UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, DC 20549

 Form 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to

 Commission file number: 001-38727

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

 83-1098934
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)

 3043 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village, California
(Address of principal executive offices)

 91361
(Zip Code)

 ( 818) 224-7442
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.0001 par value

 PFSI

 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes No
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 30, 2023 the aggregate market value of the registrant's Common Stock, $0.0001 par value ("common stock"), held by non-affiliates was $ 1,520,890,024 based on the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.
 As of February 16, 2024, the number of outstanding shares of common stock of the registrant was 50,428,189.
 Documents Incorporated by Reference
 Document

 Parts Into Which Incorporated

 Definitive Proxy Statement for
2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders

 FORM 10-K

 Page

 Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 Item 1

 Business

 Item 1A

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2

 Properties

 Item 3

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6

 Reserved

 Item 7

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B

 Other Information

 Item 9C

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report") contains certain forward-looking statements that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward- looking terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "potential," "intend," "expect," "seek," "anticipate," "estimate," "approximately," "believe," "could," "project," "predict," "continue," "plan" or other similar words or expressions.

 Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe future plans and strategies, contain financial and operating projections or state other forward-looking information. Examples of forward-looking statements include the following:

 projections of our revenues, income, earnings per share, capital structure or other financial items;

 descriptions of our plans or objectives for future operations, products or services;

 forecasts of our future economic performance, interest rates, profit margins and our share of future markets; and

 descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing expectations regarding the timing of generating any revenues.

 Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future events, actions, plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. There are a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control that could cause actual results to differ significantly from management's expectations. Some of these factors are discussed below.

 You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement and should consider the following uncertainties and risks, as well as the risks and uncertainties discussed elsewhere in this Report and as set forth in Item 1A. of Part I hereof and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

 Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or those anticipated include, but are not limited to:

 interest rate changes;

 changes in macroeconomic and U.S. real estate market conditions;

 the continually changing federal, state and local laws and regulations applicable to the highly regulated industry in which we operate;

 lawsuits or governmental actions if we do not comply with the laws and regulations applicable to our businesses;

 the mortgage lending and servicing-related regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") and its enforcement of these regulations;

 our dependence on U.S. government-sponsored entities and changes in their current roles or their guarantees or guidelines;

 changes in real estate values, housing prices and housing sales;

 changes to government mortgage modification programs;

 foreclosure delays and changes in foreclosure practices;

 the licensing and operational requirements of states and other jurisdictions applicable to our businesses, to which our bank competitors are not subject;

 our ability to manage third-party service providers and vendors and their compliance with laws, regulations and investor requirements;

 our exposure to risks of loss resulting from adverse weather conditions, man-made or natural disasters, the effect of climate change, and pandemics;

 difficulties inherent in adjusting the size of our operations to reflect changes in business levels;

 maintaining sufficient capital and liquidity and compliance with financial covenants;

 our substantial amount of indebtedness;

 increases in the number of loan delinquencies and defaults;

 failure to modify, resell or refinance early buyout loans or defaults of early buyout loans beyond our expectations;

 our reliance on PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust ("PMT") as a significant contributor to our mortgage banking business;

 our obligation to indemnify third-party purchasers or repurchase loans if loans that we originate, acquire, service or assist in the fulfillment of, fail to meet certain criteria or characteristics or under other circumstances;

 our ability to mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents;

 our exposure to counterparties that are unwilling or unable to honor contractual obligations, including their obligation to indemnify us or repurchase defective mortgage loans;

 our ability to realize the anticipated benefit of potential future acquisitions of mortgage servicing rights;

 our obligation to indemnify PMT if our services fail to meet certain criteria or characteristics or under other circumstances;

 decreases in the returns on the assets that we select and manage for PMT, and our resulting management and incentive fees;

 the extensive amount of regulation applicable to our investment management segment;

 conflicts of interest in allocating our services and investment opportunities among ourselves and PMT;

 the effect of public opinion on our reputation;

 our ability to effectively identify, manage and hedge our credit, interest rate, prepayment, liquidity and climate risks;

 our initiation of new business activities or expansion of existing business activities;

 our ability to detect misconduct and fraud;

 our ability to effectively deploy new information technology applications and infrastructure;

 our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders; and

 our organizational structure and certain requirements in our charter documents.

 Other factors that could also cause results to differ from our expectations may not be described in this Report or any other document. Each of these factors could by itself, or together with one or more other factors, adversely affect our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.

 Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect the impact of circumstances or events that arise after the date the forward-looking statement was made.

 Item 1. Business

 The following description of our business should be read in conjunction with the information included elsewhere in this Report. This description contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ significantly from the projections and results discussed in the forward-looking statements due to the factors described under the caption "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Report. References in this Report to "we," "our," "us," and the "Company" refer to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. ("PFSI") and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 Our Company

 We are a specialty financial services firm with a comprehensive mortgage platform and integrated business primarily focused on the production and servicing of U.S. residential mortgage loans (activities which we refer to as mortgage banking) and the management of investments related to the U.S. mortgage market. We believe that our operating capabilities, specialized expertise, access to long-term investment capital, and our management's experience across all aspects of the mortgage business will allow us to profitably grow these activities over time and capitalize on other related opportunities as they arise.

 We operate and control all of the business and affairs and consolidate the financial results of Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC ("PNMAC") and its subsidiaries described below:

 Our principal mortgage banking subsidiary, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC ("PLS"), is a non-bank producer and servicer of mortgage loans. PLS is a seller/servicer for the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), each of which is a government-sponsored entity ("GSE"). PLS is also an approved issuer of securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"), a lender of the Federal Housing Administration ("FHA"), and a lender/servicer of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA"). We refer to each of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae, FHA, VA and USDA as an "Agency" and collectively as the "Agencies." PLS is able to service loans in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, and originate loans in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, either because it is properly licensed in a particular jurisdiction or exempt or otherwise not required to be licensed in that jurisdiction.

 Our investment management subsidiary is PNMAC Capital Management, LLC ("PCM"), a Delaware limited liability company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. PCM manages PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust ("PMT"), a mortgage real estate investment trust listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PMT.

 We conduct our business in three segments: production, servicing (together, production and servicing comprise our mortgage banking activities) and investment management.

 The production segment performs loan origination, acquisition and sale activities for our account as well as for PMT.

 The servicing segment performs loan servicing for both newly originated loans we are holding for sale and loans we service for others, including for PMT.

 The investment management segment performs investment management activities for PMT, which include the activities associated with investment asset acquisitions and dispositions such as sourcing, due diligence, negotiation and settlement.

 Following is a summary of our segments' results:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net revenues:

 $

 643,033

 $

 865,177

 $

 2,306,764

 721,394

 1,080,500

 817,295

 Investment management

 37,229

 40,078

 43,302

 $

 1,401,656

 $

 1,985,755

 $

 3,167,361

 Income before income taxes:

 $

 69,325

 $

 48,480

 $

 1,044,411

 109,669

 613,626

 306,678

 Investment management

 4,637

 3,141

 8,094

 $

 $

 $

 Total assets at year end:

 $

 4,863,341

 $

 3,866,934

 $

 8,934,032

 13,954,836

 12,929,233

 9,821,436

 Investment management

 26,386

 26,417

 21,144

 $

 $

 $

 18,776,612

 Unpaid principal balance ("UPB") of loans purchased and originated for our account and for PMT

 $

 99,435,041

 $

 109,115,829

 $

 234,597,882

 UPB of loans serviced for PMT and non-affiliates at year end

 $

 $

 $

 509,708,281

 PMT assets under management at year end

 $

 1,957,090

 $

 1,962,815

 $

 2,367,518

 Mortgage Banking

 Loan Production

 Our loan production segment sources new prime credit quality residential conventional and government-insured or guaranteed mortgage loans through three channels: correspondent production, consumer direct lending and broker direct lending as described below.
 Correspondent Production
 In correspondent production we manage, on behalf of PMT and for our own account, the purchase from non-affiliates of mortgage loans that have been underwritten to investor guidelines. Our correspondent loans historically have been directed to each entity based on the guarantor of the mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") created from the loans: our production focus has historically been on loans insured or guaranteed by the FHA, VA or USDA for sale into MBS guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, whereas PMT's production focus has been on loans that can be sold into MBS guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. In 2022, we began to acquire certain loans for our own account that can be sold into MBS guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
 The mortgage loan production arrangement between us and PMT exists, in part, because PMT is not approved as an issuer of Ginnie Mae guaranteed MBS. As a result, PMT sells the government-insured or guaranteed loans that it purchases from correspondent sellers to us and we pay PMT a sourcing fee ranging from one to two basis points, based on the average number of calendar days that PMT holds loans before our purchase. We generally pool the government-insured or guaranteed loans into Ginnie Mae guaranteed MBS and then sell such MBS to institutional investors. We also purchase certain conventional loans from PMT under the same agreement.

 In our correspondent production activities, for loans we source for our own account, we earn loan origination fees from the correspondent sellers, interest income on the loans during the time we hold such loans, gains or losses from the date we make a commitment to purchase the loans through the sale of these loans, and, in connection with such sales, we generally retain and recognize the fair value of the contractual rights to service the loans on behalf of the purchaser of the loans. These servicing contracts are referred to as mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs").
 In our loan fulfillment activities in support of PMT's correspondent production activities and only for loans purchased for PMT's account, we earn fulfillment fees and tax service fees. We may also serve as a correspondent seller of newly originated loans from our consumer direct and broker direct lending channels to PMT under a mortgage loan purchase agreement. When we sell loans to PMT, PMT obtains the MSRs relating to such loans. As such, our gains on sales of loans to PMT are primarily cash gains.
 Consumer Direct Lending
 Through our consumer direct lending channel, we originate mortgage loans on a national basis. Our consumer direct model relies on the Internet and call center-based staff to acquire and interact with customers across the country. We do not have a "brick and mortar" branch network.
 In our consumer direct lending activities, we earn loan origination fees from the borrower, interest income during the time we hold the loan before sale, gains or losses from the date we make a commitment to fund the loan through the sale of these loans, and, in sales to entities other than to PMT, we retain and recognize the fair value of the associated MSRs. To the extent we refinance loans that we subservice for PMT where PMT owns the related MSRs, we are generally required to pay PMT a recapture fee.
 Broker Direct Lending
 In broker direct lending, we obtain loan application packages from nonaffiliated mortgage loan brokers, underwrite and fund the resulting loans for sale. In our broker direct lending activities, we earn origination fees and interest income, gains or losses from the date we make a commitment to fund the loan through the sale of these loans, and, in sales to entities other than PMT, we retain and recognize the fair value of the associated MSRs.
 Our loan production activities are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 UPB of loans purchased and originated for sale through our:

 Correspondent lending channel, from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 71,618,697

 $

 49,680,267

 $

 64,774,728

 Consumer direct channel

 4,795,548

 15,405,697

 43,060,266

 Broker direct channel

 8,122,495

 6,939,834

 16,759,314

 84,536,740

 72,025,798

 124,594,308

 UPB of conventional loans fulfilled for PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 14,898,301

 37,090,031

 110,003,574

 Total loan production

 $

 99,435,041

 $

 109,115,829

 $

 234,597,882

 The effect of our loan production transactions with PMT on our financial statements are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net losses on loans held for sale at fair value:

 Net losses on loans held for sale to PMT

 $

 —

 $

 (2,820)

 $

 —

 Mortgage servicing rights and excess servicing spread recapture incurred

 (1,784)

 (13,744)

 (51,473)

 (1,784)

 (16,564)

 (51,473)

 Fulfillment fee revenue

 Tax service fees earned from PMT included in Loan origination fees

 3,216

 8,418

 26,126

 $

 29,258

 $

 59,845

 $

 153,580

 Sourcing fees paid to PMT included in cost of loans purchased

 $

 7,162

 $

 4,968

 $

 6,472

 Loan Servicing

 Our loan servicing segment performs loan administration, collection, and default management activities, including the collection and remittance of loan payments; responding to customer inquiries; providing accounting for principal and interest; holding custodial (impounded) funds for the payment of property taxes and insurance premiums; counseling delinquent borrowers; administering loss mitigation activities, including modification and forbearance programs; and supervising foreclosures and property dispositions.

 We service loans both as the owner of MSRs and mortgage servicing liabilities ("MSLs") and as the subservicer on behalf of PMT.

 The UPB of our loan servicing portfolio is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities:

 Originated

 $

 $

 Purchased

 17,478,397

 19,568,122

 Total owned servicing

 374,563,700

 318,099,010

 Subserviced for PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 $

 Our responsibilities and risks relating to loans we service in arrangements where we own the MSRs or MSLs differ from those where we act as subservicer for the owner of the servicing rights. As the owner of the servicing rights:

 We recognize our investment in the servicing rights received in loan sale transactions where we retain the contractual obligation to service the loans as well the investment we make when we buy MSRs or the liability we incur when we assume MSLs. We carry these assets and liabilities at fair value and as such they are subject to subsequent changes in fair value owing to the anticipated realization of the cash flows from the asset or liability or to changes in the market for such MSRs and MSLs;

 Because our investment in MSRs can be significant and the fair value of this asset is sensitive to changes in prepayment activity, the cost to service the loans and marketplace return requirements, we incur costs to hedge this investment – primarily the risk of changes in fair value arising from changes in prepayment speeds in response to changes in interest rates;

 We are responsible for advancing our corporate funds to protect the loan owners' interest in the collateral securing such loans for such items as hazard insurance, property taxes and foreclosure-related costs, subject to future reimbursement, as well as advancing delinquent principal and interest payments to MBS holders; and

 As the owner of Ginnie Mae MSRs, we have the option to purchase loans that are at least three months delinquent out of the underlying Ginnie Mae securities as an alternative to continuing to advance principal and interest payments to the holders of the Ginnie Mae securities, or we may be required to purchase loans out of Ginnie Mae securities if there has been a modification of the loans' terms. Our objective is to work with the borrowers to cure the loan delinquency through either borrower reperformance or modification of the loans' terms. When curing the delinquency is not feasible, we work to settle the loan and collect our claims from the applicable insurer or guarantor. When we are able to cure the delinquency and after a minimum required period of reperformance, we are able to re-deliver the cured loan into another Ginnie Mae guaranteed security.

 As the subservicer for the owner of servicing rights, we do not carry the related MSRs or MSLs on our balance sheet and therefore do not recognize or hedge changes in the fair value of MSRs or MSLs and are generally not responsible for financing the advance of corporate funds to protect the loan owners' interest in the collateral securing such loans. As a result, the fees we earn from such arrangements are generally less on a per-loan basis than those we earn from holding MSRs and MSLs.

 Following is a summary of our net loan servicing fees:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net loan servicing fees:

 From non-affiliates:

 Loan servicing fees:

 Contractually specified

 $

 1,268,650

 $

 1,054,828

 $

 875,570

 Other

 134,949

 91,894

 118,884

 1,403,599

 1,146,722

 994,454

 Effect of MSRs and MSLs:

 Realization of cash flows

 (662,375)

 (523,495)

 (347,576)

 Other changes in fair value of MSRs and MSLs

 56,807

 877,671

 (68,330)

 Hedging results

 (236,778)

 (631,484)

 (475,215)

 (842,346)

 (277,308)

 (891,121)

 Net loans servicing fees from non-affiliates

 561,253

 869,414

 103,333

 From affiliates:

 Loan servicing fees from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 80,658

 Change in fair value of excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 —

 (1,037)

 Net loans servicing fees from affiliates

 79,621

 $

 $

 $

 Average UPB of loan serviced for:

 Non-affiliates

 $

 338,373,762

 $

 297,207,950

 $

 258,759,523

 Subserviced for PMT

 $

 234,303,254

 $

 226,817,005

 $

 202,047,495

 Investment Management

 We are an investment manager through our subsidiary, PCM, which provides investment management services to PMT. We earn management fees as a percentage of PMT's net assets and may earn incentive compensation based on PMT's investment performance.

 Following is a summary of our management fee revenue:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Base management

 $

 $

 $

 34,794

 Performance incentive

 —

 —

 3,007

 $

 $

 $

 Average of net assets of PMT during the year

 $

 1,917,642

 $

 2,079,851

 $

 2,348,395

 Our Business Strategies

 Our business strategies include:

 Consumer Direct Lending

 We expect to grow our consumer direct lending business over time by leveraging our growing servicing portfolio through the recapture of existing customers for refinance and purchase-money loans as well as increasing our non-portfolio originations. As our servicing portfolio grows, we will have a greater number of leads to pursue, which we believe will lead to greater origination activity through our consumer direct business. As of December 31, 2023, we serviced 2.4 million loans. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we funded $4.8 billion, $15.4 billion and $43.1 billion of mortgage loans, respectively, through our consumer direct lending channel as market interest rates increased and refinance volumes decreased. We believe that our national call center model and our technology will enable us to drive origination process efficiencies and best-in-class customer service.

 Broker Direct Lending

 According to Inside Mortgage Finance, the broker lending channel represented approximately 16% of U.S. residential mortgage originations in 2023. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we funded $8.1 billion, $6.9 billion and $16.8 billion of mortgage loans, respectively, through our wholesale-broker channel, which is comprised of loans from both the broker segment as well as loans purchased through our non-delegated correspondent segment. We plan on growing our mortgage loan volume in this channel through the addition of new broker and non-delegated partner relationships, as well as expansion of existing relationships enabled by our leading broker technology platform.

 Correspondent Lending

 We expect to support our correspondent production market share by expanding the number and types of sellers from which we purchase loans. We also expect to increase the proportion of our sellers' production volumes that we purchase as we continue to expand to the loan products and services we offer. We believe that we are well positioned to continue generating significant business in this channel based on our management expertise in the correspondent production business, our relationships with correspondent sellers, and our supporting systems and processes. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we purchased $71.6 billion, $49.7 billion and $64.8 billion of mortgage loans, respectively, through our correspondent lending channel. In 2023, 2022, and 2021, we also fulfilled $14.9 billion, $37.1 billion and $110.0 billion of mortgage loans subject to fulfillment fees, respectively, for PMT.

 Mortgage Loan Servicing

 We expect to grow our servicing portfolio through loan production activities, as our correspondent production for our own account and consumer and broker direct lending add new servicing for owned MSRs, and correspondent conventional production for PMT's account adds new subservicing. We or PMT may also grow our servicing portfolio through acquisitions. In 2023, our loan production totaled $99.4 billion in UPB. Our MSRs were backed by loans with UPBs totaling $370.2 billion as of December 31, 2023.

 Expansion into New Markets and Products

 We regularly evaluate opportunities to grow our business, including expansion into new markets and providing additional services to our customers directly or through external partnerships. We continue to develop new products to satisfy demand from customers in each of our production channels and respond to changing circumstances in the market for mortgage-related financing. For example, our recently introduced closed-end second lien mortgage loan is offered to certain borrowers and is secured by a second lien on the mortgaged property subordinate to the rights of the first lien mortgage holder as well as other potential senior liens.

 U.S. Mortgage Market

 The U.S. residential mortgage market is one of the largest financial markets in the world, with approximately $16.0 trillion of outstanding debt as of September 30, 2023. According to Inside Mortgage Finance, first lien mortgage loan origination volume was approximately $1.4 trillion in 2023. Many of the largest financial institutions, primarily banks which had historically held the majority of the market share in mortgage origination and servicing, have reduced their participation in the mortgage market creating opportunities for non-bank participants.

 Competition

 The residential mortgage industry is characterized by high barriers to entry, including the necessity for approvals required to sell loans to and service loans for the Agencies, state licensing requirements for non-federally chartered banks, sophisticated infrastructure, technology, risk management, and processes required for successful operations, and financial capital requirements.

 Given the diverse and specialized nature of our businesses, we do not believe we have a direct competitor for the totality of our business. We compete with a number of nationally-focused companies in each of our businesses.

 In our loan production and servicing segments, we compete with large financial institutions, including the cash windows of the GSEs, and with other independent residential mortgage loan producers and servicers, such as Rocket Mortgage, Mr. Cooper and United Wholesale Mortgage.

 In our loan production segment, we compete primarily on the basis of customer service, marketing penetration, customer network, product offerings, technical knowledge, manufacturing quality, speed of execution, and rates and fees.

 In our servicing segment, we compete primarily on the basis of experience in the residential loan servicing business, quality and efficiency of execution and servicing performance.

 In our investment management segment, we compete for capital with both traditional and alternative investment managers. We compete primarily on the basis of historical track record of risk-adjusted returns, experience of investment management team, the return profile of prospective investment opportunities and on the level of fees and expenses.

 Seasonality/Cyclicality

 The demand for loan originations is affected by consumer demand for home loans. Demand for home loans generally comes from the demand for loans made to finance the purchase of homes and the demand for loans made to refinance existing loans.

 The demand for loans made to finance the purchase of homes is most significantly influenced by the overall strength of the economy, housing prices and availability and societal factors such as household formation and government support for homeownership.

 The demand for loans made to refinance existing loans is most significantly influenced by movements in interest rates and, to a lesser extent, to changes in property values and employment.

 Human Capital Resources

 Our long-term growth and success is highly dependent upon our employees and our ability to maintain a diverse, equitable and inclusive workplace representing a broad spectrum of backgrounds, ideas and perspectives. As part of these efforts, we strive to offer competitive compensation and benefits, foster a community where everyone feels a greater sense of belonging and purpose, and provide employees with the opportunity to give back and make an impact in the communities where we live and serve.

 We had approximately 3,900 domestic employees as of the end of fiscal year 2023. As of the end of fiscal year 2023, our workforce was 51.8% female and 48.2% male, and the ethnicity of our workforce was 44.3% White, 23.4% Hispanic or Latino, 14.0% Black or African American, 14.2% Asian and 4.1% other (which includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and "Two or More Races" as defined in our EE0-1 Report filed with the Department Labor).

 Employee Retention and Development

 We believe in attracting, developing and engaging the best talent, while providing a supportive work environment that prioritizes the health and safety of our employees. Talent development is a critical component of the employee experience and ensures that all employees have career growth opportunities, including establishing development networks and relationships and fostering continued growth and learning. Employees receive regular business and compliance training to help further enhance their career development objectives. We also actively manage enterprise-wide and divisional mentoring programs and have partnered with an external vendor to establish a comprehensive, fully integrated wellness program designed to enhance the productivity of our employees.

 Compensation and Succession Planning

 Our compensation programs are designed to motivate and reward employees who possess the necessary skills to support our business strategy and create long-term value for our stockholders. Employee compensation may include base salary, annual cash incentives, and long-term equity incentives, as well as life insurance and 401(k) plan matching contributions. We also offer a comprehensive selection of health and welfare benefits to our employees including emotional well-being support and paid parental leave programs. Succession planning is also critical to our operations and we have established ongoing evaluations of our leadership depth and succession capabilities.

 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

 We believe that building a diverse, equitable and inclusive, high-performing workforce where our employees bring varied perspectives and experiences to work every day creates a positive influence in our workplace, community and business operations. Our Board of Directors, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Compensation Committee, and Risk Committee provide regular oversight of our corporate sustainability program, including our diversity, equity and inclusion programs and initiatives.

 We have also taken proactive measures to strategically and sustainably advance equity in the workplace through our Business Resource Groups ("BRG"), diversity initiatives, mentorship programs, and external partnerships with organizations such as the Mortgage Bankers Association and the National Association of Minority Mortgage Bankers of America. We also established leadership goals and created customized initiatives that focus on our continued effort to increase the number of women and underrepresented minorities in management positions throughout our company and its business divisions.

 As it relates to our inclusive culture, we established the following BRGs to emphasize career growth, networking, and learning opportunities for employees and allies with shared backgrounds and experiences: the BOLD BRG (for Black and African American employees and allies), the HOLA BRG (for Hispanic, Latino and Latinx employees and allies), the InspirASIAN BRG (for our Asian American and Pacific Islander employees and allies), the Pennymac PRIDE BRG (for our LGBTQIA employees and allies), the SERVE BRG (for our veteran and military family employees and allies), and the wEMRG BRG (for our women employees and allies). We also foster a more inclusive culture through a variety of initiatives, including corporate training, special events, community outreach and corporate philanthropy.

 Community Involvement

 We have a corporate philanthropy program that is governed by a philosophy of giving that prioritizes the support of causes and issues that are important in our local communities, and drives a culture of employee engagement and collaboration throughout our organization. We are committed to empowering our employees to be a positive influence in the communities where we live and serve, and believe that this commitment supports our efforts to attract and engage employees and improve retention.

 Our philanthropy program consists of three key components: an employee matching gift program, a charitable grants program and a corporate sponsorship program. Our five philanthropic focus areas are: community development and equitable housing, financial literacy and economic inclusion, human and social services, health and medical research, and environmental sustainability.

 We have established a separate donor advised fund to facilitate donations to various local and national charitable organizations and have provided funding to several charitable organizations located near our office sites and national organizations that support missions such as sustainable homeownership, mortgage and rental assistance, food insecurity, disaster recovery, family and child advocacy, and community empowerment. We also manage our environmental impact by focusing on improving our waste reduction, energy efficiency and water conservation.

 Legal and Regulatory Compliance

 Our business is subject to extensive federal, state and local regulation. The CFPB is responsible for ensuring consumers are provided with timely and understandable information to make responsible decisions about financial transactions, federal consumer financial laws are enforced and consumers are protected from unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts and practices and from discrimination. Although the CFPB's actions may improve consumer protection, such actions also have resulted in a meaningful increase in costs to consumers and financial services companies including mortgage originators and servicers.

 Our loan production and loan servicing operations are subject to federal requirements and are regulated at the state level by state licensing authorities and administrative agencies. We, along with certain PNMAC employees who engage in regulated activities, must apply for licensing as a mortgage banker or lender, loan servicer and debt collector pursuant to applicable state law. These state licensing requirements typically require an application process, the payment of fees, background checks and administrative review.

 Our servicing operations are licensed (or exempt or otherwise not required to be licensed) to service mortgage loans in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and the United States Virgin Islands. Our consumer direct lending business is licensed to originate loans in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

 From time to time, we receive requests from states and Agencies and various investors for records, documents and information regarding our policies, procedures and practices regarding our loan production and loan servicing business activities, and undergo periodic examinations by federal and state regulatory agencies. We incur significant ongoing costs to comply with these licensing and examination requirements.

 The Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (the "SAFE Act") requires all states to enact laws that require all individuals acting in the United States as mortgage loan originators to be individually licensed or registered if they intend to offer mortgage loan products. These licensing requirements include enrollment in the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System, application to state regulators for individual licenses and the completion of pre-licensing education, annual education and the successful completion of both national and state exams.

 We must comply with a number of federal consumer protection laws, including, among others:

 the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, and Regulation X thereunder, which require certain disclosures to mortgagors regarding the costs of mortgage loans, the administration of tax and insurance escrows, the transferring of servicing of mortgage loans, the response to consumer complaints, and payments between lenders and vendors of certain settlement services;

 the Truth in Lending Act, and Regulation Z thereunder, which require certain disclosures to mortgagors regarding the terms of their mortgage loans, notices of sale, assignments or transfers of ownership of mortgage loans, new servicing rules involving payment processing, and adjustable rate mortgage change notices and periodic statements;

 the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B thereunder, which prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, race and certain other characteristics, in the extension of credit;

 the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, sex, national origin, and certain other characteristics;

 the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Regulation C thereunder, which require financial institutions to report certain public loan data;

 the Homeowners Protection Act, which requires the cancellation of private mortgage insurance once certain equity levels are reached, sets disclosure and notification requirements, and requires the return of unearned premiums;

 the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, which provides, among other things, interest and foreclosure protections for service members on active duty;

 the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and Regulation P thereunder, which require us to maintain privacy with respect to certain consumer data in our possession and to periodically communicate with consumers on privacy matters;

 the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which regulates the timing and content of debt collection communications;

 the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V thereunder, which regulate the use and reporting of information related to the credit history of consumers; and

 the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994, which provides for lenders to require from borrowers or to purchase flood insurance on behalf of borrower/owners of properties in special flood hazard areas.

 Many of these laws are further impacted by the SAFE Act and implementation of new rules by the CFPB.

 Our senior management team has established a comprehensive compliance management system ("CMS") that is designed to ensure compliance with applicable mortgage origination and servicing laws and regulations. The components of our CMS include: (a) oversight by senior management and our Board of Directors to ensure that our compliance culture, guidance, and resources are appropriate; (b) a compliance program to ensure that our policies, training and monitoring activities are complete and comprehensive; (c) a complaint management program to ensure that consumer complaints are appropriately addressed and that any required actions are implemented on a timely basis; and (d) independent oversight to ensure that our CMS is functioning as designed.

 An important component of the CMS is management's Mortgage Regulatory Compliance Committee ("MRCC"). This committee oversees the CMS and supports our cultural initiatives that reinforce the importance of regulatory compliance. The MRCC also monitors changes in the internal and external environment, approves mortgage compliance policies, monitors compliance with those policies and ensures any required remediation is implemented on a timely basis. The MRCC has identified individuals throughout the organization to oversee specific areas of compliance. MRCC membership includes senior management from all areas of the Company impacted by mortgage compliance laws and regulations. The MRCC meets on a regular basis throughout the year.

 Intellectual Property

 We rely on a combination of trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, as well as confidentiality and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We hold or have otherwise applied for various registered trademarks, including trademarks with respect to the name Pennymac and various additional designs and word marks relating to the Pennymac name. Depending upon the jurisdiction, trademarks generally are valid as long as they are in use and/or their registrations are properly maintained. We generally intend to renew our trademarks as they come up for renewal. Our other intellectual property includes proprietary know-how and technological innovations, such as our proprietary workflow-driven cloud-based servicing system, as well as proprietary pricing engines, loan-level analytics systems and other trade secrets that we have developed to maintain our competitive position.

 Available Information

 Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, proxy statements and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), are available free of charge through the investor relations section of our website at www.pennymacfinancial.com as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. The above references to our website and the SEC's website do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on those websites and should not be considered part of this document.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Summary Risk Factors
 We are subject to a number of risks that, if realized, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Some of our more significant challenges and risks include, but are not limited to, the following, which are described in greater detail below:

 Our business is significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. Changes in prevailing interest rates, rising inflation rates, U.S. monetary policies or other macroeconomic conditions that affect interest rates may have a detrimental effect on our business and earnings.

 Our revenues are highly dependent on macroeconomic factors and real estate market, mortgage market and financial market conditions.

 We may not be able to effectively manage significant increases or decreases in our loan production volume, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Increases in delinquencies and defaults may adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We are required to make servicing advances that can be subject to delays in recovery or may not be recoverable due to delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which may limit our financial and operating activities, expose us to substantial increases in costs due to interest rate fluctuations, expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.

