,

 UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

 Commission file number: 001-6615

 (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 Delaware

 95-2594729

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of
 Incorporation or Organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400
 Southfield, Michigan

 48033

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: ( 248) 352-7300

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value

 SUP

 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes No

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's $0.01 par value common equity held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter was $ 93,879,672, based on a closing price of $3.25. On February 28, 2025, there were 28,902,257 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of the registrant's 2025 Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the registrant's fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

 Auditor Firm Id:

 Auditor Name:

 Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Auditor Location:

 Detroit, Michigan

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 PAGE

 Item 1.

 Business.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Item 4A.

 Information about Our Executive Officers.

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Schedule II

 Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

 The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. We have included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" ("MD&A")) and from time to time our management may make statements that may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements are based upon management's current expectations, estimates, assumptions, and beliefs concerning future events and conditions and may discuss, among other things, the increase in cost of raw materials, labor and energy, supply chain disruptions, material shortages, higher interest rates, and the effect of geopolitical conflicts, such as the Russian military invasion of Ukraine (the "Ukraine Conflict"), on our future growth and earnings. Any statement that is not historical in nature is a forward-looking statement and may be identified using words and phrases such as "expects," "anticipates," "believes," "will," "will likely result," "will continue," "plans to," "could," "continue," "estimates," and similar expressions. These statements include our belief regarding general automotive industry and market conditions and growth rates, as well as general domestic and international economic conditions.

 Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside the control of the Company, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements and from the Company's historical results and experience. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and Part II - Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this Annual Report and those described from time to time in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 Readers are cautioned that it is not possible to predict or identify all of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results and that the risks described herein should not be considered to be a complete list. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 ITEM 1 - BUSINESS

 General

 The principal business of Superior Industries International, Inc. (referred to herein as the "Company," "Superior," or "we" and "our") is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") in North America and Europe, and to the aftermarket in Europe. Superior was initially incorporated in Delaware in 1969. Our entry into the OEM aluminum wheel business in 1973 resulted from our successful development of manufacturing technology, quality control, and quality assurance techniques that enabled us to satisfy the quality and volume requirements of the OEM market for aluminum wheels. The first aluminum wheel for a domestic OEM customer was a Mustang wheel for Ford. On May 30, 2017, we acquired a majority interest in UNIWHEELS AG, which was a European supplier of OEM and aftermarket aluminum wheels. UNIWHEELS AG was renamed in 2018 to Superior Industries Europe AG.

 On August 31, 2023, our then-owned subsidiary Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH ("SPG") filed voluntary petitions for preliminary insolvency proceedings (i.e., equivalent to Chapter 11 under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code). Effective August 31, 2023, the Company ceased control of SPG and deconsolidated the subsidiary; therefore, it is no longer included in our consolidated financial statements.

 Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "SUP."

 Description of Business

 We are an aluminum wheel supplier to global OEMs and aftermarket manufacturers and suppliers. Our OEM aluminum wheels accounted for approximately 92% of our sales in 2024 and were primarily sold for factory installation on vehicle models manufactured by BMW (including Mini), Ford, GM, Jaguar-Land Rover, Lucid Motors, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, VW Group (Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Porsche), and Volvo. We sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC, and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the primary markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European, and Asian OEMs.

 We operate our business as two regional segments, North America and Europe, in light of the different markets, customers and products between these regions. Within each of these regions, markets, customers, products, and production processes are similar. Moreover, our business within each region leverages common systems, processes, and infrastructure. Financial information about our reporting segments is contained in Note 4, "Business Segments" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

 Industry

 Our sales are driven generally by overall automotive light-vehicle industry production volumes and, more specifically, by the volumes of the vehicles for which we supply wheels. In addition, larger diameter wheels and premium finishes command higher unit prices. Larger cars and light trucks, as well as premium vehicle platforms, such as luxury, sport utility and crossover vehicles, typically employ larger diameter wheels and premium finishes.

 There is a broad range of factors which affect automotive industry sales and production volumes, including consumer demand and preferences, dealer inventory levels, labor relations issues, trade agreements, cost and availability of raw materials and components, energy prices, regulatory requirements, government initiatives, availability and cost of credit, changing consumer attitudes toward vehicle ownership, and other factors.

 The automotive industry was affected by supply chain disruptions and cost inflation that emerged following the COVID-19 global pandemic, which led to operating challenges for the automotive supplier base. The supply chain disruptions included shortages of semiconductors. Cost inflation has moderated somewhat but remains higher than pre-pandemic levels and has resulted in an increase in the cost of raw materials, labor, and energy. In addition, higher interest rates have adversely affected, and will likely continue to affect, our earnings and cash flow from operations.

 In early 2022, the Ukraine Conflict contributed to order volatility and intensified inflationary cost pressures, specifically the cost of energy. While the cost of energy moderated in 2023, it remains higher in Europe than prices prevailing prior to the pandemic and the Ukraine Conflict.

 Customer Dependence

 The majority of our customers' wheel programs are awarded two to four years before actual production is scheduled to begin. Our purchase orders with OEMs are typically specific to a particular vehicle model. Each year, the automotive manufacturers introduce new models, update existing models and discontinue certain models. In this process, we may be selected as the supplier on a new model, we may continue as the supplier on an updated model or we may lose the supply contract for a new or updated model to a competitor.

 The following customers individually accounted for 10 percent or more of our annual consolidated net sales in 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 (Dollars in millions)

 Percent of
Sales

 Percent of
Sales

 GM

 24%

 21%

 Ford

 16%

 15%

 VW Group

 12%

 15%

 Toyota

 12%

 11%

 The loss of all or a substantial portion of our sales to these customers would have a significant adverse effect on our financial results. Refer to Item 1A, "Risk Factors," of this Annual Report.

 Competition

 Competition in the market for aluminum wheels is based primarily on delivery, overall customer service, price, quality, and technology. Competition is global in nature with a significant volume of exports from Asia into North America and, to a lesser extent, Europe. Some of the key competitors in North America include Central Motor Wheel of America, CITIC Dicastal Co., Ltd., Prime Wheel Corporation, Enkei, Hands Corporation, and Ronal. Key European competitors include Ronal, Borbet, Maxion, and CMS. Competition in the European aftermarket for alloy wheels is highly fragmented. Key aftermarket competitors include Alcar, Brock, Borbet, and CMS.

 Research and Development

 Our policy is to continuously review, improve and develop our engineering capabilities to satisfy our customer requirements in the most efficient and cost-effective manner available. We strive to achieve this objective by attracting and retaining top engineering talent and by maintaining the latest state-of-the-art computer technology to support engineering development. Our engineering centers located in Fayetteville, Arkansas and L denscheid, Germany support our research and development in North America and Europe for our global OEM customers. Research and development of our European aftermarket wheels is performed in Bad D rkheim, Germany.

 Foreign Operations

 We primarily manufacture all of our North American products in Mexico for sale in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The overall cost for us to manufacture wheels in Mexico is currently lower than in the United States, due to lower labor costs as a result of lower prevailing wage rates. Effective with the insolvency filing and deconsolidation of one of our subsidiaries in Germany on August 31, 2023, we now manufacture all of our products for Europe in Poland. Similar to our Mexican operations, the overall cost to manufacture wheels in Poland is lower than in both the United States and Germany at the present time due principally to lower labor costs.

 We may enter into forward contracts, option contracts, swaps, collars, or other derivative instruments to hedge the effect of foreign currency fluctuations on expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. In such cases, subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, may hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency costs denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty in order to reduce the effect of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates on our margins and cash flows.

 Raw Materials

 Aluminum accounted for the vast majority of our total raw material requirements during 2024. Our aluminum requirements are met through purchase orders with major global producers. During 2024, we successfully secured aluminum commitments from our primary suppliers sufficient to meet our production requirements, and we anticipate being able to source aluminum requirements to meet our expected level of production in 2025.

 We have contractual price adjustment clauses with our OEM customers to minimize the aluminum price risk, as well as the price risk associated with silicon and alloy premium. In the aftermarket business, we use derivatives to hedge price variability on our aluminum purchases.

 When market conditions warrant, we may also enter into purchase commitments to secure the supply of certain other commodities used in the manufacture of our products, such as natural gas, electricity, and other raw materials.

 Government Regulation

 Safety standards in the manufacture of vehicles and automotive equipment have been established under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended. We believe that we are in compliance with all federal standards currently applicable to OEM suppliers and to automotive manufacturers.

 Environmental Compliance

 Our manufacturing facilities, like most other manufacturing companies, are subject to solid waste, water, and air pollution control standards mandated by federal, state, and local laws. Violators of these laws are subject to fines and, in extreme cases, plant closure. We believe our facilities are in material compliance with all presently applicable standards. The cost of environmental compliance was approximately $3.0 million in 2024 and $3.0 million in 2023. We expect that future environmental compliance expenditures will approximate these levels and will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, climate change legislation or regulations restricting emission of "greenhouse gases" could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the vehicles that use our products. Refer to Item 1A, "Risk Factors—We are subject to various environmental laws" of this Annual Report.

 Sustainability

 Our 2023 Sustainability Report reflects the results of the materiality assessment we conducted in 2021 to identify the sustainability interests of our stakeholders and develop our sustainability strategy. Based on that input, we remain committed to reducing natural gas, electricity and water consumption and solid waste and air emissions at our facilities. All Superior manufacturing facilities have implemented Environmental Management Systems that are ISO 14001 certified and are subject to annual audits by an independent third party.

 We continue to explore opportunities to:

 • reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and

 • offer low or zero carbon wheels to our customers.

 Furthermore, our research and development team continues to develop light weighting solutions, such as our patented Alulite™ technology, and aerodynamic solutions that will assist in reducing our customers' carbon footprint. We also collaborate with our customers and suppliers regarding sustainability practices throughout their supply chains.

 Employees

 As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 6,500 full-time employees, with 4,000 employees in North America and 2,500 employees in Europe. We design and manufacture our aluminum wheels in seven manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe.

 Available Information

 Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and any amendments thereto are available, without charge, on or through our website, www.supind.com, under "Investor Relations," as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Also included on our website, www.supind.com, under "Investor Relations," is our Code of Conduct, which, among others, applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer. Copies of all SEC filings and our Code of Conduct are also available, without charge, upon request from Superior Industries International, Inc., Investor Relations, 26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400, Southfield, Michigan 48033.

 The SEC maintains a website ( www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information related to issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

 The following discussion of risk factors may contain "forward-looking" statements, which may be important to understanding any statement in this Annual Report or elsewhere. The following information should be read in conjunction with Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" (the "MD&A") and Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

 Our business routinely encounters and addresses risks and uncertainties. Our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by the factors described below. Discussion about the important risks that our business encounters can also be found in the MD&A and in the business description in Item 1, "Business" of this Annual Report. Below, we have described our present view of the most significant risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently do not consider significant, could also potentially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. Our reactions to these risks and uncertainties as well as our competitors' and customers' reactions will affect our future operating results.

 Industry and Economic Risks

 The automotive industry is cyclical and volatility in the automotive industry could adversely affect our financial performance.

 Predominantly, our sales are made to the European and U.S. automotive markets. Therefore, our financial performance depends largely on the general economic conditions in these geographical regions in which we do business. Consumer demand for automobiles is subject to considerable volatility as a result of consumer confidence in general economic conditions, levels of employment, prevailing wages, general levels of inflation, fuel prices, and the availability and cost of consumer credit, as well as changing consumer preferences. Demand for aluminum wheels can be further affected by other factors, including pricing and performance comparisons to competitive products. Finally, the demand for our products is influenced by shifts of market share between vehicle manufacturers and the market penetration of the specific vehicle models being sold by our customers. Decreases in demand for automobiles in Europe and the United States could adversely affect the valuation of our productive assets, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

 We operate in a highly competitive industry and efforts by our competitors to gain market share could adversely affect our financial performance.

 The global automotive component supply industry is highly competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors, including delivery, overall customer service, price, quality, technology, and available capacity to meet customer demands. Some of our competitors are companies, or divisions or subsidiaries of companies, which are larger and have greater financial and other resources than we do. We cannot ensure that our products will be able to compete successfully with the products of these competitors. In particular, our ability to maintain or increase manufacturing capacity typically requires significant investments in facilities, equipment, and personnel. Additionally, as a result of evolving customer requirements, we may incur labor costs at premium rates, experience increased maintenance expenses, or have to replace our machinery and equipment on an accelerated basis. Furthermore, the markets in which we compete have attracted new entrants, particularly from low-cost countries. As a result, our sales levels and margins continue to be adversely affected by pricing pressures reflective of significant competition from producers located in low-cost foreign markets, such as China and Morocco. Such competition with lower cost structures poses a significant threat to our ability to compete globally. These factors have led to our customers awarding business to foreign competitors in the past, and they may continue to do so in the future. In addition, any of our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately, develop products that are superior to our products, have the ability to produce similar products at a lower cost, or adapt more quickly to new technologies or evolving customer requirements. Consequently, our products may not be able to compete successfully with competitors' products.

 Pandemics, epidemics, and other public health crises and the measures taken in response thereto may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

 Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect our operations and global economic conditions. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic caused global economic downturns and significant reductions in automotive industry production volumes due to government mandated closure of production facilities, as well as significant volatility in the financial markets. Any future public health crises could adversely affect global economic conditions, the supply chain and availability of raw materials, industry production volumes, and overall demand for our products. While automotive industry production volumes have increased since the COVID-19 pandemic, they continue to remain lower than the 2019 pre-pandemic production levels.

 Specific risks to our Company include the following:

 • negative effects to our operations resulting from instability in OEM production schedules, reductions in production volumes, and production efficiency levels;

 • deterioration of worldwide credit and financial markets which could limit our ability to access the capital markets, or disrupt the consumers' ability to obtain financing to purchase new vehicles;

 • uncertainties associated with the effects of a public health crisis on the automotive sector coupled with our negative equity position may result in a decrease in (or elimination of) credit insurance available to our European suppliers, resulting in adverse payment term changes with our suppliers;

 • continuing disruptions to the automotive industry supply chain, including shortages of semiconductor chips, electric vehicle batteries, shipping containers, steel, resin and foam.

 To the extent these risks adversely affect our operations and global economic conditions more generally, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

 Risks Relating to Our Business, Strategy and Operations

 A limited number of customers represent a large percentage of our sales. The loss of a significant customer or decrease in demand could adversely affect our operating results.

 GM, Ford, VW Group, Toyota, Volvo, and BMW, together, represented 77% and 76% of our sales in 2024 and 2023. Global procurement practices, including demand for price reductions may make it more difficult for us to maintain long-term supply arrangements with our customers, and there are no guarantees that we will be able to negotiate supply arrangements with our customers on terms acceptable to us in the future. The contracts we have entered into with most of our customers provide that we will manufacture wheels for a particular vehicle model, rather than manufacture a specific quantity of products. Such contracts range from one year to the life of the model (usually three to five years), typically are nonexclusive and do not require the purchase by the customer of any minimum number of wheels from us. Therefore, a significant decrease in consumer demand for certain key models or group of related models sold by any of our major customers, or a decision by a manufacturer not to purchase from us, or to discontinue purchasing from us, for a particular model or group of models, could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 We may be unable to successfully launch new products and/or achieve technological advances which could adversely affect our ability to compete resulting in an adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

 In order to compete effectively in the global automotive component supply industry, we must be able to launch new products and adopt technologies to meet our customers' demands in a timely manner. However, we cannot ensure that we will be able to install and certify the equipment needed for new product programs in time for the start of production, or that the transitioning of our manufacturing facilities and resources under new product programs will not affect production rates or other operational efficiency measures at our facilities. In addition, we cannot ensure that our customers will execute the launch of their new product programs on schedule. We are also subject to the risks generally associated with new product introductions and applications, including lack of market acceptance, delays in product development, and failure of products to operate properly. The global automotive industry is experiencing a period of significant technological change, including but not limited to advances in artificial intelligence ("AI") technologies. As a result, the success of our business requires us to develop and/or incorporate leading technologies. Such technologies may be subject to rapid obsolescence. Our inability to maintain access to these technologies (either through development or licensing) may adversely affect our ability to compete. If we are unable to differentiate our products, maintain a low-cost footprint or compete effectively with technology-focused new market entrants, we may lose market share or be forced to reduce prices, thereby lowering our margins. Any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

 Increases in the costs and restrictions on availability of raw materials could adversely affect our operating margins and cash flow.

 Generally, we obtain our raw materials, supplies, and energy requirements from various sources. Although we currently maintain alternative sources, our business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Fluctuations in the prices of raw materials may be driven by the supply and demand for that commodity or governmental regulation, including trade laws and tariffs. For example, in 2018, the United States Trade Representative (the "USTR") imposed 10% tariffs on raw aluminum and 25% tariffs on raw steel imported into the U.S. from various countries under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. On March 12, 2025, the tariff on raw aluminum into the U.S. will increase from 10% to 25%, and these tariffs will apply to all aluminum imported into the U.S. regardless of its origin. While these tariffs currently do not affect our business, there is a risk that they could affect our business in the future. These actions have resulted and are expected to further result in retaliatory measures on U.S. goods. If maintained, the newly announced tariffs and the potential escalation of trade disputes could pose a significant risk to our business and adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

 Further, if any of our suppliers seek bankruptcy relief or otherwise cannot continue their business as anticipated, the availability or price of raw materials could be adversely affected. Both domestic and international markets in which we operate experienced significant inflationary pressures in fiscal year 2023, which continued in 2024. In addition, the Federal Reserve in the United States and other central banks in various countries have raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also result in recessionary pressures in many parts of the world. While there was some improvement in the latter part of 2022 and 2023, we expect inflationary pressure to continue to affect our raw material and other costs.

 Although our OEM contracts provide for the pass through of fluctuating aluminum and certain other raw material costs, we may not be able to do so in the future. Moreover, we establish our aftermarket selling prices six months in advance of the spring and winter sales periods. The aluminum we use to manufacture wheels contains alloying materials. The cost of alloying materials is therefore a component of the overall cost of a wheel. The price of the alloys we purchase is based on certain published market indices; however, certain of our OEM customer agreements do not provide price adjustments for changes in market prices of alloying materials. Increases or decreases in the market prices of alloying materials could have an adverse effect on our operating margins and cash flows. Furthermore, certain of our customers are not obligated to accept energy or other supply cost increases that we may attempt to pass along to them. The inability to pass such cost increases on to our customers could adversely affect our operating margins and cash flows.

 In 2021, aluminum prices increased by approximately 45 percent and, while we were able to protect the margins of our OEM business by passing these costs on to our customers, rising aluminum prices increased our investment in working capital and therefore reduced our operating cash flow. In addition, since we are not able to pass aluminum price increases on to our aftermarket customers, the margins of our aftermarket business were adversely affected in 2021 and 2022. While aluminum prices began to decline in the latter part of 2022 and 2023, they remained somewhat elevated in relation to historical levels during 2023. In addition, rising silicon, natural gas and electricity costs increased significantly beginning in 2021 and remained somewhat elevated in 2022 and 2023. If unabated, they could continue to adversely affect our margins.

 Aluminum and alloy pricing, and the timing of our receipt of payment from customers for aluminum and certain other raw material price fluctuations, may have a material effect on our operating margins and cash flows.

 The cost of aluminum is a significant component in the overall cost of our wheels and in our selling prices to customers. Our OEM customer prices are adjusted for fluctuations in aluminum based on changes in certain published market indices, but the timing of price adjustments is based on specific customer agreements and can vary from monthly to quarterly. As a result, the timing of aluminum and certain other raw material price adjustments with customers in sales rarely will match the timing of such changes in cost of sales and can result in fluctuations in our gross profit. This is especially true during periods of frequent and dramatic increases or decreases in the market price of aluminum.

 Any protracted labor disruption, such as a strike by unionized employees of our customers, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 A significant portion of our revenues are attributable to customers with unionized work forces. Any protracted labor disruption at those customers due to strikes would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 We experience continual pressure from our customers to reduce costs and, if we are unable to generate sufficient cost reductions, our revenues, operating margins and cash flows could be adversely affected.

 The global vehicle market is highly competitive, resulting in continual cost-cutting initiatives by our customers. Customer concentration, supplier fragmentation and product commoditization have translated into continual pressure from OEMs to reduce the price of our products. It is possible that pricing pressures beyond our expectations could intensify as OEMs pursue restructuring or other cost-cutting initiatives. If we are unable to generate sufficient production cost savings in the future to offset such price reductions, our operating margins, and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, changes in OEMs' purchasing policies or payment practices could have an adverse effect on our business. Our OEM customers typically attempt to qualify more than one supplier for the vehicle programs we participate on and for programs we may bid on in the future. Accordingly, our OEM customers may be able to negotiate favorable pricing or may decrease wheel orders from us. Such actions may result in decreased sales volumes and unit price reductions for the Company, resulting in lower revenues, operating margins, and cash flows.

