expense reserve balances for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, prepared in accordance with GAAP.

 For the Twelve-Months Ended

 2023

 2022

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - beginning of the period:

 Gross

 $

 $

 61,835

 Less: Ceded

 14,521

 Net

 Increase in incurred losses and settlement expense:

 2,549

 5,099

 Total incurred

 Deduct: Loss and settlement expense payments for claims incurred:

 16,459

 16,512

 26,374

 21,331

 Total paid

 42,833

 37,843

 Net unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 Plus: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses net of CECL 1

 Plus: CECL allowance for reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses

 —

 Gross unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 $

 $

 1 See page 71 for an explanation of CECL.

 The estimation process for determining the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expense inherently results in adjustments each year for claims incurred (but not paid) in preceding years. Negative amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled for amounts less than originally estimated (favorable development). Positive amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled for amounts greater than originally estimated (unfavorable or adverse development).

 Reconciliation of Reserve for Loss and Settlement Expenses

 The following table shows the development of our reserves for unpaid loss and settlement expense from 2014 through 2023 on a GAAP basis. The top line of the table shows the liabilities at the balance sheet date, including losses incurred but not yet reported. The upper portion of the table shows the cumulative amounts subsequently paid as of successive years with respect to the liability. The lower portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded liability based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year. The estimates change as more information becomes known about the frequency and severity of claims for individual years. The redundancy (deficiency) exists when the re-estimated liability for each reporting period is less (greater) than the prior liability estimate. The "cumulative redundancy (deficiency)" depicted in the table, for any particular calendar year, represents the aggregate change in the initial estimates over all subsequent calendar years.

 Gross deficiencies and redundancies may be significantly more or less than net deficiencies and redundancies due to the nature and extent of applicable reinsurance.

 ~ 13 ~

 As noted in the table below, since 2014 the Company has principally selected initial ultimate loss picks that have proven to be deficient over time.

 2014

 2015

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 Liability for unpaid loss and settlement expense, net of reinsurance recoverable

 $

 38,795

 $

 41,898

 $

 40,702

 $

 41,048

 $

 44,714

 $

 45,806

 $

 48,557

 $

 $

 $

 Cumulative amount of liability paid through:

 One year later

 14,088

 17,686

 16,841

 17,122

 17,311

 16,737

 21,069

 21,316

 26,374

 Two years later

 26,877

 29,066

 26,640

 28,219

 27,719

 31,494

 34,589

 38,432

 —

 Three years later

 34,742

 35,548

 34,275

 34,955

 37,103

 40,816

 43,726

 —

 —

 Four years later

 37,926

 39,047

 37,901

 41,195

 43,729

 45,310

 —

 —

 —

 Five years later

 39,452

 40,592

 41,480

 45,498

 46,663

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Six years later

 40,224

 41,701

 43,326

 47,358

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Seven years later

 40,676

 42,658

 44,931

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Eight years later

 41,090

 43,405

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Nine years later

 41,138

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Liability estimated after:

 One year later

 38,237

 40,417

 39,667

 42,525

 44,839

 46,993

 49,155

 52,398

 56,553

 Two years later

 39,598

 42,176

 41,573

 44,176

 45,631

 49,785

 51,421

 56,343

 —

 Three years later

 41,569

 42,294

 43,011

 45,156

 47,830

 50,757

 52,883

 —

 —

 Four years later

 41,348

 43,108

 43,772

 47,448

 48,911

 50,923

 —

 —

 —

 Five years later

 41,519

 43,155

 45,177

 48,831

 49,091

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Six years later

 41,355

 43,770

 45,609

 49,100

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Seven years later

 41,504

 43,947

 46,202

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Eight years later

 41,645

 44,337

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Nine years later

 41,743

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Cumulative total redundancy (deficiency):

 Gross liability - end of year

 64,618

 61,054

 52,817

 51,071

 51,445

 56,838

 61,578

 61,836

 Reinsurance recoverable

 25,823

 19,156

 12,115

 10,022

 6,731

 11,032

 13,021

 14,522

 Net liability - end of year

 38,795

 41,898

 40,702

 41,049

 44,714

 45,806

 48,557

 59,183

 Gross re-estimated liability - latest

 68,202

 61,971

 57,208

 57,661

 57,189

 59,565

 77,003

 66,180

 66,245

 Re-estimated reinsurance recoverables - latest

 26,459

 17,634

 11,006

 8,561

 8,098

 8,642

 24,120

 9,837

 9,692

 Net re-estimated liability - latest

 41,743

 44,337

 46,202

 49,100

 49,091

 50,923

 52,883

 56,343

 56,553

 Gross cumulative redundancy (deficiency)

 (3,584

)

 (917

)

 (4,391

)

 (6,590

)

 (5,744

)

 (2,727

)

 (15,425

)

 (4,344

)

 1,369

 Net cumulative redundancy (deficiency)

 (2,948

)

 (2,439

)

 (5,500

)

 (8,051

)

 (4,377

)

 (5,117

)

 (4,326

)

 (9,029

)

 (2,549

)

 ~ 14 ~

 Investments

 Our investments in debt are classified as available for sale (AFS) and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reflected as a component of comprehensive earnings and equity net of deferred taxes. Our investments in equity securities are carried at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in net earnings. The goal of our investment activities is to complement and support our overall mission. As such, the investment portfolio's goal is to maximize after-tax investment income and price appreciation while maintaining the portfolio's target risk profile. Our returns on these investments are subject to changes in interest rates, credit markets, equity prices, and numerous other factors beyond our control and can affect the value of our investments.

 An important component of our operating results has been the return on invested assets. Our investment objectives are (i) to preserve and grow capital and surplus, in order to improve our competitive position and allow for expansion of insurance operations; (ii) to ensure sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund expected liability payments and otherwise support our underwriting strategy; (iii) to provide a reasonable and stable level of income; and (iv) to maintain a portfolio which will assist in attaining the highest possible rating from A.M. Best. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Market Risk.

 In addition to any investments prohibited by the insurance laws and regulations of Illinois and any other applicable states, our investment policy prohibits the following investments and investing activities:

 •

 short sales;

 •

 purchase of securities on margin;

 •

 hedge funds;

 •

 derivatives;

 •

 investment in commodities;

 •

 mortgage derivatives such as inverse floaters, interest only strips, and principal only strips;

 •

 options, puts, and futures contracts; and

 •

 non-U.S. dollar denominated securities.

 Our board of directors developed our investment policy and reviews the policy periodically. Exceptions to prohibitions discussed above are allowed only with express authorization by the board of directors' investment committee, but under no circumstance can such exception exceed 5% of our invested assets.

 Our investment portfolio is managed by two independent third party firms. The board of directors' investment committee reviews the performance of each firm periodically.

 The following table sets forth information concerning our investments in available for sale (AFS) securities, as of December 31:

 2023

 Estimated Fair Value

 $

 1,352

 $

 1,290

 49,400

 47,020

 45,765

 42,982

 22,633

 19,493

 Total AFS securities

 $

 119,336

 $

 110,956

 2022

 Estimated Fair Value

 $

 1,353

 $

 1,253

 41,859

 38,803

 39,716

 35,602

 21,437

 17,542

 Total AFS securities

 $

 104,581

 $

 93,389

 ~ 15 ~

 The following table summarizes the distribution of our portfolio of fixed maturity investments as a percentage of total estimated fair value based on credit ratings assigned by Standard & Poor's Corporation (S&P), as of December 31:

 2023

 2022

 Rating 1

 Estimated Fair Value (In thousands)

 Percent of Total 2

 Estimated Fair Value (In thousands)

 Percent of Total 2

 AAA

 $

 20,749

 18.7

 %

 $

 19,985

 21.4

 %

 AA

 43,051

 38.8

 %

 33,620

 36.0

 %

 A

 30,624

 27.6

 %

 23,160

 24.8

 %

 BBB

 14,424

 13.0

 %

 13,355

 14.3

 %

 BB

 2,108

 1.9

 %

 3,269

 3.5

 %

 Total

 $

 110,956

 100.0

 %

 $

 93,389

 100.0

 %

 1 The ratings set forth in this table are based on the ratings assigned by S&P. If S&P's ratings were unavailable, the equivalent ratings supplied by Moody's Investor Service, Fitch Investors Service, Inc. or the NAIC were used where available.

 2 Represents percent of fair value for classification as a percent of the total portfolio.

 The table below sets forth the maturity profile of our debt securities, as of December 31, 2023. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 Estimated Fair Value 1

 Less than one year

 $

 4,747

 $

 4,693

 One through five years

 14,751

 14,212

 Five through ten years

 23,880

 22,518

 Greater than ten years

 26,372

 22,342

 MBS/ABS

 49,400

 47,020

 Total debt securities

 $

 119,336

 $

 110,956

 1 Debt securities are carried at fair value in our financial statements.

 On December 31, 2023, the average maturity of our fixed maturity investment portfolio was 8.4 years, and the average duration was 5.6 years. As a result, the fair value of our investments may fluctuate significantly in response to changes in interest rates. In addition, we may experience investment losses to the extent our liquidity needs require the disposition of fixed maturity securities in unfavorable interest rate environments.

 We use quoted values and other data provided by independent pricing services as inputs in our process for determining fair values of our investments. The pricing services cover substantially all the securities in our portfolio for which publicly quoted values are not available. The pricing services' evaluations represent an exit price, a good faith opinion as to what a buyer in the marketplace would pay for a security in a current sale. The pricing is based on observable inputs either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in markets that are active, quoted prices for similar securities at the measurement date, or other inputs that are observable.

 Our independent third-party investment managers provide us with pricing information that they obtain from independent pricing services, to determine the fair value of our fixed maturity securities. After performing a detailed review of the information obtained from the pricing service, limited adjustments may be made by the managers to the values provided.

 Our average cash and invested assets, net investment income, and return on average cash and invested assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Average cash and invested assets

 $

 136,398

 $

 137,949

 Net investment income

 5,179

 4,034

 Return on average cash and invested assets

 3.8

 %

 2.9

 %

 ~ 16 ~

 A.M. Best Rating

 A.M. Best Company, Inc. ("A.M. Best") rates insurance companies based on factors of concern to policyholders. A.M. Best currently assigns an "A-" (Excellent) rating to ICC. This rating is the fourth highest out of 15 rating classifications. We expect that the next rating evaluation by A.M. Best will occur on May 9, 2024; therefore, the report from this evaluation has not yet been released. According to the A.M. Best guidelines, companies rated "A-" are considered by A.M. Best to have "an excellent ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations." The rating evaluates the claims paying ability of a company and is not a recommendation on the merits of an investment in our common stock.

 In evaluating a company's financial and operating performance, A.M. Best reviews:

 •

 the company's profitability, leverage, and liquidity;

 •

 its book of business;

 •

 the adequacy and soundness of its reinsurance;

 •

 the quality and estimated fair value of its assets;

 •

 the adequacy of its reserves and surplus;

 •

 its capital structure;

 •

 the experience and competence of its management; and

 •

 its marketing presence.

 In its ratings report on ICC, A.M. Best stated that ICC's rating reflected ICC's balance sheet strength, which A.M. Best categorizes as very strong, as well as its adequate operating performance, limited business profile, and appropriate enterprise risk management. A.M. Best also stated that ICC's balance sheet reflects the company's strongest level of risk-adjusted capitalization, as measured by Best's Capital Adequacy Ratio (BCAR) and its favorable underwriting leverage measures compared with the commercial casualty composite averages. A.M. Best has assigned the Parent Company's outlook to the Issuer Credit Rating as stable.

 Competition

 Our competition varies geographically based upon the states in which we operate and by the segment of the food and beverage industry (e.g., bars versus fine dining). When evaluating the franchise and fine dining segment of the food and beverage industry, we compete with national insurance carriers, such as Allied Insurance Company, Travelers Insurance Company, and The Hartford Insurance Company. For risks with greater alcohol and entertainment exposures, competition for liquor liability comes from primarily excess and surplus lines companies such as USLI and Conifer. In some states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) competition is primarily from Midwest based regional carriers, such as Society Mutual Insurance Company, Midwest Family Mutual Insurance Company, SPRISKA, and West Bend Mutual Insurance Company, with products targeting the food and beverage industry. Because of the challenging judicial climate in Missouri, we do not face much competition from the larger regional or national insurance companies. Most competitors are excess and surplus lines companies (E&S) especially for risks with higher alcohol sales or entertainment. In our eastern-most states of Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, the primary competitors are well established national carriers with a strong presence in those states such as Auto Owners, Erie, and Cincinnati. In our most western states of Arizona and Colorado, we initially found market opportunities due to a lack of strong regional competition although the landscape has changed in both states. Society Mutual and SPRISKA are now in Colorado and Badger Mutual and SPRISKA are aggressive in Arizona. We entered Utah at a time when we are seeing other competitors reduce their appetite in that state and our main competitor is Everspan Indemnity Insurance Company.

 ~ 17 ~

 Despite significant competition, we believe we will continue to maintain strong market share.

 Number of Eating and Drinking Places in 2022 1

 Number of Locations Insured by ICC on December 31, 2023

 Approximate Market Share (%)

 Arizona

 11,633

 5.4

 %

 Colorado

 12,884

 1,384

 10.7

 %

 Illinois

 26,193

 3,566

 13.6

 %

 Indiana

 12,929

 6.6

 %

 Iowa

 6,474

 2,487

 38.4

 %

 Kansas

 5,441

 2.9

 %

 Kentucky

 8,201

 —

 0.0

 %

 Michigan

 18,300

 3.8

 %

 Minnesota

 10,944

 1,472

 13.5

 %

 Missouri

 11,971

 1,462

 12.2

 %

 Nebraska

 4,412

 —

 0.0

 %

 North Dakota

 1,799

 —

 0.0

 %

 Ohio

 23,912

 1,099

 4.6

 %

 Pennsylvania

 26,637

 2.0

 %

 South Dakota

 1,957

 —

 0.0

 %

 Tennessee

 13,372

 —

 0.0

 %

 Utah

 5,862

 1.3

 %

 Wisconsin

 12,412

 2.9

 %

 Total

 215,333

 14,765

 1 National Restaurant Association

 Human Capital Resources

 We recognize that our employees are our most valuable asset. We are committed to building an inclusive and diverse workforce and promoting a culture of respect where individual viewpoints are heard. The Company's Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO), with oversight by the executive team, leads our talent management initiatives. The CHRO's key responsibilities include developing programs that advocate diversity, equity, and inclusion within the Company's recruiting, selection, training, and development practices.

 The Company's Total Rewards program is a competitive compensation package that supports the Company's commitment to attracting and retaining a talented workforce. In addition to base salaries or hourly wages, Total Rewards includes an annual profit-sharing incentive for all employees, an executive long-term incentive plan, and retirement, health, disability, and life insurance benefits. Local, regional, and national compensation surveys are used by the Human Resources Department to ensure a competitive compensation package exists for the Company's positions.

 An important component of the annual profit-sharing incentive is the Company's Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), a qualified retirement plan that grants shares of the Company's stock to eligible employees. The ESOP provides an avenue for employees to actively participate in building value in alignment with the interests of other shareholders. In addition to the ESOP, certain members of management participate in a discretionary bonus program where restricted stock units are awarded annually.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 105.5 full-time equivalent employees. None of these employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe that our employee relations are good.

 Regulation

 General

 We are subject to extensive regulation, particularly at the state level. The method, extent, and substance of such regulation varies by state, but generally has its source in statutes and regulations that establish standards and requirements for conducting the business of insurance and that delegate regulatory authority to state insurance regulatory agencies. In general, such regulation is intended for the protection of those who purchase or use insurance products, not the companies that write the policies. These laws and regulations have a significant impact on our business and relate to a wide variety of matters including accounting methods, agent and company licensure, claims procedures, corporate governance, examinations, investing practices, policy forms, pricing, trade practices, reserve adequacy, and underwriting standards.

 ~ 18 ~

 State insurance laws and regulations require ICC to file financial statements with state insurance departments everywhere it does business, and the operations of ICC and its accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time. ICC prepares statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments.

 Premium rate regulation varies greatly among jurisdictions and lines of insurance. In most states in which our subsidiary writes insurance, premium rates for the various lines of insurance are subject to either prior approval or limited review upon implementation. States require rates for property-casualty insurance that are adequate, not excessive, and not unfairly discriminatory.

 Many jurisdictions have laws and regulations that limit an insurer's ability to withdraw from a particular market. For example, states may limit an insurer's ability to cancel or non-renew policies. Laws and regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal may restrict our ability to exit unprofitable marketplaces in a timely manner.

 Examinations

 Examinations are conducted by the Illinois Department of Insurance every three to five years. The Illinois Department of Insurance last completed its examination of ICC in May 2023 covering the period from 2017-2021. The report from this exam became available to other states or the public on June 6, 2023. The 2021 examination did not result in any adjustments to our financial position. In addition, there were no substantive qualitative matters indicated in the examination report that had a material adverse impact on our operations.

 NAIC Risk-Based Capital Requirements

 In addition to state-imposed insurance laws and regulations, the NAIC has adopted risk-based capital requirements that require insurance companies to calculate and report information under a risk-based formula. These risk-based capital requirements attempt to measure statutory capital and surplus needs based on the risks in a company's mix of products and investment portfolio. Under the formula, a company first determines its "authorized control level" risk-based capital. This authorized control level takes into account (i) the risk with respect to the insurer's assets; (ii) the risk of adverse insurance experience with respect to the insurer's liabilities and obligations, (iii) the interest rate risk with respect to the insurer's business; and (iv) all other business risks and such other relevant risks as are set forth in the risk-based capital instructions. A company's "total adjusted capital" is the sum of statutory capital and surplus and such other items as the risk-based capital instructions may provide. The formula is designed to allow state insurance regulators to identify weakly capitalized companies.

 The requirements provide for four different levels of regulatory attention. The "company action level" is triggered if a company's total adjusted capital is less than 2.0 times its authorized control level but greater than or equal to 1.5 times its authorized control level. At the company action level, the company must submit a comprehensive plan to the regulatory authority that discusses proposed corrective actions to improve the capital position. The "regulatory action level" is triggered if a company's total adjusted capital is less than 1.5 times but greater than or equal to 1.0 times its authorized control level. At the regulatory action level, the regulatory authority will perform a special examination of the company and issue an order specifying corrective actions that must be followed. The "authorized control level" is triggered if a company's total adjusted capital is less than 1.0 times but greater than or equal to 0.7 times its authorized control level; at this level, the regulatory authority may take action it deems necessary, including placing the company under regulatory control. The "mandatory control level" is triggered if a company's total adjusted capital is less than 0.7 times its authorized control level; at this level, the regulatory authority is mandated to place the company under its control. The capital levels of ICC have never triggered any of these regulatory capital levels. We cannot provide assurance, however, that the capital requirements applicable to ICC will not increase in the future.

 NAIC Ratios

 The NAIC also has developed a set of 13 financial ratios referred to as the Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS). On the basis of statutory financial statements filed with state insurance regulators, the NAIC annually calculates these IRIS ratios to assist state insurance regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. The NAIC has established an acceptable range for each of the IRIS financial ratios. If four or more of its IRIS ratios fall outside the range deemed acceptable by the NAIC, an insurance company may receive inquiries from individual state insurance departments. During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, ICC did not receive inquiries from regulators on results for any of the IRIS tests.

 ~ 19 ~

 Enterprise Risk Assessment

 In 2012, the NAIC adopted the NAIC Amendments. The NAIC Amendments, when adopted by the various states, are designed to respond to perceived gaps in the regulation of insurance holding company systems in the United States. One of the major changes is a requirement that an insurance holding company system's ultimate controlling person submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an "enterprise risk report" that identifies activities, circumstances or events involving one or more affiliates of an insurer that, if not remedied properly, are likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company system as a whole. Other changes include requiring a controlling person to submit prior notice to its domiciliary insurance regulator of its divestiture of control, having detailed minimum requirements for cost sharing and management agreements between an insurer and its affiliates and expanding of the agreements between an insurer and its affiliates to be filed with its domiciliary insurance regulator. In addition, in 2012 the NAIC adopted the Own Risk Solvency Assessment (ORSA) Model Act. The ORSA Model Act, when adopted by the various states, requires an insurance holding company system's chief risk officer to submit at least annually to its lead state insurance regulator a confidential internal assessment appropriate to the nature, scale, and complexity of an insurer, conducted by that insurer of the material and relevant risks identified by the insurer associated with an insurer's current business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks. Although ICC is exempt from ORSA because of its size, we have incorporated elements of ORSA, that we believe constitute "best practices," into our annual internal enterprise risk assessment.

 Market Conduct Regulation

 State insurance laws and regulations include numerous provisions governing trade practices and the marketplace activities of insurers, including provisions governing the form and content of disclosure to consumers, illustrations, advertising, sales practices, and complaint handling. State regulatory authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.

 Property and Casualty Regulation

 Our property and casualty operations are subject to rate and policy form approval, as well as laws and regulations covering a range of trade and claim settlement practices. State insurance regulatory authorities have broad discretion in approving an insurer's proposed rates. The extent to which a state restricts underwriting and pricing of a line of business may adversely affect an insurer's ability to operate that business profitably in that state on a consistent basis.

 State insurance laws and regulations require us to participate in mandatory property-liability "shared market," "pooling" or similar arrangements that provide certain types of insurance coverage to individuals or others who otherwise are unable to purchase coverage voluntarily provided by private insurers. Shared market mechanisms include assigned risk plans and fair access to insurance requirement or "FAIR" plans. In addition, some states require insurers to participate in reinsurance pools for claims that exceed specified amounts. Our participation in these mandatory shared market or pooling mechanisms generally is related to the amount of our direct writings for the type of coverage written by the specific arrangement in the applicable state. We cannot predict the financial impact of our participation in these arrangements. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Guaranty Fund Laws

 All states have guaranty fund laws under which insurers doing business in the state can be assessed to fund policyholder liabilities of insolvent insurance companies. Under these laws, an insurer is subject to assessment depending upon its market share in the state of a given line of business. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, we incurred $14,000 and $0, respectively, in assessments pursuant to state insurance guaranty association laws. We establish reserves relating to insurance companies that are subject to insolvency proceedings when we are notified of assessments by the guaranty associations. We cannot predict the amount and timing of any future assessments on ICC under these laws. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 ~ 20 ~

 Federal Regulation

 The U.S. federal government generally has not directly regulated the insurance industry except for certain areas of the market, such as insurance for flood, nuclear, and terrorism risks. However, the federal government has undertaken initiatives or considered legislation in several areas that may impact the insurance industry, including tort reform, corporate governance, and the taxation of reinsurance companies. The Dodd-Frank Act established the Federal Insurance Office which is authorized to study, monitor, and report to Congress on the insurance industry, and to recommend that the Financial Stability Oversight Council designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the U.S. financial stability in the event of the insurer's material financial distress or failure. In December 2013, the Federal Insurance Office issued a report on alternatives to modernize and improve the system of insurance regulation in the United States, including increasing national uniformity through either a federal charter or effective action by the states. Changes to federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including changes in federal taxation, can also significantly impact the insurance industry and us.

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 Enacted in 2002, the stated goals of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX, are to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies, and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. We became subject to most of the provisions of SOX immediately after completion of the mutual-to-stock conversion.

 The SOX includes very specific disclosure requirements and corporate governance rules and requires the SEC and securities exchanges to adopt extensive additional disclosure, corporate governance, and other related regulations.

 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002

 In January 2015 and December 2019, Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 and 2019, respectively, which amended and extended the Terrorism Insurance Program through December 31, 2027. Under this law, coverage provided by an insurer for losses caused by certified acts of terrorism is partially reimbursed by the United States under a formula under which the government pays 80% of covered terrorism losses exceeding a prescribed deductible. The act limits an insurer's exposure to certified terrorist acts (as defined by the Act) to the prescribed deductible amount. The insurance industry's aggregate deductible is $48.5 billion in 2024. Each insurer's deductible is capped at 20% of the insurer's direct earned premium for commercial property and casualty policies. Coverage under the act must be offered to all property, casualty, and surety insureds.

 The new law also amended the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act to establish the National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers as a nonprofit corporation with the purpose of prescribing licensing and producer qualification requirements and conditions on a multi-state basis.

 Privacy

 As mandated by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, states continue to promulgate and refine laws and regulations that require financial institutions, including insurance companies, to take steps to protect the privacy of certain consumer and customer information relating to products or services primarily for personal, family or household purposes. An NAIC initiative that affected the insurance industry was the adoption in 2000 of the Privacy of Consumer Financial and Health Information Model Regulation, which assisted states in promulgating regulations to comply with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. In 2002, to further facilitate the implementation of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the NAIC adopted the Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information Model Regulation. Several states have now adopted similar provisions regarding the safeguarding of customer information. We have implemented procedures to comply with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's related privacy requirements.