 We rely on external financial arrangements to fund mortgage loans and operate our business and our inability to refinance or enter new financial arrangements could be detrimental to our business.

 Our acquisition and ownership of mortgage servicing rights exposes us to significant risks.

 A disruption in the MBS market could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We may be required to indemnify the purchasers of loans that we originate, acquire or assist in the fulfillment of, or repurchase those loans, if those loans fail to meet certain criteria or characteristics or under other circumstances and we may be unable to seek indemnity or require our counterparties to repurchase loans if they breach representations and warranties they make to us.

 We depend on counterparties and vendors to provide services that are critical to our business, which subjects us to a variety of risks.

 Our failure to appropriately address various issues that may give rise to reputational risk could cause harm to our business and adversely affect our earnings.

 Cybersecurity risks, cyber incidents and technology failures may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information or the personal information of our customers, and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.

 Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our information systems or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business, cause legal or reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

 Climate change, adverse weather conditions, man-made or natural disasters, pandemics, terrorist attacks, and other long term physical and environmental changes and conditions could adversely impact properties that we own or that collateralize loans we own or service, as well as geographic areas where we conduct business.

 We operate in a highly regulated industry and the continually changing federal, state and local laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 New CFPB or state rules and regulations or more stringent enforcement of existing rules and regulations by these regulators could result in enforcement actions, fines, penalties and the inherent reputational risk that results from such actions.

 We are highly dependent on U.S. government-sponsored entities and government agencies, and any organizational or pricing changes at such entities or their regulators could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

 We are required to have various Agency approvals and state licenses in order to conduct our business and there is no assurance we will be able to obtain or maintain those Agency approvals or state licenses.

 We rely on PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust ("PMT") as a significant source of financing for, and revenue related to, our mortgage banking business, and the termination of, or material adverse change in, the terms of this relationship, or a material adverse change to PMT or its operations, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 A significant portion of our loan servicing operations are conducted pursuant to subservicing contracts with PMT, and any termination by PMT of these contracts, or a material change in the terms thereof that is adverse to us, would adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our failure to comply with the extensive amount of regulation applicable to our investment management segment could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We may encounter conflicts of interest in trying to appropriately allocate our time and services between activities for our own account and for PMT, or in trying to appropriately allocate investment opportunities among ourselves and for PMT.

 Our risk management efforts may not be effective.

 Initiating new business activities, developing new products or significantly expanding existing business activities may expose us to new risks and increase our cost of doing business.

 We operate in a highly competitive market and decreased margins resulting from increased competition or our inability to compete successfully could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Risk Factors

 In addition to the other information set forth in this Report, you should carefully consider the following factors, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations in future periods. The risks described below are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations in future periods.
 Risks Related to Mortgage Production and Servicing

 Market and Financial Risks

 Our business is significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. Changes in prevailing interest rates, rising inflation rates, U.S. monetary policies or other macroeconomic conditions that affect interest rates may have a detrimental effect on our business and earnings.

 Our operations, financial performance and earnings are affected by factors including prevailing interest rates, United States monetary policies or other macroeconomic conditions such as inflation fluctuations, recessions, consumer confidence and demand. For example, the Federal Reserve's federal fund rate increases in 2022 and 2023 to address rising inflation negatively impacted our business and, as a result, our net revenues decreased from $3.2 billion in fiscal year 2021 to $1.4 billion in fiscal year 2023. In addition, the liquidity of the MBS market may be impacted by future sales and reallocations of the Federal Reserve's MBS portfolio. The future reduction of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet or MBS portfolio may result in higher interest rate volatility and wider mortgage-backed security spreads that could negatively impact our investments.

 Our financial performance and profitability are directly affected by changes in prevailing interest rates. An increase in prevailing interest rates could:

 adversely affect our loan production volume, as refinancing an existing loan would be less attractive and qualifying for a loan may be more difficult;

 adversely affect our Ginnie Mae early buyout ("EBO") loans because modifications would become less economically feasible; and

 increase the cost of servicing our outstanding debt, including debt related to servicing assets and loan production.

 A decrease in prevailing interest rates could:

 cause an increase in the expected volume of loan refinancings, which would require us to record decreases in fair value on our MSRs; and

 reduce our earnings from our custodial deposit accounts.

 Furthermore, borrowings under our warehouse lines of credit, and MSR and servicing advance facilities are [generally] at variable rates of interest, which exposes us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on certain of our variable-rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our earnings and cash flows may correspondingly decrease. An event of default, a negative ratings agency action, the perception of financial weakness, an adverse action by a regulatory authority, a lengthening of foreclosure timelines or a general deterioration in the economy that constricts the availability of credit may increase our cost of funds and make it difficult for us to refinance existing debt and borrow additional funds. In addition, we may not be able to adjust our operational capacity and staffing in a timely manner, or at all, in response to increases or decreases in loan production volume resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates.

 Any of the increases or decreases discussed above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our revenues are highly dependent on macroeconomic factors and real estate market, mortgage market and financial market conditions.
 The success of our business strategies and our results of operations are materially affected by current or future conditions in the real estate market, mortgage markets, financial markets and the economy generally. Factors such as inflation, deflation, unemployment, personal and business income taxes, healthcare, energy costs, government shutdowns, pandemics, climate change and the availability and cost of credit may contribute to increased volatility and unclear expectations for the economy in general and the real estate, mortgage market and financial markets in particular going forward. A significant deterioration in macroeconomic conditions could reduce the amount of disposable income consumers have and negatively impact consumers' ability to take out new loans and repay existing loans. A destabilization of the real estate market, mortgage market and financial markets or deterioration in these markets also could reduce our loan production volume, reduce the profitability of servicing mortgages or adversely affect our ability to sell mortgage loans that we originate or acquire, either at a profit or at all. Inflation and future expectations of inflation could also increase our operating expenses and may affect our profitability if the additional operating costs are not recoverable through increased revenues or profit margins. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We may not be able to effectively manage significant increases or decreases in our loan production volume, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 If we do not effectively manage loan production volumes and are unable to consistently maintain quality of execution, our reputation and existing relationships with mortgage lenders and brokers could be damaged, we may not be able to maintain PMT's existing relationships or develop new relationships with mortgage lenders and brokers, our new mortgage products may not gain widespread acceptance and the quality of our correspondent production, consumer direct lending and wholesale broker lending operations could suffer, all of which could negatively affect our brand and operating results.

 Our loan production segment is also subject to overall market factors that could adversely impact our loan production volumes. For example, increased competition from new and existing market participants, reductions in the overall level of refinancing activity or a decrease in home purchase activity can decrease our loan production volumes. We may be forced to accept lower margins in our respective businesses to continue to compete and keep our loan production volumes consistent with past or projected levels or be forced to reduce our levels of production activity. In addition, we may not be able to adjust our operational capacity and staffing in a timely manner, or at all, in response to increases or decreases in loan production volume resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates.

 Increases in delinquencies and defaults may adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Delinquencies can result from many factors including unemployment, weak economic conditions or real estate values, or catastrophic events such as man-made or natural disasters, pandemics, war or terrorist attacks. A decrease in home prices may result in higher loan-to-value ratios ("LTVs"), lower recoveries in foreclosure and an increase in loss severities above those that would have been realized had property values not decreased. Some borrowers do not have sufficient equity in their homes to permit them to refinance their existing loans, which may reduce the volume of our loan production business. This may also provide borrowers with an incentive to default on their mortgage loans even if they have the ability to make principal and interest payments.

 Increased mortgage delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures may result in lower revenue for loans that we service for the Agencies because we only collect servicing fees from the Agencies for performing loans, and our failure to service delinquent and defaulted loans in accordance with the applicable servicing guidelines could result in our failure to benefit from available monetary incentives and/or expose us to monetary penalties and curtailments. Additionally, while increased delinquencies generate higher ancillary fees, including late fees, these fees may not be recoverable if the related loan is liquidated or due to other regulatory or investor requirements. In addition, an increase in delinquencies lowers the interest income that we receive on cash held in collection and other accounts because there is less cash in those accounts. Also, increased mortgage defaults may ultimately reduce the number of mortgages that we service.

 Increased mortgage delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures will also result in a higher cost to service those loans due to the increased time and effort required to collect payments from delinquent borrowers and to acquire and liquidate the properties securing the loans or otherwise resolve loan defaults if payment collection is unsuccessful, and only a portion of these increased costs are recoverable under our servicing agreements. Increased mortgage delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures may also result in an increase in servicing advances we are obligated to make to fulfill our obligations to MBS holders and to protect our investors' interests in the properties securing the delinquent mortgage loans. An increase in required advances also may cause an increase in our interest expense and affect our liquidity as a result of increased borrowings under our financing agreements to fund any such increase in the advances.

 We are required to make servicing advances that can be subject to delays in recovery or may not be recoverable due to delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 During any period in which a borrower is not making payments, we may be required under our servicing agreements in respect of our MSRs to advance our own funds to pay property taxes and insurance premiums, legal expenses and other protective advances, and may be required to advance scheduled principal and interest payments to security holders of the MBS into which the loans are sold. We also advance funds under these agreements to maintain, repair and market real estate properties on behalf of investors. As home values change, we may have to reconsider certain of the assumptions underlying our decisions to make advances and, in certain situations, our contractual obligations may require us to make advances for which we may not be reimbursed. In addition, if a loan serviced by us is in default or becomes delinquent, the repayment to us of the advance may be delayed until the loan is repaid or refinanced or a liquidation occurs. Federal, state or local regulatory actions may also result in an increase in the amount of servicing advances that we are required to make, lengthen the time it takes for us to be reimbursed for such advances and increase the costs incurred while the loan is delinquent. A delay in our ability to collect advances may adversely affect our liquidity, and our inability to be reimbursed for advances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 In addition, increased mortgage delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures will also result in a higher cost to service those loans due to the increased time and effort required to collect payments from delinquent borrowers, to foreclose on the loan and to liquidate properties or otherwise resolve loan defaults if payment collection is unsuccessful.
 Any significant increases in delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures on loans that we service in respect of FHA,VA, and USDA related MSRs could result in an increase in servicing expenses as well as losses since the loans may not be fully insured or guaranteed under each of the VA, the FHA and the USDA government loan programs.

 FHA Insurance - FHA loans are insured for the entire unpaid principal balance of the loan. However, if the FHA loan defaults or goes into foreclosure, the servicer is only compensated for two-thirds of its incurred foreclosure costs. In addition, the servicer is only reimbursed for any interest accrued and unpaid from a date 60 days after the borrower's first uncorrected failure to perform, and the interest is reimbursed at the HUD debenture interest rate that may be lower than the actual loan rate.

 VA and USDA Guarantees - VA and USDA loans are only partially guaranteed by the government and if such loan defaults or goes into foreclosure, the VA or USDA guarantees may not fully cover all principal, interest and other fees and advances we may have incurred on the outstanding VA or USDA loan, and we may suffer a loss.

 We may also be subject to additional curtailments to servicing and advance reimbursements if we have not satisfied VA, USDA or FHA timing, service and other regulatory or investor requirements during the foreclosure and conveyance process. Any significant increase in delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures on loans that increase our servicing advances, reduce property value or otherwise delay our ability to dispose of the properties underlying the loan could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
 We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which may limit our financial and operating activities, expose us to substantial increases in costs due to interest rate fluctuations, expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $8.6 billion of total indebtedness outstanding (approximately $6.1 billion of which was secured) and up to $6.8 billion of additional capacity under our secured borrowings and other secured debt financing arrangements. This substantial indebtedness and any future indebtedness we incur could have adverse consequences and, for example, could:

 require us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness, including indebtedness we may incur in the future, thereby reducing the funds available for operations, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;

 make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including any restrictive covenants, could result in an event of default under the indentures governing the unsecured senior notes or under the agreements governing our other indebtedness which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our indebtedness under our other debt instruments or the unsecured senior notes;

 subject us to increased sensitivity to interest rate increases;

 make us more vulnerable to economic downturns, adverse industry conditions or catastrophic events;

 reduce our flexibility in planning for or responding to changing business, industry and economic conditions; and/or

 place us at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that have relatively less debt than we have.

 In addition, our substantial level of indebtedness could limit our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our liquidity needs vary significantly from time to time and may be affected by general economic conditions, industry trends, performance and many other factors outside our control.
 We rely on external financial arrangements to fund mortgage loans and operate our business and our inability to refinance or enter new financial arrangements could be detrimental to our business.
 Our ability to finance our business operations and repay maturing obligations rests in large part on our ability to borrow money. Unlike some of our competitors who fund mortgage loans through bank deposits, we generally fund our mortgage loans through borrowings under warehouse facilities and other financing arrangements from banking institutions and private equity firms and with funds from our operations. Our borrowings are generally repaid with the proceeds we receive from mortgage loan sales. We require new and continued financing to fund mortgage loans and operate our business. We are generally required to renew many of our financing arrangements on a regular basis, which exposes us to refinancing and interest rate risks. Our ability to refinance our existing financial obligations and borrow additional funds is affected by a variety of factors beyond our control including:

 limitations imposed on us under our financing agreements that contain restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, which may limit our ability to raise additional debt;

 restrictions imposed upon us by regulatory agencies that mandate certain minimum capital and liquidity requirements;

 liquidity in the credit markets;

 prevailing interest rates;

 the strength of the lenders from which we borrow, and the regulatory environment in which they operate, including changing capital requirements;

 limitations on borrowings from financing arrangements imposed by the amount of eligible collateral pledged, which may be less than the borrowing capacity of the credit facility; and

 accounting changes that may impact calculations of covenants in our financing arrangements.

 We are also dependent on a limited number of banking institutions and private equity firms to extend us credit on terms that we have determined to be commercially reasonable. These banking institutions and private equity firms are subject to their own risk management frameworks, profitability and risk thresholds and tolerances, any of which may change materially and negatively impact their business strategies, including their extension of credit to us specifically or mortgage lenders and servicers generally. Certain financial firms have already exited the mortgage lending market, and others financial firms may decide to exit the mortgage lending business in the future. Such actions may increase our cost of capital and limit or otherwise eliminate our access to capital, in which case our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

 In the event that any of our financial arrangements is terminated or is not renewed, or if the principal amount that may be drawn under our funding agreements that provide for immediate funding at closing were to significantly decrease, we may be unable to find replacement financing on commercially favorable terms, or at all, which could be detrimental to our business.

 We finance our loans, MSRs and other assets under secured financing agreements and utilize various other sources of borrowings, which exposes us to significant risk and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We finance and, to the extent available, we intend to continue to leverage the loans produced through our loan production businesses with borrowings under repurchase agreements. When we enter into repurchase agreements, we sell mortgage loans to lenders, which are the repurchase agreement counterparties, and receive cash from the lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash that we receive from a lender when we initially sell the assets to that lender is less than the fair value of those assets (this difference is referred to as the haircut or margin), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same assets back to us we could incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut or margin reduced by interest accrued on the repurchase agreement (assuming that there was no change in the fair value of the assets). Repurchase agreements generally allow the counterparties, to varying degrees, to determine a new fair value of the collateral to reflect current market conditions. If a counterparty lender determines that the fair value of the collateral has decreased, it may initiate a margin call and require us to either post additional collateral to cover such decrease or repay a portion of the outstanding borrowing. Should this occur, in order to obtain cash to satisfy a margin call, we may be required to liquidate assets at a disadvantageous time, which could cause us to incur further losses. If we are unable to satisfy a margin call, our counterparty may sell the collateral, which may result in significant losses to us.

 In addition, we invest in certain assets, including MSRs and EBOs, for which financing has historically been difficult to obtain. We currently leverage certain of our MSRs and EBOs under secured financing arrangements. Freddie Mae MSRs are pledged through a special purpose entity to secure borrowings under a master repurchase agreement. Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae MSRs are pledged to special purpose entities, each of which issues variable funding notes, term loans and term notes that are secured by such Fannie Mae or Ginnie Mae assets, as applicable, and repaid through the servicing cash flows. Some of our EBOs are contributed to a special purpose entity, which issues participation certificates pledged to secure borrowings under a master repurchase agreement. In each case, similar to our repurchase agreements, the cash that we receive under these secured financing arrangements is less than the fair value of the assets and a decrease in the fair value of the pledged collateral can result in a margin call. Should a margin call occur, we may be required to liquidate assets at a disadvantageous time, which could cause us to incur further losses. If we are unable to satisfy a margin call, the secured parties may sell the collateral, which may result in significant losses to us.

 Our secured financing arrangements are subject to the terms of an acknowledgement agreement with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, as applicable, pursuant to which our and the secured parties' rights are subordinate in all respects to the rights of the applicable Agency. Accordingly, the exercise by any of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae of its rights under the applicable acknowledgment agreement could result in the extinguishment of our and the secured parties' rights in the related collateral and result in significant losses to us.

 We may in the future utilize other sources of borrowings, including bank credit facilities and structured financing arrangements, among others. The amount of leverage we employ varies depending on the asset class being financed, our available capital, our ability to obtain and access financing arrangements with lenders and the lenders' and rating agencies' estimate of, among other things, the stability of our cash flows. We can provide no assurance that we will have access to any debt or equity capital on favorable terms or at the desired times, or at all. Our inability to raise such capital or obtain financing on favorable terms could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our financing agreements contain financial and restrictive covenants that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our various financing agreements require us and/or our subsidiaries to comply with various restrictive covenants, including those relating to tangible net worth, profitability and our ratio of total liabilities to tangible net worth. Incurring substantial debt subjects us to the risk that our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to repurchase the assets that we have sold under our repurchase agreements or otherwise service the debt incurred under our other financing agreements. Our lenders also require us to maintain minimum amounts of cash or cash equivalents sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position. In addition, the repayment of the unsecured senior notes will depend in part on our restricted subsidiaries' generation of cash flow and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or other means. The unsecured senior note indentures contain additional restrictive covenants that may limit our and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to engage in specified types of transactions, including our ability and/or the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to:

 pay dividends or distributions, redeem or repurchase equity, prepay subordinated debt and make certain loans or investments;

 merge or consolidate with another company or sell all or substantially all of our assets;

 transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of certain assets including capital stock of subsidiaries;

 enter into transactions with affiliates; and

 allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of non-guarantor restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us.

 If we fail to comply with the restrictive covenants and are unable to obtain a waiver or amendment, an event of default would result under the terms of our financing arrangement or could limit our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, for working capital and general corporate purposes. If an event of default occurs, our financing arrangements could be immediately due and payable, requiring us to apply all available cash to repay our financing arrangements, and if we were unable to repay or refinance our financial arrangements then any collateral securing the financial borrowing may be sold by our lenders.

 Hedging against interest rate exposure may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We pursue hedging strategies primarily in an effort to mitigate the effect of changes in interest rates on the fair value of our assets. To manage this price risk, we use derivative financial instruments acquired with the intention of moderating the risk that changes in market interest rates will result in unfavorable changes in the fair value of our assets, primarily prepayment exposure on our MSR investments as well as interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") and our inventory of loans held for sale. For example, with respect to our IRLCs and inventory of loans held for sale, we may use MBS forward sale contracts to lock in the price at which we will sell the mortgage loans or resulting MBS, and MBS put options to mitigate the risk of our IRLCs not closing at the rate we expect. In addition, with respect to our MSRs, we may use MBS forward purchase and sale contracts to address exposures to smaller interest rate shifts with Treasury and interest rate swap futures, and use options and swaptions to achieve target coverage levels for larger interest rate shocks.

 Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the risks being mitigated, the level of interest rates, the type of investments held, and other changing market conditions. Hedging instruments involve risk because they often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities, and our interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:

 interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates;

 available interest rate hedging instruments may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;

 the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability or asset;

 the credit quality of the hedging counterparty owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and

 the hedging counterparty owing the money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay.

 In addition, we may fail to recalculate, re-adjust and execute hedges in an efficient manner. Any hedging activity, which is intended to limit losses, may materially and adversely affect our financial position, operations and cash flows. Therefore, while we may enter into such transactions seeking to reduce interest rate risk, unanticipated changes in interest rates may result in worse overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. A liquid secondary market may not exist for a hedging instrument purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in significant losses. The cost of utilizing derivatives may reduce our income that would otherwise be available for distribution to stockholders or for other purposes, and the derivative instruments that we utilize may fail to effectively hedge our positions. We are also subject to credit risk with regard to the counterparties involved in the derivative transactions.
 The degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in hedging strategies and price movements in the portfolio positions or liabilities being hedged may vary materially. Any such ineffective correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. Numerous regulations currently apply to hedging and any new regulations or changes in existing regulations may significantly increase our administrative or compliance costs. Our derivative agreements generally provide for the daily mark to market of our hedge exposures. If a hedge counterparty determines that its exposure to us exceeds its exposure threshold, it may initiate a margin call and require us to post collateral. If we are unable to satisfy a margin call, we would be in default of our agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We use estimates in determining the fair value of our investments and for credit decisions. If our estimates prove to be inaccurate, we may be required to write down the fair values of our investments or suffer a loss that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our estimates of the fair value of our MSR investment is based on the cash flows projected to result from the servicing of the related mortgage loans and continually fluctuates due to a number of factors. These factors include prepayment speeds, interest rate changes, costs to service the loans and other market conditions. We use internal financial models that utilize our understanding of inputs used by market participants to value our MSRs to determine the price that we pay for portfolios of MSRs and to acquire loans for which we will retain MSRs. These models are complex and use asset-specific collateral data and market inputs for interest and discount rates. In addition, the modeling requirements of MSRs are complex because of the high number of variables that drive cash flows associated with MSRs. Even if the general accuracy of our valuation models is validated, valuations are highly dependent upon the reasonableness of our inputs and the results of the models. If loan delinquencies or prepayment speeds are different than anticipated or other factors perform differently than modeled, the recorded fair value of certain of our MSRs may change. Significant differences in performance could increase the chance that we do not adequately estimate the effect of these factors on our valuations which could result in misstatements of our financial results, restatements of our financial statements, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our credit decision models are based on estimates and algorithms that evaluate a number of factors, including behavioral data, transactional data and employment information, which may not effectively predict future loan losses. These credit decision models are continuously updated based on new data and changing macroeconomic conditions. If our credit decisioning models contain programming or other errors, are ineffective or the data provided by borrowers or third parties is incorrect or stale, or if we are unable to obtain accurate data from borrowers or third parties, our loan process could be negatively affected, resulting in mispriced or misclassified loans or incorrect approvals or denials of loans, resulting in loan losses.

 The geographic concentration of our servicing portfolio may be affected by weaker economic conditions or adverse events specific to certain regions which could decrease the fair value of our MSRs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 A decline in the economy or other negative macroeconomic events in certain real estate markets may cause a decline in the fair value of residential properties. To the extent that certain states in which we have greater concentrations of business in the future experience weaker economic conditions or greater rates of decline in real estate values than the United States generally, such concentration may disproportionately decrease the fair value of our MSRs and adversely affect our loan production businesses. The impact of property value declines may increase in magnitude and it may continue for a long period of time. Additionally, if states in which we have greater concentrations of business were to change their licensing or other regulatory requirements to make our business cost-prohibitive, we may be required to stop doing business in those states or may be subject to a higher cost of doing business in those states, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
 Our acquisition and ownership of mortgage servicing rights exposes us to significant risks.
 MSRs arise from contractual agreements between us and the investors (or their agents) in loans and MBS that we service on their behalf. We generally acquire MSRs in connection with our sale of loans to the Agencies where we assume the obligation to service such loans on their behalf. Any MSRs we acquire are initially recorded at fair value on our balance sheet. The determination of the fair value of MSRs requires our management to make numerous estimates and assumptions. Such estimates and assumptions include, without limitation, estimates of future cash flows associated with MSRs based upon assumptions involving interest rates as well as the prepayment rates, delinquencies and foreclosure rates of the underlying serviced loans. The ultimate realization of the MSRs may be materially different than the values of such MSRs as may be reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as of any particular date. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs and assumptions used to determine MSR fair value. The use of different estimates or assumptions in connection with the valuation of these assets could produce materially different fair values for such assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 Prepayment speeds significantly affect MSRs. Prepayment speed is the measurement of how quickly borrowers pay down the unpaid principal balance of their loans or how quickly loans are otherwise brought current, modified, liquidated or charged off. We base the price we pay for MSRs on, among other things, our projection of the cash flows from the related pool of loans. Our expectation of prepayment speeds is a significant input to our cash flow projections. If prepayment speed expectations increase significantly, the fair value of the MSRs could decline and we may be required to record a non-cash charge that would have a negative impact on our financial results.
 Furthermore, a significant increase in prepayment speeds could materially reduce the cash flows we receive from MSRs, and we could ultimately receive substantially less than what we paid for such assets. Delinquency rates have a significant impact on the valuation of MSRs. An increase in delinquencies generally results in lower revenue because typically we only collect servicing fees from Agencies or mortgage owners when we collect payments from the borrower. Our expectation of delinquencies is also a significant input underlying our cash flow projections. If delinquencies are significantly greater than we expect, the estimated fair value of the MSRs could be diminished. When the estimated fair value of MSRs is reduced, we could suffer a loss, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 Changes in interest rates are a key driver of the performance of MSRs. Historically, the fair value of MSRs has increased when interest rates increase and decrease when interest rates decrease due to the effect those changes in interest rates have on prepayment estimates. We may pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates and other changing market conditions. Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us. To the extent we do not utilize derivative financial instruments to hedge against changes in fair value of MSRs or the derivatives we use in our hedging activities do not perform as expected, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders would be more susceptible to volatility due to changes in the fair value of, or cash flows from, MSRs as interest rates change.
 MSRs and the related servicing activities are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations and may be subject to various judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions on our business. Our failure to comply, or the failure of the servicer to comply, with the laws, rules or regulations to which we or they are subject by virtue of ownership of MSRs, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 Our counterparties may terminate our MSRs, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 As is standard in the industry, under the terms of our master servicing agreements with the Agencies in respect of Agency MSRs that we retain in connection with our loan production, the Agencies have the right to terminate us as servicer of the loans we service on their behalf at any time (and, in certain instances, without the payment of any termination fee) and also have the right to cause us to sell the MSRs to a third party. In addition, our failure to comply with applicable servicing guidelines could result in our termination under such master servicing agreements by the Agencies with little or no notice and without any compensation. The owners of other non-Agency loans that we service may also terminate certain of our MSRs if we fail to comply with applicable servicing guidelines. If the MSRs are terminated on a material portion of our servicing portfolio, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of potential future acquisitions of MSRs, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of potential future acquisitions of servicing portfolios will depend, in part, on our ability to appropriately service any such assets. The process of acquiring these assets may disrupt our business and may not result in the full benefits expected. The risks associated with these acquisitions include, among others, unanticipated issues in integrating information regarding the new loans to be serviced into our information technology systems, and the diversion of management's attention from other ongoing business concerns. Moreover, if we inappropriately value the assets that we acquire or the fair value of the assets that we acquire declines after we acquire them, the resulting charges may negatively affect both the carrying value of the assets on our balance sheet and our earnings. Furthermore, if we incur additional indebtedness to finance an acquisition, the acquired servicing portfolio may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows to service that additional indebtedness. Unsuitable or unsuccessful acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 A disruption in the MBS market could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Most of the loans that we produce are pooled into MBS issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. In addition, the liquidity of the MBS market may be impacted by future sales and reallocations of the Federal Reserve's MBS portfolio resulting in wider mortgage-backed security spreads. Any significant disruption or period of illiquidity in the general MBS market would directly affect our own liquidity because no existing alternative secondary market would likely be willing and able to accommodate on a timely basis the volume of loans that we typically sell in any given period. Furthermore, we would remain contractually obligated to fund loans under our

 outstanding IRLCs without being able to sell our existing inventory of mortgage loans. Accordingly, if the MBS market experiences a period of illiquidity, we might be prevented from selling the loans that we produce into the secondary market in a timely manner or at favorable prices and we would be required to hold a larger inventory of loans than we have committed facilities to fund or we may be required to repay a portion of the debt secured by these assets, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We may be required to indemnify the purchasers of loans that we originate, acquire or assist in the fulfillment of, or repurchase those loans, if those loans fail to meet certain criteria or characteristics or under other circumstances and we may be unable to seek indemnity or require our counterparties to repurchase loans if they breach representations and warranties they make to us.

 Our loan sale agreements with purchasers, including the Agencies, contain provisions that generally require us to indemnify or repurchase these loans if our representations and warranties concerning loan quality and loan characteristics are inaccurate; or the loans fail to comply with the respective Agency's underwriting or regulatory requirements. When we purchase mortgage loans, our counterparty typically makes customary representations and warranties to us about such loans and we may be entitled to seek indemnity or demand repurchase or substitution of the loans in the event our counterparty breaches a representation or warranty given to us. However, there can be no assurance that our loan purchase agreements will contain appropriate representations and warranties, that we will be able to enforce our contractual right to demand repurchase or substitution, or that our counterparty will remain solvent or otherwise be willing and able to honor its obligations under our loan purchase agreements. Depending on the volume of repurchase and indemnification requests, some of these mortgage lenders may not be able to financially fulfill their obligation to indemnify us or repurchase the affected loans. If a material amount of recovery cannot be obtained from these mortgage lenders, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 Repurchased loans typically can only be financed at a steep discount to their repurchase price, if at all. Although our indemnification and repurchase exposure cannot be quantified with certainty, to recognize these potential indemnification and repurchase losses, we have recorded a liability of $30.8 million relating to $354.4 billion in UPB of loans subject to representations and warranties as of December 31, 2023. Should home values decrease and negatively impact the related loan values, our realized loan losses from indemnifications and repurchases may increase as well. As such, our indemnification and repurchase costs may increase well beyond our current expectations. In addition, our mortgage banking services agreement with PMT requires us to indemnify it with respect to loans for which we provide fulfillment services in certain instances. If we are required to indemnify PMT or other purchasers against losses, or repurchase loans from PMT or other purchasers, that result in losses that exceed the recorded liability, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about borrowers and counterparties and any misrepresented information could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 In deciding whether to approve loans or to enter into other transactions across our businesses with counterparties, including borrowers, brokers and correspondent lenders, we may rely on information furnished to us by or on behalf of borrowers and such counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. We also may rely on representations of borrowers and such counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors.