 We may be unable to successfully implement cost-saving measures or achieve expected benefits under our plans to improve operations which could negatively affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.

 As part of our ongoing focus to provide high quality products at reasonable prices, we continually analyze our business to further improve our operations and identify cost-cutting measures. We may be unable to successfully identify or implement plans targeting these initiatives or fail to realize the benefits of the plans we have already implemented, as a result of operational difficulties, a weakening of the economy, or other factors. Cost reductions may not fully offset decreases in the prices of our products due to the time required to develop and implement cost reduction initiatives. Additional factors such as inconsistent customer ordering patterns, increasing product complexity and heightened quality standards may increase our costs and may make it more difficult to reduce our costs. It is possible that the costs we incur to implement improvement strategies may negatively affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

 We may be unable to attract and retain key personnel, including our senior management team, which may adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract, hire, train, and retain qualified managerial, operational, engineering, sales, and marketing personnel. We face significant competition for these types of employees in our industry. We may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require to conduct our operations successfully. In addition, key personnel may leave us and compete against us. Our success also depends, to a significant extent, on the continued service of our senior management team. During the last several years we have experienced significant turnover in our senior management members, additional losses of members of our senior management team or other experienced senior employees could impair our ability to execute our business plans and strategic initiatives, cause us to lose customers and experience lower revenues, or lead to employee morale problems and/or the loss of other key employees.

 Legal, Compliance and Regulatory Risks

 We are from time to time subject to litigation, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 The nature of our business exposes us to litigation in the ordinary course of our business. We are exposed to potential product liability and warranty risks that are inherent in the design, manufacture, and sale of automotive products, the failure of which could result in property damage, personal injury, or death. Accordingly, individual or class action suits alleging product liability or warranty claims could result. Although we currently maintain what we believe to be suitable and adequate product liability insurance in excess of our self-insured amounts, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or that such insurance will provide adequate protection against future liabilities. In addition, if any of our products prove to be defective, we may be required to participate in a recall. A successful claim brought against us or a requirement to participate in any product recall, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 Our business requires extensive product development activities to launch new products. Accordingly, there is a risk that wheels under development may not be ready by the start of production or may fail to meet the customer's specifications. In any such case, warranty or compensation claims might be raised, or litigation might be commenced, against the Company.

 Moreover, there are risks related to civil liability under our customer supply contracts (civil liability clauses in contracts with customers, contractual risks related to civil liability for causing delay in production launch, etc.). If we fail to ensure production launch as and when required by the customer, thus jeopardizing production processes at the customer's facilities, this could lead to increased costs, giving rise to recourse claims against, or causing loss of orders by, the Company. This could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

 Furthermore, sales of products to our OEM customers are subject to contracts that involve numerous terms and conditions and incorporate extensive documentation developed throughout the sales and contracting process, including quotes and product specifications. These terms and conditions can be complex and may be subject to differing interpretations, which could result in contractual disputes. Contractual disputes may be costly, time-consuming, result in contract or relationship terminations, and be harmful to our reputation as well as also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

 International trade agreements and our international operations make us vulnerable to risks associated with doing business in foreign countries that can affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 We manufacture our products in Mexico and Poland and we sell our products internationally. Accordingly, unfavorable changes in foreign cost structures, trade protection laws, tariffs on aluminum or wheels, regulations, and policies affecting trade and investments and social, political, labor or economic conditions in a specific country or region, among other factors, could have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. Legal and regulatory requirements differ among jurisdictions worldwide. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation. Although we have policies, controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, our employees, contractors, or agents may violate our policies.

 It remains unclear what the U.S. administration or foreign governments, including China, will or will not do with respect to tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. In 2018, 25% tariffs were imposed by the USTR on various products imported from China, including aluminum wheels, based on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (the "301 tariffs"). These 301 tariffs are currently still in effect and on February 1, 2025 an additional 10% tariff was imposed on product imports from certain countries, including China. Removal of these tariffs may increase competitive pressure from Chinese producers who have cost advantages. On February 1, 2025, the Trump Administration announced an intent to impose 25% tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) on goods imported into the U.S. from Mexico and Canada and increase the tariff on goods from China by 20%. These tariffs went into effect on March 4, 2025 and may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 Mexico has labor laws that are intended to make it easier for Mexican workers to unionize and that enhance certain benefits. Our cost of manufacturing in Mexico could be subject to further increases in the event of unionization or as a result of further legislation, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 A trade war, other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements, changes in United States social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories and countries where we currently manufacture and sell products, and any resulting negative sentiments towards the United States, these territories and countries as a result of such changes, likely would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 The cost of manufacturing our products in Mexico and Poland may be affected by tariffs imposed by any of these countries or the United States, trade protection laws, policies and other regulations affecting trade and investments, social, political, labor, or general economic conditions. Other factors that can affect the business and financial results of our Mexican and Polish operations include, but are not limited to, changes in cost structures, currency effects of the Mexican Peso, Euro and Polish Zloty, availability and competency of personnel and developments in tax regulations.

 We are subject to various environmental laws.

 We incur costs to comply with applicable environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot ensure that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with such laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in material fines or sanctions. Additionally, changes to such laws or regulations may have a significant effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the storage, handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous substances or wastes and the health and safety of our employees. The nature of our current and former operations and the history of industrial uses at some of our facilities expose us to the risk of liabilities or claims with respect to environmental and worker health and safety matters which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

 Further, changes in legislation or regulation imposing reporting obligations on, or limiting emissions of greenhouse gases from, or otherwise affecting or limiting our equipment, operations, or the vehicles that use our products could adversely affect demand for those vehicles or require us to incur costs to become compliant with such regulations.

 Capital Structure Risks

 We do not expect to generate sufficient cash to repay all of our indebtedness (including the Term Loan Facility) by their respective maturity dates and may be unable to pay the redemption value for the redeemable preferred stock upon redemption by a holder. As a result, we will be dependent upon our ability to access the capital markets and/or source additional investments and we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy these obligations, none of which may be successful. Failure to repay these obligations at maturity or upon redemption would adversely affect our financial condition.

 The Company's capital structure is heavily leveraged as a result of debt incurred in connection with the 2017 acquisition of our European business, which was refinanced on August 14, 2024. At December 31, 2024, our capital structure consisted of:

 • $520.0 million Term Loan Facility (the "Term Loan Facility"), together with the Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) referred to as the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities" or "SSCF" with an outstanding balance of $518.7 million;

 • redeemable preferred stock of $288.5 million (unconditionally redeemable on or after September 14, 2025 or upon the occurrence of a Redemption Right Event as defined in the Certificate of Designations, which as of December 31, 2024 would be equivalent to a $320.3 million redemption value);

 • finance leases of $1.1 million; and

 • shareholders' deficit of $276.2 million.

 The Company also has available unused commitments under its revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") of $42.5 million at December 31, 2024.

 The Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility are scheduled to mature on December 15, 2027 and December 15, 2028.

 Our ability to make scheduled payments or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain other factors beyond our control. At the present time, we do not expect to generate sufficient cash to repay all principal due under our indebtedness, in full by the respective maturity dates, which will likely require us to refinance a portion or all of our outstanding debt. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital and credit markets and our financial condition at such time. We might not be able to restructure or refinance the debt on satisfactory terms. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and associated transactions costs and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations and limit our financial flexibility. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit ratings, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness or issue equity, or to refinance all or portions of these obligations.

 In the absence of sufficient cash flows, refinancing or adequate funds available under credit facilities, we could face substantial liquidity constraints and might be required to reduce or delay capital expenditures, seek additional capital, sell material assets or operations to attempt to meet our debt service and other obligations, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. The credit agreements governing the SSCF restrict, and adverse market or business conditions may limit, our ability to take some or all of the aforementioned actions, including incurring additional obligations, conducting asset sales and/or using the proceeds from asset sales. We may not be able to consummate these asset sales to raise capital or sell assets at prices and on terms that we believe are fair, and any proceeds that we do receive or would be permitted to use may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. If we cannot meet our debt service obligations, the holders of our debt may accelerate our debt and, to the extent such debt is secured, foreclose on our assets. In such an event, we may not have sufficient assets to repay all of our debt.

 Under the Certificate of Designations for our redeemable preferred stock, the holders may redeem such redeemable preferred stock on or after September 14, 2025 or, if earlier, as a result of the occurrence of an early redemption event (e.g., an Exchange Act report that a person or group has become the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting securities of the Company, recapitalization, merger, sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets, or an adoption of a plan or proposal for liquidation or delisting of the Company's common stock from the NYSE). The redemption obligation of our redeemable preferred stock consists of a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) two times the then-current Stated Value (defined in the Certificate of Designations as $1,000 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind), which as of December 31, 2024 would be equivalent to a $320.3 million redemption value, and (ii) the product of the number of shares of common stock into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted at the time of such redemption (5.7 million shares currently) and the then-Current Market Price (defined in the Certificate of Designations as the arithmetic average of the VWAP per share of common stock for each of the thirty (30) consecutive full trading days ending on the trading day before the record date with respect to such action) of our common stock. Any redemption payment would be limited to cash legally available to pay such redemption. The shares of redeemable preferred stock that have not been redeemed would continue to receive a dividend of 9% per annum on the then-current Stated Value, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, until such shares of redeemable preferred stock are redeemed. The Board would have to evaluate periodically the ability of the Company to make any remaining payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. A redemption payment, if required, for some or all of our outstanding shares of redeemable preferred stock would negatively affect our liquidity, could result in our entering into an undesirable equity or debt refinancing transaction and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Our substantial indebtedness and the corresponding interest expense could adversely affect our financial condition

 We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, our total debt was $519.8 million ($489.4 million net of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $30.4 million). Additionally, we had availability of $42.5 million under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2024.

 A significant portion of our cash flow from operations will be used to pay our interest expense and will not be available for other business purposes. We cannot be certain that our business will generate sufficient cash flow or that we will be able to enter into future financings that will provide sufficient proceeds to meet or pay the interest on our debt.

 Subject to the limits contained in the credit agreements governing the SSCF, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt could intensify.

 In addition, the credit agreements governing the SSCF contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, could limit our ability to incur liens, engage in mergers and acquisitions, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments or acquisitions, redeem our capital stock, or pay dividends. In addition, the SSCF requires us to maintain appropriate insurance coverages, including insurance with respect to assets which secure the underlying debt obligations. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of the maturity of all of our debt.

 A downgrade or withdrawal of our credit rating or a decrease of the prices of the Company's common stock could adversely affect our financial performance.

 The Company and its SSCF are rated by Standard and Poor's and Moody's. There can be no assurance that any rating assigned will remain for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency, if in that rating agency's judgment, future circumstances, such as adverse changes to economic conditions that could affect an issuer's ability to meet its financial commitments, so warrant. These ratings are widely followed by investors, customers, and suppliers, and a downgrade or withdrawal by one or both of these rating agencies might cause: increases to our debt issuance costs; suppliers to cancel our contracts, demand price increases, or decrease payment terms; customers to reduce their business activities with us; or investors to reconsider investments in financial instruments issued by Superior, all of which might cause a decrease of the price of our common stock or a reduction in our access to capital.

 A decrease in our common stock prices, in turn, might accelerate such negative trends, which, in turn, would make it more difficult for us to refinance our existing debt, redeemable preferred stock obligations and/or future debt.

 The terms of the credit agreements governing the SSCF and the documents governing other debt that we may incur in the future, may restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions.

 The credit agreements governing the SSCF and the documents governing other debt that we may incur in the future, may contain a number of covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests, including restrictions on our ability to:

 • incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;

 • create or incur liens;

 • engage in mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all of our assets;

 • sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;

 • make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances or other restricted payments;

 • pay dividends or distributions, repurchase our capital stock or make certain other restricted payments;

 • prepay, redeem, or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness;

 • designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries;

 • enter into agreements which limit the ability of our non-guarantor subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us;

 • and enter into certain transactions with our affiliates.

 In addition, the restrictive covenants in the credit agreements governing the SSCF require us to maintain specified financial ratios, including a quarterly secured net leverage ratio and a quarterly total net leverage ratio as well as a minimum liquidity. Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests can be affected by events beyond our control. We may not meet those ratios and tests.

 If we fail to comply with these covenants and restrictions, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants, which could, among other things, affect our liquidity. Moreover, in connection with any future waivers or amendments to our indebtedness that we may obtain, our lenders may modify the terms of our indebtedness or impose additional operating and financial restrictions on us. A breach of the covenants or restrictions under the credit agreements governing the SSCF or under other debt instruments could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors under such facility to accelerate the maturity of the related debt, which may result in the acceleration of the maturity date of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, an event of default under the credit agreements governing our SSCF would permit the lenders under our revolving credit facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under these facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under the SSCF or under other secured debt instruments, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. We have pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral under the SSCF. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms acceptable to us. As a result of these restrictions, we may be:

 • limited in how we conduct our business;

 • unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or

 • unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities.

 These restrictions, along with restrictions that may be contained in agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness, may affect our ability to grow or pursue other important initiatives in accordance with our growth strategy.

 Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

 Borrowings under our SSCF are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease. As of December 31, 2024, $518.7 million of our debt was variable rate debt. Our anticipated annual interest expense on $518.7 million of variable rate debt at the current rate of 11.88% would be $61.6 million. We may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk.

 We may be adversely affected by changes in the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") or Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR") reporting practices, the method in which SOFR or EURIBOR is determined or the use of alternative reference rates.

 The interest rates under our SSCF are calculated using SOFR (or, in certain cases, EURIBOR), or alternate base rates. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the "FRBNY") began to publish SOFR in April 2018. SOFR was developed for use in certain U.S. dollar derivatives and other financial contracts as an alternative to the U.S. dollar London interbank offered rate ("U.S. dollar LIBOR"). Although the FRBNY has also begun publishing historical indicative SOFR going back to 2014, such historical indicative data inherently involves assumptions, estimates and approximations. Therefore, SOFR has limited performance history and no actual investment based on the performance of SOFR was possible before April 2018. The level of SOFR in future periods may bear little or no relation to the historical level of SOFR. In addition, the differences between SOFR and U.S. dollar LIBOR may mean that market participants would not consider SOFR a suitable substitute or successor for all of the purposes for which U.S. dollar LIBOR historically has been used (including, without limitation, as a representation of the unsecured short-term funding costs of banks), which may, in turn, lessen market acceptance of SOFR or lead to changes to the method in which SOFR is determined.

 On September 21, 2017, the European Central Bank announced that it would be part of a new working group tasked with the identification and adoption of a "risk free overnight rate" to serve as a basis for an alternative to benchmarks used in a variety of financial instruments and contracts used in the euro area. On September 13, 2018, the working group on euro risk-free rates recommended the new euro short-term rate (" STR") as the new risk free rate for the euro area. STR was published for the first time on October 2, 2019. In addition, in response to regulatory scrutiny and applicable legal requirements, the European Money Markets Institute (the "EMMI"), as administrator of EURIBOR, conducted a series of consultations on a proposed reformed hybrid methodology for EURIBOR. In July 2019, EMMI published its EURIBOR Benchmark Statement setting forth its reformed hybrid methodology and received regulatory authorization for the continued administration of EURIBOR.

 In the future, SOFR and EURIBOR could be subject to further regulatory scrutiny, reform efforts, and/or other actions. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes, other reforms or the establishment of alternative reference rates in the United Kingdom, the United States, or elsewhere. To the extent these interest rates increase, our interest expense will increase, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. If SOFR or EURIBOR is discontinued or ceases to be published, there can be no assurances that we and other market participants will be adequately prepared for such discontinuance or cessation, which may have an unpredictable effect on contractual mechanics, among other adverse consequences. Further, other index providers are developing products that are perceived as competing with SOFR or EURIBOR. It is possible that market participants will prefer one of these competing products and that such competing products may become more widely accepted in the marketplace than SOFR or EURIBOR.

 A delisting of our common stock from the NYSE could reduce the liquidity and market price of our common stock; reduce the number of investors and analysts that cover our common stock; limit our ability to issue additional shares and damage our reputation which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a delisting of our common stock from the NYSE could cause a redemption of some or all of our outstanding redeemable preferred stock which would negatively affect our liquidity.

 We are required under the NYSE continued listing standards to maintain a market capitalization of at least $50 million, over a consecutive 30 trading-day period, or maintain stockholders' equity of at least $50 million. If our market capitalization were to fall below $50 million over a consecutive 30-day trading period, we would be noncompliant with NYSE continued listing standards which could result in delisting. As of December 31, 2024, our market capitalization was $58.9 million.

 A delisting of our common stock could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things: reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock; reducing the number of investors, including institutional investors, willing to hold or acquire our common stock, which could negatively affect our ability to raise equity; decreasing the amount of news and analyst coverage relating to us; limiting our ability to issue additional securities, obtain additional financing or pursue strategic restructuring, refinancing or other transactions; and affecting our reputation and, as a consequence, our ability to attract new business.

 In addition, the holders of our redeemable preferred stock have the right to redeem all of the outstanding shares of redeemable preferred stock if our common stock is delisted from the NYSE. If this were to occur, the redemption obligation of our redeemable preferred stock consists of a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) two times the then-current Stated Value (defined in the Certificate of Designations as $1,000 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind), which as of December 31, 2024 would be equivalent to a $320.3 million redemption value, and (ii) the product of the number of shares of common stock into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted (5.7 million shares currently) and the then-Current Market Price (defined in the Certificate of Designations as the arithmetic average of the VWAP per share of common stock for each of the thirty (30) consecutive full trading days ending on the trading day before the record date with respect to such action) of our common stock. Any redemption payment would be limited to cash legally available to pay such redemption. The shares of redeemable preferred stock that have not been redeemed would continue to receive a dividend of 9 percent per annum on the then-current Stated Value, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, until such shares of redeemable preferred stock are redeemed. The Board would have to evaluate periodically the ability of the Company to make any remaining payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. A redemption payment, if required, for some or all of our outstanding shares of redeemable preferred stock would negatively affect our liquidity, could result in our entering into an undesirable equity or debt refinancing transaction and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Taxation Risks

 We are subject to taxation related risks in multiple jurisdictions.

 We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant effect on our global provision for income taxes. Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change; new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Changes in tax laws or interpretations of tax laws may result in higher taxes, including making it more costly to move funds amongst different tax jurisdictions. We are subject to ongoing tax audits and may be subject to tax litigation. Audits and litigation can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve and can be highly subjective.

 In addition, governmental tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of companies. Many countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, are actively changing existing tax laws, including a global minimum tax, that, if enacted, could increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business. The effect of tax law changes and tax law interpretation could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and liquidity.

 We are currently unable to fully deduct interest charges on German and U.S. indebtedness.

 The interest deduction barriers under German tax law (Zinsschranke) and U.S. tax law limit the tax deductibility of interest expenses. If no exception to these limits applies, the annual net interest expense (interest expense less interest income) is deductible up to 30 percent of the earnings before interest income and expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") taxable in Germany and up to 30 percent of the earnings before interest income and expense and income taxes ("EBIT") taxable in the United States. Nondeductible interest expenses can be carried forward. Interest carry-forwards are subject to the same tax cancellation rules as tax loss carry-forwards. Whenever interest expenses are not deductible or if an interest carry-forward is lost, the tax burden in future assessment periods could rise, which might have alone, or in combination, a material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operation, or cash flows.

 We may be exposed to risks related to existing and future profit and loss transfer agreements executed with German subsidiaries of our European operations.

 Profit and loss transfer agreements are one of the prerequisites of the taxation of Superior and its German subsidiaries as a German tax group. For tax purposes, a profit and loss transfer agreement must have a contract term for a minimum of five years. In addition, such agreement must be fully executed. If a profit and loss transfer agreement or its actual execution does not meet the prerequisites for taxation as a German tax group, Superior Industries International Germany GmbH ("SII Germany"), formerly known as Superior Industries International AG, and each subsidiary are taxed on their own income (and under certain circumstances even with retrospective effect). Additionally, 5 percent of dividends from a subsidiary to SII Germany, or other Superior European controlling entities within the European Union would be regarded as nondeductible expenses at the SII Germany level, or level of other Superior European controlling entities. Furthermore, the compensation of a loss of a subsidiary would be regarded as a contribution by SII Germany into the subsidiary and thus, would not directly reduce SII Germany's profits. As a consequence, if the profit and loss transfer agreements do not meet the prerequisites of a German tax group, this could have a future material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 General Risk Factors

 The Ukraine Conflict may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a military invasion of Ukraine (the "Ukraine Conflict"). In response to the Russian invasion, various countries have developed comprehensive and coordinated sanctions and export restrictions on Russia, as well as on certain Russian products and certain Russian individuals. These countries and others could impose wider sanctions and take other actions in the future. In addition, the retaliatory measures that have been taken, and could be taken in the future, by NATO, the United States and other countries, have created global security concerns that could result in broader European military and political conflicts and otherwise have a substantial effect on regional and global economies, any or all of which could adversely affect our business, particularly our European operations.

