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 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington, D.C. 20549

 F O R M 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 Commission file number: 001-36271

 WATERSTONE FINANCIAL, INC.

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Maryland

 90-1026709

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 11200 W Plank Ct, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

 53226

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 414) 761-1000

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code:

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value

 WSBF

 The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

 NONE

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer (as defined in Rule 405 of the 1933 Act). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the 1934 Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller Reporting Company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold on June 30, 2023 as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market, was approximately $ 309.7 million.

 As of February 29, 2024, 20,052,831 shares of the Registrant's Common Stock were issued and outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Part of Form 10-K Into Which

 Document

 Portions of Document are Incorporated

 Proxy Statement for Annual Meeting of

 Shareholders on May 21, 2024

 WATERSTONE FINANCIAL, INC.

 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT TO THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 FOR THE YEAR ENDED December 31, 2023

 ITEM

 PAGE

 1.

 Business

 1 - 28

 1A.

 Risk Factors

 28 - 36

 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 1C.

 Cyber Security

 2.

 Properties

 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 39 - 40

 6.

 [Reserved]

 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 40 - 53

 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 55 - 107

 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 9B.

 Other Information

 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 11.

 Executive Compensation

 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 PART 1

 Item 1. Business

 Forward-Looking Statements

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain or incorporate by reference various forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as "estimate," "project," "believe," "intend," "anticipate," "plan," "seek," "expect" and similar expressions and verbs in the future tense. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

 •

 Statements of our goals, intentions and expectations;

 •

 Statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

 •

 Statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolio;

 •

 Estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

 These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

 The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements.

 •

 general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market area, including employment prospects, that are different than expected;

 •

 competition among depository and other financial institutions, including with respect to overdraft fees;

 •

 inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields, our mortgage banking revenues or reduce the fair value of financial instruments or reduce the origination levels in our lending business, or increase the level of defaults, losses or prepayments on loans we have made whether held in portfolio or sold in the secondary markets;

 •

 adverse changes in the securities or secondary mortgage markets;

 •

 changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements;

 •

 changes in monetary or fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board;

 •

 our ability to manage market risk, credit risk and operational risk in the current economic conditions;

 •

 our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

 •

 our ability to successfully integrate acquired entities;

 •

 decreased demand for our products and services;

 •

 changes in tax policies or assessment policies;

 •

 changes in consumer demand, spending, borrowing and savings habits;

 •

 changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

 •

 our ability to attract and retain key employees;

 •

 cyber attacks, computer viruses and other technological risks that may breach the security of our websites or other systems to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information and destroy data or disable our systems;

 •

 technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

 •

 the ability of third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;

 •

 the effects of federal government shutdown;

 •

 the effects of any national or international war, conflict, or act of terrorism;

 •

 the ability of the U.S. Government to manage federal debt limits or remain open;

 •

 significant increases in our loan losses;

 •

 changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own;

 •

 changes in our liquidity needs and access to wholesale funding; and

 •

 our ability to access low-cost funding.

 - 1 -

 See also the factors regarding future operations discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Risk Factors" below.

 Waterstone Financial, Inc., a Maryland corporation ("New Waterstone"), was organized in 2013. Upon completion of the mutual-to-stock conversion of Lamplighter Financial, MHC in 2014, New Waterstone became the holding company of WaterStone Bank SSB and succeeded to all of the business and operations of Waterstone Financial, Inc., a Federal corporation ("Waterstone-Federal") and each of Waterstone-Federal and Lamplighter Financial, MHC ceased to exist. In this report, we refer to WaterStone Bank SSB, our wholly owned subsidiary, both before and after the reorganization, as "WaterStone Bank" or the "Bank."

 Waterstone Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including WaterStone Bank, are referred to herein as the "Company," "Waterstone Financial," or "we."

 The Company maintains a website at www.wsbonline.com. We make available through that website, free of charge, copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and proxy materials as soon as is reasonably practical after the Company electronically files those materials with, or furnishes them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. You may access those reports by following the links under "Investor Relations" at the Company's website. Information on this website is not and should not be considered a part of this document.

 Waterstone Financial's executive offices are located at 11200 West Plank Court, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226, and its telephone number at this address is (414) 761-1000.

 - 2 -

 BUSINESS OF WATERSTONE BANK

 General

 WaterStone Bank is a community bank that has served the banking needs of its customers since 1921. WaterStone Bank also has an active mortgage banking subsidiary, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation, which had 72 offices in 26 states as of December 31, 2023.

 WaterStone Bank conducts its community banking business from 14 banking offices located in Milwaukee, Washington and Waukesha counties, Wisconsin. WaterStone Bank's principal lending activity is originating one- to four-family, multi-family residential, and commercial real estate loans for retention in its portfolio. At December 31, 2023, such loans comprised 33.12%, 42.53%, and 18.08%, respectively, of WaterStone Bank's loan portfolio. WaterStone Bank also offers home equity loans and lines of credit, construction and land loans, commercial business loans, and consumer loans. WaterStone Bank funds its loan production primarily with retail deposits and Federal Home Loan Bank advances. Our deposit offerings include certificates of deposit, money market savings accounts, transaction deposit accounts, noninterest bearing demand accounts and individual retirement accounts. Our investment securities portfolio is comprised principally of mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, government-sponsored enterprise bonds, private-label enterprise bonds, municipal obligations, and other debt securities.

 WaterStone Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions (the "WDFI") and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC").

 WaterStone Bank's executive offices are located at 11200 West Plank Court, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226, and its telephone number is (414) 761-1000. Its website address is www.wsbonline.com. Information on this website is not and should not be considered a part of this document.

 WaterStone Bank's mortgage banking operations are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation originates single-family residential real estate loans for sale into the secondary market. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation utilizes lines of credit provided by WaterStone Bank as a primary source of funds, and also utilizes a line of credit with another financial institution as needed. On a consolidated basis, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation originated $2.02 billion in mortgage loans held for sale during the year ended December 31, 2023, which excludes the loans originated from Waterstone Mortgage Corporation and purchased by WaterStone Bank.

 Subsidiary Activities

 Waterstone Financial currently has one wholly-owned subsidiary, WaterStone Bank, which in turn has three wholly-owned subsidiaries. Wauwatosa Investments, Inc., which holds and manages our investment portfolio, is located and incorporated in Nevada. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation is a mortgage banking business incorporated in Wisconsin. Main Street Real Estate Holdings, LLC is a Wisconsin limited liability corporation and previously owned WaterStone Bank office facilities and held WaterStone Bank office facility leases.

 Wauwatosa Investments, Inc. Established in 1998, Wauwatosa Investments, Inc. operates in Nevada as WaterStone Bank's investment subsidiary. This wholly-owned subsidiary owns and manages the majority of the consolidated investment portfolio. It has its own board of directors currently comprised of its President, the WaterStone Bank Chief Financial Officer, Treasury Officer and the Chairman of Waterstone Financial's board of directors.

 Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. Acquired in 2006, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation is a mortgage banking business with offices in 26 states. It has its own board of directors currently comprised of its President, its Chief Financial Officer, its Chief Operating Officer, the WaterStone Bank Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Credit Officer, and a member of the WaterStone Bank Board of Directors.

 Main Street Real Estate Holdings, LLC. Established in 2002, Main Street Real Estate Holdings, LLC was established to acquire and hold WaterStone Bank office and retail facilities, both owned and leased. Main Street Real Estate Holdings, LLC currently conducts real estate broker activities limited to real estate owned.

 Market Area

 WaterStone Bank. WaterStone Bank's market area is broadly defined as the Milwaukee, Wisconsin metropolitan market, which is geographically located in the southeast corner of the state. WaterStone Bank's primary market area is Milwaukee and Waukesha counties and the five surrounding counties of Ozaukee, Washington, Jefferson, Walworth and Racine. We have nine branch offices in Milwaukee County, four branch offices in Waukesha County and one branch office in Washington County. At June 30, 2023 (the latest date for which information was publicly available), 43.8% of deposits in the State of Wisconsin were located in the seven-county Milwaukee metropolitan market and 38.2% of deposits in the State of Wisconsin were located in the three counties in which the Bank has a branch office.

 WaterStone Bank's primary market area for deposits includes the communities in which we maintain our banking office locations. Our primary lending market area is broader than our primary deposit market area and includes all of the primary market area noted above but extends further west to the Madison, Wisconsin market and further north to the Appleton and Green Bay, Wisconsin markets.

 Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. As of December 31, 2023, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation had 15 offices in Florida, nine offices in New Mexico, four offices in each of Arizona, Virginia, and Wisconsin, three offices in each of California, Maryland, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, and Texas, two offices in each of Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, and South Carolina, and one office in each of Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Tennessee.

 - 3 -

 Competition

 WaterStone Bank. WaterStone Bank faces competition within our market area both in making real estate loans and attracting deposits. The Milwaukee-Waukesha metropolitan statistical area has a high concentration of financial institutions, including large commercial banks, community banks and credit unions. As of June 30, 2023, based on the FDIC annual Summary of Deposits Report, we had the 12th largest market share in our metropolitan statistical area out of 45 financial institutions, representing 1.6% of all deposits.

 Our competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from money market funds, brokerage firms, and mutual funds. Some of our competitors offer products and services that we do not offer, such as trust services and private banking.

 Our primary focus is to build and develop profitable consumer and commercial customer relationships while maintaining our role as a community bank.

 Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation faces competition for originating loans both directly within the markets in which it operates and from entities that provide services throughout the United States through internet services. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation's competition comes principally from other mortgage banking firms, as well as from commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions.

 Lending Activities

 The scope of the discussion included under "Lending Activities" is limited to lending operations related to loans originated for investment. A discussion of the lending activities related to loans originated for sale is included under "Mortgage Banking Activity."

 Historically, our principal lending activity has been originating mortgage loans for the purchase or refinancing of residential and commercial real estate. Generally, we retain the loans that we originate, which we refer to as loans originated for investment. One- to four-family residential mortgage loans represented $551.2 million, or 33.1%, of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Multi-family residential mortgage loans represented $707.6 million, or 42.5%, of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Commercial real estate loans represented $300.9 million, or 18.1%, of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. We also offer construction and land loans, home equity lines of credit and commercial loans. At December 31, 2023, commercial business loans, home equity loans, and construction and land loans totaled $37.1 million, $13.2 million and $53.4 million, respectively.

 The largest exposure to one borrower or group of related borrowers was $43.8 million in the multi-family category. The borrower represented a total of 2.6% of the total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023.

 Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio in dollar amounts and as a percentage of the total portfolio at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Percent

 Percent

 Percent

 $

 33.12

 %

 $

 31.09

 %

 $

 300,523

 24.92

 %

 Multi-family

 42.53

 %

 44.90

 %

 537,956

 44.62

 %

 0.79

 %

 0.76

 %

 11,012

 0.91

 %

 3.21

 %

 4.14

 %

 82,588

 6.85

 %

 18.08

 %

 17.41

 %

 250,676

 20.79

 %

 2.23

 %

 1.65

 %

 22,298

 1.85

 %

 0.04

 %

 0.05

 %

 0.06

 %

 Total

 %

 %

 1,205,785

 %

 Allowance for credit losses ("ACL") - loans (1)

 (18,549

)

 (17,757

)

 (15,778

)

 Loans, net

 $

 1,645,666

 $

 1,492,421

 $

 1,190,007

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The 2021 amount presented is calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 - 4 -

 Loan Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table summarizes the final maturities of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Maturities are based upon the final contractual payment dates and do not reflect the impact of prepayments and scheduled monthly payments that will occur.

 Maturity period as of

 Rate

 Rate

 Rate

 Rate

 One year or less

 $

 11,383

 3.61

 %

 $

 10,656

 5.83

 %

 $

 7.75

 %

 $

 7.26

 %

 More than one year through five years

 55,451

 5.42

 %

 500,717

 4.62

 %

 5,981

 8.06

 %

 47,524

 5.72

 %

 More than five years through 15 years

 65,444

 5.76

 %

 194,779

 5.56

 %

 6,332

 6.60

 %

 4,979

 4.52

 %

 More than 15 years

 418,912

 5.28

 %

 1,414

 6.01

 %

 5.26

 %

 -

 -

 Total

 $

 5.32

 %

 $

 4.90

 %

 $

 7.33

 %

 $

 5.63

 %

 Commercial Business

 Total

 Maturity period as of

 Rate

 Rate

 Rate

 Rate

 One year or less

 $

 26,917

 6.16

 %

 $

 4,843

 8.82

 %

 $

 16.10

 %

 $

 56,392

 6.00

 %

 More than one year through five years

 230,922

 5.12

 %

 24,721

 5.87

 %

 -

 0.00

 %

 865,316

 4.93

 %

 More than five years through 15 years

 43,053

 4.88

 %

 7,556

 5.96

 %

 -

 0.00

 %

 322,143

 5.53

 %

 More than 15 years

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 420,364

 5.28

 %

 Total

 $

 5.18

 %

 $

 6.27

 %

 $

 16.10

 %

 $

 5.17

 %

 The following table sets forth the scheduled repayments of fixed and adjustable rate loans at December 31, 2023 that are contractually due after December 31, 2024.

 Due After December 31, 2024

 Fixed

 Adjustable

 Total

 $

 46,753

 $

 493,054

 $

 539,807

 Multi-family

 475,148

 221,762

 696,910

 1,881

 10,470

 12,351

 37,529

 14,974

 52,503

 225,954

 48,021

 273,975

 30,554

 1,723

 32,277

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 $

 817,819

 $

 790,004

 $

 1,607,823

 One- to Four-Family Residential Mortgage Loans. One- to four-family residential mortgage loans totaled $551.2 million, or 33.1% of total loans at December 31, 2023. Our one- to four-family residential mortgage loans have fixed or adjustable rates. Our single family adjustable-rate mortgage loans generally provide for maximum annual rate adjustments of 200 basis points, with a lifetime maximum adjustment of 600 basis points. Our adjustable-rate mortgage loans typically amortize over terms of up to 30 years, and are indexed to the 12-month SOFR rate. Single family adjustable rate mortgage loans are originated at both our community banking segment and our mortgage banking segment. We do not offer and have never offered residential mortgage loans specifically designed for borrowers with sub-prime credit scores, including Alt-A and negative amortization loans.

 Adjustable rate mortgage loans can decrease the interest rate risk associated with changes in market interest rates by periodically repricing, but involve other risks because, as interest rates increase, the loan payments by the borrower increase, thus increasing the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. Upward adjustment of the contractual interest rate is also limited by the maximum periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustments permitted by our loan documents and, therefore, the effectiveness of adjustable rate mortgage loans in decreasing the risk associated with changes in interest rates may be limited during periods of rapidly rising interest rates. Moreover, during periods of rapidly declining interest rates the interest income received from the adjustable rate loans can be significantly reduced, thereby adversely affecting interest income.

 - 5 -

 All residential mortgage loans that we originate include "due-on-sale" clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event that, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise transfers the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. We also require homeowner's insurance and where circumstances warrant, flood insurance, on properties securing real estate loans. The average one- to four-family first mortgage loan balance was approximately $300,000 on December 31, 2023, and the largest outstanding balance on that date was $5.8 million, which is a consolidation loan that is collateralized by 80 single family properties. A total of 31.5% of our one- to four-family loans are collateralized by properties in the state of Wisconsin.

 Multi-family Real Estate Loans. Multi-family loans totaled $707.6 million, or 42.5% of total loans at December 31, 2023. These loans are generally secured by properties located in our primary market area. Our multi-family real estate underwriting policies generally provide that such real estate loans may be made in amounts of up to 80% of the appraised value of the property provided the loan complies with our current loans-to-one borrower limit. Multi-family real estate loans are offered with interest rates that are fixed for periods of up to five years or are variable and either adjust based on a market index or at our discretion. Contractual maturities do not exceed 10 years while principal and interest payments are typically based on a 30-year amortization period. In reaching a decision whether to make a multi-family real estate loan, we consider gross revenues and the net operating income of the property, the borrower's expertise and credit history, global cash flows, and the appraised value of the underlying property. We will also consider the terms and conditions of the leases and the credit quality of the tenants. We generally require that the properties securing these real estate loans have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization divided by interest expense and current maturities of long term debt) of at least 1.15 times. Generally, multi-family loans made to corporations, partnerships and other business entities require personal guarantees from the principals and by the owners of 20% or more of the borrower.

 A multi-family borrower's financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates, payment history reviews and periodic face-to-face meetings with the borrower. We generally require borrowers with aggregate outstanding balances exceeding $1.0 million to provide updated financial statements and federal tax returns annually. These requirements also apply to most guarantors on these loans. We also require borrowers with rental investment property to provide an annual report of income and expenses for the property, including a tenant list and copies of leases, as applicable. The average outstanding multi-family mortgage loan balance was approximately $1.5 million on December 31, 2023, with the largest outstanding balance at $16.7 million.

 Loans secured by multi-family real estate generally involve larger principal amounts than owner-occupied, one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family properties often depend on the successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy.

 Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. We also offer home equity loans and home equity lines of credit, both of which are secured by owner-occupied and non-owner occupied one- to four-family residences. At December 31, 2023, outstanding home equity loans and equity lines of credit totaled $13.2 million, or 0.8% of total loans outstanding. At December 31, 2023, the unadvanced portion of home equity lines of credit totaled $11.7 million. The underwriting standards utilized for home equity loans and home equity lines of credit include a determination of the applicant's credit history, an assessment of the applicant's ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan, and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Home equity loans are offered with adjustable rates of interest and with terms up to seven years. The loan-to-value ratio for our home equity loans and our lines of credit is generally limited to 90% when combined with the first security lien, if applicable. Our home equity lines of credit have ten-year terms and adjustable rates of interest, subject to a contractual floor, which are indexed to the prime rate, as reported in The Wall Street Journal. Interest rates on home equity lines of credit are generally limited to a maximum rate of 18%. The average outstanding home equity loan balance was approximately $52,000 at December 31, 2023, with the largest outstanding balance at that date of $498,000.

 Construction and Land Loans. We originate construction loans for the acquisition of land and the construction of single-family residences, multi-family residences, and commercial real estate buildings. At December 31, 2023, construction and land loans totaled $53.4 million, or 3.2% of total loans. A total of $76.7 million had yet to be advanced as of December 31, 2023.

 Our construction mortgage loans generally provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is typically up to nine months for single-family residences although our policy is to consider construction periods as long as three years for multi-family residences and commercial buildings. At the end of the construction phase, the construction loan converts to a longer-term mortgage loan upon stabilization. Construction loans can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 90%, provided that the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance if the owner-occupied residential loan balance exceeds 80% of the lesser of the appraised value or acquisition cost of the secured property. The average outstanding construction loan balance totaled approximately $2.8 million on December 31, 2023, with the largest outstanding balance at $10.9 million. The average outstanding land loan balance was approximately $303,000 on December 31, 2023, and the largest outstanding balance on that date was $1.1 million.

 Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We also review and inspect each property before disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed after inspection based on either the percentage of completion method or the actual cost of the completed work.

 Construction financing is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than longer-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Additionally, if the estimate of value is inaccurate, we may be confronted with a project, when completed, with a value that is insufficient to ensure full repayment of the loan.

 - 6 -

 Commercial Real Estate Loans. Commercial real estate loans totaled $300.9 million at December 31, 2023, or 18.1% of total loans, and are made up of loans secured by office and retail buildings, industrial buildings, churches, restaurants, other retail properties and mixed use properties. These loans are generally secured by property located in our primary market area. Our commercial real estate underwriting policies provide that such real estate loans may be made in amounts of up to 80% of the appraised value of the property. Commercial real estate loans are offered with interest rates that are fixed up to five years or are variable and either adjust based on a market index or at our discretion. Contractual maturities do not exceed 10 years while principal and interest payments are typically based on a 20 to 25-year amortization period. In reaching a decision whether to make a commercial real estate loan, we consider gross revenues and the net operating income of the property, the borrower's expertise and credit history, business and global cash flow, and the appraised value of the underlying property. In addition, we will also consider the terms and conditions of the leases and the credit quality of the tenants, if applicable. We generally require that the properties securing these real estate loans have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization divided by interest expense and current maturities of long term debt) of at least 1.15 times. Environmental surveys are required for commercial real estate loans when environmental risks are identified. Generally, commercial real estate loans made to corporations, partnerships and other business entities require personal guarantees by the principals and by the owners of 20% or more of the borrower.

 A commercial real estate borrower's financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates, payment history reviews and periodic face-to-face meetings with the borrower. We generally require borrowers with aggregate outstanding balances exceeding $1.0 million to provide annual updated financial statements and federal tax returns. These requirements also apply to all guarantors on these loans. We also require borrowers to provide an annual report of income and expenses for the property, including a tenant list and copies of leases, as applicable. The average commercial real estate loan in our portfolio at December 31, 2023 was approximately $1.1 million, and the largest outstanding balance at that date was $16.7 million.

 Commercial Loans. Commercial loans totaled $37.1 million at December 31, 2023, or 2.2% of total loans, and are made up of loans secured by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and real estate.

 Our commercial loans are generally made to borrowers that are located in our primary market area. Working capital lines of credit are granted for the purpose of carrying inventory and accounts receivable or purchasing equipment. These lines require that certain collateral levels must be maintained and are monitored on a monthly or quarterly basis. Working capital lines of credit are short-term loans of 12 months or less with variable interest rates. At December 31, 2023, the unadvanced portion of working capital lines of credit totaled $15.4 million. Outstanding balances fluctuate up to the maximum commitment amount based on fluctuations in the balance of the underlying collateral. Personal property loans secured by equipment are considered commercial business loans and are generally made for terms of up to 84 months and for up to 80% of the value of the underlying collateral. Interest rates on equipment loans may be either fixed or variable. Commercial business loans are generally variable rate loans with initial fixed rate periods of up to five years.

 A commercial business borrower's financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates, usually quarterly, payment history reviews and periodic face-to-face meetings with the borrower. The average outstanding commercial loan at December 31, 2023 was $502,000 and the largest outstanding balance on that date was $7.9 million.

 Origination and Servicing of Loans. All loans originated for investment are underwritten pursuant to internally developed policies and procedures. While we generally underwrite owner-occupied residential mortgage loans to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae standards, due to several unique characteristics, our loans originated prior to 2008 do not conform to the secondary market standards. The unique features of these loans include interest payments in advance of the month in which they are earned and discretionary rate adjustments that are not tied to an independent index.

 Exclusive of our mortgage banking operations, we retain in our portfolio all of the loans that we originate. At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank was not servicing any loan it originated and subsequently sold to unrelated third parties. Loan servicing includes collecting and remitting loan payments, accounting for principal and interest, contacting delinquent mortgagors, supervising foreclosures and property dispositions in the event of unremedied defaults, making certain insurance and tax payments on behalf of the borrowers and generally administering the loans.

 - 7 -

 Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. WaterStone Bank's lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by WaterStone Bank's board of directors. The loan approval process is intended to assess the borrower's ability to repay the loan, the viability of the loan and the adequacy of the value of the property that will secure the loan, if applicable. To assess the borrower's ability to repay, we review the employment and credit history and information on the historical and projected income and expenses of borrowers. Loan officers, with concurrence from independent credit officers and underwriters, are authorized to approve and close any loan that qualifies under WaterStone Bank underwriting guidelines within the following lending limits:

 Any secured mortgage loan up to $500,000 for a borrower with total outstanding loans from us of less than $1.0 million that is independently underwritten can be approved by the Chief Credit Officer or select lending personnel.

 Any secured mortgage loan up to $1.0 million can be approved by the Chief Executive Officer.

 Any secured mortgage loan ranging from $500,001 to $3.0 million or any new loan to a borrower with outstanding loans from us exceeding $1.0 million must be approved by the Officer Loan Committee.

 Any non-real estate loan up to $250,000 for a borrower with total outstanding loans from us of less than $250,000 that is independently underwritten can be approved by select lending personnel.

 Any non-real estate loan up to $500,000 for a borrower with total outstanding loans from us of less than $500,000 that is independently underwritten can be approved by the Chief Executive Officer or Business Banking Manager.

 Any non-real estate loan ranging from $500,001 to $3.0 million or any new non-real estate loan to a borrower with outstanding loans exceeding $500,000 must be approved by the Officer Loan Committee.

 Any new loan over $3.0 million must be approved by the Officer Loan Committee and the board of directors prior to closing. Any new loan to a borrower with outstanding loans from us exceeding $10.0 million must be reviewed by the board of directors.

 Asset Quality

 When a loan becomes more than 30 days delinquent, WaterStone Bank sends a letter advising the borrower of the delinquency. The borrower is given a specific date by which delinquent payments must be made or by which they must contact WaterStone Bank to make arrangements to bring the loan current over a longer period of time. If the borrower fails to bring the loan current within the specified time period or to make arrangements to cure the delinquency over a longer period of time, the matter is referred to legal counsel and foreclosure or other collection proceedings are considered.

 All loans are reviewed on a regular basis for payment performance, and loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 or more days delinquent. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received when collection of the remaining principal balance is reasonably assured.

 Non-Performing Assets. Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans and other real estate owned. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments. Additionally, whenever management becomes aware of facts or circumstances that may adversely impact the collectability of principal or interest on loans, management may place such loans on non-accrual status immediately, rather than waiting until the loan becomes 90 days past due. At the time a loan is placed on non-accrual status, previously accrued and uncollected interest on such loans is reversed and additional income is recorded only to the extent that payments are received and the collection of principal is reasonably assured. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

 - 8 -

 The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of our non-accrual loans and real estate owned at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Non-accrual loans:

 Residential

 $

 4,503

 $

 4,209

 $

 5,420

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total non-accrual loans

 4,808

 4,307

 5,574

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total real estate owned

 Total nonperforming assets

 $

 5,062

 $

 4,452

 $

 5,722

 Total non-accrual loans to total loans, net

 0.29

 %

 0.29

 %

 0.46

 %

 Total non-accrual loans to total assets

 0.22

 %

 0.21

 %

 0.25

 %

 Total nonperforming assets to total assets

 0.23

 %

 0.22

 %

 0.26

 %

 All loans that meet or exceed 90 days with respect to past due principal and interest are recognized as non-accrual. Financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty which are still on non-accrual status either due to being past due 90 days or greater, or which have not yet performed under the modified terms for a reasonable period of time, are included in the table above. In addition, loans which are past due less than 90 days are evaluated to determine the likelihood of collectability given other credit risk factors such as early stage delinquency, the nature of the collateral or the results of a borrower fiscal review. When the collection of all contractual principal and interest is determined to be unlikely, the loan is moved to non-accrual status and an updated appraisal of the underlying collateral is ordered. This process generally takes place between 60 and 90 days past contractual due dates. Upon determining the updated estimated value of the collateral, a loan loss provision is recorded to establish a specific reserve to the extent that the outstanding principal balance exceeds the updated estimated net realizable value of the collateral, which includes estimated costs of selling. When a loan is determined to be uncollectible, generally coinciding with the initiation of foreclosure action, the specific reserve is reviewed for adequacy, adjusted if necessary, and charged-off.

 The following table sets forth activity in our non-accrual loans for the years indicated.

 At and for the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 4,307

 $

 5,574

 $

 5,560

 Additions

 3,209

 3,306

 3,374

 Transfers to real estate owned

 (226

)

 -

 -

 Charge-offs

 -

 -

 (12

)

 Returned to accrual status

 (854

)

 (1,394

)

 (1,792

)

 Principal paydowns and other

 (1,628

)

 (3,179

)

 (1,556

)

 $

 4,808

 $

 4,307

 $

 5,574

 - 9 -

 Total non-accrual loans increased by $501,000 to $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to $4.3 million as of December 31, 2022. The ratio of non-accrual loans to total loans receivable was 0.29% at December 31, 2023 compared to 0.29% at December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, $226,000 of loans were transferred to real estate owned, no loans were charged off, $1.6 million in principal payments were received and $854,000 in loans were returned to accrual status. Offsetting this activity, $3.2 million in loans were placed on non-accrual status during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Of the $4.8 million in total non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2023, $2.5 million in loans have been specifically reviewed to assess whether a specific valuation allowance is necessary. A specific valuation allowance is established for an amount equal to the impairment when the carrying value of the loan exceeds the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate or the fair value of the underlying collateral with an adjustment made for costs to dispose of the asset. Based upon these specific reviews, no charge-offs have been recorded over the life of these loans as of December 31, 2023. Partially charged-off loans measured for impairment based upon net realizable collateral value are maintained in a "non-performing" status. There were no specific reserves, as of December 31, 2023. The remaining $2.3 million of non-accrual loans were reviewed on an aggregate basis as of December 31, 2023.

 The outstanding principal balance of our five largest non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2023 totaled $2.4 million, which represents 49.6% of total non-accrual loans as of that date. These five loans did not have any charge-offs or require any specific valuation allowances as of December 31, 2023.

 Interest payments received are treated as interest income on a cash basis as long as the remaining book value of the loan (i.e., after charge-off of all identified losses) is deemed to be fully collectible. If the remaining book value is not deemed to be fully collectible, all payments received are applied to unpaid principal. Determination as to the ultimate collectability of the remaining book value is supported by an updated credit department evaluation of the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment, including consideration of the borrower's sustained historical repayment performance and other relevant factors.

 There were no accruing loans past due 90 days or more during the years ended December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 Financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. The following table summarizes financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty by the Company's internal risk rating.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty

 $

 $

 $

 3,989

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 Total financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty

 $

 $

 $

 3,989

 Financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty totaled $543,000 at December 31, 2023, compared to $936,000 at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, all of the financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty were performing in accordance with their restructured terms. All financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty are considered to be impaired and are risk rated as either substandard or watch and are included in the internal risk rating tables disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Specific reserves have been established to the extent that the collateral-based impairment analyses indicate that a collateral shortfall exists or to the extent that a discounted cash flow analysis results in an impairment.

 Our financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty are short-term modifications. Typical initial restructured terms include six to twelve months of principal forbearance, a reduction in interest rate or both. Restructured terms do not include a reduction of the outstanding principal balance unless mandated by a bankruptcy court. Finance terms may be renewed or further modified at the end of the initial term for an additional period if performance has been acceptable and the short-term borrower difficulty persists.

 - 10 -

 Information with respect to the accrual status of our Financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty is provided in the following table.

 2023

 2022

 Accruing

 Non-accruing

 Accruing

 Non-accruing

 $

 -

 $

 $

 -

 $

 $

 -

 $

 $

 -

 $

 Interest payments received on non-accrual financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty are treated as interest income on a cash basis as long as the remaining book value of the loan (i.e., after charge-off of all identified losses) is deemed to be fully collectible. If the remaining book value is not deemed to be fully collectible, all payments received are applied to unpaid principal. Determination as to the ultimate collectability of the remaining book value is supported by an updated credit department evaluation of the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment, including consideration of the borrower's sustained historical repayment performance and other relevant factors.

 If a restructured loan is current in all respects and a minimum of six consecutive restructured payments have been received, it can be considered for return to accrual status. After a restructured loan that is current in all respects reverts to contractual/market terms and if a credit department review indicates no evidence of elevated market risk, the loan is removed from the financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty classification. The restructured loan will be classified as a financial receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty for at least the calendar year after the modification even after returning to a contractual/market rate and accrual status.

 Loan Delinquency. The following table summarizes loan delinquency in total dollars and as a percentage of the total loan portfolio:

 2023

 2022

 Loans past due less than 90 days

 $

 6,817

 $

 2,578

 Loans past due 90 days or more

 4,433

 3,683

 Total loans past due

 $

 11,250

 $

 6,261

 Total loans past due to total loans receivable

 0.68

 %

 0.41

 %

 Past due loans increased by $5.0 million, or 79.7%, to $11.3 million at December 31, 2023 from $6.3 million at December 31, 2022. Loans past due less than 90 days increased by $4.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in delinquent one- to four-family loans during the year ended December 31, 2023. Loans past due 90 days or more increased $750,000. The increase in loans past due 90 days or more was primarily due to an increase in one-to four-family loans receivable during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 - 11 -

 Potential Problem Loans. We define potential problem loans as substandard loans which are still accruing interest. We do not necessarily expect to realize losses on potential problem loans, but we recognize potential problem loans carry a higher probability of default and require additional attention by management. The aggregate principal amounts of potential problem loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $6.8 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Management believes it has established an adequate allowance for probable loan losses as appropriate under generally accepted accounting principles.

 Real Estate Owned. Total real estate owned was $254,000 at December 31, 2023, and $145,000 at December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was no significant activity.