 If any of this information is intentionally or negligently misrepresented and such misrepresentation is not detected prior to loan funding, the fair value of the loan may be significantly lower than expected. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the loan applicant, another party or one of our employees, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. Our controls and processes may not have detected or may not detect all misrepresented information in our loan originations or acquisitions. Any such misrepresented information could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Failure to successfully modify, resell or refinance EBO loans or defaults of the EBO loans beyond expected levels may adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 As a mortgage servicer, we have an early buyout repurchase option for loans that are at least three months delinquent in our Ginnie Mae MSR portfolio. Purchasing delinquent Ginnie Mae loans provides us with an alternative to our mortgage servicing obligation of advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. While our EBO program reduces the cost of servicing the Ginnie Mae loans, it may also accelerate loss recognition when the loans are repurchased because we are required to write off accumulated non-reimbursable interest advances and other costs at the time of repurchase. After purchasing delinquent Ginnie Mae loans, we expect to repool many of the delinquent loans into another Ginnie Mae guaranteed security upon the delinquent loans becoming current either through the borrower's reperformance or through the completion of a loan modification; however, there is no guarantee that any delinquent loan will reperform or be modified or resold. Failure to successfully modify, resell or refinance our repurchased Ginnie Mae loans or a significant portion of the repurchased Ginnie Mae loans defaulting beyond expectations may adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We are subject to significant financial and reputational risks from potential liability arising from lawsuits, and regulatory and government action.

 We face significant legal risks in our business, and the volume of claims and amount of damages, penalties and fines claimed in litigation, and regulatory and government proceedings against us and other financial institutions remains high. For example, Black Knight Servicing Technologies, LLC ("Black Knight") filed a legal claim against us for alleged breach of contract and misappropriation of trade secrets resulting in a final arbitration award against us and a pretax accrual of $158.4 million in our financial results for the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023. Although we believe the breadth and finality of the arbitration process and award preclude any further litigation against us, there can be no assurance that Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (as Black Knight's successor-in-interest) will not continue to pursue further litigation, even if frivolous, against us or other companies with which we do business, or that our cost to defend and/or indemnify third parties against any such claims may not be material and adversely impact our business and operations.

 Greater than expected investigation costs and litigation, including class action lawsuits associated with compliance related issues, substantial legal liability or significant regulatory or government action against us could also have adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which in turn could adversely impact our business results and prospects. Consumers, clients and other counterparties could also become increasingly litigious, and we may experience a significant volume of litigation and other disputes, including claims for contractual indemnification, with counterparties regarding relative rights and responsibilities.

 We could also be exposed to potential liability from PCM, our investment management subsidiary who manages PMT, or litigation arising from investor dissatisfaction with PMT's financial performance or allegations we exercised improper control or influence over PMT. In addition, we are exposed to risks of litigation or investigation relating to transactions with perceived or actual conflicts of interest, and we could be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs associated with the defense of such claims (which may be in excess of available insurance coverage). Although we are generally indemnified by PMT, our rights to indemnification may be challenged, and if we are required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of litigation or investigations as a result of inadequate insurance proceeds or failure to obtain indemnification, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 We depend on counterparties and vendors to provide services that are critical to our business, which subjects us to a variety of risks.

 We have a number of counterparties and vendors, who provide us with financial, technology and other services that are critical to support our businesses. If our current counterparties and vendors were to stop providing services to us on acceptable terms or if we had a disruption in service, we may be unable to procure alternative services from other counterparties or vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on similarly acceptable terms, or at all. Some of these counterparties and vendors have significant operations outside of the United States. If we or our vendors had to curtail or

 cease operations in these countries due to political unrest or natural disasters and then transfer some or all of these operations to another geographic area, we could experience disruptions in service and incur significant transition costs as well as higher future overhead costs. We may also outsource certain services to vendors located in foreign countries such as India and the Philippines with emerging technology, political and regulatory infrastructures that could result in future business disruptions or reputational damages. With respect to vendors engaged to perform certain servicing activities, we are required to assess their compliance with various regulations and establish procedures to provide reasonable assurance that the vendor's activities comply in all material respects with such regulations. In the event that a vendor's activities are not in compliance, it could negatively impact our relationships with our regulators, as well as our business and operations. Further, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our failure to appropriately address various issues that may give rise to reputational risk could cause harm to our business and adversely affect our earnings.

 Our business is subject to significant reputational risks. If we fail, or appear to fail, to address various issues that may give rise to reputational risk, we could significantly harm our business prospects and earnings. Such issues include, but are not limited to, actual or perceived conflicts of interest, violations of legal or regulatory requirements, and any of the other risks discussed in this Item 1A. Similarly, market rumors and actual or perceived association with counterparties whose own reputations are under question could harm our business.

 Certain of our officers also serve as officers of PMT, a real estate investment trust we manage that invests in residential mortgage-related assets and is separately listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As we expand the scope of our businesses, we increasingly confront potential conflicts of interest relating to investment activities that we manage for PMT. Reputational risk incurred in connection with conflicts of interest could negatively affect our business, strain our working relationships with regulators and government agencies, expose us to litigation and regulatory action, impact our ability to attract and retain clients, customers, trading counterparties, investors and employees and adversely affect our results of operations.

 Reputational damage can result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending and debt collection practices, corporate governance, and actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can also result from social media and media coverage, whether accurate or not. Our reputation may also be negatively impacted by our environmental, social, governance and other corporate sustainability practices ("Corporate Sustainability"). In addition, various private third party organizations have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to Corporate Sustainability matters. These third party Corporate Sustainability ratings may be used by some investors to assist with their investment and voting decisions. Any unfavorable Corporate Sustainability ratings may lead to reputational damage and negative sentiment among our investors and other stakeholders. These factors could impair our working relationships with government agencies and investors, expose us to litigation and regulatory action, negatively affect our ability to attract and retain customers, trading counterparties and employees, significantly harm our stock price and ability to raise capital, and adversely affect our results of operations.

 Accounting rules for certain of our transactions are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions. Changes in accounting interpretations or assumptions could impact our financial statements.

 Accounting rules for mortgage loan sales and securitizations, valuations of financial instruments and MSRs, investment consolidations, income taxes and other aspects of our operations are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions. These complexities could lead to a delay in preparation of financial information and the delivery of this information to our stockholders and also increase the risk of errors and restatements, as well as the cost of compliance. Our inability to timely prepare our financial statements in the future would likely be considered a breach of our financial covenants and adversely affect our share price significantly. Changes in accounting interpretations or assumptions as well as accounting rule misinterpretations could result in differences in our financial results or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Cybersecurity risks, cyber incidents and technology failures may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information or the personal information of our customers, and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.

 A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. These incidents may be an intentional attack or an unintentional event and could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of theft of certain personally identifiable information of consumers, misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. The result of these incidents may include disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to our investor relationships.

 As our reliance on rapidly changing technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both proprietary and those provided to us by third party service providers including cloud-based computing service providers. System disruptions and failures caused by unauthorized intrusion, malware, natural disasters and other similar events may interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our customers. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased, which, in turn, may lead to increased costs to protect our network and systems.

 Despite our efforts to ensure the integrity of our systems and our investment in significant physical and technological security measures, employee training, contractual precautions, policies and procedures, board oversight and business continuity plans, there can be no assurance that any such cyber intrusions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. We also may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches, especially because the methods of attack change frequently or may not be recognized until after such attack has been launched, and because security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties such as persons involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers. Additionally, third party security events at our vendors or service providers could also impact our data and operations via unauthorized access to information or disruption of services. Our data security management program includes identity, trust, vulnerability and threat management business processes as well as the adoption of standard data protection policies. We are also held accountable for the actions and inactions of our third party vendors and service providers regarding cybersecurity and other consumer-related matters.

 Any of the foregoing events could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our customers, loss of confidence in our security measures, customer dissatisfaction, additional regulatory scrutiny, significant litigation exposure and harm to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our information systems or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business, cause legal or reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

 Many of our services are dependent on the secure, efficient, and uninterrupted operation of our technology infrastructure, including our computer systems, related software applications and cloud-based systems, as well as those of certain third parties and affiliates. Our information systems must accommodate a high volume of traffic and deliver frequently updated, accurate and timely information. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions and failures caused by system or software failure, human error or misconduct, external attacks (e.g., computer hackers, hacktivists, nation state-backed hackers), denial of service or information, malicious or destructive code (e.g., ransomware, computer viruses and disabling devices), as well as natural disasters, health pandemics, strikes, and other similar events, and our contingency planning may not be sufficient for all situations. The implementation of technology changes and upgrades to maintain current and integrate new technology systems may also cause service interruptions. Any such disruptions could materially interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our customers, and could also impair the ability of third parties to provide critical services to us. If our operations are disrupted or otherwise negatively affected

 by a technology disruption or failure, this could result in material adverse impacts on our business.

 Our products rely on software and services from third party vendors and if any of these services became unavailable or unreliable, it could adversely affect the quality and timeliness of services.

 We license third party software and depend on services from various third parties for use in our products. For example, we rely on third-party vendors for cloud-based systems and for certain mortgage production and servicing applications. Third party software applications, products, and services are constantly evolving, and we may not be able to maintain or modify our mortgage loan production and servicing offerings to ensure its compatibility with third party offerings following development changes. In addition, some of our competitors, partners, or other service providers may take actions that disrupt the interoperability of our business with their own products or services, or exert strong business influence on our ability to, and the terms on which we operate our business. Loss of the right to use any third party software or services could result in decreased functionality of our [products and services] until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could adversely affect our reputation and our future financial condition and results of operations.

 Furthermore, we remain responsible for ensuring that our mortgage loan production and servicing businesses are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Despite our efforts to monitor such compliance, any errors or failures of such third party vendors or their software to perform in the manner intended could result in loan defects potentially requiring repurchase. Many of our third party vendors attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our clients, borrowers or other third parties that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs. Any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to deliver effective products to our clients, borrowers and loan applicants and adversely affect our business.

 The loss of access to credit, employment, financial and other data from external sources could harm our ability to provide our products and services.
 We rely on a wide variety of data sources to provide our services and products, including data collected from applicants and borrowers, credit bureaus, payroll providers, data aggregators, and unaffiliated third parties. If we are unable to access and use data collected from or on behalf of applicants and borrowers, or other third party data, or our access to such data is limited, our ability to provide our services and enable our customers to verify applicant data would be compromised. Any of the foregoing could negatively impact the customer experience of our platform, and the volume and degree of automation in our mortgage loan production and servicing businesses.

 The collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulations and conflicting legal requirements.

 We receive, transmit and store a large volume of personally identifiable information and other user data. Moreover, there are various federal and state laws regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information that could give rise to liabilities. Federal privacy requirements such as those under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and Fair Credit Reporting Act are within the regulatory and enforcement authority of the CFPB and Federal Trade Commission. We are also subject to a variety of state laws and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and the California Privacy Rights Act that provide data privacy rights for California consumers including a private rights of action against businesses that fail to implement reasonable security procedures and practices to prevent data breaches. Failure to comply with any of these privacy laws could result in enforcement action against us, including fines and public censure that could result in serious harm to our reputation, business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The success and growth of our business depends upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes and to successfully develop, implement and protect proprietary technology.

 Our success in the mortgage industry is highly dependent upon our ability to adapt to constant technological changes, successfully enhance our current information technology solutions through the use of third party and our proprietary technologies, and introduce new solutions and services that more efficiently address the needs of our customers.
 Our mortgage loan production businesses are dependent upon our ability to effectively interface with our borrowers, mortgage lenders and other third parties and to efficiently process loan applications and closings. The direct lending processes are becoming more dependent upon technological advancement, such as our continued ability to process applications over the Internet, accept electronic signatures, provide process status updates instantly and other borrower- or counterparty-expected conveniences. In our correspondent production activities, our and PMT's correspondent sellers also expect and require certain conveniences and service levels that are dependent on technological advancement.
 We have developed a workflow-driven, cloud-based loan acquisition platform and while we anticipate that the cloud-based platform will increase scalability and produce other efficiencies, there can be no assurance that the cloud-based platform will prove to be effective or that such correspondent sellers will easily adapt to the cloud-based platform. Any failure to effectively or timely transition to our new system and meet our expectations and the expectations of our correspondent sellers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Similarly, our servicing business is dependent on our ability to effectively interface with our customers and investors, as well as service mortgage loans in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and the contractual requirements of such investors. For example, our proprietary workflow-driven, cloud-based servicing system provides for real-time processing and advanced workflow management thereby reducing servicing costs, increasing scalability and creating sustainable efficiencies.
 The development, implementation and protection of these technologies and becoming more proficient with them may also require significant capital and operating expenditures. As these technological advancements increase in the future, we will need to further develop and invest in these technological capabilities to remain competitive. Moreover, litigation has become required to protect our technologies and such litigation is time consuming and costly.
 We rely on a combination of trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, as well as confidentiality and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. In addition, we also license and utilize third party proprietary technologies and loss of rights to significant third party proprietary technologies may result in decreased product functionality. The development, implementation and protection of our intellectual property and proprietary technologies requires significant human resources and capital expenditures. As these technological advancements and investor and compliance requirements increase in the future, we will need to further develop these technological capabilities to remain competitive, and we will need to implement, execute and maintain them in an operating and regulatory environment that exposes us to significant risk.

 There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully adopt new technologies as critical systems and applications become obsolete and better ones become available. Any failure by us to develop, implement, integrate, execute or maintain our technological capabilities and any litigation costs associated with protection of our technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Climate change, adverse weather conditions, man-made or natural disasters, pandemics, terrorist attacks, and other long term physical and environmental changes and conditions could adversely impact properties that we own or that collateralize loans we own or service, as well as geographic areas where we conduct business.
 Climate change, adverse weather conditions, man-made or natural disasters, pandemics, terrorist attacks and other long term physical and environmental changes and conditions could adversely impact properties that we own or that collateralize loans we own or service, as well as geographic areas where we conduct business. In addition, such adverse conditions and long term physical and environmental changes could impact the demand for, and value of, our assets, as well as the cost to service or manage such assets, or directly impact the value of our assets through damage, destruction or loss, and thereafter materially impact the availability or cost of insurance to protect against these events.

 Upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure significant business interruptions, reputational harm, delays in servicing our customers and working with our partners, interruptions in the availability of our technology and systems, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could have an adverse effect on our future operating results. Catastrophic events may also be uninsurable or not economically insurable and might make the insurance proceeds insufficient to repair or replace a property if it is damaged or destroyed.
 There is an increasing global concern over the risks of climate change and related environmental sustainability matters. The physical risks of climate change may include rising average global temperatures, rising sea levels and an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events and natural disasters, including floods, wildfires, hurricanes, earthquakes and tornados, and these events could impact our owned real estate and the properties collateralizing our loan assets or underlying our MSR assets and the local economies of certain areas in which we operate. Although we believe our owned real estate and the properties collateralizing our loan assets or underlying our MSR assets are appropriately covered by insurance, we cannot predict at this time if we or our borrowers will be able to obtain appropriate coverage at a reasonable cost in the future, or if we will be able to continue to pass along all of the costs of insurance.
 There also is a risk that one or more of our property insurers may not be able to fulfill their obligations with respect to payment claims due to a deterioration in its financial condition or may even cancel policies due to increasing costs of providing insurance coverage in certain geographic areas. Numerous treaties, laws and regulations have been enacted or proposed in an effort to regulate climate change, including regulations aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of "green" building codes. These laws and regulations may impact the rates at which we obtain property insurance and result in increased operating costs, or impose substantial costs on our borrowers or affect their ability to obtain appropriate coverage at reasonable costs. We may also incur costs associated with increased regulations or investor requirements for increased environmental and social disclosures and reporting. Additionally, climate change concerns could result in transition risk. Changes in consumer preferences and additional legislation and regulatory requirements, including those associated with a transition to a low-carbon economy, could increase expenses or otherwise adversely impact our operations and business.

 Failures at financial institutions at which we deposit funds or maintain investments could adversely affect us.
 We deposit substantial funds in financial institutions and may, from time to time, maintain cash balances at such financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured amounts. We also hold investments and settled funds in accounts at financial institutions acting as brokers or custodians. In addition, we deposit certain funds owned by third parties, such as escrow deposits, in financial institutions. There was significant volatility and instability among banks and financial institutions in 2023 that led to the failures of certain banks. For example, for a period of time, customers of the Silicon Valley Bank did not have access to their funds and there was uncertainty as to when, if at all, customers would have access to funds in excess of federally insured amounts. Should one or more of the financial institutions at which our deposits are maintained fail, there is no guarantee as to the extent that we would recover the funds deposited, whether through FDIC coverage or otherwise, or the timing of any recovery. In the event of any such failure, we also could be held liable for the funds owned by third parties. Should one or more of the financial institutions acting as brokers or custodians for our investments and settled funds fail, there may be a delay or some uncertainty in our ability to take possession of, or fully recover, all of our investments or settled funds.

 Regulatory Risks

 We operate in a highly regulated industry and the continually changing federal, state and local laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We are required to comply with a wide array of federal, state and local laws and regulations that regulate, among other things, the manner in which we conduct our businesses. These regulations directly impact our business and require constant compliance, monitoring and internal and external audits and examinations by federal and state regulators. Our failure to operate effectively and in compliance with any of these laws, regulations and rules could subject us to lawsuits or governmental actions and damage our reputation, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. In addition, our failure to comply with these laws, regulations and rules may result in increased costs of doing business, reduced payments by borrowers, modification of

 the original terms of mortgage loans, permanent forgiveness of debt, delays in the foreclosure process, increased servicing advances, litigation, reputational damage, enforcement actions, and repurchase and indemnification obligations. Further, we may be required to pay substantial penalties imposed by our regulators due to compliance errors, or we may lose our licenses to originate and/or service loans.

 We must also comply with a number of federal, state and local consumer protection and state foreclosure laws. These statutes apply to loan origination, servicing, debt collection, marketing, use of credit reports, safeguarding of non-public, personally identifiable information about our clients, foreclosure and claims handling, investment of and interest payments on escrow balances and escrow payment features, and mandate certain disclosures and notices to customers.

 Because we are not a federally chartered depository institution, we generally do not benefit from federal pre-emption of state mortgage loan banking, loan servicing or debt collection licensing and regulatory requirements and must comply with state licensing and compliance requirements in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and other U.S. territories. These state rules and regulations generally provide for, but are not limited to: originator, servicer and debt collector licensing requirements, requirements as to the form and content of contracts and other documentation, employee licensing and background check requirements, fee requirements, interest rate limits, and disclosure and record-keeping requirements.

 Regulatory agencies and consumer advocacy groups are becoming more aggressive in asserting fair lending, fair housing and other claims that the practices of lenders and loan servicers result in a disparate impact on protected classes. Antidiscrimination statutes, such as the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and borrowers based on certain characteristics, such as race, religion and national origin. Various federal regulatory agencies and departments take the position that these laws apply not only to intentional discrimination, but also to neutral practices that have a disparate impact on a group that shares a characteristic that a creditor may not consider in making credit decisions (i.e., creditor or servicing practices that have a disproportionately negative affect on a protected class of individuals).

 The failure of our correspondent sellers to comply with any applicable laws, regulations and rules may also result in these adverse consequences. We have in place a due diligence program designed to assess areas of risk with respect to loans we acquire from such correspondent sellers. However, we may not detect every violation of law and, to the extent any correspondent sellers, third party originators, servicers or brokers with which we do business fail to comply with applicable laws or regulations and any of their mortgage loans or MSRs become part of our assets, it could subject us, as an assignee or purchaser of the related mortgage loans or MSRs, to monetary penalties or other losses. While we may have contractual rights to seek indemnity or repurchase from certain of these lenders, third party originators, servicers or brokers, if any of them are unable to fulfill their indemnity or repurchase obligations to us to a material extent, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our service providers and other vendors are also required to operate in compliance with applicable laws, regulations and rules. Our failure to adequately manage service providers and other vendors to mitigate risks of noncompliance with applicable laws may also have these negative results.

 Federal and state administrations could enact significant policy changes increasing regulatory scrutiny and enforcement actions in our industry. While it is not possible to predict when and whether significant policy or regulatory changes would occur, any such changes on the federal, state or local level could significantly impact, among other things, our operating expenses, the availability of mortgage financing, interest rates, consumer spending, the economy and the geopolitical landscape. To the extent that the current government administration takes action by proposing and/or passing regulatory policies that could have a negative impact on our industry, such actions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The outcome of the 2024 U.S. Presidential and Congressional elections could result in significant policy changes or regulatory uncertainty in our industry. While it is not possible to predict when and whether significant policy or regulatory changes would occur, any such changes on the federal, state or local level could significantly impact, among other things, our operating expenses, the availability of mortgage financing, interest rates, consumer spending, the economy and the geopolitical landscape. To the extent that any government administration takes action by proposing

 and/or passing regulatory policies that could have a negative impact on our industry, such actions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The Financial Stability Oversight Council ("FSOC") and Conference of State Bank Supervisors have been reviewing whether state chartered nonbank mortgage servicers should be subject to "safety and soundness" standards similar to those imposed by federal law on insured depository institutions, even though nonbank mortgage servicers do not have any federally insured deposit accounts. In addition, on November 3, 2023, FSOC revised its guidance governing the potential designation of nonbank financial companies for supervision by the Federal Reserve Board and application of prudential standards and an "analytic framework" for identifying, assessing, and responding to financial stability risks that could facilitate new nonbank financial company designations. In addition, on August 17, 2022, the FHFA and Ginnie Mae announced enhanced minimum net capital and liquidity eligibility requirements for sellers, servicers and issuers. Most of the requirements became effective on or before December 31, 2023. The risk-based capital requirements issued by Ginnie Mae will be effective on December 31, 2024. To the extent any new minimum net worth, capital ratio and liquidity standards and requirements are overly burdensome, complying with such standards and requirements may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 New CFPB or state rules and regulations or more stringent enforcement of existing rules and regulations by these regulators could result in enforcement actions, fines, penalties and the inherent reputational risk that results from such actions.

 The CFPB and state regulators have authority over certain aspects of our business as a result of our residential mortgage banking activities, including, without limitation, the authority to conduct investigations, bring enforcement actions, impose monetary penalties, require remediation of practices, pursue administrative proceedings or litigation, and obtain cease and desist orders for violations of applicable federal consumer financial laws. The current CFPB administration has stated its intention to aggressively supervise, investigate and, where it deems appropriate, bring enforcement actions against lenders and servicers the CFPB believes are engaged in activities that violate federal laws and regulations. In addition, examinations by state regulators and enforcement actions in the residential mortgage origination and servicing sectors by state attorneys general have increased and may continue to increase. Failure to comply with the CFPB and state laws, rules or regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our failure to comply with the laws, rules or regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, would expose us to fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 We are highly dependent on U.S. government-sponsored entities and government agencies, and any organizational or pricing changes at such entities or their regulators could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our ability to generate revenues through mortgage loan sales depends on programs administered by GSEs, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government agencies, including Ginnie Mae, and others that facilitate the issuance of MBS in the secondary market. We originate mortgage loans directly with borrowers and brokers and assist PMT in acquiring loans from mortgage lenders through our correspondent production activities that qualify under existing standards for inclusion in MBS issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. We, or PMT, also derive other material financial benefits from our Agency relationships, including the assumption of credit risk on certain loans. Significant changes in our Agency relationships could impact our ability to finance and sell mortgage loans and materially impact our revenues and margin.
 Any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and their regulators or the U.S. federal government, and any changes in leadership at these entities, could adversely affect our business and prospects. Any discontinuation of, or significant reduction in, the operation of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or any significant adverse change in their capital structure, financial condition, activity levels in the primary or

 secondary mortgage markets or in underwriting criteria could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 Our ability to generate revenue from newly originated loans that we acquire or assist PMT in acquiring is highly dependent on the fact that the Agencies have not historically acquired such loans directly from mortgage lenders, but have instead relied on banks and non-bank aggregators such as us to acquire, aggregate and securitize or otherwise sell such loans to investors in the secondary market. Certain of the Agencies have approved new and smaller lenders that traditionally may not have qualified for such approvals. To the extent that these mortgage lenders choose to sell directly to the Agencies rather than through loan aggregators like us, the number of loans available for purchase by aggregators is reduced, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, under certain Agency capital rules, loans sourced from loan aggregators such as PMT that we assist have higher capital requirements and may incur higher Agency fees for third party originated loans that PMT aggregates and delivers to the Agencies as compared to individual loans delivered by third party mortgage lenders directly to the Agencies' cash windows without the assistance of a loan aggregator. To the extent the Agencies increase the number of purchases and sales directly for their own accounts, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 We are required to have various Agency approvals and state licenses in order to conduct our business and there is no assurance we will be able to obtain or maintain those Agency approvals or state licenses.
 Because we are not a federally chartered depository institution, we do not benefit from exemptions to state mortgage lending, loan servicing or debt collection licensing and regulatory requirements. We are licensed in all state jurisdictions, and for those activities, where we are required to be licensed and believe it is cost effective and appropriate to become licensed. Our failure to maintain any necessary licenses, comply with applicable licensing laws or satisfy the various requirements to maintain them over time could restrict our direct business activities, result in litigation or civil and other monetary penalties, or cause us to default under certain of our lending arrangements, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
 We are also required to hold the Agency approvals in order to sell loans to the Agencies and service such loans on their behalf. Our failure to satisfy the various requirements necessary to maintain such Agency approvals over time would also restrict our business activities and could adversely impact our business. We are subject to periodic examinations by federal, state and Agency auditors and regulators, which can result in increases in our administrative costs, and we may be required to pay substantial penalties imposed by these regulators due to compliance errors, or we may lose our licenses. Negative publicity or fines and penalties incurred in one jurisdiction may cause investigations or other actions by regulators in other jurisdictions and could adversely impact our business.

 Our inability to meet certain net worth and liquidity requirements imposed by the Agencies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operation.
 We are subject to minimum financial eligibility requirements established by the Agencies. For example, o n August 2022, the FHFA and Ginnie Mae announced enhanced minimum net capital and liquidity eligibility requirements for sellers, servicers and issuers. Most of the requirements became effective on or before December 31, 2023. The risk-based capital requirements issued by Ginnie Mae will be effective on December 31, 2024. These eligibility requirements align the minimum financial requirements for mortgage sellers/servicers and MBS issuers to do business with the Agencies. These minimum financial requirements include net worth, capital ratio and/or liquidity criteria in order to set a minimum level of capital needed to adequately absorb potential losses and a minimum amount of liquidity needed to service Agency loans and MBS and cover the associated financial obligations and risks.

 In order to meet these minimum financial requirements, we are required to maintain rather than spend or invest, cash and cash equivalents in amounts that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and this could significantly impede us, as a non-bank mortgage lender, from growing our respective businesses and place us at a competitive disadvantage in relation to federally chartered banks and certain other financial institutions. To the extent that such minimum financial requirements are not met, the Agencies may suspend or terminate Agency approval or certain agreements with us, which could cause

 us to cross default under financing arrangements and/or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 The failure of PennyMac Loan Services, LLC to avail itself of an appropriate exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 could have a material and adverse effect on our business.

 We intend to operate so that we, and each of our subsidiaries, are not required to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended ("Investment Company Act"). We believe that our subsidiary, PLS, qualifies for one or more exemptions provided in the Investment Company Act because of the historical and current composition of its assets and income; however, there can be no assurances that the composition of PLS' assets and income will remain the same over time such that one or more exemptions will continue to be applicable.

 If PLS is required to register as an investment company, we would be required to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things: limitations on capital structure; restrictions on specified investments; prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting and proxy disclosure; and, other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses. Further, if PLS was or is required to register as an investment company, PLS would be in breach of various representations and warranties contained in its credit and other agreements resulting in a default as to certain of our contracts and obligations. This could also subject us to civil or criminal actions or regulatory proceedings, or result in a court appointed receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Related Party Risks

 We rely on PMT as a significant source of financing for, and revenue related to, our mortgage banking business, and the termination of, or material adverse change in, the terms of this relationship, or a material adverse change to PMT or its operations, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 PMT is the counterparty that currently acquires newly originated mortgage loans in connection with our correspondent production activities. A portion of our income is derived from a fulfillment fee earned in connection with PMT's acquisition of conventional loans. We are able to conduct our correspondent production activities without having to incur the significant additional debt financing that would be required for us to purchase those loans from the originating lender. We also purchase all government-insured and some conventional loans from PMT at PMT's cost plus a sourcing fee and fulfill these loans for our own account. We earn interest income and gains or losses during the holding period and upon the sale of these securities, and we retain the MSRs with respect to the loans. If this relationship with PMT is terminated by PMT or PMT reduces the volume of these loans that it acquires for any reason, we would have to acquire these loans from the correspondent sellers for our own account, something that we may be unable to do, or enter into another similar counterparty arrangement with a third party, which we may not be able to enter into on terms that are as favorable to us, or at all.

 The management agreement, the mortgage banking services agreement and certain of the other agreements that we have entered into with PMT contain cross-termination provisions that allow PMT to terminate one or more of those agreements under certain circumstances where another one of such agreements is terminated. Accordingly, the termination of this relationship with PMT, or a material change in the terms thereof that is adverse to us, would likely have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The terms of these agreements extend until June 30, 2025, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, but any of the agreements may be terminated earlier under certain circumstances or otherwise non-renewed. If any agreement is terminated or non-renewed and not replaced by a new agreement, it would materially and adversely affect our ability to continue to execute our business plan.

 We expect that PMT will continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, it is possible that PMT may not meet the requirements for qualification as a REIT. If PMT were to lose its REIT status, corporate-level income taxes, would apply to all of PMT's taxable income at federal and state tax rates. Either of these

 scenarios would potentially impair PMT's financial position and its ability to raise capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 A significant portion of our loan servicing operations are conducted pursuant to subservicing contracts with PMT, and any termination by PMT of these contracts, or a material change in the terms thereof that is adverse to us, would adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 PMT, as the owner of a substantial number of MSRs or mortgage loans that we subservice, may, under certain circumstances, terminate our subservicing contract with or without cause, in some instances with little notice and little to no compensation. Upon any such termination, it would be difficult to replace such a large volume of subservicing in a short period of time, or perhaps at all. Accordingly, we may not generate as much revenue from subservicing for other third parties. If we were to have our subservicing terminated by PMT, or if there was a change in the terms under which we perform subservicing for PMT that was material and adverse to us, this would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 PMT has an exclusive right to acquire conventional conforming loans that are produced through our correspondent production activities, which may limit the revenues that we could otherwise earn in respect of those loans.

