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 UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from _____ to _____

 Commission File Number 001-39754

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 84-1956909

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

 101 Mission Street, Suite 1050
 San Francisco, California

 94105

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 650) 419-3827

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share

 DOMA

 The New York Stock Exchange

 Warrants, 25 whole warrants exercisable for one share of common stock at an exercise price of $287.50 per share

 DOMAW
 *

 * The warrants are trading on the OTC Pink Marketplace under the symbol "DOMAW".

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 3 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $ 30,957,182, based on the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange as of such date. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer, director, and holder of more than 10% of our common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates.

 As of March 28, 2024, there were 13,887,772 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of the proxy statement relating to the Registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement"), to be filed no later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Page

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 Introductory Note

 Risk Factor Summary

 Part I.

 Item 1. Business

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Item 2. Properties

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Part II.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant 's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management 's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market risk

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B. Other Information

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Part III.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Part IV.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Annual Report") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. All statements, other than statements of present or historical fact included in this Annual Report, about our plans, strategies and prospects, both business and financial, are forward-looking statements. Any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "should," "could," "would," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "continue," "goal," "project" or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. Moreover, the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report. We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control.

 Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

 •

 our projected financial information, anticipated growth rate and market opportunity;

 •

 our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange;

 •

 our proposed Merger (defined below) with Parent (as defined below), including the likelihood of the satisfaction of the conditions to the completion of the Merger and whether and when the transaction will be consummated

 •

 our ability to realize the expected benefits of the Merger;

 •

 the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement (defined below);

 •

 the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us and others relating to the Merger;

 •

 our ability to raise financing in the future and to comply with restrictive covenants related to long-term indebtedness;

 •

 our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors;

 •

 the accounting of our warrants as liabilities and any changes in the value of our warrants having a material effect on our financial results;

 •

 factors relating to our business, operations and financial performance, including:

 our ability to drive an increasing proportion of orders in our Enterprise channel through the Doma Intelligence platform;

 changes in the competitive and regulated industries in which we operate, variations in technology and operating performance across competitors, and changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

 the current and future health and stability of the economy, financial conditions and residential housing market, including any extended downturn or slowdown;

 changes in general economic and financial conditions (including federal monetary policy, interest rates, inflation, home price fluctuations, housing inventory, labor shortages and supply chain issues) that may reduce demand for our products and services, lower our profitability or reduce our access to financing;

 our ability to implement business plans, forecasts and other expectations, and identify and realize additional opportunities; and

 the impact of COVID-19 on our business;

 the impact on the real estate finance market from recent macroeconomic events and conditions that have resulted in a significant increase in interest rates largely due to actions of the U.S. Federal Reserve; and

 •

 other factors described in Part I, Item 1A " Risk Factors " set forth this Annual Report.

 Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Additional cautionary statements or discussions of risks and uncertainties that could affect our results or the achievement of the expectations described in forward-looking statements may also be contained in any subsequent periodic report.

 Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this Annual Report occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements.

 You should read this Annual Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity and performance as well as other events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

 Introductory Note

 On July 28, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), Capitol Investment Corp. V ("Capitol") consummated a business combination (the "Business Combination") with Doma Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Old Doma"), pursuant to the agreement and plan of merger, dated March 2, 2021, by and among Capitol, Capitol V Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Capitol ("Merger Sub"), and Old Doma (as amended on March 18, 2021, the "Agreement"). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Old Doma changed its name to States Title Holding, Inc. ("States Title"), Capitol changed its name to Doma Holdings, Inc. ("Doma") and Old Doma became a wholly owned subsidiary of Doma. Doma continues the existing business operations of Old Doma as a publicly traded company.

 On March 28, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), with RE Closing Buyer Corp., a Delaware corporation ("Parent"), and RE Closing Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Parent ("Merger Sub"). The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the "Merger"), with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Closing Parent Holdco, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership ("Topco"), the indirect parent company of Parent. Parent is part of the Title Resources Group, which operates a title insurance underwriting business. Under the terms of the Merger, among other things, Parent would acquire our outstanding shares for $6.29 per share in cash.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to "company," "Company," "Doma," "we," "us," "our" and similar terms refer to Doma Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Capitol Investment Corp. V) and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to "Capitol" refer to our predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to "Old Doma" refer to Old Doma prior to the Business Combination and to States Title, the wholly owned subsidiary of Doma, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

 Available Information

 Our website address is  Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), are filed or furnished, as applicable, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Copies of these reports, as well as any amendments to these reports, are available free of charge through our website at  as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains the materials we file with the SEC at

 Information contained or referenced on the foregoing websites is not incorporated by reference into and does not form a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, the Company's references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

 Risk Factor Summary

 Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, which demonstrate the challenges we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. The following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our business strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of our securities (including our common stock) and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment:

 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

 •

 Legislative and regulatory responses to COVID-19 and resulting macroeconomic trends have adversely affected and could have adverse effects on our business in the future.

 •

 We have a history of net losses and could continue to incur substantial net losses in the future.

 •

 Our future growth and profitability depend in part on our ability to successfully operate in the highly competitive real estate and insurance industries; there is no assurance that we will be successful.

 •

 Our success depends to a significant extent on the timely rollout of our machine intelligence technology.

 •

 We have a limited operating history and a novel business model.

 •

 Many of our competitors in the real estate and title insurance industries have brands that are well recognized. Our brand may not become as widely known or accepted as incumbents' brands.

 •

 We experienced quick growth and may not be able to manage future growth effectively.

 •

 Our growth depends on our ability to expand our product offerings and our prospects for growth may be adversely affected if we are unsuccessful.

 •

 Our product development cycles are complex, and we may incur significant expenses before we generate revenues and efficiencies, if any, from new products.

 •

 Our financial condition is affected by changes in economic conditions, particularly mortgage interest rates, credit availability and consumer confidence, and adverse changes in conditions may reduce our revenues.

 •

 Because our revenue depends on macroeconomic conditions, our results of operations fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.

 •

 Our historical financial results as a private company may not be indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations would have been as a public company or those we will achieve.

 •

 We may require additional capital to support business growth or to satisfy our regulatory capital and surplus requirements, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

 •

 Cyber-attacks and security breaches could have an adverse effect on our business and expose us to liability.

 •

 Technology disruptions or failures, including our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our business or cause legal or reputational harm.

 •

 Our title and escrow business relies on data from consumers and unaffiliated third parties, the unavailability or inaccuracy of which could limit the functionality of our products.

 •

 Our success depends on our industry adopting new products at their current pace and the continued growth and acceptance of data science and machine intelligence-driven products.

 •

 We rely extensively on models in managing our business, and if they are not accurate or are misinterpreted, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

 •

 Our expansion will subject us to additional costs and risks, and we may not be successful.

 •

 Regulators may limit our ability to develop or implement our proprietary technology.

 •

 Our workforce reductions undertaken to re-balance our cost structure may not achieve our intended outcome.

 •

 Our results of operations depend, in part, on the performance of our investment portfolio.

 •

 Failures at financial institutions at which we deposit funds could adversely affect us.

 •

 Our actual incurred losses may be greater than our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 •

 There are risks associated with our indebtedness.

 •

 Unexpected changes in the interpretation of our coverage or provisions, including loss limitations and exclusions, in our policies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

 •

 State regulation of the rates we charge for title insurance could adversely affect our results of operations.

 •

 Denial of claims or our failure to properly pay claims could materially and adversely affect our business.

 •

 Unexpected increases in the volume or severity of claims may adversely affect our results of operations.

 •

 Our use of third-party agents could adversely impact the frequency and severity of title claims.

 •

 Reinsurance may be unavailable at current levels and prices, which may limit our ability to underwrite new policies; furthermore, reinsurance subjects us to counterparty risk.

 •

 We may be unable to prevent, monitor or detect fraudulent activity.

 •

 Failure to maintain our risk-based capital at the required levels could adversely affect us.

 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 •

 Our inability to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property could reduce the value of our products, services and brand.

 •

 If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business would be harmed.

 •

 Third parties may allege that we violate their intellectual property rights and we may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly.

 •

 We use licensed software in our business, and the inability to maintain these licenses, errors in the software or the terms of open source licenses could adversely affect our business.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

 •

 Insiders have substantial control over us and could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

 •

 Future sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 •

 Delaware law and our organizational documents contain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

 •

 Delaware law may delay or prevent a change in control, and may discourage bids for our common stock at a premium over its market price.

 •

 The provisions of our certificate of incorporation regarding exclusive forum for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

 Risks Related to the Merger

 •

 The Merger is subject to various closing conditions, which may delay the Merger, result in additional expenditures of money and resources or reduce the anticipated benefits or result in the termination of the Merger Agreement.

 •

 Failure to complete the Merger may result in us paying a termination fee or reimbursement of expenses to the other party and could harm our common stock price and our future business and operations.

 Risks Related to Accounting and Financial Reporting

 •

 We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company and to the extent we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

 •

 Our Public and Private Placement Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

 •

 If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

 The risks described above should be read together with the text of the full risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. " Risk Factors " and the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the SEC. Our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. Certain statements in " Risk Factors " are forward-looking statements. See " Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements " herein.

 Item 1. Business

 Mission

 Doma is a technology company that is architecting the future of real estate transactions. Using machine intelligence and our proprietary technology solutions, we are creating a vastly more simple, efficient, and affordable real estate closing experience for current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents and real estate professionals.

 Our mission is to remove friction and frustration from an antiquated real estate transaction process that has been stuck in the 19th century, buried in piles of paper and hampered by technology that is decades out of date. Our approach is based on our innovative cloud-based software platform, "Doma Intelligence," which will enable us to deliver a significantly improved and more affordable customer experience at every point in the closing process of a home purchase or refinance. Doma's broader mission is founded on the premise that home ownership represents a key milestone in life that should be available to all individuals.

 Overview

 Doma was founded in 2016 to focus top-tier data scientists, product managers, and engineers on building game-changing technology to completely reimagine the residential real estate closing process. Our approach to the title process is driven by our innovative platform, Doma Intelligence. It provides a revolutionary new real estate closing platform that seeks to eliminate laborious, manual tasks involved in underwriting title insurance, performing core escrow functions, generating closing documentation and getting documents signed and recorded. The platform harnesses the power of data analytics, machine learning and natural language processing, which enables us to deliver a more affordable and faster transaction. Doma's machine intelligence algorithms are being trained and optimized on 30 years of historical anonymized transaction data allowing us to make underwriting decisions in less than a minute and significantly reduce the time, effort and cost of facilitating the entire closing process.

 Our primary business activity is the issuance of residential and commercial title insurance on purchase and refinance transactions. We also provide title, escrow and settlement services for primarily residential refinance transactions. In refinance transactions, we reach homeowners refinancing existing mortgages on their homes through our referral relationships with large, centralized lenders and mortgage originators. These partners have developed operating and processing systems for originating and processing refinance transactions at scale. Our Doma Intelligence platform has been used for refinance transactions, with all of the Doma Enterprise order volume on the platform. Our underwriting insurance business services Doma transactions in addition to purchase and refinance transactions for independent title agents. Our go-to-market strategy is centered on these two principal distribution channels, which we call "Third-Party Agents" for the independent title and escrow agents and "Doma Enterprise" for our referral relationships with large, centralized lenders and mortgage originators.

 For orders driven through the Doma Intelligence platform, our technological edge allows us to provide a strong value proposition. To date, our technology has shown that it is capable of:

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 Providing machine learning enabled title commitments on over 80% of our title insurance orders driven through the Doma Intelligence platform with title commitment decisions made in one minute or less and full commitment appearing in typically less than an hour. This facilitates a dramatically faster experience than the typical three to five days for legacy title and escrow providers to deliver a title commitment;

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 Delivering a notably faster end-to-end process, with customers on average experiencing over 15% faster closings and closing 10% more reliably.

 We believe we have an attractive business model with strong profitability as highlighted by our approximately 40% and 53% adjusted gross profit as a percentage of retained premiums and fees in our Underwriting segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We expect to meaningfully grow our business by expanding the use of the Doma Intelligence platform with our Third-Party Agents and identifying new ways to leverage our proven instant underwriting capabilities.

 We are still only in the early stages of the digital transformation of the real estate experience, with much of the entire closing process still burdened with manual steps that do not match today's technological and digital advancements. We are confident that we can use machine intelligence to help drive a faster, more frictionless home ownership experience, and we will strategically deploy our technology and capital to areas where we can create time and cost savings for our customers.

 Discontinued Operations

 Starting in the second quarter of 2023 and finalized in the third quarter of 2023, the Company sold its assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through retail title offices (the Company's 'Local Component'). With the execution of these agreements, the Company no longer has operations related to our previous Local retail branch footprint. The Company determined that the execution of these agreements represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, which triggered discontinued operations presentation in the third quarter of 2023, in accordance with ASC 205-20-45, for the Company's Local Component within its previous Distribution segment. All periods presented have been revised to show results from continuing and discontinued operations, unless otherwise noted. For more information, refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 23 "Discontinued Operations."

 Proposed Merger

 On March 28, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), with RE Closing Buyer Corp., a Delaware corporation ("Parent"), and RE Closing Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Parent ("Merger Sub"). The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the "Merger"), with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Closing Parent Holdco, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership ("Topco"), the indirect parent company of Parent. Under the terms of the Merger, among other things, Parent would acquire our outstanding shares for $6.29 per share in cash.

 The Company's board of directors, acting on the unanimous recommendation of a special committee comprised of independent and disinterested directors formed for the purpose of considering the transaction, unanimously (i) determined that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, the Voting and Support Agreement (as defined below) and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are fair, advisable and in the best interests of the Company and the disinterested stockholders and (ii) approved the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, and the Voting and Support Agreement and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, and (iii) resolved to submit and recommend the Merger Agreement to the Company's stockholders for approval and adoption thereby.

 A further description of the Merger Agreement, the Merger and certain inter-related transactions was included in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference. For more information, also refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 Industry Background

 A Large, Antiquated Market

 Residential real estate is one of the largest markets and biggest contributors to the U.S. economy. Approximately 66% of American households owned a home as of the fourth quarter of 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and according to the Mortgage Bankers Association, there were nearly 4.8 million homes sold in 2023 for approximately $1.9 trillion of total transaction volume. There were a total of approximately 4.3 million mortgage originations in 2023, split between home purchase financings (approximately 77%) and mortgage refinancings (approximately 23%). Virtually all of these mortgages, whether related to a purchase or refinancing, required title insurance as well as escrow and closing services.

 The processes underlying the residential real estate market and the companies providing services to it have remained largely analog as many other industries have quickly migrated toward a more digital world. Digitization of industries across the economy has been associated with delivering goods, services and experiences with vastly improved efficiency and certainty. The next wave of first-time homebuyers will be dominated by the over 72 million Americans classified as millennials, according to Statista, who are more oriented toward instant, digital processes than ever before. Over the next several years, as many as 5 million millennials will annually reach age 32 which represents the average age of a first-time homebuyer. This will provide a tailwind for the real estate market as well as for market participants offering technology-enabled and digital services.

 Unique Differentiators

 The Opportunity for Doma in Title and Escrow

 There are several factors that we believe gives Doma a meaningful first mover advantage in delivering a faster, more efficient, more enjoyable and more affordable solution across the title insurance and closing market:

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 A proprietary platform based on machine intelligence that has been purpose-built and refined specifically for the unique nuances encountered in U.S. residential real estate transactions and is being trained and optimized on 30 years of proprietary title insurance and closing data. Our extensively tested technology has both deepened and broadened referral partners' reliance on Doma with solutions that remove entire chunks of the closing process.

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 A highly specialized approach to fulfilling key service functions that combines deep operational excellence with at-scale centralization to augment our technology-led product offerings and deliver a vastly improved level of service to referral partners and customers. We are powering the most optimal and affordable outcomes by combining cutting-edge technology with deep-market knowledge.

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 Owning the end-to-end process of closing, as both an escrow agency and a title insurance underwriter, Doma has a differentiated ability to innovate across the entire end-to-end process of writing a policy, from underwriting to the back-end processing. Our relentless focus on innovation and performance improvement drives new customer acquisition, and growth with existing referral partners, and underpins the high capital-efficiency of our business model.

 The Traditional Title and Closing Experience

 The process of going from an accepted offer on a home purchase to signed final documents—referred to as the title and closing process—is largely a cumbersome black box with little explanation provided to the customer as to why it takes an average of up to 45 days to complete, according a December 2023 report from ICE Mortgage Technology. The typical process, which is identical for refinance transactions, is outlined below for illustrative purposes:

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 Order for title insurance placed. A representative of the buyer, seller or the lender places an order for title insurance.

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 Title search begins. An individual at a title company begins a search to clear the title. This involves performing a search of historical property records, which is done digitally where possible, but often requires manual review of paper records depending on when the property last changed hands and the sophistication of the county office.

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 Title issues arise. Sometimes issues are discovered during the title search process that may need to be resolved prior to closing. Examples may include an incorrect legal description of the property on a deed or mortgage, unresolved liens from prior owners or ownership matters such as mistakes on a deed or missing heirs.

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 Title is cleared to close. Typically three to five days after the title search begins, the search is complete and any issues on a title are resolved. The title is then cleared to close.

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 Fee collaboration begins. Traditionally, fee collaboration involves a tedious process where individuals at both the title and escrow company as well as the lender manually compare itemized fees across the settlement statements in order to balance those fees and incorporate them into the closing documents.

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 Final document signing is coordinated. The title and escrow company schedules the signing event to involve a notary and all those who need to sign the closing documents, such as borrowers, sellers, buyers, attorneys and real estate agents. While a number of states allow for methods that enable the signing event to take place via an online video session, most signing events still take place in-person.

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 Post-closing process is initiated. In the final steps of closing after signing, payoff demands are processed, funds are disbursed, and the documents are recorded with the county.

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 Title insurance issued. A title insurance policy is issued to the owner and/or lender, protecting their interest(s) in the property.

 The process seeks to protect home buyers and lenders from defects in the title to the home that can lead to losses and to ensure that all the right parties are paid and that all the correct documents are signed and recorded with the proper authorities.

 The historical closing process is an incredibly labor intensive, manual process today for three primary reasons. First, the process has not been disrupted or fundamentally altered since being established in the 1890s. Second, much of the technology used by title companies to process title and escrow was created in the 1990s, and there has been little innovation since. Third, many counties throughout the United States have yet to digitize their records, making the title search process for transfer of ownership cumbersome and time consuming.

 Technology that Transforms the Experience

 Doma Intelligence

 Our vision is to architect the future of real estate transactions and create a vastly more simple, efficient, and affordable closing experience for current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents and real estate professionals. As a first step towards that goal, we chose to initially focus on transforming the underwriting portion of the real estate landscape.

 To that end, we have built a proprietary platform called Doma Intelligence. We commercially launched the initial core feature of the Doma Intelligence platform in 2018 and have since built out a set of complementary features that extend cutting edge machine learning across the entire title and escrow process. This platform automates many aspects of the closing process, powered by data science, natural language processing and machine intelligence. Currently, all of our direct refinance order volume from our Doma Enterprise partners are fulfilled through our Doma Intelligence platform. Our machine intelligence algorithms are being trained and optimized on 30 years of historical data, allowing our Doma Intelligence platform to make a majority of our title underwriting decisions in less than a minute, significantly reducing the time, effort and cost of the closing process.

 Doma Title, a product powered by Doma Intelligence, replaces the time and labor-intensive title search process with a predictive algorithm that utilizes a forward-thinking, risk-based insurance model to produce title commitments automatically, compared to a multi-day process in the traditional path. More than 80% of orders passed through Doma Title today have machine learning enabled title commitment decisions made in one minute or less, with the full commitment appearing in typically less than an hour. As a result, transactions can be processed faster, with less back-and-forth between the parties. This increased speed will improve the pull-through rate of closings for our customers over time by shortening the time to close. Over more than five years of operations, Doma Title's data-science driven, automated approach to the title curative process maintains the same degree of safety and protection for the policyholder against any outstanding issues on title.

 The Doma Intelligence Platform Integration Options

 Our integration offerings for lenders cover a range of integration channels that include:

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 Direct integrations to partner systems such as Loan Origination Systems ("LOS") or other applications;

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 Integrations via third-party middleware; and

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 Doma Connect, a set of modern, RESTful public APIs that enable partners to create more seamless and efficient workflows with their own systems, rather than relying on email as a form of information exchange.

 All our integration options were built in a way that both support and complement our machine intelligence enabled product offerings so that partners can maximize their unique value within workflows.

 Technology Infrastructure

 Best-in-class machine learning systems require a proper flow of data from production into the data science environment as well as proper labeling. The key advancement of the data architecture behind the Doma Intelligence platform is the inclusion of manual labeling within its ecosystem. Currently, we target a rate of approximately 80% of underwriting decisions to be instant for transactions that run through the Doma Intelligence platform. Even if a policy is not instantly underwritten, it still benefits from other Doma Intelligence features. Machine learning systems can ingest human-labeled data to yield increased accuracy and predictive power, resulting in a fully closed optimization system that is entirely proprietary within Doma. To power this system, we have connected the leading multi-connected data warehouse, Snowflake, to our Azure/Python machine learning environment and Looker visualization tool, synergizing human production, machine learning automation, and resilient and vibrant cloud architecture in a manner that is unlike that of most real estate technology companies.

 Underwriting Insurance Services

 Doma Title Insurance, Inc., or referred to herein as "DTI" (formerly known as North American Title Insurance Company ("NATIC")), a subsidiary of Doma, is a seasoned title insurance underwriter with a national network of independent and affiliated title insurance agents authorized to issue title insurance policies for consumers and lenders. When a property claim arises against an underwriting policy, based on the policy issued, DTI provides coverage that includes losses from defects in the title that were not discovered during the search and examination. DTI offers products and services for all real estate transaction types, operates in 48 states and the District of Columbia and holds an A' (A Prime), unsurpassed rating by Demotech, Inc. as of December 31, 2023. DTI's team of underwriting attorneys provide legal guidance and answers to complex title issues with a guaranteed response time of one hour.

 Growth Opportunities

 We are in the early stages of a multi-year business model expansion to provide services to the residential real estate market. We intend to invest in our business to advance the efficiency, affordability, and quality of execution in real estate transactions through the adoption of our proprietary platform. Our growth opportunities and strategies include:

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 Innovate and advance the Doma Intelligence platform. We have developed a leading machine learning platform and a strong track record of technological innovation supported by our intellectual property portfolio. We are continuously optimizing and improving our machine learning platform to deliver title insurance and transaction services to lenders and homeowners with best-in-class customer service as well as high efficiency and accuracy, all at a lower cost to homeowners. We intend to continue making investments in research and development to strengthen our technical advantage in our platform's architecture. We believe that our deep understanding of the regulatory framework and the embedded knowledge of the real estate industry in our machine learning platform will enable us to efficiently develop new offerings, which will further differentiate us relative to our competitors.

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 Drive increased usage within our existing base of partners. The value proposition of the Doma Intelligence platform is what drives wallet share expansion from our existing referral partners. We believe that our title insurance and transaction services allow our lender partners to quickly achieve improvements in efficiency that will let them process more loans with less overhead, driving meaningful profitability improvements. To drive more transactions from our Third-Party Agents and better serve them, we launched an 'Accelerated Commitment' refinance product in the fourth quarter of 2022, which uses the Doma Intelligence platform to reduce their curative and post-closing tasks. These efficiency gains in turn allow our independent title agents to focus on marketing and expanding their network.

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 Drive growth by acquiring new customers and partners. We believe that all constituents involved in residential real estate transactions will continue to embrace the benefits of our technology driven solutions and that the opportunity to continue growing our base of customers and referral partners, including centralized lenders, independent title agents and local realtors, is substantial. To drive new growth in new customers and referral partners, we intend to build on this momentum by identifying new ways to more quickly roll out our proven instant underwriting capabilities. Our instant, machine-learning based underwriting is our original core value driver. It has delivered value to many of the largest, most well-known mortgage originators in the country. We are also identifying more efficient and profitable ways to make this technology more widely available, with an emphasis on successfully deploying our technology with new distribution channels. We are working towards engaging in new partnerships with mortgage originators and the broader lending ecosystem in addition to independent title agents.

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 Expand our geographic footprint. As of December 31, 2023, we were licensed in 48 states and the District of Columbia for our underwriting services. There is opportunity to grow our presence in those geographic locations and gain approval and licensure in the states where we are not currently operating. We have a dedicated internal organization that is focused on establishing the operational infrastructure and obtaining the necessary state and local licensure to enter new geographies which will allow us to grow with new and existing customers and increase our market share over time.

 Customer Acquisition

 Our sales and marketing approach is rooted in the competitive pricing and accelerated timeline enabled by the efficiencies gained through the Doma Intelligence platform. Unlike traditional title and escrow organizations, we embrace a go-to-market strategy that leverages digital distribution and modern, cloud-based automation. We believe this generates lower customer acquisition costs and increases conversion rates.

 Sales

 We generate sales across two principal distribution channels:

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 Third-Party Agents. Comprised of independent title and escrow agents utilizing our underwriting insurance services.

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 Doma Enterprise. Represents partnerships with national lenders and mortgage originators that maintain centralized lending operations.

 Our Third-Party Agent sales organization is comprised of sales professionals located across the United States. They engage with senior executive leadership at independent title and escrow agencies via traditional field sales techniques of phone calls, meetings and industry events. Strong educational content compliments the value proposition of underwriting insurance services for Third-Party agents.

 Our Doma Enterprise sales team is focused on building lasting relationships with partners that transact with high monthly customer volumes and are generally regionally agnostic. Our sales cycles in this distribution channel ranges from three months to a year with the duration typically dictated by the size and complexity of the potential lender's requirements.

 Customer Success

 For centralized lenders, our customer success team ensures a white-glove experience from their initial onboarding through their entire order production lifecycle with every homeowner they engage. Through proactive monitoring of account health and implementation of best practices, this team ensures that these referral partners and our customers are achieving maximum value from the engagement. The customer success team also works to continuously educate referral partners and customers on our new product features and provides guidance on operational best practices to allow them to maximize the benefit realized from our solutions. The customer success team continuously and proactively collects feedback to ensure we are improving how we deliver and meet their needs. In partnership with direct sales, this team drives increased wallet share which is inextricably linked to our high levels of customer satisfaction.

 Doma Service Operations

 Doma offers a comprehensive service offering that caters to the needs of all constituents involved in the closing process for all transactions flowing through our Doma Intelligence platform. This approach helps ensure our referral partners – and ultimately, homeowners – have an efficient closing experience that is free of friction and frustration.

 Doma Service Operations is a team focused on fulfilling strategic goals around operational efficiencies, growth, and throughput that we believe is unique in our industry. The team is, at its core, a fulfillment organization that was conceived to inform, adopt and supplement Doma technology products. The team operates with a singular focus of ensuring short and long-term success for all stakeholders involved in the real estate closing process. It is a centralized operation that we believe is the first-of-its-kind that borrows from data-centric platforms, lean fulfillment processes and practices, and the high-touch service of a local title and escrow operation – all combined into an efficient, scalable model that can flex to fit the needs of our customers. Doma Service Operations seeks to exceed industry-standard service level agreements for each transaction milestone and helps drive revenue growth by delivering fast and personal service.

 Intellectual Property

 We have been building our intellectual property for a number of years and a significant part of this effort has been in the development and patenting of our transformative technology in the home title and closing areas.

 We seek to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property by relying on a combination of federal, state and common law in the United States, as well as on contractual measures. This includes a variety of measures, such as patents, trademarks and trade secrets. We also seek to place appropriate restrictions on our proprietary information to control access and prevent unauthorized disclosures, a key part of our broader risk management strategy.

 We cannot provide assurances that any of our pending patent applications will issue as patents or that our issued patents, or any patents that issue from our pending patent applications, will be sufficient to protect our technology. The terms of individual issued patents extend for varying periods depending on the date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, utility patents issued for applications filed in the United States are granted a term of 20 years from the earliest effective filing date of a non-provisional patent application. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its validity and our issued patents may from time-to-time be challenged, narrowed and/or invalidated. The term of a patent, and the protection it affords, is therefore limited and we may face competition, including from other competing technologies. Failure to protect our intellectual property or proprietary rights adequately could significantly harm our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information, please see the Part I, Item 1A " Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property " in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Annual Report").

 Competition

 The traditional title and escrow market is highly concentrated by legacy, incumbent players. The "big four" providers of traditional title and escrow services are Fidelity National Financial, Inc.; First American Financial Corporation; Old Republic International Corporation and Stewart Information Services Corporation.

 The incumbent title and escrow service providers are larger than us and have significant competitive advantages, including increased name recognition, higher financial ratings, greater resources and additional access to capital than we currently do. Competition is based on many factors, including the reputation and experience of the title and escrow services provider, pricing and other terms and conditions, customer service, relationships with brokers and agents, size, and financial strength ratings, among other considerations.

 We also compete with new market entrants such as technology-enabled escrow agencies and technology providers of a title processing system. We believe none of these new market entrants enjoy the breadth of services or first-mover technology advantage Doma possesses today. Further, we see certain software platforms less as true or direct competitors and more as alternative solution offerings for small to mid-scale title agencies who may compete with us in regional markets.

 We believe that we compare favorably across many of the key competitive factors, and have developed a proprietary technology platform that we believe will be difficult for other providers to emulate. As we expand into new lines of business and offer additional products beyond title and escrow services, we could face intense competition from companies that are already established in such markets.

 Government Regulation

 The extensive and complex rules and regulations that we are subject to act as a natural barrier to entry in our industry, adding another dimension to our first mover advantage. These rules and regulations, as well as licensing and examination by various federal, state and local government authorities, are designed to, among other things, protect customers (such as payment regulations, insurance regulations, state and federal real estate transaction regulations). We are also subject to state and federal laws, which require extensive disclosure to, and consents from, customers. Moreover, in many jurisdictions where we operate, there are laws regulating pricing, prohibiting discrimination and unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices and imposing multiple qualification and licensing obligations on our activities. Failure to comply with any of these rules, regulations or requirements may result in, among other things, lawsuits (including class action lawsuits) or administrative enforcement actions seeking monetary damages, fines or civil monetary penalties, restitution or other payments to customers, modifications to business practices, revocation of required licenses or registrations.

 The following is a summary of certain aspects of the various statutes and regulations applicable to us and our subsidiaries. This summary is not a comprehensive analysis of all applicable laws, and is qualified by reference to the full text of statutes and regulations referenced below.

 State Licensing Requirements

 We or one or more of our subsidiaries may need, and have obtained, one or more state licenses as a title insurance business and title agency in order to offer title insurance policies and to provide title escrow and closing services to close refinance and home sale transactions. Where we have obtained licenses, state licensing statutes may impose a variety of requirements and restrictions on us, including:

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 record-keeping requirements;

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 surety bond and minimum net worth requirements;

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 restrictions on insurance premium and escrow pricing and fees;

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 annual or biennial activity reporting and license renewal requirements;

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 notification and approval requirements for changes in principal officers, directors, stock ownership or corporate control;

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 restrictions on marketing and advertising;

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 individual licensing requirements;

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 anti-money laundering and compliance program requirements;

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 data security and privacy requirements; and

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 requirements for policy forms and endorsements and other customer-facing documents.

 These statutes may also subject us to the examination authority of state regulators in certain cases, and we have experienced, are currently and will likely continue to be subject to and experience exams by state regulators. These examinations have and may continue to result in findings or recommendations that require us to modify our internal controls and/or business practices.

 Laws and Regulation

 Federal and State UDAAP Laws

 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Act grants the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB") the power to enforce unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts and practices ("UDAAP") prohibitions and to adopt UDAAP rules defining unlawful acts and practices. Additionally, provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act") prohibit "unfair" and "deceptive" acts and practices in business or commerce and give the FTC enforcement authority to prevent and redress violations of this prohibition. Virtually all states have similar laws. Whether a particular act or practice violates these laws frequently involves a highly subjective and/or fact-specific judgment.

 State Disclosure Requirements and Other Substantive Insurance Regulations

 We are subject to state laws and regulations that impose requirements related to title insurance disclosures and terms, discrimination, reporting, claim handling and processing. The method, extent and substance of such regulation varies by state, but generally has its source in National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the "NAIC") model laws and regulations that establish standards and requirements for conducting the business of insurance and that delegate regulatory authority to a state regulatory agency. Moreover, the NAIC Accreditation Program requires state regulatory agencies to meet baseline standards of solvency regulation, particularly with respect to regulation of multi-state insurers. In general, such regulation is intended for the protection of those who purchase or use our insurance products, and not our stockholders. These rules have a substantial effect on our business and relate to a wide variety of matters including: insurance company licensing and examination; price setting or premium rates; trade practices; approval of policy forms; claims practices; restrictions on transactions between our subsidiaries and their affiliates, including the payment of dividends; investments; underwriting standards; advertising and marketing practices; capital adequacy; and the collection, remittance and reporting of certain taxes, licenses and fees.

 The state laws and regulations that have the most significant effect on our insurance operations and financial reporting are discussed below.

 The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us is regulated by the laws of their state of domicile. Under these laws, insurance companies must provide advance informational notice to the domicile state insurance regulatory authority prior to payment of any dividend or distribution to our stockholders. Prior approval from the state insurance regulatory authority must be obtained before payment of an "extraordinary dividend" as defined under the state's insurance code. The amount of ordinary dividends that may be paid to us is subject to certain limitations, the amounts of which change each year. For additional information about dividends, refer to Part II, Item 5 " Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities " under the heading " Dividend Policy " and Note 22 " Regulation and Statutory Financial Information, " contained in Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 We are subject to various state regulations requiring investment portfolio diversification and limiting the concentration of investments we may maintain in certain asset categories. Failure to comply with these regulations leads to the treatment of nonconforming investments as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus. Further, in some instances, state regulations require us to sell certain nonconforming investments.

 For public reporting, insurance companies prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). However, state laws require us to calculate and report certain data according to statutory accounting rules as defined in the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual. While not a substitute for any U.S. GAAP measure of performance, statutory data frequently is used by industry analysts and other recognized reporting sources to facilitate comparisons of the performance of insurance companies.

 State insurance laws require that insurance companies analyze the adequacy of their reserves annually. Our appointed actuaries must submit an opinion that our statutory reserves are adequate to meet policy claims-paying obligations and related expenses.

 Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act

 The federal Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA") and Regulation X, which implements it, require certain disclosures to be made to the borrower at application, as to the lender's good-faith estimate of loan origination costs, and at closing with respect to the real estate settlement statement; apply to certain loan servicing practices including escrow accounts, member complaints, servicing transfers, lender-placed insurance, error resolution and loss mitigation. RESPA also prohibits giving or accepting any fee, kickback or a thing of value for the referral of real estate settlement services, and giving or accepting any portion of any fee charged for rendering a real estate settlement service other than for services actually performed. For most home loans, the time of application (loan estimate) and time of loan closing disclosure requirements for RESPA and TILA have been combined into integrated disclosures under the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures ("TRID") rule.

 Electronic Fund Transfer Act and NACHA Rules

 The federal Electronic Fund Transfer Act ("EFTA") and Regulation E that implements it provide guidelines and restrictions on the provision of electronic fund transfer services to consumers, and on making an electronic transfer of funds from consumers' bank accounts. In addition, transfers performed by ACH electronic transfers are subject to detailed timing and notification rules and guidelines administered by the National Automated Clearinghouse Association ("NACHA"). Most transfers of funds in connection with the origination and repayment of home loans are performed by electronic fund transfers, such as ACH transfers. We obtain necessary electronic authorization from borrowers for such transfers in compliance with such rules. Recently, the NACHA Board of Directors approved a change in the NACHA Operating Rules that requires ACH Originators to utilize commercially reasonable fraudulent transaction detection systems. The rule change, effective on March 19, 2021, required ACH Originators, including lenders, to perform account validation as part of their commercially reasonable fraudulent transaction detection system. This rule change required changes to our fraud detection systems associated with ACH electronic transfers that were properly implemented.

 Electronic Signatures in Global & National Commerce Act/Uniform Electronic Transactions Act

 The Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act ("ESIGN"), and similar state laws, particularly the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ("UETA"), authorize the creation of legally binding and enforceable agreements utilizing electronic records and signatures. ESIGN and UETA require businesses that want to use electronic records or signatures in consumer transactions and to provide electronic disclosures and other electronic communications to consumers, to obtain the consumer's consent to receive information electronically.

 Privacy and Consumer Information Security

 In the ordinary course of our business, we access, collect, store, use, transmit and otherwise process certain types of data, including personally identifiable information ("PII"), which subjects us to certain federal and state privacy and information security laws, rules, industry standards and regulations designed to regulate consumer information and data privacy, security and protection, and mitigate identity theft. These laws impose obligations with respect to the collection, processing, storage, disposal, use, transfer, retention and disclosure of PII, and, with limited exceptions, give consumers the right to prevent use of their PII and disclosure of it to third parties. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the "Gramm-Leach Bliley Act") requires us to disclose certain information sharing practices to consumers, and any subsequent changes to such practices, and provide an opportunity for consumers to opt out of certain sharing of their PII. This may limit our ability to share PII with third parties for certain purposes, such as marketing. In addition, the CFPB is expected to issue a new rule regulating the disclosure of consumer and information, which may limit our ability to receive or use PII and other consumer information and records supplied by third parties, or share information with third parties. Further, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have adopted data breach notification laws that impose, in varying degrees, an obligation to notify affected individuals and government authorities in the event of a data or security breach or compromise, including when a consumer's PII has or may have been accessed by an unauthorized person. These laws may also require us to notify relevant law enforcement, regulators or consumer reporting agencies in the event of a data breach. Some laws may also impose physical and electronic security requirements regarding the safeguarding of PII.

 On January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") took effect. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. While personal information that we process that is subject to the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act is exempt from the CCPA, the CCPA regulates other personal information that we collect and process in connection with the business. A new California ballot initiative, the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA") was passed in November 2020. Effective starting on January 1, 2023, the CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding consumers' rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. Certain other state laws impose similar privacy obligations. We anticipate that more states may enact legislation similar to the CCPA, which provides consumers with new privacy rights and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation. These proposals, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

 Legal Proceedings

 In the ordinary course of business, the Company is, or may become, involved in various pending or threatened litigation matters related to our operations, some of which may include claims for punitive or exemplary damages. For our business, customary litigation includes, but is not limited to, cases related to title and escrow claims, for which we make provisions through our loss reserves. Further, ordinary course litigation may include class action and purported class action lawsuits. We are not involved in any legal proceedings which reasonably could be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. For more information, see Part I, Item 3 " Legal Proceedings " of this Annual Report.

 Properties

 We primarily operate through a network of leased properties, including largely office spaces. We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current business requirements and that we will be able to find suitable space to accommodate any potential future expansion. Our leased properties total approximately 165,304 square feet, with the most significant properties being our headquarters in San Francisco, California, and our insurance underwriter's offices in Miami, Florida.

 Human Capital Resources and Talent Development

 Our top priority is building a durable and diverse culture with core values that enable people to come together to do the best work of their careers. Our cultural values are designed to support, develop and inspire people to solve problems and achieve results that others are afraid to take on, ultimately unlocking the potential of the organization, driving excellence across the business and solidifying us as a top career destination where people love to work.

 •

 We have established guiding principles to help us achieve our top priority;

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 Embodying our culture and values to ensure everyone feels welcome, included and able to contribute;

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 Integrating a diversity and inclusion lens into everything we do;

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 Guiding team members regarding where they are and where they are going — and giving them the tools and resources to get there;

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 Supporting managers to become effective people leaders;

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 Taking a principled approach to providing fair, relevant and competitive compensation and benefits to a dynamic workforce with diverse needs; and

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 Leveraging data to better understand the employee experience and measure our success.