 New appraisals received on real estate owned and collateral dependent impaired loans are based upon an "as is value" assumption. During the period of time in which we are awaiting receipt of an updated appraisal, loans evaluated for impairment based upon collateral value are measured by the following:

 Applying an updated adjustment factor to an existing appraisal;

 Confirming that the physical condition of the real estate has not significantly changed since the last valuation date;

 Comparing the estimated current value of the collateral to that of updated sales values experienced on similar collateral;

 Comparing the estimated current value of the collateral to that of updated values seen on current appraisals of similar collateral; and

 Comparing the estimated current value to that of updated listed sales prices on our real estate owned and that of similar properties (not owned by the Company).

 We owned three properties at December 31, 2023 and one property at December 31, 2022. Habitable real estate owned is managed with the intent of attracting a lessee to generate revenue. Foreclosed properties are transferred to real estate owned at estimated net realizable value (which includes costs to sell the property), with charge-offs, if any, charged to the allowance for loan losses upon transfer to real estate owned. The fair value is primarily based upon updated appraisals in addition to an analysis of current real estate market conditions.

 - 12 -

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses - loans for the years indicated.

 At or for the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 $

 $

 18,823

 Adoption of CECL (1)

 -

 -

 Provision (credit) for credit losses - loans

 1,030

 (3,990

)

 Charge-offs:

 Mortgage

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total charge-offs

 Recoveries:

 Mortgage

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total recoveries

 1,137

 Net charge-offs (recoveries)

 (519

)

 (945

)

 Allowance at end of period

 $

 $

 $

 Ratios:

 Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans at end of period (1)

 385.79

 %

 412.28

 %

 283.06

 %

 Allowance for credit losses to loans receivable at end of period (1)

 1.11

 %

 1.18

 %

 1.31

 %

 Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans:

 Mortgage

 0.02

 %

 0.06

 %

 (0.05

 %)

 (0.00

 %)

 (0.12

 %)

 (0.01

 %)

 (0.03

 %)

 (0.16

 %)

 (0.03

 %)

 (0.01

 %)

 0.00

 %

 (0.01

 %)

 0.00

 %

 (0.01

 %)

 0.00

 %

 4.56

 %

 2.12

 %

 0.61

 %

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding

 0.01

 %

 (0.04

 %)

 (0.07

 %)

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The prior year amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 The allowance for credit losses - loans increased $792,000 to $18.5 million at December 31, 2023 from $17.8 million at December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there was a $927,000 provision for credit losses. Additionally, net charge-offs totaled $135,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 We had net charge-offs of $135,000, or 0.01% of average loans annualized, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net recoveries of $519,000 or 0.04% of average loans annualized, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Of the $135,000 in net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2023, the majority of the activity related to loans secured by one-to four-family loan categories.

 Our underwriting policies and procedures emphasize that credit decisions must rely on both the credit quality of the borrower and the estimated value of the underlying collateral. Credit quality is assured only when the estimated value of the collateral is objectively determined and is not subject to significant fluctuation.

 The allowance for credit losses - loans has been determined in accordance with GAAP. We are responsible for the timely and periodic determination of the amount of the allowance required. Any future provisions for loan losses will continue to be based upon our assessment of the overall loan portfolio and the underlying collateral, trends in non-performing loans, current economic conditions and other relevant factors.

 - 13 -

 Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans. The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category, and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for credit losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans (1)

 % of Loans in Category to Total Loans

 % of Allowance in Category to Total Allowance

 Allowance for Loan Losses - Loans (1)

 % of Loans in Category to Total Loans

 % of Allowance in Category to Total Allowance

 Allowance for Loan Losses - Loans (1)

 % of Loans in Category to Total Loans

 % of Allowance in Category to Total Allowance

 Real estate:

 Residential

 $

 6,886

 33.12

 %

 37.12

 %

 $

 4,743

 31.09

 %

 26.71

 %

 $

 3,963

 24.92

 %

 25.12

 %

 7,318

 42.53

 %

 39.45

 %

 7,975

 44.90

 %

 44.91

 %

 5,398

 44.62

 %

 34.21

 %

 0.79

 %

 1.14

 %

 0.76

 %

 0.98

 %

 0.91

 %

 0.56

 %

 3.21

 %

 5.30

 %

 1,352

 4.14

 %

 7.61

 %

 1,386

 6.85

 %

 8.78

 %

 2,561

 18.08

 %

 13.81

 %

 3,199

 17.41

 %

 18.02

 %

 4,482

 20.79

 %

 28.41

 %

 2.23

 %

 2.88

 %

 1.65

 %

 1.50

 %

 1.85

 %

 2.71

 %

 0.04

 %

 0.30

 %

 0.05

 %

 0.26

 %

 0.06

 %

 0.21

 %

 Total allowance for credit losses - loans (1)

 $

 %

 %

 $

 %

 %

 $

 %

 %

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. 2021 amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 Our underwriting policies and procedures emphasize that credit decisions must rely on both the credit quality of the borrower and the estimated value of the underlying collateral. Credit quality is assured only when the estimated value of the collateral is objectively determined and is not subject to significant fluctuation.

 - 14 -

 The establishment of the amount of the credit loss allowance inherently involves judgments by management as to the appropriateness of the allowance, which ultimately may or may not be correct. Higher than anticipated rates of loan default would likely result in a need to increase provisions in future years.

 At December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses - loans was $18.5 million, compared to $17.8 million at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses to total loans receivable was 1.11% and 385.79% of non-performing loans, compared to 1.18%, and 412.28%, respectively at December 31, 2022. The increase in the allowance for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflects the increased size of our loan portfolio and certain qualitative factors. The overall increase was related primarily to the one- to four-family category. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the allowance for credit losses - loans.

 Mortgage Banking Activity

 In addition to the lending activities previously discussed, we also originate single-family residential mortgage loans for sale in the secondary market through Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation originated, including loans sold to WaterStone Bank, $2.12 billion in mortgage loans held for sale during the year ended December 31, 2023, which was a volume decrease of $641.8 million, or 23.2%, from the $2.76 billion originated during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in loan production volume was driven by a $424.9 million, or 17.3%, decrease in purchase products due to an increase in mortgage rates year-over-year and the decline in affordable housing inventories. Mortgage refinance products decreased $216.8 million, or 71.8% as interest rates remained high. Total mortgage banking income decreased $25.6 million, or 24.6%, to $78.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $104.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in mortgage banking noninterest income was related to a 23.2% decrease in volume and an 2.6% decrease in gross margin on loans originated and sold for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. Gross margin on those loans originated and sold is the ratio of mortgage banking income (excluding the change in interest rate lock fair value) divided by total loan originations. We sell loans on both a servicing-released and a servicing retained basis. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation has contracted with a third party to service the loans for which we retain servicing.

 Our gross margin can be affected by the mix of both loan type (conventional loans versus governmental) and loan purpose (purchase versus refinance). Conventional loans include loans that conform to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac standards, whereas governmental loans are those loans guaranteed by the federal government, such as a Federal Housing Authority or U.S. Department of Agriculture loan. Loans originated for the purchase of a residential property, which generally yield a higher margin than loans originated for refinancing existing loans, comprised 96.0% of total originations during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 89.1% of total originations during the year ended December 31, 2022. The mix of loan type trended towards more governmental loans and less conventional loans comprising 41.0% and 59.0% of all loan originations, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 29.3% and 70.7% of all loan originations, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Investment Activities

 Wauwatosa Investments, Inc. is WaterStone Bank's investment subsidiary headquartered in the State of Nevada. Wauwatosa Investments, Inc. manages the back office function for WaterStone Bank's investment portfolio. Our Chief Financial Officer and Treasury Officer are responsible for executing purchases and sales in accordance with our investment policy and monitoring the investment activities of Wauwatosa Investments, Inc. The investment policy is reviewed annually by management and changes to the policy are recommended to and subject to the approval of WaterStone Bank's board of directors. Authority to make investments under the approved investment policy guidelines is delegated by the board to designated employees. While general investment strategies are developed and authorized by management, the execution of specific actions rests with the Chief Financial Officer and Treasury Officer who may act jointly in performing security trades. The Chief Financial Officer and Treasury Officer are responsible for ensuring that the guidelines and requirements included in the investment policy are followed and that all securities are considered prudent for investment. The Chief Financial Officer and the Treasury Officer are authorized to execute investment transactions (purchases and sales) without the prior approval of the board provided they are within the scope of the established investment policy.

 Our investment policy requires that all securities transactions be conducted in a safe and sound manner. Investment decisions are based upon a thorough analysis of each security instrument to determine its quality, inherent risks, fit within our overall asset/liability management objectives, effect on our risk-based capital measurement and prospects for yield and/or appreciation.

 Consistent with our overall business and asset/liability management strategy, which focuses on sustaining adequate levels of core earnings, our investment portfolio is comprised primarily of securities that are classified as available for sale. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no investment securities were sold.

 - 15 -

 Available for Sale Portfolio

 Mortgage-backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations. We purchase mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. We invest in mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and private-label mortgage-backed securities to achieve positive interest rate spreads with minimal administrative expense, and to lower our credit risk. We regularly monitor the credit quality of this portfolio.

 Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and private-label mortgage-backed securities are created by the pooling of mortgages and the issuance of a security. These securities typically represent a participation interest in a pool of single-family or multi-family mortgages, although we focus our investments on mortgage related securities backed by one- to four-family mortgages. The issuers of such securities pool and resell the participation interests in the form of securities to investors such as WaterStone Bank, and in the case of government agency sponsored issues, guarantee the payment of principal and interest to investors. Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and private-label mortgage-backed securities generally yield less than the loans that underlie such securities because of the cost of payment guarantees, if any, and credit enhancements. These fixed-rate securities are usually more liquid than individual mortgage loans.

 At December 31, 2023, mortgage-backed securities totaled $11.2 million. The mortgage-backed securities portfolio had a weighted average yield of 2.51% and a weighted average remaining life of 10.0 years at December 31, 2023. The estimated fair value of our mortgage-backed securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $1.5 million less than the amortized cost of $12.7 million. Mortgage-backed securities valued at $183,000 were pledged as collateral for mortgage banking activities as of December 31, 2023. Mortgage-backed securities valued at $10.6 million were pledged as collateral for advances from the Federal Reserve Bank as of December 31, 2023. Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual prepayments may differ from estimated prepayments over the life of the security, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments, thereby changing the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities or if such securities are redeemed by the issuer. In addition, the fair value of such securities may be adversely affected in a rising interest rate environment, particularly since all of our mortgage-backed securities have a fixed rate of interest.

 At December 31, 2023, collateralized mortgage obligations totaled $133.5 million. At December 31, 2023, the collateralized mortgage obligations portfolio consisted entirely of securities backed by government sponsored enterprises or U.S. Government agencies. The collateralized mortgage obligations portfolio had a weighted average yield of 2.48% and a weighted average remaining life of 6.2 years at December 31, 2023. The estimated fair value of our collateralized mortgage obligations portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $19.2 million less than the amortized cost of $152.7 million. At December 31, 2023, $115.2 million in collateralized mortgage obligation securities were pledged as collateral for advances from the Federal Reserve Bank. Investments in collateralized mortgage obligations involve a risk that actual may differ from estimated prepayments over the life of the security, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments, thereby changing the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities or if such securities are redeemed by the issuer. In addition, the fair value of such securities may be adversely affected in a rising interest rate environment, particularly since all of our collateralized mortgage obligations have a fixed rate of interest.

 Private-Label Mortgage-backed Securities. At December 31, 2023, private-label mortgage-backed securities totaled $7.3 million. These securities had a weighted average yield of 3.71% and a weighted average remaining life of 6.6 years at December 31, 2023. The estimated fair value of our private-label mortgage-backed securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $801,000 less than the amortized cost of $8.1 million. Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual prepayments may differ from estimated prepayments over the life of the security, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments, thereby changing the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities or if such securities are redeemed by the issuer. In addition, the fair value of such securities may be adversely affected in a rising interest rate environment, particularly since all of our mortgage-backed securities have a fixed rate of interest.

 Government Sponsored Enterprise Bonds. At December 31, 2023, our Government sponsored enterprise bond portfolio totaled $2.3 million, all of which were issued by Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and were classified as available for sale. The weighted average yield on these securities was 0.60% and the weighted average remaining average life was 1.7 years at December 31, 2023. While these securities generally provide lower yields than other investments in our securities investment portfolio, we maintain these investments, to the extent appropriate, for liquidity purposes and prepayment protection. The estimated fair value of our government sponsored enterprise bond portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $152,000 less than the amortized cost of $2.5 million. Government sponsored enterprise bond securities valued at $2.3 million were pledged as collateral for advances from the Federal Reserve Bank as of December 31, 2023

 Municipal Obligations. These securities consist of obligations issued by school districts, counties and municipalities or their agencies and include general obligation bonds, industrial development revenue bonds and other revenue bonds. Our investment policy requires that such municipal obligations be rated A+ or better by a nationally recognized rating agency at the date of purchase. A security that is downgraded below investment grade will require additional analysis of creditworthiness and a determination will be made to hold or dispose of the investment. We regularly monitor the credit quality of this portfolio. At December 31, 2023, our municipal obligations portfolio totaled $39.5 million, all of which was classified as available for sale. The weighted average yield on this portfolio was 4.39% at December 31, 2023, with a weighted average remaining life of 7.3 years. The estimated fair value of our municipal obligations bond portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $184,000 more than the amortized cost of $39.3 million.

 - 16 -

 Other Debt Securities. As of December 31, 2023, we held other debt securities in the portfolio that totaled $11.2 million. Other debt securities consists of two corporate bonds. The weighted average yield on this portfolio was 3.02% at December 31, 2023, with a weighted average remaining life of 6.3 years. We regularly monitor the credit quality of this portfolio. The unrealized losses for the other debt securities is due to the current slope of the yield curve. One security earns a floating rate that is indexed to the 10 year Treasury interest rate.

 As of December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit losses on securities was recognized. The Company does not consider its securities with unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. Furthermore, the Company does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost.

 Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The composition and maturities of the debt securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 are summarized in the following table. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment dates and do not reflect the impact of prepayments or early redemptions that may occur. Municipal obligation yields have not been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis. Certain mortgage related securities have interest rates that are adjustable and will reprice annually within the various maturity ranges. These repricing schedules are not reflected in the table below.

 One Year or Less

 More than One Year through Five Years

 More than Five Years through Ten Years

 More than Ten Years

 Total Securities

 Cost

 Yield

 Cost

 Yield

 Cost

 Yield

 Cost

 Yield

 Cost

 Yield

 Debt securities available for sale:

 $

 5.43

 %

 $

 3,864

 2.68

 %

 $

 3.47

 %

 $

 7,946

 2.31

 %

 $

 12,651

 2.51

 %

 2,602

 3.47

 %

 42,208

 3.96

 %

 106,319

 1.89

 %

 1,571

 1.01

 %

 152,700

 2.48

 %

 -

 -

 7.43

 %

 7,397

 3.38

 %

 -

 -

 8,061

 3.71

 %

 -

 -

 2,500

 0.60

 %

 -

 -

 -

 -

 2,500

 0.60

 %

 Municipal obligations

 7,380

 3.49

 %

 8,390

 4.44

 %

 7,158

 5.25

 %

 16,376

 4.41

 %

 39,304

 4.39

 %

 -

 -

 -

 -

 12,500

 3.02

 %

 -

 -

 12,500

 3.02

 %

 Total debt securities available for sale

 $

 10,033

 3.49

 %

 $

 57,626

 3.84

 %

 $

 134,164

 2.27

 %

 $

 25,893

 3.56

 %

 $

 227,716

 2.86

 %

 Sources of Funds

 General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also rely on advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and borrowings from other commercial banks in the form of repurchase agreements collateralized by investment securities. In addition to deposits and borrowings, we derive funds from scheduled loan payments, investment maturities, loan prepayments, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing market interest rates, economic conditions and competition from other financial institutions.

 Deposits. A majority of our depositors are persons or businesses who work, reside, or are located in Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties and, to a lesser extent, other southeastern Wisconsin communities. We offer a selection of deposit instruments, including checking, savings, money market deposit accounts, and fixed-term certificates of deposit. Deposit account terms vary, with the principal differences being the minimum balance required, the amount of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate. As of December 31, 2023, certificates of deposit comprised 61.3% of total customer deposits, and had a weighted average cost of 3.02% on that date. Our reliance on certificates of deposit has resulted in a higher cost of funds than would otherwise be the case if demand deposits, savings and money market accounts made up a larger part of our deposit base. Development of our branch network and expansion of our commercial products and services and aggressively seeking lower cost savings, checking and money market accounts are expected to result in decreased reliance on higher-cost certificates of deposit.

 Interest rates paid, maturity terms, service fees and withdrawal penalties are established on a periodic basis. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current operating strategies and market rates, liquidity requirements, rates paid by competitors and growth goals. To attract and retain deposits, we rely upon personalized customer service, long-standing relationships and competitive interest rates. We also provide remote deposit capture, internet banking and mobile banking.

 The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market and other prevailing interest rates and competition. The variety of deposit accounts that we offer allows us to be competitive in obtaining funds and responding to changes in consumer demand. Based on historical experience, management believes our deposits are relatively stable. The ability to attract and maintain money market accounts and certificates of deposit, and the rates paid on these deposits, has been and will continue to be significantly affected by market conditions. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $730.3 million and $642.3 million of our deposit accounts were certificates of deposit, of which $622.4 million and $502.3 million, respectively, had remaining maturities of one year or less.

 Deposits decreased by $8.4 million, or 0.7%, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. The decrease in deposits was the result of a $96.4 million, or 17.3%, decrease in total transaction accounts offset by an $88.0 million, or 13.7% increase in time deposits. The Company had no deposits obtained directly from brokers as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 - 17 -

 The following table sets forth the distribution of total deposit accounts, by account type, at the dates indicated.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Average Cost of Funds

 Ending Weighted Average Yield

 Average Cost of Funds

 Ending Weighted Average Yield

 Average Cost of Funds

 Ending Weighted Average Yield

 Deposit type:

 Demand deposits

 $

 120,321

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 $

 159,495

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 $

 146,767

 0.00

 %

 0.00

 %

 NOW accounts

 80,143

 0.10

 %

 0.11

 %

 72,751

 0.08

 %

 0.08

 %

 64,653

 0.08

 %

 0.08

 %

 Regular savings

 61,980

 0.15

 %

 0.14

 %

 69,988

 0.04

 %

 0.13

 %

 69,988

 0.04

 %

 0.03

 %

 Money market and savings deposits

 247,139

 1.80

 %

 2.25

 %

 321,182

 0.37

 %

 1.41

 %

 293,942

 0.30

 %

 0.27

 %

 Total transaction accounts

 509,583

 0.91

 %

 1.08

 %

 623,416

 0.20

 %

 0.66

 %

 575,350

 0.17

 %

 0.15

 %

 Certificates of deposit

 700,034

 3.02

 %

 3.92

 %

 602,332

 0.60

 %

 1.52

 %

 675,495

 0.51

 %

 0.38

 %

 Total deposits

 $

 1,209,617

 2.13

 %

 2.81

 %

 $

 1,225,748

 0.40

 %

 1.12

 %

 $

 1,250,845

 0.35

 %

 0.27

 %

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate balance of uninsured deposits of $250,000 or more was $287.9 million and $313.3 million, respectively. The Company does not have uninsured deposits less than $250,000 in aggregate balance. The following table sets forth the maturity of uninsured certificates of deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 2023

 2022

 Due in:

 Three months or less

 $

 36,974

 $

 26,246

 Over three months through six months

 22,335

 20,371

 Over six months through 12 months

 43,303

 40,637

 Over 12 months

 7,662

 23,681

 $

 110,274

 $

 110,935

 Borrowings. Our borrowings at December 31, 2023 consisted of $464.0 million in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, $145.0 million in short-term borrowings with the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB"), and $2.1 million outstanding balance in short-term repurchase agreements used to fund loans held for sale. The following table sets forth information concerning balances and interest rates on borrowings at the dates and for the periods indicated.

 At or For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Borrowings:

 Balance outstanding at end of year

 $

 $

 $

 477,127

 Weighted average interest rate at the end of year

 4.62

 %

 3.68

 %

 2.02

 %

 Average balances outstanding during the year

 $

 532,248

 $

 348,482

 $

 479,262

 Weighted average interest rate during the year

 4.37

 %

 2.42

 %

 2.08

 %

 - 18 -

 Human Capital

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 698 full-time equivalent employees. A total of 182 are WaterStone Bank employees and 516 are employees of Waterstone Mortgage Corporation. We believe we are able to attract and retain top talent by creating a culture that challenges and engages our employees, offering them opportunities to learn, grow and achieve their career goals. Further, our commitment to a culture of inclusion is integral to our goal of attracting and retaining the best talent and ultimately driving our business performance. Our Diversity and Inclusion strategy includes regular training and development for all employees and partnerships with non-profit organizations that share in our inclusion mission. Our employees participate in a wide array of volunteer activities and we support their charitable giving by matching employee contributions to qualified nonprofit organizations.

 We offer comprehensive compensation and benefits packages to our employees including a 401k Plan, Employee Stock Ownership Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off and certain family assistance programs, including paid family leave, flexible work arrangements, amongst others. We also offer stock-based compensation to certain management personnel as a way to attract and retain key talent. See Note 10 - Stock Based Compensation, Note 11 - Employee Benefit Plans, and Note 12 - Employee Stock Ownership Plan to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 for further discussion of our stock-based compensation and benefit plans.

 Supervision and Regulation

 General

 WaterStone Bank is a stock savings bank organized under the laws of the State of Wisconsin. The lending, investment, and other business operations of WaterStone Bank are governed by Wisconsin law and regulations, as well as applicable federal law and regulations, and WaterStone Bank is prohibited from engaging in any operations not authorized by such laws and regulations. WaterStone Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the WDFI and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. This regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which an institution may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Deposit Insurance Fund and depositors, and not for the protection of security holders. WaterStone Bank also is regulated to a lesser extent by the Federal Reserve Board, governing reserves to be maintained against deposits and other matters. WaterStone Bank also is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

 Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels; restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; determine the adequacy of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees. Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings institutions relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings, sensitivity to market risk, and other factors. These ratings are inherently subjective and the receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in supervisory or enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as WaterStone Bank or Waterstone Financial, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock, acquire other financial institutions or establish new branches.

 In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.

 As a savings and loan holding company, Waterstone Financial is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. It is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board. Waterstone Financial is also subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws.

 Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the WDFI, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board, Wisconsin legislature, or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of Waterstone Financial, WaterStone Bank and Waterstone Mortgage Corporation.

 Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are or will be applicable to WaterStone Bank, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation and Waterstone Financial. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on WaterStone Bank, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation and Waterstone Financial.

 - 19 -

 Intrastate and Interstate Merger and Branching Activities

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Any Wisconsin savings bank meeting certain requirements may, upon approval of the WDFI, establish one or more branch offices in the state of Wisconsin and the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. In addition, upon WDFI approval, a Wisconsin savings bank may establish a branch office in any other state as the result of a merger or consolidation.

 Federal Law and Regulation. Federal law permits the federal banking agencies to, under certain circumstances, approve acquisition transactions between banks located in different states, regardless of whether an acquisition would be prohibited under state law. Federal law also authorizes de novo branching into another state at locations at which banks chartered by the host state could establish a branch.

 Loans and Investments

 Wisconsin Law and Regulations. Under Wisconsin law and regulation, WaterStone Bank is authorized to make, invest in, sell, purchase, participate or otherwise deal in mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans without geographic restriction, including loans made on the security of residential and commercial property. Wisconsin savings banks also may lend funds on a secured or unsecured basis for business, commercial or agricultural purposes, provided the total of all such loans does not exceed 20% of the savings bank's total assets, unless the WDFI authorizes a greater amount. Loans are subject to certain other limitations, including percentage restrictions based on total assets.

 Wisconsin savings banks may invest funds in certain types of debt and equity securities, including obligations of federal, state and local governments and agencies. Subject to prior approval of the WDFI, compliance with capital requirements and certain other restrictions, Wisconsin savings banks may invest in residential housing development projects. Wisconsin savings banks may also invest in service corporations or subsidiaries with the prior approval of the WDFI, subject to certain restrictions. Similarly, the line of credit that WaterStone Bank provides to Waterstone Mortgage Corporation is subject to the approval of the WDFI.

 Wisconsin savings banks may make loans and extensions of credit, both direct and indirect, to one borrower in amounts up to 20% of the savings bank's capital plus an additional 5% for loans fully secured by readily marketable collateral. In addition, and notwithstanding the 20% of capital and additional 5% of capital limitations set forth above, Wisconsin savings banks may make loans to one borrower, or a related group of borrowers, for any purpose in an amount not to exceed $500,000, or to develop domestic residential housing units in an amount not to exceed the lesser of $30 million or 30% of the savings bank's capital, subject to certain conditions. At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank did not have any loans which exceeded the "loans-to-one borrower" limitations.

 In addition, under Wisconsin law, WaterStone Bank must qualify for and maintain a level of qualified thrift investments equal to 60% of its assets as prescribed in Section 7701(a)(19) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. A Wisconsin savings bank that fails to meet this qualified thrift lender test becomes subject to certain operating restrictions otherwise applicable only to commercial banks. At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank maintained 88.1% of its assets in qualified thrift investments and therefore met the qualified thrift lender requirement.

 Federal Law and Regulation. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulations also govern the equity investments of WaterStone Bank and, notwithstanding Wisconsin law and regulations, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulations prohibit WaterStone Bank from making certain equity investments and generally limit WaterStone Bank's equity investments to those that are permissible for national banks and their subsidiaries. Under Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulations, WaterStone Bank must obtain prior Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation approval before directly, or indirectly through a majority-owned subsidiary, engaging "as principal" in any activity that is not permissible for a national bank unless certain exceptions apply. The activity regulations provide that state banks that meet applicable minimum capital requirements would be permitted to engage in certain activities that are not permissible for national banks, including certain real estate and securities activities conducted through subsidiaries. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation will not approve an activity that it determines presents a significant risk to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance fund. The current activities of WaterStone Bank and its subsidiaries are permissible under applicable federal regulations.

 Loans to, and other transactions with, affiliates of WaterStone Bank, such as Waterstone Financial, are restricted by the Federal Reserve Act and regulations issued by the Federal Reserve Board thereunder. See "Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders" below.

 Lending Standards

 Federal Law and Regulation. The federal banking agencies have adopted uniform regulations prescribing standards for extensions of credit that are secured by liens on interests in real estate or made for the purpose of financing the construction of a building or other improvements to real estate. Under the joint regulations adopted by the federal banking agencies, all insured depository institutions, such as WaterStone Bank, must adopt and maintain written policies that establish appropriate limits and standards for extensions of credit that are secured by liens or interests in real estate or are made for the purpose of financing permanent improvements to real estate. These policies must establish loan portfolio diversification standards, prudent underwriting standards (including loan-to-value limits) that are clear and measurable, loan administration procedures, and loan documentation, approval and reporting requirements. The real estate lending policies must reflect consideration of the Interagency Guidelines for Real Estate Lending Policies ("Interagency Guidelines") that have been adopted by the federal bank regulators.

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 The Interagency Guidelines, among other things, require a depository institution to establish internal loan-to-value limits for real estate loans that are not in excess of the following supervisory limits:

 for loans secured by raw land, the supervisory loan-to-value limit is 65% of the value of the collateral;

 for land development loans (i.e., loans for the purpose of improving unimproved property prior to the erection of structures), the supervisory limit is 75%;

 for loans for the construction of commercial, over four-family or other non-residential property, the supervisory limit is 80%;

 for loans for the construction of one- to four-family properties, the supervisory limit is 85%; and

 for loans secured by other improved property (e.g., farmland, completed commercial property and other income-producing property, including non-owner occupied, one- to four-family property), the limit is 85%.

 Although no supervisory loan-to-value limit has been established for permanent mortgages on owner-occupied, one- to four-family and home equity loans, the Interagency Guidelines state that for any such loan with a loan-to-value ratio that equals or exceeds 90% at origination, an institution should require appropriate credit enhancement in the form of either mortgage insurance or readily marketable collateral.

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Under Wisconsin law, WaterStone Bank is permitted to establish deposit accounts and accept deposits. WaterStone Bank's board of directors, or its designee, determines the rate and amount of interest to be paid on or credited to deposit accounts subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limitations.

 Deposit Insurance

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Under Wisconsin law, WaterStone Bank is required to obtain and maintain insurance on its deposits from a deposit insurance corporation. The deposits of WaterStone Bank are insured up to the applicable limits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

 Federal Law and Regulation. WaterStone Bank is a member of the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. WaterStone Bank's deposit accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per depositor per account ownership category.

 The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation imposes an assessment against all insured depository institutions. An institution's assessment rate depends upon the perceived risk of the institution to the Deposit Insurance Fund, with less risky institutions paying lower rates. Currently, assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of total assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical models estimating the probability of failure within three years. Effective January 1, 2023, assessment rates for institutions of WaterStone Bank's size range from 2.5 to 32 basis points of an institution's total assets less tangible capital. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation may increase or decrease the range of assessments uniformly, except that no adjustment can deviate more than two basis points from the base assessment rate without notice and comment rulemaking.

 The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has the authority to increase insurance assessments. A significant increase in insurance premiums would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of WaterStone Bank. We cannot predict what deposit insurance assessment rates will be in the future.

 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition imposed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance.

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 Capitalization

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Wisconsin savings banks are required to maintain a minimum capital to total assets ratio of 6% and must maintain total capital necessary to ensure the continuation of insurance of deposit accounts by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. If the WDFI determines that the financial condition, history, management or earning prospects of a savings bank are not adequate, the WDFI may require a higher minimum capital level for the savings bank. If a Wisconsin savings bank's capital ratio falls below the required level, the WDFI may direct the savings bank to adhere to a specific written plan established by the WDFI to correct the savings bank's capital deficiency, as well as a number of other restrictions on the savings bank's operations, including a prohibition on the payment of dividends. At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank's capital to assets ratio, as calculated under Wisconsin law, was 14.42%.

 Federal Law and Regulation. Federal regulations require Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio.

 Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised an opt-out election regarding the treatment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values. Institutions that have not exercised the AOCI opt-out have AOCI incorporated into common equity Tier 1 capital (including unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale-securities). WaterStone Bank exercised its AOCI opt-out election. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.

 In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted asset above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

 In assessing an institution's capital adequacy, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation takes into consideration, not only these numeric factors, but qualitative factors as well, including the bank's exposure to interest rate risk. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where deemed necessary due to a determination that an institution's capital levels are, or are likely to become, inadequate in light of particular circumstances.

 Legislation enacted in 2018 required the federal banking agencies, including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, to establish a "community bank leverage ratio" of between 8 to 10% of average total consolidated assets for qualifying institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. Institutions with capital meeting the specified requirements and electing to follow the alternative framework are deemed to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. A qualifying institution may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio on its quarterly call report.

 The optional community bank leverage ratio has currently been established at 9%. WaterStone Bank has not opted into the community bank leverage ratio.

 Safety and Soundness Standards

 Each federal banking agency, including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, has adopted guidelines establishing general standards relating to internal controls, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits, and information security. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risks and exposures specified in the guidelines. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director, or principal shareholder.

 Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action

 Federal bank regulatory authorities are required to take "prompt corrective action" with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the statute establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. Under the regulations, a bank is deemed to be (i) "well capitalized" if it has total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or more, has a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or more, has a Tier 1 leveraged capital ratio of 5.0% or more and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or more, and is not subject to any written capital order or directive; (ii) "adequately capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or more, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or more, a Tier 1 leveraged capital ratio of 4.0% or more and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or more, and does not meet the definition of "well capitalized"; (iii) "undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio that is less than 4.0%, a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio that is less than 3.0%, or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%; (iv) "significantly undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 6.0% and a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%; and (v) "critically undercapitalized" if it has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.

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 Federal law and regulations also specify circumstances under which a federal banking agency may reclassify a well capitalized institution as adequately capitalized and may require an institution classified as less than well capitalized to comply with supervisory actions as if it were in the next lower category (except that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation may not reclassify a significantly undercapitalized institution as critically undercapitalized).

 The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation may order savings banks that have insufficient capital to take corrective actions. For example, a savings bank that is categorized as "undercapitalized" is subject to growth limitations and is required to submit a capital restoration plan, and a holding company that controls such a savings bank is required to guarantee that the savings bank complies with the capital restoration plan. A "significantly undercapitalized" savings bank may be subject to additional restrictions. Savings banks deemed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to be "critically undercapitalized" generally would be subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator.

 At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank was considered well-capitalized with a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 18.99%, Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 15.62%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 18.999% and a total risk based capital ratio of 20.10%.

 A qualifying institution whose Tier 1 capital equals or exceeds the specified community bank leverage ratio and opts into that framework will be considered well capitalized for prompt corrective action purposes.