 Our mortgage banking services agreement with PMT requires PLS to provide fulfillment services for correspondent production activities exclusively to PMT as long as PMT has the legal and financial capacity to purchase correspondent loans. As a result, the revenue that we earn with respect to these loans will be limited to the fulfillment fees that we earn in connection with the production of these loans, which may be less than the revenues that we might otherwise be able to realize by acquiring these loans ourselves and selling them in the secondary loan market.
 Risks Related to Our Investment Management Segment

 We currently manage assets for a single client, the loss of which would significantly reduce our management and incentive fees and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 Our management and incentive fees result from our management of PMT. The term of the management agreement that we have entered into with PMT, as amended, expires on June 30, 2025, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the agreement. In the event of a termination of one or more related party agreements by PMT in certain circumstances, we may be entitled to a termination fee under our management agreement. However, the termination of such management agreement and the loss of PMT as a client would significantly affect our investment management segment and negatively impact our management fees and incentive fees.

 The historical returns on the assets that we select and manage for PMT, and our resulting management and incentive fees, may not be indicative of future results.

 The historical returns of the assets that we manage should not be considered indicative of the future returns on those assets or future returns on other assets that we may select for investment by PMT. The investment performance that is achieved for the assets that we manage varies over time, and the nature and mix of assets we manage has changed significantly over the past several years. As a result, the change and variance in investment performance can be significant. For example, in fiscal years 2022 and 2023, we did not earn any performance incentive fees due to losses incurred by PMT during the associated performance measurement periods. Accordingly, the management and incentive fees that we have earned in the past based on those returns should not be considered indicative of the management or incentive fees that we may earn in the future from managing those same assets or from managing other assets for PMT.

 Changes in regulations applicable to our investment management segment could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 The legislative and regulatory environment in which we operate is constantly evolving. New laws or regulations, or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations, applicable to us and PMT, may adversely affect our business. Our ability to succeed in this environment will depend on our ability to monitor and comply with regulatory changes. Regulatory changes that will affect other market participants are likely to change the way in which we conduct business with our counterparties. The uncertainty regarding the continued implementation of laws and regulations and their impact on the investment management industry and us cannot be predicted with certainty and will continue to be a risk for our business.

 We may be adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or non-U.S. governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. We also may be adversely affected by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules by these governmental authorities and self-regulatory organizations, as well as by U.S. and non-U.S. courts. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be imposed on us or the markets in which we trade, or whether any of the proposals will become law. Compliance with any new laws or regulations could add to our compliance burden and costs and adversely affect the manner in which we conduct business, as well as our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our failure to comply with the extensive amount of regulation applicable to our investment management segment could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Our investment management segment is subject to extensive regulation in the United States. These regulations are designed primarily to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect investors in any entity that we advise and are not designed to protect our stockholders. Consequently, these regulations may limit our activities. These requirements relate to, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, marketing agreements, conflicts of interest, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, compliance procedures and general anti-fraud prohibitions. We are required to maintain an effective compliance program, and are subject to inspection and examinations by the SEC and state regulators.

 The failure by us or our service providers to comply with applicable laws or regulations, or our failure to design and successfully implement and administer our compliance program, could result in fines, suspensions of individual employees, limitations on engaging in other businesses and other sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Even if an investigation or proceeding did not result in a fine or sanction or the fine or sanction imposed against us or our employees by a regulator were small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity relating to an investigation, proceeding or imposition of these fines or sanctions could harm our reputation.

 We may encounter conflicts of interest in trying to appropriately allocate our time and services between activities for our own account and for PMT, or in trying to appropriately allocate investment opportunities among ourselves and for PMT.

 Pursuant to our management agreement with PMT, we are obligated to provide PMT with the services of our senior management team, and the members of that team are required to devote such time as is necessary and appropriate, commensurate with the level of activity of PMT. The members of our senior management team may have conflicts in allocating their time and services between our operations and the activities of PMT and any other entities or accounts that we may manage in the future.

 In addition, we and the other entities or accounts that we may manage may participate in some of PMT's investment strategies now or in the future and may involve or later result in potential conflicts between our interests and those of PMT or such other entities. Any such perceived or actual conflicts of interest could damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

 HC Partners may be able to significantly influence the outcome of votes of our common stock, or exercise certain other rights pursuant to a stockholder agreement we have entered into with it, and its interests may differ from those of our other public stockholders.

 HC Partners, our largest stockholder, has the right under a stockholder agreement to nominate up to two individuals for election to our board of directors depending on the percentage of the voting power of our outstanding shares common stock that it holds, and we are obligated to use our best efforts to cause the election of those director nominees. In addition, the HC Partners' stockholder agreement requires that we obtain their consent with respect to amendments to our certificate of incorporation or bylaws. As a result, HC Partners may be able to significantly influence our management and affairs. In addition, as a result of the size of its individual equity holding it may be able to significantly influence the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval, including mergers and other material transactions, and may be able to cause or prevent a change in the composition of our board of directors or a change in control of our Company that could deprive our other public stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

 We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and no assurance can be given that we will be able to make dividends to our stockholders in the future at current levels or at all.
 We have not established a minimum dividend payment level, and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders may be materially and adversely affected by the risk factors discussed in our SEC periodic reports. Although we paid, and anticipate continuing to pay, quarterly dividends to our stockholders, our board of directors has the sole discretion to determine the timing, form and amount of any future dividends to our stockholders, and such determination will depend upon, among other factors, our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, capital requirements and other expense obligations, debt covenants, contractual legal, tax, regulatory and other restrictions and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. As a result, no assurance can be given that we will be able to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders in the future or that the level of any future dividends will achieve a market yield or increase or even be maintained over time, any of which could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

 Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law might discourage or delay acquisition attempts for us that other stockholders might consider favorable.

 Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult without the approval of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:

 authorize the issuance of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

 prohibit stockholder action by written consent unless the matter as to which action is being taken has been approved by our board of directors;

 provide that our board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter, or repeal our bylaws (provided that, if that action adversely affects HC Partners when that entity, together with its affiliates, holds at least 5% of the voting power of our outstanding shares of capital stock, our stockholder agreements provide that such action must be approved by that entity);

 establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings; and

 prevent a sale of substantially all of our assets or completion of a merger or other business combination that constitutes a change of control without the approval of a majority of our independent directors.

 These and other provisions under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company or negatively affect the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of and take other corporate actions.

 Our bylaws include an exclusive forum provision that could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a judicial forum viewed by the stockholders as more favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

 Our bylaws provide that the state or federal court located within the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other associates, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the exclusive forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Ownership of Our Common Stock

 The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders.

 The market price and trading volume of our common stock has fluctuated significantly in the past and may be highly volatile in the future and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Further, if the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above your purchase price, if at all. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the market price or trading volume of our common stock include:

 variations in our actual and anticipated financial and operating results and those expected by investors and analysts;

 changes in the manner that investors and securities analysts who provide research to the marketplace on us analyze the value of our common stock and similar companies;

 changes in recommendations or in estimated financial results published by securities analysts who provide research to the marketplace on us, our competitors or our industry;

 litigation and governmental investigations;

 increases in market interest rates that may lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield;

 announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, dispositions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments; and

 general market, political and economic conditions, including any such conditions and local conditions in the markets in which our customers are located.

 These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price and trading volume of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

 The market price of our common stock could be negatively affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common stock into the public trading market.

 We were founded in 2008 by members of our executive leadership team and strategic investors, including HC Partners, our largest stockholder. Sales of substantial numbers of shares of our common stock into the public trading market by HC Partners, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and impede our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional common stock or other equity securities.

 The future issuance of additional common stock in connection with our incentive plans, acquisitions or otherwise will dilute all other stockholdings.

 As of December 31, 2023, we have an aggregate of 4.9 million shares of common stock authorized and remaining available for future issuance under our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. We may issue all of these shares of common stock without any action or approval by our stockholders, subject to certain exceptions. Any common stock issued in connection with our equity incentive plans or future acquisitions would dilute the percentage ownership held by investors who purchase our common stock.

 Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our common stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, convertible debt securities or shares of preferred stock. The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock or both. Upon liquidation, holders of such debt securities and preferred stock, if issued, and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Any issuance of securities in future offerings may reduce the market price of our common stock and dilute existing stockholders' interests in us.
 General Risks

 Our risk management efforts may not be effective.

 We could incur substantial losses and our business operations could be disrupted if we are unable to effectively identify, manage, monitor, and mitigate financial risks, such as credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, climate risk and other market-related risks, as well as operational and legal risks related to our business, assets, and liabilities. We also are subject to various laws, regulations and rules that are not industry specific, including employment laws related to employee hiring and termination practices, health and safety laws, environmental laws and other federal, state and local laws, regulations and rules in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our risk management policies, procedures, and techniques may not be sufficient to identify all of the risks to which we are exposed, mitigate the risks we have identified, or identify additional risks to which we may become subject in the future. Our risk management framework is designed to identify, monitor and mitigate risks that could have a negative impact on our financial condition or reputation. This framework includes divisions or groups dedicated to enterprise risk management, credit risk, climate risk, corporate sustainability, information security, disaster recovery and other information technology-related risks, business continuity, legal and compliance, compensation structures and other human resources matters, vendor management and internal audit, among others. Expansion of our business activities may also result in our being exposed to risks to which we have not previously been exposed or may increase our exposure to certain types of risks, and we may not effectively identify, manage, monitor, and mitigate these risks as our business activities change or increase.

 Initiating new business activities, developing new products or significantly expanding existing business activities may expose us to new risks and increase our cost of doing business.

 Initiating new business activities, developing new products, or significantly expanding existing business activities, such as our closed-end second lien mortgage loan product, may expose us to new risks and regulatory compliance requirements. For example, our closed-end second lien mortgage loans may result in a higher risk of loss than other loans since our second lien is subordinated to more senior secured loan claims. A closed-end second lien mortgage loan is offered to certain borrowers secured by a second lien on the mortgaged property subordinated to the rights of the first lien mortgage holder as well as other potential senior liens (such as mechanics liens, tax liens, HOA liens, municipal liens and other similar liens and assessments). Due to the priority of the more senior secured claims, the second lien holder may not be able to control the timing, method or procedure of any foreclosure action relating to the closed-end second mortgage loan. In addition, information about the other secured borrowers on the closed-end second mortgage loan may be inaccurate, unavailable or incomplete. Furthermore, any foreclosure or similar proceeds will only be available to satisfy the outstanding balance of a second lien mortgage loan to the extent that the claim of the holders of the first lien and other senior liens have been satisfied in full, including any foreclosure costs.

 We cannot be certain that we will be able to manage these risks and compliance requirements effectively. Furthermore, our efforts may not succeed, and any revenues we earn from any new or expanded business initiative may not be sufficient to offset the initial and ongoing costs of that initiative, which would result in a loss with respect to that initiative.

 We could be harmed by misconduct or fraud that is difficult to detect.

 We are exposed to risks relating to misconduct by our employees, contractors we use, or other third parties with whom we have relationships. For example, our employees could execute unauthorized transactions, use our assets improperly or without authorization, perform improper activities, use confidential information for improper purposes, or misrecord or otherwise try to hide improper activities from us. This type of misconduct could also relate to assets we manage for others through our investment advisory subsidiary, and can be difficult to detect. If not prevented or detected, misconduct by employees, contractors, or others could result in losses, claims or enforcement actions against us, or could seriously harm our reputation. Our controls may not be effective in detecting this type of activity.

 If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately determine our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial results, which could harm our business and the market value of our common stock.

 Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes- Oxley Act") requires that we evaluate and report on our internal control over financial reporting. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining adequate control over our financial reporting and financial processes. Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires our auditors to formally attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

 If we cannot maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, or our independent registered public accounting firm cannot provide an unqualified attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investor confidence and, in turn, the market price of our common stock could decrease. If we or our independent auditors discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could result in an event of default under one or more of our lending arrangements and/or reduce the market value of shares of our common stock. Additionally, the existence of any material weakness or significant deficiency could require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weakness or significant deficiency, and management may not be able to remediate any such material weakness or significant deficiency in a timely manner, or at all. Accordingly, our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in misstatements of our financial results or restatements of our financial statements or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We operate in a highly competitive market and decreased margins resulting from increased competition or our inability to compete successfully could adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 We operate in a highly competitive industry that could become even more competitive as a result of economic, legislative, regulatory and technological changes. With respect to mortgage loan production, we face competition in such areas as mortgage loan offerings, rates, fees and customer service. With respect to servicing, we face competition in areas such as fees, cost to service and service levels, including our performance in reducing delinquencies and entering into successful modifications.

 Financial institutions and non-bank mortgage lenders and servicers are increasingly competitive in the origination or acquisition of newly originated mortgage loans and the servicing of mortgage loans. Many of these institutions have significantly greater resources and access to capital and financing arrangements than we do, which may give them the benefit of a lower cost of funds. Additionally, our existing and potential competitors may decide to modify their business models to compete more directly with our loan production and servicing models.

 As new and established competitors compete for market share, our mortgage banking businesses may generate lower volumes and/or profit margins. If our loan production volumes and profit margins significantly decrease, then our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 Our future success depends on our ability to continue to hire, integrate, develop and retain highly qualified personnel. Any talent acquisition and retention challenges could reduce our operating efficiency, increase our costs of operations and harm our overall financial condition. We could face these additional challenges if competition for qualified personnel intensifies or the pool of qualified candidates becomes more limited. Additionally, we invest heavily in training our personnel, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to take advantage of future business opportunities and this could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services as quickly as competitors or be successful in marketing these products and services to our clients. In addition, technological advances and heightened e-commerce activities have increased consumers' access to products and services. This has intensified competition among banks and non-banks in offering and servicing mortgage loans. To the extent we are unable to keep pace with technological advances, we may be unable to compete successfully in our mortgage banking businesses and this could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Program

 Our cybersecurity and related controls, policies and procedures ("Cybersecurity Program") are critical business functions protecting our enterprise information systems, data and business operations from external and internal threats. The Cybersecurity Program prioritizes detection, analysis, response and prevention to known, anticipated or unexpected cybersecurity threats, with regular internal and third-party assessments and enterprise risk management governance reviews. The Cybersecurity Program is informed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology's ("NIST") cybersecurity framework standard and is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management framework, along with our compliance requirements under federal and state cybersecurity and related regulations.

 We have not identified any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Our Risk Factors include further detail about our material cybersecurity risks.

 Our Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") each have over 24 years of information system experience and are primarily responsible for implementing the Cybersecurity Program and managing our information security personnel and consultants. The CIO has served in a variety of information technology leadership positions in the finance industry and holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering. The CISO served in a variety of cybersecurity operations, cybersecurity architecture, and critical infrastructure cybersecurity enhancement programs in the finance industry, the utility industry and in government and holds a B.S.in Management Information Systems and Decision Sciences.

 The Cybersecurity Program, which is integrated into our enterprise risk management framework, assesses, identifies and protects our enterprise information systems, data and business operations from various security threats and contains the following elements:

 Information Security Risk Assessment - Conducting internal and external risk and control assessment, quality control and assurance testing.

 Identity and Access Management - Managing enterprise identity and access control systems.

 Security Architecture - Managing security architecture, including secure code deployment standards, architecture security reviews, and cybersecurity advisory support.

 Security Engineering - Designing, implementing and operating security technologies, including but not limited to malware protections, security event and incident management, data loss prevention, and phishing defenses.

 Security Operations - Ensuring continuous operational coverage of security events and alerts, maintaining and executing processes for triage, containment, investigation and escalation/communication and threat intelligence.

 Attack Surface Management - Managing vulnerability and patch management, network penetration testing, application security testing and exercises, including cyber-attack simulations and tabletop exercises with senior management to detect control gaps.

 Third-Party Assessments - Coordinating, reviewing and analyzing third-party providers' assessments of the Cybersecurity Program. Internal Audit may also perform a periodic cybersecurity program audit that may be supported by external consulting firms.

 Third-Party Service Provider Reviews – Identifying and reviewing material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with certain third-party service providers.

 Cybersecurity Monitoring and Incident Reporting

 We continuously monitor our enterprise information systems and user activity to detect anomalous activity and identify potential security related incidents. Our cybersecurity monitoring and incident reporting program is informed by NIST guidelines and is internally and externally monitored. When a potential cybersecurity incident is detected, we gather the necessary information to classify the incident by type and severity and activate containment plans and response teams depending on the nature of the incident. Cybersecurity incidents that may impact enterprise business operations, compromise critical systems or result in unauthorized access to critical data will be escalated to the CISO and an internal incident response team comprised of senior IT, business operations and compliance personnel to coordinate any internal and external responses. The CISO and the internal incident team will also elevate any material cybersecurity incidents or unauthorized occurrences that jeopardize the confidentiality, integrity or availability of enterprise information to senior management and the board of directors.

 Enterprise Risk Management Framework and Governance

 The Cybersecurity Program is integrated with our enterprise risk management framework and is primarily managed by the CIO, the CISO, and other information security personnel and consultants, and is overseen by risk management, internal audit, senior management and the board of directors to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the Company's enterprise information systems, data and business operations. The Cybersecurity Program utilizes specialized third-party cybersecurity service providers to periodically perform penetration testing across certain internet-facing and business critical applications as well as external and internal network penetration tests.

 Our Enterprise Risk Management unit separately provides independent oversight and monitoring of the Cybersecurity Program through periodic quality control testing and regulatory compliance verification of the Cybersecurity Program's controls. Our Internal Audit unit is an independent corporate function reporting to the board of directors' Audit Committee that also reviews the effectiveness of the Cybersecurity Program and whether it is effectively integrated into our overall enterprise risk management framework. Additionally, our Enterprise Risk Management and Internal Audit units may from time to time separately engage consulting services to perform independent cybersecurity controls audits and provide expert guidance.

 Board of Directors Oversight

 The board of directors oversees our cybersecurity risks by periodically evaluating cybersecurity reports from senior management, including the CIO and CISO, as well as reports from the board committees and third-party consultants. The Risk Committee oversees our enterprise risk management framework including risks associated with data security, cybersecurity, IT infrastructure, and data privacy. The Audit Committee oversees the internal and external auditors' review of our cybersecurity risks.

 Management Oversight

 Senior management's Technology Committee, includes the CIO, the CISO and other senior executives who oversee the Company's enterprise IT infrastructure and ensures that our enterprise information systems are protected from internal and external cybersecurity threats by monitoring cybersecurity controls, risk assessments and information system reports. The Technology Committee, the CIO and the CISO periodically provide cybersecurity reports about our Cybersecurity Program to senior management's Executive Committee and the board of directors and its Risk Committee.

 Item 2. Properties

 As of December 31, 2023, we have approximately 15 leased facilities in various locations throughout the United States. Our principal executive offices are located at 3043 & 3059 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village, California 91361 and total approximately 66,000 of leased square feet. Our business segment operations and support offices are primarily in the following locations in the United States:

 Our servicing segment is primarily located in California, Texas and Nevada.

 Our production segment is primarily located in California, Texas, Florida, Arizona, Missouri and North Carolina. We maintain loan production centers in California, Tennessee, Minnesota and Hawaii.

 Our investment management segment and corporate operations are primarily located in California.

 We believe that our current facilities are sufficient for the operation of our business. We periodically review our space requirements and we look to expand into new facilities if necessary or consolidate and exit facilities we no longer need, as and when appropriate.

 The financial commitments of our leases are disclosed in Note 12— Leases to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 From time to time, we may be involved in various legal and regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The amount, if any, of ultimate liability with respect to such matters cannot be determined, but despite the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we currently believe that the ultimate disposition of any such pending proceedings and exposure will not have, individually or taken together, a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note 18 — Commitments and Contingencies, to the financial statements contained in this Report for a discussion of legal proceedings that are incorporated by reference into this Item 3.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Our shares of common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Symbol: PFSI). As of February 16, 2024, our shares of common stock were held by 23 holders of record.

 Our dividend level is reviewed each quarter and determined based on a number of factors, including, among other things, our earnings, our financial condition, growth outlook, the capital required to support ongoing growth opportunities and compliance with other internal and external requirements. Payments of dividends are subject to approval by our board of directors. Our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected for the reasons described in Item 1A of this Report in the section entitled Risk Factors.

 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

 There were no sales of unregistered equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Stock Repurchase Program

 Total number
of shares
purchased

 Average price
paid per share

 Total number of
shares purchased
as part of publicly
 announced plans
or program (1)

 Approximate dollar
value of shares that
may yet be
purchased under
 the plans
or program (1)

 October 1, 2023 – October 31, 2023

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 212,338,815

 November 1, 2023 – November 30, 2023

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 212,338,815

 December 1, 2023 – December 31, 2023

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 212,338,815

 Total

 —

 $

 —

 —

 $

 212,338,815

 (1)
 In August 2021, our board of directors approved an increase to our common stock repurchase program from $1 billion to $2 billion. The stock repurchase program does not require us to purchase a specific number of shares, and the timing and amount of any shares repurchased are based on market conditions and other factors, including price, regulatory requirements and capital availability. Stock repurchases may be effected through negotiated transactions or open market purchases, including pursuant to a trading plan implemented pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act. The stock repurchase program does not have an expiration date but may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. We did not repurchase our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 6. Reserved

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Report. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that could impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled "Risk Factors" included elsewhere in this Report. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends.

 Critical Accounting Policies

 Preparation of financial statements in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires us to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Certain of these estimates significantly influence the portrayal of our financial condition and results, and they require us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Our critical accounting policies primarily relate to our fair value estimates.

 Fair Value

 We group assets measured at or based on fair value in three levels based on the markets in which the assets are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are:

 Percentage of

 Level/Description

 Carrying value of
assets

 Total stockholders' equity

 1:

 Prices determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

 $

 88,608

 0%

 3%

 2:

 Prices determined using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us.

 3,953,674

 21%

 112%

 3:

 Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs reflect our judgements about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances.

 7,683,207

 41%

 217%

 Total assets measured at or based on fair value (1)

 $

 11,725,489

 62%

 331%

 $

 Total stockholders' equity

 $

 (1)
 Includes assets measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis based on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset and whether we have elected to carry the asset at its fair value.

 At December 31, 2023, $11.7 billion or 62% of our total assets were carried at fair value on a recurring basis and $15.0 million (real estate acquired in settlement of loans ("REO")), were carried based on fair value on a non-recurring basis when fair value indicates evidence of impairment of individual properties.

 Changes in fair value of our holdings of assets carried at fair value have significant effects on our financial position and results of operations. As summarized above, changes in fair values of "Level 1" and "Level 2" fair value assets are determinable with reference to direct quotes in active markets on the measurement date in the case of "Level 1" fair value assets, or reference to publicly available pricing inputs (such as reference interest rates and credit spreads and prices of similar assets) in the case of "Level 2" fair value assets.

 $7.7 billion or 41% of our total assets are measured using "Level 3" fair value inputs – significant inputs where there is difficulty observing the inputs used by market participants to establish fair value. Different approaches to valuing those assets or changes in inputs to measurement of these assets can have a significant effect on the amounts reported for these items including their reported balances and their effects on our income.

 During the three years ended December 31, 2023, we recognized significant changes in the fair value of our holdings of "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities as shown below:

 Interest

 Loans held

 Excess

 Year ended

 rate lock

 for sale at

 Pre-tax

 commitments

 fair value

 rights (1)

 spread financing

 liabilities (1)

 Total

 Income

 (positive (negative) effects on net revenues in thousands)

 2023

 $

 130,424

 68,773

 56,757

 —

 $

 256,004

 $

 2022

 $

 (624,905)

 (66,639)

 877,324

 —

 $

 186,127

 $

 2021

 $

 489,547

 285,501

 (136,350)

 (1,037)

 68,020

 $

 705,681

 $

 (1)
 Excludes changes in fair value attributable to realization of cash flows.

 The changes above primarily reflect changes attributable to our observations of changes in the markets for those assets and liabilities as opposed to changes in accounting policies or approaches to the valuation of those instruments.

 As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting our "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities, we are required to make judgments regarding these items' fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported.

 Because the fair value of "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities are difficult to estimate, our valuation process includes performance of these items' fair value estimation by specialized staff with significant senior management oversight. We have assigned the responsibility for estimating the fair values of non-interest rate lock commitment ("IRLC") "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities to our capital markets valuation staff, which is responsible for valuing and monitoring these items and maintenance of our valuation policies and procedures for non- IRLC assets and liabilities. The capital markets valuation staff submits the results of its valuations to our senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. Our senior management valuation committee includes the Company's chief financial, risk, and capital markets officers as well as other senior members of the Company's finance, capital markets and risk management staff.

 The fair value of our IRLCs is developed by our capital markets risk management staff and is reviewed by our capital markets operations group.

 Following is a discussion of our approach to measuring the balance sheet items that are most affected by "Level 3" fair value estimates.

 Interest Rate Lock Commitments

 Our net gains on loans held for sale include our estimates of the gains or losses we expect to realize upon the sale of loans we have contractually committed to fund or purchase but have not yet funded, purchased or sold. We recognize a substantial portion of our net gains on loans held for sale at fair value before we fund or purchase the loans as the result of these commitments. We call these commitments IRLCs. We recognize the fair value of IRLCs at the time we make the commitment to the correspondent seller, broker or loan applicant and adjust the fair value of such IRLCs as the loan approaches the point of funding or purchase or the prospective transaction is canceled.

 We carry IRLCs as either Derivative assets or Derivative liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of an IRLC is transferred to Loans held for sale at fair value when the loan is funded or purchased.

 An active, observable market for IRLCs does not exist. Therefore, we measure the fair value of IRLCs using methods we believe that market participants use in pricing IRLCs. We estimate the fair value of IRLCs based on observable Agency MBS prices, our estimates of the fair value of the MSRs we expect to receive in the sale of the loans and the probability that we will fund or purchase the loans (the "pull-through rate").

 Pull-through rates and MSR fair values are based on our estimates as these inputs are difficult to observe in the marketplace. Market interest rates and our estimate of the probability that a loan will be funded are updated as the loans move through the funding or purchase process and as market interest rates change and these updates may result in significant changes in our estimates of the fair value of the IRLCs. Such changes are reflected in the change in fair value of IRLCs which is a component of our Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the period of the change. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated. Increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value but increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component, which decreases in fair value.

 A shift in our assessment of an input to the valuation of IRLCs can have a significant effect on the amount of Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value for the period. We believe that the most significant "Level 3" fair value input to the measurement of IRLCs is the pull-through rate. At December 31, 2023, we held $89.6 million of net IRLC assets at fair value. Following is a quantitative summary of the effect of changes in the pull-through rate input on the fair value of IRLCs at December 31, 2023:

 Change in input (1)

 Effect on fair value of IRLC of a change in pull-through rate (2)

 (20)

 %

 $

 (21,086)

 (10)

 %

 $

 (10,540)

 (5)

 %

 $

 (5,266)

 %

 $

 3,822

 %

 $

 7,162

 %

 $

 13,541

 (1)
 The upward shift in input amount on a per-loan basis is limited to the amount of shift required to reach a 100% pull-through rate.

 (2)
 This analysis holds constant all of the other inputs to show an estimate of the effect on fair value of a change in the pull-through rate. We expect that in a market shock event, multiple inputs would be affected and the effects of these changes may compound or counteract each other. Therefore this analysis is not a projection of the effects of a shock event or a change in our estimate of an input and should not be relied upon as an earnings projection.

 Loans Held for Sale

 We carry loans at their fair values. We recognize changes in the fair value of loans in current period income as a component of Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value. How we estimate the fair value of loans is based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets with observable fair value inputs.

 We categorize loans that are saleable into active markets as "Level 2" fair value assets. We estimate the fair value of such loans using their quoted market price or market price equivalent. At December 31, 2023, we held $3.9 billion of such loans.

 We categorize loans that are not saleable into active markets as "Level 3" fair value assets. "Level 3" fair value loans arise primarily from the following sources:

 -
 We may purchase certain delinquent government guaranteed or insured loans from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations included in our loan servicing portfolio. Our right to purchase such loans arises as the result of the loan being at least three months delinquent when we buy the loan. Our ability to purchase delinquent loans provides us with an alternative to our obligation to continue advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. Such repurchased loans are referred to as early buyout ("EBO") loans and may be resold to investors and thereafter may be repurchased to the extent eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae guaranteed security. Such eligibility occurs when a repurchased loan either becomes current through completion of a modification of its terms or otherwise after three months of timely payments and when the issuance date of the new security into which the loan is placed is at least 120 days after the date the loan was last delinquent. At December 31, 2023, we held $146.6 million at fair value of such loans.

 -
 Certain of our loans may become non-saleable into active markets due to our identification of one or more defects or we may repurchase defective loans subject to representations and warranties. At December 31 2023, we held $10.0 million at fair value of such loans.

 -
 The closed-end second lien mortgage loans we produce do not have an active market with observable inputs that are significant to the estimation of their fair value. At December 31, 2023, we held $322.0 million at fair value of such loans.

 We use a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of "Level 3" fair value loans. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our "Level 3" fair value loans held for sale are discount rates, home price projections and prepayment speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans' fair value measurements.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

 MSRs and MSLs represent the fair value assigned to contracts that obligate us to service the mortgage loans on behalf of the owners of the mortgage loans in exchange for servicing fees and the right to collect certain ancillary income from the borrower. We recognize MSRs and MSLs at our estimate of the fair value of the contract to service the loans.
 We include changes in fair value of MSRs and MSLs in current period income as a component of Net loan servicing fees — Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities. Both our estimate of the change in fair value attributable to realization of cash flows and of other changes in fair value are affected by changes in fair value inputs. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a $605.6 million net decrease in fair value of MSRs and MSLs: $662.4 million of decrease due to realization of cash flows underlying the fair value of MSRs, partially offset by $56.8 million of increase due to changes in fair value inputs.

 We estimate fair value of MSRs and MSLs using a discounted cash flow approach. We believe the most significant "Level 3" fair value inputs to the valuation of MSRs and MSLs are the pricing spread (discount rates), prepayment speed and annual per-loan cost of servicing.

 A shift in the market for MSRs and MSLs or a change in our assessment of an input to the valuation of MSRs and MSLs can have a significant effect on their fair value and in our income for the period. The net fair value of MSRs and MSLs that we held at December 31, 2023 was $7.1 billion.

 Following is a summary of the effect on fair value of MSRs of various changes to these key inputs at December 31, 2023:

 Effect on fair value of MSRs and MSLs of a change in input value (1)

 Change in input

 Pricing spread

 Prepayment speed

 Servicing cost

 (20)

 %

 $

 404,028

 $

 474,636

 $

 178,289

 (10)

 %

 $

 196,450

 $

 228,063

 $

 89,145

 (5)

 %

 $

 96,886

 $

 111,857

 $

 44,572

 %

 $

 (94,307)

 $

 (107,757)

 $

 (44,572)

 %

 $

 (186,129)

 $

 (211,643)

 $

 (89,145)

 %

 $

 (362,671)

 $

 (408,638)

 $

 (178,289)

 (1)
 This analysis holds constant all of the inputs other than the input that is being changed in order to show an estimate of the effect on fair value of a change in a specific input. We expect that in a market shock event, multiple inputs would be affected and the effects of these changes may compound or counteract each other. Therefore these analyses are not projections of the effects of a shock event or a change in our estimate of an input and should not be relied upon as earnings projections.