 Diversity and Inclusion

 We are committed to implementing initiatives across our businesses to both enhance the diversity of our organization and ensure we, as One Team, have an inclusive culture where all employees feel heard, valued, respected and are encouraged to reach their full potential. Our commitment to Diversity and Inclusion is represented through a framework that rests on 3 Pillars: Workforce / Workplace / Marketplace. These three pillars not only reflect our commitment, but also our holistic approach of embedding this important work into all aspects of the company where everyone will be accountable to ensuring its success.

 We are committed to implementing initiatives across our businesses to both enhance the diversity of our organization and ensure we, as One Team, have an inclusive culture where all employees feel heard, valued, respected and are encouraged to reach their full potential.

 We do this by heightening our cultural competence, stimulating conversations, and providing the space for all of us to take collective steps in creating a culture of mutual respect that embraces and promotes individual differences as well as reflects the customers and communities we serve.

 Further, we know that a workforce that is diverse and a workplace that is truly inclusive leads to more engaged employees, creates more effective teams and fosters greater innovation and creativity. All of this enhances the overall profitability of our company and positions us to becoming an Employer of Choice for all.

 Our Diversity, Inclusion, Equity and Belonging objective is to be a company where each of us genuinely belongs, is respected and valued, and can do our best work, and where diversity and inclusion is a competitive advantage. To help achieve these goals, we will focus on attraction, retention and development at all levels. This means that we will ensure fair and transparent processes in talent assessment and hiring, performance management and career progression and retention.

 We are working to create a stronger sense of inclusion and belonging for our employees in general with a lens on representation. Feelings of belonging are driven by many aspects of our experiences at work, which drives engagement. Engagement and belonging are fueled by having a meaningful connection to others and opportunities to grow and develop our careers. Across all of these dimensions, we are committed to building programs, systems and tools that foster greater belonging.

 Employee Information

 As of December 31, 2023, we employed 239 employees, primarily located in California, Florida and Texas. In 2022 and 2023, we adopted four separate workforce reduction plans to improve cost efficiency and focus resources on our instant underwriting capabilities. The execution of the reduction plans is substantially complete as of December 31, 2023. For additional information, see Note 17 "Accrued expenses and other liabilities— Workforce reduction plans " contained in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

 None of our employees are currently represented by a labor union or have terms of employment that are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and have not historically experienced any work stoppages.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 In evaluating our company and our business, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this " Annual Report "), including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and in the section titled " Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. " The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, in which case the market price of our securities (including our common stock) could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. Unless otherwise indicated, reference in this section and elsewhere in this Annual Report to our business being adversely affected, negatively impacted or harmed will include an adverse effect on, or a negative impact or harm to, our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, revenue and our future prospects. The material and other risks and uncertainties summarized above in this Annual Report and described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including the risks described below. See " Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements. "

 Unless the context otherwise requires, references to the " company, " " Company, " " Doma, " " we, " " us, " " our " and similar terms refer to Doma Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Capitol Investment Corp. V) and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to " Capitol " refer to our predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to " Old Doma " refer to Old Doma prior to the Business Combination and to States Title Holding, Inc. ( " States Title "), the wholly owned subsidiary of Doma, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

 COVID-19 and resulting macroeconomic trends have adversely affected our business and could have adverse effects on our business in the future.

 We operate in the real estate industry and our business volumes are directly affected by market trends for mortgage refinancing transactions, existing real estate resale transactions and new real estate purchase transactions, particularly in the residential segment of the market. Our success depends on a high volume of residential and, to a lesser extent, commercial real estate transactions, throughout the markets in which we operate. This transaction volume affects all of the ways that we generate revenue, including the number of transactions our title insurance business underwrites. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic initially led to a material decline in purchase transactions. Subsequent U.S. federal stimulus measures, including interest rate reductions by the Federal Reserve, and local regulatory initiatives, such as permitting remote notarization, eventually led to a quick recovery for the real estate industry and resulted in an increase in mortgage refinancing and purchase volumes. These initiatives also led to a greater demand for homes, higher home prices, and record low home inventories. In 2022 and 2023, high inflation and the Federal Reserve's response to increase interest rates have adversely affected the real estate market. If inflation persists and the Federal Reserve continues to raise rates, or maintains rates at elevated levels, mortgage rates may rise and/or may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and prospects. Additionally, other changes in the aforementioned economic policies and initiatives and/or existing or new limitations imposed by governmental authorities on processes and procedures attendant to real estate transactions, such as in-person showings, in-home inspections and appraisals and county recordings, negative market reactions to new measures, as well as COVID-19's overall impact on the U.S. economy, continue to create volatility and uncertainty in the real estate market and may in the future have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and prospects.

 The COVID-19 pandemic may also affect the volume and severity of our title insurance claims in the future. If defaults or foreclosures are at elevated levels, there may be an influx of title insurance claims under loan policies or claims might be reported earlier than under normal conditions. A significant increase in claim volume or the severity of those claims could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects the Company's business or financial condition, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report.

 We have a history of net losses and could continue to incur substantial net losses in the future.

 We have incurred net losses on an annual basis since our incorporation in 2016. We incurred net losses of $302.2 million and $124.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, respectively. As a result of these losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $494.8 million and $619.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We continue to invest in our business to expand and improve our underwriting product offerings and enhance our customer experience and, as a result, losses could continue in the future. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we fail to manage our losses or to grow our revenue sufficiently, our business will be seriously harmed.

 In addition, as a public company, we have and will continue to incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We may encounter unforeseen or unpredictable factors, including unforeseen operating expenses, complications or delays, which may also result in increased costs. We have incurred significant expenses related to the Merger, such as legal and accounting fees, which must be paid even if the Merger is not completed. Further, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our market or demand for our underwriting products, and success of current or potential future competitors. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from period to period. We will need to generate significant additional revenue and maintain or improve our gross margins to achieve and sustain profitability and to achieve our long-term working capital and capital expenditure requirements. It is possible we will not achieve profitability or, even if we do achieve profitability, we may not remain profitable for any substantial period of time.

 Our future growth and profitability depend in part on our ability to successfully operate in the highly competitive real estate and insurance industries.

 The real estate and insurance industries are intensely competitive and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Our competitors include larger and better capitalized traditional insurers with substantially longer operating histories and may in the future include one or more of a growing number of other technology companies entering the insurance industry. Some of these competitors may be more resilient to pricing competition than we are or have the resources necessary to develop competing machine intelligence technologies or reverse engineer certain aspects of our technology, which could adversely affect our prospects.

 Even though consumers have a legal right to select their own title insurance providers, consumers generally rely on referrals from real estate agents, lenders, developers and attorneys when selecting their title insurance providers. There is a great deal of competition among title insurance providers for these sources of transactions. We source a significant number of our customer transactions through our third-party title agents ("Third-Party Agent(s)"). We rely on our go-to-market team to attract, develop and retain these Third-Party Agents. However, our business and proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms are still nascent compared to the established business models and practices of the well-established incumbents in the title insurance industry. For example, the top four title insurance companies accounted for about 82% of industry-wide premium volume for the first nine months of 2023. These competitors rely on their well-established national brands, reputation and experience, size, financial strength and ratings. This competition could adversely affect demand for our products, reduce our market share and growth prospects, and potentially reduce our profitability. We may also be unable to attract and retain the business development talent necessary to compete with the well-established brands, regional underwriters and new entrants into the title and escrow industry.

 Our future growth will depend in large part on our ability to grow our underwriting business using our patented technology and machine intelligence-driven processes to disrupt the way title underwriting has traditionally been conducted and sold. However, due to the competitive nature of the real estate and insurance industries, there can be no assurance that we will continue to compete effectively within our industries, or that competitive pressures will not have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

 Our success and ability to grow our business depend on retaining and expanding our Doma Enterprise partners. If we fail to add new Doma Enterprise partners or retain current Doma Enterprise partners, our business, revenue, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

 We acquire order volume from our Doma Enterprise partners. Our success and ability to grow depend on retaining and expanding our Doma Enterprise partner base. We must retain and expand our relationships with Doma Enterprise partners to significantly expand our order volumes, allow for future product offerings, achieve benefits of scale, and enhance the quantity and quality of proprietary data on which our machine intelligence technology's capability is based.

 Our Doma Enterprise partnership agreements do not contain exclusivity provisions that would prevent such Doma Enterprise partners from providing leads to competing companies. In addition, the agreements governing these Doma Enterprise partnerships contain termination provisions that allow the partner to terminate the agreement early without cause. If one or more of these significant Doma Enterprise partners terminate our relationship or reduce the number of leads provided to us, without some growth offset with other Doma Enterprise partners, our business would be harmed. Our failure to retain any of our existing Doma Enterprise partner relationships, either due to the expiration of their agreements or as a result of their exercise of early termination rights or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations (including growth rates) and financial condition, to the extent we do not acquire new Doma Enterprise partners of similar size and profitability or otherwise grow our business. There can be no assurance that these Doma Enterprise partners will not terminate our relationship with them or continue referring business to us in the future.

 The competition for new Doma Enterprise partners is also significant, and we may be unsuccessful in our attempts to expand our Doma Enterprise partner base, which could adversely affect our ability to grow. Moreover, the acquisition of a substantial number of new Doma Enterprise partners may require additional staffing and investment in customer acquisition. Our ability to obtain and retain Doma Enterprise partners depends on our ability to strengthen our reputation and brand, provide superior customer experiences, and maintain our competitive pricing. Additionally, some multi-state lenders may be reluctant to partner with us if they have long-established relationships with larger, traditional title insurers, whom they may perceive to offer reliability given their size, financial resources, and longevity.

 Our success depends to a significant extent on the timely rollout of our machine intelligence technology across our underwriting operations.

 On January 7, 2019, we acquired from the Lennar Corporation ("Lennar"), its subsidiary, NATIC (which has been renamed "Doma Title Insurance, Inc." or referred to herein as "DTI"), a major national underwriter, and a significant volume portfolio of national retail operations under the North American Title Company brand (which was being rebranded as Doma Insurance Agency in its related markets) (collectively, the "Acquired Business") (the "North American Title Acquisition"). Since the North American Title Acquisition, we have continued to invest in the development and rollout of our machine intelligence platform, Doma Intelligence, and have implemented several initiatives to realign the operations of the Acquired Business, including various sales of the Doma Insurance Agency business in 2023. We continue to transform the DTI's operations, including implementing our machine intelligence technology in parts of our DTI operations. We continue to invest substantially in our machine intelligence technology, and our success depends to a significant extent on our ability to expand the use of our machine intelligence underwriting capabilities. Significant delays to our planned expansion of the Doma Intelligence platform in our underwriting operations, which could occur due to, among other reasons, technology adoption delays in our Doma Enterprise partners or Third-Party Agent network, availability of title and property data in certain areas, inability to hire or train adequate service personnel, or regulatory requirements, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and growth prospects, including our margin growth and ability to realize significant cost savings over time as manual processes are replaced with our data science-driven approach to underwriting services.

 We have a limited operating history and a novel business model. This makes it difficult to evaluate our current business performance and growth prospects.

 We have a limited operating history. Since we launched the Doma Intelligence platform in February 2018, our size has rapidly changed, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business performance or future prospects. Our historical results may not be indicative of, or comparable to, our future results. Our inability to adequately assess our performance and growth could have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition, as our business model of using machine intelligence technology to enable instant title underwriting is novel, we have limited data to validate key aspects of our business model, such as the use of our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms. It may take many years for title insurance claims to arise, and we cannot provide any assurance that the early claims data that we collect will provide useful measures for evaluating the Doma Intelligence platform and our automation capabilities or for determining reserve and reinsurance requirements. Limited claims history could result in our not setting aside adequate reserves and/or maintaining sufficient reinsurance, which may adversely affect our ability to write future title insurance policies, resulting in the assumption of more risk with respect to those policies or an increase in our capital requirements.

 Our brand may not become as widely known or accepted as incumbents ' brands or our brand may become tarnished.

 Many of our competitors in the real estate and title insurance industries have brands that are well recognized. As a relatively new entrant into the title and escrow market, we have spent, and expect that we may for the foreseeable future continue to spend on creating brand awareness and building our reputation. We may not be able to build brand awareness to levels matching our competitors, and our efforts at building, maintaining and enhancing our reputation could fail and/or may not be cost-effective. Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, our marketing and advertising campaigns (including marketing affiliations or partnerships), our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to customers and partners, data privacy and security issues, and other aspects of our business, whether real or perceived, could diminish confidence in our brand, which could adversely affect our reputation and business. As we expand our product offerings and enter new markets, we will need to establish our reputation with current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents, real estate professionals, government sponsored entities, and regulatory agencies and to the extent we are not successful in creating positive impressions, our business in these newer markets could be adversely affected. While we may choose to engage in a broader marketing campaign to further promote our brand, this effort may not be successful or cost-effective. If we are unable to maintain or enhance our reputation or enhance consumer awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

 We may not be able to manage our growth effectively.

 Prior to the recent rising interest rate environment beginning in 2022, we had experienced substantial growth in our operations, and we expect, as we expand our underwriting capabilities and as the interest rate environment improves, to again experience substantial growth in our business. Our rapid growth had placed, and in the future, may place, significant demands on management and our operational and financial resources. We have hired in periods of growth and expect to hire additional personnel to support any future rapid growth. Our organizational structure may become more complex as we add staff, and we will need to enhance our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures. We will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas without undermining our corporate culture of rapid innovation, teamwork and focus on the experience for current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents and real estate professionals. If we cannot manage our future potential growth effectively to maintain the quality and efficiency of our customer experience as well as the cost-effectiveness of our products, our business could be harmed as a result, and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

 If we are unable to expand our product offerings, our prospects for future growth may be adversely affected.

 We are, and intend in the future to continue, investing significant resources in developing new, and enhancing existing, product offerings, including an expansion of the use of our machine intelligence underwriting approach. Our ability to attract and retain customers and partners and therefore increase our revenue depends on our ability to successfully expand our product offerings. New initiatives and product offerings are inherently risky, as they involve unproven business strategies and new products and services with which we may have limited or no prior development or operating experience. Risks from our innovative initiatives including those associated with potential defects in the design and development of the technologies used to automate processes, the misapplication of technologies, the reliance on data that may prove inadequate, and the failure to meet customer and partner expectations, among others. Failure to accurately predict demand or growth with respect to new or enhanced products in which we invest could have an adverse impact on our business, and there is always risk that these new products and services will be unprofitable, will increase our costs or will decrease our operating margins or take longer than anticipated to achieve target margins. Further, our development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from our existing business. Moreover, insurance regulation applicable to new products or product enhancements could limit our ability to introduce new product offerings, and required regulatory approvals could delay product introductions. In addition, technological initiatives that we may seek to bring to market which aim to disrupt our industry may prompt negative campaigns from competitors and others with a vested interest in the status quo. As a result of these risks, we could invest significant amounts of capital or other resources in product offerings that are unsuccessful, experience reputational damage or other adverse effects, which could be material. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market and achieve acceptance of our new products and services. Our investment of resources to develop new products and services may either be insufficient or result in expenses that are excessive in light of revenue actually originated from these new products and services. If we are unable to offer new or enhanced products by continuing to innovate and improve on our technology, we may be unable to successfully compete with other companies that are currently in, or that may enter, our industry, we may not be able to realize the expected benefits of our investments, and our reputation and future growth could be materially adversely affected.

 Our product development cycles are complex, and we may incur significant expenses before we generate revenues and efficiencies, if any, from new products.

 Because our products are highly technical and require rigorous testing, development cycles can be complex. Moreover, development projects can be technically challenging and expensive, and may be delayed or defeated by the inability to obtain the necessary licensing or other regulatory approvals. The nature of these development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development, and the time we generate revenues and efficiencies, if any, from such expenses. If we expend a significant amount of resources on research and development, and our efforts do not lead to the successful introduction or improvement of products that are competitive in the marketplace, this could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, anticipated demand from customers and partners for a product we are developing could decrease after the development cycle has commenced. Such decreased demand from customers and partners may cause us to fall short of our sales targets, and we may nonetheless be unable to avoid substantial costs associated with the product's development. If we are unable to complete product development cycles successfully and in a timely fashion and generate revenues and efficiencies from such future products, the growth of our business may be harmed.

 Adverse changes in economic conditions, especially those affecting the levels of real estate and mortgage activity, may reduce our revenues.

 Our financial condition and results of operations are affected by changes in economic conditions, particularly mortgage interest rates, credit availability, real estate prices and consumer confidence. Our revenues and earnings have fluctuated in the past due to the cyclical nature of the housing industry and we expect them to fluctuate in the future.

 The demand for our title and escrow offerings is dependent primarily on the volume of residential real estate transactions. The volume of these transactions historically has been influenced by such factors as mortgage interest rates, availability of financing and the overall state of the economy. Typically, when interest rates are increasing or when the economy is experiencing a downturn, real estate activity declines. As a result, the real estate and title insurance industries tend to experience decreased revenues and earnings.

 Our revenues and results of operations have been and may in the future be adversely affected by a decline in affordable real estate, real estate activity or the availability of financing alternatives. In addition, weakness or adverse changes in the level of real estate activity could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

 Historically, the demand for products offered through our Doma Intelligence platform has been driven by mortgage refinancing activity, which has grown in periods of lower interest rates. If interest rates in the United States rise, or general mortgage activity decreases for any other reason, it is likely that mortgage activity will decline, which would negatively impact our business. If we do not further expand our customer and partner base or increase wallet share with existing partners, we may experience lower transaction volume than our historical volume or expectations during periods of lower mortgage activity.

 We expect several factors to cause our results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.

 Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, and may fail to match periodic expectations as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Our results may vary from period to period as a result of fluctuations in the number of real estate transactions we handle, as well as fluctuations in the timing and amount of our expenses. In addition, the insurance industry is subject to its own cyclical trends and uncertainties, including fluctuating interest rates and real estate prices. Fluctuations and variability across the industry may also affect our revenue. As a result, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. Our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow us, which may adversely affect our stock price. In addition to other risk factors discussed in this section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, factors that may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results include:

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 our ability to attract new customers and partners, and retain existing customers and partners, including in a cost-effective manner;

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 our ability to implement innovative initiatives and/or launch new or expand existing product offerings;

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 our ability to accurately forecast revenue and losses, and appropriately plan our expenses;

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 the effects of changes in search engine placement and prominence;

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 the effects of increased competition on our business;

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 our ability to successfully maintain our position in and expand in existing markets as well as successfully enter new markets;

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 our ability to protect our existing intellectual property and to create new intellectual property;

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 our ability to grow and effectively manage that growth;

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 the length and unpredictability of our sales cycle;

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 our ability to keep pace with technology changes in the title insurance industry;

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 the success of our sales, marketing and customer service efforts;

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 costs associated with defending claims, including title claims, intellectual property infringement claims, misclassifications and related judgments or settlements;

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 the impact of, and changes in, governmental or other regulation affecting our business;

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 changes in the economy generally, which could impact the industries in which we operate;

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 the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;

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 our ability to choose and effectively manage third-party service providers;

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 our ability to identify and engage in joint ventures and strategic partnerships;

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 the effectiveness of our internal controls; and

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 changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional tax liabilities.

 The historical financial results of Old Doma included in prior year Annual Reports on Form 10-K may not be indicative of what our actual results of operations would have been as a standalone public company or those we will achieve in the future.

 The historical financial results of Old Doma in prior year Annual Reports on Form 10-K may not reflect the results of operations or cash flows Old Doma would have achieved as a standalone public company during the periods presented or those we will achieve in the future. This is primarily the result of the following factors: (i) we will incur additional ongoing costs as a result of the Business Combination, including costs related to public company reporting, investor relations and compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"); and (ii) our capital structure is different from that reflected in Old Doma's historical financial statements. Our future results of operations could be materially different from amounts reflected in Old Doma's historical financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, so it may be difficult for investors to compare our future results to historical results or to evaluate Old Doma's relative performance or trends in its business.

 We may require additional capital to support business growth or to satisfy our regulatory capital and surplus requirements, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

 We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features and products or enhance our existing products and services, satisfy our regulatory capital and surplus requirements, cover losses, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. We continue to invest in the instant underwriting capabilities of the Doma Intelligence platform, and as a result, our capital expenditures and working capital requirements may increase in the future. Many factors will affect our capital needs as well as their amount and timing, including our growth and profitability, expansion of our footprint into new geographies, regulatory requirements, market disruptions and other developments. If our present capital and surplus is insufficient to meet our current or future operating requirements, including regulatory capital and surplus requirements, or to cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or curtail our product development activities or other growth initiatives.

 Historically, we have funded our operations, marketing expenditures and capital expenditures primarily through debt and equity issuances. We evaluate financing opportunities from time to time, and our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans and operating performance, and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all.

 If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and existing stockholders may experience dilution. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could require that a substantial portion of our operating cash flow be devoted to the payment of interest and principal on such indebtedness, which may decrease available funds for other business activities, and could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. Moreover, as the holding company of insurance subsidiary, we are subject to extensive laws and regulations in every jurisdiction in which we conduct business, and any issuances of equity or convertible debt securities to secure additional funds may be impeded by regulatory approvals or requirements imposed by such regulatory authorities if such issuances were deemed to result in a person acquiring "control" of our company under applicable insurance laws and regulations. Such regulatory requirements may require potential investors to disclose their organizational structure and detailed financial statements as well as require managing partners, directors and/or senior officers to submit biographical affidavits, which may deter investments in our company.

 If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth, maintain minimum amounts of risk-based capital and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use consumer information and other data and are subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards, policies and contractual obligations. Our actual or perceived failure to protect such information and data, respect consumers ' privacy or comply with data privacy and security laws and regulations and our policies and contractual obligations could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.

 Use of technology to offer title and escrow products involves the storage and transmission of information, including personal information, in relation to our staff, contractors, business partners and current, past or potential customers. We have legal and contractual obligations regarding confidentiality and the protection and appropriate use of personally identifiable and other proprietary or confidential information. Data privacy has become a significant issue in the United States and around the world. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Many government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws and regulations regarding the processing, collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal information and breach notification procedures. We are also required to comply with laws, rules and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data security. Interpretation of these laws, rules and regulations and their application to our platform in applicable jurisdictions is ongoing and cannot be fully determined at this time.

 We are subject to numerous and constantly evolving privacy laws and regulations. Certain of our activities are subject to the privacy regulations of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, along with its implementing regulations, which restricts certain collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information, requires notice to individuals of privacy practices, provides individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of certain nonpublic or otherwise legally protected information and imposes requirements for the safeguarding and proper destruction of personal information through the issuance of data security standards or guidelines. On October 24, 2017, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") adopted its Insurance Data Security Model Law, or the Insurance Data Security Model Law, intended to serve as model legislation for states to enact in order to govern the cybersecurity and data protection practices of insurers, insurance agents, and other licensed entities registered under state insurance laws. Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Ohio, South Carolina and Virginia have adopted versions of the Insurance Data Security Model Law, each with a different effective date, and other states may adopt versions of the Insurance Data Security Model Law in the future. The New York Department of Financial Services has promulgated its own Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies that is not based upon the Insurance Data Security Model Law, and requires insurance companies to establish and maintain a cybersecurity program, and implement and maintain cybersecurity policies and procedures with specific requirements. In addition, the California Financial Information Privacy Act further regulates how California consumers' nonpublic personal information is shared and includes certain more stringent obligations than the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.

 On June 28, 2018, California enacted a new privacy law known as the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA"), which became effective January 1, 2020. The CCPA increases privacy rights for California residents, and imposes obligations on companies that process their personal information, including an obligation to provide certain new disclosures to such residents. Specifically, among other things, the CCPA creates new consumer rights, and imposes corresponding obligations on covered businesses, relating to the access to, deletion of, and sharing of personal information collected by covered businesses, including California residents' right to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain sharing and sales of their personal information, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The law exempts from certain requirements of the CCPA certain information that is collected, processed, sold, or disclosed pursuant to the California Financial Information Privacy Act or the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The definition of "personal information" in the CCPA is broad and may encompass other information that we maintain beyond that excluded under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act or the California Financial Information Privacy Act exemption. Further, the CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action is expected to increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. In addition, it remains unclear how various provisions of the CCPA will be interpreted and enforced. Moreover, the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA") was approved by California voters in November 2020 and will further modify and expand the CCPA, including by expanding consumers' rights with respect to certain personal information and creating a new state agency to oversee implementation and enforcement efforts. We may be required to expend significant time and financial resources to evaluate our practices for compliance with CPRA. Some observers have noted that the CCPA and CPRA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, and multiple states have enacted, or are expected to enact, similar laws. There is also discussion in Congress of a new comprehensive federal data protection and privacy law to which we likely would be subject if it is enacted. The effects of the CCPA and CPRA, and other similar state or federal laws, are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, and to incur substantial costs and potential liability in an effort to comply with such legislation.

 Complying with privacy and data protection laws and regulations may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. Although we take steps to comply with financial industry cybersecurity regulations and other data security laws such as the CCPA and believe we are materially compliant with their requirements, our failure to comply with new or existing cybersecurity regulations could result in material regulatory actions and other penalties. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws and other actual or alleged legal obligations, such as contractual or self-regulatory obligations, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our platform. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Additionally, we are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to consumers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which could include personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental or regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, compliance orders, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could cause consumers to lose trust in us, all of which could be costly and have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, new and changed rules and regulations regarding privacy, data protection (in particular those that impact the use of machine intelligence) and cross-border transfers of consumer information could cause us to delay planned uses and disclosures of data to comply with applicable privacy and data protection requirements. For example, our use of certain vendors outside of the United States to perform services on our platform could subject us to additional data protection regimes and increased risk of noncompliance. Moreover, if third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations also may put personal information at risk, which may result in increased regulatory scrutiny and have a material adverse effect to our reputation, business and operating results.

 If the security of the personal information that we (or our vendors) collect, store or process is compromised or is otherwise accessed without authorization, or if we fail to comply with our commitments and assurances regarding the privacy and security of such information, our reputation may be harmed and we may be exposed to significant liability and loss of business.

 Cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase. In addition to traditional computer "hackers," malicious code (such as viruses and worms), employee theft or misuse and denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors now engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions). In the fourth quarter of 2023, Fidelity National Financial, Inc. and First American Financial Corporation, two of the nation's largest title insurance and settlement service providers, reported unauthorized activity on certain of its information technology systems. While this attack did not have any impact on our systems and had no material impact on our business or operations, it may indicate the specific targeting of the real estate settlement services industry. We may experience an increased risk of cyberattacks to the extent any such targeting exists and continues. We cannot guarantee that our or our vendors' security measures will be sufficient to protect against unauthorized access to or other compromise of personal information. The techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our or our vendors' technology, systems, networks and/or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently, and we or our vendors may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures or stop security breaches while they are occurring. The security measures that we have integrated into our technology, systems, networks and physical facilities, and any such measures implemented by our vendors, which are designed to protect against, detect and minimize security breaches, may not be adequate to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure or data loss.

 Security breaches, including by hackers or insiders, could expose personal or confidential information, which could result in potential regulatory investigations, fines, penalties, compliance orders, liability, litigation and remediation costs, as well as reputational harm, any of which could materially adversely affect our business and financial results. Third parties may also exploit vulnerabilities in, or obtain unauthorized access to, technology, systems, networks and/or physical facilities utilized by our vendors. For example, unauthorized parties could steal or access our users' names, email addresses, physical addresses, phone numbers and other information that we collect when providing our title and escrow products such as bank account or other payment information. Further, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or consumers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our information or consumers' information. Any of these incidents, or any other types of security or privacy-related incidents, could result in an investigation by a competent regulator, resulting in a fine or penalty, or an order to implement specific compliance measures. It could also trigger claims by affected third parties. While we use encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties designed to effect secure transmission of such information, we cannot guarantee the security of the transfer and storage of personal or other confidential information. Any or all of the issues above could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain customers or partners, or subject us to governmental or third-party lawsuits, investigations, regulatory fines or other actions or liability, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 We are required to comply with laws, rules and regulations as well as contractual obligations that require us to maintain the security of personal information. We have contractual and legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. We operate in an industry prone to cyberattacks. We have previously and may in the future become the target of cyberattacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to our or our customers' data or to disrupt our ability to provide our services. Failure to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks could result in the unauthorized access to personal information. Most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In July 2023, the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted rules requiring registrants to disclose material cybersecurity incidents they experience and to disclose on an annual basis material information regarding their cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance. See Part I, Item 1C " Cybersecurity " of this Annual Report for more details. In addition, our agreements with certain customers and partners may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our customers or partners to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. A security breach of any of our vendors that process personal information of our customers may pose similar risks.

 A security breach may cause us to breach customer or partner contracts. Our agreements with certain customers or partners may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard personal information. We also may be subject to laws that require us to use industry-standard or reasonable security measures to safeguard personal information. A security breach could lead to claims by our customers or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our customers or partners could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages, and in some cases our agreements with customers or partners do not limit our remediation costs or liability with respect to data breaches.

 Litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect our business. Unauthorized access to our technology, systems, networks or physical facilities, or those of our vendors, could result in litigation with our customers or other relevant stakeholders. These proceedings could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management's time and attention, increase our costs of doing business, or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and/or technology capabilities in response to such litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business. If a security breach were to occur, and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of personal information was disrupted, we could incur significant liability, or our technology, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation.

 We may not have adequate insurance coverage. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed our available insurance coverage, or result in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or coinsurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

 Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business or cause legal or reputational harm.

 We are dependent on the secure, efficient, and uninterrupted operation of our technology infrastructure, including computer systems, related software applications and data centers, as well as those of certain third parties and affiliates. Our platform and computer/telecommunication networks must accommodate a high volume of traffic and deliver frequently updated information, the accuracy and timeliness of which is critical to our business. Our technology must be able to facilitate a title and escrow experience that equals or exceeds the experience provided by our competitors. We have or may in the future experience service disruptions and failures caused by system or software failure, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, team member misconduct, human error, computer hackers, computer viruses and disabling devices, malicious or destructive code, denial of service or information, as well as natural or man-made disasters, weather and climate-related events, pandemics or other similar events, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all situations. This is especially applicable when many of our team members work from their homes, as our team members access our secure networks through their home networks. The implementation of technology changes and upgrades to maintain current and integrate new technology systems may also cause service interruptions. Any such disruption could interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our Doma Enterprise partners, Third-Party Agents and consumers, and could also impair the ability of third parties to provide critical services to us.

 Additionally, the technology and other controls and processes we have created to help us identify misrepresented information in our title and escrow operations were designed to obtain reasonable, not absolute, assurance that such information is identified and addressed appropriately. Accordingly, such controls may not have detected, and may fail in the future to detect, all misrepresented information in our title and escrow operations. If our operations are disrupted or otherwise negatively affected by a technology disruption or failure, this could result in customer and partner dissatisfaction and damage to our reputation and brand and material adverse impacts on our business. We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for all losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of systems disruptions, failures and similar events.

 Our title and escrow business relies on data from consumers and unaffiliated third parties, the unavailability or inaccuracy of which could limit the functionality of our products.

 We use data, technology and intellectual property from consumers and unaffiliated third parties in certain of our products, including the data used by the machine learning algorithms in the Doma Intelligence platform, and we may license additional third-party technology and intellectual property in the future. Any errors or defects in this third-party data, technology and intellectual property could result in errors that could harm our brand and business. In addition, licensed data, technology and intellectual property may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

 Further, although we believe that there are currently adequate replacements for the third-party data, technology and intellectual property we presently use, the loss of our right to use any of this data, technology and intellectual property could result in delays in producing or delivering affected products until equivalent data, technology or intellectual property is identified, licensed or otherwise procured, and integrated.

 Our business would be disrupted if any data, technology and intellectual property we license from others or functional equivalents of this software were either no longer available to us or no longer offered to us on commercially reasonable terms. In either case, we would be required either to attempt to redesign our products to function with data, technology and intellectual property available from other parties or to develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs and could result in delays in product sales and the release of new product offerings. Alternatively, we might be forced to limit the features available in affected products. Any of these results could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Our success depends upon the real estate and title insurance industries continuing to adopt new products at their current pace and the continued growth and acceptance of data science and machine intelligence-driven products and services as effective alternatives to traditional manual products and services.

 We provide our title and escrow products through our platform that competes with traditional manual counterparts. We believe that the continued growth and acceptance of instant experiences generally will depend, to a large extent, on the continued growth in commercial use of the internet and the continued migration of traditional offline markets and industries online.

 The title and escrow process may not migrate to new technologies as quickly as (or at the levels that) we expect, and existing or future federal and state laws may prevent us from offering certain of our title and escrow products. For example, although a majority of states have enacted permanent remote online notarization, certain states do not allow remote notarization, and others may not enact permanent authorization for remote notarization, which may impact our ability to introduce our products in certain markets.

 Furthermore, although consumers have a legal right to select their own title insurance provider, as well as all of their settlement service vendors, consumers regularly use the providers recommended by their advisor, which may be their real estate agent, loan officer or attorney. If consumer awareness of their right to select their own title insurance provider or settlement service vendors and/or if demand for online title and escrow products does not increase, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 Moreover, if, for any reason, an unfavorable perception develops that data automation, machine intelligence and/or bots are less efficacious than in-person closings or traditional offline methods of preparing closing disclosures, purchasing title insurance, underwriting, claims processing, and other functions that use data automation, machine intelligence and/or bots, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 Our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms may not operate properly or as we expect them to, which may expose us to adverse financial, business or reputational impacts. Moreover, our proprietary machine intelligence algorithms may lead to unintentional bias and discrimination.

 We use proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms in a variety of ways. For example, our Doma Intelligence platform uses data science and machine intelligence algorithms when determining whether to underwrite a real estate transaction and when preparing a closing disclosure. The failure of any of these algorithms to function effectively may expose us to adverse financial, business, or reputational impacts.

 The continuous development, maintenance and operation of our data analytics engine is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems or undetected defects or errors. We may encounter technical obstacles, and it is possible that we may discover additional problems that prevent our proprietary machine intelligence algorithms from operating properly. These deficiencies could undermine the decisions, predictions or analysis our data science and machine intelligence algorithms produce, which could subject us to competitive harm, legal or regulatory liability and brand or reputational harm. As a result of any actual or perceived deficiency with our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms, we could lose any of our partners through which we generate a meaningful amount of business. Additionally, our proprietary machine intelligence algorithms may lead to unintentional bias and discrimination in the underwriting process, which could subject us to competitive harm, legal or regulatory liability and brand or reputational harm.

 Any of these eventualities could result in a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 We rely extensively on models in managing many aspects of our business, and if they are not accurate or are misinterpreted, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

 We rely extensively on models in managing many aspects of our business, including title insurance underwriting, fee balancing, document quality control, customer communications handling, liquidity and capital planning (including stress testing), and reserving. The models may prove in practice to be less predictive than we expect for a variety of reasons, including as a result of errors in constructing, interpreting or using the models or the use of inaccurate assumptions (including failures to update assumptions appropriately or in a timely manner). Our assumptions may be inaccurate for many reasons, including that they often involve matters that are inherently difficult to predict and beyond our control (e.g., macroeconomic conditions and their impact on Doma Enterprise partners, Third-Party Agent and consumer behaviors and the ratio of title insurance claims to premiums collected), and they often involve complex interactions between several dependent and independent variables, factors and other assumptions. The errors or inaccuracies in our models may be material, and could lead us to make wrong or sub-optimal decisions in managing our business, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 We must comply with extensive government regulations. These regulations could adversely affect our ability to increase our revenues and operating results.

 We must comply with extensive federal and state government laws and regulations. We are also subject to various licensing requirements by individual state insurance departments and other regulators in the states in which we transact business. These laws, regulations and license requirements are complex and subject to change. Changes may sometimes lead to additional expenses, increased legal exposure, increased required reserves or capital and surplus, and additional limits on our ability to grow or to achieve targeted profitability. Regulations to which we are subject include, but are not limited to:

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 prior approval of transactions resulting in a change of "control";

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 approval of policy forms and premiums;

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 restrictions on the sharing of insurance commissions and payment of referral fees;

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 privacy regulation and data security;

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 regulation of corporate governance and risk management;

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 periodic examinations of operations, finances, market conduct and claims practices; and required periodic financial reporting;

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 statutory and risk-based capital solvency requirements, including the minimum capital and surplus our insurance subsidiary must maintain;

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 establishing minimum reserves that insurance carriers like our insurance subsidiary must hold to pay projected insurance claims;

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 required participation by our regulated insurance subsidiary in state guaranty funds;

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 restrictions on the type and concentration of our insurance subsidiary's investments;

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 restrictions on the advertising and marketing of insurance by our insurance subsidiary;

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 restrictions on the adjustment and settlement of insurance claims by our insurance subsidiary;

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 restrictions on our insurance subsidiary's use of rebates to induce a policyholder to purchase insurance;

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 restrictions on our insurance subsidiary's sale, solicitation and negotiation of insurance;

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 prohibitions on the underwriting of insurance on the basis of race, sex, religion and other protected classes;

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 restrictions on the ability of our insurance subsidiary to pay dividends to us or enter into certain related party transactions without prior regulatory approval; and

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 rules requiring our insurance subsidiary's maintenance of statutory deposits for the benefit of policyholders.

 Our ability to retain state licenses depends on our ability to meet licensing requirements established by the NAIC and adopted by each state, subject to variations across states. If we are unable to satisfy the applicable licensing requirements of any particular state, we could lose our license to do business in that state, which would result in the temporary or permanent cessation of our operations in that state. Alternatively, if we are unable to satisfy applicable state licensing requirements, we may be subject to additional regulatory oversight, have our license suspended, or be subject to the seizure of assets. Any such event could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

 Also, given our short operating history to date and rapid rate of change, we are vulnerable to regulators identifying errors in certain of our operations, including those related to rates and fees charged to consumers, correct and timely policy issuance, and accurate and secure disbursement of funds. As a result of such noncompliance, regulators could impose fines, rebates or other penalties, including cease-and-desist orders with respect to our operations in an individual state, or all states, until the identified noncompliance is rectified.

 In addition, several states have adopted legislation prohibiting unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts and practices in the business of insurance as well as unfair claims practices. Prohibited practices include, but are not limited to, misrepresentations, false advertising, coercion, disparaging other insurers, unfair claims settlement procedures, and discrimination in the business of insurance. Noncompliance with any of such state statutes may subject us to regulatory action by the relevant state insurance regulator, and possibly private litigation. States also regulate various aspects of the contractual relationships between insurers and Third-Party Agents.

 Although state insurance regulators have primary responsibility for administering and enforcing insurance regulations in the United States, such laws and regulations are further administered and enforced by several additional governmental authorities, each of which exercises a degree of interpretive latitude, including state securities administrators, state attorney generals as well as federal agencies including the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Insurance Office and the U.S. Department of Justice. Consequently, compliance with any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may not result in compliance with another's interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. Such regulations or enforcement actions are often responsive to current consumer and political sensitivities, which may arise after a major event. Such rules and regulations may result in rate suppression, limit our ability to manage our exposure to unprofitable or volatile risks, or lead to fines, premium refunds or other adverse consequences. The federal government also may regulate aspects of our businesses, such as the protection of consumer confidential information. Failure to comply with federal requirements could subject us to regulatory fines and other sanctions.

 In addition, there is risk that any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue or the scope of a regulator's authority may change over time to our detriment. There is also a risk that changes in the overall legal environment may cause us to change our views regarding the actions we need to take from a legal risk management perspective. This would necessitate changes to our practices that may adversely impact our business. Furthermore, in some cases, these laws and regulations are designed to protect or benefit the interests of a specific constituency rather than a range of constituencies. State insurance laws and regulations are generally intended to protect the interests of purchasers or users of insurance products, rather than the holders of securities that we issue. For example, state insurance laws are generally prescriptive with respect to the content and timeliness of notices we must provide policyholders. Failure to comply with state insurance laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. As another example, the federal government could pass a law expanding its authority to regulate the insurance industry, which could expand federal regulation over our business to our detriment. These laws and regulations may limit our ability to grow, to raise additional capital or to improve the profitability of our business.