 Dividends

 Under Wisconsin law and applicable regulations, a Wisconsin savings bank that meets its regulatory capital requirements may declare dividends on capital stock based upon net profits, provided that its paid-in surplus equals its capital stock. In addition, prior WDFI approval is required before dividends exceeding 50% of net profits for any calendar year may be declared and before a stock dividend may be declared out of retained earnings. Under WDFI regulations, a Wisconsin savings bank which has converted from mutual to stock form also is prohibited from paying a dividend on its capital stock if the payment causes the regulatory capital of the savings bank to fall below the amount required for its liquidation account.

 The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has the authority to prohibit WaterStone Bank from paying dividends if, in its opinion, the payment of dividends would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice in light of the financial condition of WaterStone Bank. Institutions may not pay dividends if they would be "undercapitalized" following payment of the dividend within the meaning of the prompt corrective action regulations.

 Information with respect to regulations and guidance governing dividends declared and paid by Waterstone Financial is disclosed under "Holding Company Dividends."

 Liquidity and Reserves

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Under WDFI regulations, all Wisconsin savings banks are required to maintain a certain amount of their assets as liquid assets, consisting of cash and certain types of investments. The exact amount of assets a savings bank is required to maintain as liquid assets is set by the WDFI, but generally ranges from 4% to 15% of the savings bank's average daily balance of net withdrawable accounts plus short-term borrowings (the "Required Liquidity Ratio"). At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank's Required Liquidity Ratio was 8.0%. In addition, 50% of the liquid assets maintained by a Wisconsin savings bank must consist of "primary liquid assets," which are defined to include, among other things, securities issued by the United States Government, United States Government agencies, or the state of Wisconsin or a subdivision thereof, and cash. For further details, see "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section.

 Federal Law and Regulation. Under federal law and regulations, WaterStone Bank is required to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure safe and sound banking practices. Regulation D, promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board, imposes reserve requirements on all depository institutions, including WaterStone Bank, which maintain transaction accounts or non-personal time deposits. Checking accounts, NOW accounts, Super NOW checking accounts, and certain other types of accounts that permit payments or transfers to third parties fall within the definition of transaction accounts and are subject to Regulation D reserve requirements, as are any non-personal time deposits (including certain money market deposit accounts) at a savings institution. However, effective March 26, 2020, the Federal Reserve Board reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero, thereby effectively eliminating the requirements. The Federal Reserve Board took that action due to a change in its approach to monetary policy; it has indicated that it currently has no plans to re-impose reserve requirements but could in the future if conditions warrant.

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 Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

 Wisconsin Law and Regulation. Under Wisconsin law, a savings bank may not make a loan to a person owning 10% or more of its stock, an affiliated person (including a director, officer, or controlling person, the spouse of such individual, or a member of the immediate family of such person who is living in the same residence or who is a director or officer of a subsidiary of the bank or of a holding company of the bank), agent, or attorney of the savings bank, either individually or as an agent or partner of another, except as under the rules of the WDFI and regulations of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In addition, unless the prior approval of the WDFI is obtained, a savings bank may not purchase, lease or acquire a site for an office building or an interest in real estate from an officer, director, employee, or a shareholder owning more than 10% of its capital stock, or from any firm, corporation, entity or family in which an officer, director, employee or 10% shareholder has a direct or indirect interest.

 Federal Law and Regulation. Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act govern transactions between an insured savings bank, such as WaterStone Bank, and any of its affiliates, including Waterstone Financial. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted Regulation W, which comprehensively implements and interprets Sections 23A and 23B, in part by codifying prior Federal Reserve Board interpretations under Sections 23A and 23B. Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act are made applicable to WaterStone Bank through Section 18(j) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, and Regulation W is made applicable through Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulation.

 An affiliate of a savings bank includes, among other things, any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the savings bank. A subsidiary of a savings bank that is not also a depository institution or a "financial subsidiary" under federal law is generally not treated as an affiliate of the savings bank for the purposes of Sections 23A and 23B and Regulation W; however, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has the discretion to treat subsidiaries of a savings bank as affiliates on a case-by-case basis. Section 23A and Regulation W limit the extent to which a savings bank or its subsidiaries may engage in "covered transactions" with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10% of such savings bank's capital stock and surplus, and limit all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20% of such capital stock and surplus. The term "covered transaction" includes the making of loans, purchase of assets, issuance of guarantees and other similar types of transactions with affiliates. "Covered transactions" must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices. Further, most loans and other extensions of credit by a savings bank to any of its affiliates must be secured by collateral in amounts ranging from 100% to 130% of the loan amounts, depending on the type of collateral. In addition, under Section 23B and Regulation W, any affiliate transaction must be on terms and under circumstances that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the savings bank as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving a non-affiliate.

 A savings bank's loans to its and its affiliates' executive officers, directors, any owner of more than 10% of its stock (each, an insider) and any of certain entities controlled by any such person (an insider's related interests) are subject to the conditions and limitations imposed by Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation O thereunder, as made applicable to WaterStone Bank by Section 18(j) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulation. Under these restrictions, the aggregate amount of the loans to any insider and the insider's related interests may not exceed the loans-to-one-borrower limit applicable to national banks (which is generally 15% of unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus). Aggregate loans by a savings bank to its insiders and insiders' related interests in the aggregate may not exceed the savings bank's unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. With certain exceptions, loans to an executive officer, other than loans for the education of the officer's children and certain loans secured by the officer's primary residence, may not exceed the greater of $25,000 or 2.5% of the savings bank's unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus, but in no event more than $100,000. Regulation O also requires that any proposed loan to an insider or a related interest of that insider be approved in advance by a majority of the board of directors of the savings bank, with any interested director not participating in the voting, if such loan, when aggregated with any existing loans to that insider and the insider's related interests, would exceed either $500,000 or the greater of $25,000 or 5% of the savings bank's unimpaired capital and surplus. Generally, such loans must be made on substantially the same terms as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are no less stringent than, those that are prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and must not present more than a normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features.

 An exception to the requirement is made for extensions of credit made pursuant to a benefit or compensation plan of a savings bank that is widely available to employees of the bank and that does not give any preference to insiders of the bank over other employees of the bank. Consistent with these requirements, WaterStone Bank offered employees special terms for home mortgage loans on their principal residences. Effective April 1, 2006, this program was discontinued for new loan originations. Under the terms of the discontinued program, the employee interest rate is based on WaterStone Bank's cost of funds on December 31st of the immediately preceding year and is adjusted annually. At December 31, 2023, the rate of interest on an employee rate mortgage loan was 1.75%, compared to the weighted average rate of 5.35% on all single family mortgage loans. This rate will increase to 3.45% effective March 1, 2024. Employee rate mortgage loans totaled $456,000, or 0.1%, of our single family residential mortgage loan portfolio on December 31, 2023.

 Transactions between WaterStone Bank Customers and Affiliates

 Wisconsin savings banks, such as WaterStone Bank, are subject to the prohibitions on certain tying arrangements. Subject to certain exceptions, a savings bank is prohibited from extending credit to or offering any other service to a customer, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that such customer obtain some additional service from the institution or certain of its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution or its affiliates.

 Examinations and Assessments

 WaterStone Bank is required to file periodic reports with and is subject to periodic examinations by the WDFI and FDIC. WaterStone Bank is required to pay examination fees and annual assessments to fund its supervision. Federal regulations require annual on-site examinations for all depository institutions except certain well-capitalized and highly rated institutions with assets of less than $3 billion which are examined every 18 months.

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 Customer Privacy

 Under Wisconsin and federal law and regulations, savings banks, such as WaterStone Bank, are required to develop and maintain privacy policies relating to information on its customers, restrict access to and establish procedures to protect customer data. Applicable privacy regulations further restrict the sharing of non-public customer data with non-affiliated parties if the customer requests.

 Community Reinvestment Act

 Under the Community Reinvestment Act, WaterStone Bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with its safe and sound operation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The Community Reinvestment Act does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution's discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the Community Reinvestment Act. The Community Reinvestment Act requires the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, in connection with its examination of WaterStone Bank, to assess WaterStone Bank's record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take that record into account in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's evaluation of certain applications by WaterStone Bank. For example, federal regulations specify that a bank's Community Reinvestment Act performance will be considered in its expansion (e.g., branching or merger) proposals and may be the basis for approving, denying or conditioning the approval of an application. As of the date of its most recent regulatory examination, WaterStone Bank was rated "satisfactory" with respect to its Community Reinvestment Act compliance. On October 24, 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal Reserve Board, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the federal Community Reinvestment Act regulations. Under the final rule, banks with assets of at least $2 billion as of December 31 in both of the prior two calendar years will be a "large bank." The agencies will evaluate large banks under four performance tests: the Retail Lending Test, the Retail Services and Products Test, the Community Development Financing Test, and the Community Development Services Test. The applicability date for the majority of the provisions in the Community Reinvestment Act regulations is January 1, 2026, and additional requirements will be applicable on January 1, 2027.

 Federal Home Loan Bank System

 The Federal Home Loan Bank System, consisting of 11 Federal Home Loan Banks, is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. The designated duties of the Federal Housing Finance Agency include supervising the Federal Home Loan Banks; ensuring that the Federal Home Loan Banks carry out their housing finance mission; ensuring that the Federal Home Loan Banks remain adequately capitalized and able to raise funds in the capital markets; and ensuring that the Federal Home Loan Banks operate in a safe and sound manner.

 WaterStone Bank, as a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago in specified amounts. WaterStone Bank is in compliance with this requirement with an investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock of $20.9 million at December 31, 2023.

 Among other benefits, the Federal Home Loan Banks provide a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. It is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the Federal Home Loan Bank System. It makes advances to members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency and the board of directors of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank had $464.0 million in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago.

 USA PATRIOT Act

 The USA PATRIOT Act gives the federal government powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. The USA PATRIOT Act also required the federal banking agencies to take into consideration the effectiveness of controls designed to combat money laundering activities in determining whether to approve a merger or other acquisition application of a member institution. Accordingly, if we engage in a merger or other acquisition, our controls designed to combat money laundering would be considered as part of the application process. We have established policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws, including the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act, and implementing regulations thereunder.

 Regulation of Waterstone Mortgage Corporation

 Waterstone Mortgage Corporation is subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations and may be subject to various judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions on its business. These laws, regulations and judicial and administrative decisions to which Waterstone Mortgage Corporation is subject include those pertaining to: real estate settlement procedures; fair lending; fair credit reporting; truth in lending; compliance with net worth and financial statement delivery requirements; compliance with federal and state disclosure and licensing requirements; the establishment of maximum interest rates, finance charges and other charges; secured transactions; collection, foreclosure, repossession and claims-handling procedures; other trade practices and privacy regulations providing for the use and safeguarding of non-public personal financial information of borrowers; and guidance on non-traditional mortgage loans issued by the federal financial regulatory agencies.

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 Holding Company Regulation

 Waterstone Financial is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over Waterstone Financial and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, that authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to WaterStone Bank. In addition, any company that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, more than 25% of the voting securities of a state savings bank is subject to regulation as a savings bank holding company by the WDFI. Waterstone Financial is subject to regulation as a savings bank holding company under Wisconsin law. However, the WDFI has not issued specific regulations governing stock savings bank holding companies.

 The business activities of savings and loan holding companies are generally limited to those activities permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act, subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and certain additional activities authorized by Federal Reserve Board regulations, unless the holding company has elected "financial holding company" status. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, including underwriting equity securities and insurance as well as activities that are incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. Waterstone Financial has not elected financial holding company status. Federal law generally prohibits the acquisition of more than 5% of a class of voting stock of a company engaged in impermissible activities.

 Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company without prior written approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and from acquiring or retaining control of any depository institution not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the Federal Reserve Board must consider such things as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on and the risk to the deposit insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors. A savings and loan holding company may not acquire a savings institution in another state and hold the target institution as a separate subsidiary unless it is a supervisory acquisition under Section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or the law of the state in which the target is located authorizes such acquisitions by out-of-state companies.

 The Federal Reserve Board is required to impose upon bank and savings and loan holding companies consolidated regulatory capital requirements that are equally stringent as those applicable to the subsidiary depository institutions. However, the "small holding company" exception for holding companies with less than $3 billion of consolidated assets, such as Waterstone Financial, generally results in such companies not being subject to the requirements unless otherwise advised by the Federal Reserve Board.

 The Dodd-Frank Act extended the "source of strength" doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. The Federal Reserve Board promulgated regulations implementing the "source of strength" policy, which requires holding companies to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

 The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank and savings and loan holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the holding company's net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund a proposed dividend or the holding company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the holding company's capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. The guidance also provides for prior consultation with supervisory staff for material increases in the amount of a holding company's common stock dividend. The policy statement also states that a holding company should inform the Federal Reserve Board supervisory staff, to provide opportunity for supervisory review and possible objection, prior to redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or if the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction, as of the end of a quarter, in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of Waterstone Financial to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

 Holding Company Dividends

 Waterstone Financial is not permitted to pay dividends on its common stock if its stockholders' equity would be reduced below the amount of the liquidation account established by Waterstone Financial in connection with the conversion. In addition, Waterstone Financial is subject to relevant state corporate law limitations and federal bank regulatory policy on the payment of dividends. Maryland law, which is the state of Waterstone Financial's incorporation, generally limits dividends if the corporation would not be able to pay its debts in the usual course of business after giving effect to the dividend or if the corporation's total assets would be less than the corporation's total liabilities plus the amount needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights on dissolution are superior to those receiving the distribution.

 The dividend rate and continued payment of dividends will depend on a number of factors, including our capital requirements, our financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations, statutory and regulatory limitations, and general economic conditions.

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 Federal Securities Laws Regulation

 Securities Exchange Act. Waterstone Financial common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Waterstone Financial is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 Shares of common stock purchased by persons who are not affiliates of Waterstone Financial may be resold without registration. Shares purchased by an affiliate of Waterstone Financial are subject to the resale restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933. If Waterstone Financial meets the current public information requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, each affiliate of Waterstone Financial that complies with the other conditions of Rule 144, including those that require the affiliate's sale to be aggregated with those of other persons, would be able to sell in the public market, without registration, a number of shares not to exceed, in any three-month period, the greater of 1% of the outstanding shares of Waterstone Financial, or the average weekly volume of trading in the shares during the preceding four calendar weeks. In the future, Waterstone Financial may permit affiliates to have their shares registered for sale under the Securities Act of 1933.

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. We have policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with this Act and its implementing regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with this Act and its implementing regulations.

 Change in Control Regulations

 Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire control of a savings and loan holding company such as Waterstone Financial unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days' prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under the Change in Bank Control Act, means ownership, control of or the power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting stock. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a savings and loan holding company's voting stock constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under the applicable regulations under certain circumstances including where, as is the case with Waterstone Financial, the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 In addition, the Savings and Loan Holding Company Act provides that no company may acquire control of a savings and loan holding company (as "control" is defined for purposes of that statute) without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Any company that acquires such control becomes a "savings and loan holding company" subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board. Effective September 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve Board adopted changes to its regulatory definition of "control" under the Savings and Loan Holding Company Act. Relevant factors include a company's voting and nonvoting equity interests in the savings and loan holding company, director, officer and employee overlaps and the scope of business relationships between the company and the savings and loan holding company or its subsidiary institution.

 Federal and State Taxation

 Federal Taxation

 General. Waterstone Financial and subsidiaries are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. Waterstone Financial and subsidiaries constitute an affiliated group of corporations and, therefore, are eligible to report their income on a consolidated basis. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize certain pertinent federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to Waterstone Financial or WaterStone Bank. The Company is no longer subject to federal tax examinations for years before 2019.

 Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, Waterstone Financial currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal income tax returns.

 Bad Debt Reserves. Prior to the Small Business Protection Act of 1996 (the "1996 Act"), WaterStone Bank was permitted to establish a reserve for bad debts and to make annual additions to the reserve. These additions could, within specified formula limits, be deducted in arriving at our taxable income. As a result of the 1996 Act, WaterStone Bank was required to use the specific charge-off method in computing its bad debt deduction beginning with its 1996 federal tax return. Savings institutions were required to recapture any excess reserves over those established as of December 31, 1987 (base year reserve). At December 31, 2023, WaterStone Bank had no reserves subject to recapture in excess of its base year.

 Waterstone Financial is required to use the specific charge-off method to account for tax bad debt deductions.

 Taxable Distributions and Recapture. Prior to 1996, bad debt reserves created prior to 1988 were subject to recapture into taxable income if WaterStone Bank failed to meet certain thrift asset and definitional tests or made certain distributions. Tax law changes in 1996 eliminated thrift-related recapture rules. However, under current law, pre-1988 tax bad debt reserves remain subject to recapture if WaterStone Bank makes certain non-dividend distributions, repurchases any of its common stock, pays dividends in excess of earnings and profits, or fails to qualify as a "bank" for tax purposes. At December 31, 2023, our total federal pre-base year bad debt reserve was approximately $16.7 million.

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 Corporate Dividends-Received Deduction. Waterstone Financial may exclude from its federal taxable income 100% of dividends received from WaterStone Bank as a wholly-owned subsidiary by filing consolidated tax returns. The corporate dividends-received deduction is 65% when the corporation receiving the dividend owns at least 20% of the stock of the distributing corporation. The dividends-received deduction is 50% when the corporation receiving the dividend owns less than 20% of the distributing corporation.

 Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act, which was signed into law on August 16, 2022, among other things, implements a new alternative minimum tax of 15% on corporations with profits in excess of $1 billion, a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases, and several tax incentives to promote clean energy and climate initiatives. These provisions are effective beginning January 1, 2023. Based on its analysis of the provisions, the Company reserved approximately $250,000 for the 1% excise tax on stock repurchases.

 State Taxation

 The Company is subject to primarily the Wisconsin corporate franchise (income) tax and taxation in a number of states due primarily to the operations of the mortgage banking segment. Under current law, the state of Wisconsin imposes a corporate franchise tax of 7.9% on the combined taxable incomes of the members of our consolidated income tax group.

 The years open to examination by state and local government authorities varies by jurisdiction.

 As a Maryland business corporation, Waterstone Financial is required to file an annual report and pay franchise taxes to the state of Maryland.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 An investment in our securities is subject to risks inherent in our business and the industry in which we operate. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and all other information included in this report, as well as other reports we file with the SEC. The risks described below may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition to these risks and the other risks and uncertainties described in Item 1, "Business-Forward Looking Statements" and Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," there may be additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. The value or market price of our securities could decline due to any of these identified or other risks. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

 Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

 We operate in a highly regulated environment and we are subject to supervision, examination and enforcement action by various bank regulatory agencies.

 We are subject to extensive supervision, regulation, and examination by the WDFI, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Federal Reserve Board. As a result, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business, undertake new investments and activities, and obtain financing. This system of regulation is designed primarily for the protection of the Deposit Insurance Fund and our depositors, and not for the benefit of our stockholders. Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels; restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; determine the adequacy of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees.

 Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings institutions relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings and other factors. These ratings are inherently subjective and the receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as WaterStone Bank or its holding company, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to access the capital markets, paying dividends, acquiring other financial institutions or establishing new branches.

 In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.

 Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

 The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions. During the last year, several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

 Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board. An important function of the Federal Reserve Board is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks' reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

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 We are subject to the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

 The Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution's performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, imposition of restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity and restrictions on expansion. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution's performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The Federal Reserve Board may require us to commit capital resources to support WaterStone Bank.

 Federal law requires that a holding company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the "source of strength" doctrine, the Federal Reserve Board may require a holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when the holding company may not have the resources to provide it and therefore may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital. Thus, any borrowing or funds needed to raise capital required to make a capital injection becomes more difficult and expensive and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Interest Rates

 The reversal of the historically low interest rate environment may adversely affect our net interest income and profitability.

 The Federal Reserve Board decreased benchmark interest rates to near zero in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Reserve Board has reversed its policy of near zero interest rates given its concerns over inflation. Market interest rates have risen significantly in response to the Federal Reserve Board's recent rate increases. As discussed below, the increase in market interest rates has already had and is expected to further have an adverse effect on our net interest income and profitability.

 Changing interest rates may have a negative effect on our results of operations.

 Our earnings and cash flows are dependent on our net interest income and income from our mortgage banking operations. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve Board. Changes in market interest rates could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Decreases in interest rates often result in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-related securities, as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowings costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk to the extent we are unable to reinvest the cash received from such prepayments in loans or other investments that have interest rates that are comparable to the interest rates on existing loans and securities.

 Changes in interest rates also affect the current fair value of our interest-earning investment securities portfolio. Generally, the value of securities moves inversely with changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our investment portfolio totaled $204.9 million. Net unrealized losses on these securities totaled $22.8 million at December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred other comprehensive gains of $1.7 million, net of tax expense, related to net changes in unrealized holding losses in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio.

 Increases in interest rates can also have an adverse impact on our results of operations, as has happened in recent periods. A portion of our loans have adjustable interest rates. While the higher payment amounts we would receive on these loans in a rising interest rate environment has increased our interest income, some borrowers may be unable to afford the higher payment amounts, which may result in a higher rate of loan delinquencies and defaults, as well as lower loan originations, as borrowers who may qualify for a loan based on certain mortgage repayments, may not be able to afford repayments based on higher interest rates for the same loan amounts. The marketability of the underlying collateral also may be adversely affected in a high interest rate environment. Furthermore, the interest income earned on interest-earning assets has not increased as rapidly as the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities, which has compressed our interest rate spread and had a negative effect on our profitability.

 Any increase in market interest rates may further reduce our mortgage banking income. We generate revenues primarily from gains on the sale of mortgage loans to investors, and from the amortization of deferred mortgage servicing rights. We had mortgage banking income decrease of $23.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. We also earn interest on loans held for sale while awaiting delivery to our investors. In this rising and higher interest rate environment, our mortgage loan originations have decreased, resulting in fewer loans that are available for sale. This resulted in a decrease in interest income and a decrease in revenues from loan sales. In addition, our results of operations are affected by the amount of noninterest expense associated with mortgage banking activities, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment, data processing and other operating costs. During periods of reduced loan demand, our results of operations may continue to be adversely affected to the extent that we are unable to reduce expenses commensurate with the decline in mortgage loan origination activity.

 In addition, as a result of rising interest rates, we have experienced a shift in deposits from lower-cost (savings, NOW, and money market) accounts to higher-cost certificates of deposit. However, the rates we earn on our loans did not increase as rapidly during the year ended December 31, 2023, as we have a significant amount of fixed-rate residential real estate loans where the interest rates did not increase commensurate with the increase in market interest rates.

 Although we have implemented asset and liability management strategies designed to reduce the effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rate could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate models and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet.

 See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition" and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Management of Market Risk."

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 Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings

 On occasion we have employed various financial risk methodologies that limit, or "hedge," the adverse effects of rising or decreasing interest rates on our loan portfolios and short-term liabilities. We also engage in hedging strategies with respect to arrangements where our customers swap floating interest rate obligations for fixed interest rate obligations, or vice versa. Our hedging activity varies based on the level and volatility of interest rates and other changing market conditions. There are no perfect hedging strategies, and interest rate hedging may fail to protect us from loss. Moreover, hedging activities could result in losses if the event against which we hedge does not occur. Additionally, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among other things:

 available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;

 the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability;

 the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay;

 the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction;

 the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value; and/or

 downward adjustments, or "mark-to-market" losses, would reduce our stockholders' equity.

 Risks Related to Economic Matters

 Changes in economic conditions could adversely affect our earnings, as our borrowers ' ability to repay loans and the value of the collateral securing our loans decline.

 Economic conditions have an impact, to some extent, on our overall performance. Conditions such as an economic recession, rising unemployment, changes in interest rates, money supply and other factors beyond our control may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels and loan demand and, therefore, our earnings. Because a majority of our loans are secured by real estate, decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral. Adverse changes in the economy may also have a negative effect on the ability of our borrowers to make timely repayments of their loans, which could have an adverse impact on our earnings. Consequently, declines in the economy in our market area could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Because most of our borrowers are located in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin metropolitan area, a prolonged downturn in the local economy, or a decline in local real estate values, could cause an increase in nonperforming loans or a decrease in loan demand, which would reduce our profits.

 Substantially all of our loans are secured by real estate located in our primary market area. Weakness in our local economy and our local real estate markets could adversely affect the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans and the value of the collateral securing our loans, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Real estate values are affected by various factors, including supply and demand, changes in general or regional economic conditions, interest rates, governmental rules or policies and natural disasters. Weakness in economic conditions also could result in reduced loan demand and a decline in loan originations. In particular, a significant decline in real estate values would likely lead to a decrease in new loan originations and increased delinquencies and defaults by our borrowers, as well as increases in our allowance for credit losses.

 Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.

 Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases and market interest rates rise the value of our investment securities, particularly those with longer maturities, would decrease, although this effect can be less pronounced for floating rate instruments. In addition, inflation generally increases the cost of goods and services we use in our business operations, such as electricity and other utilities, which increases our non-interest expenses. Furthermore, our customers are also affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their households and businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us. Sustained higher interest rates by the Federal Reserve Board to tame persistent inflationary price pressures could also push down asset prices and weaken economic activity. A deterioration in economic conditions in the United States and our markets could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, decreases in loan collateral values and a decrease in demand for our products and services, all of which, in turn, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our stock price may be negatively impacted by unrelated bank failures and negative depositor confidence in depository institutions. Further, if we are unable to adequately manage our liquidity, deposits, capital levels and interest rate risk, which have come under greater scrutiny in light of recent bank failures, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 On March 9, 2023, Silvergate Bank, La Jolla, California, announced its decision to voluntarily liquidate its assets and wind down operations. On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. On March 12, 2023, Signature Bank, New York, New York, was closed by the New York State Department of Financial Services, and on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, San Francisco, California, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. These banks also had elevated levels of uninsured deposits, which may be less likely to remain at the bank over time and less stable as a source of funding than insured deposits. These failures led to volatility and declines in the market for bank stocks and questions about depositor confidence in depository institutions.

 These events have led to a greater focus by institutions, investors and regulators on the on-balance sheet liquidity of and funding sources for financial institutions, the composition of its deposits, including the amount of uninsured deposits, the amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss, capital levels and interest rate risk management. If we are unable to adequately manage our liquidity, deposits, capital levels and interest rate risk, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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 Risks Related to Lending Matters

 We intend to increase our commercial business lending, and we intend to continue our commercial real estate and multi-family residential real estate lending, which may expose us to increased lending risks and have a negative effect on our results of operations.

 We continue to focus on originating commercial business, commercial real estate and multi-family residential real estate loans. These types of loans generally have a higher risk of loss compared to our one- to four-family residential real estate loans. Commercial business loans may expose us to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans may not be sold as easily as residential real estate. In addition, commercial business and commercial real estate loans may also involve relatively large loan balances to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers. These loans also have greater credit risk than residential real estate loans as repayment is generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower's business. Also, the collateral underlying commercial business loans may fluctuate in value. Some of our commercial business loans are collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable or other business assets, and the liquidation of collateral in the event of default is often an insufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories may be obsolete or of limited use. Multi-family residential real estate and commercial real estate loans involve increased risk because repayment is dependent on income being generated in amounts sufficient to cover property maintenance and debt service. In addition, if loans that are collateralized by real estate become troubled and the value of the real estate has been significantly impaired, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for loan losses and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we foreclose on these loans, our holding period for the collateral may be longer than for a single -family residential property if there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral.

 Our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb life-time losses in our loan portfolio, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Under the current expected credit loss model, the allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. We estimate the ACL on loans based on the underlying assets' amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. Expected credit losses are reflected in the allowance for credit losses through a charge to credit loss expense. When we deem all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. We apply judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible; however, generally speaking, an asset will be considered uncollectible no later than when all efforts at collection have been exhausted. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received.

 We measure expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis, when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Depending on the nature of the pool of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, we use loss-rate methods to estimate expected credit losses. Our methodologies for estimating the ACL consider available relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions expected to exist through the contractual lives of the financial assets that are reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed.

 Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where we have determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and we expect repayment of the financial asset to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.

 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or regulations, or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws and regulations may increase our exposure to environmental liability, and heightened pressure from investors and other stakeholders may require us to incur additional expenses with respect to environmental matters. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

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 Risks Related to Operational Matters

 We rely heavily on certificates of deposit, which has increased our cost of funds and could continue to do so in the future.

 Our reliance on certificates of deposit to fund our operations has resulted in a higher cost of funds than would otherwise be the case if we had a higher percentage of demand deposits, savings deposits and money market accounts. In addition, if our certificates of deposit do not remain with us, we may be required to access other sources of funds, including loan sales, other types of deposits, including replacement certificates of deposit, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and other borrowings. Depending on market conditions, we may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or other borrowings than we currently pay on our certificates of deposit.

 We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.

 Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled people. Competition for the best people in most activities engaged in by us can be intense, and we may not be able to hire sufficiently skilled people or to retain them. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of their skills, knowledge of our markets, years of industry experience, and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

 Loss of key employees may disrupt relationships with certain customers.

 Our business is primarily relationship-driven in that many of our key employees have extensive customer relationships. Loss of a key employee with such customer relationships may lead to the loss of business if the customers were to follow that employee to a competitor. While we believe our relationship with our key personnel is good, we cannot guarantee that all of our key personnel will remain with our organization. Loss of such key personnel, should they enter into an employment relationship with one of our competitors, could result in the loss of some of our customers.

 Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, we face significant operational risks.

 We operate in diverse markets and rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process a high number of transactions. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including but not limited to, the risk of fraud by employees or persons outside our company, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, breaches of the internal control system and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulatory standards, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. In the event of a breakdown in the internal control system, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions, we could suffer financial loss, face regulatory action, and suffer damage to our reputation.

 Risks associated with system failures, interruptions, or breaches of cybersecurity could negatively affect our earnings.

 Information technology systems are critical to our business. We use various technology systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, securities investments, deposits and loans. We have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the effect of system failures, interruptions, and security breaches, but such events may still occur or may not be adequately addressed if they do occur. Although we take numerous protective measures and otherwise endeavor to protect and maintain the privacy and security of confidential data, these systems may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, other malicious code, cyber-attacks, cyber-theft and other events that could have a security impact. If one or more of such events were to occur, this potentially could jeopardize confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our systems or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our or our customers' operations.

 In addition, we outsource a majority of our data processing to certain third-party providers. If these third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.

 The occurrence of any system failures, interruption, or breach of security could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are not fully covered by our insurance. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for significant losses.

 Our risk management framework is designed to minimize risk and loss to us. We seek to identify, measure, monitor, report and control our exposure to risk, including strategic, market, liquidity, compliance and operational risks. While we use a broad and diversified set of risk monitoring and mitigation techniques, these techniques are inherently limited because they cannot anticipate the existence or future development of currently unanticipated or unknown risks. Recent economic conditions and heightened legislative and regulatory scrutiny of the financial services industry, among other developments, have increased our level of risk. Accordingly, we could suffer losses as a result of our failure to properly anticipate and manage these risks.

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 Our business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.

 Our loans to businesses and individuals and our deposit relationships and related transactions are subject to exposure to the risk of loss due to fraud and other financial crimes. We have experienced losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, losses may still occur.

 Our board of directors relies to a large degree on management and outside consultants in overseeing cybersecurity risk management.

 The Bank has an Information Technology Committee, consisting of the President, Chief Retail Officer, Chief Information Officer, Chief Financial Officer and staff from other departments within our organization. The committee meets quarterly, or more frequently if needed, and reports to the board of directors after each meeting through committee minutes. We also engage outside consultants to support its cybersecurity efforts. Our directors do not have significant experience in cybersecurity risk management in other business entities comparable to the Bank and rely on the President and Chief Information Officer for cybersecurity guidance.

 Our funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits at maturity and support our future growth.

 We must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. As a part of our liquidity management, we use a number of funding sources in addition to core deposit growth and repayments and maturities of loans and investments. As we continue to grow, we are likely to become more dependent on these sources, which may include Federal Home Loan Bank advances, proceeds from the sale of loans, federal funds purchased and brokered certificates of deposit. Adverse operating results or changes in industry conditions could lead to difficulty or an inability to access these additional funding sources. Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. If we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. In this case, our operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Competitive Matters

 Consumers may decide to use alternative options to complete financial transactions.

 Technology is allowing parties to complete financial transactions through alternative methods that historically have involved banks. Consumers can now easily access historically banking needs through online banking accounts, brokerage accounts, mutual funds or general-purpose reloadable prepaid cards. Consumers can also complete certain transactions without the assistance of banks.

 The removal of banking with financial transactions could result in the loss of customer loans, customer deposits, and the related fee income generated from those loans and deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Strong competition within our market areas may limit our growth and profitability.