 Accounting Developments

 Refer to Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements to our
 consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting developments and the expected effect on the Company.

 Business Trends

 Due to significant inflationary pressures, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised the federal funds rates during the first three quarters of 2023, as well as reduced its overall holdings of Treasury securities and MBS. Higher interest rates are expected to contribute to reducing the size of the mortgage origination market from approximately $2.3 trillion in 2022 to an estimated $1.4 trillion in 2023. The mortgage market is expected to grow to approximately $2.0 trillion in 2024 according to mortgage industry economists, with an expectation that interest rates and mortgage rates will decline during the year.

 Lower mortgage transaction volumes and higher interest rates decreased our mortgage production activities, reduced gains from the redelivery of loans bought out from Ginnie Mae securities, increased competition and lowered profit margins in our production business in 2023 as compared to the prior year. However, increased regulatory scrutiny and higher potential capital requirements on the banking sector have caused certain banks to reduce their footprint in mortgage products and business lines, leading to reduced competition in some channels. Higher interest rates also increased the costs of floating rate borrowings, increased interest income from placement fees we receive relating to custodial funds that we manage on deposits and loans held for sale and reduced prepayment speeds in our mortgage servicing portfolio in 2023 as compared to the prior year. Due to the significant contraction in the mortgage market during the year, we maintained a lower level of operating expenses than we had in prior years when then mortgage market was larger. If interest rates decrease and mortgage volumes increase in 2024 as industry economists project, certain of the trends observed in our business in 2023 may begin to soften or reverse.

 Results of Operations

 Our results of operations are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (dollars in thousands except per share amounts)

 Revenues:

 Loan production revenues

 $

 719,887

 $

 1,029,483

 $

 3,027,482

 Net interest expense

 (4,853)

 (41,365)

 (90,530)

 Management fees from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 Other

 15,260

 15,243

 9,654

 Total net revenues

 1,401,656

 1,985,755

 3,167,361

 Expenses:

 Compensation

 576,964

 735,231

 999,802

 Legal settlements

 162,770

 4,649

 (4)

 Technology

 143,152

 139,950

 141,426

 Loan origination

 114,500

 173,622

 330,788

 69,433

 59,628

 109,835

 Other

 151,206

 207,428

 226,331

 Total expenses

 1,218,025

 1,320,508

 1,808,178

 38,975

 189,740

 355,693

 $

 $

 $

 Earnings per share

 Basic

 $

 2.89

 $

 8.96

 $

 15.73

 Diluted

 $

 2.74

 $

 8.50

 $

 14.87

 Return on average stockholders' equity

 4.1%

 13.8%

 28.9%

 Dividends declared per share

 $

 0.80

 $

 0.80

 $

 0.80

 Income before provision for income taxes by segment:

 Mortgage banking:

 $

 69,325

 $

 48,480

 $

 1,044,411

 109,669

 613,626

 306,678

 Total mortgage banking

 178,994

 662,106

 1,351,089

 Investment management

 4,637

 3,141

 8,094

 $

 $

 $

 Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization
("Adjusted EBITDA") (1)

 $

 701,162

 $

 591,055

 $

 2,040,581

 During the year:

 Interest rate lock commitments issued

 $

 92,766,499

 $

 80,143,406

 $

 141,433,359

 Common stock closing per share prices:

 High

 $

 92.93

 $

 70.10

 $

 70.57

 Low

 $

 55.82

 $

 39.73

 $

 56.53

 At end of year

 $

 88.37

 $

 56.66

 $

 70.57

 At end of year:

 Interest rate lock commitments outstanding

 $

 6,349,628

 $

 7,009,119

 $

 14,111,795

 Unpaid principal balance of loan servicing portfolio:

 Owned:

 Mortgage servicing rights and liabilities

 $

 $

 $

 278,385,373

 9,430,766

 374,563,700

 318,099,010

 287,816,139

 Subserviced for PMT

 221,892,142

 $

 $

 $

 509,708,281

 Net assets of PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 1,957,090

 $

 1,962,815

 $

 2,367,518

 Book value per share

 $

 70.52

 $

 69.44

 $

 60.11

 (1)
 To provide investors with information in addition to our results as determined by GAAP, we disclose Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP measure. Adjusted EBITDA is a measure that is frequently used in our industry to measure performance and we believe that this measure provides supplemental information that is useful to investors. Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income, or any other performance measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

 We define "Adjusted EBITDA" as net income plus provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, excluding decrease (increase) in fair value of MSRs net of MSLs, due to changes in the valuation inputs we use in our valuation models, increase (decrease) in fair value of excess servicing spread ("ESS") payable to PMT, hedging losses (gains) associated with MSRs, stock-based compensation and interest expense on corporate debt or corporate revolving credit facilities and capital lease and non-recurring items such as significant awards of damages against us due to litigation.

 We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because each measure assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. However, other companies may define Adjusted EBITDA differently, and as a result, our measures of Adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to those of other companies.

 Adjusted EBITDA measures have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

 they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

 they do not reflect the significant interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payment on our debt; and

 they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

 Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA measures are not intended as alternatives to net income as an indicator of our operating performance and should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations.

 The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to our net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, for each of the years indicated:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 $

 $

 38,975

 189,740

 355,693

 Depreciation and amortization

 53,214

 34,409

 28,645

 Decrease (increase) in fair value of MSRs net of MSLs due to changes in valuation inputs used in valuation models

 (56,807)

 (877,671)

 68,330

 Increase in fair value of ESS payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 —

 1,037

 Hedging losses associated with MSRs

 236,778

 631,484

 475,215

 Stock based compensation

 27,582

 42,552

 37,794

 Effect of fourth quarter arbitration accrual

 158,368

 —

 —

 Interest expense on corporate debt or corporate revolving credit facilities and capital lease

 98,396

 95,034

 70,377

 Adjusted EBITDA

 $

 701,162

 $

 591,055

 $

 2,040,581

 Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Income Before Provisions for Income Taxes

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded income before provision for income taxes of $183.6 million, a decrease of $481.6 million or 72% from 2022. The decrease was due to a $309.6 million decrease in production revenues (net gains on sales of loans, loan origination fees and fulfillment fees) primarily due to lower production volume and a shift in the mix of production to lower margin channels and a $308.7 million decrease in Net loan servicing fees reflecting decreased valuation of our MSRs, net of hedging results, partially offset by a $102.5 million decrease in total expenses. The decrease in the total expense was primarily due to a $246.5 million reduction in compensation, loan origination and marketing and advertising expenses, partially offset by a $158.1 million increase in legal settlements. The increase in legal settlements expense reflects an arbitrator's finding in a claim made against us by Black Knight Servicing Technologies, LLC. This claim, which is discussed in detail in Note 18– Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included in this Report, resulted in a charge to our results of operations of $115.8 million net of income taxes or a reduction to earnings per diluted share of common stock of $2.20.

 In the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded income before provision for income taxes of $665.2 million, a decrease of $693.9 million or 51% from 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a $2.0 billion decrease in production revenues primarily due to lower production volume and gain on sale margins across all channels, partially offset by a $768.4 million increase in Net loan servicing fees reflecting improved valuation results in our MSRs, net of hedging results, and a $487.7 million decrease in total expenses, primarily due to reductions in compensation, loan origination and servicing expenses.

 In our production segment, revenues reflect the effects of increasing interest rates on both demand for mortgage loans and gain on sale margins during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, compared to the strong demand due to the historically low interest rate environment that prevailed during 2021.

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value totaling $545.9 million, as compared to $791.6 million and $2.5 billion in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to lower gains from production due to decreased production volumes and gain on sale margins and lower EBO loan redelivery gains due to reduced reperformance and modifications and diminished redelivery margins in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 and 2021.

 Our net gains on loans held for sale are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 From non - affiliates:

 Cash (losses) gains:

 Loans

 $

 (1,337,613)

 $

 (2,128,195)

 $

 600,840

 Hedging activities

 (99,515)

 1,347,843

 443,341

 Total cash (losses) gains

 (1,437,128)

 (780,352)

 1,044,181

 Non-cash gains (losses):

 Changes in fair values of loans and derivative financial instruments outstanding at end of year:

 63,749

 (296,349)

 (354,833)

 Loans

 (71,425)

 188,849

 210,961

 Hedging derivatives

 146,456

 (20,879)

 (124,200)

 138,780

 (128,379)

 (268,072)

 Mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales

 1,755,318

 Provisions for losses relating to representations and warranties:

 Pursuant to loan sales

 (12,997)

 (9,617)

 (31,590)

 Reductions in liability due to changes in estimate

 9,115

 8,451

 16,037

 Total non-cash gains

 1,984,855

 1,588,549

 1,471,693

 Total gains on sale from non-affiliates

 547,727

 808,197

 2,515,874

 From PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust (primarily cash)

 (1,784)

 (16,564)

 (51,473)

 $

 $

 $

 During the year:

 Interest rate lock commitments issued:

 By loan type:

 Government-insured or guaranteed loans

 $

 50,202,197

 $

 57,882,469

 $

 95,070,027

 Conventional conforming loans

 41,388,408

 22,060,564

 46,363,332

 Jumbo loans

 154,899

 98,158

 —

 Closed-end second lien mortgage loans

 1,020,995

 102,215

 —

 $

 92,766,499

 $

 80,143,406

 $

 141,433,359

 By production channel:

 Consumer direct

 $

 7,667,490

 $

 18,925,722

 $

 58,018,371

 Broker direct

 11,149,351

 9,625,043

 18,920,730

 Correspondent

 73,949,658

 51,592,641

 64,494,258

 $

 92,766,499

 $

 80,143,406

 $

 141,433,359

 At end of year:

 $

 $

 $

 9,742,483

 Commitments to fund and purchase loans

 $

 6,349,628

 $

 7,009,119

 $

 14,111,795

 Non-Cash Elements of Gain on Sale of Loans Held for Sale

 Our gains on loans held for sale include both cash and non-cash elements. We recognize a significant portion of our gains on loans held for sale when we make commitments to purchase or fund mortgage loans. We recognize this gain in the form of IRLCs. We adjust our initial gain estimate as the loan purchase or origination process progresses until the loan is either funded or cancelled. We also receive non-cash proceeds on sale that include our estimate of the fair value of MSRs and we incur liabilities for MSLs (which represent the fair value of the costs we expect to incur in excess of the fees we receive to service the EBO loans we have resold) and for the fair value of our estimate of the losses we expect to incur relating to the representations and warranties we provide in our loan sale transactions.

 The MSRs, MSLs, and liability for representations and warranties we recognize represent our estimate of the fair value of future benefits and costs we will realize for years in the future. These estimates represented approximately 338% of our gain on sale of loans at fair value for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 217% and 71% in 2022 and 2021, respectively. These estimates change as circumstances change and changes in these estimates are recognized in income in subsequent periods.

 Interest Rate Lock Commitments, Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

 The methods and key inputs we use to measure and update our measurements of IRLCs, MSRs and MSLs is detailed in Note 6 – Fair value – Valuation Techniques and Inputs to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

 Representations and Warranties – Loan Repurchases

 Our agreements with the purchasers and insurers include representations and warranties related to the loans we sell. The representations and warranties require adherence to purchaser and insurer origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local law.

 In the event of a breach of our representations and warranties, we may be required to either repurchase the loans with the identified defects or indemnify the purchaser or insurer. In such cases, we bear any subsequent credit loss on the loans. Our credit loss may be reduced by any recourse we have to correspondent originators that sold such loans to us and breached similar or other representations and warranties. In such event, we have the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that correspondent seller.

 Our representations and warranties are generally not subject to stated limits of exposure. However, we believe that the current UPB of loans sold by us and subject to representation and warranty liability to date represents the maximum exposure to repurchases related to representations and warranties.

 The level of the liability for losses under representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable judgment. The level of loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, purchaser or insurer loss mitigation strategies, and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans. Our estimate of the liability for representations and warranties is developed by our credit administration staff and approved by our senior management credit committee which includes our senior executives and senior management in our loan production, loan servicing and credit risk management areas.

 The method used to estimate our losses on representations and warranties is a function of our estimate of future defaults, loan repurchase rates, the severity of loss in the event of default, if applicable, and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. We establish a liability at the time loans are sold and periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded liability.

 In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 we recorded provisions for losses under representations and warranties relating to current loan sales as a component of Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value totaling $13.0 million, $9.6 million, and $31.6 million, respectively. The increase in the provision relating to current loan sales in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in loans sold and a change in the mix between government guaranteed or insured loans and conventional loans during 2023. The decrease in provision relating to current loan sales from the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects the decrease in our loan production in 2022.

 We also recorded reductions in the liability relating to previously sold loans of $9.1 million, $8.5 million, and $16.0 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The reductions in the liability relating to previously sold loans resulted from those loans meeting performance criteria established by the Agencies which significantly limits the likelihood of certain repurchase or indemnification claims.

 Following is a summary of mortgage loan repurchase activity and the unpaid balance of mortgage loans subject to representations and warranties:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 During the year:

 Indemnification activity:

 Loans indemnified at beginning of year

 $

 35,961

 $

 15,079

 $

 13,788

 New indemnifications

 43,469

 24,016

 9,544

 Less indemnified loans sold, repaid or refinanced

 3,706

 3,134

 8,253

 Loans indemnified at end of year

 $

 75,724

 $

 35,961

 $

 15,079

 Repurchase activity:

 Total loans repurchased

 $

 50,327

 $

 93,011

 $

 99,496

 Less:

 Loans repurchased by correspondent lenders

 23,327

 32,660

 37,280

 Loans repaid by borrowers or resold

 72,511

 54,044

 25,223

 Net loans (resolved) repurchased with losses chargeable to liability for representations and warranties

 $

 (45,511)

 $

 6,307

 $

 36,993

 Losses charged to liability for representations and warranties

 $

 5,515

 $

 12,266

 $

 4,720

 At end of year:

 Unpaid principal balance of loans subject to representations and warranties

 $

 354,423,684

 $

 296,774,121

 $

 257,369,777

 Liability for representations and warranties

 $

 30,788

 $

 32,421

 $

 43,521

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased loans with unpaid principal balances totaling $50.3 million and charged $5.5 million in net incurred losses relating to repurchases against our liability for representations and warranties. Our losses arising from representations and warranties have historically been reduced by our ability to either recover most of the losses from our correspondent sellers or from our ability to profitably refinance and resell repurchased loans.

 If the outstanding balance of loans we purchase and sell subject to representations and warranties increases, the loans sold continue to season, economic conditions change, correspondent lenders become unwilling or unable to repurchase defective loans, or investor and insurer loss mitigation strategies are adjusted, the level of repurchase and loss activity may increase. Furthermore, as expected economic conditions, such as interest rates, home values and borrower default rates change, our realized loss rates may increase. Such increases may require us to adjust our estimate of future losses relating to loans previously sold. Such increased loss estimates, if recognized, would be reflected in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the period we recognize the change.

 The increases in market interest rates in recent years have affected certain of our correspondent sellers' ability to honor their obligations to repurchase defective loans. Furthermore, these market factors and a potential future economic slowdown may increase the level of borrower defaults, increasing the level of repurchases we are required to make, and may make it more difficult to minimize losses on repurchased loans due to reduced opportunities to refinance loans and decreasing fair values for resales of loans. We expect these developments will increase the losses we incur in relation to our representations and warranties compared to our historical experience. However, we believe our recorded liability is presently adequate to absorb such losses.

 Loan origination fees

 Following is a summary of our loan origination fees:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Loan origination fee revenue

 $

 $

 $

 Unpaid principal balance of loans purchased and originated for sale to non-affiliates

 $

 84,536,740

 $

 72,025,798

 $

 124,594,308

 Loan origination fees decreased $23.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in the volume of consumer direct loans we produced. Loan origination fees decreased $214.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to a decrease in loan production volumes.

 Following is a summary of our fulfillment fees:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Fulfillment fee revenue

 $

 $

 $

 Unpaid principal balance of loans fulfilled subject to fulfillment fees

 $

 14,898,301

 $

 37,090,031

 $

 110,003,574

 Average fulfillment fee rate (in basis points)

 Fulfillment fees from PMT represent fees we collect for services we perform on behalf of PMT in connection with the acquisition, packaging and sale of loans. We charge fulfillment fees based on the number of loans we lock and fulfill for PMT.

 Fulfillment fees decreased $40.2 million and $110.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, compared to 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to decreases in correspondent loan production volumes for PMT's account which reflects our purchases of conventional correspondent loans from PMT.

 Our net loan servicing fee income has two primary components: fees earned for servicing the loans and the effects of MSR and MSL valuation changes, net of hedging results as summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Loan servicing fees

 $

 1,484,946

 $

 1,228,637

 $

 1,075,112

 Effects of MSRs and MSLs net of hedging results

 (842,346)

 (277,308)

 (892,158)

 $

 $

 $

 Loan Servicing Fees

 Following is a summary of our loan servicing fees:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 1,268,650

 $

 1,054,828

 $

 875,570

 80,658

 Other:

 Late charges

 65,781

 48,166

 34,957

 Other

 69,168

 43,728

 83,927

 134,949

 91,894

 118,884

 $

 1,484,946

 $

 1,228,637

 $

 1,075,112

 Average loan servicing portfolio:

 MSRs and MSLs

 $

 338,373,762

 $

 297,207,950

 $

 258,759,523

 Subserviced for PMT

 $

 234,303,254

 $

 226,817,005

 $

 202,047,495

 Loan servicing fees from non-affiliates generally relate to our MSRs which are primarily related to servicing we provide for loans included in Agency securitizations. These fees are contractually established at an annualized percentage of the unpaid principal balance of the loan serviced and we collect these fees from borrower payments. Loan servicing fees from PMT are primarily related to PMT's MSRs and are established at monthly per-loan amounts based on whether the loan is a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loan and the loan's delinquency or foreclosure status as detailed in Note 4 – Transactions with Related Parties to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. Other loan servicing fees are comprised primarily of borrower-contracted fees such as late charges and reconveyance fees and fees charged to correspondent lenders relating to loans that are repaid shortly after we purchase them.

 The increases in loan servicing fees from non-affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022 and 2021, were primarily due to growth of our loan servicing portfolio. The increase in other loan servicing fees for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is primarily due to growth in incentive fees we receive for effecting modifications of non-performing loans, partially offset by reduced property reconveyance fees, reflecting reduced loan prepayment activity. The decrease in other loan servicing fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in fees charged to correspondent lenders related to borrower early loan payoffs and decreased recording and release fees charged to borrowers due to the lower prepayment activity we experienced in the then rising interest rate environment compared to 2021.

 Effects of Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities Net of Hedging Results

 We have elected to carry our servicing assets and liabilities at fair value. Changes in fair value have two components: changes due to realization of the contractual servicing fees and changes due to changes in market inputs used to estimate the fair value of MSRs and MSLs. We endeavor to moderate the effects of changes in fair value by entering into derivatives transactions and, until March of 2021, by financing certain of our purchases of MSRs with the sale of a portion of the MSR assets' cash flows to PMT in the form of ESS.

 Change in fair value of MSR, MSL and ESS and the related hedging results are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 MSR and MSL valuation changes and hedging results:

 Changes in fair value attributable to changes in fair value inputs

 $

 56,807

 $

 877,671

 $

 (68,330)

 Hedging results

 (236,778)

 (631,484)

 (475,215)

 Change in fair value of excess servicing spread

 —

 —

 (1,037)

 (179,971)

 246,187

 (544,582)

 Changes in fair value attributable to realization of cash flows

 (662,375)

 (523,495)

 (347,576)

 Total change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities net of hedging results

 $

 (842,346)

 $

 (277,308)

 $

 (892,158)

 Average balances:

 $

 6,552,321

 $

 5,117,835

 $

 3,347,980

 Mortgage servicing liabilities

 $

 1,938

 $

 2,397

 $

 55,623

 Excess servicing spread financing

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 21,563

 At end of year:

 $

 $

 $

 Mortgage servicing liabilities

 $

 1,805

 $

 2,096

 $

 2,816

 Changes in fair value of MSRs and MSLs attributable to changes in fair value inputs decreased in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the smaller increase in interest rates in 2023 as compared to 2022. Changes in fair value of MSRs attributable to changes in fair value inputs increased in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to significant increases in interest rates and resulting decreases in expected future prepayment speeds in 2022. Increasing interest rates reduce the rate of prepayments of the underlying loans associated with the servicing rights, which increases the cash flows expected from the servicing rights, while decreasing interest rates have the opposite effect.

 Hedging results reflect valuation losses attributable to the effects of interest rate increases on the fair value of the hedging instruments in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 compared to lesser or opposite circumstances and effects in 2021.

 Changes in realization of cash flows are influenced by changes in the level of servicing assets and liabilities and changes in estimates of the remaining cash flows to be realized. Realization of cash flows increased in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the growth in our investment in MSRs.

 Following is a summary of our loan servicing portfolio:

 2023

 2022

 Loans serviced

 Prime servicing:

 Owned:

 Mortgage servicing rights and liabilities

 Originated

 $

 $

 Purchased

 17,478,397

 19,568,122

 374,563,700

 318,099,010

 Subserviced for PMT

 232,643,144

 233,554,875

 Total prime servicing

 607,206,844

 551,653,885

 Special servicing subserviced for PMT

 9,925

 20,797

 Total loans serviced

 $

 $

 Delinquencies:

 Owned servicing:

 30-89 days

 $

 14,414,423

 $

 11,759,005

 90 days or more

 7,635,817

 7,758,033

 $

 22,050,240

 $

 19,517,038

 Subserviced for PMT:

 30-89 days

 $

 2,208,302

 $

 1,913,495

 90 days or more

 1,128,212

 971,048

 $

 3,336,514

 $

 2,884,543

 Following is a summary of characteristics of our MSR and MSL servicing portfolio as of December 31, 2023:

 Average

 Loan type

 Unpaid
pricipal balance

 Loan count

 Note rate

 Age
(months)

 Remaining
maturity (months)

 Loan size

 FICO credit score at origination

 Original LTV (1)

 Current LTV (1)

 60+ Delinquency (by UPB)

 (Dollars and loan count in thousands)

 Government (2):

 FHA

 $

 132,565,861

 4.2%

 $

 93%

 67%

 5.1%

 VA

 122,926,603

 3.6%

 $

 90%

 71%

 2.1%

 USDA

 20,979,474

 3.8%

 $

 98%

 66%

 5.2%

 Government-sponsored entities:

 Fannie Mae

 42,635,369

 4.5%

 $

 73%

 61%

 0.5%

 Freddie Mac

 48,288,176

 4.7%

 $

 74%

 64%

 0.5%

 Closed-end second lien mortgage loans

 350,155

 10.1%

 $

 17%

 17%

 0.1%

 Other (3)

 2,523,373

 6.3%

 $

 72%

 68%

 0.1%

 $

 1,560

 4.1%

 $

 87%

 67%

 2.9%

 (1)
 Loan-to-Value

 (2)
 MSRs and MSLs on government loans include loans securitized in Ginnie Mae pools as well as loans sold to private investors.

 (3)
 Represents MSRs on conventional loans sold to private investors.

 Net Interest Expense

 Net interest expense is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest income:

 Cash and short-term investments

 $

 68,457

 $

 19,839

 $

 3,280

 279,506

 172,124

 275,176

 Placement fees relating to custodial funds

 284,877

 102,099

 21,326

 From Townsgate Closing Services, LLC

 —

 —

 —

 —

 632,924

 Interest expense:

 Short-term debt

 295,418

 112,773

 168,285

 Long-term debt

 309,481

 174,847

 110,159

 Interest shortfall on repayments of mortgage loans serviced for Agency securitizations

 21,538

 40,741

 105,430

 Interest on mortgage loan impound deposits

 9,795

 7,066

 5,545

 Other

 1,545

 —

 —

 To PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust—Excess servicing spread financing at fair value

 —

 —

 1,280

 390,699

 $

 (4,853)

 $

 (41,365)

 $

 (90,530)

 Net interest expense decreased $36.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to:

 an increase of $182.8 million in placement fees we receive relating to custodial funds that we manage due to increased earning rates;

 an increase of $107.4 million in interest income from loans held for sale reflecting higher average levels of inventory and interest rates;

 an increase of $48.6 million in interest income from cash balances reflecting increasing interest rates; and

 a decrease of $19.2 million in interest shortfall on repayments of loans serviced for Agency securitizations, reflecting decreased loan payoffs as a result of decreased borrower refinancing activity due to the higher interest rates. When a borrower repays a loan, we are responsible in many cases for paying the full month's interest to the holders of the Agency securities that are backed by the loan regardless of when in the month the borrower repays the loan; partially offset by

 an increase of $317.3 million in interest expense on borrowings due to the higher interest rate environment, growth in our balance sheet and an increase in the leverage of our balance sheet.

 Net interest expense decreased $49.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily due to:

 an increase of $80.8 million in placement fees we receive relating to custodial funds that we manage due to increased earning rates;

 a decrease of $64.7 million in interest shortfall on repayments of loans serviced for Agency securitizations, reflecting decreased loan payoffs as a result of decreased borrower refinancing activity due to the higher interest rates. The decrease in refinancing activity in our MSR portfolio caused the decrease in the interest shortfall;

 an increase of $16.6 million in interest income from cash balances reflecting increasing interest rates; partially offset by

 a decrease of $103.1 million in interest income from loans held for sale reflecting lower average levels of inventory; and

 an increase of $9.2 million in interest expense on borrowings due to the higher interest rate environment.

 Management fees are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Base management

 $

 $

 $

 34,794

 Performance incentive

 —

 —

 3,007

 $

 $

 $

 Average of net assets of PMT during the year

 $

 1,917,642

 $

 2,079,851

 $

 2,348,395

 Management fees decreased $2.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, reflecting the decrease in PMT's average shareholders' equity upon which its base management fees are based. Management fees decreased $6.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting the decrease in PMT's average shareholders' equity upon which its base management fees are based and a decrease in performance incentive fees.

 Change in Fair Value of Investment in and Dividends Received from PMT

 The results of our holdings of common shares of PMT, which is included in Changes in fair value of investment in, and dividends received from PMT are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Dividends from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 $

 $

 Change in fair value of investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 (371)

 Dividends received and change in fair value

 $

 $

 (235)

 $

 Fair value of PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust shares at end of year

 $

 1,121

 $

 $

 1,300

 Change in fair value of investment in and dividends received from PMT increased $547,000 in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 and decreased $571,000 in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to changes in the fair value of our investment in PMT. We held 75,000 common shares of PMT during each of the three years ended December 31, 2023.

 Compensation

 Our compensation expense is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Salaries and wages

 $

 369,945

 $

 445,779

 $

 594,188

 Severance

 7,637

 18,797

 Incentive compensation

 95,790

 135,461

 248,551

 Taxes and benefits

 76,010

 92,642

 119,113

 Stock and unit-based compensation

 27,582

 42,552

 37,794

 $

 576,964

 $

 735,231

 $

 999,802

 Head count:

 Average

 4,115

 5,508

 7,118

 Year end

 3,914

 4,135

 7,208

 Compensation expense decreased $158.3 million and $264.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, compared to 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to work force reductions necessitated by reductions in loan production and decreased incentive compensation accruals due to reduced staffing levels and lower achievement of profitability targets.

 Legal settlements

 Legal settlement expenses increased $158.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in legal settlements expense is attributable to the arbitration ruling in a claim made against us by Black Knight Servicing Technologies, LLC and is discussed in detail in Note 18– Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included in this Report.

 Loan origination

 Loan origination expense decreased $59.1 million and $157.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, compared to 2022, and 2021, respectively, due to decreased lending activities.

 Servicing expense increased $9.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the non-recurrence in 2023 of the reversal of the provision for estimated servicing advance losses that was recognized during 2022 as COVID-19 related delinquencies decreased significantly. Servicing expense decreased $50.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to a larger reversal of the provision for estimated servicing advance losses recorded in prior years. The reduction also reflects the improvements in the performance of our servicing portfolio due to the resolution of delinquent loans relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our effective income tax rates were 21.2%, 28.5%, and 26.2%, respectively. The lower effective tax rate for 2023 is primarily due to the permanent differences impact of an increase in deductible compensation along with the reduction in the future tax rate for some states. The decrease in the 2023 effective tax rate is further emphasized by the decrease in income before income taxes. The higher effective income tax rate for 2022 as compared to 2021 is primarily due to the effect of the repricing of the net deferred tax liability resulting from the higher booking tax rate partially offset by the effect of the reduction in the future tax rates for some states as well as the effect of an increase in non-deductible compensation.

 Balance Sheet Analysis

 Following is a summary of key balance sheet items as of the dates presented:

 2023

 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash and short-term investments

 $

 948,639

 $

 1,340,730

 Derivative assets

 Servicing advances, net

 694,038

 696,753

 Investments in and advances to affiliates

 30,383

 37,301

 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value

 Loans eligible for repurchase

 4,889,925

 4,702,103

 Other

 582,460

 483,773

 $

 $

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Short-term debt

 $

 4,210,010

 $

 3,288,875

 Long-term debt

 4,393,066

 3,722,566

 8,603,076

 7,011,441

 Liability for loans eligible for repurchase

 4,889,925

 4,702,103

 Income taxes payable

 1,042,886

 1,002,744

 Other

 770,073

 635,247

 Total liabilities

 15,305,960

 13,351,535

 Stockholders' equity

 3,471,049

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 $

 Leverage ratios:

 Total debt / Stockholders' equity

 2.4

 2.0

 Total debt / Tangible stockholders' equity (1)

 2.5

 2.1

 (1)
 Tangible stockholders' equity represents total stockholders' equity reduced by intangible assets, comprised of capitalized software, for the dates presented.

 Total assets increased $2.0 billion from $16.8 billion at December 31, 2022 to $18.8 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $1.1 billion increase in MSRs and a $911.4 million increase in loans held for sale at fair value.

 Total liabilities increased by $1.9 billion from $13.4 billion as of December 31, 2022 to $15.3 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $1.6 billion increase in borrowings to fund our inventory of loans held for sale and MSRs and a $187.8 million increase in liability for loans eligible for repurchase.