 Litigation and legal proceedings filed by or against us and our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 From time to time, we are subject to allegations, and may be party to litigation and legal proceedings relating to our business operations. Litigation and other proceedings may include complaints from or litigation by customers or reinsurers related to alleged breaches of contract or otherwise. We expect that as our market share increases, competitors may pursue litigation to require us to change our business practices or offerings and limit our ability to compete effectively.

 As is typical in the insurance industry, we continually face risks associated with litigation of various types arising in the normal course of our business operations, including disputes relating to insurance claims under our title insurance policies as well as other general commercial and corporate litigation. For example, although we aim to extend the benefits of coverage provided under each of our title insurance policies, customers could purchase policies that prove to be inadequate or inappropriate. If such customers were to bring a claim or claims alleging that we failed in our responsibilities to provide them with the type or amount of coverage that they sought to purchase, we could be found liable for amounts significantly in excess of the policy limit, resulting in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. While we maintain agents errors and omissions insurance coverage to protect us against such liability, such coverage may be insufficient or inadequate.

 Although we are not currently involved in any material litigation with consumers, members of the insurance industry are periodically the target of class action lawsuits and other types of litigation, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts, and the outcomes of which are unpredictable. This litigation is based on a variety of issues, including sale of insurance and claim settlement practices. In addition, because we employ a technology platform that collects consumer data, it is possible customers or consumer groups could bring individual or class action claims alleging our methods of collecting data and pricing risk are impermissibly discriminatory. We cannot predict with any certainty whether we will be involved in such litigation in the future or what impact such litigation would have on our business. If we were to be involved in litigation and it was determined adversely, it could require us to pay significant damages or to change aspects of our operations, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Even claims without merit can be time-consuming and costly to defend, and may divert management's attention and resources away from our business and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, routine lawsuits over claims that are not individually material could in the future become material if aggregated with a substantial number of similar lawsuits. In addition to increasing costs, a significant volume of customer complaints or litigation could also adversely affect our brand and reputation, regardless of whether such allegations have merit or whether we are liable. We cannot predict with certainty the costs of defense, the costs of prosecution, insurance coverage or the ultimate outcome of litigation or other proceedings filed by or against us, including remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in such litigation, and other proceedings may harm our business and financial condition.

 Our exposure to regulation and residential real estate transaction activity may be greater in California, where we source a significant proportion of our premiums.

 A large portion of our premiums originated from residential real estate transactions in California. As compared to our competitors who operate on a wider geographic scale or whose business is less concentrated in California, any adverse changes in the regulatory environment affecting title insurance and real estate settlement in California that could include reductions in the maximum rates permitted to be charged, inadequate rate increases or more fundamental changes in the design or implementation of the California title insurance regulatory framework, may expose us to more significant risks and our business, financial condition and result of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 In addition, to the extent residential real estate transaction volume in California changes significantly, whether due to changes in real estate values that differ from the overall U.S. real estate market, changes in the local economy relative to the U.S. economy, natural or man-made disasters, or weather or climate-related events that disproportionately impact residential real estate activity in California, we could experience lower premiums and growth than historically observed or projected.

 Our expansion within the United States will subject us to additional costs and risks, and our plans may not be successful.

 Our success depends in part on our ability to expand into additional markets in the United States. As of December 31, 2023, DTI is licensed and operates in approximately 96% of the United States (by state count) and the District of Columbia. While we plan to expand, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to provide nationwide title and escrow services on any specific timeline or at all. Moreover, one or more states could revoke our license to operate, or implement additional regulatory hurdles that could preclude or inhibit our ability to obtain or maintain our license in such states.

 As we seek to expand in the United States, we may incur significant operating expenses, although our expansion may not be successful for a variety of reasons, including because of:

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 barriers to obtaining the required government approvals, licenses or other authorizations;

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 failures in identifying and entering into joint ventures with strategic partners, or entering into joint ventures that do not produce the desired results;

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 challenges in, and the cost of, complying with various laws and regulatory standards, including with respect to the insurance business and insurance distribution, capital and outsourcing requirements, data privacy, tax and local regulatory restrictions;

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 difficulty in recruiting and retaining licensed, talented and capable employees;

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 competition from local incumbents that already own market share, better understand the local market, may market and operate more effectively and may enjoy greater local affinity or awareness;

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 the availability of accurate and comprehensive data sources, which we need to operate aspects of the Doma Intelligence platform;

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 unfavorable economic terms due to government-regulated insurance rates and premiums; and

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 differing market demand, which may make our product offerings less successful.

 Expansion into new markets in the United States will also require additional investments by us both in marketing and with respect to securing applicable regulatory approvals. These incremental costs may result from hiring additional personnel, from engaging third-party service providers and from incurring other research and development costs. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our operations while our revenues from those additional operations do not exceed the expense of establishing and maintaining them, or if we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

 If we fail to grow our geographic footprint or geographic growth occurs at a slower rate than expected, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

 Regulators may limit our ability to develop or implement our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms and/or may eliminate or restrict the confidentiality of our proprietary technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our future success depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms, and to maintain the confidentiality of this technology. Changes to existing regulations, their interpretation or implementation, or new regulations could impede our use of this technology, or require that we disclose our proprietary technology to our competitors, which could impair our competitive position and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Our workforce reductions undertaken to re-balance our cost structure may not achieve our intended outcome.

 We incur substantial costs to implement restructuring plans, and our restructuring activities may subject us to litigation risk and expenses. Our past restructuring actions do not provide assurance that additional restructuring plans will not be required or implemented in the future. Further, restructuring plans may have other consequences, such as attrition beyond our planned workforce reductions, a negative impact on employee morale and productivity or our ability to attract or retain highly skilled employees. As a result, our restructuring plans may affect our revenue and other operating results in the future.

 We rely on highly skilled and experienced personnel and if we are unable to attract, retain or motivate key personnel or hire qualified personnel, our business may be seriously harmed. In addition, the loss of key senior management personnel could harm our business and future prospects.

 Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled and experienced personnel and, if we are unable to hire and train a sufficient number of qualified employees for any reason, we may not be able to maintain or implement our current initiatives or grow, or our business may contract and we may lose market share. Moreover, certain of our competitors or other insurance or technology businesses may seek to hire our employees. We cannot assure you that our equity incentives and other compensation will provide adequate incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees in the future, particularly if the market price of our common stock does not increase or declines. If we do not succeed in attracting, retaining and motivating highly qualified personnel, our business may be seriously harmed.

 We depend on our senior management, including Max Simkoff, our founder and chief executive officer. We may not be able to retain the services of any of our senior management or other key personnel, as their employment is at-will and they could leave at any time. If we lose the services of one or more of our senior management or other key personnel we may not be able to successfully manage our business, meet competitive challenges or achieve our growth objectives. Further, to the extent that our business grows, we will need to attract and retain additional qualified management personnel in a timely manner, and we may not be able to do so. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, retain and integrate highly skilled personnel in all areas of our organization.

 Failure of our enterprise-wide risk management processes could result in unexpected monetary losses, damage to our reputation, additional costs or impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively.

 Our risk management framework is designed to identify, monitor and mitigate risks that could have a negative impact on our financial condition or reputation. This framework includes departments or groups dedicated to enterprise risk management, information security, disaster recovery and other information technology-related risks, business continuity, legal and compliance, compensation structures and other human resources matters, vendor management and internal audit, among others. Many of the processes overseen by these departments function at the enterprise level, but many also function through, or rely to a certain degree upon, risk mitigation efforts in local operating groups.

 Similarly, with respect to the risks we assume in the ordinary course of our business through the issuance of title insurance policies and the provision of related products and services, we employ localized as well as centralized risk mitigation efforts. These efforts include the implementation of underwriting policies and procedures and other mechanisms for assessing risk. Manual underwriting of title insurance policies and making risk-assumption decisions frequently involve judgment. We maintain a tiered system of underwriting authority, wherein title officers at the state level have limited underwriting authority, third-party title agents are subject to authorization levels above which they must consult with the underwriting counsel of our insurance subsidiary, and underwriting counsel at the regional level, reporting to the Chief Underwriting Counsel, have authority to approve or deny a transaction at any level of financial exposure. While we believe these tiers of authority reduce the likelihood that we will make materially adverse risk determinations, if our risk mitigation efforts prove inadequate, our business, financial position and results of operation could be adversely affected.

 Performance of our investment portfolio is subject to a variety of investment risks that may adversely affect our financial results.

 Our results of operations depend, in part, on the performance of our investment portfolio. We seek to hold a diversified portfolio of investments in accordance with our investment policy. In addition, our insurance subsidiary, as domiciled in South Carolina, and must comply with South Carolina and related states' regulations on investments and restrictions. However, our investments are subject to general economic and market risks as well as risks inherent to particular securities.

 Our primary market risk exposures are to changes in interest rates. See " Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations " and " Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks " in this Annual Report. Our results of operations are directly exposed to changes in interest rates, among other macroeconomic conditions. Fluctuations in interest rates may also impact the interest income earned on floating-rate investments and the fair value of our fixed-rate investments. An increase in interest rates decreases the market value of fixed-rate investments. Conversely, a decrease in interest rates increases the fair market value of fixed-rate investments. Our exposure to interest rate risk correlates to our portfolio of fixed income securities. In recent years, interest rates have been at or near historic lows but rapidly increased beginning in 2022 and in parts of 2023. A protracted low interest rate environment would place pressure on our net investment income, particularly as it relates to fixed income securities and short-term investments, which, in turn, may adversely affect our operating results. Future increases in interest rates could cause the values of our fixed income securities portfolios to decline, with the magnitude of the decline depending on the maturity of the securities included in our portfolio and the amount by which interest rates increase.

 The value of our investment portfolio is subject to the risk that certain investments may default or become impaired due to deterioration in the financial condition of one or more issuers of the securities we hold, or due to deterioration in the financial condition of an insurer that guarantees an issuer's payments on such investments. Downgrades in the credit ratings of fixed maturities also have a significant negative effect on the market valuation of such securities.

 Such factors could reduce our net investment income and result in realized investment losses. Our investment portfolio is subject to increased valuation uncertainties when investment markets are illiquid. The valuation of investments is more subjective when markets are illiquid, thereby increasing the risk that the estimated fair value ( i.e., the carrying amount) of the securities we hold in our portfolio does not reflect prices at which actual transactions would occur.

 Risks for all types of securities are managed through the application of our investment policy. The maximum percentage and types of securities we may invest in are subject to the insurance laws regulations, which may change. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause nonconforming investments to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus and, in certain circumstances, we would be required to dispose of such investments.

 Although we seek to preserve our capital, we cannot be certain that our investment objectives will be achieved, and results may vary substantially over time. In addition, although we seek to employ investment strategies that are not correlated with our insurance and reinsurance exposures, losses in our investment portfolio may occur at the same time as underwriting losses and, therefore, exacerbate the adverse effect of the losses on us.

 Failures at financial institutions at which we deposit funds could adversely affect us.

 We deposit substantial funds in financial institutions. These funds include amounts owned by third parties, such as escrow deposits. Should one or more of the financial institutions at which deposits are maintained fail, there is no guarantee that we would recover the funds deposited, whether through Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation coverage or otherwise. In the event of any such failure, we also could be held liable for the funds owned by third parties.

 Our actual incurred losses may be greater than our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our financial condition and results of operations depend on our ability to accurately price risk and assess potential losses and loss adjustment expenses under the terms of the title insurance policies we underwrite. Our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are subject to significant variability due to our limited use of reinsurance as well as the inherent risks of writing title insurance policies, which include their long duration and sensitivity to future changes in economic conditions. For the title insurance industry overall, approximately 75% of ultimate claim amounts are reported within the first seven years of the policy life.

 There are two types of reserve accounts that reflect the amount of claims and/or events that have transpired: "known claim reserves" and "incurred but not reported" ("IBNR"). Known claim reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, these reserves represent an estimate of what the expected ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost, and the ultimate liability may be greater or less than the current estimate. In our industry, there is always the risk that reserves may prove inadequate since we may underestimate the cost of claims and claims administration. The factors that are considered in establishing known claim reserves include but are not limited to, claim severity, facts that are uncovered or determined during the course of the claim, analysis and applicability of judicial theories of liability and defenses, procedural posture of the claim and other factors. Known claim reserves are adjusted regularly as the facts are discovered and coverage under the policy is analyzed and determined.

 We base our loss and loss adjustment expense reserve estimates on our assessment of current economic and business trends, as well as estimates of future trends in claim volume, claim severity, and other factors. These variables are affected by internal and external events that could increase our exposure to losses, including changes in actuarial projections, claims handling procedures, variation in state-by-state claims experience, inflation, a decline in real estate prices, rise in interest rates or increase in mortgage defaults and foreclosures, other macroeconomic and judicial trends and legislative and regulatory changes.

 We estimate the loss provision rate at the beginning of each year and reassess the rate at midyear as of June 30 of every year to ensure that the resulting sum of the known claim reserves, IBNR loss, and loss adjustment expense reserves included in our balance sheet together reflect our best estimate of the total costs required to settle all IBNR and known claims. However, our estimates could prove to be inadequate. Changes in expected ultimate losses and corresponding loss rates for recent policy years are considered likely and could result in a material adjustment to the IBNR reserves. A material change in expected ultimate losses and corresponding loss rates for older policy years is also possible, particularly for policy years with loss rates exceeding historical norms. Our estimates could ultimately prove to be materially different from actual claims experience, which may adversely affect our result of operations and financial conditions.

 If any of our insurance reserves should prove to be inadequate for the reasons discussed above, or for any other reason, we will be required to increase reserves, resulting in a reduction in our net income and stockholders' (deficit) equity in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Future loss experience substantially in excess of established reserves could also have a material adverse effect on future earnings and liquidity and financial rating, which would affect our ability to attract new business or to retain existing Distribution Partners and Third-Party Agents.

 There are risks associated with our indebtedness.

 On December 31, 2020, States Title entered into a credit agreement (the "Company Loan Agreement") with Hudson Structured Capital Management Ltd. ("HSCM") providing for a $150.0 million senior secured term loan ("Senior Debt") that was funded by the lenders, which are affiliates of HSCM on January 29, 2021 ("Funding Date"). The Senior Debt matures five years from the Funding Date. States Title used a portion of the net proceeds from the Senior Debt to repay all amounts outstanding and owed under the note payable to Lennar Title Group, LLC, including approximately $65.5 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding and accrued interest.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Hudson, as agent for such lenders, entered into an Agreement and Fourth Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement (the "HSCM Fourth Amendment") such that, among other things: (a) from the effective date of the HSCM Fourth Amendment through September 30, 2025, interest on the principal amount outstanding of the Senior Debt will accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly at a per annum rate equal to 16.25%; (b) beginning October 1, 2025, interest on the Senior Debt will accrue at a per annum rate equal to 16.25%, (i) 10% of which shall accrue and be payable in cash monthly and (ii) the remainder of such interest shall accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly; (c) the Company will make prepayments on the Senior Debt in an amount up to $16 million of net cash proceeds received from contingent payments earned by the Company pursuant to certain previous asset sales (but such payment shall be deferred until October 2025); (d) Subject to certain conditions, the Company will make monthly pre-payments of the Senior Debt under the Company Loan Agreement with cash on hand in excess of $7.5 million after October 1, 2025 in the event the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger; (e) if reasonably requested by HSCM following a termination of the Merger Agreement prior to the consummation of the Merger, the Company would transfer all of its equity interests in Doma Title Insurance, Inc to a newly formed bankruptcy-remote entity and cause such equity interests to be pledged as collateral under the Company Loan Agreement; (f) the financial covenants in the Company Loan Agreement were modified, including, without limitation, the reduction of the minimum consolidated GAAP revenue financial covenant from $130 million to $50 million; and (g) the Company is permitted to incur indebtedness under the Topco Term Facility (as defined below) which indebtedness shall be senior in respect of payment and liens to the obligations under the Company Loan Agreement. In connection with the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM shall be entitled to an amendment fee of $1.0 million, which fee became payable upon execution of the HSCM Fourth Amendment and shall be paid-in-kind and added to the Senior Debt.

 Immediately after the effectiveness of the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Parent entered into an Agreement and Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the "HSCM Fifth Amendment") pursuant to which, at the closing of the Merger, HSCM will (a) accept certain consideration (as set forth in the HSCM Fifth Amendment, the "HSCM Payoff") in full satisfaction of all indebtedness under the Company Loan Agreement and (b) release all liens securing the Company Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the HSCM Fifth Amendment, the Company's obligation to make cash interest payments under the Company Loan Agreement shall be suspended until the earliest of (a) the termination of the Merger Agreement, (b) five business days after the End Date (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (c) the consummation of the Merger (without HSCM's receipt of the HSCM Payoff) and (d) March 12, 2025 the ("Standstill Period"). In addition, during the Standstill Period, HSCM and the lenders have agreed not to exercise remedies with respect to certain matters that would otherwise constitute events of default under the Company Loan Agreement. If the Standstill Period ends without the consummation of the Merger (without HSCM's receipt of the HSCM Payoff), the Company's cash interest payment obligations under the Company Loan Agreement will be as described in the HSCM Fourth Amendment.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, States Title and Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent, entered into a commitment letter (the "Topco Commitment Letter"), pursuant to which Topco committed to provide a $35 million senior secured delayed draw term loan facility (the "Topco Term Facility") to States Title (with certain subsidiaries of States Title guaranteeing the obligations thereunder). The Topco Term Facility will have two tranches: (a) up to $25 million will be available to be drawn in up to three draws (each draw being for at least $5 million) between closing of the Topco Term Facility and December 31, 2024 and (b) up to $10 million will be available to be drawn in a single draw between January 1, 2025 and June 30, 2025, each tranche being subject to commitment reductions as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter. Each loan made thereunder will mature three years after it is drawn. The Topco Term Facility will be secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of States Title and the guarantors (subject to customary exceptions), senior to all existing and future liens securing debt for borrowed money (including the liens securing the Company Loan Agreement) and will be senior in right of payment to all existing and future debt for borrowed money (including the Company Loan Agreement), in each case, subject to certain exceptions. The terms of the subordination of the Company Loan Agreement shall be substantially as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter and will include certain prohibitions on the exercise of remedies by the lenders under the Company Loan Agreement. Interest on each loan will accrue at a rate of Term SOFR (subject to a 1.0% floor) plus 9.0% per annum and will be payable quarterly in kind. The Topco Term Facility will include a fee of 5.0% per annum on all undrawn commitments, payable quarterly in cash, and an upfront fee of 3.0% of the commitments in respect of the Topco Term Facility at closing of the Topco Term Facility, payable upon the funding or termination of such commitments. Prepayments of the Topco Term Facility (subject to certain exceptions) will be subject to customary prepayment premiums. The Topco Term Facility will also include certain information rights and other customary covenants (including affirmative, negative and financial covenants) and mandatory prepayment provisions.

 The provisions of the Company Loan Agreement, Topco Term Facility and any additional indebtedness we incur will limit our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things, incur or assume debt, incur certain liens or permit them to exist, undergo certain changes in business, management, control or business locations, dispose of assets, make certain investments, merge with other companies, pay dividends and enter into certain transactions with affiliates. States Title is also required to comply with certain financial covenants set forth in the Company Loan Agreement and to be set forth in the Topco Term Facility.

 In addition, a failure to comply with the provisions of our current and any additional indebtedness, including the Company Loan Agreement and Topco Term Facility, could result in a default or an event of default that could enable our lenders to declare the outstanding principal of that debt, together with accrued and unpaid interest plus the amount of any applicable prepayment premium, to be immediately due and payable. Such a default could also result in our inability to complete the Merger. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders under our Senior Debt, Topco Term Facility, and any other future secured debt agreement could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness.

 The Senior Debt is, and the Topco Term Facility will be, secured by a first-priority pledge and security interest in substantially all assets of our wholly owned subsidiary States Title (which represent substantially all of our assets) and its existing and future domestic subsidiaries and is guaranteed by all of States Title's domestic subsidiaries (in each case, subject to customary exclusions, including the exclusion of regulated insurance company subsidiaries). Any of these events could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

 Our outstanding indebtedness and any additional indebtedness we incur may have significant consequences, including, without limitation, the following:

 •

 our ability to pay interest and repay the principal for our indebtedness is dependent upon our ability to manage our business operations and generate sufficient cash flows to service such debt. We may be required to use a significant portion of our cash flow from operations and other available cash to service this indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of cash available for other purposes, including capital expenditures, acquisitions and strategic investments;

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 our indebtedness and leverage may increase our vulnerability to downturns in our business, to competitive pressures, and to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions;

 •

 our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, share repurchases, or other general corporate and other purposes may be limited; and

 •

 our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry may be limited.

 Changes in tax law could adversely affect our business and financial conditions.

 There can be no assurance that future tax law changes will not increase the rate of the corporate income tax significantly, impose new limitations on deductions, credits or other tax benefits, or make other changes that may adversely affect our business, cash flows or financial performance. In addition, the IRS has yet to issue guidance on important issues regarding the changes made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") and the CARES Act. In the absence of such guidance, we will take positions with respect to several unsettled issues. There is no assurance that the IRS or a court will agree with the positions taken by us, in which case tax penalties and interest may be imposed that could adversely affect our business, cash flows or financial performance.

 Other future changes in tax laws or regulations, or the interpretation thereof, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration and the practices of tax authorities could adversely affect us. We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes could affect our financial position and overall or effective tax rates in the future, reduce after-tax returns to our stockholders, and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance. If our effective tax rate increases, our operating results and cash flow could be adversely affected. Our effective income tax rate can vary significantly between periods due to a few complex factors including, but not limited to, projected levels of taxable income, tax audits conducted and settled by tax authorities, and adjustments to income taxes upon finalization of income tax returns.

 Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had federal income tax net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of approximately $391.9 million available to offset our future taxable income, if any, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"), or otherwise. Of our NOLs, $0.2 million of losses will begin to expire in 2036 and the remainder of federal NOLs can be carried forward indefinitely.

 We may be unable to fully use our NOLs, if at all. Under section 382 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change" (very generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in the corporation's equity ownership by certain stockholders, or groups of stockholders, who own at least 5% of a company's stock over a rolling three-year period), the corporation's ability to use its pre-ownership change NOLs to offset its post-ownership change income may be limited. We may have experienced ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If we undergo an ownership change, we may be prevented from fully utilizing our NOLs existing at the time of the ownership change prior to their expiration. Future regulatory changes could also limit our ability to utilize our NOLs. To the extent we are not able to offset future taxable income with our NOLs, our net income and cash flows may be adversely affected.

 The TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates and the rules governing NOL carryforwards. For federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the TCJA as modified by the CARES Act limits a taxpayer's ability to utilize NOL carryforwards in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 to 80% of taxable income. In addition, federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely, but carryback of NOLs are generally permitted to the prior five taxable years only for NOLs arising in taxable years beginning before 2021 and after 2017. Deferred tax assets for NOLs will need to be measured at the applicable tax rate in effect when the NOLs are expected to be utilized. The new limitation on use of NOLs may significantly impact our ability to utilize our NOLs to offset taxable income in the future. In addition, for state income tax purposes, there may be periods during which the use of NOL carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

 Unfavorable economic or other business conditions could cause us to record an impairment of all or a portion of our goodwill, other intangible assets and other long-lived assets.

 We annually perform impairment tests of the carrying values of our goodwill, other indefinite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets. We may also perform an evaluation whenever events may indicate an impairment has occurred. In assessing whether an impairment has occurred, we consider various factors including our long-term prospects, sustained declines in our market capitalization, negative macroeconomic trends or negative industry and company-specific trends. If we conclude that the carrying values of these assets exceed the fair value, we may be required to record an impairment of these assets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a long-lived asset impairment charge of $1.5 million. See Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data " of this Annual Report for more details on the impairment charges recognized in 2023. Any substantial impairment that may be required in the future could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

 Unexpected changes in the interpretation of our coverage or provisions, including loss limitations and exclusions, in our policies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 There can be no assurances that specifically negotiated loss limitations or exclusions in our policies will be enforceable in the manner we intend, or at all. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. While these limitations and exclusions help us assess and mitigate our loss exposure, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void a limitation or exclusion, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such limitations or exclusions. These types of governmental actions and court decisions, if issued post-policy, could result in higher than anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations by either broadening coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency or severity of claims. In addition, court decisions, such as the 1995 Montrose decision in California, could read policy exclusions narrowly so as to expand coverage, thereby requiring insurers to create and write new exclusions. Under the insurance laws, the insurer typically has the burden of proving an exclusion applies, and any ambiguities in the terms of a loss limitation or exclusion provision are typically construed against the insurer. These issues may adversely affect our business by either broadening coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency or severity of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued.

 State regulation of the rates we charge for title insurance could adversely affect our results of operations.

 Our title insurance subsidiary is subject to extensive rate regulation by the applicable state agencies in the jurisdictions in which they operate. Title insurance rates are regulated differently in various states, with some states requiring the subsidiary to file and receive approval of rates before such rates become effective and some states promulgating the rates that can be charged. In general, premium rates are determined on the basis of historical data for claim frequency and severity as well as related production costs and other expenses. In all states in which our title subsidiary operates, our rates must not be excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory. Premium rates could prove insufficient when ultimate claims and expenses exceed historically projected levels. Premium rate inadequacy may not become evident quickly and may take time to correct, and could adversely affect our business operating results and financial conditions.

 Denial of claims or our failure to accurately and timely pay claims could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

 Under the terms of our policies and subject to specific state regulations and on unfair claims settlement practices, we are required to accurately and timely evaluate and pay claims. Our ability to do so depends on several factors, including the efficacy of our claims processing, the training and experience of our claims adjusters and our ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures and systems to support our claims functions.

 An increase in the average time to process claims could lead to customer and partner dissatisfaction and undermine our reputation and position in the title insurance market. If our claims adjusters are unable to effectively process our volume of claims, our ability to grow our business while maintaining high levels of customer and partner satisfaction could be compromised, which in turn, could adversely affect our operating margins. Any failure to pay claims appropriately or timely under the provisions of the policy could also lead to regulatory and administrative actions or other legal proceedings and litigation against us, or result in damage to our reputation, any one of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

 Unexpected increases in the volume or severity of claims may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 Our business may experience volatility in claim volume from time to time, and short-term trends may not continue over the longer term. The volume of title insurance claims is subject to cyclical influences from both the real estate and mortgage markets, and changes in claim volume may result from changes in a mix of business, macroeconomic or other factors.

 A large portion of our title insurance volume stems from title policies issued to lenders. These policies insure lenders against losses on mortgage loans due to title defects in the collateral property. Even if an underlying title defect exists that could result in a claim, often, the lender must realize an actual loss, or at least be likely to realize an actual loss, for a title insurance liability to exist. As a result, title insurance claims exposure is sensitive to lenders' losses on mortgage loans and is affected in turn by external factors that affect mortgage loan losses, particularly macroeconomic factors. A general decline in real estate prices can expose lenders to a greater risk of losses on mortgage loans, as loan-to-value ratios increase, and defaults and foreclosures increase. A significant increase in claim volume or the severity of those claims could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 Changes in claim severity are typically driven by limited financing alternatives, declining real estate values and the increase in foreclosures that often results therefrom. While actuarial models for pricing and reserving typically include an expected level of inflation, unanticipated increases in claim severity can arise from events that are inherently difficult to predict. Although we pursue various loss management initiatives to mitigate future increases in claim severity, there can be no assurances that these initiatives will successfully identify or reduce the effect of future increases in claim severity. Moreover, as our business model is nascent, we have limited claims data to evaluate the efficacy of these loss mitigation initiatives.

 Our use of Third-Party Agents could adversely impact the frequency and severity of title claims.

 We underwrite title insurance policies referred through two principal channels: our Doma Enterprise partner referrals and other non-captive title and escrow agents in the market. For the title insurance policies we underwrite for Third-Party Agents, these agents may perform the title search and examination function or the agent may utilize our title and escrow products. In either case, the Third-Party Agent is responsible for ensuring that the search and examination is completed. The Third-Party Agent thus retains the majority of the title premium collected, with the balance remitted to our title underwriter for bearing the risk of loss in the event that a claim is made under the title insurance policy. Our relationship with each Third-Party Agent is governed by an agency agreement defining how the Third-Party Agent issues a title insurance policy on our behalf. The agency agreement also sets forth the Third-Party Agent's liability to us for policy losses attributable to the Third-Party Agent's errors. For each Third-Party Agent with whom we enter into an agency agreement, financial and loss experience records are maintained. Periodic audits of our agents are also conducted and the number of Third-Party Agents with whom we transact business is strategically managed in an effort to reduce future expenses and manage risks. Despite efforts to monitor the Third-Party Agents with which we transact business, there is no guarantee that a Third-Party Agent will comply with its contractual obligations to us. Furthermore, we cannot be certain that, due to changes in the regulatory environment and litigation trends, we will not be held liable for errors and omissions by a Third-Party Agent. Accordingly, our use of Third-Party Agents could adversely impact the frequency and severity of title claims and could expose us to potential liability.

 Reinsurance may be unavailable at current levels and prices, which may limit our ability to underwrite new policies. Furthermore, reinsurance subjects us to counterparty risk and may not be adequate to protect us against losses, which could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 Reinsurance is a contract by which an insurer, which may be referred to as the ceding insurer, agrees with a second insurer, called a reinsurer, that the reinsurer will cover a portion of the losses incurred by the ceding insurer in the event a claim is made under a policy issued by the ceding insurer, in exchange for a premium. Our regulated insurance subsidiary obtains reinsurance to help manage its exposure to title insurance risks. Although our reinsurance counterparties are liable to us according to the terms of the reinsurance policies, we remain primarily liable to our policyholders as the direct insurers on all risks reinsured. As a result, reinsurance does not eliminate the obligation of our regulated insurance subsidiary to pay all claims, and we are subject to the risk that one or more of our reinsurers will be unable or unwilling to honor their obligations, that the reinsurers will not pay in a timely fashion, or that our losses are so large that they exceed the limits inherent in our reinsurance treaties, limiting recovery. We are also subject to the risk that, under applicable insurance laws and regulations, we may not be able to take credit for the reinsurance on our financial statements and instead would be required to hold separate admitted assets as reserves to cover claims on the risks that we have ceded to the reinsurer. Our reinsurers may become financially unsound by the time that they are called upon to pay amounts due, which may not occur for many years, in which case we may have no legal ability to recover what is due to us under our agreement with such reinsurer. Any disputes with our reinsurers regarding coverage under reinsurance treaties could be time-consuming, costly and uncertain of success.

 Market conditions beyond our control impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. No assurances can be made that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us to the same extent and on the same terms and rates as is currently available, as such availability depends in part on factors outside of our control. A new contract may not provide sufficient reinsurance protection. Market forces and external factors, such as significant losses from adverse changes to the real estate market, such as a decline in real estate prices, rise in interest rates or increase in mortgage defaults and foreclosures, or an increase in capital and surplus requirements, impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. If we were unable to maintain our current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts that we consider sufficient at acceptable prices, we would have to either accept an increase in our catastrophe exposure, reduce our insurance underwritings, or develop or seek other alternatives.

 The unavailability of acceptable reinsurance protection would have a materially adverse impact on our business model, which depends on reinsurance companies to absorb any unfavorable variance from the level of losses anticipated at underwriting. If we are unable to obtain adequate reinsurance at reasonable rates, we would have to increase our risk exposure or reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, each of which could have a material adverse effect upon our business volume and profitability. Alternatively, we could elect to pay higher than reasonable rates for reinsurance coverage, which could have a material adverse effect upon our profitability unless policy premium rates could be raised, in most cases subject to approval by state regulators, to offset this additional cost.

 Starting in late February 2021, we reduced the level of reinsurance on policies underwritten using our machine intelligence system from 100% to 25%, which may impact our overall risk profile and financial and capital condition. To the extent we experience higher claim activity than our projections of claim losses and financial impacts thereof, our financial situation and our business may be adversely affected. To the extent we seek to increase our reinsurance coverage in response to such an event, we may be unable to secure additional coverage at acceptable rates and terms or at all. This may have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

 We may be unable to prevent, monitor or detect fraudulent activity, including policy acquisitions or payments of claims that are fraudulent in nature.

 If we fail to maintain adequate systems and processes to prevent, monitor and detect fraud, including fraudulent policy acquisitions or claims activity, or if inadvertent errors occur with such prevention, monitoring and detection systems due to human or computer error, our business could be materially adversely impacted. While we believe past incidents of fraudulent activity have been relatively isolated, we cannot be certain that our systems and processes will always be adequate in the face of increasingly sophisticated and ever-changing fraud schemes. We use a variety of tools to protect against fraud, but these tools may not always be successful at preventing such fraud. Instances of fraud may result in increased costs, including possible settlement and litigation expenses, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and reputation.

 A downgrade by the ratings agency, reductions in statutory capital and surplus maintained by our title insurance underwriters or a deterioration in other measures of financial strength could adversely affect us.

 Certain of our Doma Distribution Partners and third-party agencies use measurements of the financial strength of our title insurance underwriters, including, among others, the rating provided by the rating agency Demotech, Inc. and levels of statutory capital and surplus maintained by those underwriters, in determining the amount of a policy they will accept and the amount of reinsurance required. Our title insurance underwriter's financial strength rating is A' (A Prime) by Demotech, Inc. The rating provides the agency's perspectives on the financial strength, operating performance and cash-generating ability of those operations. The agency continually reviews this rating and the rating is subject to change. Statutory capital and surplus, or the amount by which statutory assets exceed statutory liabilities, is also a measure of financial strength. Our title insurance underwriter maintains a statutory capital and surplus. Accordingly, if the rating or statutory capital and surplus of these title insurance underwriters are reduced from their current levels, or if there is a deterioration in other measures of financial strength, our results of operations, competitive position and liquidity could be adversely affected.

 Failure to maintain our statutory capital and surplus at the required levels could adversely affect our ability to maintain regulatory authority to conduct our business.

 Our insurance subsidiary is subject to minimum capital and surplus standards, including requirements, prohibitions and limitations applicable to investments, promulgated by South Carolina, its state of domicile, and by New York, where we are not domiciled but expect to be held subject to the minimum capital and surplus requirements upon our admission to insure transactions in New York. Our regulated subsidiaries are required to report their results of minimum capital and surplus calculations and investment practices to the departments of insurance. Failure to maintain the minimum capital and surplus standards could subject our regulated subsidiary to corrective action, including the required submission of a remediation plan, the imposition by the state of a deadline for remediation, or designation by the state that the insurer is in a "hazardous financial condition" and related issuance of an order to nonadmit, limit, dispose of, withdraw from, or discontinue an investment or investment practice. Our insurance subsidiary is currently in compliance with the minimum capital and surplus requirements.

 Severe weather events and other climate related catastrophes, including the effects of climate change, are inherently unpredictable and may have a material adverse effect on our financial results and financial condition.

 To the extent that climate change impacts changes in weather patterns or otherwise, properties in areas where we may have significant geographic exposure could experience wildfires and other instances of severe weather, including hurricanes, severe winter storms, and/or flooding due, in part, to increases in storm intensity and rising sea levels. These and other climate change related effects could impact property prices and housing-related costs or disrupt borrowers' ability to pay their mortgage. If defaults or foreclosures occur at elevated levels, there may be an influx of title insurance claims under loan policies or claims might be reported earlier than under normal conditions. A significant increase in claim volume or the severity of those claims could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, climate change could impact the level of mortgage and mortgage-related transactions that could negatively impact our volume of business. The frequency, severity, duration, and geographic location and scope of such climate change related catastrophe and severe weather events are inherently unpredictable, and, therefore, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact climate change and such events may have on our business.

 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property could reduce the value of our products, services and brand.

 Our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights are important assets for us. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, patent, trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, and trade secret laws, to protect our brand and other intellectual property rights. In addition, we seek to enter into various agreements with our employees, independent contractors, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, pursuant to which such individuals assign intellectual property rights they develop to us and agree to maintain confidentiality of our confidential information. However, we may fail to enter into such agreements with all relevant individuals, such assignments may not be self-executing, and such agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and or provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology. In addition, we may fail to consistently obtain, police and enforce such agreements. Additionally, various factors outside our control pose a threat to our intellectual property rights, as well as to our products, services and technologies. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective, and any of our intellectual property rights, including our issued patents, have in the past and may in the future be challenged in courts or patent offices. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability and challenges to our intellectual property, including issued patents, could result in their being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology platform. As a result, despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that our patent portfolio and other intellectual property rights will be sufficient to protect against others offering products or services that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business or that unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our technology and use information that we consider proprietary.

 We have filed, and may continue in the future to file, applications to protect certain of our innovations and intellectual property. We do not know whether any of our applications will result in the issuance of a patent, trademark or copyright, as applicable, or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims or otherwise limit the scope of such intellectual property. In addition, we may not receive competitive advantages from the rights granted under our intellectual property. Our existing intellectual property, and any intellectual property granted to us or that we otherwise acquire in the future, may be contested, circumvented or invalidated, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriation or otherwise violating our rights to our intellectual property. Therefore, the exact effect of the protection of this intellectual property cannot be predicted with certainty. Because obtaining patent protection requires disclosing our inventions to the public, such disclosure may facilitate our competitors' developing improvements to our innovations. In addition, given the costs, effort, risks and downside of obtaining patent protection, including the requirement to ultimately disclose the invention to the public, we may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations. Any failure to adequately obtain such patent protection, or other intellectual property protection, could later prove to adversely impact our business.

 We currently hold various domain names relating to our brand. Failure to protect our domain names could adversely affect our reputation and brand and make it more difficult for users to find our website. We may be unable, without significant cost or at all, to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or otherwise decrease the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.

 We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, and some violations may be difficult or impossible to detect. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of management's attention and resources, could impair the functionality of our products, delay introductions of enhancements to our products, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our products or harm our reputation or brand. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new offerings or product features, which may not be on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and could adversely affect our ability to compete.

 Although we take measures to protect our intellectual property, if we are unable to prevent the unauthorized use or exploitation of our intellectual property, the value of our brand, content, and other intangible assets may be diminished, competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations, the perception of our business and service to current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents and real estate professionals may become confused, and our ability to attract customers and partners may be adversely affected. Any inability or failure to protect our intellectual property could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. While we take precautions designed to protect our intellectual property, it may still be possible for competitors and other unauthorized third parties to copy our technology and use our proprietary brand, content and information to create or enhance competing solutions and services, which could adversely affect our competitive position in our rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry. Some license provisions that protect against unauthorized use, copying, transfer and disclosure of our technology may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. While we enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with our third-party providers and strategic partners, we cannot assure you that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, and use and distribution of, our products and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our offerings.

 If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

 In addition to registered intellectual property rights, such as trademark registrations, we rely on non-registered proprietary information and technology, such as trade secrets, confidential information, know-how and technical information. Certain information or technology that we endeavor to protect as trade secrets may not be eligible for trade secret protection in all jurisdictions, or the measures we undertake to establish and maintain such trade secret protection may be inadequate. To protect our proprietary information and technology, we rely in part on agreements with our employees, investors, independent contractors and other third parties that place restrictions on the use and disclosure of this intellectual property. These agreements may not adequately protect our trade secrets, these agreements may be breached, or this intellectual property, including trade secrets, may otherwise be disclosed or become known to our competitors, which could cause us to lose any competitive advantage resulting from this intellectual property. To the extent that our employees, independent contractors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Current or future legal requirements may require us to disclose certain proprietary information or technology, such as our proprietary data science and machine intelligence algorithms, to regulators or other third parties, including our competitors, which could impair or result in the loss of trade secret protection for such information or technology. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products and services by copying functionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, results of operations and competitive position.

 If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our competitive position may be harmed.

 The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition with potential members. In addition, third parties may file, for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of our technologies, products or services. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Third parties may allege that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights, and we may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.