 Competition in the banking and financial services industry is intense. In our market areas, we compete with commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, money market funds, insurance companies, and brokerage firms operating locally and elsewhere. Some of our competitors have greater name recognition and market presence and offer certain services that we do not or cannot provide, all of which benefit them in attracting business. In addition, larger competitors may be able to price loans and deposits more aggressively than we do. Competitive factors driven by consumer sentiment or otherwise can also reduce our ability to generate fee income, such as through overdraft fees.

 Risks Related to Mortgage Banking Operations

 Secondary mortgage market conditions could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our mortgage banking operations provide a significant portion of our non-interest income. In addition to being affected by interest rates, the secondary mortgage markets are also subject to investor demand for residential mortgage loans and increased investor yield requirements for these loans. These conditions may fluctuate or worsen in the future. In light of current conditions, there is greater risk in retaining mortgage loans pending their sale to investors. We believe our ability to retain fixed-rate residential mortgage loans is limited. As a result, a prolonged period of secondary market illiquidity may reduce our loan production volumes and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Changes in the programs offered by secondary market purchasers or our ability to qualify for their programs may reduce our mortgage banking revenues, which would negatively impact our non-interest income.

 We generate mortgage revenues primarily from gains on the sale of single-family mortgage loans pursuant to programs currently offered by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and non-GSE investors. These entities account for a substantial portion of the secondary market in residential mortgage loans. Any future changes in these programs, our eligibility to participate in such programs, the criteria for loans to be accepted or laws that significantly affect the activity of such entities could, in turn, materially adversely affect our results of operations.

 If we are required to repurchase mortgage loans that we have previously sold, it could negatively affect our earnings.

 One of our primary business operations is our mortgage banking, which involves originating residential mortgage loans for sale in the secondary market under agreements that contain representations and warranties related to, among other things, the origination and characteristics of the mortgage loans. We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans that we have sold in cases of borrower default or breaches of these representations and warranties. If we are required to repurchase mortgage loans or provide indemnification or other recourse, this could increase our costs and thereby affect our future earnings.

 - 33 -

 Risks Related to Environmental and Other Global Matters

 Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.

 Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions, operating process changes and other issues. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on and role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of asset securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

 Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics, and other catastrophic events.

 We could be adversely affected if key personnel or a significant number of employees were to become unavailable due to a pandemic, natural disaster, war, act of terrorism, accident, or other reason. Any of these events could result in the temporary reduction of operations, employees, and customers, which could limit our ability to provide services. Additionally, many of our borrowers may suffer property damage, experience interruption of their businesses or lose their jobs after such events. Those borrowers might not be able to repay their loans, and the collateral for such loans may decline significantly in value.

 Risks Related to Accounting Matters

 Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our accounting policies are essential to understanding our financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies require the use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Some of our accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain, and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. If such estimates or assumptions underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses.

 From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Securities and Exchange Commission change the financial accounting and reporting standards or the interpretation of those standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. These changes are beyond our control, can be hard to predict and could materially affect how we report our consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations. We could also be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which may result in our restating our prior period consolidated financial statements.

 The need to account for certain assets at estimated fair value may adversely affect our results of operations.

 We report certain assets, such as loans held for sale, at estimated fair value. Generally, for assets that are reported at fair value, we use quoted market prices or valuation models that utilize observable market inputs to estimate fair value. Because we carry these assets on our books at their estimated fair value, we may incur losses even if the asset in question presents minimal credit risk.

 - 34 -

 Other Risks Related to Our Business

 Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us or the financial services industry in general.

 We, and other participants in the financial services industry upon whom we rely to operate, have been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings. Most of the proceedings we consider to be in the normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and other participants in the financial services industry or we may not prevail in any proceeding or litigation.

 Any litigation or regulatory proceeding could entail substantial costs and divert management's attention away from our operations, and any adverse determination could have a materially adverse effect on our business, brand or image, or our financial condition and results of our operations.

 Changes in the valuation of our securities portfolio could adversely affect our profits.

 Our securities portfolio may be impacted by fluctuations in fair value, potentially reducing accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and/or earnings. Fluctuations in fair value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Management evaluates securities for credit impairment on a monthly basis, with more frequent evaluation for selected issues. In analyzing a debt issuer's financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, industry analysts' reports and, to a lesser extent given the relatively insignificant levels of depreciation in our debt portfolio, spread differentials between the effective rates on instruments in the portfolio compared to risk-free rates. In analyzing an equity issuer's financial condition, management considers industry analysts' reports, financial performance and projected target prices of investment analysts within a one-year time frame. If this evaluation shows impairment to the actual or projected cash flows associated with one or more securities, a potential loss to earnings may occur. Changes in interest rates can also have an adverse effect on our financial condition, as our available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value, and therefore are impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. We increase or decrease our stockholders' equity by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of the available-for-sale securities, net of taxes. The declines in fair value could result in a material adverse effect on our capital levels.

 New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

 From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. In addition, we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development and introduction of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. Furthermore, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, the burden on management and our information technology of introducing any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment of our liabilities to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale and maturities of loans and securities and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on liquidity. Our most important source of funds is our deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk adjusted return, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, local and national economic conditions and the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as negative trends in the banking sector, the level of and/or composition of our uninsured deposits, demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers' disposable income, the monetary policy of the FRB or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase our funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity. Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities and/or loans, brokered deposits, borrowings from the FHLB and/or FRB discount window, and unsecured borrowings. We also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable, could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in markets or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against us or the financial sector in general. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

 Companies are facing increasing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance ("ESG") practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. Increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure.

 - 35 -

 Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.

 We regularly evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash, debt, or equity securities may occur at any time. We would seek acquisition partners that offer us either significant market presence or the potential to expand our market footprint and improve profitability through economies of scale or expanded services.

 Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches may have an adverse effect on our financial results and may involve various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:

 •

 difficulty in estimating the value of the target company;

 •

 payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute our tangible book value and earnings per share in the short and long term;

 •

 potential exposure to unknown or contingent tax or other liabilities of the target company;

 •

 exposure to potential asset quality problems of the target company;

 •

 potential volatility in reported income associated with goodwill impairment losses;

 •

 difficulty and expense of integrating the operations and personnel of the target company;

 •

 inability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits;

 •

 potential disruption to our business;

 •

 potential diversion of our management's time and attention;

 •

 the possible loss of key employees and customers of the target company; and

 •

 potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company.

 Various factors may make takeover attempts more difficult to achieve.

 Our articles of incorporation and bylaws, federal regulations, Maryland law, shares of restricted stock and stock options that we have granted or may grant to employees and directors and stock ownership by our management and directors, and various other factors may make it more difficult for companies or persons to acquire control of Waterstone Financial without the consent of our board of directors. A shareholder may want a takeover attempt to succeed because, for example, a potential acquiror could offer a premium over the then prevailing price of our common stock.

 Potential downgrades of U.S. government securities by one or more of the credit ratings agencies could have a material adverse effect on our operations, earnings and financial condition.

 A possible future downgrade of the sovereign credit ratings of the U.S. government and a decline in the perceived creditworthiness of U.S. government-related obligations could impact our ability to obtain funding that is collateralized by affected instruments, as well as affect the pricing of that funding when it is available. A downgrade may also adversely affect the market value of such instruments. We cannot predict if, when or how any changes to the credit ratings or perceived creditworthiness of these organizations will affect economic conditions. Such ratings actions could result in a significant adverse impact on us. Among other things, a downgrade in the U.S. government's credit rating could adversely impact the value of our securities portfolio and may trigger requirements that we post additional collateral for trades relative to these securities. A downgrade of the sovereign credit ratings of the U.S. government or the credit ratings of related institutions, agencies or instruments would significantly exacerbate the other risks to which we are subject and any related adverse effects on the business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None

 - 36 -

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 The Company recognizes the security of our banking operations is critical to protecting our customers, maintaining our reputation and preserving the value of the Company. The Board of Directors, through the Information Technology Steering Committee (ITSC) and Compliance Risk Management Committee (CRMC), provides direction and oversight of the risk management framework of the Company including cybersecurity risks. The ITSC and CRMC establish policies and procedures for the measurement of the effectiveness and efficiency of information security controls related to both design and operations. In general, the Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on confidentiality, security and availability of the information that the Company collects and stores by identifying, preventing, and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cyber threats when they occur.

 The Committees have the authority to conduct or authorize reviews into areas within its scope of responsibility, which is all items impacting information security. The Committees focus on the following:

 •

 Promote effective information technology and information security governance.

 •

 Critically evaluate and assess the direction and progress of major IT-related projects, IT security decisions, IT priorities, and overall IT and IT security performance.

 •

 Review and approve significant IT and information security related policies, including annual changes.

 •

 Review and approve IT and information security risk assessments on an annual basis.

 •

 Discuss activities and requirements pertaining to the Information Security Program.

 •

 Oversee requirements of the Bank's Vendor Management Policy, including processes for approving third-party providers including the financial condition, business resilience, and IT security position of third-parties.

 •

 Ensure risk assessments and New Vendor Relationship Information is completed for all vendor relationships.

 •

 Review and approve risk assessments for significant, critical vendor relationships on an annual basis.

 •

 Examine the Bank's Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plan, including updates and testing.

 •

 Provide for comprehensive, effective, and, if required, independent audit coverage of IT risks and controls.

 •

 Analyze all regulatory examination reports and internal and external audit reports impacting information technology as well as any required responses and/or updates.

 •

 Assess the performance of the Committee and the Committee's role and responsibilities on an annual basis.

 •

 Identify, analyze, and determine strategic risk tolerance and/or mitigation direction for compliance risks identified as high and/or those with an increasing risk profile.

 •

 Review all regulatory examination reports impacting compliance and/or risk as well as any required responses

 The Company leverages regular assessments to identify current and potential threats and vulnerabilities within the Company's environment. Technical vulnerabilities are identified using automated vulnerability scanning tools, penetration testing, and system management tools, whereas non-technical vulnerabilities are identified via process or procedural reviews. The Company conducts a variety of assessments throughout the year, both internally and through third parties. Vulnerability assessment and penetration tests are performed to provide the Company with an unbiased view of its environment and controls. Vulnerabilities identified during these assessments are inventoried in a centralized tracking system and reported to management on a regular basis. A multi-step approach is applied to identify, report and remediate these vulnerabilities, and the Company adjusts its information security policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments. The results of key assessments are reported in summary to the Board of Directors annually.

 The Board of Directors, through the ITSC and CRMC, provides direction and oversight of the enterprise-wide risk management framework of the Company, including the management of risks arising from cybersecurity threats. The Board of Directors review and approve the Information Security Policy. The Board of Directors receives regular presentations which include updates on cybersecurity risks, including the threat environment, evolving standards, projects and initiatives, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to the Company's peers and third parties. The Board of Directors also receives information regarding any cybersecurity incident that meets established reporting thresholds, as well as ongoing updates regarding any such incident until it has been addressed. On an annual basis, the full Board of Directors discusses the Company's approach to cybersecurity risk management with the Company's President.

 The CIO works collaboratively across the Company to implement a program designed to protect the Company's information systems from cybersecurity threats and to promptly respond to any cybersecurity incidents in accordance with the Company's incident response and recovery plans including an assessment of the potential materiality of any cybersecurity incident. The CIO monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time, and report such threats and incidents to the ITSC and CRMC.

 Management, including the CIO, regularly reviews with the Board of Directors the Company's cybersecurity programs, material cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies and provides updates on notable developments in the cybersecurity threat landscape. Additionally, management follows a risk-based escalation process to notify the Board of Directors outside of the cycle of regular updates when an emerging risk or material issue is identified, such as a potentially significant cybersecurity threat or incident.

 In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including with respect to our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats or incidents, or provide assurances that we have not experienced an undetected cybersecurity threat or incident. To our knowledge, cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected the Corporation, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. With regard to the possible impact of future cybersecurity threats or incidents, see Item 1A, Risk Factors — Operational Risks.

 - 37 -

 Item 2. Properties

 We operate from our corporate center, our 14 full-service banking offices, our drive-through office and 14 automated teller machines, located in Milwaukee, Washington and Waukesha Counties, Wisconsin. The net book value of our premises, land, equipment and leasehold improvements was $20.0 million at December 31, 2023. The following table sets forth information with respect to our corporate center and our full-service banking offices as of December 31, 2023.

 Corporate Center
 11200 West Plank Court
 Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226

 Wauwatosa
 7500 West State Street
 Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53213

 Brookfield (1)
 17495 W Capitol Dr.
 Brookfield, Wisconsin 53045

 Franklin/Hales Corners
 6555 South 108th Street
 Franklin, Wisconsin 53132

 Germantown/Menomonee Falls
 W188N9820 Appleton Avenue
 Germantown, Wisconsin 53022

 Oak Creek
 6560 South 27th Street
 Oak Creek, Wisconsin 53154

 Oconomowoc/Lake Country (1)
 1233 Corporate Center Drive
 Oconomowoc, Wisconsin 53066

 Pewaukee
 1230 George Towne Drive
 Pewaukee, Wisconsin 53072

 Waukesha/Brookfield
 21505 East Moreland Blvd.
 Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186

 West Allis/Greenfield Avenue
 10101 West Greenfield Avenue
 West Allis, Wisconsin 53214

 Fox Point/North Shore
 8607 North Port Washington Road
 Fox Point, Wisconsin 53217

 Greenfield/Loomis Road
 5000 West Loomis Road
 Greenfield, Wisconsin 53220

 West Allis/National Avenue
 10296 West National Avenue
 West Allis, Wisconsin 53227

 Oak Creek/Howell Avenue
 8780 South Howell Avenue
 Oak Creek, Wisconsin 53154

 Milwaukee/Oklahoma Avenue
 6801 West Oklahoma Avenue
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53219

 (1)

 Leased property

 In addition to our banking offices, as of December 31, 2023, Waterstone Mortgage Corporation had 15 offices in Florida, nine offices in New Mexico, four offices in each of Arizona, Virginia, and Wisconsin, three offices in each of California, Maryland, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, and Texas two offices in each of Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, and South Carolina, and one office in each of Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Tennessee.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 The information required by this item is set forth in Note 13 - Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 - 38 -

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities

 Our shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol WSBF. The approximate number of shareholders of record of Waterstone common stock as of February 29, 2024 was 1,200. On that same date there were 20,052,831 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

 Following are the Company's monthly common stock repurchases during the fourth quarter of 2023.

 Period

 Total
 Number of
 Purchased

 Price Paid
 per Share (b)

 Total Number of
 Shares Purchased
 as Part of Publicly
 Announced Plans

 Maximum
 Number of
 Shares that May
 Yet Be
 Purchased Under
 the Plan (a)

 October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023

 283,078

 $

 10.56

 283,078

 1,082,117

 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023

 175,700

 11.82

 175,700

 906,417

 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023

 86,085

 13.01

 86,085

 820,332

 Total

 544,863

 $

 11.36

 544,863

 820,332

 (a) On May 24, 2023, the Board of Directors announced the termination of the then-existing stock repurchase plan and authorized the repurchase of 2,000,000 shares of common stock pursuant to a new share repurchase plan. This plan has no expiration date.

 (b) Includes 1% excise tax for repurchases greater than $1.0 million

 - 39 -

 PERFORMANCE GRAPH

 Set forth below is a line graph comparing the cumulative total shareholder return on Waterstone Financial common stock, based on the market price of the common stock and assuming reinvestment of cash dividends, with the cumulative total return of companies on the SNL Thrift NASDAQ Index and the Russell 2000. The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2018, in Waterstone Financial, Inc. common stock and each of those indices.

 12/31/18

 12/31/19

 12/31/20

 12/31/21

 12/31/22

 12/31/23

 120.39

 129.11

 160.00

 134.79

 117.13

 S&P Composite 1500 Thrifts & Mortgage Finance Index

 136.13

 122.09

 168.88

 132.75

 131.57

 Russell 2000 Index

 125.53

 150.58

 172.90

 137.56

 160.85

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Overview

 The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist the reader in understanding and evaluating the Company's financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the consolidated financial statements, footnotes, and supplemental financial data appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction therewith. The detailed discussion in the sections below focuses on the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 2022, and the financial condition as of December 31, 2023 compared to the financial condition as of December 31, 2022.

 - 40 -

 As described in the notes to consolidated financial statements, we have two reportable segments: community banking and mortgage banking. The community banking segment provides consumer and business banking products and services to customers. Consumer products include loan products, deposit products, and personal investment services. Business banking products include loans for working capital, inventory and general corporate use, commercial real estate construction loans, and deposit accounts. The mortgage banking segment, which is conducted through Waterstone Mortgage Corporation, consists of originating residential mortgage loans primarily for sale in the secondary market.

 Our community banking segment generates the significant majority of our consolidated net interest income and requires the significant majority of our provision for credit losses. Our mortgage banking segment generates the significant majority of our noninterest income and a majority of our noninterest expenses. We have provided below a discussion of the material results of operations for each segment on a separate basis for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared the year ended December 31, 2022, which focuses on noninterest income and noninterest expenses. We have also provided a discussion of the consolidated operations of Waterstone Financial, which includes the consolidated operations of WaterStone Bank and Waterstone Mortgage Corporation, for the same periods.

 For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, see "Part II, Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" Discussion of Results of Operations included in our 2022 Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

 Significant Items

 There were no Significant Items for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 - 41 -

 Critical Accounting Policies

 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and follow general practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make complex and subjective estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable and appropriate under current circumstances. These assumptions form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from independent, objective sources. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Use of alternative assumptions may have resulted in significantly different estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

 Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements. A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial position. We believe that the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below involve a heightened level of management judgment due to the complexity, subjectivity and sensitivity involved in their application.

 See Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements contains a further discussion of our significant accounting policies.

 Critical accounting policies are those that involve significant judgments and assumptions by management and that have, or could have, a material impact on our income or the carrying value of our assets.

 Allowance for Credit Losses. The ACL represents management's estimate of current expected credit losses, or the amount of amortized cost basis not expected to be collected, on our loan portfolio and the amount of credit loss impairment on our AFS securities portfolio. Determining the amount of the ACL is considered a critical accounting estimate because of its complexity and because it requires extensive judgment and estimation. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to change that may have a material impact on the amount of the ACL include:

 Our evaluation of current conditions;

 Our assessment that the physical condition of the real estate has not significantly changed since the last valuation date;

 Our determination of a reasonable and supportable economic forecast and selection of the reasonable and supportable forecast period;

 Our evaluation of historical loss experience;

 Our evaluation of changes in composition and characteristics of the loan portfolio, including internal risk ratings;

 Our estimate of expected prepayments;

 Our selection of models and modeling techniques may also have a material impact on the estimate;

 The value of underlying collateral, which may impact loss severity and certain cash flow assumptions for collateral-dependent, criticized and classified loans;

 Our selection and evaluation of qualitative factors; and

 Our estimate of expected cash flows on AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions.

 The appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is reviewed and approved quarterly by the WaterStone Bank Board of Directors. The allowance reflects management's best estimate of the amount needed to provide for the future losses over the life of the loan portfolio, and is based on a loss model using a forecast and historical losses developed and implemented by management and approved by the WaterStone Bank Board of Directors.

 Actual results could differ from this estimate, and future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on unforeseen changes in loan quality and economic conditions. More specifically, if our future charge-off experience increases substantially from our past experience, or if the value of underlying loan collateral, in our case mostly real estate, declines in value by a substantial amount, or if unemployment in our primary market area increases significantly, our allowance for credit losses may be inadequate and we will incur higher provisions for loan losses and lower net income in the future.

 See Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements describes the methodology used to determine the ACL.

 - 42 -

 In addition, state and federal regulators periodically review the WaterStone Bank allowance for credit losses. Such regulators have the authority to require WaterStone Bank to recognize additions to the allowance at the time of their examination.

 Income Taxes. The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated federal, combined state income tax, and separate state income tax returns. The provision for income taxes is based upon income in the consolidated financial statements, rather than amounts reported on the income tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as for net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date.

 Under generally accepted accounting principles, a valuation allowance is required to be recognized if it is "more likely than not" that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The determination of the realizability of deferred tax assets is highly subjective and dependent upon judgment concerning management's evaluation of both positive and negative evidence, the forecasts of future income, applicable tax planning strategies, and assessments of current and future economic and business conditions. Examples of positive evidence may include the existence of taxes paid in available carry-back years as well as the probability that taxable income will be generated in future periods. Examples of negative evidence may include cumulative losses in a current year and prior two years and general business and economic trends.

 Positions taken in the Company's tax returns are subject to challenge by the taxing authorities upon examination. The benefit of uncertain tax positions are initially recognized in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions are both initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with the tax authority, assuming full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. Interest and penalties on income tax uncertainties are classified within income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Fair Value Measurements. The Company determines the fair value of its assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 820. ASC 820 establishes a standard framework for measuring and disclosing fair value under generally accepted accounting principles. A number of valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of assets and liabilities in the Company's financial statements. The valuation techniques include quoted market prices for investment securities, appraisals of real estate from independent licensed appraisers and other valuation techniques. Fair value measurements for assets and liabilities where limited or no observable market data exists are based primarily upon estimates, and are often calculated based on the economic and competitive environment, the characteristics of the asset or liability and other factors. Therefore, the valuation results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there are inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future values. Significant changes in the aggregate fair value of assets and liabilities required to be measured at fair value or for impairment are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations under the framework established by generally accepted accounting principles.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements.

 Refer to Note 1- Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements including the respective dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.

 - 43 -

 Selected Financial Data

 The summary financial information presented below is derived in part from the Company's audited financial statements, although the table itself is not audited.

 At or for the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (In Thousands, except per share amounts)

 Selected Financial Condition Data:

 Total assets

 $

 2,213,389

 $

 2,031,672

 $

 2,215,858

 Cash and cash equivalents

 376,722

 Securities available for sale

 204,907

 196,588

 179,016

 Loans held for sale

 164,993

 131,188

 312,738

 Loans receivable

 1,205,785

 Allowance for credit losses (1)

 Loans receivable, net

 1,645,666

 1,492,421

 1,190,007

 Real estate owned, net

 1,190,624

 1,199,012

 1,233,386

 477,127

 Total shareholders' equity

 344,056

 370,486

 432,773

 Selected Operating Data:

 Interest income

 $

 99,208

 $

 70,245

 $

 69,883

 Interest expense

 48,993

 13,291

 14,368

 50,215

 56,954

 55,515

 Provision (credit) for credit losses (1)

 (3,990

)

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses (1)

 49,559

 55,986

 59,505

 Noninterest income

 81,185

 105,555

 203,195

 Noninterest expense

 119,712

 137,062

 170,594

 Income before income taxes

 11,032

 24,479

 92,106

 Provision for income taxes

 1,657

 4,992

 $

 9,375

 $

 $

 Per common share:

 Income per share - basic

 $

 0.47

 $

 0.89

 $

 2.98

 Income per share - diluted

 $

 0.46

 $

 0.89

 $

 2.96

 Book value

 $

 16.94

 $

 16.71

 $

 17.45

 Dividends declared

 $

 0.70

 $

 0.80

 $

 1.80

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The prior year amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 - 44 -

 At or for the Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Selected Financial Ratios and Other Data:

 Performance Ratios:

 Return on average assets

 0.44

 %

 0.96

 %

 3.20

 %

 Return on average equity

 2.62

 4.91

 16.38

 Interest rate spread (1)

 1.83

 2.76

 2.47

 Net interest margin (2)

 2.46

 3.00

 2.68

 Noninterest expense to average assets

 5.56

 6.79

 7.71

 Efficiency ratio (3)

 91.11

 84.34

 65.94

 Average interest-earing assets to average interest-bearing liabilities

 126.10

 134.23

 130.76

 Dividend payout ratio (4)

 148.94

 146.07

 43.62

 Capital Ratios:

 Waterstone Financial, Inc.:

 Equity to total assets at end of period

 15.54

 %

 18.24

 %

 19.53

 %

 Average equity to average assets

 16.64

 19.66

 19.53

 Total capital to risk-weighted assets

 21.50

 24.36

 29.01

 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

 20.39

 23.29

 27.99

 Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

 20.39

 23.29

 27.99

 Tier 1 capital to average assets

 16.77

 19.45

 19.29

 WaterStone Bank:

 Total capital to risk-weighted assets

 20.10

 21.52

 25.52

 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

 18.99

 20.46

 24.50

 Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

 18.99

 20.46

 24.50

 Tier 1 capital to average assets

 15.62

 17.08

 16.88

 Asset Quality Ratios:

 Allowance for credit losses - loans as a percent of total loans (5)

 1.11

 %

 1.18

 %

 1.31

 %

 Allowance for credit losses - loans as a percent of non-performing loans (5)

 385.79

 412.28

 283.06

 Net chargeoffs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans during the period

 0.01

 (0.04

)

 (0.07

)

 Non-performing loans as a percent of total loans

 0.29

 0.29

 0.46

 Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets

 0.23

 0.22

 0.26

 Other Data:

 Number of full-service banking offices

 Number of full-time equivalent employees

 (1) Represents the difference between the weighted average yield on average interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

 (2) Represents net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets.

 (3) Represents noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.

 (4) Represents dividends paid per share divided by basic earnings per share.

 (5) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The 2021 amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 Comparison of Consolidated Waterstone Financial, Inc. Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and at December 31, 2022

 Total Assets. Total assets increased by $181.7 million, or 8.9%, to $2.21 billion at December 31, 2023 from $2.03 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in total assets primarily reflects increases in loans held for investment and loans held for sale, partially offset by decreases cash and cash equivalents, office properties and equipment, and other assets. The increase in total assets also reflects liability increases in borrowings.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $10.2 million to $36.4 million at December 31, 2023 from $46.6 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents primarily reflects the funding of loans held for sale, loans held for investment, and securities available for sale as well as the decrease of funding sources from deposits.

 Securities Available for Sale. Securities available for sale increased by $8.3 million to $204.9 million at December 31, 2023 from $196.6 million at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to purchases of mortgage-related securities to take advantage of the increase in interest rates. The increase was also driven by a decrease in unrealized losses as the values of securities increased due to a decrease in long term interest rates. Purchases for the year exceeded the combination of security paydowns and maturities of debt securities.

 Loans Held for Sale. Loans held for sale increased $33.8 million, or 25.8%, to $165.0 million at December 31, 2023 from $131.2 million at December 31, 2022 due to a decrease in mortgage rates at the end of the year.

 - 45 -

 Loans Receivable. Loans receivable held for investment increased $154.0 million, or 10.2%, to $1.66 billion at December 31, 2023 from $1.51 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in total loans receivable was attributable to increases in each of the one- to four-family, multi-family, commercial, and commercial real estate loan categories.

 Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses increased $792,000 to $18.5 million at December 31, 2023 from $17.8 million at December 31, 2022. The increase primarily resulted from the increase in the total loan balances. Net charge-offs totaled $135,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made adjustments to our qualitative factors, primarily to account for the changes in internal metrics and external risk factors. See Note 3 - Loans Receivable of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the allowance for credit losses. The forecast factor remained unchanged as we monitor the economic environment going forward.

 Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets. Total prepaid expenses and other assets decreased $7.4 million to $52.4 million at December 31, 2023 from $59.8 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the fair value mark on derivatives as interest rates decreased and deferred taxes decreased as unrealized losses on available for sale securities decreased due to falling long-term interest rates.

 Deposits. Deposits decreased by $8.4 million to $1.19 billion at December 31, 2023, from $1.20 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven by a decrease of $52.9 million in money market and savings deposits and a decrease of $43.5 million in demand deposits. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $88.0 million in time deposits as customers sought higher rates in the current interest rate environment.

 Borrowings. Total borrowings increased $224.3 million to $611.1 million at December 31, 2023, from $386.8 million at December 31, 2022. The community banking segment increased its short-term FHLB borrowings by $123.3 million offset by a decrease of its long-term FHLB borrowings by $45.0 million. In addition, we borrowed $145.0 million from the Federal Reserve Bank, all of which was incremental to 2022. External short-term borrowings at the mortgage banking segment increased a total of $1.0 million to $2.1 million at December 31, 2023 from $1.1 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in borrowings was used to fund the increase in loans held for investment.

 Other Liabilities. Other liabilities decreased $9.0 million to $61.0 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $70.1 million at December 31, 2022. Other liabilities decreased primarily due to a decrease of the fair value mark on derivative liabilities related to the loans held for sale and the back-to-back swaps decreased with the decrease in interest rates and a decrease in dividends payable as fourth-quarter dividends per share decreased to $0.15 in 2023 from $0.20 in 2022.

 Shareholders ' Equity. Shareholders' equity decreased by $26.4 million, or 7.1%, to $344.1 million at December 31, 2023 from $370.5 million at December 31, 2022. Shareholders' equity decreased primarily due to the declaration of dividends and the repurchase of stock. Partially offsetting the decreases, there were increases due to the net income, additional paid-in capital as stock options were exercised and equity awards vested, increases in the values of securities available for sale, and unearned ESOP shares vesting.

 Comparison of Community Banking Segment Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Net income from our community banking segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $18.6 million compared to $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net interest income decreased $4.9 million to $51.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $56.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest income on loans increased as replacement rates and average loans held for investment balances were higher than in the prior year and interest income on mortgage-related securities and debt securities, federal funds sold and short-term investments increased due to the increase in the average balance and replacement rates. Offsetting the increases in interest income, interest expense on deposits and borrowings increased as replacement rates and average balances increased.

 There was a provision for credit losses of $441,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a provision for credit losses of $677,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The provision for credit losses consisted of a $712,000 provision related to loans due to loan growth and a $271,000 of negative provision related to unfunded commitments as the loan pipeline balance decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023. The provision for credit losses related to loans increased primarily due to loan growth in the portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made adjustments to our qualitative factors, primarily to account for the changes in internal metrics and external risk factors. The forecast factor remained unchanged as we monitor the economic environment going forward.

 Noninterest income decreased $834,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 due primarily to a decrease in prepayment penalties on loans and gain from death benefit received on one bank-owned life insurance policy during 2022.

 - 46 -

 Compensation, payroll taxes, and other employee benefits expense increased $853,000 to $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in salaries due to annual raises that took place at the beginning of the year and an increase in full-time equivalents due to fewer open positions. Other noninterest expense decreased $1.7 million to $3.9 million as certain loan-related expenses paid to the mortgage banking segment for the purchase of single-family adjustable rate mortgage loans decreased compared to the prior year. These fees are eliminated in the consolidated statements of income.

 Comparison of Mortgage Banking Segment Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Net loss totaled $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to net loss of $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We originated $2.12 billion in mortgage loans held for sale (including sales to the community banking segment) during the year ended December 31, 2023, which represents a decrease of $641.8 million, or 23.2%, from the $2.76 billion originated during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in loan production volume was driven by a $424.9 million, or 17.3%, decrease in home purchase volume due to inventory constraints in the market, housing affordability, and as interest rates have increased. Total mortgage banking noninterest income decreased $25.6 million, or 24.6%, to $78.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $104.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in mortgage banking noninterest income was related to a 23.2% decrease in volume and a 2.6% decrease in gross margin on loans originated and sold for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. Gross margin on loans originated and sold is the ratio of mortgage banking income (excluding the change in interest rate lock fair value) divided by total loan originations. The gross margin on loans originated and sold contraction reflects decreased industry demand due to the increased competition from mortgage originators. We sell loans on both a servicing-released and a servicing-retained basis. Waterstone Mortgage Corporation has contracted with a third party to service the loans for which we retain servicing.

 Additionally, our overall margin can be affected by the mix of both loan type (conventional loans versus governmental) and loan purpose (purchase versus refinance). Conventional loans include loans that conform to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac standards, whereas governmental loans are those loans guaranteed by the federal government, such as a Federal Housing Authority or U.S. Department of Agriculture loan. Our origination efforts continue to be focused on loans made for the purpose of residential purchases, as opposed to mortgage refinance. The percentage of origination volume related to purchase activity increased to 96.0% from 89.1% of total originations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as refinance demand decelerated due to an increase in interest rates over the past year. The mix of loan type trended towards more governmental loans and less conventional loans, with governmental loans and conventional loans comprising 41.0% and 59.0%, respectively of all loan originations, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 29.3% and 70.7% of all originations, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold mortgage servicing rights related to $318.4 million in loans serviced for third parties. The sale generated $3.5 million in net proceeds and a $583,000 gain. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no sales of mortgage servicing rights.