 Cash Flows

 Our cash flows for the three years ended December 31, 2023 are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Operating

 $

 (1,582,219)

 $

 6,033,235

 $

 2,563,061

 Investing

 (273,288)

 (721,582)

 (304,369)

 Financing

 1,465,339

 (4,323,207)

 (2,451,380)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash

 $

 (390,168)

 $

 988,446

 $

 (192,688)

 Operating activities

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities totaled $(1.6) billion, $6.0 billion, and $2.6 billion in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by changes in the levels of our inventory of loans held for sale as shown below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flows from:

 $

 (2,190,009)

 $

 5,676,655

 $

 3,102,134

 Other operating sources

 607,790

 356,580

 (539,073)

 $

 (1,582,219)

 $

 6,033,235

 $

 2,563,061

 Investing activities

 Net cash used in investing activities was $273.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily comprised of $242.0 million in net settlement of derivative financial instruments used to hedge our investment in MSRs, a $96.5 million increase in margin deposits and $31.2 million used in acquisition of capitalized software, partially offset by $98.1 million received from the sale of interest-only stripped securities.

 Net cash used in investing activities was $721.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily comprised of $871.9 million in net settlement of derivative financial instruments used to hedge our investment in MSRs and $71.9 million used in acquisition of capitalized software, partially offset by a $238.7 million decrease in margin deposits.

 Net cash used in investing activities was $304.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily comprised of $434.4 million in net settlement of derivative financial instruments used to hedge our investment in MSRs, partially offset by a $97.7 million decrease in margin deposits.

 Financing activities

 Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.5 billion in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a $923.3 million increase in short-term borrowings and a $680 million increase in long-term borrowings. The increase in borrowings reflects the increase in inventory of loans held for sale and our investment in MSRs.

 Net cash used in financing activities was $4.3 billion in the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a $4.5 billion decrease in short-term borrowings, which reflects decreased borrowing requirements relating to our reduced inventory of loans held for sale, and $406.1 million in repurchases of common stock, partially offset by issuance of a $650 million note payable secured by mortgage servicing rights.

 Net cash used in financing activities was $2.5 billion in the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to a $2.4 billion decrease in short-term borrowings, which reflects decreased borrowing requirements relating to our inventory of loans held for sale, and a $958.2 million repurchase of common stock, partially offset by issuance of $1.2 billion of unsecured senior notes.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Our liquidity reflects our ability to meet our current obligations (including our operating expenses and, when applicable, the retirement of, and margin calls relating to, our debt, and margin calls relating to hedges on our commitments to purchase or originate mortgage loans and on our MSR investments), fund new originations and purchases, and make investments as we identify them. We expect our primary sources of liquidity to be through cash flows from business activities, proceeds from bank borrowings, proceeds from and issuance of equity or debt offerings. We believe that our liquidity is sufficient to meet our current liquidity needs.

 Our current borrowing strategy is to finance our assets where we believe such borrowing is prudent, appropriate and available. Our borrowing activities are in the form of sales of assets under agreements to repurchase, sales of mortgage loan participation purchase and sale certificates, notes payable, a capital lease and unsecured senior notes. A significant amount of our borrowings have short-term maturities and provide for advances with terms ranging from 30 days to 364 days. Because a significant portion of our current debt facilities consist of short-term borrowings, we expect to renew these facilities in advance of maturity in order to ensure our ongoing liquidity and access to capital or otherwise allow ourselves sufficient time to replace any necessary financing.

 Secured debt facilities for MSRs and servicing advances take various forms. Fannie Mae MSRs and Ginnie Mae MSRs and servicing advances are pledged to special purpose entities, each of which issues variable funding notes ("VFNs") and may issue term notes and term loans that are secured by such Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae assets. Term notes are issued to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the Securities Act and term loans are syndicated to banking entities, while the VFNs are sold to bank partners under agreements to repurchase. Freddie Mac MSRs are pledged to a single lender under a bi-lateral loan and security agreement.
 On February 7, 2023, the Company, PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST (the "Issuer Trust"), PLS and PNMAC entered into two VFN repurchase agreements as part of the structured finance transaction that PLS uses to finance Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights and related excess servicing spread and servicing advance receivables: a Series 2023-MSRVF1 Master Repurchase Agreement by and among PLS, as seller, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent and as a buyer, and PNMAC, as a guarantor, related to the excess servicing spread, and a Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Master Repurchase Agreement by and among PLS, as seller, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent and buyer, related to the servicing advance receivables. The maximum purchase under each repurchase agreement is $300 million and each agreement is set to expire on February 7, 2025. On December 20, 2023, the repurchase agreement was amended and restructured to make PNMAC GMSR VFN Funding, LLC ("GMSR SPV"), the seller with PLS contributing the Ginnie Mae Mortgage servicing rights to GMSR SPV under a contribution, sale and security agreement.
 On February 28, 2023, the Company, the Issuer Trust and PLS entered into a syndicated series of term loans (the "Series 2023-GTL1 Loan") as part of the structured finance transaction that PLS uses to finance Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights and related excess servicing spread and servicing advance receivables. The initial 5-year term of the Series 2023-GTL1 Loan is set to expire on February 28, 2028, unless the Company exercises a one-year optional extension. The initial loan balance of the Series 2023-GTL1 Loan was $680 million.
 On August 4, 2023, the Company, the Issuer Trust and PLS entered into two VFN repurchase agreements, as part of the structured finance transaction that PLS uses to finance Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights and related excess servicing spread and servicing advance receivables. The Series 2023-MSRVF2 Master Repurchase Agreement by and between PLS, as seller, and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC ("Nomura"), as administrative agent and as a buyer, is related to the servicing spread. The Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Master Repurchase Agreement by and between PLS, as seller, and Nomura, as administrative agent and buyer, is related to the servicing advance receivables. The maximum amount outstanding under both repurchase agreements is $350 million and each agreement is set to expire on August 5, 2024.

 On October 25, 2023, the Company, PNMAC, the Issuer Trust and PLS entered into a syndicated series of term loans (the "Series 2023-GTL2 Loan"), as part of the structured finance transaction that PLS uses to finance Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing rights, related excess servicing spread and servicing advance receivables. The initial 5-year term of the Series 2023-GTL2 Loan is set to expire on October 25, 2028. The initial note balance of the Series 2023-GTL2 Loan is $125 million.
 On December 11, 2023, the Company, together with its subsidiaries, issued $750 million in 7.875% unsecured senior notes due 2029 in a private placement to "qualified institutional buyers".
 Our repurchase agreements represent the sales of assets together with agreements for us to buy back the assets at a later date. The table below presents the average outstanding, maximum and ending balances:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 3,701,448

 $

 2,580,513

 $

 6,911,843

 Maximum daily balance

 $

 6,358,007

 $

 7,289,147

 $

 10,969,029

 Balance at year end

 $

 3,769,449

 $

 3,004,690

 $

 7,297,360

 The differences between the average and maximum daily balances on our repurchase agreements reflect the fluctuations throughout the years of our inventory as we fund and pool mortgage loans for sale in guaranteed mortgage securitizations.

 Our debt repurchase agreements also contain margin call provisions that, upon notice from the applicable lender at its option, require us to transfer cash or, in some instances, additional assets in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit. A margin deficit will generally result from a decrease in the market value (as determined by the applicable lender) of the assets subject to the related financing agreement. Upon notice from the applicable lender, we will generally be required to satisfy the margin call on the day of such notice or within one business day thereafter, depending on the timing of the notice.

 Our secured financing agreements at PLS require us to comply with various financial covenants. The most significant financial covenants currently include the following:

 a minimum in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $100 million;

 a minimum tangible net worth of $1.25 billion;

 a maximum ratio of total liabilities to tangible net worth of 10:1; and

 at least one other warehouse or repurchase facility that finances amounts and assets that are similar to those being financed under certain of our existing secured financing agreements.

 With respect to servicing performed for PMT, PLS is also subject to certain covenants under PMT's debt agreements. Covenants in PMT's debt agreements are equally, or sometimes less, restrictive than the covenants described above.

 PFSI has issued unsecured senior notes (the "Unsecured Notes") to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Unsecured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by the Company's existing and future wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries (other than certain excluded subsidiaries defined in the indentures under which the Unsecured Notes were issued).

 Our Unsecured Notes contain covenants that limit our and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to engage in specified types of transactions, including, but not limited to, the following:

 pay dividends or distributions, redeem or repurchase equity, prepay subordinated debt and make certain loans or investments;

 incur, assume or guarantee additional debt or issue preferred stock;

 incur liens on assets;

 merge or consolidate with another person or sell all or substantially all of our assets to another person;

 transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of certain assets including capital stock of subsidiaries;

 enter into transactions with affiliates; and

 allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of our non-guarantor restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us.

 Although these financial covenants limit the amount of indebtedness that we may incur and affect our liquidity through minimum cash reserve requirements, we believe that these covenants currently provide us with sufficient flexibility to successfully operate our business and obtain the financing necessary to achieve that purpose.

 We are also subject to liquidity and net worth requirements established by FHFA for Agency seller/servicers and Ginnie Mae for single-family issuers. FHFA and Ginnie Mae have established minimum liquidity requirements and revised their net worth requirements for their approved non-depository single-family sellers/servicers or issuers

 In August 2022, the Agencies issued revised capital and liquidity requirements. Most of the requirements became effective on or before December 31, 2023, for issuers of securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae and seller/servicers of mortgage loans to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. We believe that we are in compliance with Agencies' revised requirements. The risk-based capital requirements issued by Ginnie Mae will be effective on December 31, 2024. We believe that we are in compliance with those pending requirements as of December 31, 2023.

 On August 4, 2021, our Board of Directors increased our common stock repurchase program from $1 billion to $2 billion. Share repurchases may be effected through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. The stock repurchase program does not have an expiration date and the authorization does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock. From inception through December 31, 2023, we have repurchased approximately $1.8 billion of common shares under our stock repurchase program.

 We continue to explore a variety of means of financing our business, including debt financing through bank warehouse lines of credit, bank loans, repurchase agreements, securitization transactions and corporate debt. However, there can be no assurance as to how much additional financing capacity such efforts will produce, what form the financing will take or whether such efforts will be successful.

 Debt Obligations

 As described further above in "Liquidity and Capital Resources," we currently finance certain of our assets through short-term borrowings with major financial institutions in the form of sales of assets under agreements to repurchase and mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements. We access the capital market for long-term debt through the issuance of secured notes payable and Unsecured Notes. The issuer under our secured term note facilities is PLS or a wholly-owned issuer trust guaranteed by PNMAC. In addition, we have issued Unsecured Notes guaranteed by certain of our restricted wholly-owned subsidiaries.

 Under the terms of these financing agreements, PLS is required to comply with certain financial covenants, as described further above in "Liquidity and Capital Resources," and various non-financial covenants customary for transactions of this nature. As of December 31, 2023, we believe we were in compliance in all material respects with these covenants.

 Many of our debt financing agreements contain a condition precedent to obtaining additional funding that requires PLS to maintain positive net income for at least one of the previous two consecutive quarters, or other similar measures. PLS is compliant with all such conditions.

 The financing agreements also contain margin call provisions that, upon notice from the applicable lender, require us to transfer cash or, in some instances, additional assets in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit. Upon notice from the applicable lender, we will generally be required to satisfy the margin call on the day of such notice or within one business day thereafter, depending on the timing of the notice.

 In addition, the financing agreements contain events of default (subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods), including payment defaults, breaches of covenants and/or certain representations and warranties, cross-defaults, guarantor defaults, servicer termination events and defaults, material adverse changes, bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings and other events of default customary for these types of transactions. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for these types of transactions and include the acceleration of the principal amount outstanding under the agreements and the liquidation by our lenders of the mortgage loans or other collateral then subject to the agreements.

 Our borrowings have maturities as follows:

 Outstanding

 Total

 Committed

 Facility

 Lender

 indebtedness (1)

 facility size (2)

 facility (2)

 Maturity date (2)

 (dollar amounts in thousands)

 Assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P. (warehouse facility)

 $

 1,135,473

 $

 2,625,000

 $

 1,125,000

 $

 872,148

 $

 1,425,000

 $

 June 12, 2025

 Royal Bank of Canada

 $

 457,743

 $

 1,000,000

 $

 325,000

 November 8, 2024

 BNP Paribas

 $

 185,425

 $

 600,000

 $

 250,000

 September 30, 2025

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (warehouse facility)

 $

 183,444

 $

 1,000,000

 $

 50,000

 June 16, 2025

 $

 164,149

 $

 250,000

 $

 100,000

 February 6, 2026

 Goldman Sachs Bank USA (warehouse facility)

 $

 128,751

 $

 200,000

 $

 100,000

 December 8, 2025

 Barclays Bank PLC

 $

 118,667

 $

 350,000

 $

 200,000

 November 13, 2024

 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

 $

 114,647

 $

 600,000

 $

 300,000

 May 3, 2025

 Citibank, N.A. (warehouse facility)

 $

 99,221

 $

 620,000

 $

 270,000

 Citibank, N.A. (Ginnie Mae servicing asset facility)

 $

 75,000

 $

 380,000

 $

 280,000

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P. (Ginnie Mae servicing asset facility)

 $

 75,000

 $

 375,000

 $

 75,000

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (EBO facility)

 $

 59,781

 $

 $

 —

 June 9, 2025

 Goldman Sachs Bank USA (Ginnie Mae servicing asset facility)

 $

 50,000

 $

 325,000

 $

 325,000

 February 7, 2025

 Nomura Corporate Funding Americas (Ginnie Mae servicing asset facility)

 $

 50,000

 $

 350,000

 $

 350,000

 August 5, 2024

 Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements

 $

 446,406

 $

 550,000

 $

 —

 June 12, 2024

 Notes payable

 GMSR 2018-GT2 Notes

 $

 425,000

 $

 425,000

 August 25, 2025

 GMSR 2022-GT1 Notes

 $

 $

 May 25, 2027

 GMSR 2023-GTL1 Loans

 $

 680,000

 $

 680,000

 February 25, 2028

 GMSR 2023-GTL2 Loans

 $

 125,000

 $

 125,000

 October 25, 2028

 Barclays FHLMC MSR Facility

 $

 $

 $

 November 13, 2024

 Unsecured Notes - 5.375%

 $

 October 15, 2025

 Unsecured Notes - 4.25%

 $

 February 15, 2029

 Unsecured Notes - 5.75%

 $

 September 15, 2031

 Unsecured Notes - 7.875%

 $

 750,000

 December 15, 2029

 (1)
 Outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2023.

 (2)
 Total facility size, committed facility and maturity date include contractual changes through the date of this Report.

 The amount at risk (the fair value of the assets pledged plus the related margin deposit, less the amount advanced by the counterparty and accrued interest) relating to our assets sold under agreements to repurchase is summarized by counterparty below as of December 31, 2023:

 maturity of

 advances under

 Counterparty

 Amount at risk

 repurchase agreement

 Facility maturity

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Citibank, N.A. & Goldman Sachs Bank USA & Nomura Corporate Funding Americas (1)

 $

 4,002,911

 March 25, 2025

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.

 $

 103,737

 May 4, 2024

 $

 79,328

 January 29, 2024

 June 12, 2025

 BNP Paribas

 $

 31,964

 March 24, 2024

 September 30, 2025

 Barclays Bank PLC

 $

 28,314

 May 22, 2024

 November 13, 2024

 Royal Bank of Canada

 $

 25,993

 January 21, 2024

 November 8, 2024

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.

 $

 15,375

 February 19, 2024

 June 16, 2025

 Goldman Sachs Bank USA

 $

 12,954

 April 27, 2024

 December 8, 2025

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (EBO facility)

 $

 12,612

 October 17, 2024

 June 9, 2025

 $

 8,788

 March 16, 2024

 January 27, 2025

 Citibank, N.A.

 $

 7,374

 February 27, 2024

 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

 $

 6,652

 March 11, 2024

 May 3, 2025

 (1)
 The borrowing facility with Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Citibank, N.A., Goldman Sachs Bank USA and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas is in the form of a sale of a variable funding note under an agreement to repurchase.

 On March 16, 2023, the Company, PNMAC, the Issuer Trust, and PLS, consented to assignments of all of the credit facilities provided to the Company by Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, as administrative agent, and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as a buyer or purchaser, and Alpine Securitization LTD, as a buyer or purchaser. All of the credit facilities were assigned to Atlas Securitized Products, L.P. ("Atlas SP"), Atlas Securitized Products Investments 3, L.P., Atlas Securitized Products Funding 2, L.P., and Nexera Holding LLC.

 All debt financing arrangements that matured between December 31, 2023 and the date of this Annual Report have been renewed or extended and are described in Note 14—Short-Term Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, real estate values and other market-based risks. The primary market risks that we are exposed to are fair value risk, interest rate and prepayment risk.
 Fair Value Risk
 Our IRLCs, mortgage loans held for sale, MSRs, MSLs and ESS financing are reported at their fair values. The fair value of these assets fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates. The fair value risk we face is primarily attributable to interest rate risk and prepayment risk.

 Interest Rate Risk
 Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. Changes in interest rates affect both the fair value of, and interest income we earn from, our mortgage-related investments and our derivative financial instruments. This effect is most pronounced with fixed-rate mortgage assets.
 In general, rising interest rates negatively affect the fair value of our IRLCs and inventory of mortgage loans held for sale and positively affect the fair value of our MSRs. Changes in interest rates significantly influence the prepayment speeds of the loans underlying our investments in MSRs, which can have a significant effect on their fair values. Changes in interest rate are most prominently reflected in the prepayment speeds of the loans underlying our investments in MSRs and the discount rate used in their valuation.
 Our operating results will depend, in part, on differences between the income from our investments and our financing costs. Presently most of our secured debt financing is based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over the relevant index, as determined by the particular financing arrangement.
 Prepayment Risk
 To the extent that the actual prepayment rate on the mortgage loans underlying our MSRs differs from what we projected when we initially recognized these assets and liabilities when we measure fair value as of the end of each reporting period, the carrying value of these assets and liabilities will be affected. In general, a decrease in the principal balances of the mortgage loans underlying our MSRs or an increase in prepayment expectations will decrease our estimates of the fair value of the MSRs, thereby reducing net servicing income, partially offset by the beneficial effect on net servicing income of a corresponding reduction in the fair value of our MSLs.
 Risk Management Activities
 We engage in risk management activities primarily in an effort to mitigate the effect of changes in interest rates on the fair value of our assets. To manage this price risk, we use derivative financial instruments acquired with the intention of moderating the risk that changes in market interest rates will result in unfavorable changes in the fair value of our assets, primarily prepayment exposure on our MSR investments as well as IRLCs and our inventory of loans held for sale. Our objective is to minimize our hedging expense and maximize our loss coverage based on a given hedge expense target. We do not use derivative financial instruments other than IRLCs for purposes other than in support of our risk management activities.
 Our strategies are reviewed daily within a disciplined risk management framework. We use a variety of interest rate and spread shifts and scenarios and define target limits for market value and liquidity loss in those scenarios. With respect to our IRLCs and inventory of loans held for sale, we use MBS forward sale contracts to lock in the price at which we will sell the mortgage loans or resulting MBS, and further use MBS put options to mitigate the risk of our IRLCs not closing at the rate we expect. With respect to our MSRs, we seek to mitigate mortgage-based loss exposure utilizing MBS forward purchase and sale contracts, address exposures to smaller interest rate shifts with Treasury and interest rate swap futures, and use options and swaptions to achieve target coverage levels for larger interest rate shocks.
 Fair Value Sensitivities
 The following sensitivity analyses are limited in that they were performed at a particular point in time; only contemplate the movements in the indicated variables; do not incorporate changes to other variables; are subject to the accuracy of various models and inputs used; and do not incorporate other factors that would affect our overall financial performance in such scenarios, including operational adjustments made by management to account for changing circumstances. For these reasons, the following estimates should not be viewed as earnings forecasts.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 The following tables summarize the estimated change in fair value of MSRs as of December 31, 2023, given
 several shifts in pricing spreads, prepayment speed and annual per loan cost of servicing:

 Change in fair value attributable to shift in:

 -20%

 -10%

 -5%

 +5%

 +10%

 +20%

 Prepayment speed

 $

 474,636

 $

 228,063

 $

 111,857

 $

 (107,757)

 $

 (211,643)

 $

 (408,638)

 Pricing spread

 $

 404,028

 $

 196,450

 $

 96,886

 $

 (94,307)

 $

 (186,129)

 $

 (362,671)

 Annual per-loan cost of servicing

 $

 178,289

 $

 89,145

 $

 44,572

 $

 (44,572)

 $

 (89,145)

 $

 (178,289)

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 The information called for by this Item 8 is hereby incorporated by reference from our Financial Statements and Auditors' Report in Part IV of this Report.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.
 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. However, no matter how well a control system is designed and operated, it can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in our periodic reports.

 Our management has conducted an evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Report as required by paragraph (b) of Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Based on our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of the end of the period covered by this Report, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of
 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. and subsidiaries ("the Company") as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, of the Company and our report dated February 21, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 Los Angeles, California

 Item 9B. Other Information
 (c) Trading Plans

 As of December 31, 2023, the following directors or Section 16 officers adopted, modified or terminated the following Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S- K):

 On December 8, 2023, David A. Spector, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell 100,000 shares of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. common stock and to sell additional shares of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. common stock upon the vesting of 24,042 time-based restricted stock unit awards and 30,798 performance-based restricted stock unit awards assuming vesting at target that are subject to a maximum performance multiplier of 187.5%, over a period ending on December 31, 2024.

 On December 21, 2023, Derek W. Stark, Senior Managing Director, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. common stock upon the vesting of 3,879 time-based restricted stock unit awards and 3,823 performance-based restricted stock unit awards assuming vesting at target that are subject to a maximum performance multiplier of 187.5 %, over a period ending on December 31, 2024.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information required by this Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report, in either case to be filed within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2023.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information required by this Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report, in either case to be filed within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2023.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 Our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock unit awards, performance units, and stock grants which we collectively refer to as "awards." Directors, officers and other employees of our Company and our subsidiaries, as well as others performing consulting or advisory services for us, are eligible for grants under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. The plan administrator of the equity incentive plan is the compensation committee of the board of directors. The board of directors itself may also exercise any of the powers and responsibilities under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. Subject to the terms of the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, the plan administrator will select the recipients of awards and determine, among other things, the number of shares of common stock covered by the awards and the dates upon which such awards become exercisable or any restrictions lapse, as applicable; the type of award and the exercise or purchase price and method of payment for each such award; the performance measures, if applicable, required to be satisfied prior to vesting; the vesting period for

 awards, risks of forfeiture and any potential acceleration of vesting or lapses in risks of forfeiture; and the duration of awards.

 The following table provides information about our former and current equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023, which consist of the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively the "Equity Incentive Plans"):

 (a)

 (b)

 (c)

 Number of securities

 remaining available for

 future issuance under

 Number of securities to

 equity compensation

 be issued upon exercise of

 exercise price of

 plans (excluding

 outstanding options,

 outstanding options,

 securities reflected in

 Plan category

 warrants and rights

 warrants and rights (1)

 column (a)) (2)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (3)

 5,141,585

 $

 35.08

 4,867,662

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (4)

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 5,141,585

 $

 35.08

 4,867,662

 (1)
 The weighted average exercise price set forth in this column relates only to 3,856,620 shares of stock options outstanding under our Equity Incentive Plans. The remaining securities included in column (a) of this table are performance and time-based restricted stock units, for which no exercise price applies.

 (2)
 This number includes a general pool of 4,600,000 shares of common stock authorized for future awards, initially authorized under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, plus, on or after January 1, 2023, and each January 1 st thereafter through January 1, 2032, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1.75% of our outstanding common stock on a fully diluted basis as of the end of our immediately preceding fiscal year, (ii) 1,322,024 shares, and (iii) any lower amount determined by our board of directors.

 (3)
 Represents our Equity Incentive Plans.

 (4)
 We do not have any equity plans that have not been approved by our stockholders.

 The other information required by this Item 12 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report, in either case to be filed within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2023.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information required by this Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report, in either case to be filed within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2023.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Our independent public accounting firm is Deloitte & Touche LLP, Los Angeles, CA, PCAOB Auditor ID 34.

 The information required by this Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement, or will be contained in an amendment to this Report, in either case to be filed within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2023.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Form

 2.1

 Contribution Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 2, 2018, by and among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., New PennyMac Merger Sub, LLC, Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, and the Contributors.

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 3.1.1

 Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 3.2.1

 Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. (formerly known as New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.).

 November 4, 2019

 4.1

 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 4.2

 Indenture, dated as of September 29, 2020, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025.

 September 29, 2020

 4.3

 Form of Global Note for 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025 (Included in Exhibit 4.2).

 September 29, 2020

 4.4

 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 19, 2020, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025.

 November 6, 2020

 4.5

 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 7, 2021, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025.

 October 8, 2021

 Form

 4.6

 Indenture, dated as of February 11, 2021, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029.

 February 11, 2021

 4.7

 Form of Global Note for 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (Included in Exhibit 4.6).

 February 11, 2021

 4.8

 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 7, 2021, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 4.250% Senior Notes due 2029.

 October 8, 2021

 4.9

 Indenture, dated as of September 16, 2021, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 5.750% Senior Notes due 2031.

 September 16, 2021

 4.10

 Form of Global Note for 5.750% Senior Notes due 2031 (included in Exhibit 4.9).

 September 16, 2021

 4.11

 Indenture, dated as of December 11, 2023, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the 7.875% Senior Notes due 2029.

 December 11, 2023

 4.12

 Form of Global Note for 7.875% Senior Notes due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.11).

 December 11, 2023

 10.1

 Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, dated as of November 1, 2018.

 10.2

 Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2013, between PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC and each of the Members.

 May 14, 2013

 10.3

 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2018, among PennyMac Financial Services, Inc., New PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. and the Holders.

 10.4

 Second Amended and Restated Stockholder Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2023, between PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. and HC Partners LLC.

 March 3, 2023

 Form

 10.5

 Employment Agreement, dated December 13, 2022, among David A. Spector, Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC and PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 December 16, 2022

 10.6

 Employment Agreement, dated December 13, 2022 among Doug Jones, Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC and PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 December 16, 2022

 10.7

 Form of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. Indemnification Agreement.

 10.8

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. Change of Control Severance Plan.

 September 28, 2021

 10.9

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 May 14, 2013

 10.10

 First Amendment to the PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 March 9, 2018

 10.11

 Second Amendment to the PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 DEF14A

 April 17, 2018

 10.12

 Third Amendment to the PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.

 10.13

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement.

 June 17, 2013

 10.14

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (2018).

 August 2, 2018

 10.15

 Omnibus Amendment to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Stock Option Award Agreement (2019).

 March 5, 2019

 10.16

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (2020).

 May 7, 2020

 10.17

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (Special Option 2020).

 10.18

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Continued Service Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (2021).

 Form

 10.19

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (2021).

 May 6, 2021

 10.20

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (2021).

 10.21

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Omnibus Amendment to Stock Option Award Agreements (2021).

 10.22

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan.

 February 22, 2023

 10.23

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (2023).

 10.24

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Continued Service Award Agreement (Net Share Withholding) (2023).

 10.25

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Continued Service Award Agreement (Sale to Cover) (2023).

 10.26

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Performance Components Award Agreement (Sale to Cover) (2023).

 10.27

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Performance Components Award Agreement (Net Share Withholding) (2023).

 10.28

 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Subject to Continued Service Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (2023).

 10.29

 Separation Agreement and General Release date as of March 21, 2023.

 8-K/A

 March 24, 2023

 10.30

 Third Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2020, by and among PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust, PennyMac Operating Partnership, L.P. and PNMAC Capital Management, LLC.

 July 2, 2020

 Form

 10.31

 Fourth Amended and Restated Flow Servicing Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2020, between PennyMac Operating Partnership, L.P. and PennyMac Loan Services, LLC.

 July 2, 2020

 10.32

 Amendment No. 1 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Flow Servicing Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2021, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Operating Partnership, L.P.

 May 6, 2021

 10.33

 Amendment No. 2 to the Fourth Amended and Restated Flow Servicing Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2021, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Operating Partnership, L.P.

 10.34

 Amendment No. 3 to Fourth Amended and Restated Flow Servicing Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2021, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Operating Partnership, L.P.

 November 4, 2021

 10.35

 Flow Servicing Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2022, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 10.36

 Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Banking Services Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2020, between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 July 2, 2020

 10.37

 Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Banking Services Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2020, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 10.38

 Amendment No. 2 to Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Banking Services Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2022, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp., and effective as of October 1, 2022.

 November 2, 2022

 10.39

 Amendment No. 3 to Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Banking Services Agreement, dated as of December 6, 2022, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp., and effective as of November 1, 2022.

 February 22, 2023

 10.40

 Second Amended and Restated MSR Recapture Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2020, between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 July 2, 2020

 Form

 10.41

 Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated MSR Recapture Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2020, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 10.42

 Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2012, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 March 10, 2016

 10.43

 Flow Sale Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2015, by and between PennyMac Corp. and PennyMac Loan Services, LLC.

 August 7, 2015

 10.44

 HELOC Flow Purchase and Servicing Agreement, dated as of February 25, 2019, by and between PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and PennyMac Corp.

 May 6, 2019

 10.45

 Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2020, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC and Pentalpha Surveillance LLC.

 April 7, 2020

 10.46

 Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, and Pentalpha Surveillance LLC.

 June 14, 2022

 10.47

 Amendment No. 2 to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of June 9, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC and Pentalpha Surveillance LLC.

 10.48

 Amendment No. 3, dated February 7, 2023, to the Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2020, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., as Indenture Trustee, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, and consented and agreed to by Goldman Sachs Bank USA.

 February 13, 2023

 10.49

 Amended and Restated Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement to Indenture, dated as of February 28, 2018, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 March 6, 2018

 Form

 10.50

 Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of August 10, 2018, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 November 2, 2018

 10.51

 Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of April 24, 2020, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 May 7, 2020

 10.52

 Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of August 25, 2020, among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 November 6, 2020

 10.53

 Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of April 1, 2021, among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 May 6, 2021

 10.54

 Amendment No. 5 to the Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of July 30, 2021, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 10.55

 Omnibus SOFR Amendment No. 6 to Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, Amendment No. 4 to Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Indenture Supplement, Omnibus Amendment No. 1 to Series 2016-MBSADV1 Indenture Supplement and Series 2021-MBSADVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of February 10, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch.

 May 5, 2022

 10.56

 Joint Amendment No. 7 to Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement and Amendment No. 5 to Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of June 8, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, and Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch.

 Form

 10.57

 Amendment No. 8 to Series 2016-MSRVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of June 27, 2023, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.