 We are from time to time subject to intellectual property disputes. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, we may not be aware that our products or services are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating third-party intellectual property rights, and such third parties may bring claims alleging such infringement, misappropriation or violation. For example, there may be issued patents of which we are not aware, held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or products. There also may be pending patent applications of which we are not aware that may result in issued patents, which could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or products. Because patent applications can take years to issue and are often afforded confidentiality for some period of time, there may currently be pending applications, unknown to us, that later result in issued patents that could cover our current or future technologies or products.

 Lawsuits can be time-consuming and expensive to resolve and can divert management's time and attention. The industry in which we operate is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual and proprietary rights. Companies in the software industry are often required to defend against litigation claims based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims against their use. In addition, many companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them, than we can. In a patent infringement claim against us, we may assert, as a defense, that we do not infringe the relevant patent claims, that the patent is invalid, or both. The strength of our defenses may depend on the patents asserted, the interpretation of these patents, or our ability to invalidate the asserted patents. However, we could be unsuccessful in advancing non-infringement and/or invalidity arguments in our defense. In the United States, issued patents enjoy a presumption of validity, and the party challenging the validity of a patent claim must present clear and convincing evidence of invalidity, which is a high burden of proof. Conversely, the patent owner need only prove infringement by a preponderance of the evidence, which is a lower burden of proof. We do not currently have a large patent portfolio, which could prevent us from deterring patent infringement claims through our own patent portfolio, and our competitors and others may now and in the future have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we have. Any litigation may also involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners that have no relevant product revenue, and therefore, our patents may provide little or no deterrence as we would not be able to assert them against such entities or individuals.

 An adverse result in any infringement or misappropriation proceeding could subject us to significant damages, injunctions and reputational harm. If a third party is able to obtain an injunction preventing us from accessing such third-party intellectual property rights, or if we cannot license or develop alternative technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we may be forced to limit or stop sales of our relevant products and technology capabilities or cease business activities related to such intellectual property. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:

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 cease selling or using products or services that incorporate the intellectual property rights that we allegedly infringe, misappropriate or violate;

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 make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;

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 obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, to sell or use the relevant technology;

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 redesign the allegedly infringing products to avoid infringement, misappropriation or violation, which could be costly, time-consuming or impossible;

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 rebrand our products and services and/or be prevented from selling some of our products or services if third parties successfully oppose or challenge our trademarks or successfully claim that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their trademarks or other intellectual property rights; and/or

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 limit the manner in which we use our brands.

 Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of management and harm our business and operating results. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of infringement and misappropriation claims may grow as the market for our platform and products grows. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase and this could further exhaust our financial and management resources. Any of the foregoing could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We employ third-party licensed software for use in our business, and the inability to maintain these licenses, errors in the software we license or the terms of open source licenses could result in increased costs or reduced service levels, which would adversely affect our business.

 Our business relies on certain third-party software obtained under licenses from other companies. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on such third-party software in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace. In addition, integration of new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Our use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Many of the risks associated with the use of third-party software cannot be eliminated, and these risks could negatively affect our business.

 If we fail to comply with any of the obligations under our license agreements, we may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. Termination by the licensor would cause us to lose valuable rights, and could prevent us from selling our products and services, or inhibit our ability to commercialize future products and services. Our business would suffer if any current or future licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license, if the licensors fail to enforce licensed intellectual property rights against infringing third parties, if licensed intellectual property is found to be invalid or unenforceable or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. In addition, our rights to certain technologies, are licensed to us on a nonexclusive basis. The owners of these nonexclusively licensed technologies are therefore free to license them to third parties, including our competitors, on terms that may be superior to those offered to us, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, the agreements under which we license intellectual property or technology from third parties are generally complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement. Any of the foregoing could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Additionally, the software powering our technology systems incorporates software covered by open source licenses. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that the licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to operate our systems. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to certain open source licenses, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code or reengineer all or a portion of our technology systems, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technology systems. Moreover, we cannot ensure that we have not incorporated additional open source software in our products in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies and procedures. Such risk could be difficult or impossible to eliminate and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

 The price of our securities may be volatile.

 The price of our securities may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

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 our failure to complete, delays in completing, or other developments related to the pending Merger;

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 changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;

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 developments involving our competitors;

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 changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

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 variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;

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 actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

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 publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;

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 the public's reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;

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 actions by stockholders, including the sale by investors of any of their shares of our common stock;

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 additions and departures of key personnel;

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 commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving the combined company;

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 changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;

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 the volume of shares of our common stock available for public sale; and

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 general economic and political conditions, such as recessions, interest rates, housing prices, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability, and acts of war or terrorism.

 These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our securities regardless of our operating performance.

 We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

 We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in the Senior Debt and Topco Term Facility as well as any future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. Additionally, the Merger Agreement generally restricts our ability to pay any dividends on our common stock during the period between the execution and completion of the Merger Agreement. See also Item 1 " Business — Laws and Regulations — State Disclosure Requirements and Other Substantive Insurance Regulations " for additional discussion regarding potential restrictions on our ability to distribute dividends.

 Insiders have substantial control over us and could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

 As of December 31, 2023, holders of more than 10% of our common stock, our directors and executive officers and entities affiliated with them own a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, would be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of the Merger or any other mergers or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. The concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, LENX ST Investor, LLC and Len FW Investor, LLC ( " Lennar," and together with LENX ST Investor, LLC, the "Lennar Stockholders"), the Company and Parent entered into a Voting and Support Agreement (the "Voting and Support Agreement"), pursuant to which the Lennar Stockholders have agreed, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, to vote or cause to be voted all shares of our common stock beneficially owned by the Lennar Stockholders (the "Voting Agreement Shares") in favor of adopting the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger. The Lennar Stockholders hold, collectively, approximately 25% of the voting power of our common stock. Under the Voting and Support Agreement, the Lennar Stockholders have agreed to, among other things, (a) vote the Voting Agreement Shares in favor of the Merger, the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby and (b) vote against any Alternative Acquisition Agreement (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and any other action or agreement (including, without limitation, any amendment of any agreement), amendment of the Company's organizational documents or other action that is intended or would reasonably be expected to materially prevent or delay the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, including the Merger. The Voting and Support Agreement will automatically terminate upon the earliest of (i) written agreement of the parties thereto to terminate the Voting and Support Agreement, (ii) the valid termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms and (iii) the effective time of the Merger, and each Lennar Stockholder may terminate the Voting and Support Agreement as to itself upon the entry by the Company and Parent without the prior written consent of such Lennar Stockholder into any amendment, waiver or modification to the Merger Agreement that results in (x) a change to the form of consideration to be paid thereunder, (y) a decrease in the amount of Merger Consideration payable to the stockholders of the Company pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement as in effect on the date of the Voting and Support Agreement, or (z) an imposition of any material restrictions or additional constraints on the payment of the consideration thereunder.

 Future sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. We have filed a registration statement to register for resale the shares issued in the private placement that closed concurrent with the Business Combination, and shares held by certain other holders pursuant to a registration rights agreement. In addition, our outstanding shares, other than those issued in the private placement and shares held by our affiliates, are freely tradeable. Sales of our common stock, whether pursuant to the registration statement or otherwise, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock and public warrants.

 Additionally, to the extent our outstanding options or warrants are exercised, or our restricted stock units vest, additional shares of our common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales, or the potential sales, of substantial numbers of shares in the public market by certain selling securityholders could increase the volatility of the market price of our common stock or adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

 Further, future issuances of shares of our common stock or other equity related securities, including any shares of our common stock issued to finance capital expenditures, finance acquisitions or repay debt, will result in dilution to the holders of our common stock, will increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market, and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

 Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

 The Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") and our organizational documents contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws includes provisions regarding:

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 providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;

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 the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including "blank check" preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

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 prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

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 the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;

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 the ability of our board of directors to amend our bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend our bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and

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 advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

 These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

 Delaware law may delay or prevent a change in control, and may discourage bids for our common stock at a premium over its market price.

 We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. These provisions prohibit large stockholders, in particular a stockholder owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock, from consummating a merger or combination with a corporation unless this stockholder receives board approval for the transaction or 66 2/3% of the shares of voting stock not owned by the stockholder approve the merger or transaction. These provisions of Delaware law may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, and may discourage bids for our common stock at a premium over its market price.

 The provisions of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

 Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we otherwise consent in writing, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or agent of us to us or our stockholders, or any claim for aiding and abetting any such alleged breach; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us, our directors, officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us, our directors, officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This provision does not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any claim for which the U.S. federal district courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

 Further, our certificate of incorporation also provides that, unless we consent in writing, the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Although our certificate of incorporation provides that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act it is possible that a court could rule that such provisions are inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provisions are unenforceable. Moreover, investors cannot waive compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

 These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies' certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the exclusive forum provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.

 Our only significant asset is our ownership interest in our wholly owned subsidiary States Title and such ownership may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our common stock or satisfy our other financial obligations.

 As of December 31, 2023, we have no significant direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership of our wholly owned subsidiary States Title. We will depend on States Title for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company and to pay any dividends with respect to our common stock. The financial condition and operating requirements of States Title may limit our ability to obtain cash from States Title. The earnings from, or other available assets of, States Title may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our common stock or satisfy our other financial obligations. Further, the provisions of the Senior Debt and Topco Term Facility will limit States Title ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things, pay dividends or make distribution to us. Additionally, the Merger Agreement generally restricts our ability to pay any dividends on our common stock during the period between the execution and completion of the Merger Agreement.

 We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of warrants and options, and we may invest or spend the proceeds in ways with which investors do not agree and in ways that may not yield a return.

 We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercises of warrants and options. Investors may not agree with our decisions, and our use of the proceeds may not yield a return on investment. We intend to use these net proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which may include sales and marketing activities, research and development, general and administrative matters and capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for the acquisition of, or investment in, complementary companies, products, services, technologies or assets. However, we have no current commitments or agreements to enter into any such acquisitions or make any such investments. Our use of these proceeds may differ substantially from our current plans. Our failure to apply the net proceeds from the exercises of warrants and options effectively could impair our ability to pursue our growth strategy or could require us to raise additional capital.

 Risks Related to the Merger

 The Merger is subject to various closing conditions, which may delay the Merger, result in additional expenditures of money and resources or reduce the anticipated benefits or result in the termination of the Merger Agreement.

 On March 28, 2024, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub. The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent.

 The Merger is subject to the satisfaction (or waiver, to the extent permissible under applicable laws) of a number of closing conditions described in the Merger Agreement, including (i) approval of the Company's Disinterested Stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (ii) consent, approval or authorization from relevant insurance regulatory agencies without the imposition of a Burdensome Condition (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (iii) absence of any order or injunction prohibiting the consummation of the Merger, (iv) subject in certain cases to customary materiality qualifiers, the accuracy of the representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement and compliance with the covenants contained in the Merger Agreement, (v) no Company Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) having occurred since the date of the Merger Agreement that is continuing, (vi) the completion of certain specified transactions as contemplated by the Merger Agreement, (vii) the repayment of the Company's outstanding indebtedness under the Company Loan Agreement pursuant to the terms described below and (viii) the investment by Lennar into Topco. Many of the closing conditions are beyond the parties' control that may prevent, delay or otherwise materially adversely affect the completion of the Merger. The Company and Parent cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of these conditions will be satisfied. If any of these conditions are not satisfied or waived, it is possible that the Merger Agreement may be terminated.

 Although the parties have agreed to use reasonable best efforts, subject to certain limitations, to complete the Merger, these and other conditions may fail to be satisfied. In addition, completion of the Merger may take longer, and could cost more, than we expect. The requirements for obtaining the required clearances and approvals could delay the completion of the Merger for a significant period of time or prevent them from occurring. Any delay in completing the Merger may adversely affect the cost savings and other benefits that we expect to achieve if the Merger and the integration of businesses are completed within the expected timeframe.

 Failure to complete the Merger may result in us paying a termination fee or reimbursement of expenses to the other party and could harm our common stock price and our future business and operations.

 If the Merger is not completed, we may be subject to the following risks:

 •

 Upon termination of the Merger Agreement, we may be required to pay a termination fee up to $3,188,734 if (a) there is any material breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement set forth in the Merger Agreement on the part of the Company or (b) the Company Board authorizes the Company to enter into an alternative acquisition agreement with respect to a superior proposal;

 •

 we have incurred significant expenses related to the Merger, such as legal and accounting fees, which must be paid even if the Merger is not completed;

 •

 the price of our common stock may decline and remain volatile;

 •

 our reputation may be adversely impacted;

 •

 we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from our customers and employees. For example, we may be impacted adversely by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the Merger, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the Merger;

 •

 the market price of our common stock could decline to the extent that the current market prices reflect a market assumption that the Merger will be completed; and

 •

 we also could be subject to litigation related to the merger, any failure to complete the Merger or to proceedings commenced against us to perform our obligations under the Merger, which could result in significant costs to the Company, including any costs associated with the indemnification of directors and officers.

 If the Merger is not completed, we cannot assure you that the risks described above will not materialize and will not materially affect our business, financial results and stock price.

 In addition, if the Merger Agreement is terminated and we determine to seek another business combination, there can be no assurance that we will be able to find a partner willing to provide equivalent or more attractive consideration than the consideration to be provided by Parent in the Merger, or any partner at all.

 Risks Related to Accounting and Financial Reporting

 We are currently an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and to the extent we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

 We are currently an "emerging growth company" within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

 Further, section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accountant standards used.

 We will cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of (i) the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of Capitol's initial public offering; (ii) the first fiscal year after our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have, during the three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt securities; or (iv) the end of any fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million as of the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year.

 Additionally, we are a "smaller reporting company" as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements.

 We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (1) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the end of that fiscal year's second quarter, or (2) our annual revenues exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of that fiscal year's second quarter. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible.

 As provided by law, after we lose our "emerging growth company" and/or "smaller reporting company" status, we will no longer be able to take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting, and we will also be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We will incur additional expenses in connection with such compliance and management will need to devote additional time and effort to implement and comply with such requirements.

 Our Public and Private Placement Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

 On April 12, 2021, the Acting Director of the Division of Corporation Finance and Acting Chief Accountant of the SEC together issued a statement regarding the accounting and reporting considerations for warrants issued by special purpose acquisition companies entitled "Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies ("SPACs")" (the "SEC Statement"). Specifically, the SEC Statement focused on certain settlement terms and provisions related to certain tender offers following a business combination, which terms are similar to those contained in the Warrant Agreement governing our warrants.

 We have 11,500,000 public warrants and 5,833,333 private placement warrants, and have determined to classify the warrants as derivative liabilities measured at fair value, with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings. As a result, included on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 contained in this Annual Report are derivative liabilities related to embedded features contained within the warrants.

 Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity," provides for the remeasurement of the fair value of such derivatives at each balance sheet date, with a resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in earnings in the statements of operations. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly, based on factors that are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect that we will recognize noncash gains or losses on the warrants each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material.

 If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls, and complying with the other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules promulgated by the SEC thereunder. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with international financial reporting standards. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected by the company's internal controls on a timely basis.

 In addition, prior to the Business Combination, Old Doma, as a private company, was not required to document and test its internal controls over financial reporting nor was management required to certify the effectiveness of internal controls or have its auditors opine on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. As a public company, we are now subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are also continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. However, as the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination, we cannot assure you that we have identified all, or that we will not in the future have additional material weaknesses.

 If we identify any material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures taken to date, or any measures taken in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

 General Risks

 The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and have required and will continue to require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

 As a privately held company, Old Doma had not been required to comply with many corporate governance and financial reporting practices and policies required of a publicly traded company. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the listing standards of the NYSE. The Exchange Act requires the filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to a public company's business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that a public company establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. These expenses will increase once we are no longer an "emerging growth company" as defined under the JOBS Act or a "smaller reporting company." Also, our entire management team and many of our other employees have devoted and will continue to devote substantial time to compliance.

 These rules and regulations have and will continue to result in us incurring substantial legal and financial compliance costs and have made and will continue to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

 If analysts do not publish research about our business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

 The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. In addition, if we fail to meet the expectations and forecasts for our business provided by securities analysts, our stock price could decline.

 We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

 The market price of our common stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. We also may become the target of litigation from our involvement in the Business Combination as described in Note 1 " Organization and business operations " contained in Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data " of this Annual Report. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things: operational risks, intellectual property theft, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers and violation of data privacy or security laws.

 Identifying and assessing cybersecurity risk is integrated into our overall risk management systems and processes. Cybersecurity risks related to our business, technical operations, privacy and compliance issues are identified and addressed through a multi-faceted approach including various security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate, resolve and recover from identified vulnerabilities and security incidents in a timely manner. To defend, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents, we, among other things: conduct proactive privacy and cybersecurity reviews of systems and applications, third party assessments, IT security, governance, risk and compliance reviews, audit applicable data policies, perform testing using external third-party tools and techniques to test security controls, conduct comprehensive annual and monthly employee training, monitor emerging laws and regulations related to data protection and information security and implement appropriate changes.

 We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity and technology threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We use a widely-adopted risk quantification model to identify, measure and prioritize cybersecurity and technology risks and develop related security controls and safeguards. We conduct regular reviews and tests of our information security program, penetration and vulnerability testing, simulations, and other exercises to evaluate the effectiveness of our information security program and improve our security measures and planning. We also conduct tabletop exercises to simulate responses to cybersecurity incidents. Our team of cybersecurity professionals then collaborate with technical and business stakeholders across our business units to further analyze the risk to the company, and form detection, mitigation and remediation strategies. The results of these assessments are reported to the Audit and Risk Committee.

 Our risk management program also assesses third party risks, and we perform third-party risk management to identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers, and other business partners associated with our use of third-party service providers. Cybersecurity risks are evaluated when determining the selection and oversight of applicable third-party service providers and potential fourth-party risks when handling and/or processing our employee, business or customer data. In addition to new vendor onboarding, we perform risk management evaluations during third-party cybersecurity compromise incidents to identify and mitigate risks to us from third-party incidents.

 Security events and data incidents are evaluated, ranked by severity and prioritized for response and remediation. Incidents are evaluated to determine materiality as well as operational and business impact, and reviewed for privacy impact.

 We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, under the heading: "If the security of the personal information that we (or our vendors) collect, store or process is compromised or is otherwise accessed without authorization, or if we fail to comply with our commitments and assurances regarding the privacy and security of such information, our reputation may be harmed and we may be exposed to significant liability and loss of business." included as part of our risk factor disclosures at Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Cybersecurity Governance

 Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management processes and an area of focus for our Board and management. Our Audit and Risk Committee is responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. Members of the Audit and Risk Committee receive biannual updates from senior management, including leaders from our Information Security, Risk and Legal teams, regarding cybersecurity. This includes existing and new cybersecurity risks, status on how management is addressing and/or mitigating those risks, cybersecurity and data privacy incidents (if any) and status on key information security initiatives.

 Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes are overseen by leaders from our Information Security, Risk and Legal teams. Such individuals have decades of work experience in various roles involving information technology, including security, compliance, systems and programming, and/or hold industry recognized information security certifications. These individuals are informed about, and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described above, including the operation of our incident response plan, and report to the Audit and Risk Committee on any appropriate items.

 Item 2. Properties

 We primarily operate through a network of leased properties, including largely office spaces. We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current business requirements and that we will be able to find suitable space to accommodate any potential future expansion. Our leased properties total approximately 165,304 square feet, with the most significant properties being our headquarters in San Francisco, California, our insurance underwriter's offices in Miami, Florida, and our operations in Arlington, Texas.

 The following table lists the principal facilities leased by us as of December 31, 2023:

 Location

 Function

 Approximate Square Feet

 San Francisco, CA

 Headquarters

 12,248

 Miami, FL

 9,973

 Arlington, TX

 Operations

 11,516

 We believe that our headquarters, operations and underwriting centers are generally adequate to meet our long-term needs and business goals. See also the information set forth in Note 21 " Leases " contained in Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data " of this Annual Report. Our headquarters are currently located in the leased space at 101 Mission Street, Suite 1050, San Francisco, California 94105.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 In the ordinary course of business, the Company is, or may become, involved in various pending or threatened litigation matters related to our operations, some of which may include claims for punitive or exemplary damages. For our business, customary litigation includes, but is not limited to, cases related to title and escrow claims, for which we make provisions through our loss reserves. Further, ordinary course litigation may include class action and purported class action lawsuits.

 Additionally, we may, from time to time, receive various inquiries from governmental regulators concerning practices in the title insurance industry or other matters. Management reviews all legal proceedings (which includes lawsuits and other legal and regulatory matters and inquiries) on an ongoing basis when making its accrual and disclosure decisions. When assessing reasonably possible and probable outcomes, management bases its decision on its assessment of the ultimate outcome of the proceeding. For legal proceedings in which it is determined that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability which represents our best estimate, based on known facts, will be recorded. Actual losses for a legal proceeding may differ materially from the amounts recorded, if any, and the ultimate outcome of our pending legal proceedings is generally not yet determinable. While it is possible that some matters could be material to our operating results or cash flows in any particular period in the event of an unfavorable outcome, management does not believe the resolution of any such legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a materially adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

 See also the information set forth in Note 15 " Legal Matters " contained in Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data " of this Annual Report and Part I, Item 1A " Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — Litigation and legal proceedings filed by or against us and our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition," which are incorporated by reference into this Item 3 of Part I.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant ' s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information for our Common Stock and Warrants

 Our common stock have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "DOMA" since July 29, 2021. Our public warrants are trading on the OTC Pink Marketplace under the symbol "DOMAW". Before the completion of the Business Combination, Capitol's Class A common stock and public warrants were listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CAP" and "CAP WS," respectively.

 Holders of Record

 As of March 18, 2024, there were approximately 13,883,658 shares of common stock outstanding and 11,500,000 public warrants to purchase common stock outstanding, with 42 and 7 holders of record, respectively.

 Dividend Policy

 We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business, and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and contractual obligations, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Additionally, the Merger Agreement generally restricts our ability to pay any dividends on our common stock during the period between the execution and completion of the Merger Agreement.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

 None.

 Use of Proceeds

 None.

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

 None.

 Item 6. Reserved

 Reserved.

 Item 7. Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Doma should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 together with the related notes thereto, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this " Annual Report "). Management ' s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations generally includes tables with two year financial performance, accompanied by narrative for 2023. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation under Accounting Standard Codification 205-20-45, " Discontinued Operations. " For further discussion of prior period financial results, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures and information contained in " Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements " in this Annual Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A " Risk Factors " or in other parts of this Annual Report. Certain amounts may not foot due to rounding. All forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are based on information available to us as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances, except as required by law.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, references to " company, " " Company, " " Doma, " " we, " " us, " " our " and similar terms refer to Doma Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Capitol Investment Corp. V) and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to " Capitol " refer to our predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to " Old Doma " refer to Old Doma prior to the Business Combination and to States Title Holding, Inc. ( " States Title "), the wholly owned subsidiary of Doma, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

 Our Business Model

 Our primary business activity is the issuance of residential and commercial title insurance on purchase and refinance transactions. We operate and report our business through two reporting segments, "Underwriting" and "Corporate and Other." See "—Basis of Presentation" below.

 Our Underwriting segment reflects the sale and execution of our underwriting and insurance services. These services are integrated with non-captive title and escrow agents in the market ("Third-Party Agents") through our captive title insurance carrier. For customers sourced through the Third-Party Agents channel, we retain a portion of the title premium (approximately 16% - 18%) in exchange for underwriting risk to our balance sheet. The Third-Party Agents channel also includes the title underwriting and insurance services we provide to Lennar, a related party, for its home builder transactions.

 Our Corporate and Other segment reflects our operations related to the execution of our title, escrow and settlement services through our Doma Enterprise channel. Our Doma Enterprise channel targets partnerships with national lenders and mortgage originators that maintain centralized lending operations ("Direct Agents"). Once an Enterprise partnership has been established, we integrate our Doma Intelligence platform with the partner's production systems, to enable frictionless order origination and fulfillment. In addition, Corporate and Other includes investing activity related to our investment portfolio held outside of Underwriting.

 Our expenses generally consist of direct fulfillment expenses related to closing a transaction and insuring the risk, customer acquisition costs related to acquiring new business, and other operating expenses as described below:

 •

 Direct fulfillment expenses – comprised of direct labor and direct non-labor expenses. Direct labor expenses refer to payroll costs associated with employees who directly contribute to the issuance of a title insurance policy. Some examples of direct labor expenses include underwriting, escrow and closing services related to our Enterprise channel, and customer service. Direct non-labor expenses refer to non-payroll expenses that are closely linked with underwriting policies, such as provision for claims, title examination expense, office supplies, and premium and other related taxes.

 •

 Customer acquisition costs – comprised of sales payroll, sales commissions, customer success payroll, and sales-related travel and entertainment.

 •

 Other operating expenses – all other expenses that do not directly contribute to the fulfillment or acquisition of a title insurance policy are considered other operating expenses. This category is predominately comprised of research and development costs, corporate support expenses, occupancy, and other general and administrative expenses.

 Basis of Presentation

 We report results for our two operating segments:

 •

 Underwriting – our Underwriting segment reflects the results of our title insurance underwriting business, including policies referred primarily through our Third-Party Agents channel. The referring agents retain approximately 82% - 84% of the policy premiums in exchange for their services. These retention rates vary by state and agent.

 •

 Corporate and Other – our Corporate and Other segment includes our operations related to the execution of our title, escrow and settlement services through our Doma Enterprise channel. Our Doma Enterprise channel targets partnerships with national lenders and mortgage originators that maintain centralized lending operations ("Direct Agents"). Once an Enterprise partnership has been established, we integrate our Doma Intelligence platform with the partner's production systems, to enable frictionless order origination and fulfillment. Substantially all Doma Enterprise orders are underwritten by Doma. In addition, Corporate and Other includes investing activity related to our investment portfolio held outside of Underwriting.

 Costs are allocated to the segments to arrive at adjusted gross profit, our segment measure of profit and loss. Our accounting policies for segments are the same as those applied to our consolidated financial statements, except as described below under "— Key Components of Revenues and Expenses. " Intersegment revenues and expenses are eliminated in consolidation. See Note 7 in our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our segment results and a reconciliation between segment adjusted gross profit and our loss from continuing operations before income taxes.

 Significant Events and Transactions

 The Business Combination

 On the Closing Date, Capitol consummated the Business Combination with Old Doma, pursuant to the Agreement. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Old Doma changed its name to States Title Holding, Inc., Capitol changed its name to Doma Holdings, Inc. ("Doma") and Old Doma became a wholly owned subsidiary of Doma. Doma continues the existing business operations of Old Doma as a publicly traded company. Refer to Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on the Business Combination.

 As a result of the Business Combination, we became the operating successor to an SEC-registered and New York Stock Exchange-listed shell company. Becoming public has required us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and practices. Also, we incur annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors' and officers' liability insurance, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal, and administrative resources.

 Discontinued Operations

 Starting in the second quarter of 2023 and finalized in the third quarter of 2023, the Company sold its assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through retail title offices (the Company's 'Local Component'). With the execution of these agreements, the Company no longer has operations related to our previous Local retail branch footprint. The Company determined that the execution of these agreements represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, which triggered discontinued operations presentation, in accordance with ASC 205-20-45, for the Company's Local Component within its previous Distribution segment. All periods presented have been revised to show results from continuing and discontinued operations, unless otherwise noted. For more information, refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 23 "Discontinued Operations."

 Proposed Merger

 On March 28, 2024, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub. The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent.

 Under the terms of the Merger, among other things, Parent would acquire all outstanding shares of the Company for $6.29 per share in cash. The Company's board of directors, acting on the unanimous recommendation of a special committee comprised of independent and disinterested directors formed for the purpose of considering the transaction, unanimously (i) determined that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, the Voting and Support Agreement and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are fair, advisable and in the best interests of the Company and the Disinterested Stockholders and (ii) approved the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, and the Voting and Support Agreement and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, and (iii) resolved to submit and recommend the Merger Agreement to the Company's stockholders for approval and adoption thereby.

 Assuming the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the Company expects the transactions contemplated thereby to close in the second half of 2024.

 The stockholders of the Company will be asked to vote on the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Merger at a stockholder meeting that will be held on a date to be announced as promptly as reasonably practicable following the customary review process by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The consummation of the Merger is not subject to a financing condition, but is subject to certain conditions to Closing, including (i) approval of the Company's Disinterested Stockholders, (ii) consent, approval or authorization from relevant insurance regulatory agencies without the imposition of a Burdensome Condition, (iii) absence of any order or injunction prohibiting the consummation of the Merger, (iv) subject in certain cases to customary materiality qualifiers, the accuracy of the representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement and compliance with the covenants contained in the Merger Agreement, (v) no Company Material Adverse Effect having occurred since the date of the Merger Agreement that is continuing, (vi) the completion of certain specified transactions as contemplated by the Merger Agreement, (vii) the repayment of the Company's outstanding indebtedness with HSCM pursuant to the terms described below and (viii) the investment by Lennar into Topco.

 The Merger Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, among others, covenants by the Company to conduct its businesses in the ordinary course between the execution and completion of the Merger Agreement, not to engage in certain kinds of transactions during such period (including payment of dividends outside of the ordinary course or as otherwise permitted under the Merger Agreement), to convene and hold a meeting of its stockholders to consider and vote upon the Merger, to cooperate with Parent in connection with obtaining financing for the transaction, to implement the reorganization of certain assets and liabilities of the Company relating to its technology solutions into a newly formed or selected subsidiary of the Company, to use reasonable best efforts to obtain regulatory consents, and, subject to certain customary exceptions, for the Company's board of directors to recommend that its stockholders approve and adopt the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement also contains customary representations, warranties and covenants of Parent and Merger Sub, including a covenant to use reasonable best efforts to obtain the debt financing described below. The Merger Agreement contains a 50-day "go-shop" provision that allows the Company to, among other things, solicit, initiate, propose, induce, encourage, or facilitate discussions or negotiations with respect to Acquisition Proposals (as defined in the Merger Agreement). At the end of the "go-shop" period, the Company will cease such activities, and is subject to a customary "no-shop" provision that restricts the Company's ability to, among other things, solicit Acquisition Proposals from third parties and to provide non-public information to, and engage in discussions or negotiations with, third parties regarding Acquisition Proposals after the "go-shop" period. The "no-shop" provision allows the Company, under certain circumstances and in compliance with certain obligations set forth in the Merger Agreement, to provide non-public information to any person and its representatives that has made a bona fide Acquisition Proposal that either constitutes, or would reasonably be expected to lead to, an Acquisition Proposal.

 Parent and Merger Sub have represented that they will have sufficient cash at the Closing regardless of third-party financing, though have also secured committed debt financing to be provided by certain lenders (collectively, the "Lenders") on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in a debt commitment letter. The obligations of the Lenders to provide debt financing under the debt commitment letter are subject to a number of customary conditions.

 The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and Parent. If the Merger Agreement is terminated (1) by Parent as a result of the Company's breach of its representations, warranties or covenants in a manner that would cause the related conditions to Closing to not be met and Company subsequently enters into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and such transaction is subsequently consummated, or (2) as a result of the Company Board changing its recommendation and entering into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement and such transaction is subsequently consummated, or (3) if the Merger Agreement is terminated by Company in order to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to a Superior Proposal, the Company will be required to pay Parent a termination fee to Parent of $3,188,734. If the Merger Agreement is terminated by the Company in connection with Company's entry into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to a Superior Proposal (as defined in the Merger Agreement) during the "go-shop" period or with an Exempted Person (as defined in the Merger Agreement), the Company will be required to pay Parent a lower termination fee of $1,822,134. The Merger Agreement also provides that either party may specifically enforce the other party's obligations under the Merger Agreement. In addition to the foregoing termination rights, and subject to certain limitations, the Company or Parent may terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated by September 28, 2024 (the "End Date"), provided that if all of the conditions to closing of the Merger other than the obtainment of the certain specified insurance regulatory approvals have been satisfied or waived on or prior to the End Date, then the End Date shall automatically be extended to October 28, 2024 ("First Extension Date"), provided, further, that if all of the conditions to closing of the Merger, other than the receipt of requisite approval from the South Carolina Department of Insurance or requisite approval from the California Department of Insurance, have been satisfied or waived on or prior to the First Extension Date, then the First Extension Date shall automatically be extended to November 28, 2024. In the event that (a) the Agreement is terminated in accordance with the prior sentence and at the time of termination, all of the conditions to closing of the Merger have been satisfied or waived except for (i) any condition that is not satisfied due to breach by the Company of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement in the Merger Agreement, (ii) the completion of certain specified transactions as contemplated by the Merger Agreement and (iii) conditions that by their nature can only be satisfied at or immediately prior to the closing of the Merger; (b) certain specified transactions have not been completed by June 26, 2024; and (c) the Company has not agreed to terminate the Agreement within five (5) days of Parent's written notice to terminate, then the Company shall reimburse Parent for its reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses incurred between June 26, 2024 and the date of termination.

 The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereunder is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

 For more information, also refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 Macroeconomic Trends

 The on-going macroeconomic trends impacting the residential real estate market include a shortage in the supply of homes for sale, increasing home prices, rising mortgage interest rates, inflation, disrupted labor markets and geopolitical uncertainties.

 We operate in the real estate industry and our business volumes are directly impacted by market trends for mortgage refinancing transactions, existing real estate purchase transactions, and new real estate purchase transactions, particularly in the residential segment of the market. Our success depends on a high volume of residential and, to a lesser extent, commercial real estate transactions, throughout the markets in which we operate.

 Through 2023, to combat inflation, the Federal Reserve raised the benchmark interest rate by a total of 100 basis points. Average interest rates for a 30-year fixed rate mortgage were 6.81% in 2023 as compared to 5.34% in 2022. As interest rates rise, the outlook on refinance transactions continues to decline.

 Demand for mortgages tends to correlate closely with changes in interest rates, meaning that our order trends have been, and will likely be, impacted by future changes in interest rates. However, we believe that our current, low market share and disruptive approach to title insurance, escrow, and closing services will enable us to gain market share within markets in which we operate, which in turn should mitigate the risk to our revenue growth trends relative to industry incumbents.

 We continue to monitor economic and regulatory developments closely as we navigate the volatility and uncertainty in the current macroeconomic environment.

 Reverse stock split

 On June 29, 2023, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation (the "Charter Amendment") to effect a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of the Company's common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split") and a corresponding adjustment to its authorized capital stock, effective as of 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on June 29, 2023 (the "Effective Time"). All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented, unless otherwise indicated.

 As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 25 shares of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into one share of issued and outstanding common stock. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who otherwise would have been entitled to receive fractional shares of common stock were entitled to receive cash in an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying (a) the closing price per share of the common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange as of the first trading day following the Effective Time, by (b) the fraction of one share owned by the stockholder.

 Proportionate adjustments were made to the number of shares issuable upon the exercise or vesting of all stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance restricted stock units or market-based awards (the "Stock-Based Awards") and warrants outstanding at the Effective Time, which resulted in a proportional decrease in the number of shares of the Company's common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise or vesting of such Stock-Based Awards and warrants. In the case of stock options and warrants, proportionate adjustments also included a proportional increase in the exercise price of such stock options and warrants. In addition, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Company's 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan were proportionately reduced.

 Key Operating and Financial Indicators

 We regularly review several key operating and financial indicators to evaluate our performance and trends and inform management's budgets, financial projections and strategic decisions.

 The following table presents our key operating and financial indicators from continuing operations, as well as the relevant generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") measures, for the periods indicated:

 Year Ended

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands, except for open and closed order numbers)

 GAAP financial data:

 Revenue (1)

 $

 $

 Gross profit (2)

 $

 11,947

 $

 9,332

 $

 (95,288

)

 $

 (187,297

)

 Non-GAAP financial data (3):

 $

 62,766

 $

 92,937

 $

 $

 Ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees

 %

 %

 $

 (33,035

)

 $

 (99,932

)

 _________________

 (1)

 Revenue is comprised of (i) net premiums written, (ii) escrow, other title-related fees and other, and (iii) investment, dividend and other income. Net loss is made up of the components of revenue and expenses. For more information about measures appearing in our consolidated income statements, refer to "— Key Components of Revenue and Expenses — Revenue " below.

 (2)

 Gross profit, calculated in accordance with GAAP, is calculated as total revenue, minus premiums retained by agents, direct labor expense (including mainly personnel expense for certain employees involved in the direct fulfillment of policies) and direct non-labor expense (including mainly title examination expense, provision for claims, and depreciation and amortization). In our consolidated income statements, depreciation and amortization is recorded under the "other operating expenses" caption.

 (3)

 Retained premiums and fees, adjusted gross profit and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures " below for additional information and reconciliations of these measures to the most closely comparable GAAP financial measures.

 Retained premiums and fees, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as total revenue under GAAP minus premiums retained by agents. See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures " below for a reconciliation of our retained premiums and fees to gross profit, the most closely comparable GAAP measure, and additional information about the limitations of our non-GAAP measures.

 Our business strategy is focused on leveraging our Doma Intelligence platform to provide an overall improved customer and referral partner experience and to drive time and expense efficiencies. In our Third-Party Agents channel, we provide our underwriting expertise and balance sheet to insure the risk on policies referred by such Third-Party Agents and, for that service, we typically receive approximately 16% - 18% of the premium for the policy we underwrite. As such, we use retained premiums and fees, which is net of the impact of premiums retained by agents, as an important measure of the earning power of our business and our future growth trends, and believe it is useful to investors for the same reasons.

 Adjusted gross profit, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as gross profit (loss) under GAAP, adjusted to exclude the impact of depreciation and amortization. See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures " below for a reconciliation of our adjusted gross profit to gross profit, the most closely comparable GAAP measure and additional information about the limitations of our non-GAAP measures.

 Management views adjusted gross profit as an important indicator of our underlying profitability and efficiency. As we generate more business that is serviced through our Doma Intelligence platform, we expect to reduce fulfillment costs as our direct labor expense per order continues to decline, and we expect the adjusted gross profit per transaction to grow faster than retained premiums and fees per transaction over the long term.

 Ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees

 Ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees, a non-GAAP measure, expressed as a percentage, is calculated by dividing adjusted gross profit by retained premiums and fees. Both the numerator and denominator are net of the impact of premiums retained by agents because that is a cost related to our Underwriting segment over which we have limited control, as Third-Party Agents customarily retain approximately 82% - 84% of the premiums related to a title insurance policy referral pursuant to the terms of long-term contracts.

 We view the ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees as an important indicator of our operating efficiency and the impact of our machine-learning capabilities, and believe it is useful to investors for the same reasons.

 Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net income (loss) before interest, income taxes and depreciation and amortization, and further adjusted to exclude the impact of net loss from discontinued operations, stock-based compensation, severance and interim salary costs, long-lived asset impairment, accelerated contract expense, change in fair value of Local Sales Deferred Earnout, and the change in fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities. See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures " below for a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most closely comparable GAAP measure and additional information about the limitations of our non-GAAP measures.

 We review adjusted EBITDA as an important measure of our recurring and underlying financial performance, and believe it is useful to investors for the same reason.

 Key Components of Revenues and Expenses

 Revenues

 We generate net premiums by underwriting title insurance policies and recognize premiums in full upon the closing of the underlying transaction. For some of our Third-Party Agents, we also accrue premium revenue for title insurance policies we estimate to have been issued in the current period but reported to us by the Third-Party Agent in a subsequent period. See "— Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Accrued net premiums written from Third-Party Agent referrals " below for further explanation of this accrual. For the years ended 2023 and 2022, the average time lag between the issuing of these policies by our Third-Party Agents and the reporting of these policies or premiums to us has been approximately three months. Net premiums written is inclusive of the portion of premiums retained by agents, which is recorded as an expense, as described below.