 OFAC

 The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) maintains a list of "Specifically Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons" (the SDN List). The SDN List identifies persons and entities that the government believes are associated with terrorists, rogue nations, or drug traffickers. OFAC's regulations prohibit insurers, among others, from doing business with persons or entities on the SDN List. If the insurer finds and confirms a match, the insurer must take steps to block or reject the transaction, notify the affected person, and file a report with OFAC.

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 Dividends

 Illinois law sets the maximum amount of dividends that may be paid by ICC during any twelve-month period after notice to, but without prior approval of, the Illinois Department of Insurance. This amount cannot exceed the greater of 10% of the insurance company's surplus as regards policyholders as reported on the most recent annual statement filed with the Illinois Department of Insurance, or the insurance company's statutory net income for the period covered by the annual statement as reported on such statement. As of December 31, 2023, the amount available for payment of dividends by ICC in 2024 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is approximately $6.3 million. "Extraordinary dividends" in excess of the foregoing limitations may only be paid with prior notice to, and approval of, the Illinois Department of Insurance. See Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis – Liquidity and Capital Resources.

 Holding Company Laws

 Most states have enacted legislation that regulates insurance holding company systems. Each insurance company in a holding company system is required to register with the insurance supervisory agency of its state of domicile and furnish certain information. This includes information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company group that may materially affect the operations, management, or financial condition of the insurers within the group. Pursuant to these laws, the Illinois Department of Insurance requires disclosure of material transactions involving ICC and its affiliates and requires prior notice and/or approval of certain transactions, such as "extraordinary dividends" distributed by ICC. Under these laws, the Illinois Department of Insurance also has the right to examine us at any time.

 All transactions within our consolidated group affecting ICC must be fair and equitable. Notice of certain material transactions between ICC and any person or entity in our holding company system will be required to be given to the Illinois Department of Insurance. Certain transactions cannot be completed without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance.

 Approval of the state insurance commissioner is required prior to any transaction affecting the control of an insurer domiciled in that state. In Illinois, the acquisition of 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of an insurer or its holding company is presumed to be a change in control. Illinois law also prohibits any person or entity from (i) making a tender offer for, or a request or invitation for tenders of, or seeking to acquire or acquiring any voting security of an Illinois insurer if, after the acquisition, the person or entity would be in control of the insurer, or (ii) effecting or attempting to effect an acquisition of control of or merger with an Illinois insurer, unless the offer, request, invitation, acquisition, effectuation or attempt has received the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance.

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 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 In addition to all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, a potential investor should carefully consider the following risk factors in deciding whether to purchase our common stock.

 Risks Related to Our Business

 A reduction in our A.M. Best rating could affect our ability to write new business or renew our existing business.

 Ratings assigned by A.M. Best are an important factor influencing the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best ratings, which are reviewed approximately once a year, represent independent opinions of financial strength and ability to meet obligations to policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Therefore, our A.M. Best rating should not be relied upon as a basis for an investment decision to purchase our common stock.

 ICC holds a financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best, the fourth highest rating out of 15 rating classifications. We expect that our upcoming evaluation by A.M. Best will occur on May 9, 2024, with the ratings from this evaluation being released thereafter. Our most recent prior evaluation occurred on May 4, 2023 and was made public on August 10, 2023. Financial strength ratings are used by producers and customers as a means of assessing the financial strength and quality of insurers. Issuer credit ratings are an opinion by A.M. Best of an entity's ability to meet its ongoing financial obligations. If our financial position deteriorates, we may not maintain our favorable financial strength and issuer credit ratings from A.M. Best. A downgrade of our rating could severely limit or prevent us from writing desirable business or from renewing our existing business. In addition, a downgrade could negatively affect our ability to implement our strategy. See Item 1. Business — A.M. Best Rating.

 Our investment portfolio is subject to significant market and credit risks, which could result in an adverse impact on our financial conditions or results of operations.

 We invest the premiums we receive from policyholders until cash is needed to pay insured claims or other expenses. We had net realized investment gains of $673,000 and $874,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accordingly, our results of operations depend, in part, on the performance of our investment portfolio. We seek to hold a diversified portfolio of investments that is managed by professional investment advisory management firms in accordance with our investment policy and routinely reviewed by our investment committee. However, our investments are subject to general economic conditions and market risks as well as risks inherent to particular securities.

 The value of our investment portfolio is subject to the risk that certain investments may default or become impaired due to deterioration in the financial condition of one or more issuers of the securities held, or due to deterioration in the financial condition of an entity that guarantees an issuer's payments of such investments. Such defaults and impairments could reduce our net investment income and result in realized investment losses.

 A severe economic downturn could cause us to incur substantial realized and unrealized investment losses in future periods, which would have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, debt and financial strength ratings, capital liquidity, and ability to access capital markets. In addition, losses in our investment portfolio may occur at the same time as underwriting losses and, therefore, exacerbate the adverse effect of the losses on us. Additionally, an unexpected increase in the volume or severity of claims may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur capital losses. If we do not structure the duration of our investments to match our insurance liabilities or sell securities at a time when such securities are in a loss position, we may be forced to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss to cover such payments. Investment losses could significantly decrease our asset base and statutory surplus, thereby affecting our ability to conduct business. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Quantitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk for more information.

 We may be adversely affected by interest rate changes.

 Our investment portfolio is predominantly comprised of fixed income securities. These securities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. An increase in interest rates typically reduces the fair market value of fixed income securities. In addition, if interest rates decline, investment income earned from future investments in fixed income securities will be lower. Rising interest rates could result in a significant reduction of our book value. A low investment yield environment could adversely impact our net earnings as a result of fixed income securities maturing and being replaced with lower yielding securities which impact investing results.

 Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control including general economic conditions, governmental monetary policy, and political conditions. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Quantitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on interest rate risk.

 Our food and beverage customers have been the target of claims and lawsuits. Proceedings of this nature, if successful, could result in our payment of substantial costs and damages.

 Occasionally, patrons of our food and beverage industry insured customers file complaints or lawsuits against our insureds alleging a variety of claims arising in the ordinary course of their business, including personal injury claims, contract claims, and claims alleging violations of federal and state laws. In addition, certain of our insured customers who serve alcohol are subject to state "dram shop" or similar laws that generally allow a person to sue our customer if that person was injured by a legally intoxicated person who was wrongfully served alcoholic beverages by our customer. A number of these lawsuits in the food and beverage industry have resulted in the payment of substantial damages by us on behalf of our insureds.

 Additionally, states have, from time to time, explored lowering the blood alcohol content levels for criminal statutes related to driving under the influence or similar laws, removing or increasing caps for liability with respect to injuries by a legally intoxicated person, or preventing or limiting rate changes by insurance companies.

 Regardless of whether any claims against our customers are valid or whether they are liable, claims may be expensive to defend and may result in significant liabilities. Defense costs, even for unfounded claims, or a judgment or other liability in excess of our reinsurance limits for any claims or any adverse publicity resulting from claims could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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 Our strategy for growing our business may not be profitable.

 Over the past several years, we have made, and our current plans are to continue to make, investments in our lines of business, and we have increased expenses in order to, among other things, strengthen our product offerings and service capabilities, expand into new geographic areas, improve technology and our operating models, build expertise in our personnel, and expand our distribution capabilities, with the ultimate goal of achieving significant, sustained growth. The ability to achieve significant profitable premium growth in order to earn adequate returns on such investments and expenses, and to grow further without proportionate increases in expenses, is an important part of our current strategy. There can be no assurance that we will be successful at profitably growing our business, or that we will not alter our current strategy due to changes in our markets or an inability to successfully maintain acceptable margins on new business or for other reasons, in which case premiums written and earned, operating income and net book value could be adversely affected.

 The geographic distribution of our business exposes us to significant natural disasters, which may negatively affect our financial and operating results.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 23.1% of our direct premiums written originated from business written in Illinois, and therefore, we have a greater exposure to catastrophic or other significant natural or man-made losses in that geographic region. The incidence and severity of such events are inherently unpredictable. In recent years, changing climate conditions have increased the unpredictability, severity, and frequency of tornados, hurricanes, and other storms.

 States and regulators from time to time have taken action that has the effect of limiting the ability of insurers to manage these risks, such as prohibiting insurers from reducing exposures or withdrawing from catastrophe-prone areas, or mandating that insurers participate in residual markets. Our ability or willingness to manage our exposure to these risks may be limited due to considerations of public policy, the evolving political environment, or social responsibilities. We may choose to write business in catastrophe-prone geographic areas that we might not otherwise write for strategic purposes, such as improving our access to other underwriting opportunities.

 Our ability to properly estimate reserves related to tornados and storms can be affected by the inability to access portions of the impacted areas, the complexity of factors contributing to the losses, the legal and regulatory uncertainties, and the nature of the information available to establish the reserves. These complex factors include, but are not limited to the following:

 •

 determining whether damages were caused by flooding versus wind;

 •

 evaluating general liability and pollution exposures;

 •

 the impact of increased demand for products and services necessary to repair or rebuild damaged properties;

 •

 infrastructure disruption;

 •

 fraud;

 •

 the effect of mold damage;

 •

 business interruption costs; and

 •

 reinsurance collectability.

 The estimates related to catastrophes are adjusted as actual claims are filed and additional information becomes available. This adjustment could reduce income during the period in which the adjustment is made, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Catastrophic losses are unpredictable and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 The Company's insurance coverages include exposure to catastrophic events, particularly severe convective storms, wildfires, and winter weather. If our insureds were to experience a large-scale natural disaster, claims incurred would likely increase and our insured's properties may incur substantial damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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 Changing weather and climate conditions may adversely affect our profitability or financial conditions.

 Climate change and weather are complex and evolving issues. The Company cannot predict the cumulative impact these might have on our results of operations or financial condition at this time. The effect on the Company could include:

 •

 changes in the location, frequency, and severity of weather-related catastrophes, which may result in higher levels of losses;

 •

 added uncertainty in third party catastrophe models, which could impair the Company's ability to adequately price and assess exposure for the catastrophe risks we insure; and

 •

 obtaining reinsurance at desired levels and/or costs may be more difficult due to increased losses from weather-related catastrophes, which may reduce the amount of business we write and the revenues we generate.

 Our results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may lead to reduced premium volume.

 Results of companies in the insurance industry, and particularly the property and casualty insurance industry, historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. The industry's profitability can be affected significantly by:

 •

 rising levels of actual costs that are not known by companies at the time they price their products;

 •

 volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made and natural catastrophes;

 •

 changes in reserves resulting from the general claims and legal environments as different types of claims arise and judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers' liability develop; and

 •

 fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures, and other changes in the investment environment, which affect returns on invested capital and may impact the ultimate payout of losses.

 Historically, the financial performance of the insurance industry has fluctuated in cyclical periods of low premium rates and excess underwriting capacity resulting from increased competition (a so-called "soft market"), followed by periods of high premium rates and a shortage of underwriting capacity resulting from decreased competition (a so-called "hard market"). Fluctuations in underwriting capacity, demand and competition, and the impact on our business of the other factors identified above, could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

 Because estimating future losses is difficult and uncertain, if our actual losses exceed our loss reserves, our operating results may be adversely affected.

 We maintain reserves to cover amounts we estimate will be needed to pay for insured losses and for the expenses necessary to settle claims. Estimating loss and loss expense reserves is a difficult and complex process involving many variables and subjective judgments. We regularly review our reserve estimate protocols and our overall amount of reserves. We review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

 •

 trends in claim frequency and severity;

 •

 information regarding each claim for losses;

 •

 legislative enactments, judicial decisions, and legal developments regarding damages; and

 •

 trends in general economic conditions, including inflation.

 Our actual losses could exceed our reserves. If we determine that our loss reserves are inadequate, we will have to increase them. This adjustment would reduce income during the period in which the adjustment is made, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Such adjustments to loss reserve estimates are referred to as "loss development." If existing loss reserves exceed the revised estimate, it is referred to as positive loss development. Negative loss development occurs when the revised estimate of expected losses with respect to a calendar year exceed existing loss reserves. For additional information, see Item 1. Business — Loss and Settlement Expense Reserves.

 If our reinsurers do not pay our claims in accordance with our reinsurance agreements, we may incur losses.

 We are subject to loss and credit risk with respect to the reinsurers with whom we deal because buying reinsurance does not relieve us of our liability to policyholders. If our reinsurers are not capable of fulfilling their financial obligations to us, our insurance losses would increase. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we ceded 11.3% of our direct written premiums to our reinsurers. We secure reinsurance coverage from a number of reinsurers. The lowest A.M. Best rating issued to any of our reinsurers is "A-" (Excellent), which is the fourth highest of fifteen ratings. See Item 1. Business — Reinsurance.

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 The property and casualty insurance market in which we operate is highly competitive, which limits our ability to increase premiums for our products and recruit new producers.

 Competition in the property and casualty insurance business is based on many factors. These factors include the perceived financial strength of the insurer, premiums charged, policy terms and conditions, services provided, reputation, financial ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, and the experience of the insurer in the line of insurance to be written. We compete with stock insurance companies, mutual companies, local cooperatives, and other underwriting organizations. Many of these competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and operating resources than we have. Many of the lines of insurance we write are subject to significant price competition. If our competitors' price their products aggressively, our ability to grow or renew our business may be adversely affected. We pay producers on a commission basis to produce business. Some of our competitors may offer higher commissions or insurance at lower premium rates through the use of salaried personnel or other distribution methods that do not rely on independent agents. Increased competition could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain business and thereby reduce our profits from operations.

 Our results of operations may be adversely affected by any loss of business from key producers.

 Our products are primarily marketed by independent agents. Other insurance companies compete with us for the services and allegiance of these producers. These producers may choose to direct business to our competitors or may direct less desirable risks to us. We had three producers that were responsible for more than 5% of our direct premiums written. These producers accounted for $20.4 million or approximately 21.9% of our direct premiums written in 2023. No other producers accounted for more than 5% of our 2023 direct premiums written. If we experienced a significant decrease in business from, or lose entirely, our largest producers, it would have a material adverse effect on us.

 Proposals to federally regulate the insurance business could affect our business.

 Currently, the U.S. federal government does not directly regulate the insurance business. However, federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas can significantly and adversely affect insurance companies. These areas include financial services regulation, securities regulation, pension regulation, privacy, tort reform legislation, and taxation. In addition, various forms of direct federal regulation of insurance have been proposed. These proposals generally would maintain state-based regulation of insurance but would affect state regulation of certain aspects of the insurance business, including rates, producer and company licensing, and market conduct examinations. We cannot predict whether any of these proposals will be adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or, if enacted, such laws may have on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

 If we fail to comply with insurance industry regulations, or if those regulations become more burdensome, we may not be able to operate profitably.

 We are regulated by the Illinois Department of Insurance, as well as, to a more limited extent, the federal government, and the insurance departments of other states in which we do business. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 23.1% of our direct premiums written originated from business written in Illinois. Therefore, the cancellation or suspension of our license in Illinois, as a result of any failure to comply with the applicable insurance laws and regulations, may negatively impact our operating results.

 Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than shareholders and other investors. These regulations relate to, among other things:

 •

 approval of policy forms and premium rates;

 •

 standards of solvency, including establishing requirements for minimum capital and surplus, and for risk-based capital;

 •

 classifying assets as admissible for purposes of determining solvency and compliance with minimum capital and surplus requirements;

 •

 licensing of insurers and their producers;

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 •

 advertising and marketing practices;

 •

 restrictions on the nature, quality, and concentration of investments;

 •

 assessments by guaranty associations and mandatory pooling arrangements;

 •

 restrictions on the ability to pay dividends;

 •

 restrictions on transactions between affiliated companies;

 •

 restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy;

 •

 requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders;

 •

 requiring certain methods of accounting;

 •

 periodic examinations of our operations and finances;

 •

 claims practices;

 •

 prescribing the form and content of reports of financial condition required to be filed; and

 •

 requiring reserves for unearned premiums, losses, and other purposes.

 The Illinois Department of Insurance also conducts periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and requires the filing of annual and other reports relating to financial condition, holding company issues, and other matters. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. Our last completed examination by the Illinois Department of Insurance was in May 2023.

 In addition, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. Further, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

 Our ability to manage our exposure to underwriting risks depends on the availability and cost of reinsurance coverage.

 Reinsurance is the practice of transferring part of an insurance company's liability and premium under an insurance policy to another insurance company. We use reinsurance arrangements to limit and manage the amount of risk we retain, to stabilize our underwriting results and to increase our underwriting capacity. The availability and cost of reinsurance are subject to current market conditions and may vary significantly over time. Any decrease in the amount of our reinsurance will increase our risk of loss. We may be unable to maintain our desired reinsurance coverage or to obtain other reinsurance coverage in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. If we are unable to renew our expiring coverage or obtain new coverage, it will be difficult for us to manage our underwriting risks and operate our business profitably.

 It is also possible that the losses we experience on risks we have reinsured will exceed the coverage limits on the reinsurance. If the amount of our reinsurance coverage is insufficient, our insurance losses could increase substantially.

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 The Company relies on information technology and telecommunication systems, and the disruption or failure of these systems, or the compromise of the security of the systems that results in the misuse of confidential information, could materially and adversely affect its business.

 The Company's business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of the information technology and telecommunications systems of ICC and its third-party vendors. We have established security policies, processes and layers of defense designed to help identify and protect against intentional and unintentional misappropriation or corruption of our systems and information, and disruption of our operations. Our employees participate in ongoing security awareness training focused on the prevention and identification of possible threats. We also have security measures in place which are focused on the prevention, detection, and remediation of damage from computer viruses, natural disasters, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, and other similar disruptions.

 Despite these efforts, our systems may be damaged, disrupted, or shut down due to attacks by unauthorized access, malicious software, undetected intrusion, hardware failures, or other events, and in these circumstances our disaster recovery planning may be ineffective or inadequate. Information technology security threats from user error to cybersecurity attacks are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Cybersecurity attacks may range from random attempts to coordinated and targeted attacks, including sophisticated computer crime and advanced threats. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of our data. No cybersecurity attack has had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. However, the potential consequences of a material cybersecurity attack include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs. A sustained business interruption or system failure could adversely impact our ability to process our business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions. We could also be subject to fines and penalties from a security breach. The cost to remedy a severe breach could be substantial.

 We could be adversely affected by the loss of our existing management or key employees.

 The success of our business is dependent, to a large extent, on our ability to attract and retain key employees, in particular our senior officers. Our business may be adversely affected if labor market conditions make it difficult for us to replace our current key officers with individuals having equivalent qualifications and experience at compensation levels competitive for our industry. In particular, because of the shortage of experienced underwriters and claims personnel who have experience or training in the liquor liability sector of the insurance industry, replacing key employees in that line of our business could be challenging. Our key officers include Arron K. Sutherland, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Michael R. Smith, our Vice President – Chief Financial Officer, Norman D. Schmeichel, our Vice President – Chief Information Officer, Howard J. Beck, our Vice President – Chief Underwriting Officer, Julia B. Suiter, our Vice President – Chief Legal Officer, and Kathleen S. Springer, our Vice President – Chief Human Resources Officer. These key officers have an average of more than 24 years of experience in the property and casualty insurance industry.

 We do not have agreements not to compete or employment agreements with our senior officers, except for our employment agreement with Mr. Sutherland, and change in control agreements with certain officers, including Messrs. Smith, Schmeichel, and Beck, and Mesdames Suiter and Springer. Our employment agreement with Mr. Sutherland and change in control agreements have change of control provisions that provide for certain payments and the continuation of certain benefits in the event such officer is terminated without cause, or such officer voluntarily quits for good reason after a change in control.

 Losses resulting from political instability, acts of war or terrorism may negatively affect our financial and operating results.

 Numerous classes of business are exposed to terrorism related catastrophic risks. The frequency, number and severity of these losses are unpredictable. As a result, we have changed our underwriting protocols to address terrorism and the limited availability of terrorism reinsurance. However, given the uncertainty of the potential threats, we cannot be sure that we have addressed all the possibilities.

 The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, as extended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Acts of 2015 and 2019, is effective through December 31, 2027. Prior to the act, insurance coverage from private insurers for losses (other than workers' compensation) arising out of acts of terrorism was severely limited. The act provides, among other things, that all licensed insurers must offer coverage on most commercial lines of business for acts of terrorism. Losses arising out of acts of terrorism that are certified as such by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States (in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security) and that exceed $200 million in any year will be reimbursed by the federal government subject to a limit of $100 billion. Each insurance company is responsible for a deductible equal to 20% of its direct earned premiums in the previous calendar year, up to the insurer's proportionate share of the $100 billion. Our deductible is approximately $17.3 million for 2024. For losses in excess of the deductible, the federal government will reimburse 80% of the insurer's loss.

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 Notwithstanding the protection provided by reinsurance and the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, the risk of severe losses to us from acts of terrorism has not been eliminated. Our reinsurance contracts include various limitations or exclusions limiting the reinsurers' obligation to cover losses caused by acts of terrorism. Accordingly, events constituting acts of terrorism may not be covered by, or may exceed the capacity of, our reinsurance and could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

 We could be adversely affected by any interruption to our ability to conduct business at our current location.

 Our business operations could be substantially interrupted by flooding, snow, ice, and other weather-related incidents, or from fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, terrorism, or other such events. In such an event, we may not have sufficient redundant facilities to cover a loss or failure in all aspects of our business operations and to restart our business operations in a timely manner. Any damage caused by such a failure or loss may cause interruptions in our business operations that may adversely affect our service levels and business. See Item 1. Business — Technology.

 Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our consolidated financial statements.

 Our consolidated financial statements are subject to the application of GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards from time to time issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB. It is possible that future changes we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our consolidated financial statements and that such changes could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Assessments and premium surcharges for state guaranty funds, second injury funds, and other mandatory pooling arrangements may reduce our profitability.

 Most states require insurance companies licensed to do business in their state to participate in guaranty funds, which require the insurance companies to bear a portion of the unfunded obligations of impaired, insolvent, or failed insurance companies. These obligations are funded by assessments, which are expected to continue in the future. State guaranty associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurance companies in the state based on their proportionate share of premiums written in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent, or failed insurance companies are engaged. Accordingly, the assessments levied on us may increase as we increase our written premiums. Some states also have laws that establish second injury funds to reimburse insurers and employers for claims paid to injured employees for aggravation of prior conditions or injuries. These funds are supported by either assessments or premium surcharges based on incurred losses. See Item 1. Business — Regulation.

 In addition, as a condition to conducting business in some states, insurance companies are required to participate in residual market programs to provide insurance to those who cannot procure coverage from an insurance carrier on a negotiated basis. Insurance companies generally can fulfill their residual market obligations by, among other things, participating in a reinsurance pool where the results of all policies provided through the pool are shared by the participating insurance companies. Although we price our insurance to account for our potential obligations under these pooling arrangements, we may not be able to accurately estimate our liability for these obligations. Accordingly, mandatory pooling arrangements may cause a decrease in our profits. On December 31, 2023, we participated in mandatory pooling arrangements in six states. As we write policies in new states that have mandatory pooling arrangements, we will be required to participate in additional pooling arrangements. Further, the impairment, insolvency, or failure of other insurance companies in these pooling arrangements would likely increase the liability for other members in the pool. The effect of assessments and premium surcharges or increases in such assessments or surcharges could reduce our profitability in any given period or limit our ability to grow our business. See Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Our operations in Mexico and the United Kingdom expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.

 Foreign currency exchange rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in foreign exchange rates will impact our financial results. Foreign currency exchange rate risk can occur as a result of our business located in Mexico or our participation in Funds at Lloyd's. We consider this risk to be minimal and immaterial to our financial results.

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 Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

 We are subject to the ongoing internal control provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as applicable to smaller reporting companies, which requires management to assess the effectiveness of internal controls. As described in Item 9A of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business, the economic and regulatory environments, and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. We cannot assure you that the measures we will take will remediate any material weaknesses identified or that we may identify in the future, or that we will implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial process and reporting in the future.

 Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and current SEC regulations, we are required to prepare assessments regarding internal control over financial reporting and furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment or complete our Section 404 certifications could have a material adverse effect on our stock price.

 Any failure to complete our assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, to remediate any material weaknesses or to implement new or improved controls could harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of the periodic management evaluations of our internal controls and, in the case of a failure to remediate any material weaknesses that we may identify, would adversely affect the annual auditor attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that are required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Inadequate internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

 Risk Factors Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

 A small number of shareholders collectively own a substantial portion of our common stock and voting power, as a result, our public float will be limited.