 10.58

 Series 2018-GT1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of February 28, 2018, to Second Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of August 10, 2017, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 March 6, 2018

 10.59

 Series 2018-GT2 Indenture Supplement, dated as of August 10, 2018, to Second Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of August 10, 2017, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 August 15, 2018

 10.60

 Series 2022-GT1 Indenture Supplement to Third Amended and Restated Base Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC.

 June 14, 2022

 10.61

 Series 2023-GTL1 Indenture Supplement and Loan Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2023, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, as issuer, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, as administrator and servicer, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, as administrative agent, and the syndicated lenders party thereto.

 March 3, 2023

 10.62

 Series 2023-GTL2 Indenture Supplement and Loan Agreement, dated as of October 25, 2023, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, as issuer, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, as administrator and servicer, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., as administrative agent, and the syndicated lenders party thereto.

 October 26, 2023

 10.63

 Guaranty, dated as of December 19, 2016, made by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, in favor of PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST.

 December 21, 2016

 10.64

 Amendment No. 1 to Guaranty, dated as of February 16, 2017, by and between PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 February 23, 2017

 Form

 10.65

 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2020, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 April 7, 2020

 10.66

 Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of June 9, 2022, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC.

 10.67

 Side Letter Agreement to Series 2016-MSRVF1 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2021, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC.

 10.68

 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2021, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC, MSR Collateralized Notes, SERIES 2016-MSRVF1.

 10.69

 Omnibus Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreements, dated as of June 8, 2022, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC, MSR Collateralized Notes, SERIES 2016-MSRVF1 and SERIES 2020-SPIADVF1.

 10.70

 Omnibus Amendment No. 2 to the 2016-MSRVF1 Amended and Restated Repurchase Agreement and Amendment No. 3 to the Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Repurchase Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2023, by and among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N.A., and PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and acknowledged by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, as guarantor.

 February 13, 2023

 Form

 10.71

 Omnibus Assignment, Assumption and Amendment, dated March 16, 2023, among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Alpine Securitization LTD, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Atlas Securitized Products Investments 3, L.P., Atlas Securitized Products Funding 2, L.P., and Nexera Holding LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 March 17, 2023

 10.72

 Joint Omnibus Assignment, Assumption and Amendment No. 3 to the Series 2016-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement, Amendment No. 4 to the Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Repurchase Agreement, Amendment No. 3 to the Pricing Side Letters, Amendment No. 2 to the Side Letter Agreements and Amendment No. 1 to the VFN Repo Guaranty, dated March 16, 2023, among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Nexera Holding LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 March 17, 2023

 10.73

 Joint Omnibus Amendment No. 4 to the Series 2016-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement, Amendment No. 5 to the Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Repurchase Agreement, and Amendment No. 4 to the Series 2016-MSRVF1 and Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Pricing Side Letters, dated as of June 27, 2023, by and among Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Nexera Holding LLC, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 10.74

 Joint Assignment, Assumption and Amendment No. 3 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement, Amendment No. 2 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Pricing Side Letter and Amendment No. 2 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Side Letter Agreement, dated March 16, 2023, among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Nexera Holding LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 March 17, 2023

 10.75

 Omnibus Amendment No. 3 to the Series 2016-MSRVF1 and Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Side Letter Agreements, dated as of June 27, 2023, by and among Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Nexera Holding LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 Form

 10.76

 Second Amended and Restated Guaranty, dated as of July 30, 2021, by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC in favor of Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC on behalf of Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Island Branch and Citibank, N.A..

 10.77

 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2021, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC, MSR Collateralized Notes, SERIES 2020-SPIADVF1.

 10.78

 Amendment No. 2 to SERIES 2020-SPIADVF1 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of June 9, 2022, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC.

 10.79

 Amended and Restated Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of February 7, 2023, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC and Goldman Sachs Bank USA.

 10.80

 Amendment No. 1 to Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of June 27, 2023, by and among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., and Goldman Sachs Bank USA.

 10.81

 Joinder and Amendment No. 2 to the A&R Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Indenture Supplement, dated as of August 4, 2023, by an among PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST, Citibank, N.A., Pennymac Loan Services, LLC, Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC and Nexera Holding LLC.

 *

 10.82

 Side Letter Agreement to Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2021, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC.

 Form

 10.83

 Omnibus Amendment No. 1 to the Side Letter Agreements, dated December 7, 2021, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Citibank, N. A., and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC.

 10.84

 Base Indenture, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among PFSI ISSUER TRUST - FMSR, as Issuer, Citibank, N.A., as Indenture Trustee, Calculation Agent, Paying Agent and Securities Intermediary, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, as Servicer and Administrator, and Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, as Administrative Agent.

 10.85

 Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among PFSI ISSUER TRUST - FMSR, as Buyer, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, as Seller, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, as Guarantor.

 10.86

 Guaranty, dated as of April 28, 2021, made by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, in favor of PFSI ISSUER TRUST – FMSR.

 10.87

 Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, as administrative agent, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as Buyer, and PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, as Seller.

 10.88

 Amendment No. 1 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement, dated as of September 8, 2021, by and among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 10.89

 Amendment No. 2 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2021 and effective as of January 1, 2022, by and among Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 Form

 10.90

 Joint Amendment No. 4 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Repurchase Agreement and Amendment No. 3 to the Series 2021-MSRVF1 Pricing Side Letter, dated as of June 27, 2023, by and among Atlas Securitized Products, L.P., Nexera Holding LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 10.91

 Guaranty, dated as of April 28, 2021, by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, in favor of PennyMac Loan Services, LLC.

 10.92

 Series 2023-MSRVF2 Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 4, 2023, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC.

 August 10, 2023

 10.93

 Series 2020-SPIADVF1 Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of August 4, 2023, by and among PennyMac Loan Services, LLC and Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC.

 August 10, 2023

 10.94

 Guaranty, by Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, as guarantor, in favor of Nomura Corporate Funding Americas, LLC, dated as of August 4, 2023.

 August 10, 2023

 10.95

 Amended and Restated SERIES 2020-SPIADVF1 Guaranty, dated as of December 20, 2023, by and among Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, PNMAC GMSR VFN Funding, LLC and Goldman Sachs Bank USA.

 *

 10.96

 Amended and Restated SERIES 2023-MSRVF1 Guaranty, dated as of December 20, 2023, by and among Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, PNMAC SPIA VFN Funding, LLC and Goldman Sachs Bank USA.

 *

 10.97

 SERIES 2020-SPIADVF1 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2023, by and among Goldman Sachs Bank USA, PNMAC SPIA VFN Funding, LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 *

 10.98

 SERIES 2023-MSRVF1 Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2023, by and among Goldman Sachs Bank USA, PNMAC GMSR VFN Funding, LLC, PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, and Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC.

 *

 21.1

 Subsidiaries of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 *

 Form

 23.1

 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.

 *

 31.1

 Certification of David A. Spector pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 *

 31.2

 Certification of Daniel S. Perotti pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 *

 32.1

 Certification of David A. Spector pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **

 32.2

 Certification of Daniel S. Perotti pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **

 Recoupment of Incentive Compensation Policy For Executive Officers.

 *

 *

 101.INS

 *

 101.SCH

 *

 101.CAL

 *

 101.DEF

 *

 101.LAB

 *

 Form

 101.PRE

 *

 Portions of the exhibit have been redacted.
 * Filed herewith
 ** The certifications attached hereto as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)

 Financial Statements:

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Income

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of
 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. and subsidiaries (the ''Company'') as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 21, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights ("MSRs") – Refer to Notes 3, 6 and 9 to the Financial Statements

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 The Company accounts for MSRs at fair value and categorizes its MSRs as "Level 3" fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable prepayment rate ("prepayment speed"), pricing spread (a component of the discount rate), and annual per-loan cost to service the underlying loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSRs' fair value measurement.

 We identified the pricing spread and prepayment speed assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management in determining these assumptions. Auditing these assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, to evaluate the reasonableness of management's estimates and assumptions related to selection of the pricing spread and prepayment speed.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures related to the pricing spread and prepayment speed assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of MSRs included the following, among others:

 We tested the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over determining the fair value of MSRs, including those over the determination of the pricing spread and prepayment speed assumptions

 With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of management's prepayment speed assumptions by preparing a value for comparison to the Company's valuation

 We evaluated the reasonableness of management's prepayment speed assumptions of the underlying mortgage loans, by comparing historical prepayment speed assumptions to actual results

 We tested management's process for determining the pricing spread assumptions by comparing them to the implied spreads within market transactions and other third-party information used by management

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Los Angeles, California

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 ASSETS

 Cash

 $

 938,371

 $

 1,328,536

 Short-term investment at fair value

 10,268

 12,194

 Loans held for sale at fair value (includes $ 4,329,501 and $ 3,442,847 pledged to creditors)

 Derivative assets

 Servicing advances, net (includes valuation allowance of $ 73,991 and $ 78,992; $ 354,831 and $ 381,379 pledged to creditors)

 694,038

 696,753

 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value (includes $ 7,033,892 and $ 5,897,613 pledged to creditors)

 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at fair value

 1,121

 Receivable from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 29,262

 36,372

 Loans eligible for repurchase

 4,889,925

 4,702,103

 Other (includes $ 15,653 and $ 12,277 pledged to creditors)

 582,460

 483,773

 $

 $

 LIABILITIES

 Assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 $

 3,763,956

 $

 3,001,283

 Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements

 446,054

 287,592

 Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 1,873,415

 1,942,646

 2,519,651

 1,779,920

 Derivative liabilities

 53,275

 21,712

 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value

 1,805

 2,096

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses

 449,896

 347,908

 Payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 208,210

 205,011

 Payable to exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC unitholders under tax receivable agreement

 26,099

 26,099

 Income taxes payable

 1,042,886

 1,002,744

 Liability for loans eligible for repurchase

 4,889,925

 4,702,103

 Liability for losses under representations and warranties

 30,788

 32,421

 Total liabilities

 15,305,960

 13,351,535

 Commitments and contingencies – Note 18

 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Common stock—authorized 200,000,000 shares of $ 0.0001 par value; issued and outstanding, 50,178,963 and 49,988,492 shares, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital

 24,287

 —

 Retained earnings

 3,514,311

 3,471,044

 Total stockholders' equity

 3,471,049

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands, except earnings per share)

 Revenues

 Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value:

 $

 547,727

 $

 808,197

 $

 2,515,874

 ( 1,784)

 ( 16,564)

 ( 51,473)

 Loan origination fees:

 142,902

 161,441

 358,028

 3,216

 8,418

 26,126

 Net loan servicing fees:

 Loan servicing fees:

 1,268,650

 1,054,828

 875,570

 80,658

 Other

 134,949

 91,894

 118,884

 1,484,946

 1,228,637

 1,075,112

 Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities

 ( 605,568)

 354,176

 ( 415,906)

 Change in fair value of excess servicing spread financing payable to

 —

 —

 ( 1,037)

 Mortgage servicing rights hedging results

 ( 236,778)

 ( 631,484)

 ( 475,215)

 ( 842,346)

 ( 277,308)

 ( 892,158)

 Net interest expense:

 Interest income:

 632,840

 299,782

 From Townsgate Closing Services, LLC

 —

 —

 —

 —

 632,924

 Interest expense:

 389,419

 To PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 —

 1,280

 390,699

 Net interest expense

 ( 4,853)

 ( 41,365)

 ( 90,530)

 Management fees from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 Change in fair value of investment in and dividends received from

 ( 235)

 Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 1,545

 2,510

 1,993

 Repricing of payable to exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC unitholders
 under tax receivable agreement

 —

 —

 Other

 13,403

 12,392

 7,325

 Total net revenues

 1,401,656

 1,985,755

 3,167,361

 Compensation

 576,964

 735,231

 999,802

 Legal settlements

 162,770

 4,649

 ( 4)

 Technology

 143,152

 139,950

 141,426

 Loan origination

 114,500

 173,622

 330,788

 69,433

 59,628

 109,835

 Professional services

 60,521

 73,270

 94,283

 Occupancy and equipment

 36,558

 40,124

 35,810

 Marketing and advertising

 17,631

 46,762

 44,806

 Other

 36,496

 47,272

 51,432

 Total expenses

 1,218,025

 1,320,508

 1,808,178

 38,975

 189,740

 355,693

 $

 $

 $

 Earnings per share

 Basic

 $

 2.89

 $

 8.96

 $

 15.73

 Diluted

 $

 2.74

 $

 8.50

 $

 14.87

 Weighted average shares outstanding

 Basic

 49,978

 53,065

 63,799

 Diluted

 52,733

 55,950

 67,471

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Additional

 Number of

 Par

 paid-in

 Retained

 shares

 value

 capital

 earnings

 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2020

 70,906

 $

 $

 1,047,052

 $

 2,342,329

 $

 3,389,388

 —

 —

 —

 Stock based compensation

 1,326

 —

 36,337

 —

 36,337

 —

 —

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.80 per share)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 52,896)

 ( 52,896)

 ( 15,368)

 ( 1)

 ( 958,193)

 —

 ( 958,194)

 Balance at December 31, 2021

 56,867

 $

 $

 125,396

 $

 3,292,923

 $

 3,418,325

 —

 —

 —

 Stock based compensation

 —

 37,719

 —

 37,719

 —

 —

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.80 per share)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 54,621)

 ( 54,621)

 ( 7,788)

 ( 1)

 ( 163,320)

 ( 242,765)

 ( 406,086)

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 49,988

 $

 $

 —

 $

 3,471,044

 $

 3,471,049

 —

 —

 —

 Stock based compensation

 1,389

 —

 35,655

 —

 35,655

 —

 —

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.80 per share)

 —

 —

 —

 ( 41,446)

 ( 41,446)

 ( 1,201)

 —

 ( 11,548)

 ( 59,943)

 ( 71,491)

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 50,179

 $

 $

 24,287

 $

 3,514,311

 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flow from operating activities

 $

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:

 ( 545,943)

 ( 791,633)

 ( 2,464,401)

 Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities

 605,568

 ( 354,176)

 416,943

 Mortgage servicing rights hedging results

 236,778

 631,484

 475,215

 Capitalization of interest on loans held for sale

 ( 751)

 ( 3,231)

 ( 19,244)

 Accrual of interest on excess servicing spread financing payable
 to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 —

 1,280

 Amortization of debt issuance costs

 21,432

 19,198

 24,321

 Change in fair value of investment in common shares of

 ( 192)

 ( 195)

 Results of real estate acquired in settlement in loans

 ( 1,545)

 ( 2,510)

 ( 1,993)

 Repricing of payable to exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC unitholders under tax receivable agreement

 —

 ( 576)

 —

 Stock-based compensation expense

 27,582

 42,552

 37,794

 Provision (reversal of provision) for servicing advance losses

 3,271

 ( 36,075)

 ( 47,878)

 Depreciation and amortization

 53,214

 34,409

 28,645

 Impairment of capitalized software

 —

 Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets

 16,804

 15,831

 14,295

 Purchase of loans held for sale from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 ( 72,441,699)

 ( 50,575,617)

 ( 67,851,634)

 Origination of loans held for sale

 ( 10,770,257)

 ( 20,297,064)

 ( 54,857,114)

 Purchase of loans held for sale from non-affiliates

 ( 2,057,135)

 ( 1,802,769)

 ( 4,896,527)

 Purchase of loans from Ginnie Mae securities and early buyout investors

 ( 2,555,865)

 ( 6,199,212)

 ( 23,644,025)

 Sale to non-affiliates and principal payment of loans held for sale

 85,684,522

 84,345,379

 154,450,942

 Sale of loans held for sale to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 298,862

 —

 Repurchase of loans subject to representations and warranties

 ( 49,575)

 ( 92,924)

 ( 99,508)

 Increase in servicing advances

 ( 76,614)

 ( 36,534)

 ( 232,574)

 Decrease in receivable from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 5,666

 2,776

 35,243

 Sale of real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 35,630

 19,761

 14,555

 (Increase) decrease in other assets

 ( 60,442)

 191,384

 61,871

 Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses

 121,677

 ( 109,485)

 34,666

 Decrease in operating lease liabilities

 ( 21,158)

 ( 19,392)

 ( 16,310)

 Increase (decrease) in payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 1,969

 ( 36,708)

 36,549

 Payments to exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC unitholders under tax receivable agreement

 —

 ( 3,855)

 ( 4,635)

 Increase in income taxes payable

 40,142

 317,482

 62,562

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 ( 1,582,219)

 6,033,235

 2,563,061

 Statements continue on the next page.
 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 (Continued)PENNYMAC FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flow from investing activities

 Decrease (increase) in short-term investment

 1,926

 ( 5,321)

 8,344

 Sale of interest-only stripped securities

 98,066

 —

 —

 Net change in assets purchased from PMT under agreement to resell

 —

 —

 80,862

 Net settlement of derivative financial instruments used for hedging of
mortgage servicing rights

 ( 241,956)

 ( 871,878)

 ( 434,397)

 Purchase of mortgage servicing rights

 —

 ( 3,993)

 —

 Transfer of mortgage servicing rights relating to delinquent loans to Agency

 —

 —

 Acquisition of capitalized software

 ( 34,784)

 ( 71,935)

 ( 48,980)

 Purchase of furniture, fixtures, equipment and leasehold improvements

 ( 1,386)

 ( 7,159)

 ( 7,899)

 Sale of furniture, fixtures and equipment

 1,000

 —

 —

 (Increase) decrease in margin deposits

 ( 96,459)

 238,704

 97,701

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 273,288)

 ( 721,582)

 ( 304,369)

 Cash flow from financing activities

 Sale of assets under agreements to repurchase

 85,352,643

 75,076,185

 136,179,744

 Repurchase of assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 ( 84,587,885)

 ( 79,368,855)

 ( 138,546,379)

 Issuance of mortgage loan participation purchase and sale certificates

 22,233,907

 19,312,943

 23,784,510

 Repayment of mortgage loan participation purchase and sale certificates

 ( 22,075,444)

 ( 19,504,845)

 ( 23,826,142)

 Issuance of notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 1,005,000

 —

 Repayment of notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 ( 1,075,000)

 —

 —

 Issuance of unsecured senior notes

 750,000

 —

 1,150,000

 Repayment of obligations under capital lease

 —

 ( 3,489)

 ( 8,375)

 Repayment of excess servicing spread financing

 —

 —

 ( 134,624)

 Payment of debt issuance costs

 ( 33,018)

 ( 19,606)

 ( 37,567)

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options

 17,215

 2,947

 7,536

 Payment of withholding taxes relating to stock-based compensation

 ( 9,142)

 ( 7,780)

 ( 8,993)

 Payment of dividends to holders of common stock

 ( 41,446)

 ( 54,621)

 ( 52,896)

 ( 71,491)

 ( 406,086)

 ( 958,194)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 1,465,339

 ( 4,323,207)

 ( 2,451,380)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash

 ( 390,168)

 988,446

 ( 192,688)

 Cash and restricted cash at beginning of year

 1,328,539

 340,093

 532,781

 Cash and restricted cash at end of year

 $

 938,371

 $

 1,328,539

 $

 340,093

 Cash and restricted cash at end of year are comprised of the following:

 Cash

 $

 938,371

 $

 1,328,536

 $

 340,069

 Restricted cash included in Other assets

 —

 $

 938,371

 $

 1,328,539

 $

 340,093

 Supplemental cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest

 $

 639,486

 $

 329,975

 $

 389,527

 (Refunds received) cash paid for income taxes, net

 $

 ( 1,167)

 $

 ( 127,742)

 $

 293,131

 Non-cash investing activities:

 Mortgage servicing rights received from loan sales

 $

 $

 $

 Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped securities

 $

 98,066

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Operating right-of-use assets recognized

 $

 2,893

 $

 1,364

 $

 28,401

 Non-cash financing activities:

 $

 $

 $

 Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 106,631

 Issuance of Excess servicing spread payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment
Trust pursuant to a recapture agreement

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Note 1—Organization
 PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. (together, with its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicated otherwise, "PFSI" or the "Company") is a holding corporation and its primary assets are equity interests in Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC ("PNMAC"). The Company is the managing member of PNMAC, and it operates and controls all of the businesses and consolidates the financial results of PNMAC and its subsidiaries.

 PNMAC is a Delaware limited liability company which, through its subsidiaries, engages in mortgage banking and investment management activities. PNMAC's mortgage banking activities consist of residential mortgage loan production and servicing. PNMAC's investment management activities and a portion of its mortgage banking activities are conducted on behalf of PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust, a real estate investment trust that invests in residential mortgage-related assets and is separately listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "PMT". PNMAC's primary wholly owned subsidiaries are:

 PennyMac Loan Services, LLC ("PLS")—a Delaware limited liability company that services portfolios of residential mortgage loans on behalf of non-affiliates and PMT, purchases, originates and sells new prime credit quality residential mortgage loans and engages in other mortgage banking activities for its account and the account of PMT.

 PLS is approved as a seller/servicer of mortgage loans by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") and as an issuer of securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"). PLS is a licensed Federal Housing Administration Nonsupervised Title II Lender with the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD") and a lender/servicer with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") (each of the above an "Agency" and collectively the "Agencies").

 PNMAC Capital Management, LLC ("PCM")—a Delaware limited liability company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. PCM has an investment management agreement with PMT.

 Note 2—Concentration of Risk

 A portion of the Company's activities relate to PMT. Revenues generated from PMT and its subsidiaries (generally comprised of gains on mortgage loans held for sale, loan origination fees, fulfillment fees, loan servicing fees, management fees and net interest paid to PMT) totaled 11 %, 9 %, and 9 % of total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company also purchased 85 %, 70 % and 53 % of its loan production from PMT during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Note 3—Significant Accounting Policies

 A description of the significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements follows.

 Basis of Presentation

 The Company's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") as codified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification.

 Principles of Consolidation

 These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of PFSI and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities as described below.

 Variable Interest Entities

 The Company entered into securitization transactions in which variable interest entities ("VIEs") may issue variable funding notes and term debt backed by beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae and Fannie Mae mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"). The Company acts as guarantor of the variable funding notes and term debt. The Company determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because as the holder guarantor of the variable funding notes, it holds the variable interest in the VIEs. Therefore, PFSI consolidates the VIEs.

 For financial reporting purposes, the MSRs financed by the consolidated VIEs are included in Mortgage servicing rights at fair value and the variable funding notes are included in Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and the term debt is included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The financing is detailed in Note 14 – Short - Term Borrowings and Note 15 – Long Term Debt.

 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results will likely differ from those estimates.

 Cash Flows

 For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, the Company has identified tenant security deposits relating to rental properties owned by PMT and managed by the Company as restricted cash. Tenant security deposits are included in Other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

 Fair Value

 Most of the Company's assets and certain of its liabilities are measured at or based on their fair values. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are:

 Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

 Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company.

 Level 3— Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances.

 As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items' fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported.

 Short-Term Investment

 Short-term investment, which represents an investment in an account with a depository institution, is carried at fair value. Changes in fair value are recognized in current period income. The Company classifies its short-term investment as a "Level 1" fair value asset.

 Loans Held for Sale at Fair Value

 The Company has elected to account for loans held for sale at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in current period income, to more timely reflect the Company's performance. All changes in fair value are recognized as a component of Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value. The Company classifies most of the loans held for sale at fair value as "Level 2" fair value assets. Certain of the Company's loans held for sale may not be saleable into active markets due to identified defects or delinquency. Such loans are classified as "Level 3" fair value assets.

 Sale Recognition

 The Company recognizes transfers of loans as sales when it surrenders control over the loans. Control over transferred loans is deemed to be surrendered when (i) the loans have been isolated from the Company, (ii) the transferee has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred loans, and (iii) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred loans through either (a) an agreement that entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific loans.

 Interest Income Recognition

 Interest income on loans held for sale at fair value is recognized over the life of the loans using their contractual interest rates. Income recognition is suspended and the interest receivable is reversed against interest income when a loan become 90 days delinquent. Income recognition is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 The Company holds and issues derivative financial instruments that are created as a result of certain of its operations. The Company also enters into derivative transactions as part of its interest rate risk management activities.

 Derivative financial instruments created as a result of the Company's operations are interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") that are created when the Company commits to purchase or originate a loan for sale at a specified interest rate.

 PFSI engages in interest rate risk management activities in an effort to moderate the effect of changes in market interest rates on the fair value of the Company's assets. The Company is exposed to price risk relative to:

 Loans held for sale and IRLCs. The Company bears price risk from the time a commitment to fund a loan is made to a borrower or to purchase a loan from PMT or a non-affiliated entity, to the time either the prospective transaction is cancelled or the loan is sold. During this period, the Company is exposed to losses if market interest rates increase, because the fair value of the purchase commitment or prospective loan decreases.

 MSRs. MSRs are generally subject to reduction in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage interest rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the expected life of the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs, thereby reducing the MSRs' fair value. Reductions in the fair value of MSRs affect earnings primarily through recognition of the changes in fair value.

 To manage the fair value risk resulting from interest rate risk, the Company uses derivative financial instruments acquired with the intention of reducing the risk that changes in market interest rates will result in unfavorable changes in the fair value of the Company's IRLCs, inventory of loans held for sale and MSRs.

 The Company manages the risk created by IRLCs by entering into forward sale agreements to sell the expected mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and by the purchase and sale of options on MBS. Such agreements are also accounted for as derivative financial instruments. These and other interest-rate derivatives are also used to manage the fair value risk created by changes in prepayment speeds on certain of the MSRs the Company holds.

 The Company classifies its IRLCs as "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities. Fair value of hedging derivative financial instruments that are actively traded on an exchange are categorized by the Company as "Level 1" fair value assets and liabilities. Fair value of hedging derivative financial instruments based on observable MBS prices or interest rate volatilities in the MBS market are categorized as "Level 2" fair value assets and liabilities.

 The Company does not designate its derivative financial instruments for hedge accounting. Therefore, the Company accounts for its derivative financial instruments as free-standing derivatives. All derivative financial instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value with changes in the fair values being reported in current period income.

 Changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments hedging IRLCs, loans held for sale at fair value and MSRs are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value or in Mortgage servicing rights hedging results, as applicable, in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

 Cash flows from derivative financial instruments relating to hedging of IRLCs and loans acquired for sale are included in Cash flows from operating activities in Sale and repayment of loans acquired for sale at fair value to nonaffiliates and cash flows from derivative financial instruments relating to hedging of MSRs is included in Cash flows from investing activities.
 When the Company has multiple derivative financial instruments with the same counterparty subject to a master netting arrangement, it offsets the amounts recorded as assets and liabilities and amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral it has deposited with the counterparty or the obligation to return cash collateral it has collected from the counterparty arising from that master netting arrangement. Such offset amounts are presented as either a net asset or liability by counterparty on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

 Servicing Advances

 Servicing advances represent contractually required protective advances the Company makes on behalf of the loans' beneficial interest holders. Servicing advances may include advances of scheduled principal and interest amounts due to the beneficial interest holders on delinquent loans, property taxes, insurance premiums and out-of-pocket collection amounts (e.g., preservation and restoration of mortgaged property or real estate acquired in the settlement of loans ("REO"), legal fees, and appraisals) made to protect beneficial interest holders' interests in the properties collateralizing their loans. Servicing advances are made in compliance with the respective servicing agreements and Agency loan servicing guides.

 The Company does not expect to incur credit losses on servicing advances as such amounts are generally recoverable from the Agencies. Certain of the Company's loan servicing agreements and Agency loan servicing guides limit the amounts that the beneficial interest holders or loan insurers or guarantors will reimburse the Company, and beneficial interest holders or guarantors may dispute the level of certain charges incurred in the collection process. Some State laws limit some collection amounts that may be recovered from borrowers.

 The Company is contractually responsible for making the payments required to protect its beneficial interest holders' interests in the properties collateralizing their loans and may, therefore, be required to incur amounts in excess of insurer or guarantor reimbursement limits. Therefore, the Company provides a valuation allowance on the servicing advances for these amounts in excess of amounts that are expected to ultimately be recovered from the loans' insurers, guarantors or beneficial interest holders.

 The servicing advance valuation allowance is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectable amounts. The provision for losses on servicing advances is included in Servicing expense in the consolidated statements of income. Servicing advances are written off when they are deemed unrecoverable.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

 MSRs and mortgage servicing liabilities ("MSLs") arise from contractual agreements between the Company and investors (or their agents) in mortgage securities and mortgage loans. Under these contracts, the Company performs loan servicing functions in exchange for fees and other remuneration. The servicing functions typically performed include, among other responsibilities, collecting and remitting loan payments; responding to borrower inquiries; accounting for principal and interest; holding custodial (impounded) funds for payment of property taxes and insurance premiums; counseling delinquent mortgagors; administering loss mitigation activities, including modification and forbearance programs; and supervising foreclosures and property dispositions.

 The Company is contractually entitled to receive other remuneration including various mortgagor-contracted fees such as late charges and collateral reconveyance charges, and the Company is generally entitled to retain the placement fees earned on impounded funds and funds held pending remittance related to its collection of mortgagor payments. The Company also generally has the right to solicit the mortgagors for other products and services as well as for new mortgages for those considering refinancing their existing loan or purchasing a new home.

 The Company recognizes MSRs and MSLs initially at fair value, either as proceeds from or liabilities incurred in sales of mortgage loans where the Company assumes the obligation to service the mortgage loan in the sale transaction, or from the purchase of MSRs or receipt of cash for acceptance of MSLs.

 The fair value of MSRs and MSLs is derived from the net positive or negative, respectively, cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. For loans subject to MSR and MSL contracts, the Company receives a servicing fee, based on the remaining outstanding principal balances of the mortgage loans subject to the servicing contracts. The servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by the mortgagors.

 The fair value of MSRs and MSLs is difficult to determine because MSRs and MSLs are not actively traded in observable stand-alone markets. Considerable judgment is required to estimate the fair values of MSRs and MSLs and the exercise of such judgment can significantly affect the Company's income. Therefore, the Company classifies its MSRs and MSLs as "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities.

 Changes in fair value of MSLs and MSRs are recognized in current period income in Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the consolidated statements of income.

 Leases
 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, the Company recognizes both an operating lease right-of-use asset in Other assets and a corresponding operating lease liability in Accounts payable and accrued expenses in its consolidated balance sheet, except for leases with initial terms less than or equal to 12 months. Lease expense is recognized on the straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in Occupancy and equipment in the consolidated statements of income.
 The Company's lease agreements include both lease and non-lease components (such as common area maintenance), which are generally included in the lease and are accounted for together with the lease as a single lease component. As such, lease payments represent payments on both lease and non-lease components. At lease commencement, lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining lease payments and discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets initially equal the lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made before lease commencement and for any lease incentives.