 To reduce the risk associated with our underwritten insurance policies, we utilize reinsurance programs to limit our maximum loss exposure. Under our reinsurance treaties, we cede the premiums on the underlying policies in exchange for a ceding commission from the reinsurer and our net premiums written exclude such ceded premiums.

 Our principal reinsurance quota share agreement covers instantly underwritten policies from refinance and home equity line of credit transactions. Under this contract we cede 25% of the written premium on such instantly underwritten policies, up to a total reinsurance coverage limit of $80.0 million in premiums reinsured, after which we retain 100% of the written premium on instantly underwritten policies. Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements above for additional details on our reinsurance treaties.

 Escrow fees and other title-related fees are charged for managing the closing of real estate transactions, including the processing of funds on behalf of the transaction participants, gathering and recording the required closing documents, providing notary services, and other real estate or title-related activities. Other fees relate to various ancillary services we provide, including fees for rendering a cashier's check, document preparation fees, homeowner's association letter fees, inspection fees, lien letter fees and wire fees. We also recognize ceding commissions received in connection with reinsurance treaties, to the extent the amount of such ceding commissions exceeds reinsurance-related costs.

 For segment-level reporting, agent premiums retained by our Enterprise channel in our Corporate and Other segment are recorded as revenue under the "escrow, other title-related fees and other" caption of our segment income statements, while our Underwriting segment records a corresponding expense for insurance policies issued by us. The impact of these internal transactions is eliminated upon consolidation.

 Investment, dividends and other income

 Investment, dividends and other income are mainly generated from our investment portfolio. We primarily invest in fixed income securities, mainly composed of corporate debt obligations, certificates of deposit, U.S. Treasuries, foreign government securities and mortgage loans.

 Expenses

 Premiums retained by agents

 When customers are referred to us and we underwrite a policy, the referring Third-Party Agent retains a significant portion of the premium, which typically amounts to approximately 82% - 84% of the premium. The portion of premiums retained by agents is recorded as an expense. These referral expenses relate exclusively to our Underwriting segment.

 For segment-level reporting, premiums retained by our Direct Agents (which are recorded as Corporate and Other segment revenue) are recorded as part of "premiums retained by agents" expense for our Underwriting segment. The impact of these internal transactions is eliminated upon consolidation.

 Title examination expense

 Title examination expense is incurred in connection with the search and examination of public information prior to the issuance of title insurance policies.

 Provision for claims expense is comprised of three components: IBNR losses, known claims loss and loss adjustment expenses and escrow-related losses.

 IBNR is a loss reserve that primarily reflects the sum of expected losses for unreported claims. The expense is calculated by applying a rate (the loss provision rate) to total title insurance premiums. The loss provision rate is determined throughout the year based in part upon an assessment performed by an independent actuarial firm utilizing generally accepted actuarial methods. The assessment also takes account of industry trends, the regulatory environment and geographic considerations and is updated during the year based on developments. This loss provision rate is set to provide for losses on current year policies. Due to our long claim exposure, our provision for claims periodically includes amounts of adverse or positive claims development on policies issued in prior years, when claims on such policies are higher or lower than initially expected.

 Based on the risk profile of premium vintages over time and based upon the projections of an independent actuarial firm, we build or release reserves related to our older policies. Our IBNR may increase as a proportion of our revenue as we continue to increase the proportion of our business serviced through our Doma Intelligence platform, though we believe it will decrease over the long term as our predictive machine intelligence technology produces improved results.

 Known claims loss and loss adjustment expense reserves is an expense that reflects the best estimate of the remaining cost to resolve a claim, based on the information available at the time. In practice, most claims do not settle for the initial known claims provision; rather, as new information is developed during the course of claims administration, the initial estimates are revised, sometimes downward and sometimes upward. This additional development is provided for in the actuarial projection of IBNR, but it is not allocable to specific claims. Actual costs that are incurred in the claims administration are booked to loss adjustment expense, which is primarily comprised of legal expenses associated with investigating and settling a claim.

 Escrow-related losses are primarily attributable to clerical errors that arise during the escrow process and caused by the settlement agent.

 Personnel costs

 Personnel costs include base salaries, employee benefits, bonuses paid to employees, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes and severance. This expense is primarily driven by the average number of employees and our hiring activities in a given period.

 In our presentation and reconciliation of segment results and our calculation of gross profit, we classify personnel costs as either direct or indirect expenses, reflecting the activities performed by each employee. Direct personnel costs relate to employees whose job function is directly related to our fulfillment activities, including underwriters, closing agents, escrow agents, funding agents, and title and curative agents, and are included in the calculation of our segment adjusted gross profit. Indirect personnel costs relate to employees whose roles do not directly support our transaction fulfillment activities, including sales agents, training specialists and customer success agents, segment management, research and development and other information technology personnel, and corporate support staff.

 Other operating expenses

 Other operating expenses are comprised of occupancy, maintenance and utilities, product taxes (for example, state taxes on premiums written), professional fees (including legal, audit and other third-party consulting costs), software licenses and sales tools, travel and entertainment costs, and depreciation and amortization, among other costs.

 Long-lived asset impairment consists of non-cash impairment charges relating to internally developed software, operating lease right-of-use assets and other fixed assets. We review these long-lived assets if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. If the carrying value of these assets exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded.

 Loss from discontinued operations

 Loss from discontinued operations consists of the operating loss from the discontinued Local Component and the excess carrying amount of the Local Component sold business's assets and liabilities over the fair value of any consideration received less costs to sell.

 Change in fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities consists of unrealized gains and losses as a result of recording our Warrants and Sponsor Covered Shares to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

 Income tax expense

 Although we are in a consolidated net loss position and report our federal income taxes as a consolidated tax group, we incur state income taxes in certain jurisdictions where we have profitable operations. Additionally, we incur mandatory minimum state income taxes in certain jurisdictions. Also, we have recognized deferred tax assets but have offset them with a full valuation allowance, reflecting substantial uncertainty as to their recoverability in future periods. Until we report at least three years of cumulative profitability, we may not be able to realize the tax benefits of these deferred tax assets.

 Results of Operations

 We discuss our historical results of operations below, on a consolidated basis and by segment. Past financial results are not indicative of future results. As previously mentioned, our results of operations include tables with two years of financial performance, accompanied by narrative for 2023 as compared to 2022. For further discussion of prior period financial results, refer to our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023.

 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated, and the changes between periods.

 2023

 2022

 $ Change

 % Change

 (in thousands, except percentages)

 Revenues:

 Net premiums written (1)

 $

 $

 $

 (83,550

)

 (22

)%

 3,342

 11,694

 (8,352

)

 (71

)%

 5,898

 3,031

 2,867

 %

 $

 $

 $

 (89,035

)

 (22

)%

 Expenses:

 Premiums retained by agents (2)

 $

 248,177

 $

 307,041

 $

 (58,864

)

 (19

)%

 Title examination expense

 3,859

 8,142

 (4,283

)

 (53

)%

 (17

)

 (0

)%

 Personnel costs

 71,074

 163,604

 (92,530

)

 (57

)%

 Other operating expenses

 46,460

 72,449

 (25,989

)

 (36

)%

 1,499

 29,524

 (28,025

)

 (95

)%

 Total operating expenses

 $

 385,833

 $

 595,541

 $

 (209,708

)

 (35

)%

 Operating loss from continuing operations

 $

 (74,890

)

 $

 (195,563

)

 $

 120,673

 (62

)%

 Other (expense) income:

 21,317

 (20,864

)

 (98

)%

 (20,323

)

 (14,106

)

 (6,217

)

 %

 Loss from continuing operations before income taxes

 $

 (94,760

)

 $

 (188,352

)

 $

 93,592

 (50

)%

 Income tax benefit (expense)

 (528

)

 1,055

 (1,583

)

 (150

)%

 Loss from continuing operations, net of taxes

 $

 (95,288

)

 $

 (187,297

)

 $

 92,009

 (49

)%

 Revenue

 Net premiums written. Net premiums written decreased by $83.6 million, or 21.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, driven by a 73% decrease in premiums from our Direct Agents channel and a 11% decrease in premiums from our Third-Party Agents channel.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, Direct Agents premium decline was driven by the discontinuing of the Local Component. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the decrease in premiums from our Third-Party Agents channel was driven by an overall decrease in market activity, specifically in the refinance market, resulting from the rising interest rate environment, partially offset by an increase in premiums associated with new home buildings that closed during the periods.

 Escrow, other title-related fees and other.

 Escrow, other title-related fees and other decreased $8.4 million, or 71.4%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, driven by the corresponding closed order decline of 89%. The decline in closed order activity was partially offset by higher search and title exam fees in our Underwriting operations.

 Investment, dividend and other income. Investment, dividend and other income increased $2.9 million or 94.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a larger invested asset base and the higher interest rate environment creating higher returns on invested assets.

 Expenses

 Premiums retained by agents. Premiums retained by agents decreased by $58.9 million, or 19.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year. These movements were driven principally by decreases in premium in our Third-Party Agents channel and our discontinued Local Component. There was no material change in the average commissions paid to our Third-Party Agents.

 Title examination expense. Title examination expense decreased by $4.3 million, or 52.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same periods in the prior year, due to the corresponding declines in net premium written and escrow, other title-related fees and other revenue.

 Provision for claims. Provision for claims decreased by $0.0 million, or 0.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to a reduction in the provision for claims related to the current year due to the corresponding decrease in premiums written which was offset by lower reserve releases from prior period business. For the year ended December 31, 2023, reserve releases related to prior period policies were $0.1 million compared to reserve releases of $6.4 million for the corresponding period in the prior year. The provision for claims, expressed as a percentage of net premiums written, was 4.9% and 3.8% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Personnel costs. Personnel costs decreased by $92.5 million, or 56.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, due to decreases in direct and indirect labor, corporate support and customer acquisition expenses from previously disclosed workforce reduction plans and the overall declines in revenue. The Company's personnel costs benefited during the year as a result of the workforce reduction plans. For additional information, see Note 17 " Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Workforce reduction plans " contained in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

 Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses decreased by $26.0 million, or 35.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, due to corresponding decreases in personnel and revenues. The Company requires less operating expenses to support the lower revenue volume and personnel footprint. Declines in IT hardware and software, outside professional service fees, occupancy, travel and entertainment, and premium taxes resulting from the overall reduction in revenue and personnel all drove the decline in operating expenses.

 Long-lived asset impairment. Long-lived asset impairment decreased by $28.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 due to impairment of certain internally developed software and impairment of our operating lease right-of-use assets and related fixed assets related to vacating locations as a result of a smaller workforce in 2022.

 Change in fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities. The change in the fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares (as defined in Note 2) liabilities decreased by $20.9 million, or 97.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, due to changes in the inputs to the valuation of the liabilities, primarily the Company's declining stock price. In 2022, the change in fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities was a benefit resulting from a decline in the stock price during that period. The change in fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities was a smaller benefit in the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the Company's relatively lower warrant and stock price.

 Interest expense. Interest expense increased by $6.2 million, or 44.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, due to a higher amount of average debt outstanding, which is a result of the paid in kind interest expense on the $150.0 million Senior Debt facility that was funded during the first quarter of 2021.

 Supplemental Key Operating and Financial Indicators Results Discussion – Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 The following table presents our key operating and financial indicators, including our non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods indicated, and the changes between periods. This discussion should be read only as a supplement to the discussion of our GAAP results above. See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures " below for important information about the non-GAAP financial measures presented below and their reconciliation to the respective most closely comparable GAAP measures.

 2023

 2022

 $ Change

 % Change

 (in thousands, except percentages and open and closed order numbers)

 $

 62,766

 $

 92,937

 $

 (30,171

)

 (32

)%

 (789

)

 (3

)%

 Ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees

 %

 %

 p.p

 %

 $

 (33,035

)

 $

 (99,932

)

 $

 66,897

 (67

)%

 Retained premiums and fees decreased by $30.2 million, or 32%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same periods in the prior year, driven by title policy declines across the Direct Agent and Third-Party Agent channels, partially offset by an increase in premiums associated with new home buildings that closed during the periods.

 Adjusted gross profit decreased by $0.8 million, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, due to declines in retained premiums and fees in the same periods. Partially offsetting the decline in retained premiums were lower direct labor expenses as a percentage of retained premiums and fees and lower title exam and closing costs as a percentage of retained premiums and fees.

 Ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees

 The ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees increased 12% percentage points for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year due to lower direct labor as a result of the workforce reduction actions taken during the second half of 2022 and in the third quarter of 2023. Offsetting impacts to the ratio of adjusted gross profit to retained premiums and fees during the year ended December 31, 2023 were increases in the provision for claims ratio and premium taxes as a percentage of retained premiums and fees.

 Adjusted EBITDA improved by $66.9 million, or 67%, to negative $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the reduction in personnel and other operating expenses that are a direct result of the workforce reduction actions taken during the second half of 2022 and the third quarter of 2023 and the Company's efforts to close its discontinued operations.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Annual Report should be considered only as supplements to results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as substitutes for GAAP results. These measures, retained premiums and fees, adjusted gross profit, and adjusted EBITDA, have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP and are therefore not necessarily indicative of our trends or profitability in accordance with GAAP. These measures exclude or otherwise adjust for certain cost items that are required by GAAP. Further, these measures may be defined and calculated differently than similarly-titled measures reported by other companies, making it difficult to compare our results with the results of other companies. We caution investors against undue reliance on our non-GAAP financial measures as a substitute for our results in accordance with GAAP.

 Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in conjunction with GAAP financial measures to: (i) monitor and evaluate the growth and performance of our business operations; (ii) facilitate internal comparisons of the historical operating performance of our business operations; (iii) facilitate external comparisons of the results of our overall business to the historical operating performance of other companies that may have different capital structures or operating histories; (iv) review and assess the performance of our management team and other employees; and (v) prepare budgets and evaluate strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments.

 The following presents our continuing operations retained premiums and fees and reconciles the measure to our gross profit, the most closely comparable GAAP financial measure, for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands)

 Revenue

 $

 $

 Minus:

 Premiums retained by agents

 248,177

 307,041

 $

 62,766

 $

 92,937

 Minus:

 Direct labor

 13,286

 37,312

 11,673

 15,077

 Other direct costs (1)

 11,096

 16,435

 Gross Profit

 $

 11,947

 $

 9,332

 ________________

 (1)Includes title examination expense, office supplies, and premium and other taxes.

 The following table reconciles our continuing operations adjusted gross profit to our gross profit, the most closely comparable GAAP financial measure, for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands)

 Gross Profit

 $

 11,947

 $

 9,332

 Adjusted for:

 11,673

 15,077

 Adjusted Gross Profit

 $

 $

 The following table reconciles our continuing operations adjusted EBITDA to our net loss, the most closely comparable GAAP financial measure, for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands)

 Net loss (GAAP)

 $

 (124,414

)

 $

 (302,209

)

 Adjusted for:

 11,673

 15,077

 20,323

 14,106

 Income taxes

 (1,055

)

 EBITDA

 $

 (91,890

)

 $

 (274,081

)

 Adjusted for:

 Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes

 29,126

 114,912

 Stock-based compensation

 17,141

 29,679

 Severance and interim salary costs

 10,287

 16,130

 1,499

 29,524

 (453

)

 (21,317

)

 Accelerated contract expense

 1,268

 5,221

 Change in fair value of Local Sales Deferred Earnout

 (13

)

 —

 $

 (33,035

)

 $

 (99,932

)

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We measure liquidity in terms of our ability to fund the cash requirements of our business operations, including our working capital and capital expenditure needs and other commitments. Our recurring working capital requirements relate mainly to our cash operating costs. Our capital expenditure requirements consist mainly of software development related to our Doma Intelligence platform.

 We had $71.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, $18.2 million in held-to-maturity debt securities, and $58.0 million in available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2023. The restricted net assets of Doma Title Insurance, Inc. ("DTI"), our title insurance subsidiary, are a significant proportion of the Company's consolidated net assets. DTI and our other insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions of cash or property to their immediate parent company without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. As of December 31, 2023, $49.9 million of our statutory net assets are restricted from dividend payments without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. During 2024, our title insurance subsidiary can pay or make distributions to us of approximately $5.2 million, without prior approval. For additional information, see Note 22 "Regulation and statutory financial information " contained in Part II, Item 8 " Financial Statements and Supplementary Data " of this Annual Report.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Hudson, as agent for such lenders, entered into the HSCM Fourth Amendment as further described below. Immediately after the effectiveness of the HSCM Fourth Amendment, Hudson, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Parent entered into the HSCM Fifth Amendment as further described below. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, States Title and Topco entered into the Topco Commitment Letter in respect of a senior secured delayed draw term loan facility under which Topco will be the lender, States Title will be the borrower and certain subsidiaries of States Title shall be guarantors as further described below. Pursuant to the Topco Commitment Letter, Topco committed to provide the Topco Term Facility.

 During our financial close and forecasting process, we identified conditions and events such as sustained cash outflows, operating losses and insufficient cash balances that, when considered in the aggregate, raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. However, that doubt was alleviated through management's plans, including the HSCM Fourth Amendment and Topco Term Facility. We believe our unrestricted assets and the additional funding provided by the HSCM Fourth Amendment and Topco Term Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least 12 months from the date of this Annual Report.

 We may need additional cash due to changing business conditions or other developments, including unanticipated regulatory developments and competitive pressures. To the extent that our current resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing.

 For more information on the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM Fifth Amendment and Topco Term Facility, refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 Debt

 Senior secured credit agreement

 In December 2020, Old Doma entered into a loan and security agreement with Hudson Structured Capital Management Ltd. ("HSCM"), providing for a $150.0 million senior secured term loan ("Senior Debt"), which was fully funded by the lenders, which are affiliates of HSCM, at its principal face value on January 29, 2021 (the "Funding Date") and matures on the fifth anniversary of the Funding Date. The Senior Debt bears interest at a rate of 11.25% per annum, of which 5.0% is payable in cash in arrears and the remaining 6.25% accrues to the outstanding principal balance on a PIK basis. Interest is payable or compounded, as applicable, quarterly. Principal prepayments on the Senior Debt are permitted.

 The Senior Debt is secured by a first-priority pledge and security interest in substantially all of the assets of our wholly owned subsidiary States Title (which represents substantially all of our assets), including the assets of any of its existing and future domestic subsidiaries (in each case, subject to customary exclusions, including the exclusion of regulated insurance company subsidiaries). The Senior Debt is subject to customary affirmative and negative covenants, including limits on the incurrence of debt and restrictions on acquisitions, sales of assets, dividends and certain restricted payments. The Senior Debt is also subject to two financial maintenance covenants, related to liquidity and revenues. The liquidity covenant requires States Title to have at least $20.0 million of liquidity, calculated as of the last day of each month, as the sum of (i) our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and (ii) the aggregate unused and available portion of any working capital or other revolving credit facility. The revenue covenant, which is tested as of the last day of each fiscal year, requires that States Title's consolidated GAAP revenue for the year to be greater than $130.0 million. The Senior Debt is subject to customary events of default and cure rights. As of December 31, 2023, States Title is in compliance with all Senior Debt covenants.

 Upon funding, Old Doma issued penny warrants to affiliates of HSCM equal to 1.35% of Old Doma's fully diluted shares. The warrants were net exercised on the Closing Date and such affiliates of HSCM received the right to receive approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock.

 On May 19, 2023, Old Doma and certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, entered into the third amendment to the Senior Debt agreement (the "Third Amendment"). The Third Amendment amends certain mandatory prepayment provisions related to the disposition of assets by Old Doma or any of its subsidiaries such that Old Doma is required, within five business days following the receipt of net cash proceeds from dispositions in excess of $750,000 in any fiscal year (other than certain permitted dispositions), to repay the outstanding principal amount of term loan borrowings in an amount equal to 100% of such excess net cash proceeds received by Old Doma or any of its subsidiaries from such dispositions, unless HSCM, as agent, otherwise agrees.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Hudson, as agent for such lenders, entered into the HSCM Fourth Amendment such that, among other things: (a) from the effective date of the HSCM Fourth Amendment through September 30, 2025, interest on the principal amount outstanding of the Senior Debt will accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly at a per annum rate equal to 16.25%; (b) beginning October 1, 2025, interest on the Senior Debt will accrue at a per annum rate equal to 16.25%, (i) 10% of which shall accrue and be payable in cash monthly and (ii) the remainder of such interest shall accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly; (c) the Company will make prepayments on the Senior Debt in an amount up to $16 million of net cash proceeds received from contingent payments earned by the Company pursuant to certain previous asset sales (but such payment shall be deferred until October 2025); (d) Subject to certain conditions, the Company will make monthly pre-payments of the Senior Debt under the Company Loan Agreement with cash on hand in excess of $7.5 million after October 1, 2025 in the event the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger; (e) if reasonably requested by HSCM following a termination of the Merger Agreement prior to the consummation of the Merger, the Company would transfer all of its equity interests in Doma Title Insurance, Inc to a newly formed bankruptcy-remote entity and cause such equity interests to be pledged as collateral under the Company Loan Agreement; (f) the financial covenants in the Company Loan Agreement were modified, including, without limitation, the reduction of the minimum consolidated GAAP revenue financial covenant from $130 million to $50 million; and (g) the Company is permitted to incur indebtedness under the Topco Term Facility (as defined below) which indebtedness shall be senior in respect of payment and liens to the obligations under the Company Loan Agreement. In connection with the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM shall be entitled to an amendment fee of $1.0 million, which fee became payable upon execution of the HSCM Fourth Amendment and shall be paid-in-kind and added to the Senior Debt.

 Immediately after the effectiveness of the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Parent entered into the HSCM Fifth Amendment pursuant to which, at the closing of the Merger, HSCM will (a) accept certain consideration (as set forth in the HSCM Fifth Amendment, the "HSCM Payoff") in full satisfaction of all indebtedness under the Company Loan Agreement and (b) release all liens securing the Company Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the HSCM Fifth Amendment, the Company's obligation to make cash interest payments under the Company Loan Agreement shall be suspended until the earliest of (a) the termination of the Merger Agreement, (b) five business days after the End Date (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (c) the consummation of the Merger (without HSCM's receipt of the HSCM Payoff) and (d) March 12, 2025 the ("Standstill Period"). In addition, during the Standstill Period, HSCM and the lenders have agreed not to exercise remedies with respect to certain matters that would otherwise constitute events of default under the Company Loan Agreement. If the Standstill Period ends without the consummation of the Merger (without HSCM's receipt of the HSCM Payoff), the Company's cash interest payment obligations under the Company Loan Agreement will be as described in the HSCM Fourth Amendment.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, States Title and Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent, entered into the Topco Commitment Letter, pursuant to which Topco committed to provide the Topco Term Facility to States Title (with certain subsidiaries of States Title guaranteeing the obligations thereunder). The Topco Term Facility will have two tranches: (a) up to $25 million will be available to be drawn in up to three draws (each draw being for at least $5 million) between closing of the Topco Term Facility and December 31, 2024 and (b) up to $10 million will be available to be drawn in a single draw between January 1, 2025 and June 30, 2025, each tranche being subject to commitment reductions as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter. Each loan made thereunder will mature three years after it is drawn. The Topco Term Facility will be secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of States Title and the guarantors (subject to customary exceptions), senior to all existing and future liens securing debt for borrowed money (including the liens securing the Company Loan Agreement) and will be senior in right of payment to all existing and future debt for borrowed money (including the Company Loan Agreement), in each case, subject to certain exceptions. The terms of the subordination of the Company Loan Agreement shall be substantially as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter and will include certain prohibitions on the exercise of remedies by the lenders under the Company Loan Agreement. Interest on each loan will accrue at a rate of Term SOFR (subject to a 1.0% floor) plus 9.0% per annum and will be payable quarterly in kind. The Topco Term Facility will include a fee of 5.0% per annum on all undrawn commitments, payable quarterly in cash, and an upfront fee of 3.0% of the commitments in respect of the Topco Term Facility at closing of the Topco Term Facility, payable upon the funding or termination of such commitments. Prepayments of the Topco Term Facility (subject to certain exceptions) will be subject to customary prepayment premiums. The Topco Term Facility will also include certain information rights and other customary covenants (including affirmative, negative and financial covenants) and mandatory prepayment provisions.

 For more information on the HSCM Fourth Amendment, HSCM Fifth Amendment and Topco Term Facility, refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 Other commitments and contingencies

 Our commitments for leases, related to our office space and equipment, from continuing operations amounted to $10.5 million as of December 31, 2023 of which $3.4 million is payable in 2024. Refer to Note 21 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our future commitments. Our headquarters lease expires in 2024.

 As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any other material commitments for cash expenditures. We also administer escrow deposits as a service to customers, a substantial portion of which are held at third-party financial institutions. Such deposits are not reflected on our balance sheet, but we could be contingently liable for them under certain circumstances (for example, if we dispose of escrowed assets). Such contingent liabilities have not materially impacted our results of operations or financial condition to date and are not expected to do so in the near term.

 Cash flows

 The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $

 (76,095

)

 $

 (187,416

)

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 81,356

 (115,382

)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 (15,477

)

 Operating Activities

 In 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $76.1 million driven by the net loss of $124.4 million and cash paid for accrued expenses of $16.8 million. This was offset by changes in trade and other receivables of $8.3 million, and non-cash costs including stock-based compensation expense of $16.1 million, depreciation and amortization of $12.2 million, paid in kind interest expense of $10.4 million, loss on sales of discontinued operations of $7.1 million, and long-lived asset impairment of $5.5 million.

 In 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $187.4 million driven by the net loss of $302.2 million, cash paid for accrued expenses of $22.0 million, increases in receivables of $7.4 million and non-cash costs relating to the change in the fair value of warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities of $21.3 million. This was offset by decreases in prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets of $6.5 million, non-cash goodwill and long-lived asset impairments of $65.2 million and $32.0 million, respectively, non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $34.1 million, and non-cash depreciation and amortization of $16.0 million.

 Investing Activities

 Our capital expenditures have historically consisted mainly of costs incurred in the development of the Doma Intelligence platform. Our other investing activities generally consist of transactions in fixed maturity investment securities to provide regular interest payments.

 In 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $81.4 million, and reflected $75.3 million of proceeds from the maturity of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale investments and proceeds from the sales of discontinued operations, net of cash disposed and working capital adjustments, and dividends from title plants of $15.9 million. Cash paid for fixed assets was $8.7 million in the same period, largely consisting of technology development costs related to the Doma Intelligence platform.

 In 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $115.4 million, and reflected $175.3 million of purchases of investments offset by $94.0 million of proceeds from the sale of investments. Cash paid for fixed assets was $34.3 million in the same period, largely consisting of technology development costs related to the Doma Intelligence platform.

 Financing Activities

 In 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $15.5 million driven by repayments on the Company's senior secured credit agreement of $15.7 million.

 Net cash provided by financing activities was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Preparation of the financial statements requires management to make several judgments, estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amount of revenue and expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our significant estimates on an ongoing basis, including, but not limited to, liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses, goodwill and accrued net premiums written from Third-Party Agent referrals, and the Sponsor Covered Shares liability. We consider an accounting judgment, estimate or assumption to be critical when (1) the estimate or assumption is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and (2) the use of different judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our annual audited consolidated financial statements. Our critical accounting estimates are described below.

 Our liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses include mainly reserves for known claims as well as reserves for IBNR claims. Each known claim is reserved based on our estimate of the costs required to settle the claim.

 We estimate the loss provision rate at the beginning of each year and reassess the rate at midyear as of June 30 of every year to ensure that the resulting sum of the known claim reserves, IBNR loss, and loss adjustment expense reserves included in our balance sheet together reflect our best estimate of the total costs required to settle all IBNR and known claims. However, our estimates could prove to be inadequate. Changes in expected ultimate losses and corresponding loss rates for recent policy years are considered likely and could result in a material adjustment to the IBNR reserves.

 IBNR is a loss reserve that primarily reflects the sum of expected losses for unreported claims. Our IBNR reserves generally relate to the five most recent policy years. For policy years at the early stage of development (generally the last five years), IBNR is generally estimated using a combination of expected loss rate and multiplicative loss development factor calculations. For more mature policy years, IBNR generally is estimated using multiplicative loss development factor calculations. The expected loss rate method estimates IBNR by applying an expected loss rate to total title insurance premiums and escrow fees, and adjusting for policy year maturity using estimated loss development patterns. Multiplicative loss development factor calculations estimate IBNR by applying factors derived from loss development patterns to losses realized to date. The expected loss rate and loss development patterns are based on historical experience. Due to our long claim exposure, our provision for claims periodically includes amounts of adverse or positive claims development on policies issued in prior years, when claims on such policies are higher or lower than initially expected. The provision rate on prior year policies will continue to change as actual experience on those specific policy years develop. Changes in the loss provision rate for recent policy years are considered likely and could result in a material adjustment to the IBNR reserves. For example, a 50 basis point increase or decrease in the current estimated 2023 loss provision rate would result in a $1.7 million corresponding increase or decrease to IBNR.

 The estimates used require considerable judgment and are established as management's best estimate of future outcomes, however, the amount of IBNR reserved based on these estimates could ultimately prove to be inadequate to cover actual future claims experience. We continually monitor for any events and/or circumstances that arise during the year which may indicate that the assumptions used to record the provision for claims estimate requires reassessment.

 Our total loss reserve as of December 31, 2023 amounted to $81.9 million, which we believe, based on historical claims experience and actuarial analyses, is adequate to cover claim losses resulting from pending and future claims for policies issued through December 31, 2023.

 A summary of the Company's loss reserves is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 ($ in thousands)

 Known title claims

 $

 7,139

 %

 $

 7,134

 %

 IBNR title claims

 74,755

 %

 74,739

 %

 Total loss reserves

 $

 81,894

 %

 $

 %

 We continually review and adjust our reserve estimates to reflect loss experience and any new information that becomes available.

 We have significant goodwill on our balance sheet related to acquisitions as goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition price over the fair value of net assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is tested and reviewed annually for impairment on October 1 of each year, and between annual tests if events or circumstances arise that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of any one of our reporting units below its respective carrying amount. In addition, an interim impairment test may be completed upon a triggering event or when there is a reorganization of reporting structure or disposal of all or a portion of a reporting unit. As of December 31, 2023, we had $23.4 million of goodwill, relating to the North American Title Acquisition, in our Underwriting reporting unit.

 In performing our annual goodwill impairment test, we first perform a qualitative assessment, which requires that we consider significant estimates and assumptions regarding macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, changes in management or key personnel, changes in strategy, changes in customers, changes in the composition or carrying amount of a reporting unit or other factors that have the potential to impact fair value. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units are greater than the carrying amounts, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is not performed, as goodwill is not considered to be impaired. However, if we determine that the fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not to be less than its carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is performed. For the quantitative assessment, the determination of estimated fair value of our reporting units requires us to make assumptions about future discounted cash flows, including profit margins, long-term forecasts, discount rates and terminal growth rates and, if possible, a comparable market transaction model. If, based upon the quantitative assessment, the reporting unit fair value is less than the carrying amount, a goodwill impairment is recorded equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit, and a corresponding impairment loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

 We conducted our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2023. After performing a qualitative review, we performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company performed the valuations of our reporting units using discounted cash flow and market valuation methodologies. The assumptions used in the reporting unit valuations require significant judgment, including judgment about appropriate growth rates, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The Company's forecasted cash flows were based on the current assessment of the markets and were based on assumed revenue forecasts as of the measurement date. The key assumptions used in the cash flows were long-term revenue forecasts, profit margins, discount rates and terminal growth rates. The assumptions used consider the current early growth stage of the Company, comparison of the Company's market capitalization to enterprise value, and the emergence from a period impacted by significant macroeconomic trends. The industry markets are currently at volatile levels and future developments are difficult to predict. The Company believes that its procedures for estimating future cash flows for each reporting unit are reasonable and consistent with current market conditions as of the testing date. We determined, after performing the quantitative review of each reporting unit, that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its respective carrying value. Accordingly, there was no indication of impairment. We did not identify any events, changes in circumstances, or triggering events since the performance of our annual goodwill impairment test that would require us to perform an interim goodwill impairment test during the year.

 Accrued net premiums written from Third-Party Agent referrals

 We recognize revenues on title insurance policies issued by Third-Party Agents when notice of issuance is received from Third-Party Agents, which is generally when cash payment is received. In addition, we estimate and accrue for revenues on policies sold but not reported by Third-Party Agents as of the relevant balance sheet closing date. This accrual is based on historical transactional volume data for title insurance policies that have closed and were not reported before the relevant balance sheet closing, as well as trends in our operations and in the title and housing industries. There could be variability in the amount of this accrual from period to period and amounts subsequently reported to us by Third-Party Agents may differ from the estimated accrual recorded in the preceding period. If the amount of revenue subsequently reported to us by Third-Party Agents is higher or lower than our estimate, we record the difference in revenue in the period in which it is reported. The time lag between the closing of transactions by Third-Party Agents and the reporting of policies, or premiums from policies issued by Third-Party Agents to us has been approximately three months. In addition to the premium accrual, we also record accruals for the corresponding direct expenses related to this revenue, including premiums retained by agents, premium taxes, and provision for claims.

 Sponsor Covered Shares liability

 The Sponsor Covered Shares, as described in Note 3, will become vested contingent upon the price of our common stock exceeding certain thresholds or upon some strategic events, which include events that are not indexed to our common stock.

 We obtained a third-party valuation of the Sponsor Covered Shares as of July 28, 2021 (i.e., the Closing Date), December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 using the Monte Carlo simulation methodology and based upon market inputs regarding stock price, dividend yield, expected term, volatility and risk-free rate. The share price represents the trading price as of each valuation date. The expected dividend yield is zero as we have never declared or paid cash dividends and have no current plans to do so during the expected term. The expected term represents the vesting period, which is 7.6 years. The expected volatility of 65.0% was estimated considering (i) the Doma implied volatility calculated using longest term stock option. (ii) the Doma implied warrant volatility using the term of the Public and Private Warrants and (iii) median leverage adjusted (asset) volatility calculated using a set of Guideline Public Companies ("GPCs"). Volatility for the GPCs was calculated over a lookback period of 7.6 years (or longest available data for GPCs whose trading history was shorter than 7.6 years), commensurate with the contractual term of the Sponsor Covered Shares. The risk-free rate utilizes the 10-year U.S. Constant Maturity. Finally, the annual change in control probability is estimated to be 2.0%.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Sponsor Covered Shares liability amounted to $0.1 million.

 New Accounting Pronouncements

 For information about recently issued accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing.

 Emerging Growth Company Accounting Election

 Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act") exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company's financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks

 Our principal market risk is interest rate risk because our results of operations can vary due to changes in interest rates. In a declining interest rate environment, we would expect our results of operations to be positively impacted by higher loan refinancing activity. However, in a rising interest rate environment, we would expect our results of operations to be negatively impacted by lower loan refinancing activity. We would expect both of these scenarios to be mitigated by home purchase loan activity. Fluctuations in interest rates may also impact the interest income earned on floating-rate investments and the fair value of our fixed-rate investments. An increase in interest rates decreases the market value of fixed-rate investments. Conversely, a decrease in interest rates increases the fair market value of fixed-rate investments.

 Additionally, we analyze potential changes in the value of our investment portfolio due to the market risk factors noted above within the overall context of asset and liability management. A technique we use in the management of our investment portfolio is the calculation of duration. Our actuaries estimate the payout pattern of our reserve liabilities to determine their duration, which is the present value of the weighted average payments expressed in years. We then establish a target duration for our investment portfolio so that at any given time the estimated cash generated by the investment portfolio will closely match the estimated cash required for the payment of the related reserves. We structure the investment portfolio to meet the target duration to achieve the required cash flow, based on liquidity and market risk factors.

 The Company's debt security portfolio is subject to credit risk. For further information on the credit quality of the Company's investment portfolio at December 31, 2023, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

 The Company also has credit risk related to the ability of reinsurance counterparties to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under our reinsurance programs and the ability of sublessees to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under our subleases. For information on our reinsurance programs and our subleases, see Note 2 and Note 21, respectively, to the consolidated financial statements.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders ' (Deficit) Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Supplemental Schedule

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ID 34)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (In thousands, except share information)

 2023

 2022

 Assets

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 65,939

 $
 78,450

 Restricted cash

 5,228

 2,933

 Investments:

 Fixed maturities

 Held-to-maturity debt securities, at amortized cost (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 125 at December 31, 2023 and $ 440 at December 31, 2022)

 18,179

 90,328

 Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $ 58,516 at December 31, 2023 and $ 59,191 at December 31, 2022)

 58,032

 58,254

 Total investments

 $
 76,256

 $
 148,879

 Trade and other receivables (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 1,802 and $ 1,413 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 24,452

 20,541

 Prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets

 4,614

 6,687

 Lease right-of-use assets

 4,175

 4,724

 Fixed assets (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 26,272 and $ 16,685 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 30,945

 37,024

 2,716

 2,716

 23,413

 23,413

 Assets held for disposal

 2,563

 53,141

 Total assets

 $
 240,301

 $
 378,508

 Liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity

 Accounts payable

 $
 1,798

 $
 2,407

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities

 12,700

 23,347

 Leases liabilities

 8,838

 10,793

 Senior secured credit agreement, net of debt issuance costs and original issue discount

 154,087

 147,374

 81,894

 Warrant liabilities

 Sponsor Covered Shares liability

 Liabilities held for disposal

 6,783

 30,356

 Total liabilities

 $
 266,212

 $
 296,716

 Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15)

 Stockholders' (deficit) equity:

 Common stock, 0.0001 par value; 80,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and 2022; 13,524,203 and 13,165,919 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital

 593,772

 577,515

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 619,201
)

 ( 494,787
)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income

 ( 483
)

 ( 937
)

 Total stockholders' (deficit) equity

 $
 ( 25,911
)

 $
 81,792

 Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity

 $
 240,301

 $
 378,508

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (In thousands, except share and per share information)

 2023

 2022

 Revenues:

 Net premiums written (1)

 $

 $

 3,342

 11,694

 5,898

 3,031

 $

 $

 Expenses:

 Premiums retained by agents (2)

 $
 248,177

 $
 307,041

 Title examination expense

 3,859

 8,142

 Personnel costs

 71,074

 163,604

 Other operating expenses

 46,460

 72,449

 1,499

 29,524

 Total operating expenses

 $
 385,833

 $
 595,541

 Operating loss from continuing operations

 $
 ( 74,890
)

 $
 ( 195,563
)

 Other (expense) income:

 21,317

 ( 20,323
)

 ( 14,106
)

 Loss from continuing operations before income taxes

 $
 ( 94,760
)

 $
 ( 188,352
)

 Income tax benefit (expense)

 ( 528
)

 1,055

 Loss from continuing operations, net of taxes

 $
 ( 95,288
)

 $
 ( 187,297
)

 Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes

 ( 29,126
)

 ( 114,912
)

 $
)

 $
)

 Earnings per share:

 Net loss from continuing operations per share attributable to stockholders - basic and diluted

 $
 ( 7.14
)

 $
 ( 14.36
)

 Net loss per share attributable to stockholders - basic and diluted

 $
 ( 9.32
)

 $
 ( 23.17
)

 Weighted average shares outstanding common stock - basic and diluted

 13,342,913

 13,041,337

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 __________________

 (1)

 Net premiums written includes revenues from a related party of $139.2 million and $134.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements).

 (2)

 Premiums retained by agents includes expenses associated with a related party of $112.0 million and $108.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements).