 The Ukraine Conflict has also given rise to macroeconomic risks which led, and may continue to lead, to significant declines in global and regional economic growth, particularly in Europe. These risks may not only reduce global demand and automotive production volumes but also have caused, and may continue to cause, further supply chain disruption and drive higher energy and commodity prices, including increases in aluminum, alloy premium, and silicon, as well as inflation and higher interest rates. Energy prices in Europe, particularly in Poland, increased significantly during 2022, partly due to the effects of the Ukraine Conflict and related sanctions and retaliatory measures, but have subsequently declined somewhat in 2023 and 2024. Our OEM customers have, at times, temporarily shut down or lowered production as a result of the related supply disruption.

 The effects of the Ukraine Conflict, including economic sanctions and export controls such as restrictions on energy exports, or additional military conflict, as well as potential responses to such actions by Russia, is currently unknown. It has led and may continue to lead to further increases of our costs, affect our supply chain and customers, and reduce our sales, earnings and cash flows. In addition, the continuation of the Ukraine Conflict could lead to other disruptions, instability and volatility in global markets that could adversely affect our operations. To the extent the Ukraine Conflict adversely affects our operations and global economic conditions more generally, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

 We may not be able to renew our various insurance policies or renew them on terms and conditions acceptable to us.

 We carry a variety of property, liability, and other insurance policies. These insurance policies might not cover all possible future risks we are exposed to, or we might not be able to successfully enforce an insurance claim. Additionally, although we carry insurance, coverage is limited to losses in excess of any applicable deductible. Coverage under such insurance is also limited to losses up to but not in excess of any applicable coverage limit. Furthermore, we may not be able to renew our various insurance policies or may have to renew them at terms and conditions adverse or unacceptable to us.

 Fluctuations in foreign currencies and commodity and energy prices may adversely affect our financial results.

 Due to our operations outside of the United States, we experience exposure to foreign currency gains and losses in the ordinary course of our business. We settle transactions between currencies (i.e., U.S. dollar to Mexican Peso, Euro to U.S. dollar, U.S. dollar to Euro and Euro to Polish Zloty). To the extent possible, we attempt to match the timing and magnitude of transaction settlements between currencies to create a "natural hedge." Based on our current business model and levels of production and sales activity, the net imbalance between currencies depends on specific circumstances. While changes in the terms of the contracts with our customers will create an imbalance between currencies that we hedge with foreign currency forward or option contracts, there can be no assurances that our hedging program will effectively offset the effects of the imbalance between currencies or that the net transaction balance will not change significantly in the future.

 Additionally, we are exposed to commodity and energy price risks due to significant aluminum and silicon raw material requirements and the energy intensive nature of our operations. Natural gas and electricity prices are subject to a number of variables that are outside of our control. We use financial derivatives and fixed-price agreements with suppliers to reduce the effect of any volatility on our financial results. The foreign currency forward or option contracts, the natural gas forward contracts, and the fixed-price agreements we enter into with financial institutions and suppliers are designed to protect us against foreign exchange risks and price risks associated with certain existing assets and liabilities, certain firmly committed transactions and forecasted future cash flows. We have a program to hedge a significant portion of our foreign exchange or commodity and energy price exposures, typically for up to 48 months. However, we may choose not to hedge certain foreign exchange or commodity or energy price exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations, the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures, or our inability to identify willing counterparties. There is no guarantee that our hedge program will effectively mitigate our exposures to foreign exchange and commodity and energy price changes which could have material adverse effects on our cash flows and results of operations. In addition, fixed-price supplier and derivative contracts are subject to counterparty credit risk.

 Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may also affect the USD value of assets and liabilities of our foreign operations, as well as assets and liabilities denominated in nonfunctional currencies, and may adversely affect reported earnings and, accordingly, the comparability of period-to-period results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates or commodity and energy prices may affect the relative prices at which we and our foreign competitors sell products in the same market. In addition, changes in the value of the relevant currencies or commodities and energy prices may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. We cannot ensure that fluctuations in exchange rates or commodity and energy prices will not otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations or cause significant fluctuations in quarterly and annual results of operations and cash flows.

 A disruption in our information technology systems, including a disruption related to cybersecurity, could adversely affect our financial condition and financial performance.

 We rely on the accuracy, capacity and security of our information technology systems. Despite the security measures that we have implemented, our systems, and those of our customers, suppliers, and other service providers, are subject to cybersecurity incidents, including computer viruses, malware, phishing attacks, and denial-of-service attacks. Our systems have been in the past, and may be in the future, subject to natural or man-made incidents or disasters or unauthorized physical or electronic access. These types of incidents (collectively, a "system disruption") have become more prevalent and pervasive across industries, including in our industry, and are expected to continue in the future. A system disruption could result in business disruption, theft of our intellectual property, trade secrets or customer information and unauthorized access to personnel information. Although cybersecurity and the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes, practices, and training designed to protect our information technology systems from attack, damage, or unauthorized access are a high priority for us, our activities and investment may not be deployed quickly enough or successfully protect our systems against all vulnerabilities specifically vulnerabilities to previously unknown or zero-day methods of attack, including technologies developed to bypass our security measures. In addition, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers to disclose access credentials or other sensitive information in order to gain access to our secure systems and networks. There are no assurances that our actions and investments to improve the maturity of our systems, processes and risk management framework or remediate vulnerabilities will be sufficient or completed quickly enough to prevent or limit the effect of any system disruption. Moreover, because the techniques used to gain access to or sabotage systems often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate the methods necessary to defend against these types of attacks and we cannot predict the extent, frequency or effect these problems may have on us. To the extent that our business is interrupted or data is lost, destroyed or inappropriately used or disclosed, such disruptions could adversely affect our competitive position, relationships with our customers, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Due to the evolving nature of such security threats, the potential effects of any future incident cannot be predicted. In addition, the amount of insurance coverage we maintain may not be adequate to cover claims or liabilities related to a cybersecurity attack and we may incur significant costs to protect against the damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.

 We are also dependent on security measures that some of our third-party customers, suppliers, and other service providers take to protect their own systems and infrastructures. Some of these third parties store or have access to certain of our sensitive data, as well as confidential information about their own operations, and as such are subject to their own system disruptions. Any system disruption of any of these third parties' systems could result in unauthorized access to our information technology systems, cause us to be non-compliant with applicable laws or regulations, subject us to legal claims or proceedings, disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, any of which could adversely affect our financial performance.

 Furthermore, AI, including machine-learning, technologies are increasingly being used in our industry. The use of AI-based solutions by third parties on which we rely could lead to the public disclosure of confidential information (including personal data or proprietary information) in contravention of our internal policies, data protection or other applicable laws, or contractual requirements. Moreover, AI-based solutions may create flawed, incomplete, or inaccurate outputs, some of which may appear correct. This may happen if the inputs that the model relied on were inaccurate, incomplete or flawed, or if the logic of the AI-based solutions is flawed (a so-called "hallucination"). The use of AI tools by our customers, suppliers, and other service providers may also increase vulnerability to cybersecurity risks, including through unauthorized use or misuse of AI tools and hallucinations or the introduction of malicious code incorporated into AI generated code.

 Competitors could copy our products or technologies and we could violate protected intellectual property rights or trade secrets of our competitors or other third parties.

 We register business-related intellectual property rights, such as industrial designs, patents and trademarks, hold licenses and other agreements covering the use of intellectual property rights, and have taken steps to ensure that our trade secrets and technological know-how remain confidential. Nevertheless, there is a risk that third parties would attempt to copy, in full or in part, our products, technologies or industrial designs, or to obtain unauthorized access and use of Company secrets, technological know-how or other protected intellectual property rights. Also, other companies could successfully develop technologies, products or industrial designs similar to ours, and thus potentially compete with us.

 Further, there can be no assurance that we will not unknowingly infringe intellectual property rights of our competitors, such as patents and industrial designs, especially due to the fact that the interpretations of what constitutes protected intellectual property may differ. Similarly, there is a risk that we will illegitimately use intellectual property developed by our employees, which is subject in each case to relevant regulations governing employee-created innovations. If a dispute concerning intellectual property rights arises, in which the relevant court issues an opinion on the disputed intellectual property rights contrary to us, identifying a breach of intellectual property rights, we may be required to pay substantial damages or to stop the use of such intellectual property. In addition, we are exposed to the risk of injunctions being imposed to prevent further infringement, leading to a decrease in the number of customer orders.

 All of these events could have a material adverse effect on our assets, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 ITEM 1B. - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 None.

 ITEM 1C. - CYBERSECURITY
 Cybersecurity Risk Strategy and Management
 Our cybersecurity strategy is focused on cyber-resilience, the ability to anticipate, withstand, recover from and adapt to adverse conditions, stresses, attacks or compromises on systems that use or are enabled by cyber resources. Continuous improvement actions are designed to drive to a zero-trust architecture and a cyber-resilient enterprise. While this cyber-resilience strategy is in place, our systems, and those of our customers, suppliers and other service providers, are subject to cybersecurity incidents. A system disruption could result in business disruption, theft of our intellectual property, trade secrets or customer information and unauthorized access to personnel information. The Company maintains safeguards, including training, incident response reviews, cybersecurity insurance and business continuity mechanisms to protect the Company's assets. The Company also leverages a third-party cybersecurity program with the goal of minimizing disruption to the business and production operations, strengthening supply chain resilience in response to cyber-related events. To the extent that our business is interrupted, or data is lost, destroyed or inappropriately used or disclosed, such disruptions could significantly and adversely affect our competitive position, relationships with our customers and other stakeholders, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against these disruptions or security breaches in the future.
 Superior employs a risk-based vulnerability management process for assessing and managing cybersecurity risk. Utilizing the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") cybersecurity framework, the IT team assesses the risk based on the Center for Internet Security Critical Security Controls. The assessment includes the ability to identify, protect, detect, respond and recover from cybersecurity threats and incidents, including threats and incidents associated with the use of services provided by third-party service providers. The risk-based vulnerability management prioritizes action under both an asset context and vulnerability context, considering factors such as asset exposure, potential business effect, threat context, and vulnerability severity.
 Business email compromise ("BEC") continues to be a top threat for cybersecurity risk leading to potential financial loss, data breach or further information systems compromise. Variants and combinations of BEC, including phishing, spear phishing, "adversary in the middle" attacks (i.e., attacks that allow interception of network communications) and, in particular, "zero-day" attacks (i.e., attacks that exploit a previously unknown vulnerability), present a financial, data loss and business continuity risk. The risk of these attacks exists within the Company, within our customer partners and within our vendor partners in the supply chain. BEC prevention is a top focus in our risk-based cyber-resiliency strategy. In addition to BEC, potential vulnerabilities could exist in business systems and associated infrastructure and are mitigated via protocol for managing update "patches"; this protocol is sometimes limited based on the era of legacy systems.
 Superior engages cybersecurity partners and consultants to help strengthen its cyber-resiliency program. These engagements include but are not limited to incident response ("IR") planning and IR retainers, penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, IR plan testing, and advisement and awareness of latest threat vectors.
 All of the Company's global suppliers must comply with its Supplier Code of Conduct ("SCOC"). The SCOC contains certain data security and notification requirements, and the Company explicitly maintains the right to monitor and audit compliance with the SCOC.
 Cybersecurity Governance
 The Board of Directors maintains overall oversight of cybersecurity risk, and the Audit Committee provides direct oversight of the Company's activities to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity threats. The Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and a designated system security engineer are the primary responsible management parties to monitor, assess, and manage cybersecurity risk. Our CIO has led global IT organizations for over ten years with direct oversight responsibility for cybersecurity, the global IT landscape and its data integrity. Our security engineer is solely focused on monitoring, assessing, and managing Superior's cybersecurity breach prevention, detection and management, including the ongoing cybersecurity risk education of our employee base. Our security engineer's experience includes the design and implementation of IT security systems, tools, and processes, comprehensive security assessments, and the implementation of remediating action plans for detected weaknesses.
 Risk is monitored and managed through a combination of vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring, endpoint protection, incident response planning, security awareness training, regulatory compliance monitoring, and threat intelligence.
 Utilizing the NIST cybersecurity framework, the CIO provides quarterly updates to the Audit Committee on cybersecurity risk management, including the Company's latest risk assessment, action plan status and metrics. The Audit Committee regularly briefs the full Board on these matters. In addition, the CIO provides an annual report to the Board on the Company's cybersecurity plan and key activities.

 Management roles and responsibilities of Superior's cybersecurity incident management are defined within the Company's IR plan. The plan includes the formation of the Security Incident Response Team responsible for leading incident response. In the event of

 specific cybersecurity incidents, defined sub-teams are engaged, as necessary, to monitor the mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. These sub-teams are comprised of cross-functional experts including, but not limited to, legal, accounting, operational and IT leadership and relevant external counsel.
 All incidents are prioritized and assessed for materiality. Cybersecurity incidents are reported to relevant stakeholders in accordance with the incident response plan. All notable cybersecurity incidents as well as the number of cybersecurity incidents are reported quarterly to the Board of Directors.

 ITEM 2. - PROPERTIES

 Our worldwide headquarters is located in Southfield, Michigan. In our North American operations, we maintain and operate four facilities that manufacture aluminum wheels for the automotive industry. These facilities are located in Chihuahua, Mexico. We own all of our manufacturing facilities in North America. We lease our worldwide headquarters located in Southfield, Michigan and a shared service center in Chihuahua, Mexico.

 Our European operations include four locations. The European headquarters is located in Bad D rkheim, Germany which includes our European management, sales and distribution functions, as well as the logistics center and warehouse for the aftermarket business. The European manufacturing operations are located in Stalowa Wola, Poland and consist of three facilities. Our European business also includes a location in L denscheid, Germany, that supports our research and development in Europe and a shared service center in Krakow, Poland. We own all of our manufacturing facilities in Europe and we lease our L denscheid facility, our European headquarters in Bad D rkheim, Germany, and our shared service center in Krakow, Poland.

 In general, our manufacturing facilities, which have been constructed at various times, are in good operating condition and are adequate to meet our current production capacity requirements. Active maintenance programs keep these facilities in good condition, and we have an active capital spending program to replace equipment as needed to maintain factory reliability and remain technologically competitive on a worldwide basis.

 ITEM 3. - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 We are party to various legal and environmental proceedings incidental to our business. Certain claims, suits and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against us. Based on facts now known, except as provided below, we believe all such matters are adequately provided for, covered by insurance, are without merit, and/or involve such amounts that would not materially adversely affect our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position (refer to Item 1A, "Risk Factors" — "Legal, Compliance and Regulatory Risks" — "We are from time to time subject to litigation, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows." of this Annual Report).

 In March 2022, the German Federal Cartel Office initiated an investigation related to European light alloy wheel manufacturers, including Superior Industries Europe AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), on suspicion of conduct restricting competition. The Company is cooperating fully with the German Federal Cartel Office. In the event Superior Industries Europe AG is deemed to have violated the applicable statutes, the Company could be subject to a fine or civil proceedings. At this point, we are unable to predict the duration or the outcome of the investigation.

 ITEM 4. - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 4A. -INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

 Information regarding executive officers who are also Directors is contained in our 2025 Proxy Statement under the caption "Election of Directors." Such information is incorporated into Part III, Item 10, "Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance." All executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and serve at the will of the Board of Directors. The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our executive officers.

 Name

 Age

 Position

 Majdi B. Abulaban

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Kevin Burke

 Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Sustainability Officer

 Michael Dorah

 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer

 Parveen Kakar

 Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial and Technology Officer

 David Sherbin

 Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary

 Daniel D. Lee

 Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

 Stacie R. Schulz

 Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer

 Set forth below is a description of the business experience of each of our executive officers.

 Majdi B. Abulaban

 Mr. Abulaban is the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since May 2019. Mr. Abulaban was previously employed by Aptiv PLC (formerly Delphi Automotive) (NYSE: APTV) ("Aptiv"), a technology company that develops safer, greener and more connected solutions for a diverse array of global customers, from 1985 to April 2019, most recently as Senior Vice President and Group President, Global Signal and Power Solutions Segment from January 2017 to April 2019. From February 2012 to January 2017, Mr. Abulaban served as the Senior Vice President and Group President, Global Electrical and Electronic Architecture Segment and President of Aptiv Asia Pacific. Prior to that, Mr. Abulaban held various business unit leadership positions with Delphi in China, Singapore and the United States. Mr. Abulaban holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh and a Master of Business Administration from the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University.

 Kevin Burke

 Mr. Burke is the Company's Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Sustainability Officer, a position he has held since October 2019. He joined Superior from Valeo North America, a Tier One auto supplier and technology company, where he was Head of Human Resources – North America since March 2018, with responsibility for all human resources across the United States, Mexico and Canada. From 2015 to 2017, he was at Lear Corporation, a Tier One auto supplier, as Vice President of Human Resources – Asia Pacific based in Shanghai, China. From 2013 to 2015, Mr. Burke was the Chief Human Resources Officer for ITC Holdings, an independent electric transmission company. Prior to that, he held various HR leadership positions with General Mills, Pulte Homes and Dow Corning Corporation. Mr. Burke earned a Bachelor of Arts in Communication and a Master of Labor & Industrial Relations from Michigan State University, as well as a Master of Business Administration from Northwestern University's Kellogg School.

 Michael Dorah

 Mr. Dorah is the Company's Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, a position he has held since March 2024. Previously, Mr. Dorah was Senior Vice President and North American President, a position he has held since January 11, 2021. Mr. Dorah was previously the Senior Vice President, Manufacturing Systems of Delphi Technologies, Plc. (NYSE: DLPH), a global commercial vehicle parts supplier, from 2019 to 2020. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Operations of Chassix, Inc, a global supplier of precision casting and machining solutions for the automotive industry from 2016-2019. Mr. Dorah also served as Chassix's General Manager, Chassix, Brazil from 2012 to 2016. Prior to that, Mr. Dorah was the Vice President and General Manager, Brazil for Acument Global Technologies, Inc., a global manufacturer of screws, bolts, nuts and cold formed components for the automotive, industrial and aerospace industries from 2008 to 2010. He also served from 2008 to 2010 as Acument's Vice President – Operations. Prior to that, Mr. Dorah held various positions with American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. (NYSE: AXL), a global Tier One supplier to the automotive industry, from 1996 to 2008 culminating in his position of Director, Purchasing and Global Supply Based Management from 2004 to 2008. Mr. Dorah holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Materials Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology and a Master of Business

 Administration degree and Master of Science degree in Materials Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

 Parveen Kakar

 Mr. Kakar is the Company's Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial and Technology Officer, a position he has held since September 2014. Mr. Kakar joined the Company in 1989 as the Director of Engineering Services and has held various positions at the Company since then. From July 2008 to September 2014, Mr. Kakar served as the Company's Senior Vice President of Corporate Engineering and Product Development and from 2003 to 2008 as the Vice President of Program Development. Mr. Kakar holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College in India.

 David Sherbin

 Mr. Sherbin is the Company's Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary, a position he has held since June 2022. Prior to joining Superior, Mr. Sherbin was General Counsel, Senior Vice President, Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer for Aptiv Plc and Secretary, Chief Compliance Officer and Senior Vice President at Delphi Automotive LLP. Previously, Mr. Sherbin served as General Counsel for Pulte Homes and Federal-Mogul Corporation. Mr. Sherbin received an undergraduate degree from Oberlin College and a graduate degree from Cornell Law School.

 Daniel D. Lee

 Mr. Lee is the Company's Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Lee was appointed Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer in October 2024. Mr. Lee joined Superior in July 2023 as Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer, Europe. Prior to joining Superior, Mr. Lee previously held the position of Vice President of Finance for Performance Solutions at Tenneco. Previously, Mr. Lee had served in various senior positions with Schneider Electric, ABB Inc., Aptiv PLC (formerly Delphi Automotive), Integer, and XPO Logistics. Mr. Lee began his career in the accounting group at J.P. Morgan. Mr. Lee holds a Bachelor's Degree in Accounting from Northern Illinois University and an MBA from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.

 Stacie R. Schulz

 Ms. Schulz is the Company's Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer. Ms. Schulz was appointed Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer in May 2024. Prior to joining Superior, Ms. Schulz served as Executive Director and Assistant Controller, Accounting and Reporting at Tenneco and as Director Accounting and Reporting of Federal-Mogul LLC. Previously, Ms. Schulz served as an Audit Senior Manager at Deloitte and Touche LLP, where she began her career. Ms. Schulz holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting and a Master of Science degree in Accounting, both from Michigan State University. In addition, Ms. Schulz is a Certified Public Accountant.