 Collectively, the three investors who purchased shares from us pursuant to investment agreements (the Clinton-Flood Purchasers, Rock Island Investors, LLC, and Tuscarora Wayne) own or exercise voting and investment control of 1.0 million of our shares, or 31.8% of our outstanding common stock. Additionally, ICC Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan beneficially owns 350,000 of our shares, or 11.2% of our outstanding common stock.

 This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our common stock because investors may perceive disadvantages in owning stock in a company that is controlled by a small number of shareholders.

 ~ 30 ~

 Following the expiration of the standstill provision in March 2024 and other provisions in their respective purchase agreements, if these three investors retain their ownership levels, such investors together may be able to exhibit significant control over us and our management and will have significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, including future amendments to our amended and restated articles of incorporation or other significant or extraordinary transactions. The interests of these investors may differ from the interests of our other shareholders with respect to certain matters.

 Our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) and stock-based incentive plan will increase our costs, which will reduce our income.

 As of December 31, 2023, our ESOP holds 11.2% of our outstanding shares of common stock, with such shares acquired with funds borrowed from us prior to the expiration of our IPO. The cost of acquiring the shares of common stock for the ESOP, and therefore the amount of the loan, was $3.5 million. The loan will be repaid over a fifteen-year period. We record employee stock ownership plan expense in an amount equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock committed to be released to employees under the ESOP for each year. If shares of our common stock appreciate in value over time, compensation expense relating to the employee stock ownership plan will increase.

 Our board of directors adopted a stock-based incentive plan that was submitted to, and approved by, our shareholders in 2017. Under this plan, we may award participants restricted shares of our common stock, restricted stock units denominated in shares of our common stock, or options to purchase shares of our common stock. Restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards will be made at no cost to the participants. Restricted stock units are payable in shares of common stock or in cash at the discretion of the compensation committee. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards (to the extent that such restricted stock unit awards are not paid in cash) or upon exercise of stock option awards under the stock-based incentive plan may not exceed 10% and 4%, respectively, of the total number of shares sold in the offering.

 The costs associated with the grant of restricted stock awarded under the stock-based incentive plan will be recognized and expensed over the vesting period of the award at the fair market value of the shares on the date they are awarded. The costs associated with the grant of restricted stock unit awards to be settled in cash will similarly be recognized and expensed over their vesting period at the fair market value of the shares on the date they are awarded. However, unlike awards of restricted stock, the fair market value will be remeasured on a quarterly basis until the award vests or is otherwise settled. Therefore, in addition to reducing our net earnings by recording this compensation and benefit expense, increases in our stock price will increase this expense for restricted stock unit awards settled in cash, thereby further reducing our net earnings.

 ~ 31 ~

 Finally, accounting rules require companies to recognize as compensation expense the award-date fair value of stock options. This compensation expense will be recognized over the appropriate service period. When we record an expense for the award of options using the fair value method, we will incur significant compensation and benefits expense, which will reduce our net earnings.

 The price of our common stock may decline.

 The price of shares of our common stock may decline for many reasons, some of which are beyond our control, including among others:

 •

 capital market conditions generally;

 •

 quarterly variations in our results of operations;

 •

 changes in expectations as to our future results of operations, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors;

 •

 announcements by third parties of claims against us;

 •

 changes in law and regulation;

 •

 results of operations that vary from those expected by investors; and

 •

 future sales of shares of our common stock.

 In addition, the stock market routinely experiences substantial price and volume fluctuations that sometimes have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies. As a result, the trading price of shares in our common stock may decline and a shareholder may not be able to sell shares at or above the price paid to purchase them.

 Statutory provisions and our articles and bylaws may discourage takeover attempts on the Company that shareholders may believe are in their best interests or that might result in a substantial profit for them.

 We are subject to provisions of Pennsylvania corporate law and Illinois insurance law that hinder a change of control. Illinois law requires the Illinois Department of Insurance's prior approval of a change of control of an insurance holding company. Under Illinois law, the acquisition of 10% or more of the outstanding voting stock of an insurer or its holding company is presumed to be a change in control. Approval by the Illinois Department of Insurance may be withheld even if the transaction would be in the shareholders' best interest if the Illinois Department of Insurance determines that the transaction would be detrimental to policyholders.

 Our articles of incorporation and bylaws also contain provisions that may discourage a change in control. These provisions include:

 •

 a prohibition on a person, including a group acting in concert, from acquiring voting control of more than 10% of our outstanding stock without prior approval of the board of directors;

 •

 a classified board of directors divided into three classes serving for successive terms of three years each;

 •

 the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors;

 •

 the requirement that nominations for the election of directors made by shareholders and any shareholder proposals for inclusion on the agenda at any annual meeting must be made by notice (in writing) delivered or mailed to us not less than 90 days prior to the meeting;

 •

 the prohibition of shareholders' action without a meeting and of shareholders' right to call a special meeting;

 •

 unless otherwise waived by the board of directors, to be elected as a director, a person must be a shareholder of ICC Holdings, Inc. for the lesser of one year or the time that has elapsed since the completion of the conversion;

 •

 the requirement imposing a mandatory tender offering requirement on a shareholder that has a combined voting power of 25% or more of the votes that our shareholders are entitled to cast;

 ~ 32 ~

 •

 the requirement that certain provisions of our articles of incorporation can only be amended by an affirmative vote of shareholders entitled to cast at least 80% of all votes that shareholders are entitled to cast, unless approved by an affirmative vote of at least 80% of the members of the board of directors; and

 •

 the requirement that certain provisions of our bylaws can only be amended by an affirmative vote of shareholders entitled to cast at least 66 2/3%, or in certain cases 80%, of all votes that shareholders are entitled to cast.

 These provisions may serve to entrench management and may discourage a takeover attempt that a shareholder may consider to be in his or her best interest or in which the shareholder would receive a substantial premium over the current market price. These provisions may make it extremely difficult for any one person, entity or group of affiliated persons or entities to acquire voting control of the Company, with the result that it may be extremely difficult to bring about a change in the board of directors or management. Some of these provisions also may perpetuate present management because of the additional time required to cause a change in the control of the board. Other provisions make it difficult for shareholders owning less than a majority of the voting stock to be able to elect even a single director.

 If ICC is not sufficiently profitable, our ability to pay dividends will be limited.

 We are a separate entity with no operations of our own other than holding the stock of ICC; Two Rivers Realty Investments, LLC; Beverage Insurance Agency, Inc; Estrella Innovative Solutions, Inc; Southern Hospitality Education, LLC; and Guild Insurance Inc. We depend primarily on dividends paid by ICC, distributions from Two Rivers Realty Investments, LLC, and any proceeds from the offering that are not contributed to ICC to pay the debt service on our existing loans and to provide funds for the payment of dividends. We will receive dividends only after all of ICC's obligations and regulatory requirements with the Illinois Department of Insurance have been satisfied. During any twelve-month period, the amount of dividends paid by ICC to us, without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance, may not exceed the greater of 10% of ICC's surplus as regards policyholders as reported on its most recent annual statement filed with the Illinois Department of Insurance or ICC's statutory net income as reported on such statement. We presently do not intend to pay dividends to our shareholders. If ICC is not sufficiently profitable, our ability to pay dividends in the future will be limited.

 Ongoing compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could result in higher operating costs and adversely affect our results of operations.

 We are subject to the periodic reporting, proxy solicitation, insider trading prohibitions, and other obligations imposed under the Securities Exchange Act. In addition, certain of the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act became applicable to us at the completion of the offering. Compliance with these requirements will increase our legal, accounting, and other compliance costs and the cost of directors and officer's liability insurance and will require management to devote substantial time and effort to ensure initial and ongoing compliance with these obligations. A key component of compliance under the Exchange Act is to produce quarterly and annual financial reports within prescribed time periods after the close of our fiscal year and each fiscal quarter. Historically, we have not been required to prepare such financial reports within these time periods. Failure to satisfy these reporting requirements may result in delisting of our common stock by the NASDAQ Capital Market, and inquiries from or sanctions by the SEC. Moreover, the provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that requires public companies to review and report on the adequacy of their internal controls over financial reporting may be applicable to us so long as we are categorized as a smaller reporting company. We expect these rules, regulations, and requirements to significantly increase our accounting, legal, compliance, and other costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We also may need to hire additional accounting, legal, compliance, and administrative staff with experience working for public companies. We may be unable to hire such additional staff on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. In addition, such additional staff may not be able to provide such services at levels sufficient to comply with these requirements. Moreover, the rules that became applicable to us as a public company could make it more difficult and expensive for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors and qualified executive officers. We also anticipate that these rules will make it more expensive for us to obtain directors' and officers' insurance, and we may be required to incur substantially higher costs to obtain such coverage. If we fail to predict these costs accurately or to manage these costs effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.

 Our business could be negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist shareholders and such activism could impact the trading value of our securities.

 Shareholders may, from time to time, engage in proxy solicitations or advance shareholder proposals, or otherwise attempt to effect changes and assert influence on our board of directors and management. Activist campaigns that contest or conflict with our strategic direction or seek changes in the composition of our board of directors could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. A proxy contest would require us to incur significant legal and advisory fees, proxy solicitation expenses and administrative and associated costs, and require significant time and attention by our board of directors and management, diverting their attention from the pursuit of our business strategy. Any perceived uncertainties as to our future direction and control, our ability to execute on our strategy, or changes to the composition of our board of directors or senior management team arising from a proxy contest could lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business or instability which may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, make it more difficult to pursue our strategic initiatives, or limit our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. If individuals are ultimately elected to our board of directors with a specific agenda, it may adversely affect our ability to effectively implement our business strategy and create additional value for our shareholders. We may choose to initiate, or may become subject to, litigation as a result of a proxy contest or matters arising from a proxy contest, which would serve as a further distraction to our board of directors and management and would require us to incur significant additional costs. In addition, actions such as those described above could cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based upon temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business.

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 If we fail to maintain the necessary requirements to be listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, the price and liquidity of our stock may be adversely affected.

 In order to remain listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, we must meet certain minimum requirements for our shareholders' equity, net earnings, the market value and number of publicly held shares, the number of shareholders, and the market price of our stock. In addition, we must have up to four market makers making a market in our stock under certain continued listing standards. Delisting from the NASDAQ Capital Market may adversely affect the market price for our stock and reduce the liquidity of our common stock, and therefore make it more difficult for a shareholder to sell our stock. For more information regarding the reduced liquidity as a result of our agreements with the investors, see Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock — A small number of shareholders will collectively own a substantial portion of our common stock and voting power, and, because of restrictions on their ability to buy or sell our shares, our public float will be limited.

 The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

 The COVID-19 pandemic and most related restrictions have ended. As restaurants and bars began to function at regular capacity again, it seemed that one of the unintended consequences of the shutdowns may have been for certain organizations to make up for lost revenue encouraging additional consumption by patrons. To that end, the Company has experienced increased liquor liability claims. These losses have reduced the Company's overall profitability.

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 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 The Company manages risks through a multi-faceted approach. Steps include outlining guidelines for data access, usage, and protection, ongoing security training and awareness programs for employees, implementation of strong authentication techniques including multi-issue authentication (MFA), regularly updating and patching software and structures facilitates to mitigate vulnerabilities, conducting cybersecurity audits, and closely working with cybersecurity specialists to staying informed about emerging threats and trends and to implement multi-layered protections.

 The Company assesses and reports on any findings quarterly at both an internal and external Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) meeting. Our approach to managing cybersecurity risk aligns with the five key functions contained within the COBIT Framework:

 •

 meeting stakeholder needs;

 •

 covering the enterprise end to end;

 •

 applying a single integrated network;

 •

 enabling a holistic approach; and

 •

 separating governance from management.

 Currently, the Company has not been materially impacted from an operational or financial perspective from cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity is a rapidly evolving area that the Company takes great efforts to mitigate any adverse impacts; however, the Company cannot guarantee that it will not be subject to cybersecurity attacks. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, for more information.

 Our Board provides oversight for cybersecurity risks primarily through its ERM committee. The Company's Chief Information Officer (CIO) provides information quarterly to the ERM committee on cybersecurity risks. The CIO has 30 years of experience in technology both on the company and consulting sides and a B.A. in Economics.

 Management oversight of cybersecurity risks is provided through the Company's internal ERM committee, which is comprised of executive management and our Director of Actuarial Services. The ERM committee has identified numerous risk attributes and developed risk control reports that identify drivers, characteristics, stress testing levels, potential mitigation efforts, or risk appetite, and any reaction in response to a breach. The ERM committee meets quarterly to review and update risk limit grids, current estimates relative to pre-defined acceptable levels, and make adjustments as needed.

 The Company's Networking department, which reports up to the CIO, is responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of cybersecurity risks. Mitigation efforts are executed, if necessary, to cope with the impact of a cybersecurity incident. The Company is finalizing its Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan and anticipates it being available in early April 2024. We anticipate it will provide a framework for the identification, evaluation, and escalation of potential cybersecurity events.

 The CIO routinely engages third-party cybersecurity consultants to conduct network security audits. The Company also engages other their-party consultants in a number of areas to support the assessment, identification, and management of cybersecurity risks, including risk assessments, log monitoring, threat intelligence, system penetration testing, and incident response, among others.

 The Company performs cybersecurity due diligence and monitoring of third-party vendors, which includes a security questionnaire to identify the cybersecurity controls and protections maintained by a third party. Lasty, the Company requires that all employees participate in monthly training videos that are geared toward identifying potential cybersecurity threats.

 Item 2. Properties

 Our headquarters are located at 225 20th Street, Rock Island, Illinois. We own this approximately 24,000 square foot facility. We also own and operate investment property comprising 70 rental units consisting of single-family homes, duplexes, condominiums, senior living units, and a seven-plex property. These rentals are in Carbon Cliff, Illinois; Colona, Illinois; East Moline, Illinois; Milan, Illinois; Moline, Illinois; Rock Island, Illinois; Silvis, Illinois; and Le Claire, Iowa.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 We are a party to litigation in the normal course of business. Based upon information presently available to us, we do not consider any litigation to be material. However, given the uncertainties attendant to litigation, we cannot provide assurance that our results of operations and financial condition will not be materially adversely affected by any litigation.

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 Item 3A. Forward-Looking Information

 The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Reform Act") provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of ICC Holdings, Inc. ICC Holdings, Inc. and its representatives may, from time to time, make written or verbal forward-looking statements, including statements contained in ICC Holdings, Inc.'s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and its reports to shareholders. Generally, the inclusion of the words "anticipates," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "future," "intend," "may," "plans," "seek", "will," or the negative of such terms and similar expressions identify statements that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that are intended to come within the safe harbor protection provided by those sections. All statements addressing operating performance, events, or developments that ICC Holdings, Inc. expects or anticipates will occur in the future, including statements relating to sales growth, earnings or earnings per share growth, and market share, as well as statements expressing optimism or pessimism about future operating results, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Reform Act. The forward-looking statements are and will be based on management's then-current beliefs and assumptions regarding future events and operating performance and on information currently available to management and are applicable only as of the dates of such statements.

 Forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including, among other things, the factors discussed under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and those listed below. Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to a number of uncertainties and risks, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and other unforeseen risks. Readers should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, even if subsequently made available by us on our website or otherwise, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 All of these factors are difficult to predict, and many are beyond our control. These important factors include those discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and those listed below:

 •

 the potential impact of fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions, or cybersecurity incidents;

 •

 future economic conditions in the markets in which we compete that are less favorable than expected;

 •

 our ability to expand geographically;

 •

 the effects of weather-related and other catastrophic events;

 •

 the effect of legislative, judicial, economic, demographic, and regulatory events in the jurisdictions where we do business, especially changes with respect to laws, regulations, and judicial decisions relating to liquor liability;

 •

 our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities either through acquisitions or the expansion of our producer network;

 •

 the impacts of negative social media and the cancel culture;

 •

 financial market conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates and the stock markets causing a reduction of investment income or investment gains and a reduction in the value of our investment portfolio;

 •

 heightened competition, including specifically the intensification of price competition, the entry of new competitors and the development of new products by new or existing competitors, resulting in a reduction in the demand for our products;

 •

 a downgrade in our A.M. Best rating;

 •

 disruptions and negative investor sentiment caused by bank failures during 2023;

 •

 reliance on Lloyd's of London brokers to profitably operate, share timely financial results, and maintain accurate reserves;

 •

 the impact of acts of terrorism and acts of war;

 •

 the effects of terrorist related insurance legislation and laws;

 •

 changes in general economic conditions, including inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and other factors;

 •

 the cost, availability, and collectability of reinsurance;

 •

 estimates and adequacy of loss reserves and trends in loss and settlement expenses;

 •

 changes in the coverage terms selected by insurance customers, including higher limits;

 •

 our inability to obtain regulatory approval of, or to implement, premium rate increases;

 •

 our ability to obtain reinsurance coverage at reasonable prices or on terms that adequately protect us;

 •

 expense and reputational impact on the Company as a result of expenses related to the continuing activities of an activist shareholder;

 ~ 36 ~

 •

 adverse litigation or arbitration results; and

 •

 adverse changes in applicable laws, regulations or rules governing insurance holding companies and insurance companies, and environmental, tax or accounting matters including limitations on premium levels, increases in minimum capital and reserves, and other financial viability requirements, and changes that affect the cost of, or demand for our products.

 Because forward-looking information is subject to various risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from that expressed or implied by the forward-looking information.

 ALL SUBSEQUENT WRITTEN AND ORAL FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION ATTRIBUTABLE TO ICC HOLDINGS, INC OR ANY PERSON ACTING ON OUR BEHALF IS EXPRESSLY QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY THE CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS CONTAINED OR REFERRED TO IN THIS SECTION.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

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 Item 5. Market for Registrant ' s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 In March 2017, the Company completed its IPO. The Company's common stock trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol "ICCH." As of March 11, 2024, there were approximately 137 registered holders of the Company's common stock. A substantially greater number of holders of the Company's common stock are held in "street name" or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

 Dividends

 We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we have certain restrictions from doing so under Pennsylvania and Illinois law. For more information, see Item 1. Business – Regulation – Dividends. We currently intend to retain any earnings for future growth and, therefore, do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

 ~ 38 ~

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

 The following table summarizes repurchases of common stock pursuant to share repurchase programs authorized by the Board of Directors.

 Purchases of Equity Securities

 Date

 Total number of shares purchased

 Average price paid per share

 Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans

 Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares that may be purchased under the plans or programs (1)

 October 1, 2023 to October 31, 2023

 Open Market Purchases

 $

 15.65

 $

 4,647,300

 November 1, 2023 to November 30, 2023

 Open Market Purchases

 —

 —

 —

 4,647,300

 December 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023

 Open Market Purchases

 —

 —

 —

 4,647,300

 Total

 $

 15.65

 $

 4,647,300

 (1)

 In December 2022, the Company announced the establishment of a $5.0 million share repurchase program with no expiration date. The authorization is in addition to the existing share repurchase program authorized in August 2018. From time to time, repurchases under our programs are executed under the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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 Item 6. [Reserved]

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 Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Form 10-K constitutes forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Please see Item 3A. Forward-Looking Information and Item 1A. Risk Factors for more information. Please see Item 1A. Risk Factors for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained herein.

 Overview

 ICC is a regional property and casualty insurance company incorporated in Illinois and focused exclusively on the food and beverage industry. On the effective date of the conversion, ICC became a wholly owned subsidiary of ICC Holdings, Inc.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had direct written premiums of $93.0 million, net premiums earned of $75.7 million, and net earnings of $4.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had direct premiums written of $82.7 million, net premiums earned of $69.1 million, and a net loss of $0.6 million. On December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $211.0 million and equity of $67.0 million. On December 31, 2022, we had total assets of $192.2 million and equity of $60.4 million.

 Principal Revenue and Expense Items

 We derive our revenue primarily from premiums earned, net investment income, and net realized gains (losses) from investments.

 Gross and net premiums written

 Gross premiums written are equal to direct and assumed premiums before the effect of ceded reinsurance. Net premiums written is the difference between gross premiums written and premiums ceded or paid to reinsurers (ceded premiums written).

 Premiums earned

 Premiums earned is the earned portion of our net premiums written. Gross premiums written include all premiums recorded by an insurance company during a specified policy period. Insurance premiums on property and casualty insurance contracts are recognized in proportion to the underlying risk insured and are earned ratably over the duration of the policies. At the end of each accounting period, the portion of the premiums that is not yet earned is included in unearned premiums and is realized as revenue in subsequent periods over the remaining term of the policy. Our policies typically have a term of twelve months. Thus, for example, for a policy that is written on July 1, 2023, one-half of the premiums would be earned in 2023 and the other half would be earned in 2024.

 ~ 41 ~

 Net investment income and net realized gains (losses) on investments

 We invest our surplus and the funds supporting our insurance liabilities (including unearned premiums and unpaid loss and settlement expenses) in cash, cash equivalents, equities, fixed maturity securities, and real estate. Investment income includes interest and dividends earned on invested assets. Net realized gains and losses on invested assets are reported separately from net investment income. We recognize realized gains when invested assets are sold for an amount greater than their cost or amortized cost (in the case of fixed maturity securities) and recognize a current expected credit loss (CECL) allowance for the amount by which the amortized cost of the security exceeds fair value. Our portfolio of investment securities is managed by two independent third parties with managers specializing in the insurance industry.

 ICC's expenses consist primarily of:

 Loss and settlement expenses

 Loss and settlement expenses represent the largest expense item and include: (1) claim payments made, (2) estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates from prior periods, and (3) costs associated with investigating, defending, and adjusting claims.

 Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses

 Expenses incurred to underwrite risks are referred to as policy acquisition expenses. Variable policy acquisition costs consist of commission expenses, premium taxes, and certain other underwriting expenses that vary with, and are primarily related to, the writing and acquisition of new and renewal business. These policy acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Fixed policy acquisition costs, referred to herein, as underwriting and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred. These costs include salaries, rent, office supplies, and depreciation. Other operating expenses consist primarily of information technology costs, accounting and internal control salaries, as well as audit and legal expenses.

 Income taxes

 We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of the enactment date.

 Key Financial Measures

 We evaluate our insurance operations by monitoring certain key measures of growth and profitability. In addition to reviewing our financial performance based on results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we utilize certain non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are valuable in managing our business and for comparison to our peers. These non-GAAP measures are combined ratio, written premiums, underwriting income, the loss and settlement expense ratio, the expense ratio, the ratio of net written premiums to statutory surplus, and return on average equity.

 We measure growth by monitoring changes in gross premiums written and net premiums written. We measure underwriting profitability by examining losses and settlement expenses, underwriting expenses, and combined ratios. We also measure profitability by examining underwriting income (loss) and net earnings (loss).

 Loss and settlement expense ratio

 The loss and settlement expense ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of loss and settlement expenses incurred to premiums earned. We measure the loss ratio on an accident year and calendar year loss basis to monitor underwriting profitability. An accident year loss ratio measures loss and settlement expenses for insured events occurring in a particular year, regardless of when they are reported, as a percentage of premiums earned during that year. A calendar year loss ratio measures loss and settlement expense for insured events occurring during a particular year and the change in loss reserves from prior accident years as a percentage of premiums earned during that year.

 ~ 42 ~

 Expense ratio

 The underwriting expense ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses to net premiums earned, and measures our operational efficiency in producing, underwriting, and administering our insurance business.

 GAAP combined ratio

 Our GAAP combined ratio is the sum of the loss and settlement expense ratio and the expense ratio and measures our overall underwriting profit. If the GAAP combined ratio is below 100%, we are making an underwriting profit. If our combined ratio is at or above 100%, we are not profitable without investment income and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

 Net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio

 The net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio represents the ratio of net premiums written, after reinsurance ceded, to statutory surplus. This ratio measures our exposure to pricing errors in our current book of business. The higher the ratio, the greater the impact on surplus should pricing prove inadequate.

 Underwriting income (loss)

 Underwriting income (loss) measures the pre-tax profitability of our insurance operations. It is derived by subtracting loss and settlement expense, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and underwriting and administrative expenses from earned premiums. Each of these items is presented as a caption in our statements of earnings.

 Net earnings (loss) and return on average equity

 We use net earnings (loss) to measure our profit and return on average equity to measure our effectiveness in utilizing equity to generate net earnings. In determining return on average equity for a given year, net earnings (loss) is divided by the average of the beginning and ending equity for that year.

 Critical Accounting Policies

 General

 The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires both the use of estimates and judgment relative to the application of appropriate accounting policies. We are required to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in our financial statements and related footnotes. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an on-going basis based on historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. There can be no assurance that actual results will conform to our estimates and assumptions and that reported results of operations will not be materially adversely affected by the need to make accounting adjustments to reflect changes in these estimates and assumptions from time to time. We believe the following policies are the most sensitive to estimates and judgments.