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 (In thousands)

 2023

 2022

 $
)

 $
)

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax:

 Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities, net of tax and related valuation allowance

 ( 937
)

 Comprehensive loss

 $
 ( 123,960
)

 $
 ( 303,146
)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders ' (Deficit) Equity

 Common Stock

 Additional Paid-in-

 Accumulated

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

 Stockholders'

 (In thousands, except share information)

 Shares

 Amount

 Capital

 Deficit

 (Loss)

 (Deficit) Equity

 Balance, January 1, 2022

 12,933,912

 543,102

 ( 192,179
)

 —

 350,924

 Exercise of stock options

 86,017

 —

 —

 —

 Vesting of RSU awards

 145,990

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock-based compensation expenses

 —

 —

 34,060

 —

 —

 34,060

 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle

 —

 —

 —

 ( 399
)

 —

 ( 399
)

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

)

 Other comprehensive loss

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 937
)

 ( 937
)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 13,165,919

 $

 $
 577,515

 $
 ( 494,787
)

 $
 ( 937
)

 $
 81,792

 Exercise of stock options

 18,831

 —

 —

 —

 Vesting of RSU awards

 339,453

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock-based compensation expenses

 —

 —

 16,073

 —

 —

 16,073

 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

 —

)

 Other comprehensive loss

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 13,524,203

 $

 $
 593,772

 $
 ( 619,201
)

 $
 ( 483
)

 $
 ( 25,911
)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (In thousands)

 2023

 2022

 Cash flow from operating activities:

 $
)

 $
)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 Interest expense - paid in kind

 10,352

 10,161

 12,183

 16,019

 Stock-based compensation expense

 16,073

 34,060

 Amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount

 4,607

 2,860

 Provision for doubtful accounts (reduction for expected credit losses)

 Deferred income taxes

 ( 1,421
)

 Realized loss on sale of investments

 —

 Loss on disposal of fixed assets and title plants

 1,331

 Loss on sales of discontinued operations

 7,124

 —

 Net amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on fixed maturity securities

 ( 660
)

 ( 453
)

 ( 21,317
)

 Goodwill impairment

 —

 65,207

 5,506

 32,027

 Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from sales of discontinued operations:

 Accounts receivable

 8,304

 ( 7,430
)

 Prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets

 3,045

 6,529

 Lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities

 ( 3,646
)

 Accounts payable

 ( 4,020
)

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities

 ( 16,780
)

 ( 21,971
)

 Liability for loss and loss adjustments expenses

 ( 44
)

 1,804

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $
 ( 76,095
)

 $
 ( 187,416
)

 Cash flow from investing activities:

 Proceeds from calls and maturities of investments: Held-to-maturity

 $
 73,835

 $
 90,827

 Proceeds from calls and maturities of investments: Available-for-sale

 1,493

 1,429

 Proceeds from principal repayments of investments: Mortgage loans

 1,725

 Purchase of investments: Held-to-maturity

 ( 1,527
)

 ( 115,022
)

 Purchase of investments: Available-for-sale

 —

 ( 60,259
)

 Proceeds from sales of fixed assets

 Purchases of fixed assets

 ( 8,670
)

 ( 34,333
)

 Purchases of title plants

 —

 ( 581
)

 Proceeds from sales of discontinued operations, net of cash disposed and working capital adjustments, and dividends from title plants

 15,884

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 $
 81,356

 $
 ( 115,382
)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (In thousands)

 2023

 2022

 Cash flow from financing activities:

 Exercise of stock options

 Repayments on senior secured credit agreement

 ( 15,661

)

 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 ( 15,477

)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash

 ( 10,216

)

 ( 302,445

)

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of period

 81,383

 383,828

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period

 $

 71,167

 $

 81,383

 Supplemental cash flow disclosures:

 Cash paid for interest

 $

 8,281

 $

 8,137

 Cash paid for income taxes

 $

 $

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:

 Unrealized gains (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities

 $

 $

 ( 937

)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share information or unless otherwise noted)

 1. Organization and business operations

 On July 28, 2021 ( the "Closing Date"), Capitol Investment Corp. V ("Capitol") consummated a business combination (the "Business Combination") with Doma Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Old Doma"), pursuant to the agreement and plan of merger, dated March 2, 2021, by and among Capitol, Capitol V Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Capitol ("Merger Sub"), and Old Doma (as amended on March 18, 2021, the "Agreement"). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Old Doma changed its name to States Title Holding, Inc. ("States Title"), Capitol changed its name to Doma Holdings, Inc. ("Doma") and Old Doma became a wholly owned subsidiary of Doma. Doma continues the existing business operations of Old Doma as a publicly traded company. See Note 3 for additional information on the Business Combination.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to "company," "Company," "Doma," "we," "us," "our" and similar terms refer to Doma Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Capitol Investment Corp. V) and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to "Capitol" refer to our legal predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to "Old Doma" refer to Old Doma prior to the Business Combination and to States Title, the wholly owned subsidiary of Doma, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

 Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Doma is a real estate technology company that is architecting the future of real estate transactions. Using machine intelligence and our proprietary technology solutions, we are creating a vastly more simple, efficient, and affordable real estate closing experience for current and prospective homeowners, lenders, title agents and real estate professionals. We are licensed to underwrite title insurance in 48 states and the District of Columbia.

 Old Doma was initially formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of States Title Inc. ("Legacy States Title") to combine the operations of Legacy States Title and the retail agency and title insurance underwriting business (the "Acquired Business") of North American Title Group, LLC ("NATG"), a subsidiary of Lennar Corporation ("Lennar"). We completed the acquisition of the Acquired Business on January 7, 2019, which we refer hereinafter as the "North American Title Acquisition." Old Doma survived the North American Title Acquisition as the parent company and now wholly owns the businesses operated by Legacy States Title and the Acquired Business.

 Starting in the second quarter of 2023 and finalized in the third quarter of 2023, the Company sold its assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through local retail title offices (the Company's "Local Component"). With the execution of the final agreements in the third quarter of 2023, the Company no longer has operations related to our previous Local retail branch footprint ("Local Component Direct Agents"). The Company determined that the execution of these agreements and the exiting of the Local Component represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, which triggered discontinued operations presentation, in accordance with ASC 205 - 20 - 45. We have historically reported our operations in two business segments: "Distribution," which included our divested Local Component as well as our Doma Enterprise channel and corporate support services, and "Underwriting." See Note 3 for additional details on the divestiture.

 Subsequent to the finalization of the sale of the Local Component in the third quarter of 2023, our continuing operations continued to be reported as two business segments but whose designations have changed to: "Underwriting" and "Corporate and Other". Corporate and Other contains our Doma Enterprise channel, our growth area offering technology solutions, and our centralized corporate support services. All current and prior periods reflected in this Form 10 -K have been presented as continuing and discontinued operations, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note 7 and Note 23 for additional information regarding segment information and discontinued operations, respectively.

 Going Concern

 We measure liquidity in terms of our ability to fund the cash requirements of our business operations, including our working capital and capital expenditure needs and other commitments. Our recurring working capital requirements relate mainly to our cash operating costs. Our capital expenditure requirements consist mainly of software development related to our Doma Intelligence platform.

 We had $ 71.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, $ 18.2 million in held-to-maturity debt securities, and $ 58.0 million in available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2023. The restricted net assets of Doma Title Insurance, Inc. ("DTI"), our title insurance subsidiary, are a significant proportion of the Company's consolidated net assets. DTI and our other insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions of cash or property to their immediate parent company without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. As of December 31, 2023, $ 49.9 million of our statutory net assets are restricted from dividend payments without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. During 2024, our title insurance subsidiary can pay or make distributions to us of approximately $ 5.2 million, without prior approval. For additional information, see Note 22.

 During our financial close and forecasting process, the Company identified conditions and events such as sustained cash outflows, operating losses and insufficient cash balances that, when considered in the aggregate, raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. However, that doubt was alleviated through management's plans, including the HSCM Fourth Amendment and Topco Term Facility as defined in Note 24 "Subsequent Events." The Company believes its unrestricted assets and the additional funding provided by the HSCM Fourth Amendment and Topco Term Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least 12 months from the date of this Annual Report.

 Proposed Merger

 On March 28, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), with RE Closing Buyer Corp., a Delaware corporation ("Parent"), and RE Closing Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Parent ("Merger Sub"). The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the "Merger"), with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Closing Parent Holdco, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership ("Topco"), the indirect parent company of Parent. Under the terms of the Merger, among other things, Parent would acquire our outstanding shares for $ 6.29 per share in cash.

 The Company's board of directors, acting on the unanimous recommendation of a special committee comprised of independent and disinterested directors formed for the purpose of considering the transaction, unanimously (i) determined that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, the Voting and Support Agreement (as defined in Note 24) and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are fair, advisable and in the best interests of the Company and the disinterested stockholders and (ii) approved the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, and the Voting and Support Agreement and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, and (iii) resolved to submit and recommend the Merger Agreement to the Company's stockholders for approval and adoption thereby.

 Assuming the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the Company expects the transactions contemplated thereby to close in the second half of 2024.

 The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereunder is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8 -K, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

 For more information, refer to Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 2. Summary of significant accounting policies

 Basis of presentation

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

 Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation under Accounting Standard Codification 205 - 20 - 45, "Discontinued Operations."

 References to the Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") and Accounting Standard Updates ("ASU") included hereinafter refer to the Accounting Standards Codification and Updates issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") as the source of authoritative U.S. GAAP. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 Reverse stock split

 On June 29, 2023, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation (the "Charter Amendment") to effect a 1 -for- 25 reverse stock split of the Company's common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split") and a corresponding adjustment to its authorized capital stock, effective as of 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on June 29, 2023 ( the "Effective Time"). All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented, and discussions, in this Annual Report, unless otherwise indicated.

 As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 25 shares of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into one share of issued and outstanding common stock. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who otherwise would have been entitled to receive fractional shares of common stock were entitled to receive cash in an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying (a) the closing price per share of the common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange as of the first trading day following the Effective Time, by (b) the fraction of one share owned by the stockholder.

 Proportionate adjustments were made to the number of shares issuable upon the exercise or vesting of all stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance restricted stock units or market-based awards (the "Stock-Based Awards") and warrants outstanding at the Effective Time, which resulted in a proportional decrease in the number of shares of the Company's common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise or vesting of such Stock-Based Awards and warrants. In the case of stock options and warrants, proportionate adjustments also included a proportional increase in the exercise price of such stock options and warrants. In addition, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Company's 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan were proportionately reduced.

 Use of estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by management. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

 Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, reserves for incurred but not reported claims, the useful lives of property and equipment, accrued net premiums written from Third-Party Agent (as defined in Item 7) referrals, the fair value measurements, valuation of goodwill impairment, the valuations of stock-based compensation arrangements and the Sponsor Covered Shares liability (as defined below).

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash

 Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and on deposit at banking institutions as well as all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for these instruments approximate their fair value.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had restricted cash of $ 5.2 million and $ 2.9 million, respectively, including deposits in several states pledged in accordance with the applicable state insurance regulations, and certain collateral requirements in connection with leases for office space.

 Investments

 Fixed maturity securities

 Investment securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost because they are purchased with the intent and ability to be held to maturity. The Company also holds restricted investments which are treated as held-to-maturity debt securities. Restricted investments consist of United States Treasuries with maturities of 24 months or less. These restricted investments are kept on deposit in several states and are pledged to the appropriate insurance regulators, in accordance with regulations in each state, for the duration of the time the Company does business in those states.

 The Company recognizes credit losses for its held-to-maturity debt securities by setting up an allowance which is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in the allowance recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company establishes an allowance for credit losses based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as credit agency ratings and payment and default history. As of December 31, 2023, credit agency ratings on our U.S. Treasury and corporate debt securities ranged from AAA through B2.

 For our held-to-maturity debt securities, the Company's model estimates expected credit loss by multiplying the exposure at default by both the probability of default and loss given default ("LGD"). The probability of default and LGD percentages are estimated after considering historical experience with global default rates and unsecured bond recovery rates for horizons aligning to the Company's held-to-maturity debt security portfolio. The calculated allowance is recorded as an offset to held-to-maturity debt securities in the consolidated balance sheets and in the investment, dividend and other income line on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale unless they are classified as held-to-maturity or trading. Available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value. Any unrealized holding gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities are reported as accumulated other comprehensive gain or loss, which is a separate component of stockholders' (deficit) equity, net of tax, until realized.

 Investments in mortgage loans are long-term investments and carried at the principal balance outstanding, net of charge-offs, unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, and deferred loan fees and costs, as applicable. Mortgage loans are held for investment as management has the intent and ability to hold these loans for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff.

 Fair value measurements

 ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820") establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used to measure investments at fair value. The observability of inputs is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment, characteristics specific to the investment, market conditions and other factors. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).

 The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 are as follows:

 Level 1 Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical investments at the measurement date are used.

 Level 2 Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 pricing inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

 Level 3 Pricing inputs are unobservable and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The inputs used in determination of fair value require significant judgment and estimation.

 When fair value inputs fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the asset or liability is categorized in its entirety is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the asset or liability. Assessing the significance of a particular input to the valuation of an asset or liability in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The categorization of an asset or liability within the hierarchy is based upon the pricing transparency of the asset or liability and does not necessarily correspond to the perceived risk of that asset or liability.

 Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value and are therefore excluded from the leveling table seen in Note 4. The cost basis is determined to approximate fair value due to the short-term duration of the financial instruments.

 Receivables, net

 Trade and other receivables include the following:

 2023

 2022

 Trade receivables

 $
 9,170

 $
 6,833

 Accrued net premiums written from Third-Party Agent referrals

 2,418

 2,409

 Trade receivables, gross

 $
 11,588

 $
 9,242

 Allowance for credit losses

 ( 1,802
)

 ( 1,413
)

 Trade receivables, net

 $
 9,786

 $
 7,829

 Local Sales Deferred Earnout receivable

 12,497

 —

 Investment trade receivables

 —

 10,065

 Miscellaneous other receivables

 2,169

 2,647

 Other receivables

 $
 14,666

 $
 12,712

 Trade and other receivables, net

 $
 24,452

 $
 20,541

 Receivables are generally due within thirty to ninety days and are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Our receivables represent premiums, escrow and related fees due to us as a result of the closing of real estate transactions, investment trade receivables, and other miscellaneous receivables. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by considering a number of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due, previous loss history and a specific customer's ability to pay its obligations to the Company. Amounts deemed uncollectible are expensed in the period in which such determination is made. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $ 1.8 million and $ 1.4 million, respectively. The Local Sales Deferred Earnout receivable relates to the aggregate earnouts from the Local Sales discussed further in Note 3.

 Fixed assets, net

 Fixed assets, net, consists of internally developed software, furniture, computers, acquired software and equipment, and is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Fixed assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

 The following table summarizes the range of useful lives assigned to fixed assets, by asset class:

 Useful lives:

 Leasehold improvements

 Shorter of the lease term or useful life of the asset

 Furniture and equipment

 Five years

 Computer equipment

 Three years

 Acquired software

 Three to eight years

 Internally developed software

 Five years

 Internally developed or acquired software

 Technology and software are acquired or developed for internal use and for use with the Company's products. Internally developed software and acquired software are amortized over its estimated useful life or, in the case of cloud-based technology, the shorter of its estimated useful life or contract life, and ranges from three to eight years using the straight-line method. Technology development costs, which include certain payroll-related costs of employees directly associated with developing technology and software in addition to incremental payments to third parties, are capitalized from the time technological feasibility is established until the software is ready for use. Capitalized internally developed software and acquired software development costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are included in fixed assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company analyzes internally developed software and acquired software for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

 Title plants are carried at cost, with costs incurred to maintain, update and operate title plants expensed as incurred. Because properly maintained title plants have indefinite lives and do not diminish in value with the passage of time, no provision has been made for depreciation or amortization. The Company analyzes the title plants for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. This analysis includes, but is not limited to, the effects of obsolescence, duplication, demand and other economic factors. There were no impairments of title plants for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is assigned to one or more reporting units on the date of acquisition. We review our goodwill for impairment annually on October 1 of each year and between annual tests if events or circumstances arise that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of any one of our reporting units below its respective carrying amount. In performing our annual goodwill impairment test, we first perform a qualitative assessment, which requires that we consider macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, changes in the Company's stock price, changes in management or key personnel, changes in strategy, changes in customers, changes in the composition or carrying amount of a reporting unit or other factors that have the potential to impact fair value. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units are greater than the carrying amounts, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is not performed.

 We completed our annual goodwill impairment test on October 1, 2023. After performing a qualitative and quantitative assessments as of October 1, 2023, we concluded that goodwill in our Underwriting reporting unit was not impaired. We did not identify any events, changes in circumstances, or triggering events since the performance of our annual goodwill impairment test that would require us to perform an interim goodwill impairment test during the year.

 Revenue recognition

 Insurance premiums on title insurance policies issued directly by the Company through instant and traditional underwriting through our captive title agents and agencies ("Direct Agents") are recognized on the closing of the underlying transaction, in accordance with ASC Topic 944, Financial Services - Insurance (ASC 944), as substantially all of the services associated with the insurance contract have been rendered at that point in time. Insurance premiums on title insurance policies issued by Third-Party Agents are recognized gross of premiums retained by agents when notice of issuance is received from the Third-Party Agents, which is generally when cash payment is received.

 In addition, we estimate and accrue for revenues on policies sold but not reported by Third-Party Agents as of the relevant balance sheet closing date. This accrual is based on historical transactional volume data for title insurance policies that have closed and were not reported before the relevant balance sheet closing, as well as trends in our operations and in the title and housing industries. There could be variability in the amount of this accrual from period to period and amounts subsequently reported to us by Third-Party Agents may differ from the estimated accrual recorded in the preceding period. If the amount of revenue subsequently reported to us by Third-Party Agents is higher or lower than our estimate, we record the difference in revenue in the period in which it is reported. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the time lag between the closing of transactions by Third-Party Agents and the reporting of policies, or premiums from policies issued by Third-Party Agents to us has been approximately three months.

 ASU 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) requires that an entity recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Escrow fees and other title-related fees are primarily associated with managing the closing of real estate transactions, including the processing of funds on behalf of the transaction participants, gathering and recording the required closing documents, providing notary and other real estate or title-related activities. The transfer of services for the escrow and other title-related fees are satisfied at the closing of the real estate transaction. Therefore, revenues related to escrow and other title-related fees are recognized at the closing date of the real estate transaction. We also earn a fee for placing and binding title insurance policies with third -party underwriters. In some situations, we act as an agent to place and bind title insurance policies in transactions that involve third -party underwriters in exchange for a fee. This fee is recognized as revenue on the effective date of the policy, which is the closing date of the real estate transaction. It is included in "Escrow, other title-related fees and other" revenue line item in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Reinsurance

 The Company utilizes reinsurance programs to limit its maximum loss exposure by reinsuring certain risks with other insurers. Reinsurance agreements transfer portions of the underlying risk of the business the Company writes. The Company remains primarily liable to the insured whether or not the reinsurer is able to meet its contractual obligations. However, the reinsurance contract does permit the Company to recover certain incurred losses from its reinsurers, and reinsurance recoveries reduce the maximum loss that the Company may incur as a result of a covered loss event.

 The Company has two reinsurance programs: the Facultative program and the Quota Share Treaty. Previously, the Company had been a party to an excess of loss treaty which expired per its terms on September 30, 2023.

 Under the excess of loss treaty, we ceded liability over $ 15.0 million on all files. Excess of loss reinsurance coverage protects the Company from a large loss from a single loss occurrence. The excess of loss treaty provided for ceding liability above the retention of $ 15.0 million for all policies up to a liability cap of $ 500.0 million.

 Under the Quota Share Treaty, effective February 24, 2021, the Company cedes 25 % of the written premium on our instantly underwritten policies.

 Effective October 1, 2023, the Company implemented the Facultative program. Under the Facultative program, we cede liability over $ 15.0 million on files on a case-by-case basis. This Facultative arrangement protects the Company from a large loss from a single loss occurrence.

 Payments and recoveries on reinsured losses for the Company's title insurance business were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Ceding commission from reinsurance transactions are presented as revenue within the "Escrow, other title-related fees and other" revenue line item in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Total premiums ceded in connection with reinsurance are netted against the written premiums in the consolidated statements of operations. Gross premiums earned and ceded premiums are as follows:

 Year ended December 31

 2023

 2022

 Gross premiums earned

 $
 302,054

 $
 388,068

 Ceded premiums

 ( 351
)

 ( 2,815
)

 Net premiums earned

 $

 $

 Percentage of amount net to gross

 99.9
 %

 99.3
 %

 Our liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses include reserves for known claims as well as reserves for incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims. Each known claim is reserved based on our review of the estimated amount of the claim and the costs required to settle the claim. Reserves for IBNR are estimates that are established at the time the premium revenue is recognized and are based upon historical experience and other factors, including industry trends, claim loss history, legal environment, geographic considerations, and the types of title insurance policies written.

 The liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses also includes reserves for losses arising from closing and disbursement functions due to fraud or operational error. These reserves are intended to provide for closing errors when we are acting as the escrow company such as, disbursing to the wrong party, paying the wrong lender, improperly allocating funds or relying on third -party fraudulent documents in closing transactions.

 If a loss compensable under a title insurance policy is caused by an act or omission committed by a Third-Party Agent, the Company may seek contribution or reimbursement from the Third-Party Agent. In any event, the Company may proceed against any party who is responsible for any loss under the title insurance policy under rights of subrogation.

 Income taxes

 Under ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"), deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position.

 Stock compensation expense

 The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, ("ASC 718"). ASC 718 requires the measurement and recognition of stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards issued to employees and directors based on estimated fair values at the grant date. The Company measures the grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Stock-based compensation expense arising from stock options is recorded on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each grant. Forfeitures are accounted for as incurred.

 For restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") awarded in consideration of services rendered by employees and non-employees, the Company recognizes compensation expense in accordance with the requirements of ASC 718 and ASU 2018 - 07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of RSAs, RSUs, and PRSUs using the fair market value of the underlying common stock at the grant date. PRSUs are measured on the probable outcome of the performance conditions applicable to each grant. Stock-based compensation expense arising from RSAs, RSUs, and PRSUs is recorded on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each grant. Forfeitures are accounted for as incurred.

 The Company measures the fair value of market-based awards using the fair market value of the underlying common stock at the grant date. The Company recognizes compensation expense related to the market-based awards using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period.

 Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants

 As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the Public Warrants (as defined in Note 3) and the Private Placement Warrants (as defined in Note 3) (collectively, the "Warrants") as of the Closing Date. The Warrants meet the definition of derivatives as contemplated in Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). As such, the Warrants were recorded as liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value upon the consummation of the Business Combination, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at each reporting period.

 Sponsor Covered Shares and Seller Earnout Shares

 Immediately after the Closing Date, certain common stock held by the Sponsor (as defined in Note 3) became subject to vesting, contingent upon the price of Doma's common stock, par value $ 0.0001 ("common stock") exceeding certain thresholds (the "Sponsor Covered Shares"). The Sponsor Covered Shares are accounted for as a derivative due to the settlement adjustments upon change in control transactions that are not deemed to be indexed to our common stock. As such, the Sponsor Covered Shares were recorded as liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value upon the consummation of the Business Combination, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at each reporting period.

 Also following the Closing Date, equity holders of Old Doma prior to the Business Combination (the "Sellers") have the right to receive an additional number of shares contingent on the price of our common stock. The Seller Earnout Shares (as defined in Note 3) are treated as an equity classified contract because all settlement scenarios, including those under fundamental change events, are indexed to our common stock (see Note 3 for additional information).

 Share counts of our common stock provided in this Annual Report on Form 10 -K (this "Annual Report") exclude both the Sponsor Covered Shares and the Seller Earnout Shares.

 Concentration of credit risk

 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash accounts in financial institutions and our investment portfolio. The Company has not experienced losses on the cash accounts and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such accounts.

 Additionally, we manage the exposure to credit risk in our investment portfolio by investing in high quality securities and diversifying our holdings. Our investment portfolio is comprised of corporate debt, foreign government securities, certificates of deposit, single-family residential mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasuries.

 Advertising costs

 Advertising costs, which include promotional expenses, are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were $ 1.0 million and $ 2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in other operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

 Earnings per share

 The Company uses the two -class method to calculate basic net loss per share and apply the more dilutive of the two -class method, treasury stock method or if-converted method to calculate diluted net loss per share. Undistributed earnings for each period are allocated to participating securities, including preferred shares for applicable periods, based on the contractual participation rights of the security to share in the current earnings as if all current period earnings had been distributed. Losses are not allocated to participating securities as they do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses.

 The more dilutive of the two -class method and the if-converted method is used to calculate the dilutive impact of the preferred shares. The treasury stock method is utilized to calculate the dilutive impact of the outstanding warrants, RSAs, RSUs, PRSUs and options.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, any preferred shares, stock options, warrants, RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs were anti-dilutive, therefore, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share.

 Basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company's common stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding.

 Risk and uncertainties

 The real estate market has been impacted by significant macroeconomic factors, market disruptions, and volatility. The Company continues to monitor and react to these factors. For additional information, refer to Part I, Item 1A " Risk Factors " set forth this Annual Report.

 Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company

 Subsequent to the Business Combination described in Note 3, the Company is an "emerging growth company," as defined in Section 2 (a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act"), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

 Further, Section 102 (b)( 1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company's financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

 Additionally, subsequent to the Business Combination described in Note 3, the Company is a "smaller reporting company" as defined in Item 10 (f)( 1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements.

 Recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements

 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016 - 13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326). The amendments in this and the related ASUs introduce broad changes to accounting for credit impairment of financial instruments. The primary updates include the introduction of a new current expected credit loss ("CECL") model that is based on expected rather than incurred losses for instruments measured at amortized cost and amends the accounting for impairment of held-to-maturity securities and available-for-sale securities. This model incorporates past experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts affecting collectability of these instruments. The amendments in this update are effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. For all other entities, the amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The early adoption of this new guidance on January 1, 2022 required the Company to record an allowance for credit losses for the Company's held-to-maturity investment portfolio, which resulted in an allowance of $ 0.4 million and a corresponding $ 0.4 million adjustment for the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, net of income taxes. For more information on the held-to-maturity allowance for credit losses, refer to Note 4. Prior to the adoption of the new guidance, the Company utilized an aging model to estimate credit losses on accounts receivable. As this aging model is allowed under the new guidance, there is no impact to the Company's allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable. The adoption of this new standard did not have a significant impact on the consolidated statements of operations or the consolidated statements of cash flows. The guidance also requires additional disclosures regarding the Company's held-to-maturity allowance for credit losses, which have been included within Note 4.

 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016 - 02, Leases ("ASU 2016 - 02"), which provides guidance for accounting for leases. ASU 2016 - 02 requires lessees to classify leases as either finance or operating leases and to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term greater than 12 months regardless of the lease classification. The lease classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest rate method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Modified or new leases subsequent to the effective date will follow ASC 2016 - 02. Accounting for lessors remains largely unchanged from current U.S. GAAP. Under ASU 2020 - 05, the effective date for adoption of ASU 2016 - 02 is fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We early adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2022 under a modified retrospective transition approach using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method approved by the FASB, which results in reporting for the comparative periods presented in accordance with the previous lease guidance under ASC 840. We elected the package of practical expedients but did not adopt the hindsight practical expedient as of January 1, 2022. The package of practical expedients allowed the Company not to reassess whether the arrangement contains a lease, lease classification and whether previously capitalized costs qualify as initial direct costs. The practical expedients allowed the Company to continue classifying all of its leases as operating leases as they were previously classified under ASC 840. The Company recognized lease liabilities of $ 24.4 million and corresponding right-of-use assets of $ 23.8 million in our consolidated balance sheet on January 1, 2022. The difference between the lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets related to prepaid rent and deferred lease obligations recognized in prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet on January 1, 2022, resulting in no cumulative-effect adjustment to opening equity. The new standard did not have a significant impact on the consolidated statements of operations or the consolidated statements of cash flows. The guidance also requires additional disclosures regarding the Company's lease portfolio, which have been included within Note 21.

 In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2019 - 12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). ASU 2019 - 12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. Specifically, ASU 2019 - 12 eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. ASU 2019 - 12 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020. ASU 2019 - 12 is effective for private entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2019 - 12 under the private company transition guidance beginning January 1, 2022, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or disclosures given the Company has a full valuation allowance and the scenarios for which the guidance offer simplification are not significant for the Company.

 Recently issued but not adopted accounting pronouncements

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023 - 09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023 - 07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU includes requirements that an entity disclose the title of the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and on an interim and annual basis, significant segment expenses and the composition of other segment items for each segment's reported profit. The standard also permits disclosure of additional measures of segment profit. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures.

 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 12, Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 including interim periods within those fiscal years. In June of 2020, the FASB deferred the effective date of ASU 2018 - 12 for one -year in response to implementation challenges resulting from COVID- 19. This update requires insurance companies to annually review and update the assumptions used for measuring the liability under long-duration contracts. The amendments in this ASU may be early adopted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period for which financial statements have not yet been issued, including interim financial statements. As an emerging growth company, we currently anticipate adopting this standard on January 1, 2025. Although we have long-duration contracts, this specific guidance is not expected to impact our title insurance operations; therefore, we do not expect this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 3. Business combinations

 Capitol Business Combination

 As described in Note 1, on March 2, 2021, Old Doma entered into the Agreement with Capitol, a blank check company incorporated in the State of Delaware and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger. Pursuant to the Agreement, a newly formed subsidiary of Capitol was merged with and into Old Doma, and the Business Combination was completed on July 28, 2021. The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization and Capitol was treated as the acquired company for financial statement reporting purposes. Old Doma was deemed the predecessor for financial reporting purposes and Doma was deemed the successor SEC registrant, meaning that Old Doma's financial statements for periods prior to the consummation of the Business Combination are disclosed in the financial statements included within this Annual Report and will be disclosed in Doma's future periodic reports. No goodwill or other intangible assets were recorded, in accordance with GAAP.

 Immediately after the Closing Date, 53,026 shares of common stock held by the Sponsor became subject to vesting, contingent upon the price of Doma's common stock, par value $ 0.0001 ("Doma common stock") exceeding certain thresholds (the "Sponsor Covered Shares").

 On December 4, 2020, Capitol consummated its initial public offering, which included the issuance of 11,500,000 redeemable warrants (the "Public Warrants"). Simultaneously with the closing of the initial public offering, Capitol completed the private sale of 5,833,333 warrants (the "Private Placement Warrants"). These Warrants remain outstanding following the Business Combination and 25 whole warrants entitles the holder to purchase one share of our common stock at a price of $ 287.50 (see Note 20 for additional information).

 Immediately after the Closing Date, 20 % of the aggregate of our common stock held by certain investors (collectively, the "Sponsor") became subject to vesting, contingent upon the price of our common stock exceeding certain thresholds. The Sponsor Covered Shares will vest in two tranches: (i) one -half of such shares shall vest if the last reported sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $ 375.00 for any 20 trading days within any 30 -day trading period ending on or before the tenth anniversary of the Closing Date, and (ii) one -half of such shares shall vest if the last reported sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $ 437.50 for any 20 trading days within any 30 -day trading period ending on or before the tenth anniversary of the Closing Date. The Sponsor is also entitled to the Sponsor Covered Shares if a covered strategic transaction or change in control, as defined by the sponsor support agreement dated as of March 2, 2021 ( the "Sponsor Support Agreement") by and among the sponsors named thereto, Capitol and Old Doma, occurs prior to the ten ( 10)-year anniversary of the Closing Date. As of December 31, 2023, the Sponsor Covered Shares were legally outstanding; however, since none of the conditions were met, no related shares are included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' (deficit) equity or for the purposes of calculating earnings per share.

 Also following the Closing Date, the Sellers have the contingent right to receive up to an additional number of shares equal to 5 % of the sum of (i) the aggregate number of outstanding shares of our common stock (including restricted common stock, but excluding Sponsor Covered Shares), plus (ii) the maximum number of shares underlying our options that are vested and the maximum number of shares underlying warrants to purchase shares of Doma common stock issued as replacement warrants for Old Doma warrants, in each case of these clauses (i) and (ii), as of immediately following the Closing Date (the "Seller Earnout Shares"). The Seller Earnout Shares are contingently issuable to the Sellers in two tranches: (i) one -half of such shares shall be issued if the last reported sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $ 375.00 for any 20 trading days within any 30 -day trading period ending on or before the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, and (ii) one -half of such shares shall be issued if the last reported sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $ 437.50 for any 20 trading days within any 30 -day trading period ending on or before the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date. Since none of the conditions of the Seller Earnout Shares were met as of December 31, 2023, no related shares are included in the Company's consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' (deficit) equity as of December 31, 2023 or for purposes of calculating earnings per share.

 North American Title Acquisition

 On January 7, 2019, we acquired from Lennar its subsidiary, North American Title Insurance Company, which operated its title insurance underwriting business, and its third -party title insurance agency business, which was operated under its North American Title Company brand (collectively, the "Acquired Business"), for total stock and deferred cash consideration of $ 171.7 million (the "North American Title Acquisition"), including $ 87.0 million in the form of a seller financing note. Goodwill of $ 111.5 million resulted from the North American Title Acquisition.

 Local Retail Branch Sales

 On May 19, 2023, Doma Title of California, Inc. (the "Seller") and Doma Corporate LLC, both subsidiaries of the Company, entered into and closed an asset purchase agreement (the "WFG Asset Purchase Agreement") with Williston Financial Group LLC ("WFG"). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the WFG Asset Purchase Agreement, the Seller agreed to sell to WFG certain assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through retail title offices located in the State of California (the "WFG Asset Sale") for an aggregate purchase price of up to $ 24.5 million, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the WFG Asset Purchase Agreement. The gross purchase price for the WFG Asset Sale consists of $ 10.5 million paid by WFG to the Seller on May 19, 2023 ( the "WFG Sale Closing Date") and a deferred payment of up to $ 14.0 million payable by WFG to the Seller within 30 days after the 12 -month anniversary of the WFG Sale Closing Date ("WFG Deferred Payment"). The amount of the WFG Deferred Payment is subject to an earnout based on the retention of specified employees hired by WFG or an affiliate of WFG after the WFG Sale Closing Date. The sale included 22 retail title locations and operations centers in the Northern and Central California regions and 123 total employees. On the WFG Sale Closing Date, the Seller and a WFG affiliate, WFG National Title Insurance Company, entered into a customary transition services agreement.

 In separate transactions, on July 14, 2023, the Company entered into and closed asset purchase agreements to sell certain assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through retail title offices located in the Midwest and Texas to Hamilton National Title LLC d/b/a Near North Title Group and Capital Title of Texas, LLC, respectively. Additionally, on July 28, 2023, the Company closed an asset purchase agreement to sell certain assets used in or related to the Company's title insurance agency business operated through retail title offices located in Florida to Hamilton National Title LLC d/b/a Near North Title Group. The Company entered into customary transition services agreements in conjunction with these sales.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to "Q3 Local Sales" refers to the transactions entered into with Hamilton National Title LLC d/b/a Near North Title Group and Capital Title of Texas, LLC, and references herein to the "Local Sales" refers to the Q3 Local Sales and the WFG Asset Sale, collectively. References herein to "Deferred Earnout" refers to the WFG Deferred Payment and deferred payments of up to $ 2.1 million payable by Hamilton National Title LLC d/b/a Near North Title Group to the Company subject to revenue targets over the 12 -month period subsequent to the related sales.

 In conjunction with the Local Sales, we recognized the following:

 WFG Asset Sale

 Q3 Local Sales

 Total Local Sales

 Pre-tax loss on sale of business

 $
 10,313

 $

 $
 10,948

 Cash consideration

 $
 10,500

 $
 2,645

 $
 13,145

 Deferred Earnout receivable

 10,928

 1,556

 12,484

 Total purchase consideration

 $
 21,428

 $
 4,201

 $
 25,629

 Total transaction costs, including legal fees, professional fees and other

 $
 3,487

 $

 $
 4,254

 The Deferred Earnout is recorded in trade and other receivables in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the Deferred Earnout is based on historic, Company-specific attrition rates or revenue projections and a discount factor based on the weighted average cost of capital, both Level 3 inputs.

 The following table presents the net assets sold and the goodwill associated with the Local Sales:

 WFG Asset Sale

 Q3 Local Sales

 Total Local Sales

 $
 19,270

 $
 3,597

 $
 22,867

 8,806

 —

 8,806

 Fixed assets

 1,266

 Other assets

 Total assets

 $
 28,754

 $
 4,462

 $
 33,216

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities

 $
 —

 $

 $

 Total liabilities

 $
 —

 $

 $

 Net assets

 $
 28,754

 $
 4,070

 $
 32,824

 4. Investments and fair value measurements

 Held-to-maturity debt securities

 The cost basis, fair values and gross unrealized gains and losses of our held-to-maturity debt securities are as follows:

 Amortized Cost

 Unrealized Gains

 Amortized Cost

 Unrealized Gains

 Corporate debt securities (1)

 $
 13,786

 $
 —

 $
 ( 400
)

 $

 $
 61,308

 $

 $
 ( 1,640
)

 $
 59,673

 4,081

 ( 37
)

 4,047

 24,152

 —

 ( 165
)

 23,987

 —

 —

 —

 —

 5,003

 —

 ( 4
)

 4,999

 Certificates of deposit

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 18,304

 ( 437
)

 17,870

 90,768

 ( 1,809
)

 88,964

 Allowance for credit losses

 ( 125
)

 —

 —

 ( 125
)

 ( 440
)

 —

 —

 ( 440
)

 Total

 $
 18,179

 $

 $
 ( 437
)

 $
 17,745

 $
 90,328

 $

 $
 ( 1,809
)

 $
 88,524

 ______________

 ( 1) Includes both U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities.

 The cost basis of held-to-maturity debt securities includes an adjustment for the amortization of premium or discount since the date of purchase. Held-to-maturity debt securities valued at approximately $ 2.4 million and $ 5.9 million were on deposit with various governmental authorities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as required by law.

 The change in net unrealized gains and on held-to-maturity debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 1.4 million and $( 2.0) million, respectively.

 Net realized gains of held-to-maturity debt securities are computed using the specific identification method and are included in the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, to de-risk the portfolio, the Company sold held-to-maturity debt securities resulting in proceeds and net realized losses of $ 1.0 million and $ 6.0 thousand, respectively.

 The following table presents certain information regarding contractual maturities of our held-to-maturity debt securities:

 Maturity

 Amortized Cost

 % of Total

 % of Total

 One year or less

 $
 6,294

 %

 $
 6,250

 %

 After one year through five years

 12,010

 %

 11,620

 %

 Total

 $
 18,304

 %

 $
 17,870

 %

 There were no held-to-maturity debt securities with contractual maturities after five years. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 Net unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position are as follows:

 Total

 Total

 Less than 12 Months

 $
 —

 $

 $
 —

 $

 $
 48,798

 $
 19,834

 $
 4,999

 $
 73,631

 $
 —

 $
 ( 3
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 3
)

 $
 ( 614
)

 $
 ( 101
)

 $
 ( 4
)

 $
 ( 719
)

 Greater than 12 months

 1,736

 —

 15,122

 8,546

 4,125

 —

 12,671

 ( 400
)

 ( 34
)

 —

 ( 434
)

 ( 1,026
)

 ( 64
)

 —

 ( 1,090
)

 Total

 $

 $
 2,735

 $
 —

 $
 16,121

 $
 57,344

 $
 23,959

 $
 4,999

 $
 86,302

 $
 ( 400
)

 $
 ( 37
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 437
)

 $
 ( 1,640
)

 $
 ( 165
)

 $
 ( 4
)

 $
 ( 1,809
)

 We believe that any unrealized losses on our held-to-maturity debt securities at December 31, 2023 are temporary based upon our current analysis of the issuers of the securities that we hold and current market conditions. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

 Rollforward of Credit Loss Allowance for Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

 Beginning balance, January 1, 2023

 $

 Current-period provision for expected credit losses

 ( 315
)

 Write-off charged against the allowance, if any

 —

 Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any

 —

 Ending balance of the allowance for credit losses, December 31, 2023

 $

 Rollforward of Credit Loss Allowance for Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

 Beginning balance, January 1, 2022

 $

 Current-period provision for expected credit losses

 Write-off charged against the allowance, if any

 —

 Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any

 —

 Ending balance of the allowance for credit losses, December 31, 2022

 $

 The current-period provision for expected credit losses is due to changes in portfolio composition, the maturity of certain securities, and changes in the credit ratings of certain securities.