 Total compensation, payroll taxes and other employee benefits decreased $15.9 million, or 19.6%, to $65.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $81.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in compensation expense was primarily related to decreased commission expense and branch manager compensation driven by decreased loan origination volume and branch profitability as gross margins decreased. Additionally, salaries expense decreased due a reduction in headcount during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Comparison of Consolidated Waterstone Financial, Inc. Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 2023

 2022

 (Dollars In Thousands, except per share amounts)

 $

 9,375

 $

 Earnings per share - basic

 0.47

 0.89

 Earnings per share - diluted

 0.46

 0.89

 Return on average assets

 0.44

 %

 0.96

 %

 Return on average equity

 2.62

 %

 4.91

 %

 - 47 -

 Average Balance Sheets, Interest and Yields/Costs

 The following table set forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the periods indicated. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of the average balances of loans receivable and held for sale. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or expense. Yields on interest-earning assets are computed on a fully tax-equivalent yield, where applicable.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest

 Average Rate

 Interest

 Average Rate

 Interest

 Average Rate

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans receivable and held for sale (1)

 $

 1,752,806

 90,148

 5.14

 %

 $

 1,467,306

 62,935

 4.29

 %

 $

 1,600,115

 64,366

 4.02

 %

 Mortgage related securities (2)

 172,318

 4,053

 2.35

 %

 162,584

 3,241

 1.99

 %

 103,324

 1,954

 1.89

 %

 Debt securities, federal funds sold and short-term investments (2)(3)

 119,650

 5,201

 4.35

 %

 269,171

 4,271

 1.59

 %

 366,949

 3,827

 1.04

 %

 Total interest-earning assets

 2,044,774

 99,402

 4.86

 %

 1,899,061

 70,447

 3.71

 %

 2,070,388

 70,147

 3.39

 %

 Noninterest-earning assets

 106,532

 120,744

 142,040

 Total assets

 $

 2,151,306

 $

 2,019,805

 $

 2,212,428

 Liabilities and equity

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Demand accounts

 $

 80,143

 0.10

 %

 72,751

 0.08

 %

 64,653

 0.08

 %

 Money market and savings accounts

 309,119

 4,529

 1.47

 %

 391,170

 1,201

 0.31

 %

 363,930

 0.25

 %

 Certificates of deposit

 700,034

 21,127

 3.02

 %

 602,332

 3,601

 0.60

 %

 675,495

 3,466

 0.51

 %

 Total interest-bearing deposits

 1,089,296

 25,738

 2.36

 %

 1,066,253

 4,863

 0.46

 %

 1,104,078

 4,420

 0.40

 %

 532,248

 23,255

 4.37

 %

 348,482

 8,428

 2.42

 %

 479,262

 9,948

 2.08

 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities

 1,621,544

 48,993

 3.02

 %

 1,414,735

 13,291

 0.94

 %

 1,583,340

 14,368

 0.91

 %

 Noninterest-bearing liabilities

 Non interest-bearing deposits

 120,321

 159,495

 146,767

 Other noninterest-bearing liabilities

 51,439

 48,500

 50,140

 Total noninterest-bearing liabilities

 171,760

 207,995

 196,907

 Total liabilities

 1,793,304

 1,622,730

 1,780,247

 Equity

 358,002

 397,075

 432,181

 Total liabilities and equity

 $

 2,151,306

 $

 2,019,805

 $

 2,212,428

 Net interest income / Net interest rate spread (4)

 50,409

 1.84

 %

 57,156

 2.77

 %

 55,779

 2.48

 %

 Less: taxable equivalent adjustment

 0.01

 %

 0.01

 %

 0.01

 %

 Net interest income, as reported

 50,215

 1.83

 %

 56,954

 2.76

 %

 55,515

 2.47

 %

 Net interest-earning assets (5)

 $

 423,230

 $

 484,326

 $

 487,048

 Net interest margin (6)

 2.46

 %

 3.00

 %

 2.68

 %

 Tax equivalent effect

 0.01

 %

 0.01

 %

 0.01

 %

 Net interest margin on a fully tax equivalent basis

 2.47

 %

 3.01

 %

 2.69

 %

 Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities

 126.10

 %

 134.23

 %

 130.76

 %

 (1) Includes net deferred loan fee amortization income of $643,000, $684,000 and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 (2) Includes available for sale securities.

 (3) Interest income from tax exempt securities is computed on a taxable equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The yields on debt securities, federal funds sold and short-term investments before tax-equivalent adjustments were 4.18%, 1.51%, and 0.97% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 (4) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and the cost of average interest-bearing liabilities and is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis.

 (5) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

 (6) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

 - 48 -

 Rate/Volume Analysis

 The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The net column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to changes in both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. There were no out-of-period items or adjustments for any of the years presented.

 2023 versus 2022

 2022 versus 2021

 Increase (Decrease) due to

 Increase (Decrease) due to

 Volume

 Rate

 Net

 Volume

 Rate

 Net

 Interest and dividend income:

 Loans receivable and held for sale (1)(2)

 $

 13,483

 $

 13,730

 $

 27,213

 $

 (5,567

)

 $

 4,136

 $

 (1,431

)

 Mortgage related securities (3)

 1,190

 1,287

 Other interest-earning assets (3)(4)

 (3,376

)

 4,306

 (1,204

)

 1,648

 Total interest-earning assets

 10,309

 18,646

 28,955

 (5,581

)

 5,881

 Interest expense:

 Demand accounts

 -

 Money market and savings accounts

 (305

)

 3,633

 3,328

 Certificates of deposit

 16,849

 17,526

 (214

)

 Total interest-bearing deposits

 20,497

 20,875

 (132

)

 5,865

 8,962

 14,827

 (3,790

)

 2,270

 (1,520

)

 Total interest-bearing liabilities

 6,243

 29,459

 35,702

 (3,922

)

 2,845

 (1,077

)

 Net change in net interest income

 $

 4,066

 $

 (10,813

)

 $

 (6,747

)

 $

 (1,659

)

 $

 3,036

 $

 1,377

 (1)

 Includes net deferred loan fee amortization income of $643,000, $684,000 and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 (2)

 Non-accrual loans have been included in average loans receivable balance.

 (3)

 Includes available for sale securities.

 (4)

 Interest income from tax exempt securities is computed on a taxable equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Net Interest Income

 Net interest income decreased $6.7 million, or 11.8%, to $50.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $57.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 •

 Interest income on loans increased $27.2 million, or 43.2%, to $90.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $62.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 due primarily to an 85 basis point increase in average yield on loans as interest rates continued to increase over the past year and an increase in average loan balance as loans held for investment increased. The increase in average loan balance was driven by an increase of a $307.2 million, or 23.7%, in the average balance of loans held for investment offset by a decrease of $21.7 million, or 12.6%, in average loans held for sale.

 •

 Interest income from mortgage related securities increased $812,000, or 25.1%, primarily as the average balance increased $9.7 million and the yield increased by 36 basis points.

 •

 Interest income from debt securities increased $938,000, or 23.1%, to $5.0 million, due primarily to a 267 basis point increase in yield. The increased yield was partially offset by a decrease of $149.5 million in average balance.

 •

 Interest expense on time deposits increased $17.5 million, or 486.7%, primarily due to a 242 basis point increase in average cost of time deposits. Additionally, the average balance of time deposits increased $97.7 million compared to the prior year period.

 •

 Interest expense on money market, savings, and escrow accounts increased $3.3 million, or 277.1%, due primarily to a 116 basis point increase in average cost of money market, savings, and escrow accounts as offering rates increased to match the Federal Funds Rate. Partially offsetting the increase in average cost, the average balance decreased $82.1 million as more money moved to time deposits.

 •

 Interest expense on borrowings increased $14.8 million, or 175.9%, to $23.3 million due to a 195 basis point increase in the cost of borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 as the federal funds rate increased over the past year. Additionally, the average balance increased $183.8 million to $532.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $348.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 - 49 -

 Provision for Credit Losses

 There was a provision for credit losses of $656,000 during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a $968,000 provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $656,000 provision for credit losses consisted of a $927,000 provision related to loans and $271,000 of negative provision related to unfunded commitments for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the loan portfolio provision is due to the increase in loan balance and the decrease on the unfunded commitments is due to the decrease in the loan pipeline. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made adjustments to our qualitative factors, primarily to account for the changes in internal metrics and external risk factors. The forecast factor remained unchanged as we monitor the economic environment going forward.

 The provision is primarily a function of the Company's reserving methodology and assessments of certain quantitative and qualitative factors which are used to determine an appropriate allowance for credit losses for the period. See further discussion regarding the allowance for loan losses in the "Asset Quality" section for an analysis of charge-offs, nonperforming assets, specific reserves and additional provisions and the "Allowance for Credit Loss" section.

 Noninterest Income

 2023

 2022

 $ Change

 % Change

 Service charges on loans and deposits

 $

 1,819

 $

 2,202

 $

 (383

)

 (17.4

 %)

 Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance

 1,710

 1,738

 (28

)

 (1.6

 %)

 Mortgage banking income

 75,686

 99,560

 (23,874

)

 (24.0

 %)

 Other

 1,970

 2,055

 (85

)

 (4.1

 %)

 Total noninterest income

 $

 81,185

 $

 105,555

 $

 (24,370

)

 (23.1

 %)

 Total noninterest income decreased $24.4 million, or 23.1%, to $81.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $105.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 •

 The decrease in mortgage banking income was primarily the result of a decrease in loan origination volume and gross margin on loans originated and sold. Gross margin on loans originated and sold is the ratio of mortgage banking income (excluding the change in interest rate lock fair value) divided by total loan originations. Total loan origination volume on a consolidated basis decreased $525.9 million, or 20.6%, to $2.02 billion during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $2.55 billion during the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross margin on loans originated and sold decreased 2.6% at the mortgage banking segment. Gross margin on loans originated and sold is the ratio of mortgage banking income (excluding the change in interest rate lock fair value) divided by total loan originations. See "Comparison of Mortgage Banking Segment Results of Operations for the Year December 31, 2023 and 2022" above, for additional discussion of the increase in mortgage banking income.

 •

 Service charges on loans and deposits decreased primarily due to a decrease in loan prepayment fees and other loan fees.

 •

 The decrease in other noninterest income was due primarily to an decrease in mortgage servicing fee income and gain from death benefit decreased as there was a gain recorded on one bank owned life insurance policy during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to none during the year ended December 31, 2023. Offsetting the decreases, the Company sold mortgage servicing rights related to $318.4 million in loans serviced for third parties during the year ended December 31, 2023. The sale generated $3.5 million in net proceeds on a mortgage servicing rights book value of $2.9 million and resulted in a $583,000 gain. There were no comparable sales during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company maintained servicing rights related to $238.7 million and $409.6 million, respectively, in loans previously sold to third parties.

 - 50 -

 Noninterest Expenses

 2023

 2022

 $ Change

 % Change

 $

 84,096

 $

 99,565

 $

 (15,469

)

 (15.5

 %)

 Occupancy, office furniture, and equipment

 8,323

 8,706

 (383

)

 (4.4

 %)

 3,779

 3,976

 (197

)

 (5.0

 %)

 4,653

 4,470

 4.1

 %

 1,189

 (201

)

 (16.9

 %)

 2,686

 1,815

 48.0

 %

 (15

)

 (78.9

 %)

 3,428

 4,744

 (1,316

)

 (27.7

 %)

 Other

 11,755

 12,578

 (823

)

 (6.5

 %)

 $

 119,712

 $

 137,062

 $

 (17,350

)

 (12.7

 %)

 Total noninterest expenses decreased $17.4 million, or 12.7%, to $119.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $137.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 •

 Compensation, payroll taxes and other employee benefit expense at our mortgage banking segment decreased $15.9 million, or 19.6%, to $65.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in compensation expense was primarily related to commission expense and branch manager compensation driven by decreased loan origination volume and branch profitability as gross margins decreased. Additionally, salaries expense decreased due a reduction in headcount during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 •

 Compensation, payroll taxes and other employee benefits expense at the community banking segment increased $853,000 or 4.5%, to $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in variable compensation and overall salary expense due to annual raises and an increase in full-time equivalents due to open positions being filled.

 •

 Occupancy, office furniture and equipment expense at the mortgage banking segment decreased $410,000 to $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily resulting from lower equipment lease, maintenance, computer, and depreciation expenses.

 •

 Occupancy, office furniture and equipment expense at the community banking segment increased $27,000 to $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. The decrease was due primarily to increased building maintenance/repair costs.

 •

 Advertising expense decreased $197,000, or 5.0%, to $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to a decrease at the mortgage banking segment in an effort to control costs.

 •

 Data processing expense increased $183,000, or 4.1% to $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to increases at the community banking and mortgage banking segments for continued investments in technology and security.

 •

 Professional fees increased $871,000, or 48.0%, to $2.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was due to receiving a countersuit settlement related to a previously closed legal matter at the mortgage banking segment during the year ended December 31, 2022. Additionally, legal costs increased at the mortgage banking segment due to ongoing legal matters.

 •

 Other noninterest expense decreased $823,000, or 6.5%, to $11.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease at the mortgage banking segment related to a decrease in corporate meeting expenses, travel expenses, meals expense, and mortgage servicing rights amortization as the there was a bulk sale in the first quarter of 2023 and none during 2022. Offsetting the decreases, other noninterest expenses increased at the community banking segment as FDIC premiums increased starting in 2023

 - 51 -

 Income Taxes

 Income tax expense decreased $3.3 million to $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $5.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as pretax income decreased $13.4 million. Income tax expense was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 at an effective rate of 15.0% compared to an effective rate of 20.4% during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the effective rate was primarily due to the permanent deductions being a greater percentage of pretax income as pretax income continued to decrease compared to the prior year.

 On July 1, 2023, Wisconsin's Governor signed the State Budget, retroactive to January 1, 2023, which included language that provides financial institutions with an exemption from state taxable income for interest, fees, and penalties earned on business or agriculture purpose loans where the borrower resides, or is located, in the state of Wisconsin and that are $5 million or less. The Company is not able to calculate a reasonable estimate of the impact of this law until further information regarding the criteria is published from the Wisconsin Department of Revenue. If we are allowed to exclude current taxable income, we would expect to decrease our 2023 effective income tax rate and potentially reduce our deferred tax asset with a one-time charge to income tax expense to reflect the reduction in state income taxes. The Company will calculate an estimate once more details are provided.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We maintain liquid assets at levels we consider adequate to meet our liquidity needs. The liquidity ratio is equal to average daily cash and cash equivalents for the period divided by average total assets. We adjust our liquidity levels to fund loan commitments, repay our borrowings, fund deposit outflows and pay real estate taxes on mortgage loans. We also adjust liquidity as appropriate to meet asset and liability management objectives. The operational adequacy of our liquidity position at any point in time is dependent upon the judgment of the Chief Financial Officer as supported by the Asset/Liability Committee. Liquidity is monitored on a daily, weekly and monthly basis using a variety of measurement tools and indicators. Regulatory liquidity, as required by the WDFI, is based on current liquid assets as a percentage of the prior month's average deposits and short-term borrowings. Minimum primary liquidity is equal to 4.0% of deposits and short-term borrowings and minimum total regulatory liquidity is equal to 8.0% of deposits and short-term borrowings.

 Our primary sources of liquidity are deposits, amortization and repayment of loans, sales of loans held for sale, maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments, and earnings and funds provided from operations. While scheduled principal repayments on loans are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows and loan repayments are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, and rates offered by our competitors. We set the interest rates on our deposits to maintain a desired level of total deposits. In addition, we invest excess funds in short-term, interest-earning assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements. Additional sources of liquidity used to manage long- and short-term cash flows include advances from the FHLB.

 A portion of our liquidity consists of cash and cash equivalents, which are a product of our operating, investing and financing activities. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $36.4 million and $46.6 million, respectively, of our assets were invested in cash and cash equivalents. Our primary sources of cash are principal repayments on loans, proceeds from the calls and maturities of debt and mortgage related securities, increases in deposit accounts, Federal funds purchased and advances from the FHLB.

 Our cash flows are derived from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities as reported in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, we originated on a consolidated basis $2.02 billion and $2.55 billion in loans for sale and sold loans on a consolidated basis of $2.06 billion and $2.81 billion. During the years ended December 2023 and 2022, loan originations net of loan repayments resulted in a negative cash flows of $154.2 million and $303.9 million. Cash received from the principal repayments of debt and mortgage related securities and maturity and calls of debt securities totaled $24.9 million and $50.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We purchased $29.5 million and $90.0 million in debt securities and mortgage related securities classified as available for sale during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net decreases in deposits were $8.4 million and $34.4 for the year ending December 31, 2023 and 2022. We received a $1.2 million death benefit on a bank owned life insurance policy in 2022. There was an increase in net borrowings of $224.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and a net decrease in borrowings of $90.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we repurchased common stock of $26.0 million and $47.8 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid cash dividends on common stock of $15.4 million and $30.3 million, respectively.

 Deposits decreased by $8.4 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by a $96.4 million decrease in total transaction accounts, offset by an $88.0 million increase in time deposits. Deposit flows are generally affected by the level of interest rates, market conditions, products offered by local competitors, and other factors.

 Liquidity management is both a daily and longer-term function of business management. If we require funds beyond our ability to generate them internally, borrowing agreements exist with the FHLB which provide an additional source of funds. At December 31, 2023, we had $159.0 million in long term advances from the FHLB with contractual maturity dates in 2025, 2027, and 2028. See Note 6 - Borrowings of the notes to audited consolidated financial statements for additional information about the remaining call option details of our FHLB long-term debt.

 The Company had approximately $287.9 million of uninsured deposits for approximately 1,209 customers as of December 31, 2023. Uninsured deposit amounts are estimated based on the portions of customer account balances that exceed the FDIC insurance limits.

 - 52 -

 At December 31, 2023, we had outstanding commitments to originate loans receivable of $9.8 million. In addition, at December 31, 2023, we had unfunded commitments under construction loans of $76.7 million, unfunded commitments under business lines of credit of $15.4 million and unfunded commitments under home equity lines of credit and standby letters of credit of $12.2 million. At December 31, 2023, certificates of deposit scheduled to mature in less than one year totaled $622.4 million. Based on prior experience, management believes that a significant portion of such deposits will remain with us, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case. In the event a significant portion of our deposits are not retained by us, we will have to utilize other funding sources, such as Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago advances, Federal Reserve Discount Window or brokered deposits to maintain our level of assets. However, such borrowings may not be available on attractive terms, or at all, if and when needed. Alternatively, we would reduce our level of liquid assets, such as our cash and cash equivalents and securities available for sale in order to meet funding needs. In addition, the cost of such deposits may be significantly higher if market interest rates are higher or there is an increased amount of competition for deposits in our market area at the time of renewal.

 Capital

 Shareholders' equity decreased by $26.4 million, or 7.1%, to $344.1 million at December 31, 2023 from $370.5 million at December 31, 2022. Shareholders' equity decreased primarily due to the declaration of dividends and the repurchase of stock. Partially offsetting the decreases, there were increases due to the net income, additional paid-in capital as stock options were exercised and equity awards vested, increases in the values of securities available for sale, and unearned ESOP shares vesting.

 The Company's Board of Directors authorized a 2,000,000 share stock repurchase program in the second quarter of 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had repurchased 15.9 million shares at an average price of $15.04 under previously approved stock repurchase plans.

 Waterstone Financial, Inc. and WaterStone Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements, including a risk-based capital measure. The risk-based capital guidelines include both a definition of capital and a framework for calculating risk-weighted assets by assigning assets and off-balance sheet items to broad risk categories. At December 31, 2023, Waterstone Financial, Inc. and WaterStone Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and are considered "well capitalized" under regulatory guidelines. See "Supervision and Regulation—Capital Requirements" and Note 9 - Regulatory Capital of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 Contractual Obligations, Commitments, Contingent Liabilities, and Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, our FHLB short-term debt increased by $123.3 million and we repaid $304.0 million in FHLB long-term debt and borrowed $259.0 million of new FHLB long-term debt. In addition, we borrowed $145.0 in short-term debt from the Federal Reserve Bank.

 See Note 8 - Borrowings of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information about the remaining maturities of our FHLB long-term debt.

 See Note 14 - Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

 WaterStone Bank has various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commitments that may require future cash payments. The following tables present information indicating various non-deposit contractual obligations and commitments of WaterStone Bank as of December 31, 2023 and the respective maturity dates.

 Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

 The financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP generally requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without consideration for changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of our operations. Unlike industrial companies, our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary in nature. As a result, changes in market interest rates have a greater impact on performance than do the effects of inflation.

 - 53 -

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Management of Market Risk

 General. The majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk. Our assets, consisting primarily of mortgage loans, have longer maturities than our liabilities, consisting primarily of deposits. As a result, a principal part of our business strategy is to manage interest rate risk and reduce the exposure of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, WaterStone Bank's board of directors has established an Asset/Liability Committee which is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in our assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the board of directors. Management monitors the level of interest rate risk on a regular basis and the Asset/Liability Committee meets at least weekly to review our asset/liability policies and interest rate risk position, which are evaluated quarterly.

 We have sought to manage our interest rate risk in order to minimize the exposure of our earnings and capital to changes in interest rates. We have implemented the following strategies to manage our interest rate risk: (i) emphasizing variable rate loans including variable rate one- to four-family, and commercial real estate loans as well as three to five year commercial real estate balloon loans; (ii) reducing and shortening the expected average life of the investment portfolio; and (iii) whenever possible, lengthening the term structure of our deposit base and our borrowings from the FHLBC. These measures should reduce the volatility of our net interest income in different interest rate environments.

 Income Simulation. Simulation analysis is an estimate of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time. At least quarterly we review the potential effect changes in interest rates may have on the repayment or repricing of rate sensitive assets and funding requirements of rate sensitive liabilities. Our most recent simulation uses projected repricing of assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 on the basis of contractual maturities, anticipated repayments and scheduled rate adjustments. Prepayment rate assumptions may have a significant impact on interest income simulation results. Because of the large percentage of loans and mortgage-backed securities we hold, rising or falling interest rates may have a significant impact on the actual prepayment speeds of our mortgage related assets that may in turn affect our interest rate sensitivity position. When interest rates rise, prepayment speeds slow and the average expected lives of our assets would tend to lengthen more than the expected average lives of our liabilities and therefore would most likely have a positive impact on net interest income and earnings.

 The following interest rate scenario displays the percentage change in net interest income over a one-year time horizon assuming increases of 100, 200 and 300 basis points and a decrease of 100 basis points. The results incorporate actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for balance sheet accounts following an instantaneous parallel change in market rates based upon a static (no growth balance sheet).

 Analysis of Net Interest Income Sensitivity

 Immediate Change in Rates

 +300

 +200

 +100

 -100

 (Dollar Amounts in Thousands)

 As of December 31, 2023

 Dollar Change

 $

 (11,128

)

 $

 (7,467

)

 $

 (3,775

)

 $

 4,304

 Percentage Change

 (27.4

 %)

 (18.4

 %)

 (9.3

 %)

 10.6

 %

 At December 31, 2023, a 100 basis point instantaneous increase in interest rates had the effect of decreasing forecast net interest income over the next 12 months by 9.3% while a 100 basis point decrease in rates had the effect of increasing net interest income by 10.6%.

 - 54 -

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Management ' s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 The management of Waterstone Financial, Inc. (the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(1) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of; our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

 Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

 Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

 Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on that assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

 FORVIS, LLP has audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, as stated in their report dated March 6, 2024.

 /s/ William F. Bruss

 /s/ Mark R. Gerke

 William F. Bruss

 Mark R. Gerke

 Chief Executive Officer

 Chief Financial Officer

 - 55 -

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition of Waterstone Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries ("Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 6, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit.

 We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 - 56 -

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

 As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, the Company's loan portfolio and the associated allowance for credit losses ("ACL") were $1.66 billion and $18.55 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively. The ACL considers historical loss rates, qualitative reserves and reasonable and supportable forecast adjustments. The ACL is estimated on a collective basis for groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics. Qualitative reserves reflect management's overall estimate of the extent to which current expected credit losses on collectively evaluated loans will differ from historical loss experience.

 We identified the qualitative reserves component of the allowance for credit losses as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination is the subjectivity of the assumptions management utilized in determining and applying qualitative reserves within the model. This required a higher degree of judgment and subjectivity due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address this matter.

 The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

 Evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of key controls relating to the Company's ACL, including controls over:

 o

 Management's process for identification, basis for development and related adjustments, including reasonableness of the qualitative factor components of the ALL

 o

 Management's review of reliability and accuracy of data used to calculate and estimate each component of the ACL, including accuracy of the qualitative calculation

 Assessed the reasonableness of the qualitative factor adjustments, including management's identification of qualitative factors, the application of qualitative factor adjustments within the model, and; the completeness and accuracy of data utilized in development qualitative adjustments.

 Evaluated management's judgments and assumptions related to the qualitative adjustments by assessing trends in relevant factors and evaluating the relationship of trends to the qualitative adjustments applied to the ACL.

 Evaluated the mathematical accuracy of the ACL, including the mathematical application of the qualitative adjustments on the loan segments.

 FORVIS, LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 Kansas City, Missouri

 March 6, 2024

 - 57 -

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee

 Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Waterstone Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries' ("Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2023, and our report dated March 6, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

 We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 - 58 -

 FORVIS, LLP

 Kansas City, Missouri

 March 6, 2024

 - 59 -

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Board of Directors and Shareholders

 Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition of Waterstone Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements).

 In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 /s/ CliftonLarsonAllen LLP

 CliftonLarsonAllen LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor from 2021 through 2022.

 Milwaukee, Wisconsin

 February 28, 2023

 - 60 -

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

 December 31, 2023 and 2022

 2023

 2022

 (In Thousands, except share data)

 Cash

 $
 30,667

 $
 33,700

 Federal funds sold

 5,493

 10,683

 Interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions and other short term investments

 2,259

 Cash and cash equivalents

 Securities available for sale, at fair value (cost: 2023-$ 227,716; 2022-$ 222,665)

 204,907

 196,588

 Loans held for sale (at fair value)

 164,993

 131,188

 Loans receivable

 Less: Allowance for credit losses ("ACL") - loans

 Loans receivable, net

 1,645,666

 1,492,421

 Office properties and equipment, net

 19,995

 21,105

 Federal Home Loan Bank stock (at cost)

 20,880

 17,357

 Cash surrender value of life insurance

 67,859

 66,443

 Real estate owned, net

 Prepaid expenses and other assets

 52,414

 59,783

 Total assets

 $
 2,213,389

 $
 2,031,672

 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

 Liabilities:

 Demand deposits

 $
 187,107

 $
 230,596

 Money market and savings deposits

 273,233

 326,145

 Time deposits

 730,284

 642,271

 Total deposits

 1,190,624

 1,199,012

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes

 6,607

 5,334

 61,048

 70,056

 Total liabilities

 1,869,333

 1,661,186

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

 Shareholders' equity:

 Preferred stock (par value $ 0.01 per share) Authorized - 50,000,000 shares in 2023 and 2022, no shares issued

 -

 -

 Common stock (par value $. 01 per share) Authorized - 100,000,000 shares at December 31, 2023 and at December 31, 2022, Issued and Outstanding - 20,314,786 at December 31, 2023 and 22,174,225 at December 31, 2022

 Additional paid-in capital

 103,908

 128,550

 Retained earnings

 269,606

 274,246

 Unearned ESOP shares

 ( 11,869
)

 ( 13,056
)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes

 ( 17,792
)

 ( 19,476
)

 Total shareholders' equity

 344,056

 370,486

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

 $
 2,213,389

 $
 2,031,672

 - 61 -

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (In Thousands, except per share amounts)

 Interest income:

 Loans

 $
 90,148

 $
 62,935

 $
 64,366

 Mortgage-related securities

 4,053

 3,241

 1,954

 Debt securities, federal funds sold and short-term investments

 5,007

 4,069

 3,563

 Total interest income

 99,208

 70,245

 69,883

 Interest expense:

 25,738

 4,863

 4,420

 23,255

 8,428

 9,948

 Total interest expense

 48,993

 13,291

 14,368

 50,215

 56,954

 55,515

 Provision (credit) for credit losses (1)

)

 Net interest income after provision (credit) for credit losses (1)

 49,559

 55,986

 59,505

 Noninterest income:

 Service charges on loans and deposits

 1,819

 2,202

 3,325

 Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance

 1,710

 1,738

 1,615

 Mortgage banking income

 75,686

 99,560

 191,035

 Other

 1,970

 2,055

 7,220

 Total noninterest income

 81,185

 105,555

 203,195

 Noninterest expenses:

 84,096

 99,565

 135,115

 Occupancy, office furniture, and equipment

 8,323

 8,706

 9,612

 3,779

 3,976

 3,528

 4,653

 4,470

 3,950

 1,189

 1,309

 2,686

 1,815

 1,275

 3,428

 4,744

 4,610

 Other

 11,755

 12,578

 11,192

 119,712

 137,062

 170,594

 Income before income taxes

 11,032

 24,479

 92,106

 Income tax expense

 1,657

 4,992

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 Income per share:

 Basic

 $
 0.47

 $
 0.89

 $
 2.98

 Diluted

 $
 0.46

 $
 0.89

 $
 2.96

 Weighted average shares outstanding:

 Basic

 20,158

 21,884

 23,741

 Diluted

 20,196

 22,010

 23,931

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The prior year amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 - 62 -

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Net unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period, net of tax (expense) benefit of ($ 1,584), $ 6,868,and $ 1,294, respectively

 1,684

 ( 18,341
)

 ( 3,461
)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)

 1,684

 ( 18,341
)

 ( 3,461
)

 Comprehensive income

 $
 11,059

 $
 1,146

 $
 67,330

 - 63 -

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders ' Equity

 Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Accumulated

 Additional

 Unearned

 Other

 Total

 Common Stock

 Paid-In

 Retained

 ESOP

 Comprehensive

 Shareholders'

 Capital

 Earnings

 Income (Loss)

 Equity

 Balances at December 31, 2020

 25,088

 $

 $
 180,684

 $
 245,287

 $
 ( 15,430
)

 $
 2,326

 $
 413,118

 Comprehensive income:

 -

 -

 -

 $

 -

 -

 $

 Other comprehensive loss:

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 3,461
)

 ( 3,461
)

 Total comprehensive income

 67,330

 ESOP shares committed to be released to Plan participants

 -

 -

 -

 1,187

 -

 2,129

 Cash dividend, $ 1.80 per share

 -

 -

 -

 ( 42,680
)

 -

 -

 ( 42,680
)

 Stock compensation activity, net of tax

 2,305

 -

 -

 -

 2,307

 Stock based compensation expense

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 501
)

 ( 5
)

 ( 10,171
)

 -

 -

 -

 ( 10,176
)

 Balances at December 31, 2021

 24,795

 $

 $
 174,505

 $
 273,398

 $
 ( 14,243
)

 $
 ( 1,135
)

 $
 432,773

 Comprehensive income:

 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 Other comprehensive loss:

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 18,341
)

 ( 18,341
)

 Total comprehensive income

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,146

 Adoption of new accounting pronouncement (See Note 1)

 -

 -

 -

 ( 1,392
)

 -

 -

 ( 1,392
)

 ESOP shares committed to be released to Plan participants

 -

 -

 -

 1,187

 -

 1,889

 Cash dividend, $ 0.80 per share

 -

 -

 -

 ( 17,247
)

 -

 -

 ( 17,247
)

 Stock compensation activity, net of tax

 -

 -

 -

 Stock based compensation expense

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 2,683
)

 ( 27
)

 ( 47,803
)

 -

 -

 -

 ( 47,830
)

 Balances at December 31, 2022

 22,174

 $

 $
 128,550

 $
 274,246

 $
 ( 13,056
)

 $
 ( 19,476
)

 $
 370,486

 Comprehensive income:

 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 9,375

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 9,375

 Other comprehensive income:

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,684

 1,684

 Total comprehensive income

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 11,059

 ESOP shares committed to be released to Plan participants

 -

 -

 -

 1,187

 -

 1,461

 Cash dividend, $ 0.70 per share

 -

 -

 -

 ( 14,015
)

 -

 -

 ( 14,015
)

 Stock compensation activity, net of tax

 -

 -

 -

 Stock based compensation expense

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 1,945
)

 ( 20
)

 ( 26,012
)

 -

 -

 -

 ( 26,032
)

 Balances at December 31, 2023

 20,315

 $

 $
 103,908

 $
 269,606

 $
 ( 11,869
)

 $
 ( 17,792
)

 $
 344,056

 - 64 -

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating activities:

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Provision (credit) for credit losses (1)

)

 Depreciation, amortization, accretion

 3,301

 4,033

 6,048

 Impairment of Mortgage Servicing Rights

 -

 -

 Deferred taxes

 ( 1,073
)

 ( 484
)

 1,378

 Stock based compensation

 Origination of mortgage servicing rights

 ( 1,773
)

 ( 2,462
)

 ( 5,778
)

 Gain on sale of loans held for sale

 ( 71,378
)

 ( 76,156
)

 ( 193,399
)

 Loans originated for sale

 ( 2,024,014
)

 ( 2,549,935
)

 ( 4,198,139
)

 Proceeds on sales of loans originated for sale

 2,061,587

 2,807,641

 4,480,804

 Gain on death benefit on bank owned life insurance

 -

 ( 340
)

 -

 (Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable

 ( 1,696
)

 ( 1,712
)

 Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance

 ( 1,710
)

 ( 1,738
)

 ( 1,615
)

 Decrease (increase) in derivative assets

 4,467

 ( 10,897
)

 6,688

 Increase (decrease) in accrued interest on deposits and borrowings

 1,255

 ( 178
)

 Decrease (increase) in prepaid tax expense

 1,557

 1,068

 ( 2,558
)

 Legal settlement

 -

 -

 ( 4,250
)

 Increase (decrease) in derivative liabilities

 ( 5,431
)

 16,260

 ( 5,140
)

 Net gain related to real estate owned

 -

 -

 ( 12
)

 Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights

 ( 583
)

 -

 ( 4,032
)

 Change in other assets and other liabilities, net

 ( 2,714
)

 ( 50
)

 ( 6,301
)

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 ( 27,577
)

 206,665

 142,006

 Investing activities:

 Net (increase) decrease in loans receivable

 ( 154,171
)

 ( 303,874
)

 170,297

 Purchases of:

 FHLB Stock

 ( 11,937
)

 ( 5,005
)

 -

 Debt securities

 ( 5,437
)

 ( 9,732
)

 -

 Mortgage related securities

 ( 24,068
)

 ( 80,265
)

 ( 73,687
)

 Bank owned life insurance

 ( 180
)

 ( 180
)

 ( 180
)

 Premises and equipment

 ( 700
)

 ( 701
)

 ( 778
)

 Proceeds from:

 Principal repayments on mortgage-related securities

 20,885

 33,191

 40,445

 Maturities of debt securities

 3,966

 17,555

 9,055

 Sales of FHLB stock

 8,414

 12,086

 2,282

 Proceeds on sales of mortgage servicing rights

 3,530

 -

 12,448

 Sales of real estate owned

 -

 -

 Death benefit from bank owned life insurance

 1,183

 -

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

 ( 159,224
)

 ( 335,742
)

 160,065

 Financing activities:

 Net (decrease) increase in deposits

 ( 8,388
)

 ( 34,374
)

 48,516

 Net change in short-term borrowings

 269,270

 179,657

 ( 30,947
)

 Repayment of long-term debt

 ( 304,000
)

 ( 470,000
)

 -

 Proceeds from long-term debt

 259,000

 200,000

 -

 Net change in advance payments by borrowers for taxes

 1,273

 1,240

 Cash dividends on common stock

 ( 15,363
)

 ( 30,260
)

 ( 30,388
)

 Proceeds from stock option exercises

 2,307

 ( 26,032
)

 ( 47,830
)

 ( 10,176
)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 176,580

 ( 201,003
)

 ( 20,116
)

 (Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 10,221
)

 ( 330,080
)

 281,955

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

 376,722

 94,767

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

 $

 $

 $
 376,722

 Supplemental information:

 Cash paid during the period for:

 Income tax payments

 $
 1,169

 $
 4,090

 $
 22,663

 Interest payments

 47,738

 12,892

 14,546

 Noncash investing activities:

 Dividends declared but not paid in other liabilities

 3,164

 4,511

 17,525

 (1) The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022. The prior year amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 - 65 -

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 1)

 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 The following significant accounting and reporting policies of Waterstone Financial, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"), conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or ("GAAP"), and are used in preparing and presenting these consolidated financial statements.

 Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. These reclassifications did not result in any changes to previously reported net income. The Company reclassed certain line items in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

 a)

 Nature of Operations

 The Company is a one -bank holding company with two operating segments – community banking and mortgage banking. WaterStone Bank SSB (the "Bank" or "WaterStone Bank") is principally engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such deposits to originate real estate, business and consumer loans.

 The Bank provides a full range of financial services to customers through branch locations in southeastern Wisconsin. The Bank is subject to the regulations of certain federal and state agencies and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

 The Bank owns a mortgage banking subsidiary that originates residential real estate loans held for sale at various branch offices across the country. Mortgage banking volume fluctuates widely in connection with movements in interest rates. Mortgage banking income is reported as a single line item in the statements of operations while mortgage banking expense is distributed among the various noninterest expense lines. Compensation, payroll taxes and other employee benefits expense fluctuates in relation to fluctuations in mortgage banking income.

 b)

 Principles of Consolidation

 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Waterstone Financial, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, WaterStone Bank. The Bank has the following wholly owned subsidiaries: Wauwatosa Investments, Inc., Waterstone Mortgage Corporation, and Main Street Real Estate Holdings, LLC. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 c)

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include: the allowance for credit losses, income taxes, and fair value measurements.

 d)

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 The Company considers federal funds sold and highly liquid debt instruments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

 e)

 Securities

 Available for Sale Securities

 At the time of purchase, investment debt securities are classified as available for sale, as management has the intent and ability to hold such securities for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell investment securities available for sale would be based on various factors, including, but not limited to asset/liability management strategies, changes in interest rates or prepayment risks, liquidity needs, or regulatory capital considerations. Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred tax, reported as a separate component of equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The amortized cost of securities available for sale is adjusted for accretion of discounts to maturity and amortization of premiums over the estimated life of each security or, in the case of callable securities, through the first call date, using the effective yield method. Such amortization and accretion is included in interest income. Interest income on securities is recognized using the interest method according to the terms of the security. Realized gains or losses on securities sales (using specific identification method) are included in noninterest income.

 -
 66 -

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

 Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock is carried at cost, which is the amount that the stock is redeemable by tendering to the FHLB or the amount at which shares can be sold to other FHLB members.

 f)

 Loans Held for Sale

 The origination of residential real estate loans is an integral component of the business of the Company. The Company generally sells its originations of long-term fixed interest rate mortgage loans in the secondary market, and on a selective basis, retains the rights to service the loans sold. Gains and losses on the sales of these loans are determined using the specific identification method. Mortgage loans originated for sale are generally sold within 45 days after closing.

 The Company has elected to carry loans held for sale at fair value. Fair value is generally determined by estimating a gross premium or discount, which is derived from pricing currently observable in the market. The amount by which cost differs from market value is accounted for as a valuation adjustment to the carrying value of the loans. Changes in value are included in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Costs to originate loans held for sale are expensed as incurred and are included on the appropriate noninterest expense lines of the statements of operations. Salaries, commissions and related payroll taxes are the primary costs to originate and comprised approximately 72.6 % of total mortgage banking noninterest expense for 2023.

 The value of mortgage loans held for sale and other residential mortgage loan commitments to customers are hedged by utilizing both best efforts and mandatory forward commitments to sell loans to investors in the secondary market. Such forward commitments are generally entered into at the time when applications are taken to protect the value of the mortgage loans from increases in market interest rates during the period held. The Company recognizes revenue associated with the expected future cash flows of servicing loans at the time a forward loan commitment is made.

 g)

 Loans Receivable and Related Interest Income

 Loans are classified as held for investment when management has both the intent and ability to hold the loan for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff. Loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized deferred fees and costs. Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized as an adjustment of the related loan yield. Amortization is based on a level-yield method over the contractual life of the related loans or until the loan is paid in full.

 Loan interest income is recognized on the accrual basis. Accrual of interest is generally discontinued either when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal, or when a loan becomes contractually past due 90 days or more with respect to interest or principal. At that time, previously accrued and uncollected interest on such loans is reversed and additional income is recorded only to the extent that payments are received and the collection of principal is reasonably assured. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

 A loan is accounted for as a financing receivable whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty if the Company, for economic reasons related to the borrower's financial condition, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. A financing receivable whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty typically involves a modification of terms such as a reduction of the stated interest rate, a deferral of principal payments or a combination of both for a temporary period of time. If the borrower was performing in accordance with the original contractual terms at the time of the restructuring, the restructured loan is accounted for on an accruing basis as long as the borrower continues to comply with the modified terms. If the loan was not accounted for on an accrual basis at the time of restructuring, the restructured loan remains in non-accrual status until the loan completes a minimum of six consecutive contractual payments.

 -
 67 -

 h)

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 AFS Debt Securities

 The impairment model for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities because AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. Although ASC Topic 326 replaced the legacy other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") model with a credit loss model, it retained the fundamental nature of the legacy OTTI model. One notable change from the legacy OTTI model is when evaluating whether credit loss exists, an entity may no longer consider the length of time fair value has been less than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. The Company reviews its AFS debt securities for credit loss impairment at the individual security level on at least a quarterly basis. A security is impaired if its fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. A decline in fair value below amortized cost basis represents a credit loss impairment to the extent the Company does not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the security. Impairment related to credit losses is recorded through the ACL to the extent fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Declines in fair value that have not been recorded through the ACL are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

 In assessing whether an impairment is credit loss related, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the security's amortized cost basis. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded. The Company discounts expected cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the purchase date, adjusted for expected prepayments. For floating rate securities, the Company uses the floating rate as it changes over the life of the security. In developing estimates about cash flows expected to be collected and determining whether a credit loss exists, the Company considers information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Factors and information that the Company uses in making its assessments include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:

 • The extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost;
 • Adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry or geographic area;
 • Changes in the financial condition of the issuer or underlying loan obligors;
 • The payment structure and remaining payment terms of the security, including levels of subordination or over-collateralization;
 • Failure of the issuer to make scheduled payments;
 • Changes in credit ratings;
 • Relevant market data;
 • Estimated prepayments, defaults, and the value and performance of underlying collateral at the individual security level.

 The relative importance assigned to each of these factors varies depending on the facts and circumstances pertinent to the individual security being evaluated.

 Timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by the U.S. Government, U.S. government agencies and U.S. government sponsored entities is explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U. S. government. Therefore, the Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis of these securities.

 If the Company intends to sell a security in an unrealized loss position, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, any allowance for credit losses will be written off and the amortized cost basis will be written down to the debt security's fair value at the reporting date with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. AFS securities will be charged off to the extent that there is no reasonable expectation of recovery of amortized cost basis. AFS securities will be placed on non-accrual status if the Company does not reasonably expect to receive interest payments in the future and interest accrued will be reversed against interest income. Securities will be returned to accrual status only when collection of interest is reasonably assured.

 Loans

 The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected. The ACL is adjusted through the provision for credit losses to the amount of amortized cost basis not expected to be collected at the balance sheet date.

 The measurement of expected credit losses encompasses information about historical events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Determining the amount of the ACL is complex and requires extensive judgment by management about matters that are inherently uncertain. Re-evaluation of the ACL estimate in future periods, in light of changes in composition and characteristics of the loan portfolio, changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast and other factors then prevailing may result in material changes in the amount of the ACL and credit loss expense in those future periods.

 Loans are charged off against the ACL in the period in which they are deemed uncollectible and recoveries are credited to the ACL when received. Expected recoveries on loans previously charged off and expected to be charged-off, not to exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off, are included in the ACL estimate. Once loans are downgraded to substandard, an assessment of collateral value is made; any outstanding loan balance in excess of fair value less cost to sell is charged off at no later than 180 days delinquency. Additionally, any outstanding balance in excess of fair value of collateral less cost to sell is charged off when the asset is taken back by the Company. Commercial and other consumer loans are charged off when, in management's judgment, they are considered to be uncollectible.

 Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective basis for groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics. Factors that may be considered in aggregating loans for this purpose include but are not necessarily limited to, product or collateral type, geography, and internal risk ratings. For loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans such as collateral dependent loans, expected credit losses are estimated on an individual basis.

 Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual terms of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments. Expected prepayments are estimated using a model that incorporates Company's prepayment data, calibrated to reflect the Company's experience. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a loan identified as a borrower experiencing financial difficulty will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

 -
 68 -

 The ACL estimate incorporates a reasonable and supportable economic forecast through the use of externally developed macroeconomic scenarios applied in the model. The model include both current and forecasted unemployment rates.

 Collateral dependent loans

 Collateral dependent loans are those for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. These loans do not typically share similar risk characteristics with other loans and expected credit losses are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. Estimates of expected credit losses for collateral dependent loans, whether or not foreclosure is probable, are based on the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for selling costs when repayment depends on sale of the collateral.

 Financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty

 For financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or loans for which there is a reasonable expectation that a financing receivable whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty will be executed that are not collateral dependent, the credit loss estimate is determined by comparing the net present value of expected cash flows, discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate, to the amortized cost basis of the loan.

 Unfunded commitments

 Expected credit losses related to off-balance sheet credit exposures are estimated over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. Expected credit losses are estimated using essentially the same methodologies employed to estimate expected credit losses on the amortized cost basis of loans, taking into consideration the likelihood and amount of additional amounts expected to be funded over the terms of the commitments. The liability for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is presented within other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition, distinct from the ACL. Adjustments to the liability are included in the provision for credit losses.

 i)

 Real Estate Owned

 Real estate owned consists of properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure. Real estate owned is transferred into the portfolio at estimated net realizable value, which includes selling costs. To the extent that the net carrying value of the loan exceeds the estimated fair value of the property at the date of transfer, the excess is charged to the allowance for loan losses within 90 days of being transferred. Subsequent write-downs to reflect current fair value, as well as gains and losses upon disposition and revenue and expenses incurred in maintaining such properties, are treated as period costs and included in real estate owned in the consolidated statements of operations.

 j)

 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 The Company sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and, on a selective basis, retains the right to service the loans sold. Upon sale, a mortgage servicing rights asset is capitalized, which represents the then current fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. Mortgage servicing rights, when purchased, are initially recorded at fair value. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized over the period of estimated net servicing income, and assessed for impairment at each reporting date. Mortgage servicing rights are carried at the lower of the initial capitalized amount, net of accumulated amortization, or estimated fair value, and are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. To the extent that the Company sells mortgage servicing rights, a gain is recognized for the amount of which sale proceeds exceed the remaining unamortized cost of the servicing rights that were sold. Gains on sale of mortgage servicing rights are included in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

 -
 69 -

 k)

 Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance

 The Company purchases bank owned life insurance on the lives of certain employees. The Company is the beneficiary of the life insurance policies. The cash surrender value of life insurance is reported at the amount that would be received in cash if the polices were surrendered. Increases in the cash value of the policies and proceeds of death benefits received are recorded in noninterest income. The increase in cash surrender value of life insurance is not subject to income taxes, as long as the Company has the intent and ability to hold the policies until the death benefits are received.

 l)

 Office Properties and Equipment

 Office properties and equipment, including leasehold improvements and software, are stated at cost, net of depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lease term, if shorter than the estimated useful life. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while additions or major improvements are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Estimated useful lives of the assets are 10 to 30 years for office properties, three years to 10 years for equipment, and three years for software.

 m)

 Income Taxes

 The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated federal and combined state income tax returns. The provision for income taxes is based upon income in the consolidated financial statements, rather than amounts reported on the income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date.

 The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. Under generally accepted accounting principles, a valuation allowance is required to be recognized if it is "more likely than not" that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The determination of the realizability of the deferred tax assets is highly subjective and dependent upon judgment concerning management's evaluation of both positive and negative evidence, the forecasts of future income, applicable tax planning strategies, and assessments of current and future economic and business conditions.

 Positions taken in the Company's tax returns may be subject to challenge by the taxing authorities upon examination. The benefit of uncertain tax positions are initially recognized in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions are both initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the tax authority, assuming full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. Interest and penalties on income tax uncertainties are classified within income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

 n)

 Earnings Per Share

 Earnings per share (EPS) are computed using the two -class method. Stock compensation awards that contain rights to receive nonforfeitable dividends prior to the awards being vested are considered participating securities and, as such, included in the common shares outstanding. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of all potential common shares. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised. Shares of the Employee Stock Ownership Plan committed to be released are considered outstanding for both common and diluted EPS.

 o)

 Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Comprehensive income (loss) is the total of reported net income and changes in unrealized gains or losses, net of tax (or benefit), on securities available for sale.

 p)

 Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)

 Compensation expense under the ESOP is equal to the fair value of common shares released or committed to be released to participants in the ESOP in each respective period. Common stock purchased by the ESOP and not committed to be released to participants is included in the consolidated statements of financial condition at cost as a reduction of shareholders' equity.

 -
 70 -

 q)

 Share Repurchases

 The Company has a share repurchase program. Repurchases under the repurchase program may be made in the open market, through block trades and other negotiated transactions. The share repurchase program transactions take place primarily in open market transactions, subject to market conditions. There is no fixed termination date for the repurchase program, and the program may be suspended. Under Maryland law, shares repurchased are constituted as authorized but unissued. The Company reduced the common stock at par value and to the extent the cost acquired exceeds par value, it is recorded through additional paid-in capital on the consolidated statements of financial condition and consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity.

 r)

 Revenue Recognition

 ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.

 The majority of the Company's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans, loans held for sale, investment securities, as well as revenue related to our mortgage servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within the Company's disclosures.

 Descriptions of the Company's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in the consolidated income statements as components of non-interest income are as follows:

 Service charges on deposit accounts - these represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity- or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed, which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a stop payment). Payments for these activities are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

 Wealth management fee income - this represents monthly fees due from wealth management customers as consideration for managing the customers' assets. Wealth management investment management and similar fiduciary activities. These fees are typically paid to the Company on a monthly basis and recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied each month.

 Other non-interest income includes items such as bank owned life insurance income, dividends on FHLB stock and other general operating income, none of which are subject to the requirements of ASC 606. Also included in other-non-interest income are interchange fees earned when our debit and credit card clients process transactions through card networks. The Company's performance obligations are generally complete when the transactions generating the fees are processed.

 s)

 Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

 The Company adopted "Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" under ASC Topic 326 on January 1, 2023, and applied the standard's provisions. The impact going forward will depend on the credit quality of the loan portfolio as well as the economic conditions at future reporting periods. See Note 3 - Loans Receivable for the new disclosures. Adoption of "Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" under ASC Topic 326 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022

 The Company adopted ASC Topic 326 on January 1, 2022, and applied the standard's provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings, as of January 1, 2022 ( i.e., modified retrospective approach). Upon adoption of the standard, the Company recorded a $ 430,000 increase to the allowance for credit losses and $ 1.4 million increase to the allowance for unfunded commitments, which resulted in a $ 1.4 million after-tax decrease to retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. The tax effect resulted in a $ 439,000 increase to deferred tax assets.

 The Company did not record an allowance for AFS securities on January 1, 2022 as the investment portfolio consists primarily of debt securities explicitly or implicitly backed by the U.S. Government for which credit risk is deemed minimal. The impact going forward will depend on the composition, characteristics, and credit quality of the loan and securities portfolios as well as the economic conditions at future reporting periods. See Note 2 - Securities Available for Sale and Note 3 - Loans Receivable for more information.

 -
 71 -

 2)

 Securities

 Securities Available for Sale

 The amortized cost and fair value of the Company's investment in securities follow:

 Gross

 Gross

 unrealized

 unrealized

 cost

 gains

 losses

 Fair value

 $
 12,651

 $

 $
 ( 1,475
)

 $
 11,181

 152,700

 ( 19,445
)

 133,467

 8,061

 -

 ( 801
)

 7,260

 Mortgage-related securities

 173,412

 ( 21,721
)

 151,908

 2,500

 -

 ( 152
)

 2,348

 39,304

 ( 796
)

 39,488

 12,500

 -

 ( 1,337
)

 Debt securities

 54,304

 ( 2,285
)

 52,999

 Total

 $
 227,716

 $
 1,197

 $
 ( 24,006
)

 $
 204,907

 Gross

 Gross

 unrealized

 unrealized

 cost

 gains

 losses

 Fair value

 $
 15,134

 $

 $
 ( 1,824
)

 $
 13,314

 145,740

 -

 ( 20,975
)

 124,765

 9,041

 -

 ( 935
)

 8,106

 Mortgage-related securities

 169,915

 ( 23,734
)

 146,185

 2,500

 -

 ( 244
)

 2,256

 37,699

 ( 1,193
)

 36,934

 12,500

 -

 ( 1,338
)

 11,162

 Debt securities

 52,699

 ( 2,775
)

 50,352

 Other securities

 -

 -

 Total

 $
 222,665

 $

 $
 ( 26,509
)

 $
 196,588

 The Company's mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government sponsored enterprises are guaranteed by one of the following government sponsored enterprises: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. At December 31, 2023, $ 128.1 million of the Company's mortgage related securities were pledged as collateral to secure funding from the Federal Reserve Bank's new borrowing facility. At December 31, 2023, $ 183,000 of the Company's mortgage related securities were pledged as collateral to secure mortgage banking related activities. At December 31, 2022, $ 259,000 of the Company's mortgage related securities were pledged as collateral to secure mortgage banking related activities.

 The amortized cost and fair value of securities at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers or borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

 cost

 Fair value

 Debt and other securities

 Due within one year

 $
 7,380

 $
 7,349

 Due after one year through five years

 10,890

 10,907

 Due after five years through ten years

 19,658

 18,613

 Due after ten years

 16,376

 16,130

 Mortgage-related securities

 173,412

 151,908

 Total

 $
 227,716

 $
 204,907

 -
 72 -

 Gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Total

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 loss

 value

 loss

 value

 loss

 $

 $

 $
 10,682

 $
 1,474

 $
 10,897

 $
 1,475

 2,442

 110,271

 19,403

 112,713

 19,445

 -

 -

 6,250

 6,250

 -

 -

 2,348

 2,348

 7,597

 5,808

 13,405

 -

 -

 1,337

 1,337

 Total

 $
 10,254

 $

 $
 146,522

 $
 23,927

 $
 156,776

 $
 24,006

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or longer

 Total

 Fair

 Fair

 Fair

 value

 loss

 value

 loss

 value

 loss

 $
 8,383

 $

 $
 4,573

 $
 1,169

 $
 12,956

 $
 1,824

 65,270

 6,400

 59,495

 14,575

 124,765

 20,975

 7,012

 -

 -

 7,012

 2,256

 -

 -

 2,256

 18,648

 4,095

 1,001

 22,743

 1,193

 2,362

 8,800

 1,200

 11,162

 1,338

 Total

 $
 103,931

 $
 8,564

 $
 76,963

 $
 17,945

 $
 180,894

 $
 26,509

 The Company reviews the investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor securities in unrealized loss positions, which were comprised of 147 individual securities, to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. In making this evaluation, management considers the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of the Company to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no allowance for credit losses on securities was recognized. The Company does not consider its securities with unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. Furthermore, the Company does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there were no sales of securities.

 -
 73 -

 3)

 Loans Receivable

 Loans receivable at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 $

 $

 Total loans receivable

 $

 $

 The Company provides several types of loans to its customers, including residential, construction, commercial and consumer loans. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist for a financial institution when there are amounts loaned to one borrower or to multiple borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. While credit risks tend to be geographically concentrated in the Company's Milwaukee metropolitan area and while 76.4 % of the Company's loan portfolio involves loans that are secured by residential real estate, there are no concentrations with individual or groups of related borrowers. While the real estate collateralizing these loans is primarily residential in nature, it ranges from owner-occupied single family homes to large apartment complexes.

 Qualifying loans receivable totaling $ 1.25 billion were pledged as collateral against $ 464.0 million and $ 976.7 million were pledged as collateral against $ 385.7 million in outstanding Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago advances under a blanket security agreement at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 Certain of the Company's executive officers, directors, employees, and their related interests have loans with the Bank. These loans to related parties are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Balance at beginning of year

 $
 2,847

 $
 2,456

 New Loans

 Repayments

 ( 165
)

 ( 342
)

 Balance at end of year

 $
 3,319

 $
 2,847

 -
 74 -

 An analysis of past due loans receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 follows:

 As of December 31, 2023

 1-59 Days Past Due (1)

 60-89 Days Past Due (2)

 90 Days or Greater Past Due

 Total Past Due

 Current (3)

 Total Loans

 $
 5,265

 $
 1,283

 $
 4,270

 $
 10,818

 $
 540,372

 $

 -

 -

 707,560

 -

 12,985

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 300,709

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 $
 5,528

 $
 1,289

 $
 4,433

 $
 11,250

 $
 1,652,965

 $

 As of December 31, 2022

 1-59 Days Past Due (1)

 60-89 Days Past Due (2)

 90 Days or Greater Past Due

 Total Past Due

 Current (3)

 Total Loans

 $
 2,328

 $
 -

 $
 3,618

 $
 5,946

 $
 463,621

 $

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 11,376

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 262,740

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 24,931

 Total

 $
 2,345

 $

 $
 3,683

 $
 6,261

 $
 1,503,917

 $

 ( 1)

 Includes $ 193,000 and $ - for December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are on non-accrual status.

 ( 2)

 Includes $ 11,000 and $- for December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are on non-accrual status.

 ( 3)

 Includes $ 171,000 and $ 624,000 for December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are on non-accrual status.

 -
 75 -

 The Company currently manages the loan portfolios and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the following specific portfolio segments, which are levels at which we develop and document our systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses attributable to each respective portfolio segment. These segments are as follows:

 One- to four -family residential mortgage loans – This residential real estate sub-segment contains permanent mortgage loans principally to consumers secured by residential real estate. Residential real estate loans are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios and collateral values. Credit risk arises from the borrower's continuing financial stability, which can be adversely impacted by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy, among other factors. Also impacting credit risk would be a shortfall in the value of the residential real estate in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default or subsequent liquidation of the real estate collateral.

 Multi family residential real estate loans – Multi family real estate loans consist of multifamily rentals with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. These loans carry the risk of adverse changes in the local economy and a tenant's deteriorating credit strength, lease expirations in soft markets and sustained vacancies, which can adversely impact cash flow.

 Home equity residential mortgage loans – This segment includes sub-segment for senior lien and subordinate lien lines of credit. Credit risk is similar to residential real estate loans described above as it is subject to the borrower's continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan.

 Construction and land loans – Construction and land loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial and residential properties, including the construction of single-family dwellings, and also includes loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction lending generally involves a greater degree of risk than other residential mortgage lending. The repayment of the construction loan is, to a great degree, dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property within specified cost limits. The Company completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements. The Company limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed. Construction delays may further impair the borrower's ability to repay the loan.

 Commercial real estate loans – Commercial real estate loans consist of non-owner occupied properties, such as investment properties for retail, and office with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This segment includes both internally originated loans. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

 Consumer loans – This segment of loans includes primarily installment loans and personal lines of credit. Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the nature of the underlying collateral. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower's personal financial stability. As such, these loans are subject to a higher risk of default than the typical consumer loan.

 Commercial loans – Commercial loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs, as well as to finance owner-occupied real estate. Repayment of these loans primarily uses the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower's business. Commercial loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower's short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. Credit risk arises from the successful operation of the business, which may be affected by competition, rising interest rates, regulatory changes and adverse conditions in the local and regional economy.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no loans that were 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest.

 -
 76 -

 A summary of the activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 in the allowance for credit losses - loans follows:

 One- to Four- Family

 Multi Family

 Total

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $
 4,743

 $
 7,975

 $

 $
 1,352

 $
 3,199

 $

 $

 $

 Provision (credit) for credit losses - loans (1)

 2,259

 ( 665
)

 ( 372
)

 ( 641
)

 Charge-offs

 ( 168
)

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 37
)

 -

 ( 205
)

 Recoveries

 -

 -

 $
 6,886

 $
 7,318

 $

 $

 $
 2,561

 $

 $

 $

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 3,963

 $
 5,398

 $

 $
 1,386

 $
 4,482

 $

 $

 $

 Adoption of CECL

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $
 ( 640
)

 $

 $
 ( 69
)

 $

 Provision (credt) for loan losses

 1,750

 ( 923
)

 ( 656
)

 ( 91
)

 1,030

 Charge-offs

 ( 304
)

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 16
)

 -

 ( 320
)

 Recoveries

 -

 -

 $
 4,743

 $
 7,975

 $

 $
 1,352

 $
 3,199

 $

 $

 $

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 $
 5,459

 $
 5,600

 $

 $
 1,755

 $
 5,138

 $

 $

 $
 18,823

 Provision (credit) for loan losses

 ( 2,294
)

 ( 318
)

 ( 121
)

 ( 408
)

 ( 650
)

 ( 215
)

)

 Charge-offs

 ( 151
)

 -

 -

 ( 13
)

 ( 10
)

 ( 18
)

 -

 ( 192
)

 Recoveries

 -

 -

 1,137

 $
 3,963

 $
 5,398

 $

 $
 1,386

 $
 4,482

 $

 $

 $

 ( 1) The Company adopted ASU 2016 - 13 as of January 1, 2022. The 2021 amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 The Company utilized the Vintage Loss Rate method in determining expected future credit losses for each of the loan categories except for the Construction and Consumer categories. This technique considers losses over the full life cycle of loan pools. A vintage is a group of loans originated in the same annual time period. The loss rate method measures the amount of loan charge–offs, net of recoveries, ("loan losses") recognized over the life of a pool by loan segment and vintage and compares those loan losses to the original loan balance of that pool as of a similar vintage.

 Additionally, the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method is used for the Construction and Consumer loan pools. The WARM method considers an estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining life of the financial assets and uses average annual charge-off rates to estimate the allowance for credit losses. For amortizing assets, the remaining contractual life is adjusted by the expected scheduled payments and prepayments. The average annual charge-off rate is applied to the amortization-adjusted remaining life to determine the unadjusted lifetime historical charge-off rate.

 To estimate a CECL loss rate for the pool, management first identifies the loan losses recognized between the pool date and the reporting date for the pool and determines which loan losses were related to loans outstanding at the pool date. The loss rate method then divides the loan losses recognized on loans outstanding as of the pool date by the outstanding loan balance as of the pool date.

 The Company's expected loss estimate is anchored in historical credit loss experience, with an emphasis on all available portfolio data. The Company's historical look–back period includes 2012 through the current period, on an annual basis. When historical credit loss experience is not sufficient for a specific portfolio, the Company may supplement its own portfolio data with external models or data.

 Qualitative reserves reflect management's overall estimate of the extent to which current expected credit losses on collectively evaluated loans will differ from historical loss experience. The analysis takes into consideration other analytics performed within the organization, such as enterprise and concentration management, along with other credit–related analytics as deemed appropriate. Management attempts to quantify qualitative reserves whenever possible. The CECL methodology applied focuses on evaluation of qualitative and environmental factors, including but not limited to: (i) evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans; (ii) management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio; (iii) consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio segment; (iv) trends in past due and nonperforming loans; (v) the risk characteristics of the various loan segments; (vi) changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio; (vii) concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries; (viii) existing economic conditions; (ix) the fair value of underlying collateral; and ( x) other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect expected credit losses.

 The Company's CECL estimate applies a forecast that incorporates macroeconomic trends and other environmental factors. Management utilized national, regional and local leading economic indexes, as well as management judgment, as the basis for the forecast period. The historical loss rate was utilized as the base rate, and qualitative adjustments were utilized to reflect the forecast and other relevant factors.

 The Company segments the loan portfolio into pools based on the following risk characteristics: collateral type, credit characteristics, loan origination balance, and outstanding loan balances.

 -
 77 -

 Allowance for Credit Losses-Unfunded Commitments:

 In addition to the ACL-Loans, the Company has established an ACL-Unfunded commitments, classified in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. This reserve is maintained at a level that management believes is sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments, and is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the ACL-Loans. The allowance for unfunded commitments at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $ 1.1 million and $ 1.3 million.

 Provision for Credit Losses:

 The provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount to be added to the ACL loss accounts for various types of financial instruments including loans, investment securities, and unfunded commitment credit exposures after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ACL to a level that, in management's judgment, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. See Note 2 - Securities Available for Sale for additional information regarding the ACL related to investment securities. The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Provision (credit) for credit losses - loans (1) on:

 Loans

 $

 $
 1,030

 $
)

 Unfunded commitments

 ( 271
)

 ( 62
)

 -

 Investment securities

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 $

 $

 $
)

 ( 1) The Company adopted ASU 2016 - 13 as of January 1, 2022. The 2021 amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 Collateral Dependent Loans:

 A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, expected credit losses are based on the estimated fair value of the collateral at the balance sheet date, with consideration for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. The following tables present collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment and collateral type, including those loans with and without a related allowance allocation.

 A summary of the allowance for loan loss for loans evaluated individually and collectively for impairment by collateral class as of the year ended December 31, 2023 follows:

 One- to Four- Family

 Multi Family

 Total

 Allowance related to collateral dependent loans

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 Allowance related to pooled loans

 6,886

 7,318

 2,561

 Allowance at end of period

 $
 6,886

 $
 7,318

 $

 $

 $
 2,561

 $

 $

 $

 Collateral dependent loans

 $
 2,209

 $
 -

 $

 $
 -

 $
 5,493

 $
 -

 $
 1,536

 $
 9,328

 Pooled loans

 548,981

 13,138

 295,399

 35,584

 1,654,887

 Total gross loans

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 The Company's procedures dictate that an updated valuation must be obtained with respect to underlying collateral at the time a loan is deemed impaired. Updated valuations may also be obtained upon transfer from loans receivable to real estate owned based upon the age of the prior appraisal, changes in market conditions or known changes to the physical condition of the property.