 Investments

 Available-for-Sale Securities —Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on these securities are excluded from net earnings but are recorded as a separate component of comprehensive earnings and policyholders' equity, net of deferred income taxes.

 Equity Securities —Equity securities include common stock, mutual funds, and non-redeemable preferred stock. Equity securities are carried at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in net earnings.

 ~ 43 ~

 Current Expected Credit Losses —Effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, on January 1, 2023, we consider several factors, including, but not limited to, the following when evaluating whether a decline in value for AFS debt securities relates to credit losses:

 •

 the extent to which the fair value is less than cost;

 •

 adverse conditions related to the security, an industry, geographic area such as changes in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, changes in the technology, or discontinuation of a segment of the business that may affect future earnings potential;

 •

 the payment structure of the debt security and the likelihood of the issuer being able to make future payments;

 •

 failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments; and

 •

 any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency.

 In addition, we no longer consider the duration of the decline in value in assessing whether our fixed income securities available for sale have a credit loss impairment. If a credit loss is determined to exist, the credit loss impairment is recognized as a credit loss expense in the statement of operations with an offset to an allowance for credit losses. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected credit losses are recognized immediately in net income as a credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense. Credit losses are limited to the amount by which the amortized cost of the security exceeds fair value. The Company and its independent investment managers evaluated our available-for-sale securities and determined that as of January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, there were no securities for which an allowance for credit losses adjustment was needed.

 Quantitative and qualitative criteria are considered during this process to varying degrees depending on the sector the analysis is being performed:

 Corporates —The Company performs a qualitative evaluation of holdings that fall below the price threshold. The analysis begins with an opinion of industry and competitive position. This includes an assessment of factors that enable the profit structure of the business (e.g., reserve profile for exploration and production companies), competitive advantage (e.g., distribution system), management strategy, and an analysis of trends in return on invested capital. Analysts may also review other factors to determine whether an impairment exists including liquidity, asset value cash flow generation, and industry multiples.

 Municipals —The Company analyzes the screened impairment candidates on a quantitative and qualitative basis. This includes an assessment of the factors that may be contributing to the unrealized loss and whether the recovery value is greater or less than the current market value.

 Structured Securities —The "stated assumptions" analytic approach relies on actual 6-month average collateral performance measures (voluntary prepayment rate, gross default rate, and loss severity) sourced through third party data providers or remittance reports. The analysis applies the stated assumptions throughout the remaining term of the transaction using forecasted cash flows, which are then applied through the transaction structure (reflecting the priority of payments and performance triggers) to determine whether there is a loss to the security ("Loss to Tranche"). For securities or sectors for which no actual loss or minimal loss has been observed (certain Prime Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS) and Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (CMBS), for example), sector-based assumptions are applied, or an alternative quantitative or qualitative analysis is performed.

 Property Held for Investment —Property held for investment purposes is initially recorded at the purchase price, which is generally fair value, and is subsequently reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line bases over the estimated useful lives of the building, which we estimate to be 39 years. Income from property held for investment is reported as net investment income.

 Investment Income —Interest on fixed maturities and short-term investments is credited to earnings on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the lives of the related fixed maturities. Dividends on equity securities are credited to earnings on the ex-dividend date. Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date, which does not differ significantly from trade date accounting.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash consists of uninvested balances in bank accounts. Cash equivalents consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA rated prime and government money market funds. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company has not experienced losses on these instruments.

 ~ 44 ~

 Loss and Settlement Expense Reserves

 We maintain reserves for the payment of claims (incurred losses) and expenses related to adjusting those claims (loss settlement expenses). Our loss reserves consist of case reserves, which are reserves for claims that have been reported to us, loss settlement expense reserve, which includes all defense and litigation-related expenses, whether internal or external to us, and reserves for claims that have been incurred but have not yet been reported or for case reserve deficiencies or redundancies (IBNR).

 When a claim is reported to us, our claims personnel establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment. The amount of the loss reserve for the reported claim is based primarily upon a claim-by-claim evaluation of coverage, liability, injury severity or scope of property damage, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits, and some claims may take years to settle, especially if legal action is involved. Case reserves are reviewed on a regular basis and are updated as new data becomes available.

 In addition to case reserves, we maintain an estimate of reserves for loss and settlement expenses incurred but not reported. Some claims may not be reported for several years. As a result, the liability for unpaid loss and settlement expense reserves includes significant estimates for IBNR.

 We utilize an independent actuary to assist with the estimation of our loss and settlement expense reserves bi-annually. This actuary prepares estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses based on established actuarial methods described below. Our management reviews these estimates and supplements the actuarial analysis with information not fully incorporated into the actuarially based estimate, such as changes in the external business environment and changes in internal company processes and strategy. We may adjust the actuarial estimates based on this supplemental information in order to arrive at the amount recorded in the financial statements.

 Reserving Methods

 In developing our loss and settlement expense reserve estimates, we relied upon widely used and accepted loss reserving methods (described below). Based on the deemed predictive qualities of each of the applied methods, we selected estimated ultimates by year in order to determine our reserve estimates. Our estimates can be considered actuarial central estimates, which means that they represent an expected value over the range of reasonably possible outcomes.

 Loss Development Methods (Paid and Incurred Loss and Settlement Expense) - Loss development ultimates are determined by multiplying current reported values by cumulative loss development factors. Incremental loss development factors are determined by analyzing historical development of losses and assuming that future development will mimic historical. Cumulative development factors are calculated from the selection of incremental factors.

 This method is also applied to incurred settlement expense to incurred loss ratios and paid settlement expense to paid loss ratios to estimate ultimate settlement expense.

 Loss development methods are particularly appropriate when historical loss development patterns have been relatively stable and can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

 Expected Loss Ratio Method - The expected loss ratio method applies a selected ultimate loss ratio to premium to determine ultimate losses and settlement expenses. Expected loss ratios for 2007 and prior were selected based on the results of the loss development methods discussed above, industry experience, actual loss experience of ICC to date, and general industry conditions. Beginning with 2008, expected loss ratios have been calculated based on the prior expected loss ratios, rate changes, and loss trend.

 Bornhuetter-Ferguson (B-F) Methods (Paid and Incurred Loss) - The Loss Development Methods rely heavily on data as of the most recent evaluation date, and a relatively small swing in early reported (or paid) losses may result in a large swing in the ultimate loss projections. Therefore, other methods may also be considered.

 The B-F Methods offer a blend of stability and responsiveness by estimating ultimate losses as a weighted combination of an expected loss estimate and current loss data. The weight applied to the expected loss estimate is based on the appropriate cumulative loss development factor from the Loss Development Methods. This percentage is multiplied by expected losses to determine expected future development. This estimate of future loss development is then added to losses as of the current evaluation date to project ultimate losses.

 ~ 45 ~

 A&OE Method - We utilize the "Wendy Johnson Method" for reserving unpaid Adjusting & Other Expenses (A&OE). This method uses historical A&OE payments that are measured against certain claim units to develop an average rate for projecting into future years. These claim units are defined as a means of measuring the overall level of claim activity in a year as follows:

 Units =

 2 x (Newly Reported Claims in Year X) +

 (Number of Claims Open at Start of Year X)

 Future A&OE costs are projected by inflating the selected average A&OE per unit rate, 1.0% annually, against future units calculated by claims runoff patterns.

 Range of Estimates

 In addition to our actuarial central estimate, we have also developed a range of estimates. This range is not designed to represent minimum or maximum possible outcomes. It is developed to represent low and high ends for a reasonable range of expected outcomes given the selection of alternative, but reasonable assumptions. Actual results may fall outside of this range.

 High and low net reserve estimates were developed by stressing our expected loss ratio and loss development factor selections. By applying a factor to increase (and decrease) these assumptions, we developed high (and low) ultimate loss and settlement expense estimates. These estimates, along with paid and incurred loss information, result in a range of reserves. The gross reserve range is based on selected percentages which produce a range which is slightly wider than the net range.

 We estimate IBNR reserves by first deriving an actuarially based estimate of the ultimate cost of total loss and settlement expenses incurred by line of business as of the financial statement date. We then reduce the estimated ultimate loss and settlement expenses by loss and settlement expense payments and case reserves carried as of the financial statement date. The actuarially determined estimate is based upon indications from one of the above actuarial methodologies or uses a weighted average of these results. The specific method used to estimate the ultimate losses for individual lines of business, or individual accident years within a line of business, will vary depending on the judgment of the actuary as to what is the most appropriate method for a line of business' unique characteristics. Finally, we consider other factors that impact reserves that are not fully incorporated in the actuarially based estimate, such as changes in the external business environment and changes in internal company processes and strategy.

 The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, economic inflation, legal trends, and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for claims and claim adjustment expenses is difficult to estimate. Loss reserve estimation difficulties also differ significantly by line of business due to differences in claim complexity, the volume of claims, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim, and reporting lags (the time between the occurrence of the policyholder event and when it is actually reported to the insurer). Informed judgment is applied throughout the process, including the application of various individual experiences and expertise to multiple sets of data and analyses. We continually refine our loss reserve estimates in a regular ongoing process as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. We consider all significant facts and circumstances known at the time loss reserves are established.

 Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, final resolution of the estimated liability for loss and settlement expenses may be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses, as claims are settled in the future, may be materially higher or lower in amount than current loss reserves. We reflect adjustments to loss reserves in the results of operations in the period the estimates are changed.

 We accrue liabilities for unpaid loss and settlement expenses based upon estimates of the ultimate amount payable.

 Policy Acquisition Costs and Other Operating Expenses

 The Company defers commissions, premium taxes, and certain other costs that are incrementally or directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Acquisition-related costs may be deemed ineligible for deferral when they are based on contingent or performance criteria beyond the basic acquisition of the insurance contract or when efforts to obtain or renew the insurance contract are unsuccessful. All eligible costs are capitalized and charged to expense in proportion to premium revenue recognized. The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This deferral methodology applies to both gross and ceded premiums and acquisition costs. Other operating expenses consist primarily of information technology costs, accounting and internal control salaries, as well as audit and legal expenses.

 ~ 46 ~

 Premiums

 Premiums are recognized ratably over the term of the contracts, net of ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written relative to the unexpired terms of coverage. Unearned premiums are calculated on a daily pro rata basis.

 Reinsurance

 Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as assets instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not relieve us of our legal liability to our policyholders.

 Annually, the Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers. The Company's monitoring efforts include, but are not limited to, the review of annual summarized financial data and analysis of the credit risk associated with reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the A.M. Best and Standard & Poor's (S&P) ratings. In addition, the Company subjects its reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverable tests, including an analysis based on average default by A.M. Best rating. Based upon the review and testing, the Company's policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that the Company may be unable to recover.

 Income Taxes

 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. Federal income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method under which deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of "temporary differences" by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities, operating losses, and tax credit carry forwards. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not all or some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 The Company considers uncertainties in income taxes and recognizes those in its financial statements as required. As it relates to uncertainties in income taxes, unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalty accruals, are not considered material to the consolidated financial statements. Also, no tax uncertainties are expected to result in significant increases or decreases to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12-month period. Penalties and interest related to income tax uncertainties, should they occur, would be included in income tax expense in the period in which they are incurred.

 As an insurance company, the Company is subject to minimal state income tax liabilities. On a state basis, since the majority of income is from insurance operations, the Company pays premium taxes in lieu of state income tax. Premium taxes are a component of policy acquisition costs and calculated as a percentage of gross premiums written.

 Comprehensive Earnings

 Comprehensive earnings include net earnings plus unrealized gains (losses) on AFS investment securities, net of tax. In reporting the components of comprehensive earnings on a net basis in the statement of earnings, the Company used a 21% tax rate for 2023 and 2022.

 Results of Operations

 Our results of operations are influenced by factors affecting the property and casualty insurance industry in general. The operating results of the United States property and casualty insurance industry are subject to significant variations due to competition, weather, catastrophic events, regulation, general economic conditions, judicial trends, fluctuations in interest rates and other changes in the investment environment.

 Our premium growth and underwriting results have been, and continue to be, influenced by market conditions. Pricing in the property and casualty insurance industry historically has been cyclical. During a soft market cycle, price competition is more significant than during a hard market cycle and makes it difficult to attract and retain properly priced commercial business. A hard market typically has a positive effect on premium growth.

 ~ 47 ~

 The following summarizes our results for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Premiums

 Direct premiums written increased by $10,264,000, or 12.4%, primarily due to our increased rates. Net written premium increased by $9,251,000, or 12.6%, during the same period as a result of increased rates offset by increased ceded premium. Net premiums earned increased by $6,660,000, or 9.6%.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, we ceded to reinsurers $10,703,000 and $9,512,000 of earned premiums, respectively. Ceded earned premiums as a percent of direct premiums written were 11.3% in 2023, and 11.5% in 2022.

 Premiums are earned ratably over the term of the policy whereas written premiums are reflected on the effective date of the policy.

 Investment Income

 Our investment portfolio consisted of 88.0% and 80.1% of readily marketable, investment-grade fixed-maturity securities as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The remainder of the portfolio is comprised of rental real estate, perpetual preferred stock, and common stock. Net investment income is primarily comprised of interest earned and dividends paid on these securities and rental income on investment real estate, net of related investment expenses, and excludes realized gains and losses.

 Net investment income increased by $1,145,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 2022. The increase in net investment income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, was driven primarily by increased rates in fixed maturity securities. Average invested assets for 2023 were $136,398,000 compared to $137,949,000 for 2022, a decrease of $1,551,000, or -1.1%.

 For additional information, see Item 1. Business — Investments above.

 Other income

 Other income is derived from the policies we write and represents additional charges to policyholders for services outside of the premium charge, such as installment billing and related fees and expenses. Another component of other income is attributable to sales made by the Company's subsidiary, Katkin. Other income decreased by $183,000, or 43.6%, in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to increased premiums written off in 2023.

 Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses

 The following table details our unpaid losses and settlement expenses.

 For the Twelve-Months Ended

 2023

 2022

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - beginning of the period:

 Gross

 $

 $

 61,835

 Less: Ceded

 14,521

 Net

 Increase in incurred losses and settlement expense:

 2,549

 5,099

 Total incurred

 Deduct: Loss and settlement expense payments for claims incurred:

 16,459

 16,512

 26,374

 21,331

 Total paid

 42,833

 37,843

 Net unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 Plus: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses net of CECL

 Plus: CECL allowance for reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses

 —

 Gross unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 $

 $

 Differences from the initial reserve estimates emerged as changes in the ultimate loss estimates were updated through the reserve analysis process. The recognition of the changes in initial reserve estimates occurred over time as claims were reported, initial case reserves were established, initial reserves were reviewed in light of additional information, and ultimate payments were made on the collective set of claims incurred as of that evaluation date. The new information on the ultimate settlement value of claims is updated until all claims in a defined set are settled. As a small specialty insurer with a niche product portfolio, our experience will ordinarily exhibit fluctuations from period to period. While management attempts to identify and react to systematic changes in the loss environment, management must also consider the volume of experience directly available to the Company and interpret any particular period's indications with a realistic technical understanding of the reliability of those observations.

 ~ 48 ~

 For calendar year 2023, the Company experienced unfavorable development relative to prior years' reserve estimates in the 2021 Liquor Liability accident year, 2021 and 2020 Businessowners Property accident years, and 2020 Businessowners Liability accident year, respectively. These adverse developments were partially offset by favorable development in Workers' Compensation 2022 accident year claims and Businessowners Liability 2021 accident year claims.

 For calendar year 2022, the Company experienced unfavorable development relative to prior years' reserve estimates in the 2021 and 2020 Liquor Liability accident years, 2021 Businessowners Property accident year, and 2021 and 2017 Businessowners Liability accident years, respectively. These adverse developments were partially offset by favorable development in Workers' Compensation 2021 accident year claims.

 Policy Acquisition Costs and Other Operating Expenses and the Expense Ratio

 Policy acquisition costs are costs we incur to issue policies, which include commissions, premium taxes, underwriting reports, and underwriter compensation costs. The Company offsets the direct commissions it pays with ceded commissions it receives from reinsurers. Other operating expenses consist primarily of information technology costs, accounting and internal control salaries, as well as audit and legal expenses. Policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses increased by $3,626,000, or 14.6%. The primary drivers for this change were an increase in commissions along with positive earned premium growth.

 Our expense ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of policy acquisition costs and operating expenses by net earned premiums. We use the expense ratio to evaluate the operating efficiency of our consolidated operations. Costs that cannot be readily identifiable as a direct cost of a product line remain in Corporate and Other expenses.

 Our expense ratio increased 160 basis points from 36.1% to 37.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 2022.

 General Corporate Expenses

 General corporate expenses consist primarily of occupancy costs, such as rent and utilities, and CECL expenses. These costs are largely fixed and, therefore, do not vary significantly with premium volume but do vary with the Company's changes in properties held for investment. Our general corporate expenses increased by $7,000, or 0.9%, in 2023 as compared to 2022. In light of a potential proxy contest initiated by an activist investor, we anticipate higher levels of professional other related expenses in 2024.

 Interest Expense

 Interest expense decreased to $184,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $196,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of paying off the $3.5 million loan the Company had with American Bank & Trust in April 2022.

 Income Tax Expense

 We reported income tax expense of $1,265,000 in 2023, as compared to benefit of $140,000 in 2022. Total income tax expense increased in 2023 as a result of the positive change in unrealized gains and losses.

 The Company has not established a valuation allowance against any of the net deferred tax assets.

 ~ 49 ~

 Financial Position

 The following summarizes our financial position as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

 Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expense

 Our reserves for unpaid loss and settlement expense are summarized below:

 As of December 31,

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Case reserves

 $

 29,718

 $

 28,231

 IBNR reserves

 29,383

 25,773

 Net unpaid losses and settlement expense

 Reinsurance recoverables, excluding CECL allowance

 12,819

 Reserves for unpaid loss and settlement expense

 $

 $

 Actuarial Ranges

 The selection of the ultimate loss is based on information unique to each line of business and accident year and the judgment and expertise of our actuary and management.

 The following table provides case and IBNR reserves for losses and settlement expenses as of December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 As of December 31, 2023

 Actuarially Determined Range of Estimates

 Case Reserves

 IBNR Reserves

 Total Reserves

 Low

 High

 Commercial liability

 $

 24,286

 $

 27,184

 $

 51,470

 Property

 2,715

 (127

)

 2,588

 Other

 2,717

 2,326

 5,043

 Total net reserves

 29,718

 29,383

 $

 52,617

 $

 62,912

 Reinsurance recoverables, excluding CECL allowance

 2,371

 10,448

 12,819

 10,346

 14,081

 Gross reserves

 $

 32,089

 $

 39,831

 $

 $

 62,963

 $

 76,993

 As of December 31, 2022

 Actuarially Determined Range of Estimates

 Case Reserves

 IBNR Reserves

 Total Reserves

 Low

 High

 Commercial liability

 $

 21,356

 $

 22,737

 $

 44,093

 Property

 3,690

 (24

)

 3,666

 Other

 3,185

 3,060

 6,245

 Total net reserves

 28,231

 25,773

 $

 48,006

 $

 57,398

 Reinsurance recoverables

 3,716

 9,894

 11,595

 15,484

 Gross reserves

 $

 31,947

 $

 35,667

 $

 $

 59,601

 $

 72,882

 Our actuary determined a range of reasonable reserve estimates which reflect the uncertainty inherent in the loss reserve process. This range does not represent the range of all possible outcomes. We believe that the actuarially determined ranges represent reasonably likely changes in the loss and settlement expense estimates, however, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. The range was determined by line of business and accident year after a review of the output generated by the various actuarial methods utilized. The actuary reviewed the variance around the select loss reserve estimates for each of the actuarial methods and selected reasonable low and high estimates based on his knowledge and judgment. In making these judgments the actuary typically assumed, based on his experience, that the larger the reserve the less volatility and that property reserves would exhibit less volatility than casualty reserves. In addition, when selecting these low and high estimates, the actuary considered:

 •

 historical industry development experience in our business line;

 •

 historical company development experience;

 •

 the impact of court decisions on insurance coverage issues, which can impact the ultimate cost of settling claims;

 •

 changes in our internal claims processing policies and procedures; and

 •

 trends and risks in claim costs, such as risk that medical cost inflation could increase.

 ~ 50 ~

 Our actuary is required to exercise a considerable degree of judgment in the evaluation of all of these and other factors in the analysis of our loss and settlement expense reserves, and related range of anticipated losses. Because of the level of uncertainty impacting the estimation process, it is reasonably possible that different actuaries would arrive at different conclusions. The method of determining the reserve range has not changed and the reserve range generated by our actuary is consistent with the observed development of our loss reserves over the last few years.

 The width of the range in reserves arises primarily because specific losses may not be known and reported for some period and the ultimate losses paid and settlement expenses incurred with respect to known losses may be larger than currently estimated. The ultimate frequency or severity of these claims can be very different than the assumptions we used in our estimation of ultimate reserves for these exposures.

 Specifically, the following factors could impact the frequency and severity of claims, and therefore, the ultimate amount of loss and settlement expense paid:

 •

 the rate of increase in labor costs, medical costs, and material costs that underlie insured risks;

 •

 development of risk associated with our expanding producer relationships and our growth in new states or states where we currently have small market share; and

 •

 impact of changes in laws or regulations.

 The estimation process for determining the liability for unpaid loss and settlement expense inherently results in adjustments each year for claims incurred (but not paid) in preceding years. Negative amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled for amounts less than originally estimated (favorable development). Positive amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled for amounts greater than originally estimated (adverse development). For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, we experienced adverse development of $2,549,000 and $5,099,000, respectively. We increased our IBNR reserves by $3.6 million in 2023

 The potential for variability in our reserves is evidenced by this development. As a further illustration of reserve variability, we initially estimated unpaid loss and settlement expense net of reinsurance at the end of 2022 at $54,004,000. As of December 31, 2023, that amount was re-estimated at $56,553,000, which is $2,549,000, or 4.7%, higher than the initial estimate.

 As discussed earlier, the estimation of our reserves is based on several actuarial methods, each of which incorporates many quantitative assumptions. The judgment of the actuary plays an important role in selecting among various loss development factors and selecting the appropriate method, or combination of methods, to use for a given accident year. The ranges presented above represent the expected variability around the actuarially determined central estimate. The total range around our actuarially determined estimate varies from -11.0% to 6.4%. As shown in the table below, since 2018 the variance in our originally estimated accident year loss reserves has ranged from -15.6% deficient to 7.4% redundant as of December 31, 2023.

 Recent Variabilities of Incurred Losses and Settlement Expense, Net of Reinsurance

 Accident Year Data

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 As originally estimated

 $

 29,762

 $

 33,563

 $

 31,356

 $

 33,968

 $

 As estimated at December 31, 2023

 27,564

 34,427

 31,752

 39,270

 38,039

 Net cumulative (deficiency) redundancy

 $

 2,198

 $

 (864

)

 $

 (396

)

 $

 (5,302

)

 $

 1,395

 % (deficiency) redundancy

 7.4

 %

 (2.6

)%

 (1.3

)%

 (15.6

)%

 3.5

 %

 ~ 51 ~

 The table below summarizes the impact on equity, net of tax, from changes in estimates of net unpaid loss and settlement expense:

 2023

 2022

 Aggregate Loss and Settlement Reserve

 Percentage Change in Equity

 Aggregate Loss and Settlement Reserve

 Percentage Change in Equity

 Reserve Range for Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expense

 Low End

 $

 52,617

 7.6

 %

 $

 48,006

 7.8

 %

 Recorded

 0.0

 %

 0.0

 %

 High End

 62,912

 (4.5

)%

 57,398

 (4.4

)%

 If the net loss and settlement expense reserves were recorded at the high end of the actuarially determined range as of December 31, 2023, the loss and settlement expense reserves would increase by $3,811,000 before taxes. This increase in reserves would have the effect of decreasing net earnings and equity as of December 31, 2023, by $3,011,000. If the loss and settlement expense reserves were recorded at the low end of the actuarially determined range as of December 31, 2023, the net loss and settlement expense reserves on December 31, 2023 would decrease by $6,484,000 with a corresponding increase in net earnings and equity of $5,122,000.

 Investments

 Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and reported at fair value as determined by management based upon quoted market prices or a recognized pricing service at the reporting date for those or similar investments. Changes in unrealized investment gains or losses on our AFS investments, net of applicable income taxes, are reflected directly in equity as a component of comprehensive earnings (loss) and, accordingly, have no effect on net earnings (loss). Equity securities are carried at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in net earnings. Investment income is recognized when earned, and capital gains and losses are recognized when investments are sold, or credit loss allowances are recorded.