 Available-for-sale debt securities

 The cost basis, fair values and gross unrealized gains and losses of our available-for-sale debt securities are as follows:

 Cost Basis

 Unrealized Gains

 Cost Basis

 Unrealized Gains

 Corporate debt securities (1)

 $
 26,136

 $
 —

 $
 ( 203
)

 $
 25,933

 $
 27,251

 $
 —

 $
 ( 363
)

 $
 26,888

 30,878

 —

 ( 263
)

 30,467

 —

 ( 544
)

 1,502

 —

 ( 18
)

 1,484

 1,473

 —

 ( 30
)

 1,443

 Total

 $
 58,516

 $
 —

 $
 ( 484
)

 $
 58,032

 $
 59,191

 $
 —

 $
 ( 937
)

 $
 58,254

 _________________

 ( 1) Includes both U.S. and foreign corporate debt securities.

 The cost basis of available-for-sale debt securities includes an adjustment for the amortization of premium or discount since the date of purchase.

 The change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 0.5 million and $( 0.9) million, respectively. Any unrealized holding gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2023 are reported as accumulated other comprehensive gain or loss, which is a separate component of stockholders' (deficit) equity, net of tax, until realized.

 Net realized gains on disposition of available-for-sale debt securities are computed using the specific identification method and are included in the consolidated statements of operations.

 The following table presents certain information regarding contractual maturities of our available-for-sale debt securities:

 Maturity

 Amortized Cost

 % of Total

 % of Total

 One year or less

 $
 39,767

 %

 $
 39,419

 %

 After one year through five years

 18,749

 %

 18,613

 %

 Total

 $
 58,516

 %

 $
 58,032

 %

 There were no available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities after five years. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position are as follows:

 Total

 Total

 Less than 12 months

 $
 8,810

 $
 1,953

 $
 —

 $
 10,763

 $
 26,886

 $

 $
 1,444

 $
 58,253

 $
 ( 25
)

 $
 ( 9
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 34
)

 $
 ( 363
)

 $
 ( 544
)

 $
 ( 30
)

 $
 ( 937
)

 Greater than 12 months

 $
 17,214

 $
 28,662

 $
 1,484

 47,360

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $
 —

 —

 $
 ( 178
)

 $
 ( 254
)

 $
 ( 18
)

 ( 450
)

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $
 —

 —

 Total

 $
 26,024

 $

 $
 1,484

 $
 58,123

 $
 26,886

 $

 $
 1,444

 $
 58,253

 $
 ( 203
)

 $
 ( 263
)

 $
 ( 18
)

 $
 ( 484
)

 $
 ( 363
)

 $
 ( 544
)

 $
 ( 30
)

 $
 ( 937
)

 We believe that any unrealized losses on our available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2023 are temporary based upon our current analysis of the issuers of the securities that we hold and current market conditions.

 We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not have an allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities.

 The mortgage loans portfolio as of December 31, 2023 is comprised entirely of single-family residential mortgage loans. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not purchase any new mortgage loans.

 Mortgage loans, which include contractual terms to maturity of thirty years, are not categorized by contractual maturity as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with, or without, call or prepayment penalties. The change in the mortgage loans during the year ended December 31, 2023 was the result of principal prepayments and maturities.

 The cost and estimated fair value of mortgage loans are as follows:

 Cost

 Estimated Fair Value

 Cost

 Estimated Fair Value

 $

 $

 $

 $

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 Investment income

 Investment income from securities consists of the following:

 2023

 2022

 Available-for-sale debt securities

 $
 2,120

 $

 Held-to-maturity debt securities

 1,348

 1,828

 Other

 1,836

 Total

 $
 5,309

 $
 3,227

 Accrued interest receivable

 Accrued interest receivable from investments is included in receivables, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The following table reflects the composition of accrued interest receivable for investments:

 2023

 2022

 $

 $

 Accrued interest receivable on investment securities

 $

 $
 1,157

 —

 —

 Accrued interest receivable on investments

 $

 $
 1,157

 The Company does not recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable because the Company writes off accrued investment income after three months by reversing interest income.

 Fair value measurement

 The following table summarizes the Company's investments measured at fair value:

 Assets

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Held-to-maturity:

 $
 —

 $

 $
 —

 $

 $
 —

 $
 59,673

 $
 —

 $
 59,673

 U.S. Treasury Securities

 4,047

 —

 —

 4,047

 23,987

 —

 —

 23,987

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,999

 —

 4,999

 Certificate of deposits

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total held-to-maturity debt securities

 $
 4,047

 $
 13,823

 $
 —

 $
 17,870

 $
 23,987

 $
 64,977

 $
 —

 $
 88,964

 Available-for-sale:

 $
 —

 $
 25,933

 $
 —

 $
 25,933

 $
 —

 $
 26,888

 $
 —

 $
 26,888

 U.S. Treasury Securities

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,484

 —

 1,484

 —

 1,443

 —

 1,443

 Total available-for-sale debt securities

 $

 $
 27,417

 $
 —

 $
 58,032

 $

 $
 28,331

 $
 —

 $
 58,254

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 $

 Total

 $
 34,662

 $
 41,240

 $

 $
 75,947

 $
 53,910

 $
 93,308

 $

 $
 147,515

 The Company classifies U.S. Treasury bonds within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. Corporate debt securities and certificates of deposit are classified within Level 2 because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may be actively traded. The Company classifies mortgage loans as Level 3 due to the reliance on significant unobservable valuation inputs.

 The Company's liabilities in the following table are recorded at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The following table summarizes the Company's liabilities measured at fair value:

 Liabilities

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Public Warrants

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 Private Placement Warrants

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Sponsor Covered Shares

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 The Company considers the Public Warrants to be Level 1 liabilities due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market under the ticker DOMAW. For the Private Placement Warrants, the Company considers the fair value of each Private Placement Warrant to be equivalent to that of each Public Warrant, with an immaterial adjustment for short-term marketability restrictions. As such, the Private Placement Warrants are classified as Level 2.

 The fair value of the Sponsor Covered Shares was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential stock price outcomes on a daily basis over the original 10 -year vesting period. The unobservable significant inputs to the valuation model were as follows:

 Current stock price

 $
 4.63

 $
 11.32

 Expected volatility

 %

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.88
 %

 3.96
 %

 Expected term (years)

 7.6

 8.6

 Expected dividend yield

 —
 %

 —
 %

 Annual change in control probability

 %

 %

 The changes for Level 3 items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs are as follows:

 Sponsor Covered Shares

 Fair value as of January 1, 2022

 $
 5,415

 Change in fair value of Sponsor Covered Shares

 ( 5,196
)

 Fair value as of December 31, 2022

 $

 Change in fair value of Sponsor Covered Shares

 ( 133
)

 Fair value as of December 31, 2023

 $

 Local Sales Deferred Earnout

 Fair value as of December 31, 2022

 $
 —

 WFG Asset Sale

 10,928

 Q3 Local Sales

 1,556

 Accretion of discount

 Fair value as of December 31, 2023

 $
 12,497

 There were no transfers of assets or liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no transfers involving Level 3 assets or liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value and are therefore excluded from the leveling table above. The cost basis is determined to approximate fair value due to the short term duration of these financial instruments.

 5. Revenue recognition

 Disaggregation of revenue

 Our revenue consists of:

 2023

 2022

 Revenue Stream

 Statements of Operations Classification

 Segment

 Total Revenue

 Revenue from insurance contracts:

 Direct Agents title insurance premiums

 $
 18,176

 $
 67,743

 Third-Party Agent title insurance premiums

 283,527

 317,510

 Total revenue from insurance contracts

 $

 $

 Revenue from contracts with customers:

 Escrow fees

 Escrow, title-related and other fees

 $

 $
 8,791

 Other title-related fees and income

 Escrow, title-related and other fees

 1,639

 12,057

 Other title-related fees and income

 Escrow, title-related and other fees

 1,953

 2,692

 Other title-related fees and income

 Escrow, title-related and other fees

 Elimination(1)

 ( 1,140
)

 ( 11,846
)

 Total revenue from contracts with customers

 $
 3,342

 $
 11,694

 Other revenue:

 Interest and investment income (2)

 $
 1,458

 $

 Interest and investment income (2)

 4,849

 2,558

 Realized gains and losses, net

 ( 375
)

 ( 197
)

 Realized gains and losses, net

 ( 34
)

 ( 56
)

 Total other revenues

 $
 5,898

 $
 3,031

 $

 $

 _________________

 ( 1)

 Premiums retained by Direct Agents are recognized as income to the Corporate and Other segment, and expense to the Underwriting segment. Upon consolidation, the impact of these internal segment transactions from continuing operations is eliminated. See Note 7. Segment information for additional breakdown.

 ( 2)

 Interest and investment income consists primarily of interest payments received on held-to-maturity debt securities, available-for-sale debt securities and mortgage loans.

 See Note 2. Revenue recognition for additional information.

 6. Liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses

 A summary of the changes in the liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses for each of the years ended is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Balance at the beginning of the year

 $

 $
 80,189

 Provision for claims related to:

 Current year

 $
 14,901

 $
 21,134

 Prior years

 ( 137
)

 ( 6,353
)

 Total provision for claims

 $

 $

 Paid losses related to:

 Current year

 $
 ( 1,546
)

 $
 ( 2,483
)

 Prior years

 ( 13,197
)

 ( 10,614
)

 Total paid losses

 $
 ( 14,743
)

 $
 ( 13,097
)

 Balance at the end of the period

 $
 81,894

 $

 Provision for claims as a percentage of net written premiums

 4.9
 %

 3.8
 %

 We continually update our liability for loss and loss adjustment expense estimates as new information becomes known, new loss patterns emerge, or as other contributing factors are considered and incorporated into the analysis. Estimating future title loss payments is difficult because of the complex nature of title claims, the long periods of time over which claims are paid, significantly varying dollar amounts of individual claims and other factors.

 Current year incurred and paid losses includes current year reported claims as well as estimated future losses on such claims.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the prior year's provision for claims reserve release of $ 0.1 million is due to reported loss emergence which was lower than expected. Historically, this favorable loss experience has resulted in a decrease in the projection of ultimate loss for past policy years. Most recently, our favorable loss experience resulted in a decrease in the projection of ultimate loss for policy years 2021, 2022 and 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the provision for claims reserve release related to prior years of $ 6.4 million is due to reported loss emergence which was lower than expected. This has resulted in a decrease in the projection of ultimate loss for policy years 2015, 2018 and 2020. The actuarial assumptions underlying the Company's selected ultimate loss estimates place more consideration on title insurance industry benchmarks for more recent policy years. These title insurance benchmarks are based on industry long-term average loss ratios. As the Company's claims experience matures, we refine those estimates to put more consideration to the Company's actual claims experience. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's actual claims experience reflects lower loss ratios than industry benchmarks from a current positive underwriting cycle and resulted in the favorable development.

 The liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses of $ 81.9 million and $ 81.9 million, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, includes $ 0.2 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, of reserves for the settlement of claims which the Company has deemed to be directly related to its escrow or agent related activities. The reserves for the settlement of claims related to escrow or agent related activities are not actuarially determined.

 7. Segment information

 We have historically reported our operations in two business segments: "Distribution," which included our divested Local channel as well as our Doma Enterprise channel and corporate support services, and "Underwriting." As discussed in Note 3, in the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company sold its assets used in or related to the Company's Local Component. With the execution of these agreements, the Company no longer has operations related to our previous Local Component.

 Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, we have reflected the results of the Local Component as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented.

 Subsequent to the announcement of the Local Sales, the Company's chief operating decision maker reviews financial performance and makes decisions about the allocation of resources for our operations through two reportable segments, ( 1) "Underwriting" and ( 2) "Corporate and Other." The Company's reportable segments offer different products and services that are marketed through different channels for real estate closing transactions. They are managed separately because of the unique technology, service requirements and regulatory environment.

 A description of each of our reportable segments is as follows.

 • Underwriting: Our Underwriting segment reflects the results of our title insurance underwriting business, including policies referred primarily through our Third-Party Agents channel. The referring agents retain approximately 82 % - 84 % of the policy premiums in exchange for their services. These retention rates vary by state and agent.

 • Corporate and Other: Our Corporate and Other segment includes our operations related to the execution of our title, escrow and settlement services through our Doma Enterprise channel. Our Doma Enterprise channel targets partnerships with national lenders and mortgage originators that maintain centralized lending operations ("Direct Agents"). Once an Enterprise partnership has been established, we integrate our Doma Intelligence platform with the partner's production systems, to enable frictionless order origination and fulfillment. Substantially all Doma Enterprise orders are underwritten by Doma. In addition, Corporate and Other includes investing activity related to our investment portfolio held outside of Underwriting.

 We use adjusted gross profit as the primary profitability measure for making decisions regarding ongoing operations. Adjusted gross profit is calculated by subtracting direct costs, such as premiums retained by agents, direct labor, other direct costs, and provision for claims, from total revenue. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the results of the aforementioned segments on a pre-tax basis. Segment adjusted gross profit excludes certain items which are included in net loss, such as depreciation and amortization, corporate and other expenses, long-lived asset impairment, change in the fair value of Warrant and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities, interest expense, and income tax expense, as these items are not considered by the chief operating decision maker in evaluating the segments' overall operating performance. Our chief operating decision maker does not review nor consider assets allocated to our segments for the purpose of assessing performance or allocating resources. Accordingly, segments' assets are not presented.

 The following table summarizes the operating results from continuing operations of the Company's reportable segments:

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Eliminations

 Consolidated Total

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 Escrow, other title-related fees and other (1)

 1,953

 2,529

 ( 1,140
)

 3,342

 4,815

 1,083

 —

 5,898

 Total revenue

 $
 308,471

 $
 3,612

 $
 ( 1,140
)

 $

 Premiums retained by agents (2)

 $
 249,317

 $
 —

 $
 ( 1,140
)

 $
 248,177

 Direct labor (3)

 11,093

 2,193

 —

 13,286

 Other direct costs (4)

 9,780

 1,316

 —

 11,096

 14,563

 —

 $
 23,718

 $
 ( 98
)

 $
 —

 $

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Eliminations

 Consolidated Total

 $

 $
 —

 $
 —

 $

 Escrow, other title-related fees and other (1)

 2,692

 20,848

 ( 11,846
)

 11,694

 2,502

 —

 3,031

 Total revenue

 $
 390,447

 $
 21,377

 $
 ( 11,846
)

 $

 Premiums retained by agents (2)

 $
 318,887

 $
 —

 $
 ( 11,846
)

 $
 307,041

 Direct labor (3)

 10,398

 26,914

 —

 37,312

 Other direct costs (4)

 9,803

 6,632

 —

 16,435

 13,575

 1,206

 —

 $
 37,784

 $
 ( 13,375
)

 $
 —

 $

 ( 1)

 Includes fee income from closings, escrow, title exams, ceding commission income, as well as premiums retained by Direct Agents.

 ( 2)

 This expense represents a deduction from the net premiums written for the amounts that are retained by Direct Agents and Third-Party Agents as compensation for their efforts to generate premium income for our Underwriting segment. The impact of premiums retained by our Direct Agents from continuing operations and the expense for reinsurance or co-insurance procured on Direct Agent sourced premiums are eliminated in consolidation.

 ( 3)

 Includes all compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, incentive payments, and benefits, for personnel involved in the direct fulfillment of title and/or escrow services. Direct labor excludes severance costs.

 ( 4)

 Includes title examination expense, office supplies, and premium and other taxes.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of the Company's total reportable segments' adjusted gross profit to its total loss from continuing operations before income taxes:

 2023

 2022

 $

 $

 11,673

 15,077

 Other indirect expenses (1)

 85,338

 175,371

 1,499

 29,524

 ( 453
)

 ( 21,317
)

 20,323

 14,106

 Loss from continuing operations before income taxes

 $
 ( 94,760
)

 $
 ( 188,352
)

 _______________

 ( 1)

 Includes other indirect expenses not allocated to segments including corporate support function costs, such as legal, finance, human resources, technology support and certain other indirect operating expenses, such as sales and management payroll, and incentive related expenses.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Underwriting segment had allocated goodwill of $ 23.4 million. There were no additions from acquisitions, impairments or adjustments to goodwill resulting from prior year acquisitions in either segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Accumulated impairment losses to goodwill were $ 65.2 million as of December 31, 2023 which represents goodwill impairment related to discontinued operations.

 8. Income tax

 The Company's income tax expense (benefit) from both continuing and discontinued operations is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Current:

 Federal

 $
 —

 $
 —

 State

 Total current

 $

 $

 Deferred:

 Federal

 $

 $
 ( 338
)

 State

 ( 1,083
)

 Total deferred

 $

 $
 ( 1,421
)

 Total

 $

 $
 ( 1,242
)

 Reconciliation of consolidated federal income tax expense (benefit) from:

 2023

 2022

 Continuing operations

 $

 $
 ( 1,055
)

 Discontinued operations

 ( 187
)

 Consolidated federal income tax expense (benefit)

 $

 $
 ( 1,242
)

 The Company's income tax expense differs from the benefits computed by applying the federal income tax rate of 21% to loss before income taxes. A reconciliation of these differences is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Benefit calculated at federal income tax rate

 21.0
 %

 21.0
 %

 Change in valuation allowance

 ( 26.1
)%

 ( 24.4
)%

 State tax benefit

 8.7
 %

 6.7
 %

 Goodwill impairment

 —
 %

 ( 3.3
)%

 Nondeductible compensation

 ( 3.5
)%

 ( 2.1
)%

 Provision-to-return permanent differences

 1.0
 %

 1.7
 %

 Federal benefit on state tax

 ( 1.8
)%

 —
 %

 0.1
 %

 1.4
 %

 Change in state tax rate

 —
 %

 ( 0.8
)%

 Change in payables

 0.2
 %

 —
 %

 Other permanent differences, net

 ( 0.1
)%

 0.2
 %

 Income tax benefit (expense)

 ( 0.5
)%

 0.4
 %

 The change in the total valuation allowance during the year was $ 32.3 million. Although the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets as discussed below, a portion of deferred tax liabilities related to indefinite lived intangible assets acquired cannot be used as a source of income to offset deferred tax assets. Consequently, this amount is recorded as a deferred tax expense and reflected in the effective tax rate above. The current state tax expense is a result of separate state tax filings for subsidiaries that have taxable income or where there is a minimum state tax.

 The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities from both continuing and discontinued operations consist of the following:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Net operating loss

 $
 117,319

 $
 108,906

 14,159

 9,850

 Intangibles assets

 5,658

 2,129

 Stock-based compensation expense

 2,360

 4,379

 Research and development

 22,640

 3,148

 Statutory premium reserve

 3,970

 2,245

 Other, net

 1,434

 1,641

 Accrued compensation

 1,073

 1,393

 Investments

 Right-of-use assets

 —

 Allowance for doubtful accounts

 Loss reserves

 Debt issuance costs

 Deferred lease obligation

 Total gross deferred tax assets

 169,429

 135,040

 Less valuation allowance

 ( 161,980
)

 ( 129,704
)

 Total deferred tax assets

 $
 7,449

 $
 5,336

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Other reserves

 $
 ( 2,230
)

 $
 ( 2,069
)

 Fixed assets

 ( 2,098
)

 ( 1,846
)

 ( 663
)

 ( 1,428
)

 Lease liabilities

 ( 3,250
)

 —

 Unrealized gain on investments

 —

 ( 203
)

 Intangibles assets

 —

 ( 140
)

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 $
 ( 8,241
)

 $
 ( 5,686
)

 Net deferred tax liability

 $
 ( 792
)

 $
 ( 350
)

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company carried a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets as management believes it is more likely than not that the benefit of the net deferred tax assets covered by that valuation allowance will not be realized. The net deferred tax liability of $ 0.8 million is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

 In accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the Company is required to recognize in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if that position is more likely than not of being sustained in an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. In this regard, an uncertain tax position represents the Company's expected treatment of a tax position taken in a filed tax return, or planned to be taken in a future tax return, that has not been reflected in measuring income tax expense for financial reporting purposes. There were no unrecognized tax benefits or liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 The amount of unrecognized tax benefit or liability may change in the future for various reasons, including adding amounts for current tax year positions, expiration of open income tax returns due to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, changes in management's judgment about the level of uncertainty, status of examinations, litigation and legislative activity and the additions or eliminations of uncertain tax positions.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has federal and state net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of $ 391.9 million and $ 529.2 million, respectively. As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, any federal NOL arising after the year ended December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely with no expiration but is limited to 80% of taxable income. The Company has approximately $ 0.2 million of pre- 2018 federal NOLs subject to expiration beginning in 2036. The remainder of the federal NOLs have no expiration. The Company's state NOLs are subject to various expirations, beginning in 2030.

 Utilization of the NOL carryforwards may be subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"), and similar state provisions, based on ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration or elimination of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. The Company has performed an analysis of its changes in ownership under Section 382 of the Code. Management currently believes that a Section 382 limitation will not limit utilization of the carryforwards prior to their expiration.

 The Company's 2020 through 2022 tax years remain open to federal tax examinations. The Company's 2019 through 2022 tax years remain open to state tax examinations.

 9. Fixed assets

 Fixed assets consist of the following:

 2023

 2022

 Internally developed software

 $
 47,896

 $
 40,934

 Computer equipment

 5,492

 7,458

 Acquired software

 3,140

 2,975

 Furniture and equipment

 Leasehold improvements

 Construction in process

 Total fixed assets, gross

 $
 57,217

 $
 53,709

 Accumulated depreciation and amortization

 ( 26,272
)

 ( 16,685
)

 Total fixed assets, net

 $
 30,945

 $
 37,024

 Depreciation and amortization on fixed assets was $ 11.7 million and $ 15.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table reflects the composition of net gains or losses for the sales of fixed assets for each of the years shown below:

 2023

 2022

 Gains (losses):

 Fixed assets:

 Gains

 $

 $

 Losses

 ( 781
)

 ( 232
)

 Total net gains (losses)

 $
 ( 691
)

 $
 ( 156
)

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $ 0.0 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively related to furniture, leasehold improvements and computer equipment associated with leased offices that have been vacated and an impairment charge of $ 1.1 and $ 23.2 million related to internally developed software and acquired software no longer in use. The Company does not expect to receive future economic benefit from the use of these assets and therefore, reduced the carrying amount to zero for these assets. The fair values of the impacted software and other fixed assets were determined in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, using a cash flow valuation methodology with Level 3 inputs, primarily internal revenue forecasts. The impairment of furniture, leasehold improvements and computer equipment relate to our Corporate and Other segment, and the impairment of internally developed software and acquired software relates to our Corporate and Other segment. The fixed asset impairments are recorded in long-lived asset impairment in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 21 for additional information on vacated leases.

 Within each respective period, internally developed software and acquired software consist of the following:

 Year ended December 31

 2023

 2022

 Internally developed software

 $
 8,034

 $
 30,609

 Accumulated amortization

 ( 8,175
)

 ( 11,472
)

 Internally developed software, net

 $
 ( 141
)

 $
 19,137

 Acquired software

 Accumulated amortization

 ( 396
)

 ( 368
)

 Acquired software, net

 $
 ( 197
)

 $

 Amortization expense on internally developed software was $ 8.2 million and $ 11.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for internally developed software at December 31, 2023 is expected to be $ 9.9 million, $ 8.7 million, $ 5.8 million, $ 2.8 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2025, December 31, 2026, December 31, 2027 and December 31, 2028, respectively. Unamortized internally developed software development costs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are included in fixed assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

 10. Debt

 Senior secured credit agreement

 On December 31, 2020, Old Doma executed a loan and security agreement with Hudson Structured Capital Management Ltd. ("HSCM") providing for a $ 150.0 million senior secured term loan ("Senior Debt") that was funded by the lenders, which are affiliates of HSCM, on January 29, 2021 ( "Funding Date"). The Senior Debt matures five years from the Funding Date. Under the agreement, the Senior Debt will bear interest of 11.25 % per annum, 5.0 % of which will be paid on a current cash basis and the remainder to accrue and be added to the outstanding principal balance. Interest shall be compounded quarterly. If at any time Old Doma (now known as States Title) is in an event of default under the Senior Debt, outstanding amounts shall bear interest at the default interest rate of 15.00 %. Upon funding, Old Doma issued penny warrants to affiliates of HSCM equal to 1.35 % of Old Doma's fully diluted shares. The warrants were net exercised on the Closing Date and such affiliates of HSCM received the right to receive approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock. The Senior Debt is secured by a first -priority pledge and security interest in substantially all of the assets (tangible and intangible) of our wholly owned subsidiary States Title (which represent substantially all of our assets) and any of its existing and future domestic subsidiaries (in each case, subject to customary exclusions, including the exclusion of regulated insurance company subsidiaries). States Title is subject to customary affirmative, negative and financial covenants, including, among other things, minimum liquidity of $ 20.0 million (as of the last day of any month), minimum consolidated annual revenue of $ 130.0 million, limits on the incurrence of indebtedness, restrictions on asset sales outside the ordinary course of business and material acquisitions, limitations on dividends and other restricted payments. States Title was in compliance with the Senior Debt covenants as of December 31, 2023. The Senior Debt also includes customary events of default for facilities of this type and provides that, if an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Senior Debt will amortize requiring regular payments on a straight-line basis over the subsequent 24 -month calendar period, but not to extend beyond the maturity date.

 On May 19, 2023, Old Doma and certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, entered into the third amendment to the Senior Debt agreement (the "Third Amendment"). The Third Amendment amends certain mandatory prepayment provisions related to the disposition of assets by Old Doma or any of its subsidiaries such that Old Doma is required, within five business days following the receipt of net cash proceeds from dispositions in excess of $ 750,000 in any fiscal year (other than certain permitted dispositions), to repay the outstanding principal amount of term loan borrowings in an amount equal to 100 % of such excess net cash proceeds received by Old Doma or any of its subsidiaries from such dispositions, unless HSCM, as agent, otherwise agrees.

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Hudson, as agent for such lenders, entered into the HSCM Fourth Amendment. Immediately after the effectiveness of the HSCM Fourth Amendment, Hudson, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Parent entered into the Hudson Fifth Amendment. For more information, refer to Note 24 "Subsequent Events."

 The estimated fair value of the Senior Debt at December 31, 2023 was $ 157.0 million. No active or observable market exists for the Senior Debt and as a result this is a Level 3 fair value measurement. Therefore, the estimated fair value of the Senior Debt is based on the income valuation approach, which is a valuation technique that converts future amounts (for example, cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (that is, discounted) amount.

 11. Stockholders ' (deficit) equity

 Common stock

 Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held. Common stock is entitled to receive dividends when, and if, declared by the board of directors.

 On July 29, 2021, the Company's common stock and Public Warrants began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbols "DOMA" and "DOMA.WS," respectively. The Public Warrants are trading on the OTC Pink Marketplace under the symbol "DOMAW".

 On June 29, 2023, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a certificate of amendment to its certificate of incorporation (the "Charter Amendment") to effect a 1 -for- 25 reverse stock split of the Company's common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split") and a corresponding adjustment to its authorized capital stock, effective as of 11:59 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on June 29, 2023 ( the "Effective Time"). As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 25 shares of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into one share of issued and outstanding common stock. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented, unless otherwise indicated.

 Pursuant to the Company's certificate of incorporation and Charter Amendment, the Company is authorized to issue 80,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $ 0.0001 per share.

 Preferred stock

 Pursuant to the Company's certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 4,000,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $ 0.0001 per share (the "preferred stock"). The Company's board of directors has the authority to issue preferred stock and to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, of those shares. As of December 31, 2023, there were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

 12. Stock compensation expense

 The Company issued stock options (incentive stock options ("ISOs"), non-statutory stock options ("NSOs")) and RSAs to employees and key advisors under the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which has been approved by the board of directors. Granted stock options do not expire for 10 years and have vesting periods ranging from 7 to 60 months. The holder of one stock option may purchase one share of common stock at the underlying strike price. No additional awards will be granted under the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and, as a result, no shares remain available for issuance for new awards under the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive.

 On July 27, 2021, the Company's stockholders approved the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, under which the Company issues restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs"). The RSUs are subject to time-based vesting, generally with a majority of the RSUs vesting 25 % on the first anniversary of the award date and ratably thereafter for twelve quarters, such that the RSUs will be fully vested on the fourth anniversary of their award date. Eligible participants in the PRSUs will receive a number of earned shares based on Company financial results during the performance period, as established by the Company's board of directors. Earned shares for the PRSUs will fully vest once the continuous employment service condition is met after the performance period. The RSUs and PRSUs are measured at fair market value on the grant date and stock-based compensation expense is recognized as the shares vest with a corresponding offset credited to additional paid-in-capital. As of December 31, 2023, a maximum of approximately 3.0 million securities were authorized for issuance under the Company's 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

 In June 2022, the Company issued stock awards to its Chief Executive Officer under the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan that vest upon the satisfaction of a time-based service condition and a market condition ("market-based awards"). Both the service and the market condition must be satisfied for the award to vest. The market condition of the awards is based on the 90 -day volume weighted average price of the common stock of the Company reaching a price hurdle of $ 125.00, $ 187.50, and $ 250.00 during a performance period of 4 years. The maximum number of shares that can be earned under the market-based awards is 97,413 shares, with one - third of the total award allocated to each identified average price threshold. The time-based service condition in the market-based awards is satisfied quarterly over sixteen quarters of continuous employment, such that the service condition included in the market-based awards will be fully satisfied on the fourth anniversary of their award date. The Company recognizes compensation expense related to the market-based awards using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period.

 In May 2023, the compensation committee of the Company's board of directors approved modifications to the vesting conditions and exercise periods of outstanding equity compensation awards held by certain of the Company's then-current employees who became employees of WFG in the WFG Asset Sale. These modifications became effective upon acceptance of employment with WFG. Pursuant to such modifications, the options and RSUs held by WFG employees vest on May 20, 2024; provided that employment with WFG does not terminate prior to such date. These modified awards vest based on conditions that are not classified as a service, market or performance condition, and as a result, such awards are classified as a liability. In accordance with ASC 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation," stock-based compensation expense of $ 2.2 million previously incurred on the original awards was reversed in the personnel costs line in the consolidated statements of operations in 2023, and the Company recorded a liability of $ 0.2 million for the fair value of the modified awards in the accrued expenses and other liabilities line in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

 On August 3, 2023, the compensation committee of the Company's board of directors granted RSUs totaling approximately 1.0 million shares. The RSUs are subject to time-based vesting, with 50 % of the RSUs vesting on the six -month anniversary of the award date, and the remainder vest in four consecutive, equal, quarterly installments such that the award is fully vested on the 18 -month anniversary of the award date; provided the awardee is continuously employed through such date as applicable.

 Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 17.1 million and $ 29.7 million, respectively.

 Stock options (ISO and NSO)

 The Company did not issue stock options during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The Company had the following stock option activity:

 Number of Stock Options

 Weighted Average Exercise Price ($)

 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (In years)

 Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($)

 Outstanding as of December 31, 2022

 703,422

 14.46

 6.74

 $

 Granted

 —

 —

 —

 Exercised

 ( 17,774
)

 13.41

 0.42

 Cancelled or forfeited

 ( 283,620
)

 15.07

 1.07

 Outstanding as of December 31, 2023

 402,028

 $
 14.08

 5.62

 $

 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2023

 387,772

 $
 13.94

 5.58

 $

 The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million and $ 3.5 million, respectively.

 The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 3.5 million and $ 12.6 million, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 1.7 million of stock-based compensation expense that had yet to be recognized related to nonvested stock option grants. The weighted-average period over which this unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized is 1.00 year.

 RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs

 The Company had the following activity for nonvested RSA, RSU and PRSU activity:

 Number of RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs

 Average Grant Date Fair Value ($)

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 1,619,222

 $
 44.19

 Granted

 1,303,266

 8.14

 Vested

 ( 444,879
)

 46.52

 Adjustment for PRSUs expected to vest

 —

 —

 Cancelled or Forfeited

 ( 670,280
)

 47.70

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023

 1,807,329

 $
 18.59

 The total fair value of RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs which vested in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 3.6 million and $ 3.8 million, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 25.4 million of stock-based compensation expense that had yet to be recognized related to nonvested RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs. The weighted-average period over which this unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized is 2.05 years.

 Market-based awards

 The market-based awards were measured at fair market value on the grant date, and stock-based compensation expense is recognized as the shares vest with a corresponding offset credited to additional paid-in-capital. The fair value of the market-based awards was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential stock price outcomes on a daily basis over the original 4 -year vesting period. The unobservable significant inputs to the valuation model at the time of award issuance were as follows:

 Stock price at issuance

 $
 23.00

 Expected volatility

 75.0
 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.14
 %

 Current expected term (years)

 3.9

 Expected dividend yield

 —
 %

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had the following non-vested market-based award activity:

 Number of Market-based awards

 Average Grant Date Fair Value ($)

 Non-vested at December 31, 2022

 97,413

 $
 7.92

 Granted

 —

 —

 Vested

 —

 —

 Cancelled or Forfeited

 —

 —

 Non-vested at December 31, 2023

 97,413

 $
 7.92

 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 0.3 million of stock-based compensation expense that had yet to be recognized related to nonvested market-based awards. The weighted-average period over which this unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized is 2.42 years.

 13. Earnings per share

 The calculation of the basic and diluted EPS is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Numerator

 Net loss from continuing operations

 $

 ( 95,288

)

 $

 ( 187,297

)

 Denominator

 Weighted-average common shares – basic and diluted

 13,342,913

 13,041,337

 Net loss from continuing operations per share - basic and diluted

 $

 ( 7.14

)

 $

 ( 14.36

)

 Net loss from discontinued operations per share - basic and diluted

 $

 ( 2.18

)

 $

 ( 8.81

)

 Net loss per share attributable to stockholders - basic and diluted

 $

 ( 9.32

)

 $

 ( 23.17

)

 As we have reported net loss for each of the periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive. The following potential outstanding shares of common stock and contingently issuable shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because the contingent criteria has not been satisfied and/or including them would have been antidilutive:

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Outstanding stock options

 402,028

 703,422

 Warrants for common and preferred stock

 693,333

 720,910

 RSA's, RSU's and PRSU's

 1,807,329

 1,619,222

 Market-based awards

 97,413

 97,413

 Sponsor Covered Shares and Seller Earnout Shares

 686,190

 698,024

 Total antidilutive securities

 3,686,293

 3,838,991

 14. Related party transactions

 Equity held by Lennar

 In connection with the North American Title Acquisition, subsidiaries of Lennar were granted equity in the Company. As of December 31, 2023, Lennar, through its subsidiaries, held 24.3 % of the Company on a fully diluted basis.

 Transactions with Lennar

 In the routine course of its business, Doma Title Insurance, Inc. ("DTI") underwrites title insurance policies for a subsidiary of Lennar. The Company recorded the following revenues and premiums retained by agents from these transactions, which are included within our Underwriting segment:

 2023

 2022

 Revenues

 $
 139,186

 $
 134,869

 Premiums retained by agents

 112,011

 108,419

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Net receivables

 $
 7,153

 $
 4,175

 These amounts are included in receivables, net, in the consolidated balance sheets.

 On April 27, 2023, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with Lennar. The sublease with Lennar commenced on September 1, 2023 and ends on September 30, 2026. The total sublease income over the term of the agreement is expected to be $ 0.2 million.

 15. Commitments and contingencies

 Legal matters

 The Company is subject to claims and litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe the resolution of any such matters will have a materially adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

 Commitments and other contingencies

 The Company also administers escrow deposits as a service to customers, a substantial portion of which are held at third -party financial institutions. These escrow deposits amounted to $ 11.0 million and $ 77.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such deposits are not reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, but the Company could be contingently liable for them under certain circumstances (for example, if the Company disposes of escrowed assets). Such contingent liabilities have not materially impacted the results of operations or financial condition to date and are not expected to do so in the future.

 See Note 21 in our consolidated financial statements for information on our operating lease obligations.

 16. Accumulated other comprehensive income

 Following is a summary of the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income:

 2023

 2022

 Beginning balance at January 1

 $

 ( 937

)

 $

 —

 Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities, before tax

 ( 937

)

 Income tax effect

 —

 —

 Total accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax

 $

 ( 483

)

 $

 ( 937

)

 17. Accrued expenses and other liabilities

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities include the following:

 2023

 2022

 Employee benefits

 $

 $
 3,782

 Severance

 —

 4,984

 Contract terminations

 3,460

 5,248

 Premium taxes

 2,700

 3,862

 Employee compensation

 3,108

 2,234

 Other

 3,109

 3,237

 Total accrued expenses and other liabilities

 $
 12,700

 $
 23,347

 Workforce reduction plans

 In 2022, the Company executed three separate workforce reduction plans (the "2022 Reduction Plans") to reduce costs, improve Local branch-level profitability, and focus resources on its instant underwriting capabilities. The Reduction Plans during 2022 included the elimination of approximately 1,076 positions across the Company, or approximately 52 % of the Company's workforce as of December 31, 2022. On August 2, 2023, the Company committed to an additional workforce reduction plan (the "2023 Reduction" and collectively with the 2022 Reductions Plans, the "Reduction Plans") to improve cost efficiency and focus on our instant underwriting technology and Underwriting operations. The 2023 Reduction included the elimination of approximately 70 positions across the Company, or approximately 17 % of the Company's then current workforce. The execution of the Reduction Plans, including cash payments, was substantially complete as of December 31, 2023.

 The following table summarizes activity related to the liabilities associated with the Reduction Plans:

 Total

 Balance as of January 1, 2022

 $
 —

 Charges incurred (1)

 16,130

 Payments and other adjustments

 (11,146
)

 Balance as of January 1, 2023

 $
 4,984

 Charges incurred (1)

 10,287

 Payments and other adjustments

 ( 15,271
)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 $
 —

 ________________

 ( 1) Charges incurred include interim salary for employees with known departure dates, employee benefits, severance, payroll taxes and related facilitation costs offset by forfeitures of bonus.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 forfeited stock-based compensation associated with the Reduction Plans was $ 2.6 million and $ 3.7 million, respectively. The charges incurred and forfeited stock-based compensation associated with the Reduction Plans primarily relate to the Company's Corporate and Other reportable segment.

 Contract terminations

 Associated with the Company's Reduction Plans and vendor management initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded $ 1.3 million and $ 5.2 million, respectively, in accelerated contract charges related to contracts that will continue to be incurred for the contracts' remaining terms without economic benefit to the Company. These contract termination charges were recorded in other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, total accrued liabilities related to these accelerated contract charges were $ 3.5 million.

 18. Employee benefit plan

 The Company sponsors a defined contribution 401 (k) plan for its employees (the "Retirement Savings Plan"). The Retirement Savings Plan is a voluntary contributory plan under which employees may elect to defer compensation for federal income tax purposes under Section 401 (k) of the Code. All full-time employees age 18 + are eligible to enroll in the Retirement Savings Plan on their first day of employment. Company matching contributions begin upon employee enrollment in the Retirement Savings Plan. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company provides an employer match up to 100 % on the first 1 % of elective contributions and 50 % on the next 5 % of elective contributions. The maximum matching contribution is 3.5 % of compensation.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company made contributions for the benefit of employees of $ 0.3 million and $ 3.3 million, respectively, to the Retirement Savings Plan.