 Estimated fair values are reduced to account for sales commissions, broker fees, unpaid property taxes and additional selling expenses to arrive at an estimated net realizable value. The adjustment factor is based upon the Company's actual experience with respect to sales of real estate owned over the prior two years. In situations in which the Company is placing reliance on an appraisal that is more than one year old, an additional adjustment factor is applied to account for downward market pressure since the date of appraisal. The additional adjustment factor is based upon relevant sales data available for our general operating market as well as company-specific historical net realizable values as compared to the most recent appraisal prior to disposition.

 With respect to multi-family income-producing real estate, appraisals are reviewed and estimated collateral values are adjusted by updating significant appraisal assumptions to reflect current real estate market conditions. Significant assumptions reviewed and updated include the capitalization rate, rental income and operating expenses. These adjusted assumptions are based upon recent appraisals received on similar properties as well as on actual experience related to real estate owned and currently under Company management.

 -
 78 -

 A summary of the allowance for loan loss for loans evaluated individually and collectively for impairment by collateral class as of the year ended December 31, 2022 follows:

 One- to Four- Family

 Multi Family

 Total

 Allowance related to loans individually evaluated for impairment

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 Allowance related to loans collectively evaluated for impairment

 4,743

 7,975

 1,352

 3,199

 $
 4,743

 $
 7,975

 $

 $
 1,352

 $
 3,199

 $

 $

 $

 Loans individually evaluated for impairment

 $
 2,584

 $
 -

 $

 $
 -

 $
 5,455

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 8,079

 Loans collectively evaluated for impairment

 466,983

 11,415

 257,518

 1,502,099

 Total gross loans

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 The Company's procedures dictate that an updated valuation must be obtained with respect to underlying collateral at the time a loan is deemed impaired. Updated valuations may also be obtained upon transfer from loans receivable to real estate owned based upon the age of the prior appraisal, changes in market conditions or known changes to the physical condition of the property.

 Estimated fair values are reduced to account for sales commissions, broker fees, unpaid property taxes and additional selling expenses to arrive at an estimated net realizable value. The adjustment factor is based upon the Company's actual experience with respect to sales of real estate owned over the prior two years. In situations in which the Company is placing reliance on an appraisal that is more than one year old, an additional adjustment factor is applied to account for downward market pressure since the date of appraisal. The additional adjustment factor is based upon relevant sales data available for the Company's general operating market as well as company-specific historical net realizable values as compared to the most recent appraisal prior to disposition.

 With respect to multi-family income-producing real estate, appraisals are reviewed and estimated collateral values are adjusted by updating significant appraisal assumptions to reflect current real estate market conditions. Significant assumptions reviewed and updated include the capitalization rate, rental income and operating expenses. These adjusted assumptions are based upon recent appraisals received on similar properties as well as on actual experience related to real estate owned and currently under Company management.

 -
 79 -

 Credit Quality Indicators

 The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company establishes a risk rating at origination for all commercial loan and commercial real estate relationships. For relationships over $1.0 million, management monitors the loans on an ongoing basis for any changes in the borrower's ability to service their debt. Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality include sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, an allowance for credit losses, and sound non-accrual and charge-off policies. The Company's underwriting policies require an officers' loan committee review and approval of all loans in excess of $ 500,000 except for residential loans which has an approval limit in excess of $1.0 million. A member of the credit department, independent of the loan originator, performs a loan review for all loans. The Company's ability to manage credit risk depends in large part on the Company's ability to properly identify and manage problem loans. To do so, the Company maintains a loan review system under which the credit management personnel review non-owner occupied one - to four -family, multi-family, construction and land, and commercial real estate that individually, or as part of an overall borrower relationship exceed $ 1.0 million in potential exposure and review commercial loans that individually, or as part of an overall borrower relationship exceed $ 200,000 in potential exposure. Loans meeting these criteria are reviewed on an annual basis, or more frequently, if the loan renewal is less than one year. With respect to this review process, management has determined that pass loans include loans that exhibit acceptable financial statements, cash flow and leverage. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

 Watch. Loans classified as watch have a potential weakness that deserves management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution's credit position at some future date. Watch assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

 Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and, additionally, the weakness or weaknesses to make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable or improbable. Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

 Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be pass rated loans.

 The following table presents information relating to the Company's internal risk ratings of its loans receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 One- to Four- Family

 Multi Family

 Total

 At December 31, 2023

 $
 4,503

 $
 -

 $

 $
 -

 $
 5,492

 $
 -

 $
 1,536

 $
 11,621

 Watch

 7,585

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 7,968

 Pass

 539,102

 707,183

 13,138

 295,400

 35,584

 1,644,626

 Total

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 $

 At December 31, 2022

 $
 4,209

 $
 -

 $

 $
 -

 $
 5,454

 $
 -

 $

 $
 9,822

 Watch

 5,696

 2,227

 5,203

 -

 2,023

 15,437

 Pass

 459,662

 677,789

 11,261

 60,267

 252,316

 22,850

 1,484,919

 Total

 -
 80 -

 Credit Quality Information:

 The following table presents total loans by risk categories and year of origination as of December 31, 2023.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 Prior

 Revolving

 Total

 Pass

 $
 196,255

 $
 166,555

 $
 46,378

 $
 33,295

 $
 19,966

 $
 75,726

 $

 $
 539,102

 Watch

 5,093

 -

 -

 -

 1,779

 -

 7,585

 1,450

 -

 -

 -

 2,700

 -

 4,503

 Total

 202,798

 167,621

 46,378

 33,295

 19,966

 80,205

 Multi-family

 Pass

 122,289

 214,074

 135,823

 117,669

 44,878

 71,632

 707,183

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 122,480

 214,080

 135,823

 117,669

 44,878

 71,818

 Pass

 1,084

 11,111

 13,138

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 1,084

 11,166

 Pass

 38,079

 1,348

 9,349

 2,146

 2,255

 -

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 38,079

 1,348

 9,349

 2,146

 2,255

 -

 Pass

 70,677

 76,067

 62,922

 33,436

 19,250

 31,673

 1,375

 295,400

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 5,277

 -

 -

 -

 -

 5,492

 Total

 75,954

 76,196

 62,922

 33,522

 19,250

 31,673

 1,375

 Pass

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Pass

 17,019

 1,631

 2,668

 5,435

 7,847

 35,584

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,475

 1,536

 Total

 17,019

 1,679

 2,668

 5,435

 9,322

 Total loans

 $
 457,414

 $
 461,197

 $
 255,554

 $
 189,398

 $
 86,529

 $
 189,667

 $
 24,456

 $

 Gross charge-offs

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 $

 -
 81 -

 The following table presents total loans by risk categories and year of origination as of December 31, 2022.

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019

 2018

 Prior

 Revolving

 Total

 Pass

 $
 246,437

 $
 55,494

 $
 37,438

 $
 21,813

 $
 20,580

 $
 76,568

 $
 1,332

 $
 459,662

 Watch

 4,823

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 5,696

 1,255

 -

 -

 2,217

 -

 4,209

 Total

 251,478

 56,749

 37,957

 21,813

 20,580

 79,658

 1,332

 Multi-family

 Pass

 255,100

 144,731

 139,386

 44,221

 22,689

 70,905

 677,789

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 255,100

 144,731

 139,386

 44,221

 22,689

 71,097

 Pass

 9,665

 11,261

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 9,723

 Pass

 2,958

 49,092

 2,308

 5,690

 -

 60,267

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 2,227

 -

 -

 -

 2,227

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 2,958

 49,092

 2,308

 7,917

 -

 Pass

 87,971

 53,788

 39,015

 24,795

 21,467

 24,595

 252,316

 Watch

 1,616

 -

 2,226

 1,266

 -

 -

 5,203

 -

 -

 -

 -

 5,454

 -

 -

 5,454

 Total

 89,587

 53,788

 39,110

 27,021

 28,187

 24,595

 Pass

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Watch

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Pass

 9,385

 1,228

 1,256

 5,622

 4,183

 22,850

 Watch

 -

 -

 1,928

 -

 -

 2,023

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total

 9,446

 1,228

 3,184

 5,714

 4,186

 Total Loans

 $
 608,900

 $
 305,783

 $
 222,810

 $
 101,316

 $
 72,689

 $
 181,242

 $
 17,438

 $

 -
 82 -

 The following presents data on restructurings of financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Accruing

 Non-accruing

 Total

 $
 -

 -

 $

 $

 $
 -

 -

 $

 $

 The following presents data on troubled debt restructurings:

 As of December 31, 2022

 Accruing

 Non-accruing

 Total

 $
 -

 -

 $

 $

 $
 -

 -

 $

 $

 Financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty involve granting concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty by modifying the terms of the loan in an effort to avoid foreclosure. Typical restructured terms include six months to twelve months of principal forbearance, a reduction in interest rate or both. In no instances have the restructured terms included a reduction of outstanding principal balance. At December 31, 2023, $ 543,000 in loans had been modified in financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty, all of which were included in the non-accrual total.

 All loans that have been modified in a financing receivable whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty are considered to be impaired. As such, an analysis has been performed with respect to all of these loans to determine the need for an ACL. When a loan is expected to perform in accordance with the restructured terms and ultimately return to and perform under contract terms, a valuation allowance is established equal to the excess of the present value of the expected future cash flows under the original contract terms as compared with the modified terms, including an estimated default rate. When there is doubt as to the borrower's ability to perform under the restructured terms or ultimately return to and perform under market terms, an ACL is established equal to the impairment when the carrying amount exceeds fair value of the underlying collateral.

 If an updated credit department review indicates no other evidence of elevated credit risk and the borrower completes a minimum of six consecutive contractual payments, the loan is returned to accrual status at that time.

 The following presents restructurings of financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty by concession type

 As of December 31, 2023

 Performing in accordance with modified terms

 In Default

 Total

 Interest reduction and principal forebearance

 $
 -

 -

 $
 -

 -

 $
 -

 -

 Interest reduction

 -

 -

 Principal forebearance

 -

 -

 Total

 $

 $
 -

 -

 $

 The following presents troubled debt restructurings by concession type:

 As of December 31, 2022

 Performing in accordance with modified terms

 In Default

 Total

 Interest reduction and principal forebearance

 $

 $
 -

 -

 $

 Interest reduction

 -

 -

 Principal forebearance

 -

 -

 Total

 $

 $
 -

 -

 $

 -
 83 -

 There was one restructuring for $ 528,000 of financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023. There was one loan modified as a troubled debt restructuring with a total balance of $ 63,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 There were no restructurings of financing receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty within the past twelve months of which there was a default during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 The following table presents data on non-accrual loans:

 As of December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Residential

 $
 4,503

 $
 4,209

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Total non-accrual loans

 $
 4,808

 $
 4,307

 Total non-accrual loans to total loans

 0.29
 %

 0.29
 %

 Total non-accrual loans to total assets

 0.22
 %

 0.21
 %

 Residential one - to four -family mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure were $ 250,000 and $ 795,000 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 4)

 Office Properties and Equipment

 Office properties and equipment are summarized as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Land

 $
 7,454

 $
 7,516

 Office buildings and improvements

 34,275

 34,084

 Furniture and equipment

 12,990

 13,000

 Total

 54,719

 54,600

 Less accumulated depreciation

 ( 34,724
)

 ( 33,495
)

 Total, net

 $
 19,995

 $
 21,105

 Depreciation of premises and equipment totaled $ 1.7 million, $ 1.8 million and $ 2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 -
 84 -

 5)

 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 The following table presents the activity related to the Company's mortgage servicing rights included in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated statement of financial condition:

 Year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 Mortgage servicing rights at beginning of the year

 $
 3,444

 $
 1,555

 Additions

 1,773

 2,461

 Amortization

 ( 319
)

 ( 579
)

 Sales

 ( 2,767
)

 -

 Mortgage servicing rights at end of the year

 2,131

 3,437

 Valuation allowance during the year

 ( 320
)

 Mortgage servicing rights at the end of the year, net

 $
 1,811

 $
 3,444

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, on a consolidated basis, $ 2.02 billion in residential loans were originated for sale, which excludes the loans originated from Waterstone Mortgage Corporation and purchased by WaterStone Bank. During the same period, sales of loans held for sale totaled $ 1.99 billion, generating mortgage banking income of $ 75.7 million. The unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others was $ 238.7 million and $ 409.6 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 respectively. Loans serviced for others are not reflected in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

 The fair value of mortgage servicing rights was $ 2.2 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 5.0 million at December 31, 2022.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold mortgage servicing rights related to $ 318.4 billion in loans serviced for third parties which had a book value of $ 2.9 million. The sale generated $ 3.5 million in net proceeds and a $ 583,000 gain. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold no mortgage servicing rights.

 The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense for mortgage servicing rights at December 31, 2023 for the years ending December 31 periods as indicated:

 2024

 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Total

 $
 1,811

 -
 85 -

 6)

 The aggregate amount of time deposit accounts with the portion of the account balances that are greater than $250,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $ 131.4 million and $ 115.5 million, respectively.

 A summary of interest expense on deposits is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest-bearing demand deposits

 $

 $

 $

 Money market and savings deposits

 4,529

 1,201

 Time deposits

 21,127

 3,601

 3,466

 $
 25,738

 $
 4,863

 $
 4,420

 A summary of the contractual maturities of time deposits at December 31, 2023 is as follows:

 Within one year

 $
 622,420

 More than one to two years

 102,284

 More than two to three years

 4,444

 More than three to four years

 More than four through five years

 $
 730,284

 Certain directors and executive officers, including their immediate families and companies in which they are principal owners, are depositors of the Corporation. Such deposits amounted to $ 9.0 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 9.2 million at December 31, 2022.

 -
 86 -

 7)

 Borrowings consist of the following:

 Category

 Term

 Maturity

 Rate

 Rate Type

 Callable/Putable

 Call Start Date

 Frequency

 FHLB advances

 $
 50,000

 December 14, 2027

 1.73
 %
 Fixed

 December 14, 2019

 Single

 August 7, 2028

 3.51
 %
 Fixed

 December 7, 2023

 August 8, 2028

 3.52
 %
 Fixed

 December 8, 2023

 October 10, 2028

 3.49
 %
 Fixed

 November 10, 2023

 October 10, 2028

 3.49
 %
 Fixed

 November 10, 2023

 November 3, 2028

 3.46
 %
 Fixed

 December 4, 2023

 November 6, 2028

 3.47
 %
 Fixed

 December 6, 2023

 15,000

 November 14, 2028

 3.39
 %
 Fixed

 December 14, 2023

 November 29, 2028

 3.38
 %
 Fixed

 December 29, 2023

 November 29, 2028

 3.43
 %
 Fixed

 January 29, 2024

 December 4, 2028

 3.31
 %
 Fixed

 January 4, 2023

 Total FHLB long-term advances

 155,000

 2.89
 %

 60,000

 January 2, 2024

 5.44
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 20,000

 January 2, 2024

 5.45
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 20,000

 January 5, 2024

 5.48
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 20,500

 January 8, 2024

 5.38
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 18,000

 January 8, 2024

 5.38
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 14,000

 January 16, 2024

 5.49
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 21,000

 January 22, 2024

 5.36
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 33,000

 January 29, 2024

 5.36
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 27,500

 February 20, 2024

 5.41
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 27,000

 February 27, 2024

 5.42
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 24,500

 March 13, 2024

 5.39
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 23,500

 December 29, 2024

 4.79
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 Total FHLB short-term advances

 309,000

 5.37
 %

 Total FHLB advances

 464,000

 4.54
 %

 Short-Term Borrowings

 Federal reserve bank

 $
 145,000

 December 31, 2024

 4.83
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 Total Federal reserve bank

 $
 145,000

 4.83
 %

 Repurchase agreements

 Revolving

 $
 2,054

 N/A

 8.20
 %
 Variable

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 Total short-term borrowings

 $
 147,054

 4.88
 %

 Total borrowings

 $

 4.62
 %

 -
 87 -

 Category

 Term

 Maturity

 Rate

 Rate Type

 Callable/Putable

 Start Date

 Frequency

 FHLB advances

 $
 50,000
 September 22, 2025

 3.50
 %
 Fixed

 September 20, 2023

 Single

 50,000
 December 14, 2027

 1.73
 %
 Fixed

 December 16, 2019

 Single

 November 3, 2025

 4.09
 %
 Fixed

 November 1, 2023

 November 7, 2025

 4.25
 %
 Fixed

 November 7, 2023

 November 24, 2025

 3.82
 %
 Fixed

 May 22, 2023

 December 1, 2032

 2.35
 %
 Fixed

 March 1, 2023

 Total FHLB long-term advances

 200,000

 3.12
 %

 7,700
 January 9, 2023

 4.16
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 January 23, 2023

 4.23
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 20,000
 January 23, 2023

 4.23
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 48,000
 January 30, 2023

 4.25
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 20,000
 January 6, 2023

 4.29
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 50,000
 January 6, 2023

 4.29
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 15,000
 January 4, 2023

 4.31
 %
 Fixed

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 Total FHLB short-term advances

 185,700

 4.26
 %

 Total FHLB advances

 $
 385,700

 3.67
 %

 Short-Term Borrowings

 Repurchase agreements

 Revolving

 $
 1,084

 N/A

 7.21
 %
 Variable

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 Total short-term borrowings

 1,084

 7.21
 %

 Total borrowings

 $

 3.68
 %

 The short-term repurchase agreement represents the outstanding portion of a total $ 30.0 million commitment with one unrelated bank. The short-term repurchase agreement is utilized by Waterstone Mortgage Corporation to finance loans originated for sale. This agreement is secured by the underlying loans being financed. Related interest rates are based upon the note rate associated with the loans being financed. The short-term repurchase agreement had a $ 2.1 million balance at December 31, 2023 and a $ 1.1 million balance at December 31, 2022.

 The Company enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. In addition, the Company enters into agreements under which it sells loans held for sale subject to an obligation to repurchase the same loans. Under these arrangements, the Company may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase the assets. As a result, these repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of assets. The obligation to repurchase the assets is reflected as a liability in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition, while the securities and loans held for sale underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities and loans held for sale asset accounts. In other words, there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities or loans held for sale assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities. The Company's repurchase agreement is subject to master netting agreements, which sets forth the rights and obligations for repurchase and offset. Under the master netting agreement, the Company is entitled to set off the collateral placed with a single counterparty against obligations owed to that counterparty.

 -
 88 -

 The Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") created a new borrowing facility called the Bank Term Funding Program in 2023. This program allows a bank to borrow against its investment portfolio, at par value, with no reduction for unrealized losses. The term is for one year and the interest rate is fixed at the time the advance is taken. There is no prepayment penalty. Allowable investments for pledge are those the FRB can own. This would include all of the Company's investment securities except municipal securities, private label bonds, and corporate bonds. At December 31, 2023, the Company had fully utilized its borrowing capacity under this program. The program expires on March 11, 2024.

 The Company selects loans that meet underwriting criteria established by the Federal Home Loan Bank Chicago (FHLBC) as collateral for outstanding advances. The Company's borrowings at the FHLBC are limited to 80 % of the carrying value of unencumbered one - to four -family mortgage loans, 64 % of the carrying value of home equity loans and 75 % of the carrying value of over four -family loans. In addition, these advances are collateralized by FHLBC stock of $ 20.9 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 17.4 million at December 31, 2022. In the event of prepayment, the Company is obligated to pay all remaining contractual interest on the advance.

 8)

 Regulatory Capital

 The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements, or overall financial performance deemed by the regulators to be inadequate, can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company's and Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company's and Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

 As required by applicable legislation, the federal banking agencies were required to develop a "Community Bank Leverage Ratio" (the ratio of a bank's tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A "qualifying community bank" that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered "well capitalized" under Prompt Corrective Action statutes. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution's risk profile when evaluating whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement.

 The federal banking agencies must set the minimum capital for the new Community Bank Leverage Ratio at not less than 8% and not more than 10%. The Community Bank Leverage Ratio is currently 9%. A financial institution can elect to be subject to this new definition, and opt-out of this new definition, at any time. As a qualified community bank, we elected to opt-out of this definition during the second quarter of 2020.

 Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If only adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required.

 The minimum capital ratios set forth in the Regulatory Capital Plans will be increased and other minimum capital requirements will be established if and as necessary. In accordance with the Regulatory Capital Plans, the Bank will not pursue any acquisition or growth opportunity, declare any dividend or conduct any stock repurchase that would cause the Bank's total risk-based capital ratio and/or its Tier 1 leverage ratio to fall below the established minimum capital levels or the capital levels required for capital adequacy plus the capital conservation buffer. The minimum capital conservation buffer is 2.5%.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Bank was well-capitalized, with all capital ratios exceeding the well-capitalized requirement. There are no conditions or events that management believes have changed the Bank's prompt corrective action capitalization category.

 The Bank is subject to regulatory restrictions on the amount of dividends it may declare and pay to the Company without prior regulatory approval, and to regulatory notification requirements for dividends that do not require prior regulatory approval.

 -
 89 -

 The actual and required capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented in the table below:

 Minimum Capital

 To Be Well-Capitalized

 For Capital

 Adequacy with

 Under Prompt Corrective

 Actual

 Adequacy Purposes

 Capital Buffer

 Action Provisions

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 (Dollars In Thousands)

 Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 380,351

 21.50
 %

 141,538

 8.00
 %

 185,769

 10.50
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 355,476

 20.10
 %

 141,515

 8.00
 %

 185,738

 10.50
 %

 176,893

 10.00
 %

 Tier I Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 360,734

 20.39
 %

 106,154

 6.00
 %

 150,385

 8.50
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 335,859

 18.99
 %

 106,117

 6.00
 %

 150,332

 8.50
 %

 141,489

 8.00
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 360,734

 20.39
 %

 79,615

 4.50
 %

 123,846

 7.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 335,859

 18.99
 %

 79,587

 4.50
 %

 123,803

 7.00
 %

 114,960

 6.50
 %

 Tier I Capital (to average assets)

 360,734

 16.77
 %

 86,043

 4.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 335,859

 15.62
 %

 86,007

 4.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 107,509

 5.00
 %

 State of Wisconsin (to total assets)

 335,859

 15.20
 %

 132,576

 6.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 (Dollars In Thousands)

 Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 407,099

 24.36
 %

 133,709

 8.00
 %

 175,493

 10.50
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 359,623

 21.52
 %

 133,690

 8.00
 %

 175,468

 10.50
 %

 167,112

 10.00
 %

 Tier I Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 389,342

 23.29
 %

 100,281

 6.00
 %

 142,065

 8.50
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 341,866

 20.46
 %

 100,267

 6.00
 %

 142,045

 8.50
 %

 133,690

 8.00
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 389,342

 23.29
 %

 75,211

 4.50
 %

 116,995

 7.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 341,866

 20.46
 %

 75,200

 4.50
 %

 116,978

 7.00
 %

 108,623

 6.50
 %

 Tier I Capital (to average assets)

 389,342

 19.45
 %

 80,080

 4.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 341,866

 17.08
 %

 80,080

 4.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 100,100

 5.00
 %

 State of Wisconsin (to total assets)

 341,866

 16.87
 %

 121,624

 6.00
 %

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 N/A

 -
 90 -

 9)

 Stock Based Compensation

 Stock-Based Compensation Plan

 In 2020, the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan was approved. All stock awards granted under this plan are required to be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. The exercise price for all stock options granted was equal to the quoted NASDAQ market closing price on the date that the awards were granted and the stock options expire ten years after the grant date, if not exercised. All restricted stock grants are issued from previously unissued shares.

 A total of 750,000 stock options and 500,000 restricted shares were approved for award. A total of 645,000 stock options and 431,631 restricted stock were available to be issued as of December 31, 2023.

 Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Plan

 The fair value of stock options granted is estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes pricing model. The fair value of restricted shares is equal to the quoted NASDAQ market closing price on the date of grant. The fair value of stock grants is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. Compensation expense is included in compensation, payroll taxes and other employee benefits in the consolidated statements of income.

 Assumptions are used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted. The weighted average expected life of the stock options represents the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding and is based on the historical results from the previous awards. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected volatility is based on the actual volatility of Waterstone Financial, Inc. stock for the weighted average life time period prior to issuance date. The following assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of options granted in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 2023

 2022

 Minimum

 Maximum

 Minimum

 Maximum

 Dividend Yield

 4.22
 %

 6.27
 %

 4.07
 %

 4.82
 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.52
 %

 4.62
 %

 1.80
 %

 3.92
 %

 Expected volatility

 23.81
 %

 25.42
 %

 23.14
 %

 23.97
 %

 Weighted average expected life

 5.1

 5.7

 5.5

 5.6

 Weighted average per share value of options

 1.58

 2.52

 2.48

 2.84

 The Company's policy is to adjust compensation expense at the time of actual stock grant forfeiture.

 A summary of the Company's stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is presented below.

 Weighted Average

 Aggregate

 Weighted Average

 Years Remaining in

 Intrinsic Value

 Stock Options

 Exercise Price

 Contractual Term

 (000's)

 Outstanding December 31, 2020

 751,827

 $
 13.57

 4.82

 $
 3,945

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2020

 433,827

 13.31

 4.45

 $
 2,392

 45,000

 20.44

 $

 Exercised

 ( 179,517
)

 12.85

 1,496

 ( 23,000
)

 16.50

 Outstanding December 31, 2021

 594,310

 14.20

 4.33

 $
 4,158

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2021

 352,310

 13.70

 3.78

 $
 2,636

 35,000

 18.38

 $

 Exercised

 ( 44,690
)

 12.62

 ( 29,001
)

 18.82

 Outstanding December 31, 2022

 555,619

 14.35

 3.41

 $
 1,708

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2022

 409,119

 13.76

 2.59

 $
 1,408

 40,000

 14.20

 $

 Exercised

 ( 64,219
)

 12.75

 ( 21,000
)

 19.24

 -

 Outstanding December 31, 2023

 510,400

 14.34

 3.17

 $

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2023

 425,400

 13.92

 2.08

 $

 -
 91 -

 The following table summarizes information about the Company's stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023.

 Options Outstanding

 Weighted Average Exercise Price

 Remaining Life (Years)

 Options Exercisable

 Weighted Average Exercise Price

 Remaining Life (Years)

 Range of Exercise Prices:

 $0.01 - $10.00

 -

 $
 -

 -

 -

 $
 -

 -

 $10.01 - $15.00

 380,400

 13.01

 2.22

 339,400

 12.89

 1.39

 $15.01 - $20.00

 115,000

 17.80

 5.72

 80,000

 17.74

 4.58

 Over $20.01

 15,000

 21.50

 7.89

 6,000

 21.50

 7.89

 Total

 510,400

 $
 14.34

 3.17

 425,400

 $
 13.92

 2.08

 The following table summarizes information about the Company's nonvested stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Weighted Average

 Stock Options

 Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021

 242,000

 $
 3.06

 35,000

 2.63

 Vested

 ( 113,500
)

 2.66

 ( 17,000
)

 2.52

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 146,500

 2.90

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 146,500

 2.90

 40,000

 1.82

 Vested

 ( 88,500
)

 3.16

 ( 13,000
)

 2.55

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023

 85,000

 2.17

 The Company amortizes the expense related to stock options as compensation expense over the vesting period. Expense for the stock options granted of $ 107,000, $ 342,000 and $ 329,000 was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 182,000 in estimated unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 44 months.

 The following table summarizes information about the Company's restricted stock shares activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Weighted Average

 Restricted Stock

 Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021

 51,722

 $
 16.82

 17,665

 19.43

 Vested

 ( 24,288
)

 13.12

 -

 -

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 45,099

 19.84

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022

 45,099

 19.84

 21,982

 16.02

 Vested

 ( 1,288
)

 19.80

 -

 -

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023

 65,793

 18.56

 The Company amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period. Expense for the restricted stock awards of $ 170,000, $ 242,000 and $ 416,000 was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 96,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock shares that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 25 months.

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 92 -

 10)

 Employee Benefit Plans

 The Company has two 401 (k) profit sharing plans and trusts covering substantially all employees. WaterStone Bank employees over 18 years of age are immediately eligible to participate in the Bank's plan. Waterstone Mortgage employees over 18 years of age are eligible to participate in its plan as of the first of the month following their date of employment. Participating employees may annually contribute pretax compensation in accordance with IRS limits. The Company made matching contributions of $ 1.0 million, $ 1.3 million and $ 1.6 million to the plans during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 11)

 Employee Stock Ownership Plan

 All WaterStone Bank employees are eligible to participate in the WaterStone Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "Plan") after they attain 21 years of age and complete 12 consecutive months of service in which they work at least 1,000 hours of service. The Plan debt is secured by shares of the Company. The Company has committed to make annual contributions to the Plan necessary to repay the loan, including interest.

 During the year ended December 31, 2005, the Plan borrowed $ 8.5 million from the Company and purchased 835,610 shares of common stock of the Company in the open market. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Plan borrowed an additional $ 23.8 million from the Company, refinanced the remaining 83,561 shares (related to the 2005 Plan purchase), and purchased an additional 2,024,000 shares of common stock of the Company in the open market. While the shares are not released and allocated to Plan participants until the loan payment is made, the shares are deemed to be earned and are therefore, committed to be released throughout the service period. As such, one - twentieth of the total 2,107,561 shares are scheduled to be released annually as shares are earned over a period of 20 years, beginning with the period ended December 31, 2014. As the debt is repaid, shares are released from collateral and allocated to active participant accounts. The shares pledged as collateral are reported as "Unearned ESOP shares" in the consolidated statement of financial condition. As shares are committed to be released from collateral, the Company reports compensation expense equal to the average fair market price of the shares, and the shares become outstanding for earnings per share computations. Compensation expense attributed to the ESOP was $ 1.5 million, $ 1.9 million and $ 2.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 The aggregate activity in the number of unearned ESOP shares, considering the allocation of those shares committed to be released as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Beginning ESOP shares

 1,159,159

 1,264,537

 Shares committed to be released

 ( 105,378
)

 ( 105,378
)

 Unreleased shares

 1,053,781

 1,159,159

 Fair value of unreleased shares (in millions)

 $
 15.0

 $
 20.0

 12)

 Income Taxes

 The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Current:

 Federal

 $
 2,274

 $
 4,731

 $
 17,387

 State

 2,550

 2,730

 5,476

 19,937

 Deferred:

 Federal

 ( 523
)

 ( 460
)

 State

 ( 550
)

 ( 24
)

 ( 1,073
)

 ( 484
)

 1,378

 Total

 $
 1,657

 $
 4,992

 $

 -
 93 -

 The income tax provisions differ from that computed at the Federal statutory corporate tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Income before income taxes

 $
 11,032

 $
 24,479

 $
 92,106

 Tax at Federal statutory rate ( 21 %)

 2,317

 5,141

 19,342

 Add (deduct) effect of:

 State income taxes net of Federal income tax (benefit) expense

 ( 74
)

 2,392

 Cash surrender value of life insurance

 ( 359
)

 ( 365
)

 ( 339
)

 Non-deductible ESOP and stock option expense

 Tax-exempt interest income

 ( 205
)

 ( 159
)

 ( 208
)

 Non-deductible compensation

 Death benefit on bank owned life insurance

 ( 8
)

 ( 71
)

 -

 Stock compensation

 -

 ( 69
)

 ( 251
)

 ESOP dividends

 ( 168
)

 ( 273
)

 ( 245
)

 Other

 ( 6
)

 Income tax provision

 $
 1,657

 $
 4,992

 $

 Effective tax rate

 15.0
 %

 20.4
 %

 23.1
 %

 The significant components of the Company's net deferred tax assets (liabilities) included in prepaid expenses and other assets are as follows at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 2023

 2022

 Gross deferred tax assets:

 Depreciation

 $
 1,054

 $

 Restricted stock and stock options

 Allowance for credit losses

 4,530

 4,263

 Allowance for unfunded commitments

 Repurchase reserve for loans sold

 Interest recognized for tax but not books

 State net operating loss

 -

 Lease liability

 1,148

 Unrealized loss on securities available for sale, net

 5,520

 7,104

 Other

 Total gross deferred tax assets

 13,817

 15,037

 Gross deferred tax liabilities:

 Mortgage servicing rights

 ( 467
)

 ( 870
)

 FHLB stock dividends

 ( 17
)

 ( 24
)

 Lease Asset

 ( 815
)

 ( 1,138
)

 Deferred loan fees

 ( 357
)

 ( 333
)

 Deferred liabilities

 ( 1,656
)

 ( 2,365
)

 Net deferred tax assets

 $
 12,161

 $
 12,672

 The Company had a Wisconsin net operating loss carry forward of $ 15,000 at December 31, 2023 which will begin to expire in 2028. The Company has no capital loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2023.