 ITEM 5. - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Superior Common Stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol "SUP." As of February 28, 2025, there were approximately 264 holders of record of our common stock.

 ITEM 6. – [RESERVED]

 ITEM 7. - MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the section entitled "Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this Annual Report immediately prior to Item 1. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

 Executive Overview

 The principal business of Superior Industries International, Inc. (referred to herein as the "Company," "Superior," or "we," "us," and "our") is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") in North America and Europe, and to the aftermarket in Europe. Our aluminum wheels are primarily sold to OEMs for factory installation on new light vehicles. We also sell aluminum wheels to the European aftermarket under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC, and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the primary markets for our products, but we have a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European, and Asian OEMs.

 On August 31, 2023, our then-owned subsidiary Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH ("SPG") filed voluntary petitions for preliminary insolvency proceedings (i.e., equivalent to Chapter 11 under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code). Effective August 31, 2023, we no longer control SPG and deconsolidated the subsidiary, therefore, it is no longer included in our consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 19 – "Deconsolidation of Subsidiary" in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of the Annual Report for additional information. With the deconsolidation of SPG, we relocated our wheel production from Germany to Poland (the "European Transformation").

 Industry Overview, Supply Chain Disruptions, and the Ukraine Conflict

 There is a broad range of factors which affect automotive industry sales and production volumes, including consumer demand and preferences, dealer inventory levels, labor relations, trade agreements, cost and availability of raw materials and components, fuel prices, regulatory requirements, government initiatives, availability and cost of credit, changing consumer attitudes toward vehicle ownership, and other factors. Our sales are driven generally by overall automotive industry production volumes and, more specifically, by the volumes of the vehicles for which we supply wheels. In addition, larger diameter wheels and premium finishes command higher unit prices. Larger cars and light trucks, as well as premium vehicle platforms, such as luxury, sport utility and crossover vehicles, typically employ larger diameter wheels and premium finishes.

 The automotive industry was affected by supply chain disruptions and cost inflation that emerged following the COVID-19 global pandemic, which led to operating challenges for the automotive supplier base. The supply chain disruptions included shortages of semiconductors. Cost inflation has moderated somewhat but remains higher than pre-pandemic levels and has resulted in an increase in the cost of raw materials, labor, and energy. In addition, higher interest rates have adversely affected, and will likely continue to affect, our earnings and cash flow from operations.

 In early 2022, the Ukraine Conflict contributed to order volatility and intensified inflationary cost pressures, specifically the cost of energy. While the cost of energy moderated in 2023, it remains higher in Europe than prices prevailing prior to the pandemic and the Ukraine Conflict.

 The prices under our OEM contracts are adjusted for changes in the cost of aluminum and certain other costs; however, our aftermarket contracts do not provide such pass through of aluminum or other costs. Future increases in raw material costs and OEM production volatility may cause our inventory levels to increase, negatively affecting our results of operations and cash flow from operations.

 Trade and Regulatory Uncertainty

 In many markets, including the United States, a portion of our products, including significant inputs, are imported from other jurisdictions. On February 1, 2025, the United States government announced tariffs up to 25% on imports from Mexico and Canada, and an additional 20% tariff on product imports from China, which went into effect on March 4, 2025. While we are still evaluating the potential effects of these actions as well as our ability to mitigate them, they may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. We primarily manufacture all of our North American products in Mexico for sale in the United States, Canada, and Mexico and we are currently monitoring the potential effect, if any, of actions taken in response to these tariffs by Canada and Mexico. For additional information, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, including the risk entitled "Increases in the costs and restrictions on availability of raw materials could adversely affect our operating margins and cash flow" and "International trade agreements and our international operations make us vulnerable to risks associated with doing business in foreign countries that can affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows."

 Light Vehicle Production Levels

 Automotive industry production volumes in the North American and Western and Central European regions, our primary markets, are shown below for the year ended December 31, 2024 (as published in February 2025 by IHS for Light Vehicles, an automotive industry analyst), as compared to the corresponding periods of 2023, are shown below:

 2024 vs 2023

 (Units in thousands)

 2024

 2023

 % Change

 North America

 15,441

 15,683

 (1.5%)

 Western and Central Europe

 14,346

 15,297

 (6.2%)

 Total

 29,787

 30,980

 (3.9%)

 Automotive industry production volumes in our primary markets declined 3.9% during the year ended December 31, 2024 (a decline of 6.2% in Western and Central Europe and a decline of 1.5% in North America) and were 12.6% lower than 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Production volumes of our key customers decreased 0.5% (declining 6.0% in Western and Central Europe, partially offset by an increase of 3.4% in North America).

 The IHS February 2025 forecast projects that production volumes in our primary markets are expected to decline 3.8% in 2025 (a decline of 5.6% in Western and Central Europe and a decline of 2.1% in North America). IHS forecasts production volumes of our key customers to decrease 5.0% (a decline of 6.6% in Western and Central Europe and a decline of 4.0% in North America).

 Overview of the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 The following chart shows the comparison of our operational performance in 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 Consolidated Results of Operations

 2024

 2023

 Net
Change

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Net sales

 $

 $

 $

 (117,939

)

 Cost of sales

 (1,156,810

)

 (1,269,535

)

 112,725

 Gross profit

 110,534

 115,748

 (5,214

)

 Gross profit percentage

 8.7

 %

 8.4

 %

 0.3

 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 81,282

 87,567

 (6,285

)

 —

 (79,629

)

 Income (loss) from operations

 29,252

 (51,448

)

 80,700

 Interest expense, net

 (67,105

)

 (62,140

)

 (4,965

)

 Loss on extinguishment of debt

 (13,052

)

 —

 (13,052

)

 Other income (expense), net

 (1,776

)

 (3,210

)

 1,434

 Income tax (provision) benefit

 (25,501

)

 23,946

 (49,447

)

 $

 (78,182

)

 $

 (92,852

)

 $

 14,670

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 $

 (4.25

)

 $

 (4.73

)

 $

 0.48

 Value added sales (1)

 $

 691,211

 $

 747,630

 $

 (56,419

)

 Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange (1)

 $

 690,437

 $

 747,630

 $

 (57,193

)

 Adjusted EBITDA (2)

 $

 146,279

 $

 159,150

 $

 (12,871

)

 Percentage of net sales

 11.5

 %

 11.5

 %

 —

 Percentage of value added sales

 21.2

 %

 21.3

 %

 (0.1

)%

 (1) Value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange are key measures that are not calculated according to U.S. GAAP. Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a definition of value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange and a reconciliation of value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange to net sales, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

 (2) Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure that is not calculated according to U.S. GAAP. Refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a definition of adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA to net income, the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

 Net Sales

 The following table lists the primary drivers behind the change in net sales (amounts in millions):

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $

 1,385.3

 Aluminum and other pass through costs

 (61.4

)

 Volume

 (44.3

)

 Product mix and pricing

 (11.7

)

 Foreign exchange

 (0.6

)

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 $

 1,267.3

 Value Added Sales Adjusted for Foreign Exchange

 Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange was $690.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange of $747.6 million for the same period in 2023, a decrease of 7.6%.

 Cost of Sales

 The following table lists the primary drivers behind the change in cost of sales (amounts in millions):

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $

 1,269.5

 Material and conversion costs

 (86.3

)

 Volume

 (28.9

)

 Mix

 1.5

 Foreign exchange

 1.0

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 $

 1,156.8

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

 Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $81.3 million, or 6.4% of net sales, as compared to $87.6 million, or 6.3% of net sales, for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease of $6.3 million was primarily due to a $14.8 million provision for a valuation allowance on claims receivable from the SPG bankruptcy estate during the year ended December 31, 2023 and a decrease in restructuring charges of $1.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 (refer to Note 18 "Restructuring" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data"), partially offset by other debt refinancing costs of $6.8 million and charges related to certain losses incurred by SPG as a result of continuing production to ensure the Company's supply to its customers of $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Loss on Deconsolidation of Subsidiary

 The Company deconsolidated SPG from its consolidated financial statements and recognized a charge to operations of $79.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 (refer to Note 19, "Deconsolidation of Subsidiary" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data").

 Interest Expense, Net

 Net interest expense was $67.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net interest expense of $62.1 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of 8.0%. The increase in net interest expense was primarily due to the upsizing of the borrowings under the amended and restated term loan, a decrease in interest income, and an increase in interest expense on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest related to the senior notes, which were redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

 Loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $13.1 million related to the prepayment of our term loan facility in connection with the debt refinancing and redemption of the senior notes; refer to "Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources" within this Management's Discussion and Analysis for additional information.

 Other Income (Expense), Net

 Other expense was $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to other expense of $3.2 million for the same period in 2023. This decrease was primarily due to the unfavorable adjustment to a casualty loss reserve of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Income Tax Provision

 The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $25.5 million on pre-tax loss of $52.7 million, representing an effective tax rate of (48.4%). The 2024 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to valuation allowances, the reversal of an uncertain tax position, the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions, and a tax charge affecting deferred tax assets related to tax restructuring. The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $23.9 million on pre-tax loss of $116.8 million, representing an effective income tax rate of 20.5%. The 2023 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to valuation allowances, the reversal of an uncertain tax position, and the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions.

 Net (Loss) Income

 Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $78.2 million, or loss per diluted share of $4.25, compared to net loss of $92.9 million, or loss per diluted share of $4.73 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Segment Sales and Income (Loss) from Operations

 2024

 2023

 Net
Change

 Selected data

 Net sales

 North America

 $

 786,124

 $

 794,386

 $

 (8,262

)

 481,220

 590,897

 (109,677

)

 Total net sales

 $

 $

 $

 (117,939

)

 Income (loss) from operations

 North America

 $

 43,010

 $

 51,791

 $

 (8,781

)

 (13,758

)

 (103,239

)

 89,481

 Total income (loss) from operations

 $

 29,252

 $

 (51,448

)

 $

 80,700

 North America

 Net sales for our North American segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased 1.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The $8.3 million decrease in net sales was primarily due to lower aluminum and other pass through costs to our OEM customers of $10.3 million and a lower product mix and pricing of $5.3 million, which was partially offset by higher volumes of $7.4 million.

 North American segment income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $8.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to a lower product mix and pricing of $9.5 million and higher material and conversion costs of $2.2 million, which was partially offset by higher volumes of $2.6 million.

 Net sales for our European segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased 18.6% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The $109.7 million decrease in net sales was primarily due to lower volumes of $51.7 million, lower aluminum and other pass through costs to our OEM customers of $51.1 million, and a lower product mix and pricing of $6.4 million. The decline in volume was primarily attributable to the deconsolidation of the financial results of SPG, the decline in the Western and Central European market, and the exit from an unprofitable contract with one of our customers during 2023.

 The European segment loss from operations during the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $89.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in loss from operations was primarily due to the $79.6 million loss on deconsolidation of SPG in 2023, lower material and conversion costs of $25.6 million, and lower SG&A expenses of $5.9 million, which was partially offset by lower volumes of $18.0 million and a lower product mix and pricing of $3.7 million.

 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Our ongoing capital requirements have historically been funded from cash flows from operations, debt facilities, factoring arrangements, and cash and cash equivalents, and we believe these sources will continue to meet our future requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe we will maintain compliance with our financial ratios set forth in our credit agreements. However, our ability to fund our ongoing capital requirements and meet our financial covenants depends upon a number of operational and economic factors, many of which are beyond our control. In the event we are unable to meet these financial covenants and other obligations, we would need to consider several options to meet our cash flow and other operational needs. Such options may include one or more refinancing or restructuring initiatives and/or other cost reductions, sales of assets, reductions or delays to capital spending, and/or other alternatives to enhance our financial and operating position. However, there can be no assurance that such actions, if any, will be successfully implemented or achieve expected benefits.

 Capital expenditures relate to improving production quality and efficiency and extending the useful lives of our existing equipment, and expenditures for new product offerings, as well as expanded capacity for existing products. During 2025, we expect that capital expenditures will be between $30.0 million and $40.0 million, of which $12.2 million has been committed under outstanding purchase orders as of December 31, 2024.

 As of December 31, 2024 our primary sources of liquidity include the following (in millions):

 Available Liquidity

 Cash and cash equivalents (1)

 $

 39.7

 Unused commitments on the revolving credit facility (2)

 42.5

 Minimum contractual liquidity per the Credit Agreement

 (37.5

)

 Total available liquidity

 $

 44.7

 (1) Reduced by restricted cash at December 31, 2024 of $0.4 million.

 (2) Reduced by outstanding letters of credit at December 31, 2024 of $17.5 million.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and unused commitments of $42.5 million, which have been reduced for outstanding letters of credit of $17.5 million.

 Subsequent to December 31, 2024,we prepaid $2.2 million in principal for the Term Loan Facility (subsequently defined) under one of the mandatory prepayment provisions as discussed in more detail below.

 Senior Secured Credit Facilities

 A summary of our senior secured credit facilities at December 31, 2024 are as follows (amounts in thousands):

 December 31, 2024

 Principal

 Carrying Value

 Senior Secured Credit Facilities:

 Revolving Credit Facility

 $

 -

 $

 -

 Term Loan Facility

 $

 518,700

 $

 488,298

 On December 15, 2022, we entered into a $400.0 million term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan Facility") pursuant to a credit agreement (the "2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement") with Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and other lenders party thereto. Concurrent with the execution of the 2022 Term Loan Facility, we entered into a $60.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") pursuant to a credit agreement (the "Revolving Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and other lenders and issuing banks thereunder.

 On August 14, 2024, we amended and restated the 2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement in the form of an amended and restated credit agreement, by and among Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as a collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto (the "Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement" and, together with the Revolving Credit Agreement, the "Credit Agreements"), pursuant to which we incurred a new $520.0 million term loan facility (the "Term Loan Facility" and, together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities" or "SSCF"). The proceeds of the Term Loan Facility were used to (i) refinance the 2022 Term Loan Facility, (ii) discharge our 6.000% Senior Notes due 2025, (iii) pay fees and expenses in connection with the foregoing, and (iv) for general corporate purposes. The Term Loan Facility matures on December 15, 2028 (with no springing maturity).

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a $12.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt related to the prepayment of the 2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement in connection with the debt refinancing.

 Simultaneously with the execution of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, we amended the Revolving Credit Facility pursuant to the First Amendment to Credit Agreement to, among other things (i) amend the financial covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Agreement, (ii) amend the maturity date applicable to the revolving commitments to remove the springing maturity applicable, thereto and (iii) require that the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement be repaid in the event we hold cash in excess of a certain threshold. The revolving commitments will mature on December 15, 2027.

 Prepayments

 Amounts borrowed under the Term Loan Facility may be voluntarily prepaid subject to a prepayment premium of 2.00% of the loan principal plus the net present value of any lost interest in the first year, and 2.00% and 1.00% of the loan principal during second and third years. After the third anniversary of the date of the amendment and restatement date, there is no prepayment premium.

 The Credit Agreements include certain mandatory prepayment provisions, including, among others, a requirement (i) to prepay amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, if any, with any cash on hand in excess of $50 million at the end of each calendar month, (ii) to prepay amounts under the Term Loan Facility with any amount of Liquidity (defined as the sum of unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances and amounts available to be drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility), after giving effect to any prepayment required under clause (i) above, in excess of $80 million at the end of each calendar month, and (iii) to prepay the Term Loan Facility with 75% of Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement) generated by us, subject to customary deductions.

 The SSCF may become due and payable upon the event of default, which we have accounted for separately as a derivative liability. As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded a derivative liability of $1.4 million in the consolidated balance sheet.

 Interest Rates

 Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR"), with a floor of 2.50% per annum, or (ii) a base rate ("Term Base Rate"), with a floor of 2.50% per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank (the "NYFRB") rate plus 0.50%, and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, in each case, plus the applicable rate of 7.50% per annum for SOFR loans and 6.50% per annum for Term Base Rate loans. In the event of a payment default under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00%.

 As of December 31, 2024, the interest rate in effect on borrowings under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Facility was 11.9%.

 Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, either (i) SOFR plus 0.10% (or, with respect to any borrowings denominated in euros, the adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate, "EURIBOR"), with a floor of 0.00% per annum or (ii) a base rate ("Revolving Loan Base Rate"), with a floor of 1.00% per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the NYFRB rate plus 0.50% and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, in each case, plus the applicable rate. The applicable rate is determined by reference to our Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) and ranges between 3.50% and 4.50% per annum for SOFR (4.5% per annum for the current fiscal quarter) and EURIBOR loans, and between 2.50% and 3.50% per annum for Revolving Base Rate loans (3.5% per annum for the current fiscal quarter). The commitment fee for the unused commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility varies between 0.50% and 0.625% per annum depending on our Secured Net Leverage Ratio (0.625% per annum for the current fiscal quarter). Commitment fees are included in interest expense. In the event of a payment default under the Revolving Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00%.

 Guarantees and Collateral Security

 Our obligations under the Credit Agreements are unconditionally guaranteed by all of our material subsidiaries (collectively, the "SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors"), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would result in adverse tax consequences. The guarantees of such obligations are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by substantially all of our assets and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors' assets, including but not limited to: (i) a perfected pledge of all of the capital stock issued by each of the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions) and (ii) perfected security interests in and mortgages on substantially all tangible and intangible personal property and material fee-owned real property of ours and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions and exclusions). Our obligations under the Credit Agreements are secured by liens on a pari passu basis, but the obligations under the Revolving Credit Agreement have payment priority over the obligations under the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

 Covenants

 The Credit Agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness, create or incur liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances, pay dividends, distributions or other restricted payments, or repurchase its capital stock. The Credit Agreements also restrict our ability to prepay, redeem or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness or preferred stock, enter into agreements which limit our ability to incur liens on our assets or that restrict the ability of restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other restricted payments, and enter into certain transactions with its affiliates.

 The Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement requires us to maintain:

 (i) A Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.75:1.00 for the relevant test periods ending during the period beginning on December 31, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025, and no more than 3.50:1.00 for the relevant test periods ending on June 30, 2025 and thereafter; and

 (ii) Liquidity of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility).

 The Revolving Credit Agreement requires us to maintain:

 (i) A Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.75:1.00 for the test period ending September 30, 2024, and no more than 4.50:1.00 for each test period ending thereafter;

 (ii) A Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.75:1.00 for the test period ending September 30, 2024, no more than 3.75:1.00 for the relevant test periods ending during the period beginning December 31, 2024 through March 31, 2025, and no more than 3.50:1.00 for the relevant test periods ending on June 30, 2025 and thereafter; and

 (iii) Liquidity of at least $37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility) but only so long as loans under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Facility are outstanding.

 Additionally, if we pay the preferred stock dividends in cash to the preferred shareholders, the Credit Agreements require us to maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreements) to be no less than 1.10:1.00 at the end of the period such payment is made.

 The Credit Agreements contain customary default provisions that include among other things: non-payment of principal or interest when due, failure to comply with obligations, covenants or other provisions in the Credit Agreements, any failure of representations and warranties, cross-default under other debt agreements for obligations in excess of $20.0 million, insolvency, failure to pay judgments in excess of $20.0 million within 60 days of the judicial award, failure to pay any material plan withdrawal obligations under ERISA, invalidity of the loan agreement, invalidity of any security interest in the loan collateral, change of control and failure to maintain the financial covenants. In the event a default occurs, all commitments under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities would be terminated and the lenders would be entitled to declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all borrowings outstanding to be due and payable.

 In addition, the Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties and other covenants.

 As of December 31, 2024, we are in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreements.

 Senior Notes

 On June 15, 2017, we issued 250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000% Senior Notes due June 15, 2025 (the "Notes"). In connection with the closing of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, we redeemed all of the Notes remaining outstanding at a redemption price of 100.000% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, August 26, 2024 (the "Redemption Date"), in accordance with the Indenture, dated June 15, 2017 (the "Indenture"), between us, certain subsidiary guarantors party thereto, The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as registrar and transfer agent and The Bank of New York Mellon acting through its London Branch, as trustee. As of the Redemption Date, the Notes were no longer deemed outstanding and interest on the Notes ceased to accrue. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a $0.9 million loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with the redemption of the Notes.

 European Debt

 In connection with the acquisition of UNIWHEELS AG in 2017, we assumed $70.7 million of outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2023, $0.8 million of the assumed debt remained outstanding. The outstanding debt was repaid in full during 2024.

 Redeemable Preferred Stock

 As of December 31, 2024, the redeemable preferred stock was $288.5 million and convertible into shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares determined by dividing the sum of the stated value and any accrued and unpaid dividends by the conversion price of $28.162, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Certificate of Designations. The redeemable preferred stock accrues dividends at a rate of 9 percent per annum, payable at our election in kind, in cash or a combination thereof, and is also entitled to participate if we pay any dividends or make any distributions in respect of our common stock in cash or any other class or series of capital stock in an amount equal to that which would have been due had the redeemable preferred shares been converted into common stock.