 Corporate Bonds

 The net unrealized loss position in the corporate bond portfolio decreased about $1,331,000 from a loss of $4,114,000 at the end of 2022 to a loss of $2,783,000 at the end of 2023. This improvement in the unrealized position was driven mostly by a meaningful tightening of corporate spreads through the year. At the beginning of 2023, the average corporate spread was 138 bps. By the end of the year, the average corporate spread tightened to 104 bps, driving prices on corporate bonds higher. The Treasury yield curve, while extremely volatile throughout the year, ended 2023 at around the same level it started the year. As a result, the Treasury market had limited impact on the improvement in the unrealized position in corporates.

 Municipal Bonds

 The net unrealized loss in the municipal portfolio decreased about $756,000 from a loss of $3,896,000 at the end of 2022 to a loss of $3,140,000 at the end of 2023. This improvement in the unrealized position was because of spreads tightening in Taxable Municipals throughout the year. At the beginning of 2023, the average Taxable Municipal spread was 114 bps. By the end of the year, the average Taxable Municipal spread tightened to 79 bps, driving prices higher. The Treasury yield curve, while extremely volatile throughout the year, ended 2023 at around the same level it started the year. As a result, the Treasury market had limited impact on the improvement in the unrealized position in Taxable Municipals.

 The fair value and unrealized losses for our securities that were temporarily impaired are as follows:

 Less than 12 Months

 12 Months or Longer

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 1,290

 $

 (62

)

 $

 1,290

 $

 (62

)

 8,346

 (117

)

 24,324

 (2,547

)

 32,670

 (2,664

)

 (1

)

 33,353

 (3,069

)

 33,830

 (3,070

)

 —

 —

 12,149

 (3,293

)

 12,149

 (3,293

)

 (12

)

 (4

)

 (16

)

 Total temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities

 $

 8,972

 $

 (130

)

 $

 71,137

 $

 (8,975

)

 $

 80,109

 $

 (9,105

)

 ~ 52 ~

 Less than 12 Months

 12 Months or Longer

 Total

 $

 $

 (37

)

 $

 $

 (63

)

 $

 1,253

 $

 (100

)

 21,200

 (1,365

)

 12,833

 (1,742

)

 34,033

 (3,107

)

 27,689

 (2,896

)

 5,829

 (1,256

)

 33,518

 (4,152

)

 11,502

 (3,089

)

 2,080

 (885

)

 13,582

 (3,974

)

 (27

)

 —

 —

 (27

)

 Total temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities

 $

 61,195

 $

 (7,414

)

 $

 21,380

 $

 (3,946

)

 $

 82,575

 $

 (11,360

)

 The unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 were primarily related to changes in the interest rate environment. Fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates which generally translate, respectively, into decreases and increases in fair values of fixed maturity investments. The fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments also may be affected by the credit worthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of other investments, the liquidity of the instrument, and other general market conditions.

 We screen the portfolio for securities that hit certain thresholds and review those securities for potential impairment. The thresholds vary by sector. For corporates, as an example, we screen for any holding that has a market price below $80. For municipals, we screen for securities that have an unrealized loss of more than 5% of book value. For structured securities, we use more quantitative analysis, including a discounted cash-flow model to measure the amount by which the present value of expected future cash flows is below the asset's amortized cost. When assessing whether the fair value of the security will be recovered, we may compare the present value of the cash flows likely to be collected, based on an evaluation of all available information relevant to the collectability of the security, to the amortized cost basis of the security. The shortfall of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected in relation to the amortized cost basis is referred to as the "credit loss." If there is a credit loss, the impairment is other-than-temporary. Under the new guidance for AFS debt securities, if we identify that there is a credit risk, an allowance for credit losses (ACL) will be recorded in earnings. Any remaining portion of unrealized losses related to the noncredit-related component will continue to be recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. If we determine that we intend to sell the security, or that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovering its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit losses, the prior allowance would be removed, and the amortized cost basis would be adjusted to fair value.

 For the twelve months ended
 December 31, 2023, the Company did not take a credit loss or impairment charge on any of its fixed income security holdings. Adverse investment market conditions, or poor operating results of underlying investments, could result in credit losses or impairment charges in the future.

 We use quoted values and other data provided by independent pricing services in our process for determining fair values of our investments. The evaluations of such pricing services represent an exit price and a good faith opinion as to what a buyer in the marketplace would pay for a security in a current sale. This pricing service provides us with one quote per instrument. For fixed maturity securities that have quoted prices in active markets, market quotations are provided. For fixed maturity securities that do not trade daily, the independent pricing service prepares estimates of fair value using a wide array of observable inputs including relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. The observable market inputs that our independent pricing service utilizes may include (listed in order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, and other reference data on markets, industry, and the economy. Additionally, the independent pricing service uses an option adjusted spread model to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The pricing service did not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments.

 Should the independent pricing service be unable to provide a fair value estimate, we would attempt to obtain a non-binding fair value estimate from a number of broker-dealers and review this estimate in conjunction with a fair value estimate reported by an independent business news service or other sources. In instances where only one broker-dealer provides a fair value for a fixed maturity security, we use that estimate. In instances where we can obtain fair value estimates from more than one broker-dealer, we would review the range of estimates and would select the most appropriate value based on the facts and circumstances. Should neither the independent pricing service nor a broker-dealer provide a fair value estimate, we would develop a fair value estimate based on cash flow analyses, and other valuation techniques that utilize certain unobservable inputs. Accordingly, we would classify such a security as a Level 3 investment.

 The fair value estimates of our investments provided by the independent pricing service on
 December 31, 2023 and
 December 31, 2022, respectively, were utilized, among other resources, in reaching a conclusion as to the fair value of our investments.

 ~ 53 ~

 Our investment manager reviews the reasonableness of the pricing provided by the vendors they use and have pricing policy and procedures that are SSAE audited. Each month-end, they review 1) securities priced beyond a specific tolerance % from the prior month-end, 2) securities priced beyond a specific tolerance % from the prior two month-ends, 3) securities with valuations resulting in negative yields, and 4) securities deemed as outliers. Our investment manager reviews the aforementioned securities either to affirm that the valuations are appropriate or determine that a change to a different approved vendor is more appropriate based on current market information. The classification within the fair value hierarchy of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, is then confirmed based on the final conclusions from the pricing review. On a quarterly basis, our investment manager provides a Price Validation report that measures the variance between trades our investment manager executed during the quarter and the vendor's pricing. Management reviews the Price Validation report from the investment manager quarterly to check the reasonableness of the investment managers vendor pricing procedures.

 Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

 Certain acquisition costs consisting of direct and ceded commissions, premium taxes, and certain other direct underwriting expenses that vary with and are primarily related to the production of business are deferred and amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies as the underlying policy premiums are earned. On December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deferred acquisition costs and the related unearned premium reserves were as follows:

 Deferred acquisition costs, net

 $

 8,552

 $

 7,167

 Unearned premium reserves, net

 46,505

 39,579

 The method followed in computing deferred acquisition costs limits the amount of deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, loss and settlement expenses, and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned. Future changes in estimates, the most significant of which is expected loss and settlement expenses, may require adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs. If the estimation of net realizable value indicates that the deferred acquisition costs are not recoverable, they would be written off.

 Income Taxes

 We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of the enactment date.

 We had net deferred tax assets of $2,648,000 and $3,297,000 on December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. A valuation allowance is required to be established for any portion of a deferred tax asset for which we believe it is more likely than not that it will not be realized. On December 31, 2023, and 2022, we had no valuation allowance with respect to a deferred tax asset.

 We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets, which are inherently subjective, are reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to record an additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

 As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Periods still subject to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit include 2020 through the current year. There are currently no open tax exams. The tax return related to the year ended December 31, 2023, has not yet been filed.

 Other Assets

 As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, other assets totaled $2,406,000 and $1,277,000, respectively. These balances include intangible assets related to the purchases of Guild and Corporate Owned Life Insurance policies on Arron K. Sutherland, President and Chief Executive Officer. They also include prepaid maintenance fees, prepaid insurance fees, and receivables from pools and associations.

 Outstanding Debt

 As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, outstanding debt balances totaled $15,000,000, respectively. The weighted average rate on remaining debt was 1.2% as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 ~ 54 ~

 Debt Obligation

 As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had $15,000,000 in outstanding debt, respectively.

 The Company has borrowing capacity of $48.2 million with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), which is 25% of net admitted statutory assets of ICC as of year-end. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has used $15.0 million of that capacity.

 As a part of the Company's response to COVID-19, the Company obtained in March 2020 a $6.0 million loan from the FHLBC as a precautionary measure to increase its cash position, to provide increased liquidity, and to compensate for potential reductions in premium receivable collections. The term of the loan is five years bearing interest at 1.4%. The Company pledged $6.8 million of fixed income securities as collateral for this loan.

 In May 2021, the Company entered into a $4.0 million, 0.74% fixed interest, five-year FHLBC loan.

 In May 2022, the Company entered into a $5.0 million, 1.36%, fixed interest, five-year FHLBC loan.

 The Company has $19.7 million in bonds pledged as collateral for all FHLBC loans.

 Revolving Line of Credit

 We increased our revolving line of credit with a commercial bank from $2.0 million to $4.0 million in July 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the balance on the line of credit was $0. The line of credit is priced at prime plus 0.5% with a floor of 6.0% and renews annually with a current expiration date of July 5, 2024. The Company pledged $4.0 million of business assets in the event the Company draws down on the line of credit. This agreement includes an annually calculated financial debt covenant requiring a minimum total adjusted capital of $21.0 million. Total adjusted capital is the sum of an insurer's statutory capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the statutory accounting applicable to the annual financial statements required to be filed with the Illinois Department of Insurance. As of December 31, 2023, our total adjusted capital is $62.9 million. There was no interest paid on the line of credit during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 Other Liabilities

 As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, other liabilities totaled $1,259,000 and $1,103,000, respectively.

 For information regarding our reinsurance program, investment portfolio, unpaid losses, and settlement information, see Item 1. Business.

 ESOP

 In connection with our conversion and public offering, we established an ESOP. The ESOP borrowed from the Company to purchase 350,000 shares in the offering. The issuance of the shares to the ESOP resulted in a contra account established in the shareholder's equity section of the balance sheet for the unallocated shares at an amount equal to their $10.00 per share purchase price.

 The Company may make discretionary contributions to the ESOP and pay dividends on unallocated shares to the ESOP. The ESOP uses funds it receives to repay the loan. When loan payments are made, ESOP shares are allocated to participants based on relative compensation and expense is recorded. A compensation expense charge is booked monthly during each year for the shares committed to be allocated to participants that year, determined with reference to the fair market value of our stock at the time the commitment to allocate the shares is accrued and recognized. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized compensation expense of $432,000 related to 23,437 shares of our common stock that were committed to be released to participants' accounts for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized compensation expense of $476,000 related to 23,437 shares of our common stock that were committed to be released to participants' accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 ~ 55 ~

 Restricted Stock Units

 Restricted stock units (RSUs) were granted for the first time in February 2018 and more recently in April of each year. RSUs have a grant date value equal to the closing price of the Company stock on the dates the shares are granted. The RSUs vest one third over three years beginning the first anniversary of the date of grant. the Company recognized $232,000 and $205,000 in RSU expense as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 RSUs

 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested on December 31, 2022

 $

 273,591

 $

 15.72

 Granted

 272,802

 15.50

 Vested

 (232,285

)

 15.26

 Nonvested on December 31, 2023

 $

 314,108

 $

 15.87

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We generate sufficient funds from our operations and maintain a high degree of liquidity in our investment portfolio to meet the demands of claim settlements and operating expenses. The primary sources of funds are premium collections, investment earnings, and maturing investments. We participate in the Insured Cash Sweep (ICS) with our local bank, which maintains our operating accounts. ICS ensures that our funds are spread throughout the ICS network and no balance is higher than $250,000 each night so that all our funds are fully insured.

 The decrease in cash provided by operating activities of $2.2 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 was due to increases in Loss and Settlement Expense Reserves, Unearned Premiums, Premiums and Reinsurance Balances Receivable, and Reinsurance Balances Recoverable.

 We maintain investment and reinsurance programs that are intended to provide sufficient funds to meet our obligations without forced sales of investments. We maintain a portion of our investment portfolio in relatively short-term and highly liquid assets to ensure the availability of funds.

 In addition to the investment and reinsurance programs mentioned, we have access to cash via the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago of $48.2 million. We have drawn down $15.0 million as of December 31, 2023. We also have a $4.0 million line of credit with a local financial institution. As of December 31, 2023, our balance on the line of credit was $0.

 As of December 31, 2023, we have cash and other investments maturing within one year of $13.0 million and an additional $47.1 million maturing between one and five years.

 We believe that over the next twelve to twenty-four months our cash generated from operations and investments will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to meet our needs. The actual timing of gross loss and loss adjustment expense payments is unknown and therefore our timing estimates are based on historical experience and the expectations of future payment patterns. In the event our cash from operations and investments are not sufficient, we believe our cash available from financing activities will be sufficient to cover our cash flow needs.

 Cash flows from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 $

 8,520

 $

 10,755

 Net cash used in investing activities

 (9,777

)

 (6,256

)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 (405

)

 (5,965

)

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

 $

 (1,662

)

 $

 (1,466

)

 The Parent Company's principal source of liquidity is dividend payments and other fees received from ICC, Beverage Insurance Agency Inc., Katkin, and Two Rivers Realty Investments, LLC. ICC is restricted by the insurance laws of Illinois as to the amount of dividends or other distributions it may pay to us. Under Illinois law, there is a maximum amount that may be paid by ICC during any twelve-month period. ICC may pay dividends to us after notice to, but without prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance in an amount "not to exceed" the greater of (i) 10% of the surplus as regards policyholders of ICC as reported on its most recent annual statement filed with the Illinois Department of Insurance, or (ii) the statutory net income of ICC for the period covered by such annual statement. Dividends in excess of this amount are considered "extraordinary" and are subject to the approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance.

 The amount available for payment of dividends from ICC in 2024 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is approximately $6.3 million based upon the insurance company's 2023 annual statement. Prior to its payment of any dividend, ICC is required to provide notice of the dividend to the Illinois Department of Insurance. This notice must be provided to the Illinois Department of Insurance 30 days prior to the payment of an extraordinary dividend and 10 days prior to the payment of an ordinary dividend. The Illinois Department of Insurance has the power to limit or prohibit dividend payments if ICC is in violation of any law or regulation. These restrictions or any subsequently imposed restrictions may affect our future liquidity. ICC paid dividends of $1,250,000 and $3,000,000 to ICC Holdings, Inc. as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 ~ 56 ~

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital reserves.

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements affecting us, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements.

 ~ 57 ~

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Market Risk

 Market Risk

 Market risk is the risk that we will incur losses due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. We have exposure to three principal types of market risk through our investment activities: interest rate risk, credit risk, and equity risk. Our primary market risk exposure is to changes in interest rates. We have not entered, and do not plan to enter, into any derivative financial instruments for hedging interest rate risk, trading, or speculative purposes.

 Interest Rate Risk

 Interest rate risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Our exposure to interest rate changes primarily results from our significant holdings of fixed rate investments. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the fair value of these securities.

 The average maturity of the debt securities in our investment portfolio on December 31, 2023, was 8.4 years. Our debt securities investments include U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency MBS, corporate bonds, structured securities, and obligations of state and local governments, most of which are exposed to changes in prevailing interest rates, and which may experience moderate fluctuations in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates. We carry these investments as available for sale. This allows us to manage our exposure to risks associated with interest rate fluctuations through active review of our investment portfolio by our management and board of directors and consultation with our third-party investment managers.

 Fluctuations in near-term interest rates could have an impact on our results of operations and cash flows. Certain securities may have call features. In a declining interest rate environment these securities may be called by their issuer and replaced with securities bearing lower interest rates. If we are required to sell these securities in a rising interest rate environment, we may recognize losses.

 As a general matter, we attempt to match the durations of our assets with the durations of our liabilities. Our investment objectives include maintaining adequate liquidity to meet our operational needs, optimizing our after-tax investment income, and our after-tax total return, all of which are subject to our tolerance for risk.

 The table below shows the interest rate sensitivity of our fixed maturity investments measured in terms of fair value (which is equal to the carrying value for all of our investment securities that are subject to interest rate changes):

 Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates (In thousands)

 Estimated Change in Fair Value

 200 basis point increase

 $

 (11,129

)

 $

 99,827

 100 basis point increase

 (5,792

)

 105,164

 No change

 —

 110,956

 100 basis point decrease 1

 6,169

 117,125

 200 basis point decrease 1

 12,560

 123,516

 1 Assumes U.S. rates are floored at 0%

 Credit Risk

 Credit risk is the potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the financial condition of a specific debt issuer. We address this risk by investing primarily in fixed maturity securities that are rated investment grade and approximately 85% of our investment securities are rated at least "A" by Moody's or an equivalent rating quality. We also independently, and through our independent third-party investment managers, monitor the financial condition of all of the issuers of fixed maturity securities in the portfolio. To limit our exposure to risk, we employ diversification rules that limit the credit exposure to any single issuer or asset class.

 Equity Risk

 Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in equity prices.

 ~ 58 ~

 Impact of Inflation

 Inflation increases our customers' needs for property and casualty insurance coverage due to the increase in the value of the property covered and any potential liability exposure. Inflation also increases claims incurred by property and casualty insurers as property repairs, replacements, and medical expenses increase. These cost increases reduce profit margins to the extent that rate increases are not implemented on an adequate and timely basis. We establish property and casualty insurance premium levels before the amounts of loss and loss expenses, or the extent to which inflation may impact these expenses, are known. Therefore, we attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation when establishing rates. The Company has positively adjusted its rates over the last three years in an effort to offset the potentially negative impact of rising inflation.

 ~ 59 ~

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Index to Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( Johnson Lambert LLP, Vienna, VA, PCAOB ID 262)

 Financial Statements

 Consolidated Balance Sheets (As of December 31, 2023, and 2022)

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings (Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022)

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022)

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Schedules to Consolidated Financial Statements

 ~ 60 ~

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Audit Committee, Board of Directors, and Shareholders

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ICC Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive earnings, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in Item 15 of the Company's Form 10-K (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 ~ 61 ~

 Valuation of reserves for losses and settlement expenses

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company's liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses was $71.9 million. As described in Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 7-Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses of the consolidated financial statements, the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses represents estimates for both reported and unreported claims and related expenses. The estimates are based on various actuarial methods, models, assumptions, and judgment to estimate the reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims as of the financial statement date. There is significant uncertainty inherent in determining management's best estimate of the losses and settlement expense reserves, requiring the use of informed actuarially based estimates and management's judgment.

 Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves for losses and settlement expenses, there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability will not exceed recorded amounts, which may adversely affect the Company's financial results. Given the subjectivity in estimating ultimate losses and settlement expenses, auditing loss and settlement expense reserves involved an especially high degree of auditor judgment, including the involvement of an auditor-engaged actuarial specialist.

 How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

 To test the Company's estimate of loss and settlement expense reserves, our audit procedures included the following, among others:

 -We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of certain internal controls over the Company's reserving process for loss and settlement expense reserves.

 -We tested the underlying data that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, including paid loss, case reserve, and settlement expense data, to test the reasonableness of key inputs to the actuarial estimate.

 -With assistance from our auditor-engaged actuarial specialist, we reviewed the reasonableness of the methods and assumptions used by the Company and their engaged actuarial specialist to develop their unpaid loss and settlement expense reserve estimate.

 -We evaluated the Company's prior year estimate for loss and settlement expense reserves and the factors leading to changes in the estimate in the current year.

 We have served as ICC Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries' auditor since 2019.

 Vienna, VA

 ~ 62 ~

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 As of

 2023

 2022

 Assets:

 Investments and cash:

 Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $ 119,336,041 at 12/31/2023 and $ 104,580,681 at 12/31/2022)

 $
 110,955,697

 $
 93,388,971

 Common stocks at fair value

 12,191,621

 20,438,907

 Preferred stocks at fair value

 2,896,296

 2,772,605

 Other invested assets, net of allowances for credit losses of $ 39,000 at 12/31/2023 and $ 0 at 12/31/2022

 8,898,409

 4,722,137

 Property held for investment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 682,402 at 12/31/2023 and $ 609,282 at 12/31/2022

 5,910,864

 6,002,233

 Cash and cash equivalents

 1,478,135

 3,139,986

 Total investments and cash

 142,331,022

 130,464,839

 Accrued investment income

 915,156

 791,812

 Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $ 143,000 at 12/31/2023 and $ 50,000 at 12/31/2022

 37,220,433

 31,270,460

 Ceded unearned premiums

 755,099

 947,851

 Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for credit losses of $ 82,000 at 12/31/2023 and $ 0 at 12/31/2022

 12,736,579

 13,610,295

 Income taxes - current

 127,730

 22,042

 Income taxes - deferred

 2,647,636

 3,296,688

 Deferred policy acquisition costs, net

 8,552,459

 7,167,036

 Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 6,990,076 at 12/31/2023 and $ 6,590,602 at 12/31/2022

 3,325,322

 3,313,719

 Other Assets, net of allowances for credit losses of $ 5,000 at 12/31/2023 and $ 0 at 12/31/2022

 2,405,577

 1,277,469

 Total assets

 $
 211,017,013

 $
 192,162,211

 Liabilities:

 Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

 $
 71,919,585

 $
 67,614,063

 Unearned premiums

 47,259,637

 40,527,182

 Reinsurance balances payable

 1,132,301

 1,405,337

 Corporate debt

 15,000,000

 15,000,000

 Accrued expenses

 7,442,617

 6,072,020

 Other liabilities

 1,259,324

 1,102,678

 Total liabilities

 144,013,464

 131,721,280

 Equity:

 Common stock 1

 Treasury stock, at cost 2

 ( 5,710,324
)

 ( 5,463,535
)

 Additional paid-in capital

 33,330,846

 33,119,125

 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net of tax

 ( 6,621,336
)

)

 Retained earnings

 47,844,368

 43,701,233

 Less: Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan shares at cost 3

 ( 1,875,005
)

 ( 2,109,375
)

 Total equity

 67,003,549

 60,440,931

 Total liabilities and equity

 $
 211,017,013

 $
 192,162,211

 1 Par value $0.01; authorized: 2023 – 10,000,000 shares and 2022 – 10,000,000 shares; issued: 2023 – 3,500,000 shares and 2022 – 3,500,000 shares; outstanding: 2023 – 3,138,976 shares and 2022 – 3,153,741 shares.