 Under the Internal Revenue Code and Wisconsin Statutes, the Company was permitted to deduct, for tax years beginning before 1988, an annual addition to a reserve for bad debts. This amount differs from the provision for loan losses recorded for financial accounting purposes. Under prior law, bad debt deductions for income tax purposes were included in taxable income of later years only if the bad debt reserves were used for purposes other than to absorb bad debt losses. Because the Company did not intend to use the reserve for purposes other than to absorb losses, no deferred income taxes were provided. Retained earnings at December 31, 2023 include approximately $ 16.7 million for which no deferred Federal or state income taxes were provided. Deferred income taxes have been provided on certain additions to the tax reserve for bad debts.

 The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated federal and combined state tax returns. One subsidiary also files separate state income tax returns in certain states. The Company is no longer subject to federal tax examinations for the years before 2020. The years open to examination by state and local government authorities varies by jurisdiction.

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 94 -

 13)

 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities

 The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

 2023

 2022

 Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent potential credit risk:

 Commitments to extend credit under first mortgage loans (1)

 $
 9,789

 61,223

 Commitments to extend credit under home equity lines of credit

 11,722

 9,550

 Unused portion of construction loans

 76,660

 48,530

 Unused portion of business lines of credit

 15,378

 17,356

 Standby letters of credit

 1,516

 ( 1) Excludes commitments to originate loans held for sale, which are discussed in Footnote 14 - Derivative Financial Instruments.

 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company. The Company evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter-party. Collateral obtained generally consists of mortgages on the underlying real estate.

 Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds mortgages on the underlying real estate as collateral supporting those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary.

 The Company has determined that there are no probable losses related to commitments to extend credit or the standby letters of credit as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 3 - Loans Receivable for discussion on the allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments.

 Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages. The Company's agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold related to credit information, loan documentation and collateral, which if subsequently are untrue or breached, could require the Company to repurchase certain loans affected. The Company has only been required to make insignificant repurchases as a result of breaches of these representations and warranties. The Company's agreements to sell residential mortgage loans also contain limited recourse provisions. The recourse provisions are limited in that the recourse provision ends after certain payment criteria have been met. With respect to these loans, repurchase could be required if defined delinquency issues arose during the limited recourse period. Given that the underlying loans delivered to buyers are predominantly conventional first lien mortgages, historical experience has resulted in insignificant losses and repurchase activity. The Company's reserve for losses related to these recourse provisions that is reported as a component of other liabilities on the Company's consolidated statement of financial condition totaled $ 1.7 million and $ 2.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 In the normal course of business, the Company, or its subsidiaries are involved in various legal proceedings. In the opinion of management, any liability resulting from pending proceedings would not be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 -
 95 -

 14)

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Mortgage Banking Derivatives

 In connection with its mortgage banking activities, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments as part of its strategy to manage its exposure to changes in interest rates. Mortgage banking derivatives include interest rate lock commitments provided to customers to fund mortgage loans to be sold in the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of such loans. It is the Company's practice to enter into forward commitments for the future delivery of residential mortgage loans when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of future changes in interest rates on its commitments to fund the loans as well as on its portfolio of mortgage loans held-for-sale. The Company's mortgage banking derivatives have not been designated as being a hedge relationship. These instruments are used to manage the Company's exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements of ASC 815. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in earnings. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes.

 Derivative Loan Commitments

 Mortgage loan commitments qualify as derivative loan commitments if the loan that will result from exercise of the commitment will be held for sale upon funding. The Company enters into commitments to fund residential mortgage loans at specified times in the future, with the intention that these loans will subsequently be sold in the secondary market. A mortgage loan commitment binds the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specified interest rate and within a specified period of time, generally up to 60 days after inception of the rate lock.

 Outstanding derivative loan commitments expose the Company to the risk that the price of the loans arising from exercise of the loan commitment might decline from inception of a rate lock to funding of the loan due to increases in mortgage interest rates. If interest rates increase, the value of these loan commitments decreases. Conversely, if interest rates decrease, the value of these loan commitments increases.

 Forward Loan Sale Commitments

 The Company utilizes both "mandatory delivery" and "best efforts" forward loan sale commitments to mitigate the risk of potential decreases in the values of loans that would result from the exercise of the derivative loan commitments.

 With a "mandatory delivery" contract, the Company commits to deliver a certain principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price on or before a specified date. If the Company fails to deliver the number of mortgages necessary to fulfill the commitment by the specified date, it is obligated to pay a "pair-off" fee, based on then-current market prices, to the investor to compensate the investor for the shortfall.

 With a "best efforts" contract, the Company commits to deliver an individual mortgage loan of a specified principal amount and quality to an investor if the loan to the underlying borrower closes. Generally, the price the investor will pay the seller for an individual loan is specified prior to the loan being funded (e.g., on the same day the lender commits to lend funds to a potential borrower).

 The Company expects that these forward loan sale commitments will experience changes in fair value opposite to the change in fair value of derivative loan commitments.

 Interest Rate Swaps

 The Company may offer derivative contracts to its customers in connection with their risk management needs. The Company manages the risk associated with these contracts by entering into an equal and offsetting derivative with a third -party dealer through back-to-back swaps. These derivatives generally work together as an economic interest rate hedge, but the Company does not designate them for hedge accounting treatment. Consequently, changes in fair value of the corresponding derivative financial asset or liability are recorded as either a charge or credit to current earnings during the period in which the changes occurred. The fair value of the swaps is recorded as both an asset and a liability, in other assets and other liabilities on the Company's consolidated statement of financial condition, respectively, in equal amounts for these transactions.

 The following tables presents the outstanding notional balances and fair values of outstanding derivative instruments:

 Liabilities

 Derivatives not designated as Hedging Instruments

 Notional Amount

 Balance Sheet Location

 Balance Sheet Location

 (Dollars in millions)

 Forward commitments

 $
 268.8

 $
 -

 $
 0.4

 Interest rate locks

 170.9

 0.3

 -

 Interest rate swaps

 88.2

 12.0

 12.0

 Liabilities

 Derivatives not designated as Hedging Instruments

 Notional Amount

 Balance Sheet Location

 Balance Sheet Location

 (Dollars in millions)

 Forward commitments

 $
 296.0

 $
 1.9

 $
 3.6

 Interest rate locks

 203.1

 0.7

 -

 Interest rate swaps

 90.5

 14.2

 14.2

 -
 96 -

 In determining the fair value of its derivative loan commitments, the Company considers the value that would be generated when the loan arising from exercise of the loan commitment is sold in the secondary mortgage market. That value includes the price that the loan is expected to be sold for in the secondary mortgage market. The fair value of these commitments is recorded on the consolidated statements of financial condition with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking income.

 The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's mortgage banking derivatives, including interest rate lock commitments, is the loan pull through rate. This represents the percentage of loans currently in a lock position which the Company estimates will ultimately close. Generally, the fair value of an interest rate lock commitment will be positively (negatively) impacted when the prevailing interest rate is lower (higher) than the interest rate lock commitment. Generally, an increase in the pull through rate will result in the fair value of the interest rate lock increasing when in a gain position, or decreasing when in a loss position. The pull through rate is largely dependent on the loan processing stage that a loan is currently in and the change in prevailing interest rates from the time of the rate lock. The pull through rate is computed using historical data and the ratio is periodically reviewed by the Company.

 The back-to-back swaps mature in December 2029 to June 2037. Commercial borrower swaps are completed independently with each borrower and are not subject to master netting arrangements. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no back-to-back swaps were in default. The Company pays fixed rates and receives floating rates based upon SOFR on the swaps with dealer counterparties. Dealer counterparty swaps are subject to master netting agreements among the contracts within our Bank. No right of offset existed with dealer counterparty swaps as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. All changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other non-interest income. The Company pledged no collateral at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 15)

 Fair Value Measurements

 ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This accounting standard applies to reported balances that are required or permitted to be measured at fair value under existing accounting pronouncements. The standard also emphasizes that fair value (i.e., the price that would be received in an orderly transaction that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale at the measurement date), among other things, is based on exit price versus entry price, should include assumptions about risk such as nonperformance risk in liability fair values, and is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. When considering the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, this accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).

 The fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels.

 Level 1 inputs - In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.

 -
 97 -

 Level 2 inputs - Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs use inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets where there are few transactions and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

 Level 3 inputs - Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.

 In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

 The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities recorded in our consolidated statement of financial position at their fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Available for sale securities

 $
 11,181

 $
 -

 $
 11,181

 $
 -

 Collateralized mortgage obligations

 133,467

 -

 133,467

 -

 7,260

 -

 7,260

 -

 2,348

 -

 2,348

 -

 39,488

 -

 39,488

 -

 -

 -

 Loans held for sale

 164,993

 -

 164,993

 -

 Mortgage banking derivative assets

 -

 -

 Interest rate swap assets

 12,044

 -

 12,044

 -

 Liabilities

 Mortgage banking derivative liabilities

 -

 -

 Interest rate swap liabilities

 12,044

 -

 12,044

 -

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Available for sale securities

 $
 13,314

 $
 -

 $
 13,314

 $
 -

 Collateralized mortgage obligations

 124,765

 -

 124,765

 -

 8,106

 -

 8,106

 -

 2,256

 -

 2,256

 -

 36,934

 -

 36,934

 -

 11,162

 -

 11,162

 -

 Other Securities

 -

 -

 Loans held for sale

 131,188

 -

 131,188

 -

 Mortgage banking derivative assets

 2,619

 -

 -

 2,619

 Interest rate swap assets

 14,226

 -

 14,226

 -

 Liabilities

 Mortgage banking derivative liabilities

 3,613

 -

 -

 3,613

 Interest rate swap liabilities

 14,226

 -

 14,226

 -

 -
 98 -

 The following summarizes the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a recurring basis:

 Available for sale securities – The Company's investment securities classified as available for sale include: mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, government sponsored enterprise bonds, municipal securities and other debt securities. The fair values of mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and government sponsored enterprise bonds are determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a matrix or multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to these models include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment models and bid/offer market data. For securities with an early redemption feature, an option adjusted spread model is utilized to adjust the issuer spread. These model and matrix measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of municipal and other debt securities are determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to this model include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, rating updates and issuer spreads. These model measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of comprehensive income.

 Loans held for sale – The Company carries loans held for sale at fair value under the fair value option model. Fair value is generally determined by estimating a gross premium or discount, which is derived from pricing currently observable in the secondary market, principally from observable prices for forward sale commitments. Loans held-for-sale are considered to be Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of income.

 Mortgage banking derivatives - Mortgage banking derivatives include interest rate lock commitments to originate residential loans held for sale to individual customers and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans to various investors. The Company utilizes a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, which includes applying a pull through rate based upon historical experience and the current interest rate environment and then multiplying by quoted investor prices. The Company also utilizes a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential loans, which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. While there are Level 2 and 3 inputs used in the valuation models, the Company has determined that one or more of the inputs significant in the valuation of both of the mortgage banking derivatives fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of operations, within mortgage banking income.

 Interest rate swap assets/liabilities - The Company offers loan level swaps to its customers and offsets its exposure from such contracts by entering into mirror image swaps with a financial institution / swap counterparty. The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date. Our derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third -party pricing services. Interest rate swap assets and liabilities are considered to be Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques. The change in fair value is recorded through an adjustment to the statement of operations, within other income and other expense.

 The table below presents reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2023 and 2022.

 Mortgage banking derivatives, net

 Balance at December 31, 2021

 $
 4,369

 Mortgage derivative loss, net

 ( 5,363
)

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 ( 994
)

 Mortgage derivative gain, net

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 $
 ( 30
)

 There were no transfers in or out of Level 1, 2 or 3 measurements during the periods.

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 99 -

 Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

 The following table presents information about the Company's assets recorded in the consolidated statement of financial position at their fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value.

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 Impaired mortgage servicing rights

 1,063

 -

 -

 1,063

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 Impaired mortgage servicing rights

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 1) Represents collateral-dependent impaired loans, net, which are included in loans.

 Real estate owned – On a non-recurring basis, real estate owned is recorded in the consolidated statements of financial condition at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is determined based on third party appraisals and, if less than the carrying value of the foreclosed loan, the carrying value of the real estate owned is adjusted to the fair value. Appraised values are adjusted to consider disposition costs and also to take into consideration the age of the most recent appraisal. Given the significance of the adjustments made to appraised values necessary to estimate the fair value of the properties, real estate owned is considered to be Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques.

 Mortgage servicing rights - The Company utilizes an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of mortgage servicing rights. The model utilizes prepayment assumptions to project cash flows related to the mortgage servicing rights based upon the current interest rate environment, which is then discounted to estimate an expected fair value of the mortgage servicing rights. The model considers characteristics specific to the underlying mortgage portfolio, such as: contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, delinquency rates, late charges and costs to service. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs utilized in the estimation process, mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company records the mortgage servicing rights at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.

 -
 100 -

 For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

 Fair Value at

 Significant

 Significant Unobservable Input Value

 Valuation

 Unobservable

 Minimum

 Maximum

 2023

 Technique

 Inputs

 Value

 Value

 Mortgage banking derivatives

 $
 ( 30
)
 Pricing models

 Pull through rate

 20.5
 %

 99.9
 %

 69.8
 %

 Market approach

 Discount rates applied to appraisals

 23.3
 %

 73.1
 %

 39.3
 %

 Mortgage servicing rights

 1,063

 Pricing models

 Prepayment rate

 6.7
 %

 23.9
 %

 14.6
 %

 Discount rate

 10.0
 %

 15.5
 %

 11.2
 %

 Cost to service

 $

 $

 $

 Mortgage banking derivatives

 ( 994
)
 Pricing models

 Pull through rate

 20.6
 %

 100.0
 %

 89.2
 %

 Market approach

 Discount rates applied to appraisals

 34.8
 %

 34.8
 %

 34.8
 %

 A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

 Fair value information about financial instruments follows, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. Certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments are excluded from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company.

 The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company's financial instruments consist of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Carrying

 Carrying

 amount

 amount

 Total

 Total

 Financial Assets

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 $

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 $

 $

 $
 -

 $
 -

 Loans receivable

 1,558,472

 -

 -

 1,558,472

 1,403,429

 -

 -

 1,403,429

 FHLB stock

 20,880

 20,880

 20,880

 -

 -

 17,357

 17,357

 17,357

 -

 -

 Accrued interest receivable

 7,421

 7,421

 7,421

 -

 -

 5,725

 5,725

 5,725

 -

 -

 Mortgage servicing rights

 1,811

 2,207

 -

 -

 2,207

 3,444

 5,001

 -

 -

 5,001

 -

 -

 Financial Liabilities

 1,190,624

 1,189,274

 460,340

 728,934

 -

 1,199,012

 1,194,559

 556,741

 637,818

 -

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes

 6,607

 6,607

 6,607

 -

 -

 5,334

 5,334

 5,334

 -

 -

 602,948

 -

 602,948

 -

 377,275

 -

 377,275

 -

 Accrued interest payable

 2,613

 2,613

 2,613

 -

 -

 1,358

 1,358

 1,358

 -

 -

 -
 101 -

 The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in determining its fair value disclosures for financial instruments.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 The carrying amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial condition for cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value. The commercial paper instruments with a maturity of less than 90 days also approximates its fair value with its carrying value.

 Securities

 The fair value of securities is determined by a third party valuation source using observable market data utilizing a matrix or multi-dimensional relational pricing model. Standard inputs to these models include observable market data such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities and bid/offer market data. For securities with an early redemption feature, an option adjusted spread model is utilized to adjust the issuer spread. Prepayment models are used for mortgage related securities with prepayment features.

 Loans Held for Sale

 Fair value is estimated using the prices of the Company's existing commitments to sell such loans and/or the quoted market price for commitments to sell similar loans.

 Loans Receivable

 The fair value estimation process for the loan portfolio uses an exit price concept and reflects discounts the Company believes are consistent with discounts in the market place. Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as one - to four -family, multi-family, home equity, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, and other consumer. The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for similar maturities. The fair value analysis also includes other assumptions to estimate fair value, intended to approximate those a market participant would use in an orderly transaction, with adjustments for discount rates, interest rates, liquidity, and credit spreads, as appropriate.

 FHLB Stock

 For FHLB stock, the carrying amount is the amount at which shares can be redeemed with the FHLB and is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

 Deposits and Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes

 The fair values for interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing negotiable order of withdrawal accounts, savings accounts, and money market accounts are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates of similar remaining maturities to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities of the outstanding certificates of deposit. The advance payments by borrowers for taxes are equal to their carrying amounts at the reporting date.

 Fair values for borrowings are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current interest rates to estimated future cash flows of the borrowings.

 Accrued Interest Payable and Accrued Interest Receivable

 For accrued interest payable and accrued interest receivable, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

 Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit

 Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are generally not marketable. Furthermore, interest rates on any amounts drawn under such commitments would be generally established at market rates at the time of the draw. Fair values for the Company's commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements, the counterparty's credit standing, and discounted cash flow analyses. The fair value of the Company's commitments to extend credit was not material at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 -
 102 -

 Mortgage Banking Derivative Assets and Liabilities

 Mortgage banking derivatives include interest rate lock commitments to originate residential loans held for sale to individual customers and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans to various investors. The Company relies on a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, which includes applying a pull through rate based upon historical experience and the current interest rate environment, and then multiplying by quoted investor prices. The Company also relies on a valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential loans, which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. On the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition, instruments that have a positive fair value are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, and those instruments that have a negative fair value are included in other liabilities.

 Interest Rate Swap Assets and Liabilities

 The carrying value and fair value of existing derivative financial instruments are based upon independent valuation models, which use widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative contract. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.

 16)

 Earnings Per Share

 Earnings per share are computed using the two -class method. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shares by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of all potential common shares.

 There were 197,000, 128,000, and 70,000 antidilutive shares of common stock (where the exercise price exceeds the average price of common stock for the period) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:

 For the year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (In Thousands, except for per share amounts)

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 Weighted average shares outstanding

 20,158

 21,884

 23,741

 Effect of dilutive potential common shares

 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding

 $
 20,196

 $
 22,010

 $
 23,931

 Basic income per share

 $
 0.47

 $
 0.89

 $
 2.98

 Diluted income per share

 $
 0.46

 $
 0.89

 $
 2.96

 -
 103 -

 17)

 Condensed Parent Company Only Statements

 Statements of Financial Condition

 2023

 2022

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 28,036

 $
 51,767

 Investment in subsidiaries

 319,181

 323,010

 Other assets

 Total Assets

 $
 347,518

 $
 375,015

 Liabilities and shareholders' equity

 Liabilities:

 3,462

 4,529

 Shareholders' equity

 Preferred Stock (par value $. 01 per share), Authorized - 50,000,000 shares in 2023 and 2022, no shares issued

 -

 -

 Common stock (par value $. 01 per share) Authorized - 100,000,000 shares at December 31, 2023 and at December 31, 2022, Issued and Outstanding - 20,314,786 at December 31, 2023 and 22,174,225 at December 31, 2022

 Additional paid-in-capital

 103,908

 128,550

 Retained earnings

 269,606

 274,246

 Unearned ESOP shares

 ( 11,869
)

 ( 13,056
)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes

 ( 17,792
)

 ( 19,476
)

 Total shareholders' equity

 344,056

 370,486

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

 $
 347,518

 $
 375,015

 Statements of Operations

 For the year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest income

 $
 1,212

 $

 $

 Equity in income of subsidiaries

 8,964

 19,507

 70,862

 Total income

 10,176

 20,114

 71,411

 $

 Other expense

 Total expense

 Income before income tax expense

 9,507

 19,481

 70,769

 Income tax (benefit) expense

 ( 6
)

 ( 22
)

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 -
 104 -

 Statements of Cash Flows

 For the year ended December 31,

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 9,375

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:

 Amortization of unearned ESOP

 1,461

 1,889

 2,129

 Stock based compensation

 Deferred income taxes

 -

 -

 Equity in loss of subsidiaries

 ( 8,964
)

 ( 19,507
)

 ( 70,862
)

 Change in other assets and liabilities

 ( 59
)

 ( 1,339
)

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 2,090

 2,541

 1,465

 Net cash used in investing activities

 -

 -

 -

 Dividends received from subsidiary

 14,754

 55,594

 63,564

 Cash Dividends on Common Stock

 ( 15,363
)

 ( 30,260
)

 ( 30,388
)

 Proceeds from stock option exercises

 2,307

 ( 26,032
)

 ( 47,830
)

 ( 10,176
)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities

 ( 25,821
)

 ( 21,932
)

 25,307

 Net (decrease) increase in cash

 ( 23,731
)

 ( 19,391
)

 26,772

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

 51,767

 71,158

 44,386

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

 $
 28,036

 $
 51,767

 $
 71,158

 18)

 Segment Reporting

 Selected financial and descriptive information is required to be provided about reportable operating segments, considering a "management approach" concept as the basis for identifying reportable segments. The management approach is based on the way that management organizes the segments within the enterprise for making operating decisions, allocating resources, and assessing performance. Consequently, the segments are evident from the structure of the enterprise's internal organization, focusing on financial information that an enterprise's chief operating decision-makers use to make decisions about the enterprise's operating matters.

 The Company has determined that it has two reportable segments: community banking and mortgage banking. The Company's operating segments are presented based on its management structure and management accounting practices. The structure and practices are specific to the Company and therefore, the financial results of the Company's business segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial institutions.

 Community Banking

 The Community Banking segment provides consumer and business banking products and services to customers primarily within Southeastern Wisconsin. Within this segment, the following products and services are provided: ( 1) lending solutions such as residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, personal and installment loans, real estate financing, business loans, and business lines of credit; ( 2) deposit and transactional solutions such as checking, credit, debit and pre-paid cards, online banking and bill pay, and money transfer services; ( 3) investable funds solutions such as savings, money market deposit accounts, IRA accounts, certificates of deposit, and ( 4) fixed and variable annuities, insurance as well as trust and investment management accounts.

 Consumer products include loan and deposit products: mortgage, home equity loans and lines, personal term loans, demand deposit accounts, interest bearing transaction accounts and time deposits. Consumer products also include personal investment services. Business banking products include secured and unsecured lines and term loans for working capital, inventory and general corporate use, commercial real estate construction loans, demand deposit accounts, interest bearing transaction accounts and time deposits.

 Mortgage Banking

 The Mortgage Banking segment provides residential mortgage loans for the primary purpose of sale in the secondary market. Mortgage banking products and services are provided by offices in 26 states with the ability to lend in 48 states.

 -
 105 -

 As of or for the Year ended December 31, 2023

 Community Banking

 Mortgage Banking

 Holding Company and Other

 Consolidated

 $
 51,733

 $
 ( 1,821
)

 $

 $
 50,215

 Provision for credit losses

 -

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses

 51,292

 ( 2,036
)

 49,559

 Noninterest income

 4,387

 78,472

 ( 1,674
)

 81,185

 Noninterest expenses:

 19,866

 65,095

 ( 865
)

 84,096

 Occupancy, office furniture and equipment

 3,672

 4,651

 -

 8,323

 2,802

 -

 3,779

 2,501

 2,130

 4,653

 -

 1,922

 2,686

 -

 -

 -

 3,428

 -

 3,428

 Other

 3,868

 8,953

 ( 1,066
)

 11,755

 31,909

 89,674

 ( 1,871
)

 119,712

 Income (loss) before income taxes (benefit)

 23,770

 ( 13,238
)

 11,032

 Income taxes (benefit)

 5,137

 ( 3,612
)

 1,657

 Net income (loss)

 $
 18,633

 $
 ( 9,626
)

 $

 $
 9,375

 Total Assets

 $
 2,178,488

 $
 206,452

 $
 ( 171,551
)

 $
 2,213,389

 As of or for the Year ended December 31, 2022

 Community Banking

 Mortgage Banking

 Holding Company and Other

 Consolidated

 $
 56,606

 $

 $

 $
 56,954

 Provision for credit losses (1)

 -

 Net interest income after provision (credit) for loan losses

 55,929

 ( 134
)

 55,986

 Noninterest income

 5,221

 104,101

 ( 3,767
)

 105,555

 Noninterest expenses:

 19,013

 81,010

 ( 458
)

 99,565

 Occupancy, office furniture and equipment

 3,645

 5,061

 -

 8,706

 3,089

 -

 3,976

 2,229

 2,234

 4,470

 -

 1,189

 1,278

 1,815

 -

 -

 -

 4,744

 -

 4,744

 Other

 5,551

 10,197

 ( 3,170
)

 12,578

 32,209

 108,445

 ( 3,592
)

 137,062

 Income (loss) before income taxes (benefit)

 28,941

 ( 4,478
)

 24,479

 Income taxes (benefit)

 6,116

 ( 1,117
)

 ( 7
)

 4,992

 Net income (loss)

 $
 22,825

 $
 ( 3,361
)

 $

 $

 Total Assets

 $
 2,009,727

 $
 198,625

 $
 ( 176,680
)

 $
 2,031,672

 ( 1) The Company adopted ASU 2016 - 13 as of January 1, 2022. The prior year amounts presented are calculated under the prior accounting standard.

 -
 106 -

 As of or for the Year ended December 31, 2021

 Community Banking

 Mortgage Banking

 Holding Company and Other

 Consolidated

 $
 56,051

 $
 ( 652
)

 $

 $
 55,515

 Provision (credit) for loan losses

 ( 4,100
)

 -

)

 Net interest income after provision for loan losses

 60,151

 ( 762
)

 59,505

 Noninterest income

 6,058

 197,573

 ( 436
)

 203,195

 Noninterest expenses:

 20,294

 115,279

 ( 458
)

 135,115

 Occupancy, office furniture and equipment

 3,781

 5,831

 -

 9,612

 2,548

 -

 3,528

 2,039

 1,889

 3,950

 -

 1,309

 1,275

 -

 -

 -

 4,610

 -

 4,610

 Other

 1,974

 9,074

 11,192

 30,171

 140,677

 ( 254
)

 170,594

 Income before income taxes

 36,038

 56,134

 ( 66
)

 92,106

 Income taxes

 7,696

 13,641

 ( 22
)

 $
 28,342

 $
 42,493

 $
 ( 44
)

 $

 Total Assets

 $
 2,162,360

 $
 365,590

 $
 ( 312,092
)

 $
 2,215,858

 -
 107 -

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures: The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act.

 As of December 31, 2023, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in "Internal Control—Integrated Framework," issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 is effective.

 FORVIS, LLP, the Company's registered public accounting firm, has audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The audit report by FORVIS, LLP is located in Item 8 of this report.

 There were no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a - 15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. There have been no significant changes in the Company's internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation or material weaknesses in such internal controls requiring corrective actions.

 Item 9B. Other Information

 None

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 None

 - 108 -

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning directors of the Company under the caption "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" and compliance with Section 16 reporting requirements under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" and information concerning corporate governance under the caption "Other Board and Corporate Governance Matters" and "Board Meetings and Committees," is incorporated herein by reference.

 Executive Officers of the Registrant

 The table below sets forth certain information regarding the persons who have been determined, by our board of directors, to be executive officers of the Company as of December 31, 2023. The executive officers of the Company are elected annually and hold office until their respective successors have been elected or until death, resignation, retirement or removal by the Board of directors.

 Name and Age

 Offices and Positions with Waterstone Financial and Subsidiaries*

 Executive
 Officer
 Since

 Douglas S. Gordon, 66 (1)

 Chief Executive Officer of Waterstone Financial and of WaterStone Bank

 2005

 William F. Bruss, 54 (1)

 General Counsel, President and Secretary of Waterstone Financial and of WaterStone Bank

 2005

 Mark R. Gerke, 49

 Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Waterstone Financial and of WaterStone Bank

 2016

 Jeff McGuiness, 58

 Chief Executive Officer and President of Waterstone Mortgage Corporation

 2020

 Julie A. Glynn, 60

 Senior Vice President and Director of Retail Banking of WaterStone Bank

 2018

 *

 Excluding directorships and excluding positions with Bank subsidiary that do not constitute a substantial part of the officers' duties.

 (1)

 Douglas S. Gordon retired on January 5, 2024. William F. Bruss took over as Chief Executive Officer of Waterstone Financial and WaterStone Bank on January 5, 2024.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," and "Compensation Committee Report," is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the caption "Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock," is incorporated herein by reference.

 Compensation Plans

 Set forth below is information as of December 31, 2023 regarding equity compensation plans that have been approved by shareholders. The Company has no equity based benefit plans, other than its employee stock ownership plan, that were not approved by shareholders.

 Plan

 Number of shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights

 Weighted average option exercise price

 Number of securities remaining available for issuance under plan

 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 170,793

 (1)

 $

 10.36

 1,076,631

 (1)

 Consists of 105,000 shares reserved for grants of stock options and 65,793 shares reserved for grants of restricted stock. On December 31, 2023, 105,000 options were outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $16.85 of which 23,000 were exercisable as of that date.

 - 109 -

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the captions "Transactions with Certain Related Parties," and "Board Meetings and Committees," is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 The information in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the caption "Ratification of the Appointment of Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)

 Documents filed as part of the Report:
 1. and 2. Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules.

 The following consolidated financial statements of Waterstone Financial, Inc. and subsidiaries are filed as part of this report under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data":

 Report of FORVIS LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on consolidated financial statements. (PCAOB ID 686)

 Report of CliftonLarsonAllen LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on consolidated financial statements. (PCAOB ID 655)

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition – December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted.

 (b). Exhibits. See Exhibit Index following the signature page of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference. Each management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this report is identified in the Exhibit Index by an asterisk following its exhibit number.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Not applicable.

 - 110 -

 WATERSTONE FINANCIAL, INC

 ( " Waterstone Financial " or the " Company ")

 Commission File No. 000-51507

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 TO

 2023 REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 The following exhibits are filed with, or incorporated by reference in, this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Exhibit

 Description

 Filed Herewith

 3.1

 Articles of Incorporation of the Company (2)

 3.2

 Bylaws of the Company (2)

 4.1

 Common Stock Certificate (1)

 4.2

 Description of Registrant Securities (4)

 10.1

 Waterstone Financial, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (6)

 10.2

 Waterstone Financial, Inc. Incentive Plan (3)

 10.3

 Employment Agreement By and Between Waterstone Mortgage Corporation and Jeff McGuiness (7)

 21.1

 List of Subsidiaries (5)

 X

 23.1

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 X

 23.2

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 X

 24.1

 Powers of Attorney

 31.1

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 Certification signed by the Chief Executive Officer of Waterstone Financial

 X

 31.2

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 Certification signed by the Chief Financial Officer of Waterstone Financial

 X

 32.1

 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S. C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 signed by the Chief Executive Officer of Waterstone Financial

 X

 32.2

 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S. C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 signed by the Chief Financial Officer of Waterstone Financial

 X

 Clawback Policy, Effective December 1, 2023

 X

 XML

 X

 EX-101.SCH

 X

 EX-101.CAL

 X

 EX-101.DEF

 X

 EX-101.LAB

 X

 EX-101.PRE

 X

 EX-104

 X

 Management compensation contract or agreement

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 (1) Incorporated by reference to the registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by Wauwatosa Holdings, Inc. (the predecessor corporation to Waterstone Financial, Inc., a federal corporation) (Commission file no. 333-125715), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on June 10, 2005.

 (2) Incorporated by reference to the registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-189160), initially filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on June 7, 2013.

 (3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2019 (File No. 001-36271).

 (4) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2020 (File No. 001-36271).

 (5) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2020 (File No. 001-36271).

 (6) Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed by Waterstone Financial, Inc. (Commission file no. 001-36271), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2020.

 (7) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on November 3, 2020 (File No. 001-36271).

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 WATERSTONE FINANCIAL, INC.

 March 6, 2024

 By:

 /s/ William F. Bruss

 William F. Bruss

 Chief Executive Officer

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 POWER OF ATTORNEY

 Each person whose signature appears below hereby authorizes William F. Bruss or Mark R. Gerke, or any of them, as attorneys-in-fact with full power of substitution, to execute in the name and on behalf of such person, individually, and in each capacity stated below or otherwise, and to file, any and all amendments to this report.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.*

 Signature and Title

 /s/ William F. Bruss

 /s/ Patrick S. Lawton

 William F. Bruss,

 Patrick S. Lawton, Chairman and Director

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Mark R. Gerke

 /s/ Ellen S. Bartel

 Mark R. Gerke

 Ellen S. Bartel, Director

 Chief Financial Officer

 ( Principal Financial & Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Michael L. Hansen

 Michael L. Hansen, Director

 /s/ Douglas S. Gordon

 Douglas S. Gordon, Director

 /s/ Kristine A. Rapp

 Kristine A. Rapp, Director

 /s/ Stephen J. Schmidt

 Stephen J. Schmidt, Director

 /s/ Derek L. Tyus

 Derek L. Tyus, Director

 *Each of the above signatures is affixed as of March 6, 2024.

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