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, preferred stock dividends of $10.1 million were paid-in-kind, which increased the stated value of the redeemable preferred stock. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the stated values of the redeemable preferred stock were $160.1 million and $150.0 million. We may mandate conversion of all of our redeemable preferred stock if, for a period of 30 consecutive trading days, the VWAP of our common stock exceeds a 200% premium on the conversion price of our redeemable preferred stock. The holders may redeem the redeemable preferred stock on or after September 14, 2025 or, if earlier, as a result of the occurrence of an early redemption event (e.g., an Exchange Act report that a person or group has become the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting securities of the Company, recapitalization, merger, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or an adoption of a plan or proposal for liquidation or delisting of our stock from the NYSE). At redemption, the redemption value will be the greater of (i) two times the then-current Stated Value (defined in the Certificate of Designations as $1,000 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind), which as of December 31, 2024 would be equivalent to a $320.3 million redemption value, and (ii) the product of the number of shares of common stock into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted at the time of such redemption (5.7 million shares currently) and the then-Current Market Price (defined in the Certificate of Designations as the arithmetic average of VWAP per share of common stock for each of the thirty (30) consecutive full trading days ending on the trading day before the record date with respect to such action) of our common stock. Any redemption payment would be limited to cash legally available to pay such redemption. If we are unable to redeem the shares of redeemable preferred stock in full, any shares of redeemable preferred stock not redeemed would continue to receive an annual dividend of 9.0% on the stated value which would be payable quarterly. The Board of Directors would have to evaluate periodically our ability to make any redemption payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. We may, at our option, redeem in whole at any time all of the shares of redeemable preferred stock outstanding.

 The difference between the redemption value of the redeemable preferred stock and the carrying value (the "premium") is being accreted over the period from the date of issuance through September 14, 2025 using the effective interest method. The accretion is treated as a deemed dividend, recorded as a charge to retained earnings, and deducted in computing earnings per share (analogous to the treatment for stated and participating dividends paid on the redeemable preferred shares). The cumulative premium accretion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $142.9 million and $112.7 million.

 Factoring Arrangements

 We sell certain customer trade receivables under factoring arrangements with designated financial institutions and accounted for them as a sale. The fair value of assets received as proceeds in exchange for the transfer of accounts receivable under these factoring arrangements approximates fair value of such receivables and cash proceeds are included in cash provided by operating activities. Our ongoing involvement under the factoring arrangements is limited to processing of customer payments on the factored receivables. Factoring arrangements incorporate customary representations and warranties, including representations as to validity of amounts due, completeness of performance obligations, and absence of commercial disputes.

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company sold trade receivables totaling $708.8 million and $734.8 million and incurred factoring fees of $5.9 million and $4.2 million.

 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, receivables of $70.9 million and $92.4 million had been factored and had not yet been paid by customers to the respective financial institutions. The collective limit under the Company's factoring arrangements was $142.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had no other significant off-balance sheet arrangements.

 Cash Flows

 The following table summarizes the cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

 2024

 2023

 Net cash provided (used) by operating activities

 18,313

 64,431

 Net cash provided (used) by investing activities

 (28,283

)

 (45,607

)

 Net cash provided (used) by financing activities

 (148,339

)

 (34,230

)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash

 (3,187

)

 3,990

 Net changes in cash and cash equivalents

 $

 (161,496

)

 $

 (11,416

)

 Operating Activities

 Net cash provided by operating activities was $18.3 million in 2024 compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $64.4 million for 2023. The $46.1 million decrease in cash flow provided by operating activities was primarily driven by lower earnings after taking into account the effect of the loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary in 2023 and changes in working capital.

 Investing Activities

 Net cash used in investing activities was $28.2 million in 2024 compared to net cash used in investing activities of $45.6 million in 2023. The $17.4 million decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to lower capital expenditures and the deconsolidation of subsidiary cash in 2023.

 Financing Activities

 Net cash used in financing activities was $148.3 million in 2024 compared to net cash used by financing activities of $34.2 million in 2023. This increase was primarily due to an increase in debt repayments on term loans and notes of $451.2 million, an increase in financing costs paid of $8.8 million, and a redemption premium paid on term loan repayment of $3.7 million, which was partially offset by proceeds from issuance of long-term debt of $337.3 million and a decrease in cash dividends paid as preferred stock dividends of $10.1 million were paid-in-kind during 2024.

 NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

 In this Annual Report, we discuss three important measures that are not calculated according to U.S. GAAP, value added sales, value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange and adjusted EBITDA.

 Value added sales represents net sales less the value of aluminum and other costs, as well as outsourced service provider ("OSPs") costs that are included in net sales. Contractual arrangements with our customers allow us to pass on changes in aluminum and certain other costs. Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange represents value added sales on a constant currency basis. For entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the current period amounts are translated using the prior year comparative period exchange rates, rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the current period. Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange allows users of the financial statements to consider our net sales information both with and without the aluminum, other costs and OSP costs and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Management utilizes value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange

 as a key metric in measuring and evaluating the growth of the Company because it eliminates the volatility of the cost of aluminum and changes in foreign exchange rates. Management utilizes value added sales in calculating adjusted EBITDA margin to eliminate volatility of the cost of aluminum in evaluating year-over-year margin growth.

 The following table reconciles our net sales, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to our value added sales and value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange:

 Fiscal Year Ended December 31.

 2024

 2023

 Net sales

 $

 $

 Less: aluminum, other costs, and outside service provider costs

 (576,133

)

 (637,653

)

 Value added sales

 691,211

 747,630

 Currency impact on current period value added sales

 (774

)

 —

 Value added sales adjusted for foreign exchange

 $

 690,437

 $

 747,630

 Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest income and expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, restructuring charges and other closure costs and impairments of long-lived assets and investments, change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities, acquisition and integration costs, certain hiring and separation related costs, proxy contest fees, gains and losses associated with early debt extinguishment and other refinancing costs, and accounts receivable factoring fees. We use adjusted EBITDA as an important indicator of the operating performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA is used in our internal forecasts and models when establishing internal operating budgets, supplementing the financial results and forecasts reported to our Board of Directors and evaluating short-term and long-term operating trends in our operations. We believe the adjusted EBITDA financial measure assists in providing a more complete understanding of our underlying operational measures to manage our business, to evaluate our performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace and to establish operational goals. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure may not be computed in the same manner as similarly titled measures used by other companies.

 The following table reconciles our net income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to our adjusted EBITDA:

 Fiscal Year Ended December 31.

 2024

 2023

 $

 (78,182

)

 $

 (92,852

)

 Interest expense, net

 67,105

 62,140

 Income tax provision (benefit)

 25,501

 (23,946

)

 Depreciation

 66,947

 73,534

 19,469

 19,457

 Factoring fees

 5,902

 4,198

 Loss on extinguishment of debt and other refinancing costs (1)

 19,938

 —

 —

 Restructuring costs

 7,020

 8,098

 Restructuring related costs (2)

 15,009

 29,333

 Change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities

 (2,430

)

 (3,366

)

 Other costs (3)

 —

 2,925

 Adjusted EBITDA

 $

 146,279

 $

 159,150

 Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales

 11.5

 %

 11.5

 %

 Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of value added sales

 21.2

 %

 21.3

 %

 (1) During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a $13.1 million loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with our amended and restated term loan facility. We also incurred $6.8 million in additional expenses recognized in SG&A expenses associated with our refinancing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 (2) During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we incurred $15.0 million and $29.3 million in restructuring related costs, primarily attributable to advisor and legal fees and asset write-downs incurred in connection with our European Transformation during the year ended December 31, 2024, and a provision for a valuation allowance on claims receivable from the SPG bankruptcy estate during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 (3) During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $1.4 million related to an unfavorable adjustment to a casualty loss recovery and $1.5 million related to a potential loss in a legal proceeding, refer to Note 17 "Commitments and Contingencies" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data".

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts presented and related disclosures. We believe that the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in developing estimates, actual results in future periods could differ from the original estimates. Our significant accounting policies have been disclosed in Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report. The following paragraphs include a discussion of certain policies as well as critical areas where estimates are required.

 Revenue Recognition

 We estimate certain price adjustments on sales to our OEM customers which are subject to adjustment for changes in commodity prices for aluminum, alloy premium, and silicon, as well as production efficiencies and wheel weight variations from specifications used in pricing. These price adjustments are accounted for as variable consideration.

 We estimate the variable consideration using the "most likely" amount estimation approach. For commodity prices, initial estimates are based on the commodity index at contract inception. Changes in commodity prices are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the respective index occur, or as our contracts the customer otherwise stipulate. Prices incorporate the wheel weight price component based on production specifications. Weights are measured initially during the quotation process and remeasured upon final design, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. In North America, OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate these price adjustments.

 Valuation of Long-Lived Assets and Expected Useful Lives

 We monitor our long-lived assets for impairment indicators on an on-going basis. If an impairment indicator exists, we test the long-lived asset group for recoverability by comparing the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the long-lived asset

 group to its net carrying value. If the net carrying value of an asset group (including the carrying value of liabilities associated with the long-lived assets within the asset group) exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be realized, the asset group is written down to fair value and an impairment loss is recognized. Even if an impairment charge is not recognized, a reassessment of the useful lives may be appropriate based on our assessment of recoverability of these assets.

 Significant judgments and estimates used by management when evaluating long-lived assets for impairment include (i) an assessment as to whether an adverse event or circumstance has triggered the need for a recoverability analysis; (ii) undiscounted future cash flows generated by the asset group; and (iii) the fair value of the asset group. The basis of the recoverability test is our annual budget and long-range plan. This includes a projection of future cash flows based on awarded business and independent market data for vehicle production, which requires us to make significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows, and revenue growth rates. While we believe the projections of anticipated future cash flows and related assumptions are reasonable, differences in assumptions underlying these estimates could affect the results of our analysis. The Company's asset groups consist of the North American and European reportable segments.

 Income Taxes

 We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and their tax reporting values. Future tax benefits are also recognized as deferred tax assets on a taxing jurisdiction basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. Changes in tax laws or accounting standards and methods may affect recorded deferred taxes in future periods.

 Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Deferred tax assets are assessed quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted. The ability to realize our deferred tax assets depends on our ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future years. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence, including the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, future reversals of existing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment and our accounting for the deferred tax assets represents our best estimate of future events. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may be materially different from our estimates.

 We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. at the federal and state level and numerous non-U.S. jurisdictions. The tax laws and regulations are complex and require management judgment in the technical application of these laws, regulations, and various related judicial opinions to our facts and circumstances that may be subject to interpretation. We recognize uncertain tax positions if an uncertain tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination and are determined on a cumulative probability assessment of future outcomes. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are inherently subjective estimates since they require our assessment of the probability of future outcomes. We evaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis, including consideration of changes in circumstances, such as new regulations, recent judicial opinions or the results of recent examinations by tax authorities. Any changes to our estimates are recorded in the period in which the change occurs. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties and the effect of any tax audits, the ultimate resolutions may be materially different from our estimates.

 ITEM 7A. - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 As a smaller reporting company, as defined in Rule 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), the Company is not required to provide the information required by this item.

 ITEM 8. - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Superior Industries International, Inc.

 PAGE

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Deficit)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Superior Industries International, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Superior Industries International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Income Taxes – Realizability of U.S. deferred tax asset - Refer to Notes 1 and 12 to the financial statements

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 The Company operates in many different geographic locations and is subject to foreign, U.S. federal, state and local taxes applicable to each of the respective jurisdictions. Determining the realizability of deferred tax assets requires management to make assumptions and judgments regarding the application of complex tax laws as well as projected future taxable income, the timing of reversals of temporary differences, and tax planning strategies.

 We identified the Company's assessment of anticipated realizability of the U.S. deferred tax assets as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management. A high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our income tax specialists, was required when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management's assumptions and judgments related to complex tax laws as well as projected future taxable income, the timing of reversals of temporary differences, and tax planning strategies.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures related to the Company's assessment of U.S. deferred tax assets realizability included the following, among others:

 • We tested the effectiveness of controls over the Company's assessment of the realizability of its U.S. deferred tax assets.

 • We evaluated, with the assistance of income tax specialists, the significant assumptions used by management in assessing the realizability of its U.S. deferred tax assets, including the application of tax laws and regulations, projected future taxable income, the timing of reversals of temporary differences, and available tax planning strategies.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Detroit, Michigan

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Superior Industries International, Inc.

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Superior Industries International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Detroit, Michigan

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 2024

 2023

 NET SALES

 $

 $

 Cost of sales

 1,156,810

 1,269,535

 GROSS PROFIT

 110,534

 115,748

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 81,282

 87,567

 —

 INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS

 29,252

 ( 51,448

)

 Interest expense, net

 ( 67,105

)

 ( 62,140

)

 Loss on extinguishment of debt

 ( 13,052

)

 —

 Other income (expense), net

 ( 1,776

)

 ( 3,210

)

 INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES

 ( 52,681

)

 ( 116,798

)

 Income tax (provision) benefit

 ( 25,501

)

 23,946

 NET INCOME (LOSS)

 $

)

 $

)

 EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE – BASIC

 $

 ( 4.25

)

 $

 ( 4.73

)

 EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE – DILUTED

 $

 ( 4.25

)

 $

 ( 4.73

)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2024

 2023

 $

)

 $

)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax

 ( 45,176

)

 27,702

 Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments:

 Change in fair value of derivatives

 ( 42,448

)

 50,456

 Tax (provision) benefit

 10,235

 ( 10,441

)

 Change in unrecognized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, net of tax

 ( 32,213

)

 40,015

 Defined benefit pension plan:

 Amortization of actuarial losses on pension obligation

 1,360

 ( 739

)

 Tax (provision) benefit

 ( 151

)

 —

 Pension changes, net of tax

 1,209

 ( 739

)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 ( 76,180

)

 66,978

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $

 ( 154,362

)

 $

 ( 25,874

)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 2024

 2023

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 40,110

 $

 201,606

 Accounts receivable, net

 69,503

 56,393

 Inventories, net

 145,736

 144,609

 Income taxes receivable

 11,374

 1,559

 Current derivative financial instruments

 22,578

 38,298

 Other current assets

 19,460

 17,464

 Total current assets

 308,761

 459,929

 Property, plant and equipment, net

 329,892

 398,599

 Deferred income tax assets, net

 39,046

 52,213

 Intangibles, net

 33,242

 Derivative financial instruments

 14,736

 40,471

 Other noncurrent assets

 35,082

 46,117

 Total assets

 $

 740,129

 $

 1,030,571

 LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable

 $

 120,351

 $

 124,907

 Short-term debt

 7,939

 5,322

 Accrued expenses

 65,731

 66,838

 Income taxes payable

 1,905

 1,844

 Total current liabilities

 195,926

 198,911

 Long-term debt (less current portion)

 481,449

 610,632

 Noncurrent income tax liabilities

 5,341

 8,129

 Deferred income tax liabilities, net

 1,105

 1,903

 Other noncurrent liabilities

 43,581

 47,821

 Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 17)

 Mezzanine equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value

 Authorized – 1,000,000 shares

 Issued and outstanding – 150,000 shares outstanding at
 December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

 288,465

 248,222

 Noncontrolling redeemable equity

 Shareholders' equity (deficit):

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value

 Authorized – 100,000,000 shares

 Issued and outstanding – 28,886,053 and 28,091,440 shares at
 December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

 123,039

 115,340

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 ( 98,471

)

 ( 22,291

)

 Retained earnings (deficit)

 ( 300,786

)

 ( 178,989

)

 Total shareholders' equity (deficit)

 ( 276,218

)

 ( 85,940

)

 Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders' equity (deficit)

 $

 740,129

 $

 1,030,571

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Common Stock

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Income

 Number of
Shares

 Cumulative
Translation
Adjustment

 Hedging Instruments

 Pension
Obligations

 Retained
Earnings

 Total

 BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2024

 28,091,440

 $

 115,340

 $

 ( 83,002

)

 $

 59,859

 $

 $

 ( 178,989

)

 $

 ( 85,940

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

)

 Change in accumulated other
 comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 —

 —

 ( 45,176

)

 ( 32,213

)

 1,209

 —

 ( 76,180

)

 Common stock issued, net of shares
 withheld for employee taxes

 794,613

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock-based compensation

 —

 7,699

 —

 —

 —

 —

 7,699

 Redeemable preferred 9 % dividend
 and accretion

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 43,600

)

 ( 43,600

)

 Noncontrolling redeemable equity
 dividend

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 15

)

 ( 15

)

 BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2024

 28,886,053

 $

 123,039

 $

 ( 128,178

)

 $

 27,646

 $

 2,061

 $

 ( 300,786

)

 $

 ( 276,218

)

 Common Stock

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Income

 Number of
Shares

 Cumulative
Translation
Adjustment

 Hedging Instruments

 Pension
Obligations

 Retained
Earnings

 Total

 BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2023

 27,016,125

 $

 111,105

 $

 ( 110,704

)

 $

 19,844

 $

 1,591

 $

 ( 47,133

)

 $

 ( 25,297

)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

)

)

 Change in accumulated other
 comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 —

 —

 27,702

 40,015

 ( 739

)

 —

 66,978

 Common stock issued, net of shares
 withheld for employee taxes

 1,075,315

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock-based compensation

 —

 4,235

 —

 —

 —

 —

 4,235

 Redeemable preferred 9 % dividend
 and accretion

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 38,969

)

 ( 38,969

)

 Noncontrolling redeemable equity
 dividend

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ( 35

)

 ( 35

)

 BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2023

 28,091,440

 $

 115,340

 $

 ( 83,002

)

 $

 59,859

 $

 $

 ( 178,989

)

 $

 ( 85,940

)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024

 2023

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

 $

)

 $

)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization

 86,416

 92,991

 Income tax, noncash changes

 21,016

 ( 27,307

)

 Stock-based compensation

 9,044

 7,542

 Amortization of debt issuance costs

 5,779

 4,774

 —

 Loss on extinguishment of debt

 13,052

 —

 Other noncash items

 ( 9,338

)

 9,552

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable

 ( 19,530

)

 18,857

 Inventories

 ( 8,895

)

 13,066

 Other assets and liabilities

 7,756

 ( 2,829

)

 Accounts payable

 3,698

 ( 27,619

)

 Income taxes

 ( 12,503

)

 ( 11,373

)

 NET CASH PROVIDED (USED) BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 18,313

 64,431

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

 Additions to property, plant, and equipment

 ( 28,283

)

 ( 41,160

)

 Deconsolidation of subsidiary cash

 —

 ( 4,447

)

 NET CASH PROVIDED (USED) BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 ( 28,283

)

 ( 45,607

)

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

 Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt

 337,317

 —

 Repayments on term loans and notes

 ( 467,594

)

 ( 16,424

)

 Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facility

 33,000

 —

 Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit facility

 ( 33,000

)

 —

 Cash dividends paid

 ( 3,416

)

 ( 13,561

)

 Financing costs paid and other

 ( 8,998

)

 ( 192

)

 Redemption premium paid on term loan repayment

 ( 3,680

)

 —

 Payments related to tax withholdings for stock-based compensation

 ( 1,345

)

 ( 3,307

)

 Finance lease payments

 ( 623

)

 ( 746

)

 NET CASH PROVIDED (USED) BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 ( 148,339

)

 ( 34,230

)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash

 ( 3,187

)

 3,990

 Net changes in cash and cash equivalents

 ( 161,496

)

 ( 11,416

)

 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period

 201,606

 213,022

 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period

 $

 40,110

 $

 201,606

 Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Cash paid during the period for interest

 $

 62,722

 $

 62,259

 Cash paid during the period for taxes, net of refunds

 $

 16,196

 $

 14,479

 Non-cash Investing Activities

 Period end balance of accounts payable for property, plant, and equipment

 $

 3,760

 $

 4,418

 Non-cash Financing Activities

 Debt modification

 $

 169,683

 $

 —

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 December 31, 2024

 (in thousands, except share or per share amounts, or as otherwise noted)

 NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 Nature of Operations
 The principal business of Superior Industries International, Inc. (referred herein as the "Company" or "Superior") is the design and manufacture of aluminum wheels for sale to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") in North America and Europe, and to the aftermarket in Europe. The Company's aluminum wheels are primarily sold to OEMs for factory installation on new light vehicles. Aluminum wheels sold in the European aftermarket are under the brands ATS, RIAL, ALUTEC, and ANZIO. North America and Europe represent the primary markets for the Company's products, but it has a diversified global customer base consisting of North American, European, and Asian OEMs.

 Principles of Consolidation

 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts presented and related disclosures. The Company believes that the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in developing estimates, actual results in future periods could differ from the original estimates.