 2 2023 – 361,024 shares and 2022 – 346,259 shares

 3 2023 – 187,498 shares and 2022 – 210,935 shares

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 ~ 63 ~

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings

 For the Twelve-Months Ended

 2023

 2022

 Net premiums earned

 $
 75,717,108

 $
 69,057,343

 Net investment income

 5,179,343

 4,034,228

 Net realized investment gains

 672,857

 874,470

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments

 1,135,905

 ( 4,706,405
)

 Other income

 236,914

 420,202

 Consolidated revenues

 82,942,127

 69,679,838

 Losses and settlement expenses

 47,929,630

 44,532,729

 Policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses

 28,521,973

 24,896,120

 Interest expense on debt

 184,122

 196,070

 General corporate expenses

 784,308

 776,747

 Total expenses

 77,420,033

 70,401,666

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes

 5,522,094

 ( 721,828
)

 Income tax expense:

 Current

 1,176,081

 984,897

 Deferred

 89,118

 ( 1,125,063
)

 Total income tax expense (benefit)

 1,265,199

 ( 140,166
)

 $

 $
)

 Earnings per share:

 Basic:

 Basic net earnings (loss) per share

 $
 1.44

 $
 ( 0.19
)

 Diluted:

 Diluted net earnings (loss) per share

 $
 1.43

 $
 ( 0.19
)

 Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

 Basic

 2,946,892

 3,032,155

 Diluted

 2,966,679

 3,032,155

 $

 $
)

 Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

 Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities:

 Unrealized holdings gains (losses) arising during the period, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $ 577,835 in 2023 and $( 3,128,757) in 2022

 $
 2,173,761

 $
 ( 11,770,084
)

 Excluding losses included in net income, net of income tax (benefit) of $( 12,340) in 2023 and $( 2,270) in 2022

 46,420

 8,540

 Total other comprehensive earnings (loss)

 2,220,181

 ( 11,761,544
)

 Comprehensive earnings (loss)

 $
 6,477,076

 $
 ( 12,343,206
)

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 ~ 64 ~

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders ' Equity

 Common stock

 Treasury stock

 Unearned ESOP

 Additional paid-in capital

 Retained earnings

 Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss)

 Total equity

 Balance, January 1, 2022

 $

 $
 ( 3,155,399
)

 $
 ( 2,343,745
)

 $
 32,965,136

 $
 44,282,895

 $
 2,920,027

 $
 74,703,914

 Purchase of treasury stock

 —

 ( 2,509,582
)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 2,509,582
)

 Net earnings

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

)

 Other comprehensive earnings, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 11,761,544
)

 ( 11,761,544
)

 Restricted stock unit expense

 —

 201,446

 —

 3,957

 —

 —

 205,403

 ESOP compensation expense

 —

 —

 234,370

 150,032

 —

 —

 384,402

 Balance, January 1, 2023

 $

 $
 ( 5,463,535
)

 $
 ( 2,109,375
)

 $
 33,119,125

 $
 43,701,233

 $
)

 $
 60,440,931

 Cumulative adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 113,760
)

 —

 ( 113,760
)

 Purchase of treasury stock

 —

 ( 405,463
)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 405,463
)

 Net earnings

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Other comprehensive earnings, net of tax

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 2,220,181

 2,220,181

 Restricted stock unit expense

 —

 158,674

 —

 73,612

 —

 —

 232,286

 ESOP compensation expense

 —

 —

 234,370

 138,109

 —

 —

 372,479

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $

 $
 ( 5,710,324
)

 $
 ( 1,875,005
)

 $
 33,330,846

 $
 47,844,368

 $
 ( 6,621,336
)

 $
 67,003,549

 1 Amount represents restricted stock units that have fully vested in the period.

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 ~ 65 ~

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Twelve-Month Periods Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $

 $
)

 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 Net realized investment gains

 ( 672,857
)

 ( 874,470
)

 Net unrealized (gains) losses on investments

 ( 1,135,905
)

 4,706,405

 Depreciation

 763,815

 693,067

 Deferred income tax

 89,118

 ( 1,125,063
)

 Amortization of bond premium and discount

 53,322

 175,085

 Stock-based compensation expense

 604,765

 589,805

 Change in:

 Accrued investment income

 ( 123,344
)

 ( 132,399
)

 Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable

 ( 5,949,973
)

 ( 4,070,656
)

 Ceded unearned premiums

 192,752

 19,171

 Reinsurance balances recoverable

 775,716

 910,924

 Deferred policy acquisition costs

 ( 1,385,423
)

 ( 628,192
)

 Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

 4,305,522

 5,779,254

 Unearned premiums

 6,732,455

 4,314,916

 Reinsurance balances payable

 ( 273,036
)

 37,043

 Accrued expenses

 1,370,597

 630,409

 Current federal income tax

 ( 105,688
)

 173,652

 Other

 ( 978,466
)

 137,845

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 8,520,265

 10,755,134

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of:

 ( 26,444,434
)

 ( 20,443,812
)

 ( 4,016,392
)

 ( 4,481,474
)

 Preferred stocks

 ( 285,649
)

 ( 1,208,744
)

 Other invested assets

 ( 4,805,110
)

 ( 1,874,993
)

 Property held for investment

 ( 1,633,885
)

 ( 940,997
)

 Property and equipment

 ( 617,324
)

 ( 711,133
)

 Proceeds from sales, maturities and calls of:

 11,578,761

 17,820,507

 14,169,474

 4,402,327

 Preferred stocks

 337,440

 646,552

 Other invested assets

 373,307

 238,723

 Property held for investment

 1,545,977

 278,679

 Property and equipment

 21,182

 17,763

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 9,776,653
)

 ( 6,256,602
)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from loans

 —

 5,000,000

 Repayments of borrowed funds

 —

 ( 8,455,342
)

 Purchase of treasury stock

 ( 405,463
)

 ( 2,509,582
)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 405,463
)

 ( 5,964,924
)

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 1,661,851
)

 ( 1,466,392
)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 3,139,986

 4,606,378

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

 $
 1,478,135

 $
 3,139,986

 Supplemental information:

 Federal income tax paid

 $
 500,000

 $
 370,000

 Interest paid

 $
 184,100

 $
 190,200

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 ~ 66 ~

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1.

 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 A.

 DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

 ICC Holdings, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation that was organized in 2016. As used in these financial statements, references to the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to the consolidated group. In March 2017, the Company's stock began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the ticker symbol "ICCH." On a stand-alone basis ICC Holdings, Inc. is referred to as the "Parent Company." The consolidated group consists of the holding company, ICC Holdings, Inc.; Two Rivers Realty Investments, LLC, a real estate services and holding company; Beverage Insurance Agency, Inc., a wholesale insurance agency; Estrella Innovative Solutions, Inc., an outsourcing company; Southern Hospitality Education, LLC, dba Katkin, a full-service food safety and education company; Guild Insurance Inc., an operating insurance agency; and Illinois Casualty Company (ICC), an operating insurance company. ICC is an Illinois domiciled company. ICC owns Two Rivers Investment Properties, LLC, a real estate services and holding company, and ICC Re Limited, a vehicle to participate in various Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) syndicate's underwriting activity.

 We are a specialty insurance carrier primarily underwriting commercial multi-peril, liquor liability, workers' compensation, and umbrella liability coverages for the food and beverage industry through our subsidiary insurance company, ICC. ICC writes business in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin and markets through independent agents. Approximately 23.1 % and 22.6 % of the premium was written in Illinois for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company operates as a single segment.

 B.

 PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which differ in some respects from those followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

 In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet, revenues and expenses for the periods then ended, and the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Such estimates and assumptions could change in the future as more information becomes known which could impact the amounts reported and disclosed herein. The most significant of these amounts is the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses. Other estimates include investment valuation and current expected credit loss (CECL) allowances, reinsurance recoverables and the collectability of reinsurance balances, recoverability of deferred tax assets, and deferred policy acquisition costs. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Although recorded estimates are supported by actuarial computations and other supportive data, the estimates are ultimately based on expectations of future events. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the consolidated financial statements in future periods.

 C.

 INVESTMENTS

 AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES

 Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on these securities are excluded from net earnings but are recorded as a separate component of comprehensive earnings and shareholders' equity, net of deferred income taxes.

 EQUITY SECURITIES

 Equity securities include common stock, mutual funds, and non-redeemable preferred stock. Equity securities are carried at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in net earnings.

 ~
 67 ~

 CURRENT EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

 Effective with the adoption of ASU 2016 - 13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, on January 1, 2023, we consider several factors, including, but not limited to, the following when evaluating whether a decline in value for AFS debt securities relates to credit losses:

 •
 the extent to which the fair value is less than cost;

 •
 adverse conditions related to the security, an industry, geographic area such as changes in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, changes in the technology, or discontinuation of a segment of the business that may affect future earnings potential;

 •
 the payment structure of the debt security and the likelihood of the issuer being able to make future payments;

 •
 failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments; and

 •
 any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency.

 In addition, we no longer consider the duration of the decline in value in assessing whether our fixed income securities available for sale have a credit loss impairment. If a credit loss is determined to exist, the credit loss impairment is recognized as a credit loss expense in the statement of operations with an offset to an allowance for credit losses. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected credit losses are recognized immediately in net income as a credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense. Credit losses are limited to the amount by which the amortized cost of the security exceeds fair value. The Company and its independent investment managers evaluated our available-for-sale securities and determined that as of January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, there were no securities for which an allowance for credit losses adjustment was needed.

 Quantitative and qualitative criteria are considered to varying degrees depending on the sector in which the analysis is being performed. The sectors are as follows:

 Corporates

 The Company performs a qualitative evaluation of holdings that fall below a price threshold and above a spread threshold. The analysis begins with an opinion of industry and competitive position. This includes an assessment of factors that enable the profit structure of the business (e.g., reserve profile for exploration and production companies), competitive advantage (e.g., distribution system), management strategy, and an analysis of trends in return on invested capital. Analysts may also review other factors to determine whether an impairment exists including liquidity, asset value cash flow generation, and industry multiples.

 Municipals

 The Company performs a qualitative evaluation of holdings that fall below a price threshold and above a spread threshold. This analysis includes an assessment of the factors that may be contributing to the unrealized loss and whether the recovery value is greater or less than the current market value.

 Structured Securities

 The "stated assumptions" analytic approach relies on actual 6 -month average collateral performance measures (voluntary prepayment rate, gross default rate, and loss severity) sourced through third party data providers or remittance reports. The analysis applies the stated assumptions throughout the remaining term of the transaction using forecasted cashflows, which are then applied through the transaction structure (reflecting the priority of payments and performance triggers) to determine whether there is a loss to the security ("Loss to Tranche"). For securities or sectors for which no actual loss or minimal loss has been observed (certain Prime Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS) and Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (CMBS), for example), sector-based assumptions are applied, or an alternative quantitative or qualitative analysis is performed.

 INVESTMENT INCOME

 Interest on fixed maturities and short-term investments is credited to earnings on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the lives of the related fixed maturities. Dividends on equity securities are credited to earnings on the ex-dividend date. Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date, which does not differ significantly from trade date accounting.

 ~
 68 ~

 D.

 OTHER INVESTED ASSETS

 Other invested assets include notes receivable, stock, a limited partnership, a SAFE investment, Funds at Lloyd's, and membership in the FHLBC. Notes receivable are carried at outstanding balance plus accrued interest, which management believes reflects fair value. Stock is at fair value when available. The limited partnership is accounted for under the equity method, which is considered a related party. The SAFE investment and the membership in FHLBC are carried at cost.

 E.

 PROPERTY HELD FOR INVESTMENT

 Property held for investment purposes is initially recorded at the purchase price, which is generally fair value, and is subsequently reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the building, which we estimate to be 39 years. Income from property held for investment is reported as net investment income.

 F.

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

 Cash consists of uninvested balances in bank accounts. Cash equivalents consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated prime and government money market funds. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company has not experienced losses on these instruments.

 G.

 REINSURANCE

 Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as assets instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not relieve us of our legal liability to our policyholders.

 Annually, the Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers. The Company's monitoring efforts include, but are not limited to, the review of annual summarized reinsurer financial data and analysis of the credit risk associated with reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the A.M. Best and Standard & Poor's (S&P) ratings. In addition, the Company subjects its reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverable tests, including an analysis based on average default by A.M. Best rating. Based upon the review and testing, the Company's policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that the Company may be unable to recover.

 H.

 POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

 The Company defers commissions, premium taxes, and certain other costs that are incrementally or directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Acquisition-related costs may be deemed ineligible for deferral when they are based on contingent or performance criteria beyond the basic acquisition of the insurance contract or when efforts to obtain or renew the insurance contract are unsuccessful. All eligible costs are capitalized and charged to expense in proportion to premium revenue recognized. The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This deferral methodology applies to both gross and ceded premiums and acquisition costs.

 ~
 69 ~

 I.

 PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

 Property and equipment are presented at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and are depreciated using accelerated methods for financial statement purposes for a period based on their economic life. Computer equipment is depreciated over 3 years and equipment over a range of 5 to 7 years. Buildings are depreciated over 39 years and related improvements over 15 years. Annually, the Company reviews the major asset classes held for impairment. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized no impairments. Property and equipment are summarized as follows:

 As of

 2023

 2022

 Automobiles

 $
 645,458

 $
 637,306

 Furniture and fixtures

 525,843

 520,835

 Computer equipment and software

 5,037,301

 4,720,932

 Home office

 4,106,796

 4,025,248

 Total cost

 10,315,398

 9,904,321

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 6,990,076
)

 ( 6,590,602
)

 Net property and equipment

 $
 3,325,322

 $
 3,313,719

 J.

 UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

 The liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses represents estimates of both reported and unreported claims and related expenses. The estimates are based on various actuarial reserving methodologies and other assumptions related to the ultimate cost to settle such claims. The reserving methodologies used are Loss Development for paid and incurred loss and settlement expense, Expected Loss Ratio for ultimate loss and settlement expense, Bornhuetter-Ferguson (B-F) for paid and incurred loss, and A&OE (also known as the "Wendy Johnson Method") for unpaid adjusting and other expense. The assumptions used are subject to occasional changes due to evolving economic, social, and political conditions. There were no changes to the core methodologies used as of December 31, 2023.

 All estimates are periodically reviewed and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted, as necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are determined. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves for losses and settlement expenses, there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability will not exceed recorded amounts. If actual liabilities do exceed recorded amounts, there will be an adverse effect. Based on the current assumptions used in estimating reserves, we believe that our overall reserve levels on December 31, 2023, make a reasonable provision to meet our future obligations. See Note 7 – Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses for further discussion.

 K.

 PREMIUMS

 Premiums are recognized ratably over the term of the contracts, net of ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written relative to the unexpired terms of coverage. Unearned premiums are calculated on a daily pro rata basis. A premium deficiency reserve should be recognized if the sum of expected claim costs and claim adjustment expenses, expected dividends to policyholders, unamortized acquisition costs, and maintenance costs exceed related unearned premiums. The Company concluded that no premium deficiency adjustments were necessary in either of the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 L.

 GENERAL CORPORATE EXPENSES

 General corporate expenses consist primarily of real estate and occupancy costs, such as utilities and maintenance, and CECL expenses. These costs do not vary significantly with premium volume but rather with square footage of real estate owned.

 ~
 70 ~

 M.

 INCOME TAXES

 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. Federal income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method under which deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of "temporary differences" by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities, operating losses, and tax credit carry forwards. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not all or some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 The Company considers uncertainties in income taxes and recognizes those in its consolidated financial statements as required. As it relates to uncertainties in income taxes, unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalty accruals, are not considered material to the consolidated financial statements. Also, no tax uncertainties are expected to result in significant increases or decreases to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 -month period. Penalties and interest related to income tax uncertainties, should they occur, would be included in income tax expense in the period in which they are incurred.

 ICC is subject to minimal state income tax liabilities. On a state basis, since the majority of income is from insurance operations, the Company pays premium taxes in lieu of state income tax. Premium taxes are a component of policy acquisition costs and calculated as a percentage of gross premiums written.

 N.

 EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN

 The Company recognizes employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) compensation expense ratably during each year for the shares committed to be allocated to participants that year. This expense is determined by the fair market value of our stock at the time the commitment to allocate the shares is accrued and recognized. For purposes of balance sheet disclosures of shares outstanding, the Company includes only the number of ESOP shares that have been committed to be released for the period. For purposes of calculating earnings per share, the Company includes the weighted average ESOP shares committed to be released for the period. The ESOP covers all employees who have worked a minimum of 500 hours in the plan year.

 O.

 EARNINGS PER SHARE

 Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock or common stock equivalents were exercised or converted into common stock. When inclusion of these items increases the earnings per share or reduces the loss per share, the effect on earnings is anti-dilutive. Under these circumstances, the diluted net earnings or net loss per share is computed excluding these items.

 P.

 COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS

 Comprehensive earnings include net earnings plus unrealized gains (losses) on AFS investment securities, net of tax. In reporting the components of comprehensive earnings on a net basis in the consolidated statement of earnings, the Company used a 21 % tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022. Other comprehensive earnings, as shown in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive earnings, is net of tax expense of $ 590,175 and benefit of $ 3,126,487 for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive earnings for unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities:

 2023

 2022

 Beginning balance

 $
)

 $
 2,920,027

 Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassification

 2,173,761

 ( 11,770,084
)

 Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings

 46,420

 8,540

 Net current period other comprehensive earnings (loss)

 2,220,181

 ( 11,761,544
)

 Ending balance

 $
 ( 6,621,336
)

 $
)

 Amounts Reclassified from

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 Twelve-Month Periods Ended

 Details about Accumulated Other

 Affected Line Item in the Statement

 Comprehensive Earnings Component

 2023

 2022

 where Net Earnings is Presented

 Unrealized losses on AFS investments:

 $
 58,760

 $
 10,810

 Net realized investment losses

 ( 12,340
)

 ( 2,270
)
 Income tax (benefit)

 Total exclusion, net of tax

 $
 46,420

 $
 8,540

 ~
 71 ~

 Q.

 ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

 Financial Instruments Credit Losses (ASU 2018 - 19 and ASU 2016 - 13) – On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016 - 13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016 - 13 was issued to improve the recognition and measurement of credit losses and to provide more decision-useful information about those losses. This new impairment model is based on the expected losses rather than incurred losses. ASU 2016 - 13 requires that a financial asset measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by means of an allowance for credit losses that is included in net earnings. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities are also required to be recorded through a reversible allowance for credit losses but is limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than amortized cost. The Company applied this standard to fixed maturity securities, accrued interest, premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, and other assets using the loss-rate method. In total, the cumulative effect adjustment made to the financials as of the beginning of the year for CECL resulted in a $ 113,760 decrease in retained earnings.

 R.

 PROSPECITIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

 The dates presented below represent the implementation dates for the Company.

 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023 - 09) – On January 1, 2025, the Company will have to adopt ASU 2023 - 09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023 - 09 was designed to increase transparency about income tax information through improvements to the rate reconciliation and disclosure of income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on the Company's financial statement disclosures.

 ~
 72 ~

 S.

 RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

 Certain risks and uncertainties are inherent to day-to-day operations and to the process of preparing the Company's consolidated financial statements. The more significant risks and uncertainties, as well as the Company's attempt to mitigate, quantify, and minimize such risks, are presented below and throughout the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 Catastrophe Exposures

 The Company's insurance coverages include exposure to catastrophic events. All catastrophe exposures are monitored by quantifying exposed policy limits in each region and by using computer-assisted modeling techniques. Additionally, the Company limits its risk to such catastrophes through restraining the total policy limits written in each region and by purchasing reinsurance. The Company's major catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by tornado/hail and freeze to commercial properties throughout the Midwest.

 The Company had protection of $ 14.0 million in excess of $ 1.0 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022. The catastrophe program is actively managed to keep net retention in line with risk tolerances and to optimize the risk/return trade off. The catastrophe reinsurance treaty renewed on January 1, 2024.

 Reinsurance

 Reinsurance does not discharge the Company from its primary liability to policyholders, and to the extent that a reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations, the Company would be liable. On a yearly basis, the financial condition of prospective and existing reinsurers is monitored. As a result, the Company purchases reinsurance from several financially strong reinsurers. The Company had $ 82.0 thousand and $0 allowances recorded related to CECL on paid and unpaid recoverables at December 31, 2023, and 2022. See Note 6 – Reinsurance for further discussion.

 Investment Risk

 The investment portfolio is subject to market, credit, and interest rate risks. The equity portfolio will fluctuate with movements in the overall stock market. While the equity portfolio has been constructed to have lower downside risk than the market, the portfolio is sensitive to movements in the market. The bond portfolio is affected by interest rate changes and movement in credit spreads. The Company attempts to mitigate its interest rate and credit risks by constructing a well-diversified portfolio with high-quality securities with varied maturities. Downturns in the financial markets could have a negative effect on the portfolio. However, the Company attempts to manage this risk through asset allocation, duration, and security selection.

 Liquidity Risk

 Liquidity is essential to the Company's business and a key component of the concept of asset-liability matching. The Company's liquidity may be impaired by an inability to collect premium receivable or reinsurance recoverable balances in a timely manner, an inability to sell assets or redeem investments, unforeseen outflows of cash or large claim payments, or an inability to access debt. Liquidity risk may arise due to circumstances that the Company may be unable to control, such as a general market disruption, an operational problem that affects third parties or the Company, or even by the perception among market participants that the Company, or other market participants, are experiencing greater liquidity risk.

 The Company's A.M. Best rating is important to its liquidity. A reduction in credit ratings could adversely affect the Company's liquidity and competitive position by increasing borrowing costs or limiting access to the capital markets.

 External Factors

 The Company is highly regulated by the state of Illinois and by the states in which it underwrites business. Such regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends, impose restrictions on the amount and types of investments, and regulate rates insurers may charge for various coverages. The Company is also subject to insolvency and guarantee fund assessments for various programs designed to ensure policyholder indemnification. Assessments are generally accrued during the period in which it becomes probable that a liability has been incurred from an insolvency and the amount of the related assessment can be reasonably estimated.

 T.

 INTANGIBLES

 Intangible assets are reported within Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are presented in the following table.

 2023

 2022

 Inception date

 Economic Useful Life

 Gross Carrying Amount

 Accumulated Amortization

 Gross Carrying Amount

 Accumulated Amortization

 Finite-lived intangible assets:

 Guild customer/broker relationships and name recognition

 10/2/2023

 15 years

 $
 1,005,783

 $
 16,763

 $
 —

 $
 —

 Katkin customer/supplier relationships, certifications, and system

 10/1/2021

 3 years

 47,500

 35,625

 47,500

 19,792

 Total intangible assets

 $
 1,053,283

 $
 52,388

 $
 47,500

 $
 19,792

 ~
 73 ~

 The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has developed Property/Casualty Risk-Based Capital (RBC) standards that relate an insurer's reported statutory surplus to the risks inherent in its overall operations. The RBC formula uses the statutory annual statement to calculate the minimum indicated capital level to support asset (investment and credit) risk and underwriting (loss reserves, premiums written, and unearned premium) risk. The NAIC model law calls for various levels of regulatory action based on the magnitude of an indicated RBC capital deficiency, if any. As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that its capital levels are well in excess of the minimum capital requirements for all RBC action levels and that its capital levels are sufficient to support the level of risk inherent in its operations. See Note 10 – Statutory Information and Dividend Restrictions for further discussion of statutory information and related insurance regulatory restrictions.

 In addition, ratings are a critical factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. The Company is rated by A.M. Best. This rating reflects their opinion of the insurance company's financial strength, operating performance, strategic position, and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders.

 ~
 74 ~

 2.

 INVESTMENTS

 NET INVESTMENT INCOME

 A summary of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 AFS, fixed maturity securities

 $
 4,099,739

 $
 3,122,028

 Investment property

 953,532

 904,533

 Equity securities

 838,959

 778,707

 Other Invested Assets

 136,709

 154,332

 Cash and short-term investments

 100,404

 24,628

 Investment revenue

 6,129,343

 4,984,228

 Less investment expenses

 ( 950,000
)

 ( 950,000
)

 Net investment income

 $
 5,179,343

 $
 4,034,228

 INVESTMENT RELATED GAINS (LOSSES)

 The following is a summary of the proceeds from sales, maturities, and calls of fixed maturity and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 Net Realized

 Proceeds

 Gains

 Losses

 Gains (Losses)

 2023

 $
 11,578,761

 $
 —

 $
 ( 58,760
)

 $
 ( 58,760
)

 14,169,474

 2,336,113

 ( 1,627,268
)

 708,845

 Preferred stocks

 337,440

 29,371

 ( 6,599
)

 22,772

 2022

 $
 17,820,507

 $
 107,368

 $
 ( 118,178
)

 $
 ( 10,810
)

 4,402,327

 1,213,519

 ( 316,079
)

 897,440

 Preferred stocks

 646,552

 8,748

 ( 20,908
)

 ( 12,160
)

 The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed income securities at December 31, 2023, are shown as follows:

 Due in one year or less

 $
 4,747,381

 $
 4,693,100

 Due after one year through five years

 14,750,461

 14,212,036

 Due after five years through 10 years

 23,879,765

 22,518,014

 Due after 10 years

 26,372,013

 22,341,659

 Asset and mortgage-backed securities without a specific due date

 49,400,028

 47,020,328

 Redeemable preferred stocks

 186,393

 $
 119,336,041

 $
 110,955,697

 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to call provisions on some existing securities.

 The following table is a schedule of amortized cost and estimated fair values of investments in securities classified as available for sale at December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 Gross Unrealized

 Gains

 Losses

 2023

 Fixed maturity securities:

 $
 1,351,768

 $

 $
 —

 $
 ( 61,994
)

 49,400,028

 47,020,328

 283,957

 ( 2,663,657
)

 45,764,492

 42,981,718

 287,412

 ( 3,070,186
)

 22,633,360

 19,493,317

 153,103

 ( 3,293,146
)

 186,393

 —

 ( 15,833
)

 $
 119,336,041

 $
 110,955,697

 $
 724,472

 $
 ( 9,104,816
)

 ~
 75 ~

 Gross Unrealized

 Gains

 Losses

 2022

 Fixed maturity securities:

 $
 1,352,752

 $
 1,252,960

 $
 —

 $
 ( 99,792
)

 41,858,596

 38,803,341

 51,477

 ( 3,106,732
)

 39,716,139

 35,602,055

 38,867

 ( 4,152,951
)

 21,437,389

 17,541,694

 78,117

 ( 3,973,812
)

 215,805

 —

 ( 26,884
)

 $
 104,580,681

 $
 93,388,971

 $
 168,461

 $
 ( 11,360,171
)

 MORTGAGE-BACKED, COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE-BACKED AND ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES

 All the Company's collateralized securities carry an average credit rating of AA by one or more major rating agency and continue to pay according to contractual terms. Included within MBS/ABS/CMBS are residential mortgage backed securities with fair values of $ 32,928,128 and $ 19,288,540 and commercial mortgage backed securities of $ 5,629,659 and $ 8,946,897 at December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The company has recorded no CECL allowances related to available for sale investments at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 UNREALIZED LOSSES ON AFS SECURITIES

 The following table is also used as part of the impairment analysis and displays the total value of securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023, and 2022. The table segregates the securities based on type, noting the fair value, amortized cost, and unrealized loss on each category of investment as well as in total. The table further classifies the securities based on the length of time they have been in an unrealized loss position.