 19. Research and development

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded the following related to research and development expenses and capitalized internally developed software costs:

 2023

 2022

 Research and development expenses incurred

 $
 5,266

 $
 16,108

 Capitalized internally developed software costs

 8,034

 30,609

 Research and development spend, inclusive of capitalized internally developed software cost

 $
 13,300

 $
 46,717

 Our research and development costs reflect certain payroll-related costs of employees directly associated with such activities and certain software subscription costs, which are included in personnel costs and other operating expenses, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations. Capitalized internally developed software and acquired software costs are included in fixed assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

 20. Warrant liabilities

 As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed, as of the Closing Date, Public Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 460,000 shares of our common stock and Private Placement Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 233,333 shares of our common stock. Twenty five whole warrants entitle the holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $ 287.50.

 The Warrants became exercisable commencing on December 4, 2021, which is one year from the closing of the initial public offering of Capitol; provided, that we maintain an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the "Securities Act"), covering our common stock.

 Redemption of Public Warrants when the price per share of our common stock equals or exceeds $ 450.00

 The Company may call the Public Warrants for redemption:

 •

 in whole and not in part;

 •

 at a price of $ 0.01 per Public Warrant;

 •

 upon not less than 30 days' prior written notice of redemption to each Public Warrant holder; and

 •

 if, and only if, the last reported sale price of our common stock equals or exceeds $ 450.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like and for certain issuances of common stock and equity-linked securities as described above) for any 20 trading days within a 30 -trading day period ending three business days before the Company sends to the notice of redemption to the Public Warrant holders.

 The Company will not redeem the Public Warrants as described above unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the shares of common stock issuable upon a cashless exercise of the Public Warrants is then effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares of common stock is available throughout the 30 -day redemption period, except if the Public Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and such cashless exercise is exempt from registration under the Securities Act.

 Redemption of Public Warrants when the price per share of our common stock equals or exceeds $ 250.00

 The Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants:

 •

 in whole and not in part;

 •

 at $ 0.10 per Public Warrant upon a minimum of 30 days' prior written notice of redemption; provided that holders will be able to exercise their Public Warrants prior to redemption and receive a number of shares based on the redemption date and the "fair market value" of common stock except as otherwise described below;

 •

 if, and only if, the last reported sale price of our common stock equals or exceeds $ 250.00 per share (as adjusted per stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, reclassifications, recapitalizations and the like and for certain issuances of common stock and equity-linked securities as described above) on the trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the Public Warrant holders; and

 •

 if, and only if, the last reported sale price of common stock is less than $ 450.00 per share (as adjusted for stock for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like and for certain issuances of common stock and equity-linked securities), the Private Placement Warrants are also concurrently called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding Public Warrants, as described above.

 Beginning on the date the notice of redemption is given until the Public Warrants are redeemed or exercised, holders may elect to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis. The "fair market value" of our common stock will mean the volume-weighted average price of our common stock for the ten trading days immediately following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of Public Warrants. In no event will the Public Warrants be exercisable in connection with this redemption feature for more than 0.014 shares of common stock per Public Warrant (subject to adjustment).

 The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants except that the Private Placement Warrants, (i) subject to limited exceptions, are not redeemable by us, (ii) may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis and (iii) are entitled to registration rights (including the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants), in each case, so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or any of their permitted transferees (as further described in the warrant agreement, dated as of December 1, 2020, between the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, a New York corporation, as warrant agent (the "Warrant Agreement"). If the Private Placement Warrants are held by holders other than the initial purchasers or any of their permitted transferees, they will be redeemable by us and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

 On September 3, 2021, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S- 1 ( No. 333 - 258942), as amended, with the SEC (which was declared effective on September 8, 2021; and the Company subsequently filed a post-effective amendment thereto, which was declared effective on March 30, 2022), which related to, among other things, the issuance of an aggregate of up to 693,333 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate values of the Public Warrants were $ 0.0 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, representing Public Warrants outstanding to purchase 460,000 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate values of the Private Warrants were $ 0.0 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, representing Private Warrants outstanding to purchase 233,333 shares of our common stock. The Warrants are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815 - 40 and are presented within warrant liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The warrant liabilities are measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of Warrants and Sponsor Covered Shares liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations.

 21. Leases

 The Company has operating leases consisting of office space and office equipment. Lease terms and options vary in the Company's operating leases dependent upon the underlying leased asset. We exclude options to extend or terminate a lease from our recognition as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities until those options are known and/or executed, as we typically do not exercise options to purchase the underlying leased asset. As of December 31, 2023, we have leases with remaining terms of 1 month to 4 years, some of which may include no options for renewal and others with options to extend the lease terms from 1 year to 5 years.

 The components of our operating leases were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Components of lease expense:

 Operating lease expense

 $
 2,392

 $
 3,684

 Less sublease income

 ( 480
)

 ( 13
)

 Net lease expense

 $
 1,912

 $
 3,671

 Cash flow information related to leases:

 Operating cash outflow from operating leases during the year ended December 31, 2023

 $
 4,267

 $
 3,602

 Right-of-use assets obtained during the year ended December 31, 2023 in exchange for new operating lease liabilities

 $

 $

 Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)

 3.56

 4.33

 Weighted average discount rate

 %

 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities:

 Continuing Operations

 Discontinued Operations

 2024

 $
 3,364

 $
 2,629

 2025

 2,579

 2,143

 2026

 2,421

 1,777

 2027

 2,093

 Total lease payments

 10,457

 7,169

 Less imputed interest

 ( 1,619
)

 ( 1,062
)

 Lease liabilities

 $
 8,838

 $
 6,107

 During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a $ 0.4 million and $ 5.3 million, respectively, impairment on its operating lease right-of-use assets due to vacating locations as a result of a smaller workforce. The right-of-use asset impairments were recorded in long-lived asset impairment in the consolidated statements of operations. The right-of-use asset impairments were determined by comparing the fair value of the impacted right-of-use asset to the carrying value of the asset as of the impairment measurement date, as required under ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, using Level 2 inputs. The fair value of the right-of-use asset was based on the estimated sublease income taking into consideration the time period it will take to obtain a sublessor, the uncertainty of obtaining a sublessor, vacancy rates in the associated market, and the sublease rate. The right-of-use asset impairments relate to our Corporate and Other segment.

 We have subleased certain locations vacated as a result of a smaller workforce. As of December 31, 2023, we have subleases with remaining terms of 2 months to 4 years, some of which may include no options for renewal and others with options to extend the lease terms by 1 year. The undiscounted cash flows as of December 31, 2023 related to our subleases on an annual basis were as follows:

 Continuing Operations

 Discontinued Operations

 2024

 $
 1,139

 $

 2025

 1,035

 2026

 1,067

 2027

 1,100

 Total sublease payments

 $
 4,341

 $
 1,146

 22. Regulation and statutory financial information

 Effective December 31, 2020, States Title Insurance Company of California and States Title Insurance Company were merged into NATIC, and the three combined entities were re-domiciled to South Carolina. NATIC has since been renamed Doma Title Insurance, Inc. ("DTI").

 The Company's insurance business, DTI, and its agency businesses are subject to extensive regulation under applicable state laws. DTI is subject to a holding company act in its state of domicile which regulates, among other matters, the ability to pay dividends and enter into transactions with affiliates. The laws of most states in which the Company transacts business establish supervisory agencies with broad administrative powers relating to issuing and revoking licenses to transact business, regulating trade practices, licensing agents, approving title insurance policy forms, accounting practices, financial practices, establishing reserve and capital and surplus as regards to policyholders ("capital and surplus") requirements, defining suitable investments for reserves and capital and surplus and approving rate schedules. The process of state regulation of changes in rates ranges from states which set rates, to states where individual companies or associations of companies prepare rate filings which are submitted for approval, to a few states in which rate changes do not need to be filed for approval.

 Since we are regulated by both state and federal governments and the applicable insurance laws and regulations are constantly subject to change, it is not possible to predict the potential effects on our insurance operations of any laws or regulations that may become more restrictive in the future or if new restrictive laws will be enacted.

 Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions of cash or property to their immediate parent company without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. As of December 31, 2023, $ 49.9 million of our statutory net assets are restricted from dividend payments without prior approval from the Departments of Insurance of their respective states of domicile. During 2024, our title insurance subsidiary can pay or make distributions to us of approximately $ 5.2 million, without prior approval.

 The statutory capital and surplus of DTI was approximately $ 49.9 million and $ 57.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The statutory net income of DTI was $ 5.2 million and $ 13.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Pursuant to statutory requirements of the various states in which our insurers are domiciled, such insurers must maintain certain levels of minimum capital and surplus. Required levels of minimum capital and surplus are not significant to the insurers individually or in the aggregate. Each of our insurers has complied with the minimum statutory requirements as of December 31, 2023.

 There are no other restrictions on our accumulated deficit regarding our ability to pay dividends to stockholders although there are limits on the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends to us, as described above.

 23. Discontinued operations

 In the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company sold its assets used in or related to the Company's Local Component. In conjunction with the sale of the Local Component, on June 9, 2023, the Company sold a title plant in Texas for a total sale price of $ 7.6 million. Costs to sell the title plant were $ 0.7 million. The sale of the title plant resulted in a realized gain of $ 3.8 million recorded in the gain (loss) on sales of discontinued operations line on the consolidated statement of operations. With the execution of these agreements, the Company no longer has operations related to our previous Local retail branch footprint. With the final execution of these agreements during the third quarter of 2023, the Company determined that this represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, which triggered discontinued operations presentation, in accordance with ASC 205 - 20 - 45, for the Company's Local Component within its previous Distribution segment. Refer to Note 3 for additional details on the divestiture transactions.

 The assets and liabilities associated with discontinued operations, including assets and liabilities sold in the Local Sales, assets separately disposed and remaining Local Component assets and liabilities, have been presented separately in our consolidated balance sheets. The major assets and liability categories were as follows as of the dates indicated:

 (In thousands, except share information)

 Assets

 Trade and other receivables (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 110 at December 31, 2023 and $ 75 at December 31, 2022)

 $

 $

 Prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets

 1,437

 Lease right-of-use assets

 2,108

 13,910

 Fixed assets (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 2,028 at December 31, 2023 and $ 7,847 at December 31, 2022)

 2,359

 —

 11,817

 —

 22,867

 Assets held for disposal

 $
 2,563

 $
 53,141

 Liabilities

 Accounts payable

 $

 $

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities

 5,546

 Lease liabilities

 6,107

 16,696

 Senior secured credit agreement, net of debt issuance costs and original issue discount

 —

 7,415

 Liabilities held for disposal

 $
 6,783

 $
 30,356

 Summary operating results of discontinued operations were as follows for the periods indicated:

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Local Component

 Eliminations (1)

 Total

 Revenues:

 $
 30,536

 $
 ( 14,033
)

 $
 16,503

 ( 687
)

 —

 ( 687
)

 $
 29,849

 $
 ( 14,033
)

 $
 15,816

 Operating expenses excluding impairments

 $
 45,754

 $
 ( 14,033
)

 $
 31,721

 Goodwill impairment

 —

 —

 -

 4,007

 —

 4,007

 Total operating expenses

 $
 49,761

 $
 ( 14,033
)

 $
 35,728

 Loss from discontinued operations

 $
 ( 19,912
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 19,912
)

 Other (expense) income:

 $
 ( 2,002
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 2,002
)

 Gain (loss) on sales of discontinued operations

 ( 7,124
)

 —

 ( 7,124
)

 Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes

 $
 ( 29,038
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 29,038
)

 Income tax expense

 ( 88
)

 —

 ( 88
)

 Net loss from discontinued operations

 $
 ( 29,126
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 29,126
)

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Local Component

 Eliminations (1)

 Total

 Revenues:

 $
 85,874

 $
 ( 45,560
)

 $
 40,314

 ( 111
)

 —

 ( 111
)

 $
 85,763

 $
 ( 45,560
)

 $
 40,203

 Operating expenses excluding impairments

 $
 129,178

 $
 ( 45,560
)

 $
 83,618

 Goodwill impairment

 65,207

 —

 65,207

 2,503

 —

 2,503

 Total operating expenses

 $
 196,888

 $
 ( 45,560
)

 $
 151,328

 Loss from discontinued operations

 $
 ( 111,125
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 111,125
)

 Other (expense) income:

 $
 ( 3,974
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 3,974
)

 Gain (loss) on sales of discontinued operations

 —

 —

 -

 Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes

 $
 ( 115,099
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 115,099
)

 Income tax expense

 —

 Net loss from discontinued operations

 $
 ( 114,912
)

 $
 —

 $
 ( 114,912
)

 ( 1) Prior to the Local Sales, the Company's consolidated statements of operations included premiums retained by Local Component Direct Agents as revenue for the Local Component and a corresponding deduction from the net premiums written for the Underwriting segment, which were presented in the Company's segment reporting disclosures. As such, these transactions are eliminated for purposes of this disclosure as they will not continue in periods subsequent to the Local Sales.

 The depreciation and amortization, capital expenditures, sale proceeds and significant noncash operating items associated with the discontinued operations were as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Non-cash discontinued operating activities:

 Impairment charges

 $
 4,007

 $
 67,710

 Loss on sales of discontinued operations

 ( 7,124
)

 —

 Cash flows from discontinued investing activities:

 Capital expenditures

 $
 —

 $
 1,848

 Proceeds from sales of discontinued operations, net of cash disposed and working capital adjustments, and dividends from title plants

 $
 15,884

 $

 24. Subsequent events

 In connection with the subsequent events below, refer to discussion on management's plans in Note 1, "Organization and business operations."

 Merger Agreement

 On March 28, 2024, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub. The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the Merger and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates of Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein have the meaning set forth in the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the Current Report on Form 8 -K, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

 The Company Board, acting on the unanimous recommendation of a special committee comprised of independent and disinterested directors formed for the purpose of considering the transaction, unanimously (i) determined that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, the Voting and Support Agreement (as defined below) and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, are fair, advisable and in the best interests of the Company and the Disinterested Stockholders and (ii) approved the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger, and the Voting and Support Agreement and the other agreements contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, and (iii) resolved to submit and recommend the Merger Agreement to the Company's stockholders for approval and adoption thereby.

 Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), and as a result of the Merger:

 each share of common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, of the Company ("Common Stock") outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (subject to certain exceptions, including for shares of Common Stock owned by stockholders of the Company who have not voted in favor of the adoption of the Merger Agreement and have properly exercised appraisal rights in accordance with Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware) will, at the Effective Time, be cancelled and extinguished and automatically converted into the right to receive $ 6.29 in cash (the "Merger Consideration"), subject to applicable withholding taxes;

 each warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will, in accordance with its terms, automatically and without any required action on the part of the holder thereof, cease to represent a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock and become a warrant exercisable for Merger Consideration;

 each option to purchase Common Stock (each, a "Company Option") that is outstanding and unexercised immediately prior to the Effective Time, whether vested or unvested, will automatically be cancelled and terminated as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash, less applicable tax withholdings, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock subject to such Company Option by (ii) the excess, if any, of the Merger Consideration over the exercise price per share of such Company Option;

 each unvested award of restricted shares of Common Stock (each, a "Company RS Award") that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be cancelled and terminated as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash, less applicable tax withholdings, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) the aggregate number of shares subject to such Company RS Award by (ii) the Merger Consideration;

 each award of restricted stock units of the Company (each, a "Company RSU Award") that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, whether vested or unvested, will automatically be cancelled and terminated as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash, less applicable tax withholdings, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) the aggregate number of shares subject to such Company RSU Award by (ii) the Merger Consideration; and

 each award of performance-based or market-based restricted stock units of the Company (each, a "Company PRSU Award") that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, whether vested or unvested, will automatically be cancelled and terminated as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and converted into the right to receive, an amount in cash, less applicable tax withholdings, equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) the aggregate number of shares subject to such Company PRSU Award (if any) that would satisfy the performance conditions applicable to such Company PRSU Award measured as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (in accordance with the applicable award agreement governing such Company PRSU Award) by (ii) the Merger Consideration.

 Assuming the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the Company expects the transactions contemplated thereby to close in the second half of 2024.

 The stockholders of the Company will be asked to vote on the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Merger at a stockholder meeting that will be held on a date to be announced as promptly as reasonably practicable following the customary review process by the SEC. The consummation of the Merger is not subject to a financing condition, but is subject to certain conditions to Closing, including (i) approval of the Company's Disinterested Stockholders, (ii) consent, approval or authorization from relevant insurance regulatory agencies without the imposition of a Burdensome Condition, (iii) absence of any order or injunction prohibiting the consummation of the Merger, (iv) subject in certain cases to customary materiality qualifiers, the accuracy of the representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement and compliance with the covenants contained in the Merger Agreement, (v) no Company Material Adverse Effect having occurred since the date of the Merger Agreement that is continuing, (vi) the completion of certain specified transactions as contemplated by the Merger Agreement, (vii) the repayment of the Company's outstanding indebtedness with Hudson pursuant to the terms described below and (viii) the investment by Len FW (defined below) into Topco.

 The Merger Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, among others, covenants by the Company to conduct its businesses in the ordinary course between the execution and completion of the Merger Agreement, not to engage in certain kinds of transactions during such period (including payment of dividends outside of the ordinary course or as otherwise permitted under the Merger Agreement), to convene and hold a meeting of its stockholders to consider and vote upon the Merger, to cooperate with Parent in connection with obtaining financing for the transaction, to implement the reorganization of certain assets and liabilities of the Company relating to its technology solutions into a newly formed or selected subsidiary of the Company, to use reasonable best efforts to obtain regulatory consents, and, subject to certain customary exceptions, for the Company Board to recommend that its stockholders approve and adopt the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement also contains customary representations, warranties and covenants of Parent and Merger Sub, including a covenant to use reasonable best efforts to obtain the debt financing described below. The Merger Agreement contains a 50 -day "go-shop" provision that allows the Company to, among other things, solicit, initiate, propose, induce, encourage, or facilitate discussions or negotiations with respect to Acquisition Proposals. At the end of the "go-shop" period, the Company will cease such activities, and is subject to a customary "no -shop" provision that restricts the Company's ability to, among other things, solicit Acquisition Proposals from third parties and to provide non-public information to, and engage in discussions or negotiations with, third parties regarding Acquisition Proposals after the "go-shop" period. The "no -shop" provision allows the Company, under certain circumstances and in compliance with certain obligations set forth in the Merger Agreement, to provide non-public information to any person and its representatives that has made a bona fide Acquisition Proposal that either constitutes, or would reasonably be expected to lead to, an Acquisition Proposal.

 Parent and Merger Sub have represented that they will have sufficient cash at the Closing regardless of third -party financing, though have also secured committed debt financing to be provided by certain lenders (collectively, the " Lenders ") on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in a debt commitment letter. The obligations of the Lenders to provide debt financing under the debt commitment letter are subject to a number of customary conditions.

 The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and Parent. If the Merger Agreement is terminated ( 1) by Parent as a result of the Company's breach of its representations, warranties or covenants in a manner that would cause the related conditions to Closing to not be met and Company subsequently enters into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement and such transaction is subsequently consummated, or ( 2) as a result of the Company Board changing its recommendation and entering into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement and such transaction is subsequently consummated, or ( 3) if the Merger Agreement is terminated by Company in order to enter into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to a Superior Proposal, the Company will be required to pay Parent a termination fee to Parent of $ 3,188,734. If the Merger Agreement is terminated by the Company in connection with Company's entry into an Alternative Acquisition Agreement with respect to a Superior Proposal during the "go-shop" period or with an Exempted Person, the Company will be required to pay Parent a lower termination fee of $ 1,822,134. The Merger Agreement also provides that either party may specifically enforce the other party's obligations under the Merger Agreement. In addition to the foregoing termination rights, and subject to certain limitations, the Company or Parent may terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated by September 28, 2024 ( the "End Date"), provided that if all of the conditions to Closing other than the obtainment of the certain specified Insurance Regulatory Approvals have been satisfied or waived on or prior to the End Date, then the End Date shall automatically be extended to October 28, 2024 ( "First Extension Date"), provided, further, that if all of the conditions to Closing, other than the receipt of approval from the requisite South Carolina Department of Insurance or requisite approval from the California Department of Insurance, have been satisfied or waived on or prior to the First Extension Date, then the First Extension Date shall automatically be extended to November 28, 2024. In the event that (a) the Agreement is terminated in accordance with the prior sentence and at the time of termination, all of the conditions to Closing have been satisfied or waived except for (i) any condition that is not satisfied due to breach by the Company of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement in the Merger Agreement, (ii) the completion of certain specified transactions as contemplated by the Merger Agreement and (iii) conditions that by their nature can only be satisfied at or immediately prior to the Closing; (b) certain specified transactions have not been completed by June 26, 2024; and (c) the Company has not agreed to terminate the Agreement within five ( 5) days of Parent's written notice to terminate, then the Company shall reimburse Parent for its reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses incurred between June 26, 2024 and the date of termination.

 If the Merger is consummated, the Common Stock will be delisted from the New York Stock Exchange and deregistered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 Voting and Support Agreement

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, LENX ST Investor, LLC and Len FW Investor, LLC ("Len FW," and together with LENX ST Investor, LLC, the "Lennar Stockholders"), the Company and Parent entered into a Voting and Support Agreement (the "Voting and Support Agreement"), pursuant to which the Lennar Stockholders have agreed, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, to vote or cause to be voted all shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Lennar Stockholders (the "Voting Agreement Shares") in favor of adopting the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, including the Merger.

 The Lennar Stockholders hold, collectively, approximately 25% of the voting power of the Common Stock. Under the Voting and Support Agreement, the Lennar Stockholders have agreed to, among other things, (a) vote the Voting Agreement Shares in favor of the Merger, the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby and (b) vote against any Alternative Acquisition Agreement and any other action or agreement (including, without limitation, any amendment of any agreement), amendment of the Company's organizational documents or other action that is intended or would reasonably be expected to materially prevent or delay the consummation of the Transactions, including the Merger. The Voting and Support Agreement will automatically terminate upon the earliest of (i) written agreement of the parties thereto to terminate the Voting and Support Agreement, (ii) the valid termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms and (iii) the Effective Time, and each Lennar Stockholder may terminate the Voting and Support Agreement as to itself upon the entry by the Company and Parent without the prior written consent of such Lennar Stockholder into any amendment, waiver or modification to the Merger Agreement that results in ( x) a change to the form of consideration to be paid thereunder, (y) a decrease in the amount of Merger Consideration payable to the stockholders of the Company pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement as in effect on the date of the Voting and Support Agreement, or (z) an imposition of any material restrictions or additional constraints on the payment of the consideration thereunder.

 Hudson Financing Arrangements

 Agreement and Fourth Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Hudson, as agent for such lenders, entered into the Hudson Fourth Amendmen t, pursuant to which that certain Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2020 ( as amended, the "Company Loan Agreement"), by and among States Title, as the borrower, the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Hudson was amended such that, among other things:

 a.
 from the effective date of the Hudson Fourth Amendment through September 30, 2025, interest on the principal amount outstanding of the senior secured term loan under the Company Loan Agreement (the "Term Loan") will accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly at a per annum rate equal to 16.25%;

 b.
 beginning October 1, 2025, interest on the Term Loan will accrue at a per annum rate equal to 16.25 %, (i) 10 % of which shall accrue and be payable in cash monthly and (ii) the remainder of such interest shall accrue and capitalize and be added to the principal balance monthly;

 c.
 States Title will make prepayments on the principal of the Term Loan in an amount up to $ 16 million of net cash proceeds received from contingent payments earned by the Company pursuant to certain previous asset sales (but such payment shall be deferred until October 2025);

 d.
 Subject to certain conditions, States Title will make monthly pre-payments of the principal amount outstanding of the Term Loan under the Company Loan Agreement with cash on hand in excess of $ 7.5 million after October 1, 2025 in the event the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger;

 e.
 if reasonably requested by Hudson following a termination of the Merger Agreement prior to the consummation of the Merger, States Title would transfer all of its equity interests in Doma Title Insurance, Inc. to a newly formed bankruptcy-remote entity and cause such equity interests to be pledged as collateral under the Company Loan Agreement;

 f.
 the financial covenants in the Company Loan Agreement were modified, including, without limitation, the reduction of the minimum consolidated GAAP revenue financial covenant from $ 130 million to $ 50 million; and

 g.
 States Title is permitted to incur indebtedness under the Topco Term Facility (as defined below). which indebtedness shall be senior in respect of payment and liens to the obligations under the Company Loan Agreement.

 In connection with the Hudson Fourth Amendment, Hudson shall be entitled to an amendment fee of $ 1.0 million, which fee became payable upon execution of the Hudson Fourth Amendment and shall be paid-in-kind and added to the principal of the Term Loan.

 Agreement and Fifth Amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement

 Immediately after the effectiveness of the Hudson Fourth Amendment, Hudson, certain of the Company's subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and Parent entered into the Hudson Fifth Amendment pursuant to which, at the Closing, Hudson will (a) accept certain consideration (as set forth in the Hudson Fifth Amendment, the "Hudson Payoff") in full satisfaction of all indebtedness under the Company Loan Agreement and (b) release all liens securing the Company Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the Hudson Fifth Amendment, States Title's obligation to make cash interest payments under the Company Loan Agreement shall be suspended until the earliest of (a) the termination of the Merger Agreement, (b) five business days after the End Date (as defined in the Merger Agreement), (c) the consummation of the Merger (without Hudson's receipt of the Hudson Payoff) and (d) March 12, 2025 the ("Standstill Period"). In addition, during the Standstill Period, Hudson and the lenders have agreed not to exercise remedies with respect to certain matters that would otherwise constitute events of default under the Company Loan Agreement. If the Standstill Period ends without the consummation of the Merger (without HSCM's receipt of the HSCM Payoff), the Company's cash interest payment obligations under the Company Loan Agreement will be as described in the HSCM Fourth Amendment.

 Topco Commitment Letter

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, States Title and Topco, the indirect parent company of Parent, entered into the Topco Commitment Letter, pursuant to which Topco committed to provide the Topco Term Facility to States Title (with certain subsidiaries of States Title guaranteeing the obligations thereunder).

 The Topco Term Facility will have two tranches: (a) up to $ 25 million will be available to be drawn in up to three draws (each draw being for at least $ 5 million) between closing of the Topco Term Facility and December 31, 2024 and (b) up to $ 10 million will be available to be drawn in a single draw between January 1, 2025 and June 30, 2025, each tranche being subject to commitment reductions as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter. Each loan made thereunder will mature three years after it is drawn. The Topco Term Facility will be secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of States Title and the guarantors (subject to customary exceptions), senior to all existing and future liens securing debt for borrowed money (including the liens securing the Company Loan Agreement) and will be senior in right of payment to all existing and future debt for borrowed money (including the Company Loan Agreement), in each case, subject to certain exceptions. The terms of the subordination of the Company Loan Agreement shall be substantially as set forth in the Topco Commitment Letter and will include certain prohibitions on the exercise of remedies by the lenders under the Company Loan Agreement. Interest on each loan will accrue at a rate of Term SOFR (subject to a 1.0 % floor) plus 9.0 % per annum and will be payable quarterly in kind. The Topco Term Facility will include a fee of 5.0 % per annum on all undrawn commitments, payable quarterly in cash, and an upfront fee of 3.0 % of the commitments in respect of the Topco Term Facility at closing of the Topco Term Facility, payable upon the funding or termination of such commitments. Prepayments of the Topco Term Facility (subject to certain exceptions) will be subject to customary prepayment premiums. The Topco Term Facility will also include certain information rights and other customary covenants (including affirmative, negative and financial covenants) and mandatory prepayment provisions.

 Len FW Investment

 Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Len FW and Topco, which, following the Effective Time, will be an indirect parent of the Company, entered into certain agreements, pursuant to which, concurrently with the Closing and upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, Len FW shall invest the cash it receives pursuant to the Merger Agreement in consideration for its existing shares of Company Common Stock at the Closing and an additional $ 17 million in Topco, resulting in Len FW owning approximately 8.36 % of the outstanding equity of Topco on a fully-diluted basis (the "Len FW Investment").

 In the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has evaluated all material subsequent events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date on which the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the Company's financial statements, noting no subsequent events or transactions that require disclosure, aside from those previously discussed.

 Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 (In Thousands)

 Balance at beginning of period

 Charged to costs and expenses

 Deductions

 Balance at end of period

 Year ended December 31, 2023:

 Allowance for deferred tax assets

 $
 129,704

 $
 32,276

 $
 —

 $
 161,980

 14,743

 81,894

 Allowance for doubtful accounts

 1,413

 1,802

 Year ended December 31, 2022:

 Allowance for deferred tax assets

 $
 55,620

 $
 74,084

 $
 —

 $
 129,704

 80,189

 13,097

 Allowance for doubtful accounts

 1,031

 1,413

 See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Doma Holdings, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Doma Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' (deficit) equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LL P

 Miami, Florida

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

 There were no changes in or disagreements with our accountants on matters related to accounting and financial disclosure.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (a) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (b) accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Management ' s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 The management of Doma Holdings, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Doma Holdings, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of its consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 As of December 31, 2023, Doma Holdings, Inc.'s management assessed the effectiveness of Doma Holdings, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework," issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, Doma Holdings, Inc.'s management determined that effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained as of December 31, 2023, based on those criteria.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm

 This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for "emerging growth companies."

 Item 9B. Other Information

 None of the Company's directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5 - 1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5 - 1 trading arrangement during the Company's fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023, as such terms are defined under Item 408 (a) of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information required by this item will be contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, including in the sections titled "Our Board of Directors," "Corporate Governance," "Ownership of Common Stock by Directors and Executive Officers," and "Executive Officers," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information required by this item will be contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, including in the sections titled "Director Compensation" and "Executive Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information required by this item will be contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, including in the sections titled "Equity Compensation Plan Information," "Ownership of Common Stock by 5% or More Holders," and "Ownership of Common Stock by Directors and Executive Officers," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information required by this item will be contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, including in the sections titled "Corporate Governance - Director Independence," and "Corporate Governance - Policy on Review and Approval of Transactions with Related Persons," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 The information required by this item will be contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, including in the section titled "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 1.

 Financial statements (see " Index to Consolidated Financial Statements " in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Annual Report"))

 2.

 Consolidated financial statement schedules required to be filed by Item 8 of this Annual Report:

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules

 Page

 Schedule V - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or not required, or because the required information is included in our consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

 3.

 Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

 Incorporated by Reference

 Description

 Form

 Filing Date

 2.1

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 2, 2021, by and among Capitol Investment Corp. V ("Capitol"), Capitol V Merger Sub, Inc. and Doma Holdings, Inc.

 2.1

 3/3/2021

 2.2

 Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 18, 2021, is made by and among Capitol, Capitol V Merger Sub, Inc. and Doma Holdings, Inc.

 2.1

 2.3

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 28, 2024, by and among Doma Holdings, Inc., RE Closing Buyer Corp. and RE Closing Merger Sub Inc.

 2.1

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Doma Holdings, Inc.

 3.1

 3.1.1

 Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Doma Holdings, Inc.

 3.1

 6/29/2023

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Doma Holdings, Inc.

 3.2

 4.1

 Specimen Warrant Certificate.

 S-1/A

 4.3

 11/19/2020

 4.2

 Warrant Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, between Capitol and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.

 4.1

 12/7/2020

 4.3

 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Doma Holdings, Inc.

 S-4/A

 4.5

 6/15/2021

 4.4*

 Description of Registrant's Securities.

 10.1

 Letter Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, among Capitol, its officers, its directors and the Sponsors.

 10.1

 12/7/2020

 10.2

 Investment Management Trust Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, between Capitol and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as trustee.

 10.2

 12/7/2020

 10.3

 Private Placement Warrants Purchase Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, between Capitol and the Private Placement Warrant Purchasers.

 10.4

 12/7/2020

 10.4

 Sponsor Support Agreement, dated March 2, 2021, by and among the sponsors named thereto, Capitol and Doma Holdings, Inc.

 10.2

 3/2/2021

 10.5

 Form of Voting and Support Agreement, by and among certain Doma securityholders, Capitol and Doma Holdings, Inc.

 10.3

 3/3/2021

 10.6

 Form of Lock-up Agreement.

 10.4

 3/3/2021

 10.7

 Form of Subscription Agreement, by and between Capitol and the undersigned subscriber party thereto.

 10.1

 3/3/2021

 Incorporated by Reference

 Description

 Form

 Filing Date

 10.8

 Loan and Security Agreement, dated December 31, 2020, among States Title Holding, Inc., the guarantors party thereto from time to time, Hudson Structured Capital Management LTD., as agent, and the lenders from time to time thereto.

 S-4

 10.17

 10.9

 Counterpart Agreement and First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated January 29, 2021, among States Title Holding, Inc., the guarantors party thereto from time to time, Hudson Structured Capital Management LTD., as agent, and the lenders from time to time thereto.

 S-4

 10.18

 10.10

 Office Lease 101 Mission Street, dated May 23, 2019, by and between 101 Mission Strategic Venture LLC and States Title Holding, Inc.

 S-4

 10.19

 10.11

 Lease, dated August 16, 2020, by and between FOUR 700 LLC and States Title Holding, Inc.

 S-4

 10.20

 10.12

 Amendment #1 to Lease by and between Four 700 LLC and States Title Holding, Inc., dated October 21, 2020.

 S-4

 10.21

 10.13

 Lease between Jamboree Center 4 LLC and States Title Holding, Inc., dated January 28, 2020.

 S-4

 10.22

 10.14^

 States Title Holding, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-4

 10.23

 10.15

 Amended and Restated Underwriting Agreement, dated August 7, 2020, by and between North American Title Insurance Company, CalAtlantic Title, Inc., CalAtlantic Title, LLC, CalAtlantic National Title Solutions, LLC, CalAtlantic National Title Solutions, LLC, CalAtlantic Title Agency, LLC, CalAtlantic Title, Inc. and CalAtlantic Title of Maryland, Inc. (the "CalAtlantic Entities").

 S-4

 10.26

 10.16

 Amendment No. 1 to Underwriting Agreement, dated September 21, 2020, between North American Title Insurance Company and the CalAtlantic Entities.

 S-4

 10.27

 10.17

 Amended and Restated Underwriting Agreement, dated August 7, 2020, by and between North American Title Insurance Company and CalAtlantic Title, Inc.

 S-4

 10.28

 10.18

 Amendment No. 1 to Underwriting Agreement, dated September 22, 2020, between North American Title Insurance Company and CalAtlantic Title, Inc.

 S-4

 10.29

 10.19

 Amendment No. 2 to Underwriting Agreement, dated November 7, 2020, between North American Title Insurance Company and Lennar Title, Inc.

 S-4

 10.30

 10.20

 Amendment No. 3 to Underwriting Agreement, dated November 13, 2020, between North American Title Insurance Company and Lennar Title, Inc.

 S-4

 10.31

 10.21

 Title Insurance Quota Share Reinsurance Contract, dated October 6, 2017, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.32

 10.22

 Endorsement No. 1 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated December 15, 2017, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.33

 10.23

 Endorsement No. 2 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated June 21, 2018, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.34

 10.24

 Endorsement No. 3 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated July 5, 2018, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.35

 10.25

 Endorsement No. 4 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated June 12, 2019, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.36

 Incorporated by Reference

 Description

 Form

 Filing Date

 10.26

 Endorsement No. 5 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated December 31, 2019, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.37

 10.27

 Endorsement No. 6 to the Title Insurance Quote Share Reinsurance Contract, dated August 26, 2020, by and among the Applicable Companies listed in Schedule 1 in relation to the Relevant U.S. State (as such Schedule 1 shall be amended from time to time) and States Title, Inc. and SCOR Global P&C SE.

 S-4

 10.38

 10.28^

 States Title Holding, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan Forms of Award Agreements.

 S-4/A

 10.41

 5/25/2021

 10.29^

 Employment Agreement between Doma Holdings, Inc. and Maxwell Simkoff.

 S-4/A

 10.42

 6/15/2021

 10.30^

 Employment Agreement between Doma Holdings, Inc. and Noaman Ahmad.

 S-4/A

 10.43

 6/15/2021

 10.31^

 Doma Holdings, Inc. Executive Severance Plan.

 S-4/A

 10.45

 6/15/2021

 10.32

 Amended & Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 28, 2021, by and among Doma Holdings, Inc. and the securityholders signatory thereto.

 10.3

 10.33^

 Doma Holdings, Inc.'s 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

 10.10

 10.34^

 Form of Indemnification Agreement.

 10.4

 10.35^

 Employment Agreement between Doma Holdings, Inc. and Hasan Rizvi.

 10.44

 3/4/2022

 10.36^

 Form of Doma Holdings, Inc.'s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan Notice and Agreement of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award.

 10.45

 3/4/2022

 10.37^

 Form of Doma Holdings, Inc.'s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan Notice and Agreement of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award.

 10.46

 3/4/2022

 10.38^

 Form of Doma Holdings, Inc.'s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan Notice and Agreement of Restricted Stock Unit Award.

 10.1

 5/11/2022

 10.39^

 CEO Award Agreement, dated June 29, 2022, of Restricted Stock Units and Performance Restricted Stock Units.

 99.1

 7/1/2022

 10.40^

 Letter Agreement, dated June 29, 2022, between the Company and Max Simkoff amending Mr. Simkoff's employment agreement.

 99.2

 7/1/2022

 10.41^

 Doma Holdings, Inc. Executive Bonus Plan.

 99.3

 7/1/2022

 10.42^

 Doma Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Omnibus Incentive Plan.

 10.1

 7/8/2022

 10.43^

 Employment Agreement between Doma Holdings, Inc. and Mike Smith.

 10.1

 7/21/2022

 10.44^

 Doma Holdings, Inc. Outside Director Compensation Policy.

 10.5

 8/10/2022

 10.45

 Lease between Dublin Corporate Center Owner LLC and Doma Holdings Inc., dated September 14, 2021 and Notice of Lease Term Dates, dated March 4, 2022

 10.45

 3/8/2023

 10.46

 Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated May 19, 2023, by and among States Title Holding, Inc., the guarantors party thereto from time to time, Hudson Structured Capital Management LTD., as agent, and the lenders from time to time thereto (including Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 27, 2021, attached as Exhibit A thereto)

 10.1

 5/23/2023

 Incorporated by Reference

 Form

 Filing Date

 10.47

 Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 19, 2023, by and among Doma Title of California, Inc., Doma Corporate LLC and Williston Financial Group LLC.

 10.2

 8/8/2023

 10.48

 Voting and Support Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, by and among RE Closing Buyer Corp., Doma Holdings, Inc., LENX ST Investor, LLC and Len FW Investor, LLC

 10.1

 10.49

 Agreement and Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, by and among by States Title Holding, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, and Hudson Structured Capital Management Ltd.

 10.2

 10.50

 Agreement and Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 28, 2024, by and among by States Title Holding, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto, Hudson Structured Capital Management Ltd. and RE Closing Buyer Corp.

 10.3

 10.51

 Commitment Letter, dated March 28, 2024, by and between States Title Holding, Inc. and Closing Parent Holdco, L.P.

 10.4

 21.1*

 List of Subsidiaries of Registrant.

 23.1*

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 24.1

 Power of Attorney (included on the Signatures page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

 31.1*

 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2*

 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1**

 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2**

 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97*

 Doma Holdings, Inc. Financial Statement Compensation Recoupment Policy.

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 ________________

 ^ Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement

 * Filed herewith.

 ** Furnished herewith.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 DOMA HOLDINGS, INC.

 By:

 /s/ Max Simkoff

 Name:

 Max Simkoff

 Date:

 Title:

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES

 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Max Simkoff and Mike Smith, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or either of them or their or his or her substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Name

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Max Simkoff

 Chief Executive Officer and Director
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Max Simkoff

 /s/ Mike Smith

 Chief Financial Officer
 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

 Mike Smith

 /s/ Stuart Miller

 Stuart Miller

 /s/ Charles Moldow

 Charles Moldow

 /s/ Lawrence Summers

 Lawrence Summers

 /s/ Maxine Williams

 Maxine Williams

 /s/ Serena Wolfe

 Serena Wolfe

 /s/ Matthew E. Zames

 Chairman of the Board

 Matthew E. Zames