 Reclassifications
 Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash, certificates of deposit, fixed deposits, and money market funds with original maturities of three months or less. The Company is required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain contractual arrangements. The Company has $ 0.4 million of restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 in support of these arrangements and requirements.

 Derivative Financial Instruments
 The Company accounts for derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and adjust them to fair value each period. Derivative instruments that qualify as hedging instruments must be designated as a cash flow hedge. The gain or loss related to a hedge are either recognized in income immediately to offset the gain or loss on the hedged item or are deferred and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss and subsequently recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. Derivatives that do not qualify or have not been designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value and recognized immediately in earnings through the financial statement line item to which the derivative relates.

 Accounts Receivable
 Accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts that are due and payable from customers for the sale of aluminum wheels. Receivables are stated at net realizable value, which approximates fair value. Receivables are reduced by an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. The allowance is an estimate based on expected losses, current economic and market conditions, and a review of the current status of each customer's accounts receivable. Adjustments to the allowance are recognized in selling, general, and administrative expenses. The allowance for doubtful accounts balances were $ 0.1 million and $ 0.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 Inventory
 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is measured using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method or the average cost method. Inventories are reviewed to determine if inventory quantities are in excess of forecasted usage or if they have become obsolete.

 Property, Plant, and Equipment
 Property, plant, and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. The cost of additions, improvements, and interest during construction, if any, are capitalized. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense when incurred. Depreciation is calculated generally on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets.

 Leases
 The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Right-of-use ("ROU") assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Finance and operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company generally does not have access to the interest rate implicit in the lease, it uses its incremental borrowing rate (for fully collateralized debt) at the inception of the lease in determining the present value of the lease payments. The implicit rate is, however, used where readily available. Lease expense under operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain of the Company's leases contain both lease and nonlease components, which are accounted for separately.
 The remaining terms of the Company's leases range from less than one year to four years. Certain leases include options to extend the lease term for up to ten years, as well as an option to terminate, both of which have been excluded from the term of the lease since exercise of the options is not reasonably certain.

 Intangible Assets
 Definite-lived intangible assets are carried at fair value established at acquisition and consist of customer relationships. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

 Valuation of Long-Lived Assets, including Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

 Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are evaluated for impairment when impairment indicators exist. The recoverability of the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is assessed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is impaired, an impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its fair value.
 Fair Value Measurements
 A three-level valuation hierarchy, based upon observable and unobservable inputs, is used for fair value measurements. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions based on the best evidence available. A financial instrument's categorization within the hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy definition prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value into the following levels:
 Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
 Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

 Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation
 The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries that use local currency as their functional currency are translated to U.S. dollars based on the current exchange rate prevailing at each balance sheet date and any resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries whose local currency is not their functional currency are remeasured from their local currency to their functional currency and then translated to U.S. dollars. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates prevailing for each period presented.
 Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions and the effects of remeasurement discussed in the preceding paragraph are recorded in other income or expense. The Company recognized a foreign currency transaction and remeasurement gain of $ 0.7 million in 2024 and a loss of $ 0.1 million in 2023.

 Revenue Recognition
 Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the Company's contracts are satisfied. Generally, this occurs upon shipment when control of the product transfers to the customer. At this point, revenue is recognized in an amount reflecting the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to under the terms of its contract. Sales do not involve any significant financing component since customer payment is generally due 40-60 days after shipment.
 The Company maintains long-term business relationships with OEM customers and aftermarket distributors; however, there are no definitive long-term volume commitments under these arrangements. Volume commitments are limited to near-term customer requirements and a performance obligation is established by the enforceable contract, which is generally considered to be the purchase order or production release schedule. The purchase order, or related production release schedule, generally have delivery periods of approximately 30-60 days. The Company does not disclose the remaining performance obligations under its contracts since contract terms are substantially less than a year.
 Prices for production wheels are based on prices established in customer purchase orders which represent the standalone selling price. Prices are subject to adjustment for changes in commodity prices for aluminum, alloy premium, and silicon, as well as production efficiencies and wheel weight variations from specifications used in pricing. These price adjustments are treated as variable consideration.
 The Company estimates variable consideration by using the "most likely" amount estimation approach. For commodity prices, initial estimates are based on the commodity index at contract inception. Changes in commodity prices are monitored and revenue is adjusted as changes in the respective commodity index occur or as contracts with customers otherwise stipulate. Prices incorporate the wheel weight price component based on product specifications. Weights are measured initially during the quotation process and remeasured upon final design, and prices are adjusted as variations arise. In North America, OEM price adjustments due to manufacturing efficiencies are generally recognized as and when negotiated with customers. Contracts with European OEMs generally include annual price reductions based on expected manufacturing efficiencies over the life of the vehicle wheel program which are accrued as revenue is recognized. Customer contract prices are generally adjusted quarterly to incorporate price adjustments.
 The Company collects and remits taxes assessed by various governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with revenue-producing transactions with its customers. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, sales, use, and value-added taxes. The collection and remittance of these taxes is reported on a net basis. Shipping costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment.
 The Company's warranties are limited to product specifications and the Company does not accept product returns unless the item is defective as manufactured. Accordingly, warranty costs are treated as a cost of fulfillment subject to accrual, rather than a performance obligation. The Company establishes provisions for both estimated returns and warranty when revenue is recognized for aftermarket sales. The Company establishes provisions for estimated returns and warranties for OEM sales when specific defective product or warranty issues are identified on the OEM products. In addition, the Company does not typically provide customers with the right to a refund but provides for product replacement.
 Refer to Note 2, "Revenue" for further discussion on the Company's revenue recognition.

 Pre-Production Costs
 The Company develops tooling necessary to produce wheels for its customers. Customer tooling reimbursement is generally based on quoted prices or cost not to exceed quoted prices. Tooling costs, which are explicitly recoverable from customers, are capitalized as preproduction costs and amortized to cost of sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program. Similarly, customer reimbursements for tooling costs are deferred and amortized to net sales over the average life of the vehicle wheel program.

 Income Taxes
 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized on the basis of future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial reporting carrying value of assets and liabilities and their tax reporting values. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. Changes in tax laws or accounting standards and methods may affect recorded deferred taxes in future periods.
 Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Deferred tax assets are assessed quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted. The ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future years. The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted is based on an evaluation of possible sources of taxable income and considers all available positive and negative evidence. Accounting for the valuation of deferred tax assets represents the Company's best estimate of future events.
 Uncertain tax positions are recognized if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination and measured using a cumulative probability assessment of future outcomes. Uncertain tax positions are evaluated on a quarterly basis, including consideration of changes in circumstances, such as new regulations, recent judicial opinions or the results of recent examinations by tax authorities. Any changes are recorded in the period in which the change occurs.

 Adoption of New Accounting Standard
 Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, "Segment Reporting." In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which is intended to enhance disclosures for significant segment expenses. The standard did not change the definition of a segment, the method for determining segments, or the criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this standard for the year ended December 31, 2024, and applied the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented (refer to Note 4 "Business Segments"). The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on the financial statements or disclosures.
 Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted
 Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740)." In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness, and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This amendment requires a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. A public entity is also required to provide a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up the majority of the effect of the state and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this guidance.
 Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2024-03, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures." In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses", which is intended to provided disaggregated information about a public business entity's expenses to help financial statement users better understand the entity's performance, better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows, and compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard may be applied either on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this guidance.

 NOTE 2 - REVENUE
 The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts by its reportable segments, North America and Europe. Revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in Note 4, "Business Segments".
 The related percentage of total sales for the following customers each accounted for 10% or more of the Company's total sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Percent of Sales

 Percent of Sales

 GM

 %

 %

 Ford

 %

 %

 VW Group

 %

 %

 Toyota

 %

 %

 The opening and closing balances of the Company's trade receivables, and current and long-term contract liabilities are as follows:

2024

2023

 Trade receivables

 56,690

 41,879

 Contract liabilities—current

 6,819

 2,982

 Contract liabilities—noncurrent

 6,845

 8,530

 Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue related to tooling. The changes in the contract liability balances primarily result from timing differences between the Company's performance and customer payment. Contract assets with customers are not material to the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized tooling reimbursement revenue of $ 8.5 million and $ 8.6 million. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $ 1.5 million and $ 4.7 million from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods as a result of adjustments to pricing estimates and other revenue adjustments.

 NOTE 3 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE
 The Company is exposed to market risks such as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and aluminum and other commodity prices. Derivative financial instruments may be used to offset some of the effects of these market risks on the expected future cash flows and on certain existing assets and liabilities. In certain cases, the Company may or may not designate certain derivative instruments as hedges for accounting purposes. The Company may choose not to hedge certain exposures for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures.
 Market Risks
 Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 The Company has manufacturing locations primarily in Mexico and Poland and sells its products globally. As a result, the Company's financial results could be significantly affected by foreign currency exchange rates. To help mitigate gross margin and cash flow fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain subsidiaries in Mexico and Poland, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar or the Euro, may hedge a portion of their forecasted foreign currency exposure denominated in the Mexican Peso and Polish Zloty using foreign currency forward contracts up to 48 months. The Company has designated some of its foreign currency contracts as cash flow hedging instruments.
 Interest Rate Risk
 The borrowings under the Company's Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as subsequently defined) are at variable rates of interest and expose it to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same. The Company hedges a portion of its interest rate risk through interest rate swaps that exchange floating for fixed-rate interest payments and has designated these contracts as cash flow hedging instruments. The interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2024 mature on December 31, 2025.
 Commodity Price Risk
 The principal raw material used in manufacturing aluminum wheels is aluminum alloys. While wheel prices under OEM customer contracts are adjusted for fluctuations in the cost of this material, the prices of its aftermarket wheels are generally fixed months in advance of the spring and winter sales seasons. Accordingly, the Company hedges a portion of its aftermarket aluminum purchases to offset the effect of fluctuating aluminum cost on its margins. In addition, the manufacture of aluminum wheels is energy-intensive so, the Company also fixes a portion of its natural gas and electricity purchases with derivatives or contractual arrangements with energy suppliers.
 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 Asset and Liability Instruments
 The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short period of time until maturity.
 Derivative Financial Instruments
 The fair value of the Company's derivative instruments is estimated using the income valuation approach, which projects future cash flows and discounts the future amounts to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments (Level 2). The discount rate used is the relevant benchmark rate (e.g., the secured overnight financing rate, "SOFR") plus an adjustment for counterparty risk.
 The fair value of the Company's embedded derivatives is estimated using either a market based approach or an income based approach, which uses Company-specific inputs and assumptions (Level 3), such as discount rates.

 The following tables display the fair value of derivatives by financial statement line item at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 December 31, 2024

 Fair Value Hierarchy

 Current Derivative Financial Instruments

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Accrued
Liabilities

 Other
Noncurrent
Liabilities

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 20,443

 $

 14,722

 $

 $

 3,664

 Commodity contracts

 $

 $

 $

 2,341

 $

 1,233

 Interest rate contracts

 $

 1,536

 —

 —

 —

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 —

 —

 —

 Embedded derivative contracts

 Level 3

 —

 —

 $

 $

 1,403

 December 31, 2023

 Fair Value Hierarchy

 Current Derivative Financial Instruments

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Accrued
Liabilities

 Other
Noncurrent
Liabilities

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 33,075

 $

 39,902

 $

 $

 Commodity contracts

 $

 $

 $

 2,394

 $

 Interest rate contracts

 $

 3,162

 $

 —

 —

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 1,512

 —

 $

 —

 The following table summarizes the notional amount of the Company's derivative financial instruments:

 Notional Amount

2024

2023

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 434,327

 $

 432,529

 Commodity contracts - Natural Gas (1)

 3,402 Btu

 3,497 Btu

 Commodity contracts - Aluminum (2)

 — MT

 7 MT

 Interest rate contracts

 $

 150,000

 $

 200,000

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 $

 25,856

 $

 34,764

 (1) Notional units are in thousands of British thermal units (Btu)
 (2) Notional units are in thousands of Metric Tons (MT)

 Notional amounts are presented on a net basis. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, therefore, are not a direct measure of the exposure to the financial risks described above. The amounts exchanged are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives.

 The following table summarizes the gain or loss recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI (OCL)"), the amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI or OCL into earnings, and the amounts recognized directly into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI (OCL) on derivatives, net of tax

 $

 ( 32,213

)

 $

 40,015

 Amount of pre-tax gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI (OCL) into:

 Cost of sales

 26,827

 22,956

 Interest expense, net

 4,293

 4,893

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Amount of pre-tax gain or (loss) recognized in other income (expense), net

 ( 3,026

)

 5,158

 The Company estimates approximately $ 20.6 million included in OCI or OCL at December 31, 2024 will be reclassified into net income (loss) within the following twelve months.

 The Company has derivative liabilities associated with embedded features within its redeemable preferred stock (refer to Note 10 "Redeemable Shares") and its term loan facility (refer to Note 8 "Debt and Other Financing Arrangements").

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

 Assets may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include long-lived assets and intangible assets, which may be written down to fair value as a result of impairment. The Company did no t recognize any impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
 Debt Instruments
 The carrying values of the Company's debt instruments vary from their fair values. The fair values are determined by reference to quoted prices for similar instruments (Level 2). The estimated fair value, as well as the carrying value, of the Company's debt instruments are shown below:

2024

2023

 Estimated fair value

 $

 531,461

 $

 627,008

 Carrying value

 489,388

 615,954

 NOTE 4 - BUSINESS SEGMENTS
 The Company's North American and European operations represent separate operating segments due to the different markets, customers, and products between these regions. Within each of these regions, markets, customers, products, and production processes are similar. Moreover, business within each region leverages common systems, processes, and infrastructure. Accordingly, North America and Europe comprise the Company's reportable segments.
 The Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses income (loss) from operations as the key performance measure of segment profit or loss and uses the measure in its annual budgeting and ongoing forecasting process to effectively allocate resources. Income (loss) from operations is also reported on the consolidated statement of income (loss).
 The CODM uses income (loss) from operations to evaluate the operating performance of the Company's operating segments by considering variances to budget, prior forecasts, and prior year performance on a monthly basis when making decisions about how to allocate capital, personnel, and other resources to each segment.

 Segment operating results are as follows:

 2024

 2023

 North
America

 Total

 North
America

 Total

 Net Sales

 $

 786,124

 $

 481,220

 $

 $

 794,386

 $

 590,897

 $

 Less:

 Aluminum and other material costs

 415,786

 194,850

 610,636

 418,011

 244,755

 662,766

 Manufacturing costs

 245,682

 214,639

 460,321

 244,313

 270,232

 514,545

 Manufacturing depreciation and amortization

 39,965

 45,888

 85,853

 38,243

 53,981

 92,224

 Selling, general, and administrative expenses

 41,681

 39,601

 81,282

 42,028

 45,539

 87,567

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Segment expenses

 743,114

 494,978

 1,238,092

 742,595

 694,136

 1,436,731

 Income (loss) from operations

 $

 43,010

 $

 ( 13,758

)

 $

 29,252

 $

 51,791

 $

 ( 103,239

)

 $

 ( 51,448

)

 Supplemental Segment Financial Information:

 Depreciation and amortization

 $

 40,286

 $

 46,130

 $

 86,416

 $

 38,714

 $

 54,277

 $

 92,991

 Capital expenditures

 $

 14,718

 $

 13,565

 $

 28,283

 $

 23,653

 $

 17,507

 $

 41,160

 As of December 31,

 2024

 2023

 North
America

 Total

 North
America

 Total

 Long-lived assets:

 Property, plant, and equipment

 $

 174,180

 $

 155,712

 $

 329,892

 $

 220,951

 $

 177,648

 $

 398,599

 Intangible assets

 $

 -

 $

 $

 $

 -

 $

 33,242

 $

 33,242

 Segment assets

 $

 407,800

 $

 332,329

 $

 740,129

 $

 625,612

 $

 404,959

 $

 1,030,571

 Geographic information
 See table below for the Company's net sales and property, plant and equipment by location:

 Net Sales (1)

 Property, Plant and Equipment, net

 2024

 2023

 2024

 2023

 Net sales:

 U.S.

 $

 5,945

 $

 4,208

 $

 1,505

 $

 1,228

 Mexico

 780,179

 790,178

 172,674

 219,723

 Germany

 75,506

 148,714

 1,933

 Poland

 405,714

 442,183

 155,140

 175,715

 Consolidated net sales

 $

 $

 $

 329,892

 $

 398,599

 (1) Revenues are attributed based on location of legal entity.

 NOTE 5 - INVENTORIES

 Inventory by major classification as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Raw materials

 $

 34,339

 $

 44,539

 Work in process

 34,449

 25,289

 Finished goods

 76,948

 74,781

 Inventories, net

 $

 145,736

 $

 144,609

 Service wheel and supplies inventory included in other noncurrent assets in the consolidated balance sheets totaled $ 7.7 million and $ 11.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 NOTE 6 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

 The components of property, plant, and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 Expected Useful Life

 2024

 2023

 Land and buildings

 15 to 50 years

 $

 128,292

 $

 145,912

 Machinery and equipment

 3 to 20 years

 886,050

 934,223

 Leasehold improvements and others

 Lease term

 2,911

 2,943

 Construction in progress

 22,136

 30,252

 1,039,389

 1,113,330

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 709,497

)

 ( 714,731

)

 Property, plant and equipment, net

 $

 329,892

 $

 398,599

 Depreciation expense was $ 66.9 million and $ 73.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 NOTE 7 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 The Company's definite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Gross
Carrying

 Accumulated

 Currency
Translation

 Net Carrying Amount

 Remaining
Period

 Customer relationships

 $

 167,000

 $

 ( 153,520

)

 $

 ( 868

)

 $

 1 - 4

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Gross
Carrying

 Accumulated

 Currency
Translation

 Net Carrying Amount

 Remaining
Period

 Customer relationships

 $

 167,000

 $

 ( 134,097

)

 $

 $

 33,242

 1 - 5

 Amortization expense for these intangible assets was $ 19.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Annual Anticipated Future Amortization

 2025

 $

 9,202

 2026

 2,407

 2027

 1,003

 Total anticipated future amortization

 $

 NOTE 8 - DEBT AND OTHER FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
 A summary of the Company's long-term obligations as December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

 December 31, 2024

 December 31, 2023

 Principal

 Carrying Value

 Effective Interest Rate

 Principal

 Carrying Value

 Effective Interest Rate

 Senior Secured Credit Facilities:

 Revolving Credit Facility

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 —

 Term Loan Facility

 518,700

 488,298

 11.1

 %

 396,000

 375,920

 12.6

 %

 Senior Notes:

 6.00 % Senior Notes

 —

 —

 —

 239,601

 238,126

 6.0

 %

 Other debt:

 European CapEx loans

 —

 —

 —

 2.2

 %

 Finance leases

 1,090

 1,090

 5.6

 %

 1,124

 1,124

 2.4

 %

 489,388

 615,954

 Less: Current portion of long-term debt

 ( 7,939

)

 ( 5,322

)

 Long-term debt

 $

 481,449

 $

 610,632

 Debt maturities due in the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

 Debt Maturities

 2025

 $

 7,939

 2026

 5,595

 2027

 5,398

 2028

 500,858

 2029

 —

 Total debt liabilities

 $

 519,790

 Senior Secured Credit Facilities
 On December 15, 2022, the Company entered into a $ 400.0 million term loan facility (the "2022 Term Loan Facility") pursuant to a credit agreement (the "2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement") with Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and other lenders party thereto. Concurrent with the execution of the 2022 Term Loan Facility, the Company entered into a $ 60.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") pursuant to a credit agreement (the "Revolving Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and other lenders and issuing banks thereunder.

 On August 14, 2024, the Company amended and restated the 2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement in the form of an amended and restated credit agreement, by and among Oaktree Fund Administration L.L.C., in its capacity as the administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as a collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto (the "Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement" and, together with the Revolving Credit Agreement, the "Credit Agreements"), pursuant to which the Company incurred a new $ 520.0 million term loan facility (the "Term Loan Facility" and, together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities" or "SSCF"). The proceeds of the Term Loan Facility were used to (i) refinance the 2022 Term Loan Facility, (ii) discharge the Company's 6.000 % Senior Notes due 2025, (iii) pay fees and expenses in connection with the foregoing, and (iv) for general corporate purposes. The Term Loan Facility matures on December 15, 2028 (with no springing maturity).

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a $ 12.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt related to the prepayment of the 2022 Term Loan Credit Agreement in connection with the debt refinancing.

 Simultaneously with the execution of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility pursuant to the First Amendment to Credit Agreement to, among other things (i) amend the financial covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Agreement, (ii) amend the maturity date applicable to the revolving commitments to remove the springing maturity applicable, thereto and (iii) require that the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement be repaid in the event the Company holds cash in excess of a certain threshold. The revolving commitments will mature on December 15, 2027.