 12 Months

 12 Months

 < 12 Months

 & Greater

 Total

 < 12 Months

 & Greater

 Total

 Fixed Maturity Securities:

 $
 —

 $

 $

 $
 615,367

 $
 637,594

 $
 1,252,961

 —

 1,351,768

 1,351,768

 652,424

 700,329

 1,352,753

 —

 ( 61,994
)

 ( 61,994
)

 ( 37,057
)

 ( 62,735
)

 ( 99,792
)

 8,345,340

 24,323,865

 32,669,205

 21,199,819

 12,833,310

 34,033,129

 8,462,010

 26,870,852

 35,332,862

 22,564,779

 14,575,082

 37,139,861

 ( 116,670
)

 ( 2,546,987
)

 ( 2,663,657
)

 ( 1,364,960
)

 ( 1,741,772
)

 ( 3,106,732
)

 477,051

 33,352,754

 33,829,805

 27,688,403

 5,829,396

 33,517,799

 478,370

 36,421,621

 36,899,991

 30,584,890

 7,085,860

 37,670,750

 ( 1,319
)

 ( 3,068,867
)

 ( 3,070,186
)

 ( 2,896,487
)

 ( 1,256,464
)

 ( 4,152,951
)

 —

 12,149,238

 12,149,238

 11,502,050

 2,079,831

 13,581,881

 —

 15,442,384

 15,442,384

 14,590,996

 2,964,697

 17,555,693

 —

 ( 3,293,146
)

 ( 3,293,146
)

 ( 3,088,946
)

 ( 884,866
)

 ( 3,973,812
)

 149,240

 21,320

 —

 161,549

 24,844

 186,393

 215,805

 —

 215,805

 ( 12,309
)

 ( 3,524
)

 ( 15,833
)

 ( 26,884
)

 —

 ( 26,884
)

 Total

 8,971,631

 71,136,951

 80,108,582

 61,194,560

 21,380,131

 82,574,691

 9,101,929

 80,111,469

 89,213,398

 68,608,894

 25,325,968

 93,934,862

 $
 ( 130,298
)

 $
 ( 8,974,518
)

 $
 ( 9,104,816
)

 $
 ( 7,414,334
)

 $
 ( 3,945,837
)

 $
 ( 11,360,171
)

 The fixed income portfolio contained 221 securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023. Of these 221 securities, 203 have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer and represent $ 8,974,518 in unrealized losses. All fixed income securities in the investment portfolio continue to pay the expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Credit-related impairments on fixed income securities that we do not plan to sell, and for which we are not more likely than not to be required to sell, are recognized in net earnings. Any non-credit related impairment is recognized in comprehensive earnings. Based on management's analysis, the fixed income portfolio is of a high credit quality, and it is believed it will recover the amortized cost basis of the fixed income securities. Management monitors the credit quality of the fixed income investments to assess if it is probable that the Company will receive its contractual or estimated cash flows in the form of principal and interest.

 There were no CECL allowances related to the fixed income portfolio recognized in net earnings during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and no other-than-temporary impairment losses as of December 31, 2022. In addition, the Company is not required to, nor does it intend to sell these investments prior to recovering the entire amortized cost basis for each security, which may be a maturity.

 ~
 76 ~

 As required by law, certain fixed maturity investments amounting to $ 3,351,574 and $ 3,290,386 at December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, were on deposit with regulatory authorities.

 UNREALIZED GAINS AND LOSSES ON INVESTMENTS

 Net unrealized gains and losses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 for investments held as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $ 1,135,905 in gains and $ 4,706,405 in losses, respectively.

 OTHER INVESTED ASSETS

 Other invested assets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $ 8,898,409 and $ 4,722,137, respectively. Other invested assets as of December 31, 2023 include privately held investments of $ 2,197,232, notes receivable of $ 5,495,979, Funds at Lloyd's of $ 819,198, and a $ 425,000 membership in the FHLBC. As of December 31, 2022, privately held investments were $ 214,630, notes receivable were $ 4,082,507, and the membership in FHLBC was $ 425,000.

 As of December 31, 2023, privately held investments are comprised of a $ 1,734,622 limited partnership accounted for under the equity method with a three month lag, a $ 250,000 SAFE investment carried at cost, and $ 212,610 in stock carried at fair value. The limited partnership is considered a related party. In November 2021, we agreed to commit up to $ 10.0 million to a private investment fund, subject to regulatory approval, which may be callable from time to time by such fund. In May and December 2023, the Company received calls for $ 1.95 million for a limited partnership from the private investment fund. Our balance available for future endeavors with the private investment fund is $ 8.05 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 no calls were received. As of December 31, 2022, the privately held investments were entirely stock carried at fair value.

 As of December 31, 2023, most of the notes receivable bear interested between 3.9 % and 8.25 %. One note has interest at prime minus 25 basis points with a floor of 4.0 %. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, $ 373,307 in note payments were received and $ 0 in accrued principal and interest was recorded. The Company had $ 39,000 in CECL allowances recorded related to uncollectible note receivables at December 31, 2023 and no CECL allowance at December 31, 2022.

 The Funds at Lloyd's and membership in the FHLBC are carried at cost.

 PROPERTY HELD FOR INVESTMENT

 As of December 31, 2023, investment property comprised of 70 rental units consisting of single-family homes, duplexes, condominiums, senior living units, and a seven -plex property. These rentals are in Carbon Cliff, Illinois; Colona, Illinois; East Moline, Illinois; Milan, Illinois; Moline, Illinois; Rock Island, Illinois; Silvis, Illinois; and Le Claire, Iowa. Property held for investment is net of accumulated depreciation of $ 682,402 and $ 609,282 as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $ 179,277 and $ 169,199 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 3.

 FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

 Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We determined the fair value of certain financial instruments based on their underlying characteristics and relevant transactions in the marketplace. GAAP guidance requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance also describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.

 The following are the levels of the fair value hierarchy and a brief description of the type of valuation inputs that are used to establish each level:

 Level 1 is applied to valuations based on readily available, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

 Level 2 is applied to valuations based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

 ~
 77 ~

 Level 3 is applied to valuations that are derived from techniques in which one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable. Financial assets are classified based upon the lowest level of significant input that is used to determine fair value.

 As a part of the process to determine fair value, management utilizes widely recognized, third -party pricing sources to determine fair values. Management has obtained an understanding of the third -party pricing sources' valuation methodologies and inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used for financial assets that are measured at fair value, including the general classification of such assets pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

 Corporate, Agencies, and Municipal Bonds —The pricing vendor employs a multi-dimensional model which uses standard inputs including (listed in order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two -sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, and other reference data. The pricing vendor also monitors market indicators, as well as industry and economic events. All bonds valued using these techniques are classified as Level 2. All Corporate, Agencies, and Municipal securities are deemed Level 2.

 Mortgage-backed Securities (MBS), Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO), Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities (CMBS) and Asset-backed Securities (ABS) —The pricing vendor evaluation methodology includes principally interest rate movements and new issue data. Evaluation of the tranches (non-volatile, volatile, or credit sensitivity) is based on the pricing vendors' interpretation of accepted modeling and pricing conventions. This information is then used to determine the cash flows for each tranche, benchmark yields, pre-payment assumptions, and to incorporate collateral performance. To evaluate CMO volatility, an option-adjusted spread model is used in combination with models that simulate interest rate paths to determine market price information. This process allows the pricing vendor to obtain evaluations of a broad universe of securities in a way that reflects changes in yield curve, index rates, implied volatility, mortgage rates, and recent trade activity. MBS, CMBS, CMO, and ABS with corroborated and observable inputs are classified as Level 2. All MBS, CMBS, CMO, and ABS holdings are deemed Level 2.

 U.S. Treasury Bonds, Common Stocks, and Exchange Traded Funds —U.S. treasury bonds and exchange traded equities have readily observable price levels and are classified as Level 1 (fair value based on quoted market prices). All common stock holdings are deemed Level 1.

 Preferred Stock —Preferred stocks do not have readily observable prices but do have quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active; and inputs other than quoted prices are classified as Level 2. All preferred stock holdings are deemed Level 2.

 Due to the relatively short-term nature of cash and cash equivalents, their carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value. Other invested assets include notes receivable, stock, a limited partnership, a SAFE investment, Funds at Lloyd's, and membership in the FHLBC. Notes receivable are carried at outstanding balance plus accrued interest. Stock is at fair value when available. The limited partnership is accounted for under the equity method, which is considered a related party. The SAFE investment and the membership in FHLBC are carried at cost.

 Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, are as summarized below:

 Significant

 Quoted in Active

 Other

 Significant

 Markets for

 Observable

 Unobservable

 Identical Assets

 Inputs

 Inputs

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (Level 3)

 Total

 AFS securities

 U.S. treasury

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 —

 47,020,328

 —

 47,020,328

 —

 42,981,718

 —

 42,981,718

 —

 19,493,317

 —

 19,493,317

 Redeemable preferred stocks

 —

 —

 109,665,923

 —

 110,955,697

 Equity securities

 12,191,621

 —

 —

 12,191,621

 Perpetual preferred stocks

 —

 2,896,296

 —

 2,896,296

 Total equity securities

 12,191,621

 2,896,296

 —

 15,087,917

 Total marketable investments measured at fair value

 $
 13,481,395

 $
 112,562,219

 $
 —

 $
 126,043,614

 ~
 78 ~

 Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, are as summarized below:

 Significant

 Quoted in Active

 Other

 Significant

 Markets for

 Observable

 Unobservable

 Identical Assets

 Inputs

 Inputs

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (Level 3)

 Total

 AFS securities

 U.S. treasury

 $
 1,252,960

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $
 1,252,960

 —

 38,803,341

 —

 38,803,341

 —

 35,602,055

 —

 35,602,055

 —

 17,541,694

 —

 17,541,694

 Redeemable preferred stocks

 —

 —

 1,252,960

 92,136,011

 —

 93,388,971

 Equity securities

 20,438,907

 —

 —

 20,438,907

 Perpetual preferred stocks

 —

 2,772,605

 —

 2,772,605

 Total equity securities

 20,438,907

 2,772,605

 —

 23,211,512

 Total marketable investments measured at fair value

 $
 21,691,867

 $
 94,908,616

 $
 —

 $
 116,600,483

 4.

 POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

 Policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized to income for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), beginning of year

 $
 7,167,036

 $
 6,538,844

 Deferred:

 Direct commission

 13,849,194

 12,330,776

 Premium taxes

 1,702,222

 1,271,971

 Ceding commissions

 ( 485,089
)

 ( 693,178
)

 Underwriting

 1,423,178

 1,186,150

 Net deferred

 16,489,505

 14,095,719

 Amortized

 15,104,082

 13,467,527

 DAC, end of year

 $
 8,552,459

 $
 7,167,036

 Policy acquisition costs:

 Amortized to expense

 $
 15,104,082

 $
 13,467,527

 Period costs:

 Contingent commission

 2,290,826

 1,796,256

 Other underwriting expenses

 11,127,065

 9,632,337

 Total policy acquisition costs

 $
 28,521,973

 $
 24,896,120

 ~
 79 ~

 5.

 DEBT

 Debt Obligation

 As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had $ 15,000,000 in outstanding debt, respectively.

 The Company has borrowing capacity of $ 48.2 million with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), which is 25 % of net admitted statutory assets of ICC as of year-end. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has used $ 15.0 million of that capacity.

 As a part of the Company's response to COVID- 19, the Company obtained in March 2020 a $ 6.0 million loan from the FHLBC as a precautionary measure to increase its cash position, to provide increased liquidity, and to compensate for potential reductions in premium receivable collections. The term of the loan is five years bearing interest at 1.4 %. The Company pledged $ 6.8 million of fixed income securities as collateral for this loan.

 In May 2021, the Company entered into a $ 4.0 million, 0.74 % fixed interest, five -year FHLBC loan.

 In May 2022, the Company entered into a $ 5.0 million, 1.36 %, fixed interest, five -year FHLBC loan.

 The Company has $ 19.7 million in bonds pledged as collateral for all FHLBC loans.

 Revolving Line of Credit

 We increased our revolving line of credit with a commercial bank from $ 2.0 million to $ 4.0 million in July 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the balance on the line of credit was $ 0. The line of credit is priced at prime plus 0.5 % with a floor of 6.0 % and renews annually with a current expiration date of July 5, 2024. The Company pledged $ 4.0 million of business assets in the event the Company draws down on the line of credit. This agreement includes an annually calculated financial debt covenant requiring a minimum total adjusted capital of $ 21.0 million. Total adjusted capital is the sum of an insurer's statutory capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the statutory accounting applicable to the annual financial statements required to be filed with the Illinois Department of Insurance. As of December 31, 2023, our total adjusted capital is $ 62.9 million. There was no interest paid on the line of credit during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

 6.

 REINSURANCE

 In the ordinary course of business, the Company assumes and cedes premiums and selected insured risks with other insurance companies, known as reinsurance. A large portion of the reinsurance is put into effect under contracts known as treaties and, in some instances, by negotiation on each individual risk (known as facultative reinsurance). In addition, there are several types of treaties including quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe reinsurance contracts that protect against losses over stipulated amounts arising from any one occurrence or event. The arrangements allow the Company to pursue greater diversification of business and serve to limit the maximum net loss to a single event, such as a catastrophe. Through the quantification of exposed policy limits in each region and the extensive use of computer-assisted modeling techniques, management monitors the concentration of risks exposed to catastrophic events.

 Through the purchase of reinsurance, the Company also generally limits its net loss on any individual risk to a maximum of $ 1,000,000 for casualty and workers' compensation business and $ 1,000,000 for property, although certain treaties contain an annual aggregate deductible before reinsurance applies.

 ~
 80 ~

 Premiums, written and earned, along with losses and settlement expenses incurred for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 WRITTEN

 Direct

 $
 92,990,535

 $
 82,726,634

 Reinsurance assumed

 162,368

 157,268

 Reinsurance ceded

 ( 10,510,588
)

 ( 9,492,472
)

 Net

 $
 82,642,315

 $
 73,391,430

 EARNED

 Direct

 $
 86,260,082

 $
 78,411,890

 Reinsurance assumed

 160,365

 157,097

 Reinsurance ceded

 ( 10,703,339
)

 ( 9,511,644
)

 Net

 $
 75,717,108

 $
 69,057,343

 LOSS AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES INCURRED

 Direct

 $
 52,727,899

 $
 50,290,695

 Reinsurance assumed

 102,365

 94,482

 Reinsurance ceded

 ( 4,900,634
)

 ( 5,852,448
)

 Net

 $
 47,929,630

 $
 44,532,729

 The reinsurance assumed business consists of assigned risk pools, which require the Company to participate in certain workers' compensation and other liability pools, as a result of their licensure and premium writings in the various states in which it does business.

 At December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses totaling $ 12,736,579 and $ 13,610,295, respectively. All the Company's reinsurance recoverables are due from companies with financial strength ratings of "A" or better by A.M. Best.

 The following table displays net reinsurance balances recoverable, after consideration of collateral, on paid losses and settlement expenses, known case and IBNR loss and settlement expense reserves, unearned premiums, and contingent commissions from the Company's top 10 reinsurers as of December 31, 2023. These reinsurers all have financial strength ratings of "A" or better by A.M. Best. Also shown are the amounts of written premium ceded to these reinsurers during the calendar year 2023.

 Net Reinsurer

 Percent

 Ceded

 Percent

 A.M. Best

 Exposure as of

 of

 Premiums

 of

 Rating

 Total

 Written

 Total

 General Reinsurance Corporation

 A++

 $
 11,509

 74.8
 %

 $
 7,295

 69.4
 %

 Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Incorporated

 A+

 4.9
 %

 6.8
 %

 Hannover Rueck SE

 A+

 3.0
 %

 4.1
 %

 Partner Reinsurance Co. of the U.S.

 A+

 2.9
 %

 —

 0.0
 %

 Aspen Insurance UK Ltd.

 A

 2.2
 %

 —

 0.0
 %

 Swiss Reinsurance

 A+

 1.9
 %

 0.7
 %

 Houston Casualty Company

 A++

 1.6
 %

 2.9
 %

 Axis Reinsurance Company

 A

 1.4
 %

 —

 0.0
 %

 Everest Reinsurance Company

 A+

 1.2
 %

 —

 0.1
 %

 Lloyd's Syndicate Number 2791

 A

 0.9
 %

 4.3
 %

 All other reinsurers including anticipated subrogation

 5.3
 %

 1,235

 11.7
 %

 $
 15,383

 100.0
 %

 $
 10,511

 100.0
 %

 Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as an asset, rather than being netted with the related liability, since reinsurance does not relieve the Company of its liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. On a quarterly basis, the financial condition of the Company's reinsurers is monitored. As part of the monitoring efforts, management reviews annual summarized financial data and publicly available information. The credit risk associated with the reinsurance balances recoverable is analyzed by monitoring the A.M. Best and S&P ratings of the reinsurers. In addition, the Company subjects its reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including one based on average default by A.M. Best rating.

 ~
 81 ~

 Once regulatory action (such as receivership, finding of insolvency, order of conservation, or order of liquidation) is taken against a reinsurer, the paid and unpaid recoverable for the reinsurer are specifically identified and written off through the use of the allowance for estimated unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. When such a balance is written off, it is done in full. The Company then re-evaluates the remaining allowance and determines whether the balance is sufficient as detailed above, and if needed, an additional allowance is recognized, and income charged. The Company had $ 82.0 thousand and $ 0 allowances recorded related to CECL on paid and unpaid recoverables at December 31, 2023, and 2022. The Company has no receivables with a due date that extends beyond 90 days from the date of billing that are not included in the allowance for uncollectible amounts.

 7.

 UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

 Loss Development Tables

 The following tables represent cumulative incurred losses and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, by accident year and cumulative paid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance, by accident year, for the years ended December 31, 2014 to 2023, as well as total IBNR and the cumulative number of reported claims for the year ended December 31, 2023. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2014 to 2022, is presented as unaudited required supplementary information. The property line of business has been disaggregated based on the shorter payout period in comparison to the workers compensation and liability lines of business.

 PROPERTY LINES

 Incurred loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance ($'s in thousands)

 As of December 31, 2023

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims

 Cumulative number of reported claims

 2014

 $
 8,865

 $
 7,586

 $
 7,798

 $
 7,883

 $
 7,817

 $
 7,785

 $
 7,784

 $
 7,792

 $
 7,794

 $
 7,794

 $
 —

 2015

 7,693

 7,494

 7,717

 7,634

 7,654

 7,636

 7,635

 7,642

 7,643

 —

 2016

 8,941

 7,981

 8,372

 8,381

 8,404

 8,327

 8,387

 8,392

 ( 5
)

 2017

 13,993

 13,568

 13,741

 13,825

 13,622

 13,593

 13,457

 ( 16
)

 2018

 11,454

 11,114

 10,966

 11,030

 11,073

 11,108

 ( 36
)

 2019

 13,933

 14,758

 14,976

 15,078

 15,145

 ( 14
)

 2020

 13,997

 15,056

 15,195

 16,005

 ( 52
)

 2021

 12,968

 14,799

 15,392

 ( 287
)

 2022

 16,568

 16,523

 ( 298
)

 2023

 16,433

 Total

 $
 127,891

 Cumulative paid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance (in thousands)

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 2014

 $
 6,243

 $
 7,631

 $
 7,746

 $
 7,796

 $
 7,795

 $
 7,795

 $
 7,801

 $
 7,803

 $
 7,805

 $
 7,805

 2015

 5,057

 7,040

 7,474

 7,645

 7,660

 7,657

 7,645

 7,642

 7,643

 2016

 6,157

 7,624

 8,236

 8,356

 8,437

 8,465

 8,384

 8,397

 2017

 10,055

 13,482

 13,595

 13,363

 13,451

 13,469

 2018

 8,487

 11,009

 11,025

 11,062

 11,117

 11,144

 2019

 11,621

 14,161

 14,855

 14,902

 14,974

 2020

 10,620

 14,485

 15,540

 15,786

 2021

 11,220

 14,712

 15,603

 2022

 12,898

 16,534

 2023

 13,934

 Total

 $
 125,291

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - years 2014 through 2023

 2,600

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - prior to 2014

 Unpaid loss and settlement expense, net of reinsurance

 $
 2,611

 *Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

 ~
 82 ~

 WORKERS' COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY LINES

 Incurred loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance ($'s in thousands)

 As of December 31, 2023

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims

 Cumulative number of reported claims

 2014

 $
 13,385

 $
 14,744

 $
 15,341

 $
 16,719

 $
 16,881

 $
 16,996

 $
 16,954

 $
 16,930

 $
 16,995

 $
 17,064

 $

 1,213

 2015

 16,597

 13,876

 13,441

 13,862

 14,486

 14,714

 15,182

 15,209

 15,501

 1,095

 2016

 16,678

 14,843

 16,240

 16,855

 17,546

 18,412

 18,608

 18,807

 1,042

 2017

 15,808

 15,803

 15,842

 15,976

 17,068

 18,049

 17,879

 1,042

 2018

 18,308

 17,122

 17,082

 16,925

 16,581

 16,455

 1,132

 2019

 19,630

 19,200

 19,575

 19,364

 19,282

 1,096

 2020

 17,359

 14,107

 15,262

 15,661

 2021

 21,000

 21,988

 23,877

 2,392

 2022

 22,866

 21,583

 4,830

 2023

 28,948

 20,445

 Total

 $
 195,058

 Cumulative paid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance (in thousands)

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 2014

 $
 1,540

 $
 4,088

 $
 9,515

 $
 13,603

 $
 15,232

 $
 15,912

 $
 16,374

 $
 16,401

 $
 16,750

 $
 16,762

 2015

 1,408

 4,319

 7,404

 10,528

 12,487

 13,262

 13,932

 14,478

 15,174

 2016

 1,497

 5,488

 8,189

 12,205

 14,206

 16,649

 17,618

 18,461

 2017

 1,523

 5,419

 8,753

 11,878

 14,770

 17,141

 17,378

 2018

 1,964

 5,656

 9,312

 12,419

 14,687

 15,734

 2019

 3,664

 7,453

 12,132

 14,781

 16,268

 2020

 2,435

 4,882

 8,026

 12,422

 2021

 3,520

 7,825

 14,913

 2022

 3,614

 9,236

 2023

 2,525

 Total

 138,874

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - years 2014 through 2023

 56,184

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - prior to 2014

 Unpaid loss and settlement expense, net of reinsurance

 $
 56,490

 *Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

 ~
 83 ~

 TOTAL LINES

 Incurred loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance ($'s in thousands)

 As of December 31, 2023

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims

 Cumulative number of reported claims

 2014

 $
 22,250

 $
 22,330

 $
 23,139

 $
 24,601

 $
 24,698

 $
 24,781

 $
 24,737

 $
 24,721

 $
 24,789

 $
 24,858

 $

 1,953

 2015

 24,289

 21,370

 21,157

 21,496

 22,140

 22,350

 22,817

 22,852

 23,144

 1,649

 2016

 25,618

 22,824

 24,612

 25,236

 25,951

 26,740

 26,995

 27,199

 1,618

 2017

 29,801

 29,371

 29,583

 29,802

 30,689

 31,642

 31,336

 1,757

 2018

 29,762

 28,236

 28,048

 27,955

 27,654

 27,563

 1,857

 2019

 33,563

 33,958

 34,551

 34,442

 34,427

 1,929

 2020

 31,356

 29,162

 30,457

 31,666

 1,577

 2021

 33,968

 36,787

 39,269

 2,105

 1,612

 2022

 38,106

 4,532

 1,555

 2023

 21,038

 1,219

 Total

 $
 322,949

 Cumulative paid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance (in thousands)

 2014*

 2015*

 2016*

 2017*

 2018*

 2019*

 2020*

 2021*

 2022*

 2023

 2014

 $
 7,782

 $
 11,718

 $
 17,261

 $
 21,398

 $
 23,027

 $
 23,707

 $
 24,175

 $
 24,204

 $
 24,554

 $
 24,567

 2015

 6,465

 11,359

 14,878

 18,173

 20,147

 20,919

 21,577

 22,121

 22,817

 2016

 7,654

 13,112

 16,425

 20,561

 22,643

 25,114

 26,002

 26,859

 2017

 11,578

 18,901

 22,363

 25,473

 28,134

 30,592

 30,847

 2018

 10,451

 16,665

 20,337

 23,481

 25,805

 26,878

 2019

 15,285

 21,614

 26,987

 29,683

 31,243

 2020

 13,055

 19,367

 23,566

 28,209

 2021

 14,740

 22,537

 30,516

 2022

 16,512

 25,770

 2023

 16,459

 Total

 264,165

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - years 2014 through 2023

 58,784

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - prior to 2014

 Unpaid loss and settlement expense, net of reinsurance

 $

 *Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

 The following table reconciles the loss development information to the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2023, by reportable segment.