 Prepayments
 Amounts borrowed under the Term Loan Facility may be voluntarily prepaid subject to a prepayment premium of 2.00 % of the loan principal plus the net present value of any lost interest in the first year, and 2.00 % and 1.00 % of the loan principal during second and

 third years. After the third anniversary of the date of the amendment and restatement date, there is no prepayment premium.

 The Credit Agreements include certain mandatory prepayment provisions, including, among others, a requirement (i) to prepay amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, if any, with any cash on hand in excess of $ 50 million at the end of each calendar month, (ii) to prepay amounts under the Term Loan Facility with any amount of Liquidity (defined as the sum of unrestricted cash and cash equivalent balances and amounts available to be drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility), after giving effect to any prepayment required under clause (i) above, in excess of $ 80 million at the end of each calendar month, and (iii) to prepay the Term Loan Facility with 75 % of Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement) generated by the Company, subject to customary deductions.

 The SSCF may become due and payable upon the event of default, which the Company has accounted for separately as a derivative liability. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded a derivative liability of $ 1.4 million in the consolidated balance sheet.

 Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company prepaid $ 2.2 million in principal for the Term Loan Facility under one of the mandatory prepayment provisions.

 Interest Rates
 Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company's option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR"), with a floor of 2.50 % per annum, or (ii) a base rate ("Term Base Rate"), with a floor of 2.50 % per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the New York Federal Reserve Bank (the "NYFRB") rate plus 0.50 %, and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 %, in each case, plus the applicable rate of 7.50 % per annum for SOFR loans and 6.50 % per annum for Term Base Rate loans. In the event of a payment default under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 %.

 As of December 31, 2024, the interest rate in effect on borrowings under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Facility was 11.9 %.

 Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company's option, either (i) SOFR plus 0.10 % (or, with respect to any borrowings denominated in Euros, the adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate, "EURIBOR"), with a floor of 0.00 % per annum or (ii) a base rate ("Revolving Loan Base Rate"), with a floor of 1.00 % per annum, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest in effect as publicly announced by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the NYFRB rate plus 0.50 % and (3) SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 %, in each case, plus the applicable rate. The applicable rate is determined by reference to the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) and ranges between 3.50 % and 4.50 % per annum for SOFR ( 4.5 % per annum for the current fiscal quarter) and EURIBOR loans, and between 2.50 % and 3.50 % per annum for Revolving Base Rate loans ( 3.5 % per annum for the current fiscal quarter). The commitment fee for the unused commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility varies between 0.50 % and 0.625 % per annum depending on the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio ( 0.625 % per annum for the current fiscal quarter). Commitment fees are included in interest expense. In the event of a payment default under the Revolving Credit Agreement, past due amounts shall be subject to an additional default interest rate of 2.00 %.

 Guarantees and Collateral Security
 The Company's obligations under the Credit Agreements are unconditionally guaranteed by all material subsidiaries of the Company (collectively, the "SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors"), with customary exceptions including, among other things, where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would result in adverse tax consequences. The guarantees of such obligations are secured, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions, by substantially all of the Company's assets and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors' assets, including but not limited to: (i) a perfected pledge of all of the capital stock issued by each of the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions) and (ii) perfected security interests in and mortgages on substantially all tangible and intangible personal property and material fee-owned real property of the Company and the SSCF Subsidiary Guarantors (subject to certain exceptions and exclusions). The Company's obligations under the Credit Agreements are secured by liens on a pari passu basis, but the obligations under the Revolving Credit Agreement have payment priority over the obligations under the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

 Covenants
 The Credit Agreements contain a number of restrictive covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company's ability to incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness, create or incur liens, engage in mergers or consolidations, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, make investments, acquisitions, loans or advances, pay dividends, distributions or other restricted payments, or repurchase its capital stock. The Credit Agreements also restrict the Company's ability to prepay, redeem or repurchase any subordinated indebtedness or preferred stock, enter into agreements that limit its ability to incur

 liens on its assets or that restrict the ability of restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other restricted payments, and enter into certain transactions with its affiliates.

 The Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain:
 (i) A Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement) of no more than 3.75: 1.00 for the relevant test periods ending during the period beginning on December 31, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025, and no more than 3.50: 1.00 for the relevant test periods ending on June 30, 2025 and thereafter; and

 (ii) Liquidity of at least $ 37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $ 50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility).

 The Revolving Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain:
 (i) A Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.75: 1.00 for the test period ending September 30, 2024, and no more than 4.50: 1.00 for each test period ending thereafter;

 (ii) A Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.75: 1.00 for the test period ending September 30, 2024, no more than 3.75: 1.00 for the relevant test periods ending during the period beginning December 31, 2024 through March 31, 2025, and no more than 3.50: 1.00 for the relevant test periods ending on June 30, 2025 and thereafter; and

 (iii) Liquidity of at least $ 37.5 million (subject to adjustments up to $ 50.0 million following any increase in the commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility) but only so long as loans under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Facility are outstanding.

 Additionally, if the Company pays the preferred stock dividends in cash to the preferred shareholders, the Credit Agreements require it to maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreements) to be no less than 1.10: 1.00 at the end of the period such payment is made.

 The Credit Agreements contain customary default provisions that include among other things: non-payment of principal or interest when due, failure to comply with obligations, covenants or other provisions in the Credit Agreements, any failure of representations and warranties, cross-default under other debt agreements for obligations in excess of $ 20.0 million, insolvency, failure to pay judgments in excess of $ 20.0 million within 60 days of the judicial award, failure to pay any material plan withdrawal obligations under ERISA, invalidity of the loan agreement, invalidity of any security interest in the loan collateral, change of control and failure to maintain the financial covenants. In the event a default occurs, all commitments under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities would be terminated and the lenders would be entitled to declare the principal, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on all borrowings outstanding to be due and payable.

 In addition, the Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties and other covenants.

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreements.

 Available Unused Commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and unused commitments of $ 42.5 million, which has been reduced for outstanding letters of credit of $ 17.5 million.

 Senior Notes
 On June 15, 2017, the Company issued 250 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000 % Senior Notes due June 15, 2025 (the "Notes"). In connection with the closing of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Company redeemed all of the Notes remaining outstanding at a redemption price of 100.000 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, August 26, 2024 (the "Redemption Date"), in accordance with the Indenture, dated June 15, 2017 (the "Indenture"), between the Company, certain subsidiary guarantors party thereto, The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as registrar and transfer agent and The Bank of New York Mellon acting through its London Branch, as trustee. As of the Redemption Date, the Notes were no longer deemed outstanding and interest on the Notes ceased to accrue. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a $ 0.9 million loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with the redemption of the Notes.
 European Debt
 In connection with the acquisition of UNIWHEELS AG in 2017, the Company assumed $ 70.7 million of outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2023, $ 0.8 million of the assumed debt remained outstanding. The outstanding debt was repaid in full during 2024.

 Factoring Arrangements

 The Company sells certain customer trade receivables under factoring arrangements with designated financial institutions and are accounted for as a sale. The fair value of assets received as proceeds in exchange for the transfer of accounts receivable under these factoring arrangements approximates fair value of such receivables and cash proceeds are included in cash provided by operating activities. The Company's ongoing involvement under the factoring arrangements is limited to processing of customer payments on the factored receivables. Factoring arrangements incorporate customary representations and warranties, including representations as to validity of amounts due, completeness of performance obligations, and absence of commercial disputes.

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company sold trade receivables totaling $ 708.8 million and $ 734.8 million and incurred factoring fees of $ 5.9 million and $ 4.2 million.

 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, receivables of $ 70.9 million and $ 92.4 million had been factored and had not yet been paid by customers to the respective financial institutions. The collective limit under the Company's factoring arrangements was $ 142.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 NOTE 9 - SUPPLIER FINANCE PROGRAM
 The Company receives extended payment terms for a portion of its purchases (90 days rather than 60 days) with one of its principal aluminum suppliers in exchange for a nominal adjustment to the product pricing. The payment terms provided are consistent with aluminum industry norms, as well as those offered to the supplier's other customers. The supplier factors receivables due from the Company with a financial institution. The Company is not a party to the supplier's factoring agreement with the financial institution. The Company remits payments directly to the supplier, except with respect to products purchased under extended terms which have been factored by the supplier. These payments are remitted directly to the financial institution in accordance with the payment terms originally negotiated with the supplier. These payments are included in cash flows from operations within the consolidated statements of cash flows.
 The following table summarizes activity in the amounts owed to the financial institution for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Outstanding at the beginning of the period

 $

 18,000

 $

 14,371

 Added during the period

 128,704

 117,595

 Settled during the period

 ( 120,695

)

 ( 113,966

)

 Outstanding at the end of the period

 $

 26,009

 $

 18,000

 NOTE 10 - REDEEMABLE SHARES
 During 2017, the Company issued 150,000 shares of Series A ( 140,202 shares) and Series B ( 9,798 shares) Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.01 per share for $ 150.0 million. On August 30, 2017, the Series B shares were converted into Series A redeemable preferred stock (the "redeemable preferred stock") after approval by the Company's shareholders. The redeemable preferred stock has an initial stated value of $ 1,000 per share, par value of $ 0.01 per share and liquidation preference over common stock.
 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the redeemable preferred stock was $ 288.5 million and $ 248.2 million and convertible into shares of the Company's common stock equal to the number of shares determined by dividing the sum of the stated value and any accrued and unpaid dividends by the conversion price of $ 28.162, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Certificate of Designations. The redeemable preferred stock accrues dividends at a rate of 9 percent per annum, payable at the Company's election in kind, in cash or a combination thereof, and is also entitled to participate if we pay any dividends or make any distributions in respect of our common stock in cash or any other class or series of capital stock in an amount equal to that which would have been due had the redeemable preferred shares been converted into common stock.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, preferred stock dividends of $ 10.1 million were paid-in-kind, which increased the stated value of the redeemable preferred stock. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the stated values of the redeemable preferred stock were $ 160.1 million and $ 150.0 million.

 The Company may mandate conversion of all of its redeemable preferred stock if, for a period of 30 consecutive trading days, the VWAP of its common stock exceeds a 200 % premium on the conversion price of its redeemable preferred stock. The holders may redeem the redeemable preferred stock on or after September 14, 2025 or, if earlier, as a result of the occurrence of an early redemption event (e.g., an Exchange Act report that a person or group has become the beneficial owner of more than 50 % of the voting securities of the Company, recapitalization, merger, sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets, or an adoption of a plan or proposal for liquidation or delisting of the Company's stock from the NYSE). At redemption, the redemption value will be the greater of (i) two times the then-current Stated Value (defined in the Certificate of Designations as $ 1,000 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends or dividends paid-in-kind), which as of December 31, 2024 would be equivalent to a $ 320.3 million redemption value, and (ii) the product of the number of shares of common stock into which the redeemable preferred stock could be converted at the time of such redemption ( 5.7 million shares currently) and the then-Current Market Price (defined in the Certificate of Designations as the arithmetic average of VWAP per share of common stock for each of the thirty ( 30) consecutive full trading days ending on the trading day before the record date with respect to such action) of our common stock. Any redemption payment would be limited to cash legally available to pay such redemption. If the Company is unable to redeem the shares of redeemable preferred stock in full, any shares of redeemable preferred stock not redeemed would continue to receive an annual dividend of 9.0 % on the stated value which would be payable quarterly. The Board of Directors would have to evaluate periodically the ability of the Company to make any redemption payments until the full redemption amount has been paid. The Company may, at its option, redeem in whole at any time all of the shares of redeemable preferred stock outstanding.
 The Company has determined that the conversion option and the redemption option exercisable upon the occurrence of a "redemption event" which are embedded in the redeemable preferred stock must be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability.
 Since the redeemable preferred stock may be redeemed at the option of the holders, but is not mandatorily redeemable, the redeemable preferred stock was classified as mezzanine equity. The difference between the redemption value of the redeemable preferred stock and the carrying value (the "premium") is being accreted over the period from the date of issuance through September 14, 2025 using the effective interest method. The accretion is treated as a deemed dividend, recorded as a charge to retained earnings, and deducted in computing earnings per share (analogous to the treatment for stated and participating dividends paid on the redeemable preferred shares). The cumulative premium accretion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 142.9 million and $ 112.7 million.
 Noncontrolling Redeemable Equity
 The Company has a noncontrolling interest that is currently redeemable. It is presented in the temporary equity section of the consolidated balance sheets and is adjusted to its redemption value at the end of each reporting period.

 NOTE 11 - EARNINGS PER SHARE
 Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss), after deducting preferred dividends and accretion, and European noncontrolling redeemable equity dividends, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. In calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted average shares outstanding considers the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, and time and performance based restricted stock units under the treasury stock method. Approximately 470.0 thousand and 724.1 thousand stock-based compensation shares discussed in Note 16, "Stock-Based Compensation" have not been included in the diluted earnings per share because they would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 In calculating basic and diluted earnings per share, a company with participating securities must allocate earnings to the participating securities with a corresponding reduction in the earnings attributable to common shares under the two-class method. Losses are only allocated to participating securities when the security holders have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company with common stockholders. Because the redeemable preferred shareholders do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company's losses with common stockholders, the full amount of the Company's losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were attributed to the common shares. Thus, the redeemable preferred shares discussed in Note 10, "Redeemable Shares" (convertible into 5,687 thousand shares) have not been included in the diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 2024

 2023

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders

 $

)

 $

)

 Redeemable preferred stock dividends and accretion

 ( 43,600

)

 ( 38,969

)

 Noncontrolling redeemable equity dividend

 ( 15

)

 ( 35

)

 Basic numerator

 $

 ( 121,797

)

 $

 ( 131,856

)

 Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic

 28,691

 27,882

 Dilutive effect of common share equivalents

 —

 —

 Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted

 28,691

 27,882

 Basic earnings (loss) per share

 $

 ( 4.25

)

 $

 ( 4.73

)

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 $

 ( 4.25

)

 $

 ( 4.73

)

 NOTE 12 - INCOME TAXES
 Income (loss) before income taxes from domestic and international jurisdictions is comprised of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Income (loss) before income taxes:

 Domestic

 $

 ( 47,552

)

 $

 ( 65,847

)

 Foreign

 ( 5,129

)

 ( 50,951

)

 $

 ( 52,681

)

 $

 ( 116,798

)

 The income tax (provision) benefit is comprised of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Current taxes

 Federal

 $

 2,819

 $

 ( 548

)

 State

 ( 159

)

 ( 112

)

 Foreign

 ( 6,049

)

 ( 1,915

)

 Total current taxes

 ( 3,389

)

 ( 2,575

)

 Deferred taxes

 Federal

 ( 23,113

)

 20,057

 State

 ( 462

)

 7,028

 Foreign

 1,463

 ( 564

)

 Total deferred taxes

 ( 22,112

)

 26,521

 Income tax (provision) benefit

 $

 ( 25,501

)

 $

 23,946

 The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate:

 2024

 2023

 Statutory rate

 21.0

 %

 21.0

 %

 State tax provisions, net of federal income tax benefit

 0.4

 1.1

 Tax credits

 13.4

 6.3

 Foreign income taxes at rates other than the statutory rate

 3.7

 16.4

 Valuation allowance

 ( 52.2

)

 5.9

 Changes in tax liabilities, net

 10.3

 ( 0.2

)

 Share based compensation

 ( 3.7

)

 ( 1.4

)

 Unremitted non-U.S. Earnings

 0.1

 2.4

 US tax on non-US income

 ( 39.6

)

 ( 6.7

)

 —

 ( 20.1

)

 Non-deductible charges

 ( 4.2

)

 ( 1.6

)

 Other

 2.4

 ( 2.6

)

 Effective income tax rate

 ( 48.4

)%

 20.5

 %

 The 2024 effective tax rate is based on income tax provision and pre-tax loss. The 2023 effective tax rate is based on income tax benefit and pre-tax loss.
 Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Accrued liabilities

 $

 4,360

 $

 7,115

 Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)

 —

 ( 1,030

)

 Deferred compensation

 6,411

 7,270

 Inventory reserves

 1,864

 Net loss carryforwards and credits

 38,284

 46,301

 Interest carryforwards

 56,202

 35,633

 Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other

 11,564

 10,272

 Competent authority deferred tax assets and
 other foreign timing differences

 3,738

 5,041

 Other

 8,898

 Total before valuation allowance

 129,662

 113,196

 Valuation allowance

 ( 87,874

)

 ( 60,387

)

 Net deferred income tax assets

 41,788

 52,809

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Hedging and foreign currency gains (losses)

 ( 1,498

)

 —

 Intangibles, property, plant and equipment and other

 —

 —

 Unremitted earnings

 ( 2,349

)

 ( 2,499

)

 Deferred income tax liabilities

 ( 3,847

)

 ( 2,499

)

 Net deferred income tax assets

 $

 37,941

 $

 50,310

 The classification of the Company's net deferred tax asset is shown below:

 2024

 2023

 Long-term deferred income tax assets

 $

 39,046

 $

 52,213

 Long-term deferred income tax liabilities

 ( 1,105

)

 ( 1,903

)

 Net deferred tax asset

 $

 37,941

 $

 50,310

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company has cumulative tax effected Germany NOL carryforwards of $ 32.7 million that carryforward indefinitely and U.S. state NOL carryforwards of $ 8.8 million that expire in the years 2025 to 2044. Also, the Company has $ 13.6 million of U.S. tax credit carryforwards, $ 3.2 million that expire in the years 2036 to 2044 and $ 10.4 million expiring in the years 2029 to 2034.
 As of December 31, 2022, substantially all U.S. and German deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities, were subject to valuation allowances. The Company had previously concluded that if financial results continued to improve, the assessment of the realization of net deferred tax assets could result in the release of some or all of the valuation allowances. As of December 31, 2023, sufficient positive evidence became available and $ 24.8 million of the valuation allowances against U.S. net deferred tax assets were released. As of December 31, 2024, certain U.S. and substantially all German deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities, remained subject to valuation allowances.
 The transition tax substantially eliminated the basis difference on foreign subsidiaries that existed previously for purposes of Accounting Standards Codification topic 740 ("ASC 740"). However, there are limited other taxes that could continue to apply such as foreign withholding and certain state taxes. Provisions are made for income tax liabilities on the undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries.
 In addition, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a new global minimum tax of 15 % intended to be effective January 1, 2024. While the U.S. has not yet adopted the Pillar Two rules, various other governments around the world are enacting legislation. As currently designed, Pillar Two will ultimately apply to the Company's worldwide operations, however, there has been no material effect on December 31, 2024. The Company will continue to monitor U.S. and global legislative action related to Pillar Two for potential effects.

 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of uncertain tax positions is as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Beginning balance

 $

 30,549

 $

 26,100

 Increases (decreases) due to foreign currency translations

 ( 1,416

)

 Increases (decreases) as a result of positions taken during:

 Prior periods

 ( 356

)

 3,274

 Current period

 —

 Settlements with taxing authorities

 ( 14,658

)

 ( 21

)

 Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation

 ( 405

)

 ( 220

)

 Ending balance

 $

 13,714

 $

 30,549

 The Company's policy regarding interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions is to record interest and penalties as an element of income tax expense. At the end of 2024 and 2023, the Company had liabilities of $ 3.8 million and $ 5.7 million of potential interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions. Included in the unrecognized tax benefits is $ 1.3 million that, if recognized, would favorably affect the annual effective tax rate. Within the next 12-month period the Company expects a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits as uncertain tax positions continue to expire.
 Income tax returns are filed in multiple jurisdictions and are subject to examination by tax authorities in various jurisdictions where the Company operates, including open tax years from 2014 to 2023.

 NOTE 13 - LEASES

 The Company has operating and finance leases for office facilities, a data center, vehicles, and certain equipment.

 Lease expense and cash flow for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Lease Expense

 Finance lease expense:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets

 $

 $

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Operating lease expense

 3,300

 2,877

 Total lease expense

 $

 3,890

 $

 3,566

 Cash Flow Components

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash outflows from finance leases

 $

 $

 Operating cash outflows from operating leases

 3,399

 2,937

 Financing cash outflows from finance leases

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities,
 net of terminations and disposals

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities,
 net of terminations and disposals

 3,955

 Operating and finance lease assets and liabilities, average lease term, and average discount rate as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Balance Sheet Information

 Operating leases:

 Other noncurrent assets

 $

 7,057

 $

 10,003

 Accrued liabilities

 $

 2,870

 $

 2,987

 Other noncurrent liabilities

 4,082

 7,000

 Total operating lease liabilities

 $

 6,952

 $

 9,987

 Finance leases:

 Property, plant and equipment gross

 $

 3,000

 $

 2,301

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 1,441

)

 ( 882

)

 Property, plant and equipment, net

 $

 1,559

 $

 1,419

 Current portion of long-term debt

 $

 $

 Long-term debt (less current portion)

 Total finance lease liabilities

 $

 1,090

 $

 1,124

 Lease Term and Discount Rates

 Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years)

 2.0

 2.0

 Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years)

 3.3

 3.3

 Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases

 5.6

 %

 2.4

 %

 Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases

 5.0

 %

 5.0

 %

 Future minimum payments under the Company's leases as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

 Lease Maturities

 Finance Leases

 Operating Leases

 2025

 $

 $

 3,185

 2026

 2,876

 2027

 1,285

 2028

 -

 2029

 -

 -

 Total

 1,165

 7,346

 Less: Imputed interest

 ( 75

)

 ( 394

)

 Total lease liabilities, net of interest

 $

 1,090

 $

 6,952

 NOTE 14 - RETIREMENT PLANS
 The Company has an unfunded salary continuation plan covering certain directors, officers, and other key members of management. Subject to certain vesting requirements, the plan provides for a benefit based on final average compensation, which becomes payable on the employee's death or upon attaining age 65, if retired. The plan was closed to new participants effective February 3, 2011. The Company made contributions of $ 1.5 million and $ 1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company expects to make $ 1.7 million in contributions in 2025.
 The following table summarizes the changes in plan benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Beginning benefit obligation

 $

 23,661

 $

 23,155

 Interest cost

 1,158

 1,217

 Actuarial loss (gain)

 ( 1,355

)

 Benefit payments

 ( 1,456

)

 ( 1,450

)

 Ending benefit obligation

 22,008

 23,661

 Fair value of plan assets at end of year

 —

 —

 (Unfunded) funded status

 $

 ( 22,008

)

 $

 ( 23,661

)

 The actuarial gain in 2024 was due to an increase in the year-over-year discount rate and the actuarial loss in 2023 was due to a decrease in the year-over-year discount rate.

 The following table summarizes amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets and accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of:

 Accrued expenses

 $

 1,619

 $

 1,431

 Other non-current liabilities

 20,389

 22,230

 Net amount recognized

 $

 22,008

 $

 23,661

 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax effect

 Net actuarial loss

 $

 1,100

 $

 2,460

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:

 Discount rate

 5.6

 %

 5.1

 %

 Rate of compensation increase

 3.0

 %

 3.0

 %

 Net periodic pension cost for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are described in the following table:

 2024

 2023

 Net periodic pension cost

 $

 1,164

 $

 1,217

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost:

 Discount rate

 5.1

 %

 5.4

 %

 Rate of compensation increase

 3.0

 %

 3.0

 %

 Benefit payments during the next ten years, which reflect applicable future service, are as follows:

 2025

 $

 1,664

 2026

 1,733

 2027

 1,694

 2028

 1,740

 2029

 1,740

 Years 2030 to 2034

 8,895

 Other Retirement Plans
 The Company also contributes to employee retirement savings plans in the U.S. and Mexico that cover substantially all of its employees in those countries. The employer contribution totaled $ 1.9 million and $ 1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 NOTE 15 - ACCRUED EXPENSES

 Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Payroll and related benefits

 $

 30,612

 $

 31,375

 Taxes, other than income taxes

 11,512

 14,304

 Current portion of derivative liability

 3,418

 3,511

 Short-term operating lease liability

 2,870

 2,987

 Deferred tooling revenue

 6,819

 2,982

 Dividends and interest

 3,195

 1,809

 Current portion of executive retirement liabilities

 1,619

 1,431

 Professional fees

 Other

 4,817

 7,716

 Accrued expenses

 $

 65,731

 $

 66,838

 NOTE 16 - STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 The Company's 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") was approved by stockholders in May 2018, authorizing it to issue up to 4.35 million shares of common stock, along with nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and performance restricted stock units to officers, key employees, nonemployee directors, and consultants. In May 2021 and 2023, the stockholders approved amendments to the Plan that, among other things, increased the authorized shares by 2.0 million and 3.5 million. At December 31, 2024, there were 1.5 million shares available for future grants under this Plan. It is the Company's policy to issue shares from authorized but not issued shares upon the exercise of stock options.
 Under the terms of the Plan, each year eligible participants are granted time value restricted stock units ("RSUs"), vesting ratably over a three-year period and performance restricted stock units ("PSUs"), with three-year cliff vesting. Upon vesting, each restricted stock award is exchangeable for one share of the Company's common stock, with accrued dividends. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested awards of $ 5.0 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.5 years.

 Stock-based compensation expense was $ 9.0 million and $ 7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is recognized in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of income (loss).

 The following tables summarize the RSU and PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Equity Incentive Awards

 Restricted
Stock Units

Grant Date
Fair Value

 Performance
Shares

Grant Date
Fair Value

 Balance at January 1, 2024

 1,001,634

 $

 4.39

 2,192,759

 $

 5.24

 Granted

 621,524

 3.26

 1,081,216

 3.96

 Settled

 ( 574,185

)

 4.49

 ( 605,150

)

 5.80

 Forfeited or expired

 —

 —

 ( 1,191,905

)

 5.05

 Balance at December 31, 2024

 1,048,973

 $

 3.66

 1,476,920

 $

 4.22

 Awards estimated to vest in the future

 1,048,973

 $

 3.66

 1,476,920

 $

 4.22

 Equity Incentive Awards

 Restricted
Stock Units

Grant Date
Fair Value

 Performance
Shares

Grant Date
Fair Value

 Balance at January 1, 2023

 896,799

 $

 4.16

 2,323,101

 $

 6.26

 Granted

 687,781

 4.23

 1,222,839

 4.80

 Settled

 ( 553,093

)

 3.80

 ( 1,016,574

)

 5.13

 Forfeited or expired

 ( 29,853

)

 5.80

 ( 336,607

)

 10.99

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 1,001,634

 $

 4.39

 2,192,759

 $

 5.24

 Awards estimated to vest in the future

 1,001,634

 $

 4.39

 2,192,759

 $

 5.24

 NOTE 17 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 Purchase Commitments
 When market conditions warrant, the Company may enter into purchase commitments to secure the supply of certain commodities used in the manufacturing process of its products, such as aluminum, electricity, natural gas, and other raw materials. Prices under the Company's aluminum contracts are based on a market index and regional premiums for processing, transportation, and alloy components, which are adjusted quarterly for purchases in the ensuing quarter. Certain purchase agreements include volume commitments; however, any excess commitments are generally negotiated with suppliers, and those that have occurred in the past have been carried over to future periods.
 Contingencies
 The Company is party to various legal and environmental proceedings incidental to its business. Certain claims, suits and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business have been filed or are pending against the Company. Based on facts now known, except as provided below, it believes all such matters are adequately provided for, covered by insurance, are without merit and/or involve such amounts that would not materially adversely affect the consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.
 In March 2022, the German Federal Cartel Office initiated an investigation related to European light alloy wheel manufacturers, including Superior Industries Europe AG (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), on suspicion of conduct restricting competition. The Company is cooperating fully with the German Federal Cartel Office. In the event Superior Industries Europe AG is deemed to have violated the applicable statutes, it could be subject to a fine or civil proceedings. At this point, the Company is unable to predict the duration or the outcome of the investigation.
 The Company purchases electricity and natural gas requirements for its manufacturing operations in Poland from a single energy distributor. Superior and its energy distributor, as well as the parent company of the energy distributor, have filed various claims against one another. These claims generally request the court to determine whether Superior's energy contracts with the energy distributor were valid during the period December 2021 through May 2022.
 In December 2021, the Company's energy distributor informed the Company that it would no longer supply energy, notwithstanding its contractual obligation to continue supply. Following a request from the Company, the court issued an injunction ordering the energy distributor to continue supplying energy and gas to the Company. In 2022, the Company obtained a final and binding judgment confirming that the original contracts with the energy distributor had not been effectively dissolved, and thus remained binding.
 In September of 2022, the energy distributor's parent company filed a suit against the Company asserting that the Company's energy contracts were no longer valid and asserted the Company owed additional amounts for its purchases between December 2021 and May 2022 equal to the excess of market prices over prices set forth in the original energy contracts. In June 2023, the Company obtained a judgment dismissing the claim in its entirety. In August 2023, the energy distributor's parent company filed an appeal. Based on developments at an appellate hearing, the Company has concluded that an adverse judgment is now probable. Accordingly, the Company has recognized a provision of $ 1.5 million which represents the low end of the estimated range of the potential loss. The remaining potential loss is immaterial.

 NOTE 18 - RESTRUCTURING

 The Company initiates restructuring activities to execute management's strategy, such as gaining operational efficiencies and achieving net cost reductions. Restructuring charges primarily consist of employee severance costs. During 2024, the Company initiated a program to reduce its global workforce to better align its cost structure with the forecasted light vehicle industry volumes. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized net restructuring charges of $ 7.0 million.

 During 2023, the Company initiated a program to reduce its global workforce to better align the cost structure with lower automotive industry production levels. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized net restructuring charges of $ 8.1 million.

 In January 2025, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $ 2.1 million related to cash severance costs under an approved restructuring plan.

 The changes in the restructuring reserve balance for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Balance at beginning of period

 $

 3,187

 $

 —

 Provision (1)

 7,020

 8,098

 Cash payment

 ( 4,953

)

 ( 2,841

)

 SPG deconsolidation

 —

 ( 1,802

)

 Foreign exchange

 ( 102

)

 ( 268

)

 Balance at end of period

 $

 5,152

 $

 3,187

 (1) Provision is net of revisions to previous estimates.

 NOTE 19 – DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY
 On August 31, 2023, the Company's then-owned subsidiary Superior Industries Production Germany GmbH ("SPG") filed voluntary petitions for preliminary insolvency proceedings (i.e., equivalent to Chapter 11 under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code). Effective August 31, 2023, the Company ceased control of SPG and deconsolidated the subsidiary; therefore, it is no longer included in the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 On October 1, 2024, the Company and the insolvency administrator entered into a final settlement agreement to settle certain losses incurred by SPG as a result of continuing production to ensure the Company's supply to its customers. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased property, plant, and equipment of $ 2.0 million from the insolvency administrator.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company's receivable due from the SPG bankruptcy estate was $ 15.3 million and the associated allowance was $ 14.8 million. The resulting net receivable as of December 31, 2023 was $ 0.5 million, which has been included in other noncurrent assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

 ITEM 9. - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 None.

 ITEM 9A. - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 The Company's management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

 (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

 (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

 (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changing conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based upon criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

 The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in this Annual Report.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 ITEM 9B. - OTHER INFORMATION

 (a) None.

 (b) Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans.
 On September 9, 2024, Majdi Abulaban, our Chief Executive Officer and a Director, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense in Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Abulaban's trading arrangement, which expires on June 30, 2025, provides for the sale of up to 500,000 shares of common stock in amounts and at prices in accordance with the plan.
 No other officers or directors adopted and/or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 ITEM 9C. - DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 10. - DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

 Except as set forth herein, the information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2025 Proxy Statement.

 Executive Officers - The names of corporate executive officers as of fiscal year end who are not also Directors are listed at the end of Part I of this Annual Report. Information regarding executive officers who are Directors is contained in our 2025 Proxy Statement under the caption "Proposal No. 1 - Election of Directors." Such information is incorporated herein by reference. All executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and serve at the will of the Board of Directors. For a description of the Chief Executive Officer's employment agreement, see "Executive Compensation and Related Information - Narrative Disclosure Regarding Compensation" in our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 Code of Ethics - Included on our website, www.supind.com, under "Investor Relations," is our Code of Conduct, which, among others, applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer. Copies of our Code of Conduct are available, without charge, from Superior Industries International, Inc., Investor Relations, 26600 Telegraph Road, Suite 400, Southfield, Michigan 48033.

 We have an insider trading policy governing the securities transactions by the Company's directors, officers and employees, to comply with federal securities laws and regulations. The insider trading policy is included as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is filed herewith.

 ITEM 11. - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

 Information relating to Executive Compensation is set forth under the captions "Director Compensation" and "Executive Compensation and Related Information - Narrative Disclosure Regarding Compensation" in our 2025 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. - SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 Information related to Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters is set forth under the caption "Voting Securities and Principal Ownership" in our 2025 Proxy Statement. Also see Note 16, "Stock-Based Compensation" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report.

 ITEM 13. - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

 Information related to Certain Relationships and Related Transactions is set forth under the caption "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in our 2025 Proxy Statement.

 ITEM 14. - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

 Information related to Principal Accountant Fees and Services is set forth under the caption "Proposal No. 4 - Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Principal Accountant Fees and Services" in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. – EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 (a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

 1. Financial Statements: See the "Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule" in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

 2. Financial Statement Schedule

 Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 3. Exhibits

 2.1

 Undertaking Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Uniwheels Holding (Malta) Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).

 2.2

 Combination Agreement, dated March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and UNIWHEELS, AG (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).

 3.1

 Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 21, 2015).

 3.2

 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant effective as of December 13, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 15, 2023).

 3.3

 Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series A Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Perpetual Preferred Stock of Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 26, 2017).

 3.4

 Certificate of Correction, filed in the State of Delaware on November 7, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018).

 4.1

 Form of Superior Industries International, Inc.'s Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 21, 2015).

 4.2

 Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2017, among Superior Industries International, Inc., the subsidiaries of Superior identified therein, The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch, as registrar and transfer agent and The Bank of New York Mellon acting through its London Branch, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 20, 2017).

 4.3

 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).

 10.1

 Registrant's Salary Continuation Plan Amended and Restated as of August 19, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020).

 10.2

 2008 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 28, 2008).*

 10.3

 2008 Equity Incentive Plan Notice of Stock Option Grant and Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant's Form S-8 filed November 10, 2008, Registration No. 333-155258).*

 10.4

 Form of Notice of Grant and Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to Registrant's 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2010).*

 10.5

 Superior Industries International, Inc. Executive Change in Control Severance Plan, as Amended and Restated as of March 30, 2012 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020).*

 10.6

 Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 23, 2013).*

 10.7

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).*

 10.8

 Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).*

 10.9

 Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 26, 2016).*

 10.10

 Superior Industries International, Inc. Annual Incentive Performance Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex A to Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14-A filed March 25, 2016).*

 10.11

 2018 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registration's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 1, 2021).*

 10.12

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).*

 10.13

 Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Superior Industries International, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).*

 10.14

 Superior Industries International, Inc. 2019 Inducement Grant Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed August 8, 2019).*

 10.15

 Indemnification Agreement, dated March 23, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Uniwheels Holding (Malta) Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).

 10.16

 Investment Agreement, dated March 22, 2017, between Superior Industries International, Inc., and TPG Growth III Sidewall, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 24, 2017).

 10.17

 Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2017, by and between Superior Industries International, Inc. and TPG Growth III Sidewall, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 26, 2017).

 10.18

 English Translation of the Domination and Profit Transfer Agreement between Superior Industries International Germany AG and UNIWHEELS, AG, dated December 5, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2017).

 10.19

 Credit Agreement, dated December 15, 2022, among Superior Industries International, Inc., Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC, in its capacity as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and the other lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 19, 2022).***

 10.20

 Revolving Credit Agreement, dated December 15, 2022, among Superior Industries International, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank, and the other lenders and issuing banks party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 19, 2022).***

 10.21

 Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 28, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban, including forms of award agreements to be granted under the Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 1, 2019).*

 10.22

 Amendment Agreement, dated April 6, 2020, to Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 28, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban, including forms of award agreements to be granted under the Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020).*

 10.23

 Retention Letter Agreement, dated August 25, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*, ****

 10.24

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated July 28, 2017 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Joanne Finnorn (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017).*

 10.25

 Retention Award Letter, dated August 8, 2019, between Joanne Finnorn and Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).*

 10.26

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated September 17, 2019, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Kevin Burke (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).*

 10.27

 Retention Letter Agreement, dated August 25, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Kevin Burke (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*

 10.28

 Management Board Member Service Contract, dated September 26, 2019, between Superior Industries Europe AG and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).*

 10.29

 Amendment Agreement, dated October 30, 2019, to the Management Board Member Service Contract, dated September 26, 2019, between Superior Industries Europe AG and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).*

 10.30

 Retention Letter Agreement, dated September 10, 2020, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Andreas Meyer (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020).*

 10.31

 Retention Award Letter, dated December 13, 2019, between Parveen Kakar and Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 16, 2019).*

 10.32

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated August 17, 2020 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Timothy Trenary (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 27, 2020).*

 10.33

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated December 15, 2020 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Michael Dorah (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 18, 2020).*

 10.34

 Amendment to the Superior Industries, Int. Executive Employment Agreement dated October 12, 2021 by and between Superior Industries, Int. and Majdi B. Abulaban (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Form 8-K filed October 15, 2021).*

 10.35

 Superior Industries International, Inc. Executive Severance Plan.*, **

 10.36

 Cooperation Agreement, dated as of January 11, 2024, between Mill Road Capital III, L.P. and Superior Industries International, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 11, 2024).

 10.37

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated April 25, 2024 between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Stacie Schulz (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 29, 2024).*

 10.38

 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated August 14, 2024, among Superior Industries International, Inc., Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC, in its capacity as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as collateral agent, and the other lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed August 15, 2024).

 10.39

 First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated August 14, 2024, among Superior Industries International, Inc., each loan party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent and the lenders and issuing banks party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed August 15, 2024).

 10.40

 Consulting Agreement between Superior Industries International, Inc. and C. Timothy Trenary (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 30, 2024).

 10.41

 Offer Letter of Employment, dated August 27, 2024, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Daniel D. Lee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrants Current Report on 10-Q filed November 7, 2024).*

 10.42

 Amendment to Superior Industries International, Inc. Executive Employment Agreement, dated February 5, 2025, between Superior Industries International, Inc. and Majdi B. Abulaban. *, **

 10.43

 Retention Award Letter, dated February 5, 2025, between Michael Dorah and Superior Industries International, Inc.*, **

 10.44

 Retention Award Letter, dated February 5, 2025, between Parveen Kakar and Superior Industries International, Inc.*, **

 10.45

 Retention Award Letter, dated February 5, 2025, between Daniel D. Lee and Superior Industries International, Inc.*, **

 10.46

 Retention Award Letter, dated February 5, 2025, between Kevin Burke and Superior Industries International, Inc.*, **

 10.47

 Retention Award Letter, dated February 27, 2025, between Stacie R. Schulz and Superior Industries International, Inc.*, **

 10.48

 Superior Industries International, Inc. Long Term Cash Incentive Plan*, **

 Insider Trading Policy. **

 List of Subsidiaries of the Company.**

 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.**

 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page hereto).**

 31.1

 Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**

 31.2

 Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**

 32.1

 Certification of Majdi B. Abulaban, President and Chief Executive Officer, and C. Timothy Trenary, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).**

 Superior Industries International, Inc. Compensation Clawback Policy Effective December 1, 2023.**

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 * Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 ** Filed herewith.

 *** Certain schedules and similar attachments to this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished supplementally to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

 **** Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The omitted information is not material and the Company customarily and actually treats that information as private or confidential. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.

 ***** Submitted electronically with the report.

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 Schedule II

 VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
 FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 and 2023

 Additions/(Deductions)

 Balance at
Beginning of
Year

 Charge to
Costs and
Expenses

 Other

 Deductions
From
Reserves

 Balance at
End of Year

 2024

 Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable

 $

 $

 —

 $

 ( 11

)

 $

 ( 644

)

 $

 Allowance on long term receivable

 $

 14,779

 $

 —

 $

 ( 14,779

)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets

 $

 60,387

 $

 29,951

 $

 ( 2,464

)

 $

 —

 $

 87,874

 2023

 Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 ( 13

)

 $

 Allowance on long term receivable

 $

 —

 $

 14,779

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 14,779

 Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets

 $

 67,626

 $

 ( 6,880

)

 $

 ( 359

)

 $

 —

 $

 60,387

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 ITEM 16.- FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 None.

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 (Registrant)

 By

 /s/ Majdi B. Abulaban

 Majdi B. Abulaban

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Majdi B. Abulaban and Daniel D. Lee as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact (with full power to each of them to act alone), with full power of substitution and re-substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with the exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection herewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing required and necessary to be done in and about the foregoing as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agent or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

 /s/ Majdi B. Abulaban

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Majdi B. Abulaban

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Daniel D. Lee

 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial

 Daniel D. Lee

 Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Stacie R. Schulz

 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 Stacie R. Schulz

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Michael R. Bruynesteyn

 Michael R. Bruynesteyn

 /s/ Richard J. Giromini

 Richard J. Giromini

 /s/ Michael Guo

 Michael Guo

 /s/ Paul J. Humphries

 Paul J. Humphries

 /s/ Timothy C. McQuay

 Timothy C. McQuay

 /s/ Deven Petito

 Deven Petito

 /s/ Ellen B. Richstone

 Ellen B. Richstone