 Net unpaid losses and settlement expense

 Property Lines

 $
 2,611

 Workers' Compensation and Liability Lines

 56,490

 Total unpaid losses and settlement expense, net of reinsurance

 Reinsurance recoverable on losses and settlement expense

 Property Lines

 1,755

 Workers' Compensation and Liability Lines

 11,064

 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expense

 12,819

 Total gross unpaid losses and LAE

 $

 Loss Duration Disclosure

 The following table represents the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance and is presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

 Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance

 Year 1

 Year 2

 Year 3

 Year 4

 Year 5

 Year 6

 Year 7

 Year 8

 Year 9+

 Property Lines

 75.9
 %

 21.9
 %

 1.8
 %

 (0.4)
 %

 0.3
 %

 0.7
 %

 (0.2)
 %

 0.0
 %

 (0.1)
 %

 Liability Lines

 12.3
 %

 22.7
 %

 21.8
 %

 19.4
 %

 10.0
 %

 6.8
 %

 2.1
 %

 1.7
 %

 3.3
 %

 Total Lines

 37.4
 %

 23.2
 %

 13.5
 %

 11.3
 %

 5.8
 %

 4.3
 %

 1.3
 %

 1.1
 %

 2.2
 %

 ~
 84 ~

 The following table is a reconciliation of the Company's unpaid losses and settlement expenses for the years 2023 and 2022.

 For the Twelve-Months Ended

 2023

 2022

 Unpaid losses and settlement expense - beginning of the period:

 Gross

 $

 $
 61,835

 Less: Ceded

 14,521

 Net

 Increase in incurred losses and settlement expense:

 2,549

 5,099

 Total incurred

 Deduct: Loss and settlement expense payments for claims incurred:

 16,459

 16,512

 26,374

 21,331

 Total paid

 42,833

 37,843

 Net unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 Plus: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses net of CECL

 Plus: CECL allowance for reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses

 —

 Gross unpaid losses and settlement expense - end of the period

 $

 $

 Differences from the initial reserve estimates emerged as changes in the ultimate loss estimates were updated through the reserve analysis process. The recognition of the changes in initial reserve estimates occurred over time as claims were reported, initial case reserves were established, initial reserves were reviewed in light of additional information, and ultimate payments were made on the collective set of claims incurred as of that evaluation date. The new information on the ultimate settlement value of claims is updated until all claims in a defined set are settled. As a small specialty insurer with a niche product portfolio, the Company's experience will ordinarily exhibit fluctuations from period to period. While management attempts to identify and react to systematic changes in the loss environment, it must also consider the volume of experience directly available to the Company and interpret any particular period's indications with a realistic technical understanding of the reliability of those observations.

 A discussion of significant components of reserve development for the two most recent calendar years follows:

 2023

 For calendar year 2023, the Company experienced unfavorable development relative to prior years' reserve estimates in both its property and liability lines of business. Liquor Liability increased $3.1M, most of which was from the 2021 accident year. In addition, Businessowners Property and Liability increased a total of $1.7M, most of which arose from the 2020 accident year. These adverse developments were partially offset by favorable development of $2.2M in Workers' Compensation, most of which arose from the 2022 accident year.

 2022

 For calendar year 2022, the Company experienced unfavorable development relative to prior years' reserve estimates in both its property and liability lines of business. Businessowners Property and Liability increased a total of $3.5M, most of which arose from the 2021 accident year. In addition, Liquor Liability increased $3.3M, most of which arose from the 2020 and 2021 accident years. These adverse developments were partially offset by favorable development of $1.8M in Workers' Compensation, most of which arose from the 2021 accident year.

 ~
 85 ~

 8.

 INCOME TAXES

 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Tax discounting of claim reserves

 $
 1,018,934

 $
 931,054

 Unearned premium reserve

 1,981,064

 1,686,905

 Net unrealized depreciation of securities

 1,283,391

 2,105,391

 Deferred compensation

 315,575

 316,051

 Provision for uncollectible accounts

 27,300

 10,500

 Other

 191,577

 89,347

 Deferred tax assets before allowance

 4,817,841

 5,139,248

 Less valuation allowance

 —

 —

 Total deferred tax assets

 $
 4,817,841

 $
 5,139,248

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Transition Adjustment for Loss Reserve Discounting

 $
 75,392

 $
 113,088

 Deferred policy acquisition costs

 1,796,016

 1,505,078

 Property and equipment

 175,571

 143,047

 Other

 123,226

 81,347

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 2,170,205

 1,842,560

 Net deferred tax asset

 $
 2,647,636

 $
 3,296,688

 In July 2019, the Treasury issued Rev Proc 2019 - 31, which included final revised loss reserve discounting factors and transitional guidance necessary to complete the accounting for the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The transitional adjustment for loss reserve discounting was recalculated as of January 1, 2018 and the resulting adjustment is being recognized in taxable income evenly over an eight -year period beginning in 2018.

 Management believes it is more likely than not that all deferred tax assets will be recovered as the result of future operations, which will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax asset.

 Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal tax rate of 21 % to pretax income from continuing operations as demonstrated in the following table:

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Provision for income taxes at the statutory federal tax rates

 $
 1,159,640

 $
 ( 151,584
)

 Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from:

 GAAP Adjustments for Investments, DAC, and eliminations

 ( 512,357
)

 818,894

 Permanent tax differences

 ( 11,327
)

 ( 20,114
)

 Temporary tax differences

 393,686

 350,153

 PY Federal true-up

 ( 35,328
)

 245,049

 PY State true-up

 69,742

 ( 16,275
)

 State tax expense

 112,026

 107,519

 Change in DTA

 89,117

 ( 1,125,063
)

 Prior year payments applied not already accounted for in PY provision

 —

 ( 350,000
)

 Other

 —

 1,255

 Total

 $
 1,265,199

 $
 ( 140,166
)

 The Company's effective tax rate was 22.9 % and 19.4 % for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings and the related tax effects.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not have any capital or operating loss carryforwards. Periods still subject to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit include 2020 through current year. There are currently no open tax exams.

 ~
 86 ~

 9.

 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

 401 (K) and Bonus and Incentive Plans

 The Company maintains a 401 (k) and bonus and incentive plans covering executives, managers, and employees. Excluding the 401 (k), at the CEO's discretion, funding of these plans is primarily dependent upon reaching predetermined levels of combined ratio, reduction in operating expenses, growth in direct written premium, and overall renewal retention ratios. Bonuses are earned as the Company generates earnings in excess of this required return. While some management incentive plans may be affected somewhat by other performance factors, the larger influence of corporate performance ensures that the interests of the executives, managers, and employees correspond with those of the stakeholders.

 The 401 (k) plan offers a matching percentage up to 4 % of eligible compensation, as well as a profit sharing percentage of each employee's compensation. Participants are 100 % vested in the matching percentage and vest at a rate of 25 % per year for the profit sharing distribution. The total contribution to the 401 (k) profit sharing plan was $ 330,095 and $ 273,851 for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, bonuses may be awarded to executives, managers, and associates through company incentive plans, provided certain financial or operational goals are met.

 Deferred Compensation

 In November 2012, the Company entered into a deferred compensation agreement with an executive of the Company. The agreement requires the Company to make payments to the executive beginning at retirement (age 62). In the event of separation of service without cause prior to age 62, benefits under this agreement vest 25 % in November 2017, 50 % in November 2022, 75 % in November 2027, and 100 % on January 1, 2032. In the event of death prior to retirement, benefits become fully vested and are payable to the executive's beneficiaries. Using a discount rate of 4.8 %, the fully vested obligation under the agreement would total approximately $ 1,600,618 on January 1, 2032. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the accrued liability related to this agreement totaled $ 545,072 and $ 486,387, respectively. The Company recognized expense of $ 131,927 and benefit of $ 42,731 in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 ESOP

 In connection with our conversion and public offering, we established an ESOP. The ESOP borrowed from the Company to purchase 350,000 shares in the offering. The issuance of the shares to the ESOP resulted in a contra account established in the equity section of the balance sheet for the unallocated shares at an amount equal to their $ 10.00 per share purchase price.

 The Company may make discretionary contributions to the ESOP and pay dividends on unallocated shares to the ESOP. The ESOP uses funds it receives to repay the loan. When loan payments are made, ESOP shares are allocated to participants based on relative compensation and expense is recorded. A compensation expense charge is booked monthly during each year for the shares committed to be allocated to participants that year, determined with reference to the fair market value of our stock at the time the commitment to allocate the shares is accrued and recognized. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized compensation expense of $ 432,267 related to 23,437 shares of our common stock that were committed to be released to participants' accounts for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized compensation expense of $ 476,482 related to 23,437 shares of our common stock that were committed to be released to participants' accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Restricted Stock Units

 RSUs were granted for the first time in February 2018 and more recently in April of each year. RSUs have a grant date value equal to the closing price of the Company stock on the dates the shares are granted. The RSUs vest one third over three years beginning the first anniversary of the date of grant. the Company recognized $ 232,286 and $ 205,403 of RSU expense as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 RSUs

 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested on December 31, 2022

 $
 273,591

 $
 15.72

 Granted

 272,802

 15.50

 Vested

 ( 232,285
)

 15.26

 Nonvested on December 31, 2023

 $
 314,108

 $
 15.87

 ~
 87 ~

 10.

 STATUTORY INFORMATION AND DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS

 The statutory financial statements of ICC are presented on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Illinois Department of Insurance, which has adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) statutory accounting practices as the basis of its statutory accounting practices. ICC did not use any permitted statutory accounting practices that differ from NAIC prescribed statutory accounting practices. In converting from statutory to GAAP, typical adjustments include deferral of policy acquisition costs, the inclusion of statutory non-admitted assets, recording debt securities at fair value versus amortized cost, net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities are recorded in earnings as opposed to being a component of surplus, and the reclassification of surplus notes from equity to debt.

 The NAIC has Risk-Based Capital (RBC) standards that require insurance companies to calculate and report information under a risk-based formula, which measures statutory capital and surplus needs based upon a regulatory definition of risk relative to the Company's balance sheet and mix of products. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, ICC had RBC amounts in excess of the authorized control level RBC, as defined by the NAIC. ICC's statutory capital and surplus as of December 31, 2023, and 2022 were $ 62,874,928 and $ 59,735,422, respectively.

 The following table includes selected information for our insurance subsidiary:

 As of and Periods Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Net income, statutory basis

 $
 3,267,217

 $
 3,583,308

 Surplus, statutory basis

 $
 62,874,928

 $
 59,735,422

 No Illinois domiciled company may pay any extraordinary dividend or make any other extraordinary distribution to its security holders until: (a) 30 days after the Director has received notice of the declaration thereof and has not within such period disapproved the payment, or (b) the Director approves such payment within the 30 -day period. For purposes of this subsection, an extraordinary dividend or distribution is any dividend or distribution of cash or other property whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions, made within the period of 12 consecutive months ending on the date on which the proposed dividend is scheduled for payment or distribution exceeds the greater of: (a) 10% of the Company's surplus as regards policyholders as of the 31st day of December next preceding, or (b) the net income of the Company for the 12 -month period ending the 31st day of December next preceding, but does not include pro rata distributions of any class of the Company's own securities. As of December 31, 2023, the amount available for payment of dividends by ICC in 2024 without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance is approximately $ 6.3 million. ICC paid dividends of $ 1,250,000 and $ 3,000,000 to ICC Holdings, Inc. as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 The Company did not pay any dividends to security holders in 2023 or 2022. It did, however, make cash dividend payments in the amount of $ 19,661 and $ 18,446 in 2023 and 2022, respectively, to Wisconsin policyholders in accordance with policy contractual obligations.

 11.

 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

 The Company is party to numerous claims, losses, and litigation matters that arise in the normal course of business. Many of such claims, losses, or litigation matters involve claims under policies that the Company underwrites as an insurer. Management believes that the resolution of these claims and losses will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company agreed to commit up to $ 10.0 million to a private investment fund. See Other Invested Assets within Note 2 – Investments for more information.

 The Company has operating obligations related to managing the business. Minimum future payments under cancellable agreements total $ 0 and $ 47,000 in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 ~
 88 ~

 12.

 SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

 Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date the financial statements were issued.

 ~
 89 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC.

 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 Balance Sheet – Parent Company Only

 As of

 As of

 Assets

 Investment in subsidiaries

 $
 66,340,628

 $
 58,973,935

 2,742,384

 3,108,898

 Common Stocks

 1,431,097

 1,303,224

 Other invested assets

 173,220

 213,230

 Cash and cash equivalents

 668,052

 348,692

 Due from subsidiaries

 1,041,131

 1,111,804

 Accrued investment income

 11,912

 9,375

 Income taxes - current

 664,148

 766,927

 Goodwill and other intangibles

 52,500

 86,042

 Fixed assets

 1,694

 15,161

 Other assets

 142,489

 159,426

 Total assets

 $
 73,269,255

 $
 66,096,714

 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

 Liabilities:

 Debt

 $
 5,366,494

 $
 5,463,608

 Accrued expenses

 662,969

 112,722

 Income taxes - deferred

 22,853

 24,372

 Other liabilities

 213,390

 55,081

 Total liabilities

 6,265,706

 5,655,783

 Equity:

 Common stock 1

 Treasury stock, at cost 2

 ( 5,710,324
)

 ( 5,463,535
)

 Additional paid-in capital

 33,330,846

 33,119,125

 Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax

 ( 6,621,336
)

)

 Retained earnings

 47,844,368

 43,701,233

 Less: Unearned Employee Stock Ownership Plan shares at cost 3

 ( 1,875,005
)

 ( 2,109,375
)

 Total equity

 67,003,549

 60,440,931

 Total liabilities and equity

 $
 73,269,255

 $
 66,096,714

 1 Par value $0.01; authorized: 2023 – 10,000,000 shares and 2022 – 10,000,000 shares; issued: 2023 – 3,500,000 shares and 2022 – 3,500,000 shares; outstanding: 2023 – 3,138,976 shares and 2022 – 3,153,741 shares.

 2 2023 – 361,024 shares and 2022 – 346,259 shares

 3 2023 – 187,498 shares and 2022 – 210,935 shares

 ~
 90 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC.

 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings – Parent Company Only

 Year Ended

 Year Ended

 Net investment income (loss)

 $
 ( 28,683
)

 $
 19,504

 Net realized investment gains

 20,186

 52,564

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments

 63,457

 ( 189,059
)

 Other income

 2,779

 Total revenue

 57,739

 ( 116,794
)

 Policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses

 1,781,402

 1,732,482

 Interest expense on debt

 —

 40,281

 General corporate expenses

 ( 5,000
)

 -

 Total expenses

 1,776,402

 1,772,763

 Loss before equity earnings of subsidiaries and income taxes

 ( 1,718,663
)

 ( 1,889,557
)

 Total income tax benefit

 ( 316,569
)

 ( 299,543
)

 Net loss before equity earnings of subsidiaries

 ( 1,402,094
)

 ( 1,590,014
)

 Equity earnings in subsidiaries

 5,658,989

 1,008,352

 $

 $
)

 Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

 52,458

 ( 209,209
)

 Equity in other comprehensive earnings (loss) of subsidiaries

 2,167,723

 ( 11,552,335
)

 Comprehensive earnings (loss)

 $
 6,477,076

 $
 ( 12,343,206
)

 ~
 91 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC.

 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 Statement of Cash Flows – Parent Company Only

 Year Ended

 Year Ended

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $

 $
)

 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on investments

 ( 83,643
)

 136,495

 Depreciation

 ( 12,829
)

 24,065

 Deferred income tax

 14,776

 23,969

 Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries

 ( 5,658,989
)

 ( 1,008,352
)

 Amortization of bond premium and discount

 2,226

 Stock-based compensation expense

 446,091

 388,359

 Change in:

 Intercompany notes receivable

 —

 4,473

 Due to (from) subsidiaries

 70,673

 ( 1,046,958
)

 Accrued investment income

 ( 2,537
)

 4,371

 Accrued expenses

 550,247

 ( 4,173
)

 Current federal income tax

 102,779

 ( 312,389
)

 Other

 214,246

 ( 29,924
)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 100,065
)

 ( 2,400,965
)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Contributions from subsidiaries

 364,529

 4,691,823

 Purchases of:

 ( 174,482
)

 ( 724,994
)

 ( 320,098
)

 ( 202,897
)

 Proceeds from sales, maturities and calls of:

 596,618

 573,820

 284,423

 173,523

 Property and equipment

 12,338

 24,293

 Net cash provided by investing activities

 763,328

 4,535,568

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Repayments of borrowed funds

 ( 97,114
)

 ( 51,490
)

 Purchase of treasury stock

 ( 246,789
)

 ( 2,308,136
)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 343,903
)

 ( 2,359,626
)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 319,360

 ( 225,023
)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 348,692

 573,715

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

 $
 668,052

 $
 348,692

 Supplemental information:

 Interest paid

 —

 38,531

 ~
 92 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 Schedule III — Supplemental Insurance Information

 Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

 Deferred policy acquisition costs

 Future policy benefits, losses, claims, and loss expenses

 Unearned premiums

 Other policy and benefits payable

 Net premiums earned

 Commercial Business

 $

 8,552

 $

 $

 47,260

 $

 1,132

 $

 75,717

 Total

 $

 8,552

 $

 $

 47,260

 $

 1,132

 $

 75,717

 Commercial Business

 $

 7,167

 $

 $

 40,527

 $

 1,405

 $

 69,057

 Total

 $

 7,167

 $

 $

 40,527

 $

 1,405

 $

 69,057

 Net investment income

 Benefits, claims, losses, and settlement expenses

 Amortization of DAC

 Other operating expenses

 Net premiums written

 Commercial Business

 $

 5,179

 $

 $

 15,104

 $

 14,386

 $

 82,642

 Total

 $

 5,179

 $

 $

 15,104

 $

 14,386

 $

 82,642

 Commercial Business

 $

 4,034

 $

 $

 13,468

 $

 12,401

 $

 73,391

 Total

 $

 4,034

 $

 $

 13,468

 $

 12,401

 $

 73,391

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm.

 ~
 93 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 Schedule IV — Reinsurance

 Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

 Ceded to

 Assumed from

 Percentage of

 Premiums

 Gross

 other

 other

 Net

 amount

 earned

 amount

 companies

 companies

 amount

 assumed to net

 2023

 $

 86,260

 $

 10,703

 $

 $

 75,717

 0.2

 %

 2022

 $

 78,412

 $

 9,512

 $

 $

 69,057

 0.2

 %

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm.

 ~
 94 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 Schedule V — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

 2023

 2022

 Beginning balance, allowance for uncollectible amounts

 $

 $

 Write-offs, net of (recoveries)

 Change in valuation allowance

 ( 254

)

 ( 191

)

 Ending balance, allowance for uncollectible amounts

 $

 $

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm.

 ~
 95 ~

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 Schedule VI — Supplemental Information

 Years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022

 Deferred

 Reserve for

 policy

 losses and

 Discount if

 Net

 acquisition

 settlement

 any deducted

 Unearned

 Net earned

 investment

 costs

 expenses

 from reserves

 premium

 premiums

 income

 2023

 $

 8,552

 $

 $

 —

 $

 47,260

 $

 75,717

 $

 5,179

 2022

 $

 7,167

 $

 $

 —

 $

 40,527

 $

 69,057

 $

 4,034

 Paid losses

 Losses and settlement

 and

 expenses incurred related to

 Amortization

 settlement

 Net written

 Prior year

 of DAC

 expenses

 premiums

 2023

 $

 $

 2,549

 $

 15,104

 $

 ( 42,833

)

 $

 82,642

 2022

 $

 $

 5,099

 $

 13,468

 $

 ( 37,843

)

 $

 73,391

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm.

 ~
 96 ~

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") that are designed to ensure that required information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the required timeframe as specified in the SEC's rules and forms of the SEC. Our disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Our management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures at December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, the Company's management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

 This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting as required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Because we qualify as a smaller reporting company, management's report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information

 During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted or terminated a "Rule 105b5 - 1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5 - 1 trading arrangement" (each as defined in Item 408 (a) and (c) of Regulation S-K).

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 None.

 ~ 97 ~

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

 Information required for Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the proxy statement entitled: "Proposal One: Election of Directors," "Corporate Governance and Board Matters," "Executive Management," "Executive Compensation," and "Committees of the Board of Directors."

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Information required for Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the proxy statement entitled: "Board Meetings and Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Executive Compensation," and "Executive Compensation Practices."

 The following table provides information related to equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023:

 Plan Category

 Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights (a)

 Weighted-average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights (b)

 Number of Securities Remaining for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column a)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders

 45,500

 —

 401,689

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 45,500

 —

 401,689

 All awards under the ICC Holdings, Inc. Executive Discretionary Bonus Program are in the form of restricted stock units. Accordingly, they were not included in calculating the weight-average exercise price because shares of common stock will be issued for no consideration.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Information required for Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the proxy statement entitled: "Share Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners."

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Information required for Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the proxy statement entitled: "Corporate Governance and Board Matters."

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Information required for Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the proxy statement entitled: "Fees Paid to the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm."

 ~ 98 ~

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)(1-2) See Item 8 for Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules included in this report.

 (3) Exhibits. See Exhibit Index on page 99.

 (b)Exhibits. See Exhibit Index on page 99.

 (c)Financial Statement Schedules. See Financial Statement Schedules on pages 91-97.

 ~ 99 ~

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit Number

 Description

 3.1

 Form of Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of ICC Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on December 23, 2016)

 3.2

 Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws of ICC Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on December 23, 2016)

 4.1

 Description of Common Stock

 10.1

 ICC Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-38046) filed on April 13, 2017).

 10.2

 Employment Agreement among ICC Holdings, Inc., Illinois Casualty Company and Arron K. Sutherland (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on November 7, 2016)

 10.3

 Form of Change of Control Agreement among ICC Holdings, Inc., Illinois Casualty Company and an employee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on November 7, 2016)

 10.4

 ICC Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on November 7, 2016)

 10.5

 Purchase Agreement among ICC Holdings, Inc., Illinois Casualty Company, and certain investors, including R. Kevin Clinton (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on October 13, 2016)

 10.8

 Illinois Casualty Company Profit Sharing Cash Bonus Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-214081) filed on October 13, 2016)

 10.9

 Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement (Chief Executive Officer) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (File No. 001-38406) filed on April 2, 2018)

 10.10

 Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (File No. 001-38406) filed on April 2, 2018)

 10.11

 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated August 31, 2018, by and between ICC Holdings, Inc. and certain entities and individuals identified on Annex A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Schedule 13D/A (File No. 000-1701992) filed by R. Kevin Clinton on September 12, 2018)

 21.1

 Subsidiaries of ICC Holdings, Inc.

 23.1

 Consent of Johnson Lambert LLP

 31.1

 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2

 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1

 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2

 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1

 ICC Holdings, Inc. Policy on Erroneously Awarded Commission (Clawback Policy)

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 ~ 100 ~

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 ICC HOLDINGS, INC.

 By:

 /s/ Arron K. Sutherland

 Arron K. Sutherland, President and
 Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Capacity

 Date

 /s/ Arron K. Sutherlad

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Arron K. Sutherland

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Joel K. Heriford

 Joel K. Heriford

 /s/ Gerald J. Pepping

 Gerald J. Pepping

 /s/ Mark J. Schwab

 Mark J. Schwab

 /s/ James R. Dingman

 James R. Dingman

 R. Kevin Clinton

 /s/ John R. Klockau

 John R. Klockau

 /s/ Daniel H. Portes

 Daniel H. Portes

 /s/ Christine C. Schmitt

 Christine C. Schmitt

 /s/ Michael R. Smith

 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial

 Michael R. Smith

 and Accounting Officer)

 ~ 101 ~