 Furniture, Fixtures, Equipment and Building Improvements

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and building improvements are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets, which range from five to seven years for furniture and equipment and the lesser of the asset's estimated useful life or the remaining lease term for fixtures and building improvements.

 Capitalized Software

 The Company capitalizes certain consulting, payroll, and payroll-related costs related to the development of computer software for internal use. Once development is complete and the software is placed in service, the Company amortizes the capitalized costs over three to seven years using the straight-line method.

 The Company periodically assesses capitalized software for recoverability when events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the Company identifies an indicator of impairment, it assesses recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and is measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value.

 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust at Fair Value

 Common shares of beneficial interest in PMT are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Fair value for purposes of the Company's holdings in PMT is based on the published closing price of the shares as of period end. The Company classifies its investment in common shares of PMT as a "Level 1" fair value asset.

 Loans Eligible for Repurchase

 The terms of the Ginnie Mae MBS program allow, but do not require, the Company to repurchase a loan when it is at least three months delinquent. As a result of this right, the Company recognizes the loans in Loans eligible for repurchase at their unpaid principal balances and records a corresponding liability in Liability for loans eligible for repurchase on its consolidated balance sheets.

 Borrowings

 The carrying values of borrowings other than excess servicing spread ("ESS") are based on the accrued cost of the agreements. The costs of creating the facilities underlying the agreements (debt issuance costs) are included in the carrying value of the agreements and are charged to Interest expense over the terms of the respective borrowing facilities:

 Debt issuance costs relating to revolving facilities, such as repurchase agreement and mortgage loan participation purchase and sale facilities are amortized on the straight line basis over the term of the facility; and

 Debt issuance cost relating to non-revolving debts, such as the Company's Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets and Unsecured senior notes are amortized over the contractual term of the non-revolving debt using the interest method.

 Excess Servicing Spread Financing at Fair Value

 The Company financed certain of its purchases of Agency MSRs through the sale to PMT of the right to receive the excess of the servicing fee rate over a specified rate of the underlying MSRs. This excess is referred to as ESS. ESS is carried at its fair value. Changes in fair value of ESS are recognized in current period income in Change in fair value of excess servicing spread payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust.

 Interest expense for ESS is accrued using the interest method based upon the expected cash flows from the ESS through the expected life of the underlying mortgage loans.

 Liability for Losses Under Representations and Warranties

 The Company's agreements with the Agencies and other investors include representations and warranties related to the loans the Company sells to the Agencies and other investors. The representations and warranties require adherence to Agency and other investor origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local law.

 In the event of a breach of its representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the loans with the identified defects or indemnify the investor or insurer. In such cases, the Company bears any subsequent credit loss on the loans. The Company's credit loss may be reduced by any recourse it may have to correspondent loan sellers that, in turn, had sold such mortgage loans to PMT and breached similar or other representations and warranties. In such event, the Company has the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that correspondent loan seller, through PMT.

 As a result of providing representations and warranties to investors and insurers, the Company records a provision for losses on representations and warranties at fair value upon sale of loans. The method used to estimate the liability for representations and warranties is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates, the estimated severity of loss in the event of default and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of the recorded liability. The level of the liability for representations and warranties is reviewed and approved by the Company's management credit committee. Both the initial recognition of, and adjustments to the level of, the liability for representations and warranties are recorded in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value.

 The level of the liability for representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable judgment. The level of loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, investor repurchase demand or insurer claim denial strategies, and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans. The Company's representations and warranties are generally not subject to stated limits of exposure. However, the Company believes that the current unpaid principal balance ("UPB") of loans sold to date represents the maximum exposure to repurchases related to representations and warranties.

 Loan Origination Fees
 Loan origination fees represent compensation to the Company for the origination or purchase of loans. Loan origination fees are earned and recognized upon funding or purchase of the loan by the Company and are collected either at purchase from the correspondent seller, at funding when paid by the borrower or upon sale of the loan when the origination fees are financed by the borrower.
 Loan Servicing Fees

 Loan servicing fees are received by the Company for servicing loans. Loan servicing activities are described in Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities above. Loan servicing fee amounts relating to MSRs and MSLs are based upon fee rates established at the time a loan sale or securitization agreement is entered into. Loan servicing fee amounts relating to loans subserviced for PMT are detailed in Note 4 – Transactions with Related Parties.

 The Company's obligations under its loan servicing agreements are fulfilled as the Company services the loans. Fees are collected when the loan payments are received from the borrowers in the case of MSRs and MSLs held by the Company or within 30 days of the applicable month-end for subserviced loans.

 Loan servicing fees relating to owned MSRs are recognized when earned. Loan servicing fees relating to loans subserviced for PMT are recognized in the month in which the loans are serviced.

 Fulfillment Fees

 Fulfillment fees represent fees the Company collects for services it performs on behalf of PMT in connection with the acquisition, packaging and sale of loans. Fulfillment fee amounts are based upon a negotiated fee schedule as detailed in Note 4 – Transactions with Related Parties. The Company's obligation under the agreement is fulfilled when PMT issues a loan commitment, when it purchases a loan and when it completes the sale or securitization of a loan it purchases to investors other than Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. Fulfillment fee revenue is recognized in the month an interest rate lock commitment is issued, or the loan is purchased or sold by PMT. Fulfillment fees are not collected for any loans sold from PMT to the Company. Fulfillment fees are generally collected from PMT within 30 days of the applicable activity.

 Management Fees

 Management fees represent compensation to the Company for management services it provides to PMT. Management fees are based on PMT's shareholders' equity amounts and profitability in excess of specified thresholds as detailed in Note 4 – Transactions with Related Parties. Management fees are recognized as services are provided and are paid to the Company on a quarterly basis within 30 days of the end of the quarter.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 The Company establishes the cost of its share-based awards at the awards' fair values at the grant date of the awards. The Company estimates the fair value of time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units awarded with reference to the fair value of its underlying common stock and expected forfeiture rates on the date of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of its stock option awards with reference to the expected price volatility of its shares of common stock, expected dividend yield, expected forfeiture rates, and risk-free interest rate for the period that exercisable stock options are expected to be outstanding.

 Compensation costs are fixed, except for performance-based restricted stock units, as of the award date. The cost of performance-based restricted stock units is adjusted in each reporting period after the grant for changes in expected performance attainment until the performance share units vest. The Company amortizes the cost of stock based compensation awards to Compensation expense over the vesting period using the graded vesting method.

 Income Taxes

 The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes. Income taxes are provided using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

 The Company recognizes the effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates in income in the period in which the change occurs. The Company establishes a valuation allowance if, in management's judgment, it is not more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized.
 The Company recognizes tax benefits relating to its tax positions only if, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority. A tax position that meets this standard is recognized as the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the appropriate taxing authority. The Company will classify any penalties and interest as a component of provision for income taxes.

 As a result of a recapitalization and reorganization of PNMAC in 2013, the Company expects to benefit from amortization and other tax deductions resulting from increases in the tax basis of PNMAC's assets from the exchange of PennyMac Class A units to the shares of the Company's common stock. Those deductions will be allocated to the Company and will be taken into account in reporting the Company's taxable income.

 The Company assumed an agreement with certain of the former unitholders of PNMAC that provides for the additional payment by the Company to exchanging unitholders of PNMAC equal to 85 % of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that PFSI realizes due to (i) increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of the then existing unitholders and (ii) certain other tax benefits related to PFSI entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement. Although a reorganization of the Company in 2018 eliminated the potential for unitholders to exchange any additional units subject to this tax receivable agreement, the Company continues to be subject to the agreement and provide payment when applicable for units exchanged before the reorganization.

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 During 2023, the FASB issued two Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs") aimed at increasing the amount of detail provided to financial statement users in certain existing disclosures. Neither ASU requires changes to the Company's accounting. The ASUs are discussed below:

 Segment Disclosures

 The FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"), that is intended to improve disclosures about a public entity's reportable segments and addresses requests from investors and other allocators of capital for more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses.

 The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The key amendments will require that the Company supplement its existing disclosures to include disclosure of:

 significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; and

 an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss.

 The Company will be required to apply the reporting specified by ASU 2023-07 in annual periods beginning with its fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and for quarterly periods ended thereafter.

 Income Tax Disclosures

 The FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), that is intended to enhance the level of detail and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosures of:

 Reconciliation of the expected tax at the applicable statutory federal income tax rate to the reported tax in a tabular format, using both percentages and amounts, broken out into specific categories with certain reconciling items of five percent or greater of the expected tax further broken out by nature and/or jurisdiction; and

 Disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received, broken out between federal and state and local income taxes. Payments to individual jurisdictions representing five percent or more of the total income tax payments must also be separately disclosed.

 The disclosures specified by ASU 2023-09 are required in the Company's annual financial statements beginning with the year ended December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted.

 Note 4—Transactions with Related Parties

 Transactions with PMT

 Operating Activities

 Mortgage Loan Production Activities and Mortgage Servicing Rights Recapture

 Loan Sales

 The Company may sell newly originated loans to PMT under a mortgage loan purchase agreement. The Company has typically utilized the mortgage loan purchase agreement for the purpose of selling to PMT conforming balance non-government insured or guaranteed loans, as well as prime jumbo residential mortgage loans.

 MSR Recapture

 Pursuant to the terms of an MSR recapture agreement, when the Company refinances mortgage loans for which PMT previously held the MSRs, the Company is generally required to transfer and convey to PMT cash in an amount equal to:

 40 % of the fair market value of the MSRs relating to the recaptured loans subject to the first 15 % of the "recapture rate";

 35 % of the fair market value of the MSRs relating to the recaptured loans subject to the "recapture rate" in excess of 15 % and up to 30 %; and

 30 % of the fair market value of the MSRs relating to the recaptured loans subject to the "recapture rate" in excess of 30 %.

 The "recapture rate" means, during each month, the ratio of (i) the aggregate UPB of all recaptured loans, to (ii) the aggregate UPB of all mortgage loans for which the Company held the MSRs and that were refinanced or otherwise paid off in such month. The Company has further agreed to allocate sufficient resources to target a recapture rate of 15 %.

 The mortgage loan purchase and MSR recapture agreements expire on June 30, 2025.

 Fulfillment Services

 The Company provides PMT with certain mortgage banking services, including fulfillment and disposition-related services, for which it receives a monthly fulfillment fee. Pursuant to the terms of a mortgage banking services agreement, the fulfillment fees shall not exceed the following:

 the number of loan commitments multiplied by a pull-through factor of either.99 or.80 depending on whether the loan commitments are subject to a "mandatory trade confirmation" or a "best efforts lock confirmation", respectively, and then multiplied by $ 585 for each pull-through adjusted loan commitment up to and including 16,500 per quarter and $ 355 for each pull-through adjusted loan commitment in excess of 16,500 per quarter, plus

 $ 315 multiplied by the number of purchased loans up to and including 16,500 per quarter and $ 195 multiplied by the number of purchased loans in excess of 16,500 per quarter, plus

 $ 750 multiplied by the number of all purchased loans that are sold or securitized to parties other than Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; provided however, that no fulfillment fee shall be due or payable to PLS with respect to any Ginnie Mae loans, and as of October 1, 2022, certain Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac loans acquired by PLS.

 Sourcing Fees

 PMT does not hold the Ginnie Mae approval required to issue Ginnie Mae MBS and act as a servicer. Accordingly, under the agreement, the Company purchases mortgage loans underwritten in accordance with the Ginnie Mae MBS Guide "as is" and without recourse of any kind from PMT at PMT's cost less an administrative fee plus accrued interest and sourcing fee ranging from one to two basis points of the UPB of the loan, generally based on the average number of calendar days the loans are held by PMT before purchase by the Company. The Company may also acquire conventional loans from PMT on the same terms upon mutual agreement between PMT and the Company.

 While the Company purchases these mortgage loans "as is" and without recourse of any kind from PMT, where the Company has a claim for repurchase, indemnity or otherwise against a correspondent seller, it is entitled, at its sole expense, to pursue any such claim through or in the name of PMT.

 Following is a summary of loan production activities, including MSR recapture, between the Company and PMT:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net losses on loans held for sale at fair value:

 Net losses on loans sold to PMT (primarily cash)

 $

 —

 $

 ( 2,820)

 $

 —

 Mortgage servicing rights recapture incurred

 ( 1,784)

 ( 13,744)

 ( 51,473)

 $

 ( 1,784)

 $

 ( 16,564)

 $

 ( 51,473)

 Sales of loans held for sale to PMT

 $

 —

 $

 298,862

 $

 —

 Tax service fees earned from PMT included in Loan origination fees

 $

 3,216

 $

 8,418

 $

 26,126

 Fulfillment fee revenue

 $

 $

 $

 Unpaid principal balance of loans fulfilled for PMT subject to fulfillment fees

 $

 14,898,301

 $

 37,090,031

 $

 110,003,574

 Sourcing fees included in cost of loans purchased from PMT

 $

 7,162

 $

 4,968

 $

 6,472

 Unpaid principal balance of loans purchased from PMT:

 Government guaranteed or insured

 $

 40,476,782

 $

 45,768,110

 $

 64,774,728

 Conventional conforming

 31,141,915

 3,912,157

 —

 $

 71,618,697

 $

 49,680,267

 $

 64,774,728

 Loan Servicing

 The Company and PMT have entered into a loan servicing agreement (the "Servicing Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company provides subservicing for PMT's portfolio of MSRs, loans at fair value other than loans purchased with credit deterioration and loans held for sale (prime servicing) and its portfolio of residential mortgage loans purchased with credit deterioration (special servicing). The Servicing Agreement provides for servicing fees of per-loan monthly amounts based on the delinquency, bankruptcy and/or foreclosure status of the serviced loan or REO. The Company also remains entitled to customary ancillary income and market-based fees and charges relating to loans it services for PMT.

 Prime Servicing

 The base servicing fees for prime servicing loans are calculated through a monthly per-loan dollar amount, with the actual dollar amount for each loan based on whether the loan is a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loan. The base servicing fee rates are $ 7.50 per month for fixed-rate loans and $ 8.50 per month for adjustable-rate loans.

 To the extent that prime loans become delinquent, the Company is entitled to an additional servicing fee per loan ranging from $ 10 to $ 55 per month based on the delinquency, bankruptcy and foreclosure status of the loan or $ 75 per month if the underlying mortgaged property becomes REO. The Company is also entitled to customary ancillary income and certain market-based fees and charges, including boarding and deboarding fees, liquidation and disposition fees, assumption, modification and origination fees and a percentage of late charges.

 The Company receives certain fees for COVID-19 pandemic-related forbearance and modification activities provided for under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act.

 Special Servicing

 The base servicing fee rates for special servicing loans range from $ 30 per month for current loans up to $ 95 per month for loans in foreclosure proceedings. The base servicing fee rate for REO is $ 75 per month. The Company also receives a supplemental servicing fee of $ 25 per month for each special servicing loan.

 The Company receives activity-based fees for modifications, foreclosures and liquidations that it facilitates with respect to special servicing loans, as well as other market-based refinancing and loan disposition fees.

 Following is a summary of loan servicing fees earned from PMT:

 Loan type serviced

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Prime servicing

 $

 81,139

 $

 81,386

 $

 80,153

 Special servicing

 $

 $

 $

 80,658

 The Servicing Agreement expires on June 30, 2025.

 Investment Management Activities

 The Company has a management agreement with PMT ("Management Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company oversees PMT's business affairs in conformity with the investment policies that are approved and monitored by its board of trustees, for which PFSI collects a base management fee and may collect a performance incentive fee. The Management Agreement provides that:

 The base management fee is calculated quarterly and is equal to the sum of (i) 1.5 % per year of PMT's average shareholders' equity up to $ 2 billion, (ii) 1.375 % per year of PMT's average shareholders' equity in excess of $ 2 billion and up to $ 5 billion, and (iii) 1.25 % per year of PMT's average shareholders' equity in excess of $ 5 billion.

 The performance incentive fee is calculated quarterly at a defined annualized percentage of the amount by which PMT's "net income," on a rolling four-quarter basis and before deducting the incentive fee, exceeds certain levels of return on "equity."

 The performance incentive fee is equal to the sum of:

 10 % of the amount by which PMT's "net income" for the quarter exceeds (i) an 8 % return on "equity" plus the "high watermark," up to (ii) a 12 % return on PMT's "equity"; plus

 15 % of the amount by which PMT's "net income" for the quarter exceeds (i) a 12 % return on PMT's "equity" plus the "high watermark," up to (ii) a 16 % return on PMT's "equity"; plus

 20 % of the amount by which PMT's "net income" for the quarter exceeds a 16 % return on "equity" plus the "high watermark."

 For the purpose of determining the amount of the performance incentive fee:

 "Net income" is defined as net income or loss attributable to PMT's common shares of beneficial interest computed in accordance with GAAP adjusted for certain other non-cash charges determined after discussions between the Company and PMT's independent trustees and approval by a majority of PMT's independent trustees.

 "Equity" is the weighted average of the issue price per common share of all of PMT's public offerings, multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (including restricted share units) in the rolling four-quarter period.

 The "high watermark" is the quarterly adjustment that reflects the amount by which the "net income" (stated as a percentage of return on "equity") in that quarter exceeds or falls short of the lesser of 8 % and the average Fannie Mae 30-year MBS yield (the "Target Yield") for the four quarters then ended. If the "net income" is less than the Target Yield, the high watermark is increased by the difference. If the "net income" is more than the Target Yield, the high watermark is reduced by the difference. Each time a performance incentive fee is earned, the high watermark returns to zero. As a result, the threshold amounts required for the Company to earn a performance incentive fee are adjusted cumulatively based on the performance of PMT's "net income" over (or under) the Target Yield, until the "net income" in excess of the Target Yield exceeds the then-current cumulative high watermark amount, and a performance incentive fee is earned.

 The base management fee and the performance incentive fee are both receivable quarterly in arrears. The performance incentive fee may be paid in cash or a combination of cash and PMT's common shares (subject to a limit of no more than 50 % paid in common shares), at PMT's option.

 In the event of termination of the Management Agreement between PMT and the Company, the Company may be entitled to a termination fee in certain circumstances. The termination fee is equal to three times the sum of (a) the average annual base management fee, and (b) the average annual performance incentive fee earned by the Company, in each case during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of termination.

 Following is a summary of the base management and performance incentive fees earned from PMT:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Base management

 $

 $

 $

 34,794

 Performance incentive

 —

 —

 3,007

 $

 $

 $

 Expense Reimbursement

 Under the Management Agreement, PMT reimburses the Company for its organizational and operating expenses, including third-party expenses, incurred on PMT's behalf, it being understood that the Company and its affiliates shall allocate a portion of their personnel's time to provide certain legal, tax and investor relations services for the direct benefit of PMT. With respect to the allocation of the Company's and its affiliates' personnel compensation, the Company is reimbursed $ 165,000 per fiscal quarter, such amount to be reviewed annually and not preclude reimbursement for any other services performed by the Company or its affiliates.

 PMT is also required to pay its pro rata portion of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of the Company and its affiliates required for PMT's and its subsidiaries' operations. These expenses are allocated based on the ratio of PMT's proportion of gross assets compared to all remaining gross assets managed or owned by the Company and/or its affiliates as calculated at each fiscal quarter end.

 The Company received reimbursements from PMT for expenses as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Reimbursement of:

 Expenses incurred on PMT's behalf, net

 $

 21,468

 $

 23,829

 $

 18,812

 Common overhead incurred by the Company

 7,492

 8,588

 4,906

 Compensation

 $

 29,620

 $

 33,077

 $

 24,378

 Payments and settlements during the year (1)

 $

 94,339

 $

 144,012

 $

 284,381

 (1)
 Payments and settlements include payments for the operating, investing and financing activities summarized in this note and netting settlements made pursuant to master netting agreements between the Company and PMT.

 Investing Activities

 Master Repurchase Agreement

 The Company, through PLS, has a master repurchase agreement with one of PMT's wholly-owned subsidiaries, PennyMac Holdings, LLC ("PMH") (the "PMH Repurchase Agreement"), pursuant to which PMH may borrow from the Company for the purpose of financing PMH's participation certificates representing beneficial ownership in ESS under the Spread Acquisition Agreement. PLS then re-pledges such participation certificates to PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST (the "Issuer Trust") under a master repurchase agreement by and among PLS, the Issuer Trust and PNMAC, as guarantor (the "PC Repurchase Agreement"). The Issuer Trust was formed for the purpose of allowing PLS to finance MSRs and ESS relating to such MSRs (the "GNMA MSR Facility").

 In the first quarter of 2021, PLS repurchased the ESS from PMH at fair market value, effectively terminating the borrowing arrangements allowing PMH to finance its participation certificates representing beneficial ownership in ESS. Such ESS is now included in PLS's participation certificates representing beneficial ownership in ESS and MSRs, which PLS pledges in connection with the GNMA MSR Facility.

 The Company holds an investment in PMT in the form of 75,000 common shares of beneficial interest.

 Following is a summary of investing activities between the Company and PMT:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Assets purchased from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust under agreements to resell pledged to creditors:

 Activity during the year:

 Net repayments of assets purchased from PMT under agreement to resell

 $

 80,862

 Interest income

 $

 $

 —

 Common shares of beneficial interest of PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust:

 Activity during the year:

 Dividends earned from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 $

 $

 Change in fair value of investment in common shares of PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 ( 371)

 $

 $

 ( 235)

 $

 Balance at end of year:

 $

 1,121

 $

 Number of shares

 Financing Activities

 Spread Acquisition and MSR Servicing Agreements

 The Company has an amended and restated a master spread acquisition and MSR servicing agreement with PMT (the "Spread Acquisition Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company may sell to PMT, from time to time, the right to receive participation certificates representing beneficial ownership in ESS arising from Ginnie Mae MSRs acquired by the Company, in which case the Company generally would be required to service or subservice the related mortgage loans for Ginnie Mae. The primary purpose of the amendment and restatement was to facilitate the continued financing of the ESS owned by PMT in connection with the parties' participation in the GNMA MSR Facility.

 To the extent the Company refinances any of the mortgage loans relating to the ESS it has issued to PMT, the Spread Acquisition Agreement also contains recapture provisions requiring that the Company transfer to PMT, at no cost, the ESS relating to a certain percentage of the UPB of the newly originated mortgage loans. However, under the Spread Acquisition Agreement, in any month where the transferred ESS relating to newly originated Ginnie Mae mortgage loans is not equivalent to at least 90% of the product of the excess servicing fee rate and the UPB of the refinanced mortgage loans, the Company is also required to transfer additional ESS or cash in the amount of such shortfall. Similarly, in any month where the transferred ESS relating to modified Ginnie Mae mortgage loans is not equivalent to at least 90% of the product of the excess servicing fee rate and the UPB of the modified mortgage loans, the Spread Acquisition Agreement contains provisions that require the Company to transfer additional ESS or cash in the amount of such shortfall. To the extent the fair market value of the aggregate ESS to be transferred for the applicable month is less than $ 200,000, the Company may, at its option, pay cash to PMT in an amount equal to such fair market value instead of transferring such ESS.

 During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, the Company repaid its outstanding ESS financing through the repurchase of the ESS from PMT.

 Following is a summary of financing activities between the Company and PMT:

 Year ended

 December 31, 2021

 Excess servicing spread financing:

 $

 131,750

 Issuance pursuant to recapture agreement

 Accrual of interest

 1,280

 Change in fair value

 1,037

 Repayment

 ( 134,624)

 $

 —

 Recapture incurred pursuant to refinancings by the Company of mortgage loans subject to excess servicing spread financing included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value

 $

 Receivable from and Payable to PMT

 Amounts receivable from and payable to PMT are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Receivable from PMT:

 Correspondent production fees

 $

 8,288

 $

 6,835

 7,252

 7,307

 Servicing fees

 6,809

 6,740

 Allocated expenses and expenses incurred on PMT's behalf

 5,612

 11,447

 Fulfillment fees

 1,301

 4,043

 $

 29,262

 $

 36,372

 Payable to PMT:

 Amounts advanced by PMT to fund its servicing advances

 $

 208,154

 $

 201,451

 Other

 3,560

 $

 208,210

 $

 205,011

 Exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC Unitholders

 The Company entered into a tax receivable agreement with certain former owners of PNMAC that provides for the payment from time to time by the Company to PNMAC's exchanged unitholders of an amount equal to 85 % of the amount of the net tax benefits, if any, that the Company is deemed to realize as a result of (i) increases in tax basis of PNMAC's assets resulting from exchanges of ownership interests in PNMAC and (ii) certain other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement.

 Although a reorganization in November 2018 eliminated the potential for unitholders to exchange any additional units subject to this tax receivable agreement, the Company continues to be subject to the agreement and will be required to make payments, to the extent any of the tax benefits specified above are deemed to be realized, under the tax receivable agreement to those certain prior owners of PNMAC who effected exchanges of ownership interests in PNMAC for the Company's common stock before the closing of the reorganization.

 Following is a summary of activity in Payable to exchanged Private National Mortgage Acceptance Company, LLC unitholders under tax receivable agreement:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Activity during the year:

 Payments under tax receivable agreement

 $

 —

 $

 3,855

 $

 4,635

 Repricing of liability

 $

 —

 $

 ( 576)

 $

 —

 $

 26,099

 $

 26,099

 $

 30,530

 Townsgate Closing Services LLC

 On December 27, 2022, the Company advanced $ 801,000 to one of its joint ventures, Townsgate Closing Services, LLC, under a revolving loan agreement. The revolving agreement has a maximum commitment amount of $ 1.5 million, matures on December 27, 2027 and earns interest, at 10.13 % per year as of December 31, 2023, subject to semi-annual adjustment indexed to the 10+ year USD High Yield Corporate Bond Index as determined by Tradeweb/Bloomberg. The outstanding balance is included in Other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded $ 84,000 of interest income related to the loan during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Donor Advised Fund

 During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company contributed $ 5.8 million to a donor advised fund for the purpose of making charitable contributions. No such contributions were made during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Note 5—Loan Sales and Servicing Activities

 The Company originates or purchases and sells mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market without recourse for credit losses. However, the Company maintains continuing involvement with the loans in the form of servicing arrangements and the liability for representations and warranties it makes to purchasers and insurers of the loans.

 The following table summarizes cash flows between the Company and transferees as a result of the sale of loans in transactions where the Company maintains continuing involvement with the loans as servicer:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flows:

 Sales proceeds

 $

 85,684,522

 $

 84,345,379

 $

 154,450,942

 Servicing fees received

 $

 1,173,108

 $

 931,315

 $

 840,104

 The following is a summary of the allowance for losses on servicing advances that the Company makes on behalf of the loans' beneficial interest holders in the properties collateralizing their loans:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 78,992

 $

 120,940

 $

 181,433

 Provision (reversals of provision) for losses

 3,271

 ( 36,075)

 ( 47,878)

 Charge-offs, net

 ( 8,272)

 ( 5,873)

 ( 12,615)

 $

 73,991

 $

 78,992

 $

 120,940

 The following table summarizes the UPB of the loans sold by the Company in which it maintains continuing involvement:

 2023

 2022

 Unpaid principal balance of loans outstanding

 $

 $

 Delinquent loans:

 30-89 days

 $

 13,775,493

 $

 11,019,194

 90 days or more:

 Not in foreclosure

 $

 6,754,282

 $

 6,548,849

 In foreclosure

 $

 618,694

 $

 834,155

 Foreclosed

 $

 7,565

 $

 12,905

 Loans in bankruptcy

 $

 1,415,614

 $

 1,143,484

 The following tables summarize the UPB of the Company's loan servicing portfolio:

 Total

 rights owned

 Subservicing

 loans serviced

 Investor:

 Non-affiliated entities:

 Originated

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Purchased

 17,478,397

 —

 17,478,397

 —

 —

 —

 $

 374,563,700

 $

 $

 Delinquent loans:

 30 days

 $

 11,097,929

 $

 1,808,516

 $

 12,906,445

 60 days

 3,316,494

 399,786

 3,716,280

 90 days or more:

 Not in foreclosure

 6,941,325

 1,031,299

 7,972,624

 In foreclosure

 686,359

 92,618

 778,977

 Foreclosed

 8,133

 4,295

 12,428

 $

 22,050,240

 $

 3,336,514

 $

 25,386,754

 Loans in bankruptcy

 $

 1,523,218

 $

 186,593

 $

 1,709,811

 Custodial funds managed by the Company (1)

 $

 3,741,978

 $

 1,759,974

 $

 5,501,952

 (1)
 Custodial funds are cash accounts holding funds on behalf of borrowers and investors relating to loans serviced under servicing agreements and are not recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company earns placement fees on certain of the custodial funds it manages on behalf of the loans' borrowers and investors. Placement fees are included in Interest income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

 Total

 rights owned

 Subservicing

 loans serviced

 Investor:

 Non-affiliated entities:

 Originated

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Purchased

 19,568,122

 —

 19,568,122

 —

 —

 —

 $

 318,099,010

 $

 $

 Delinquent loans:

 30 days

 $

 8,903,829

 $

 1,576,414

 $

 10,480,243

 60 days

 2,855,176

 337,081

 3,192,257

 90 days or more:

 Not in foreclosure

 6,829,985

 888,057

 7,718,042

 In foreclosure

 914,213

 75,012

 989,225

 Foreclosed

 13,835

 7,979

 21,814

 $

 19,517,038

 $

 2,884,543

 $

 22,401,581

 Loans in bankruptcy

 $

 1,291,038

 $

 125,719

 $

 1,416,757

 Custodial funds managed by the Company (1)

 $

 3,329,709

 $

 1,783,157

 $

 5,112,866

 (1)
 Custodial funds are cash accounts holding funds on behalf of borrowers and investors relating to loans serviced under servicing agreements and are not recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company earns placement fees on certain of the custodial funds it manages on behalf of the loans' borrowers and investors. Placement fees are included in Interest income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

 Following is a summary of the geographical distribution of loans included in the Company's servicing portfolio for the top five and all other states as measured by UPB:

 State

 2023

 2022

 California

 $

 72,788,272

 $

 68,542,279

 Florida

 57,824,310

 50,873,961

 Texas

 56,437,082

 47,911,696

 Virginia

 35,376,266

 33,478,151

 Maryland

 26,746,355

 25,473,417

 All other states

 358,044,484

 325,395,178

 $

 $

 Note 6—Fair Value
 Most of the Company's assets and certain of its liabilities are measured at or based on their fair values. The application of fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs.

 Fair Value Accounting Elections

 The Company identified its MSRs, its MSLs and all of its non-cash financial assets, to be accounted for at fair value so changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company's performance. The Company has also identified its ESS financing to be accounted for at fair value as a means of hedging the related MSRs' fair value risk.

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

 Following is a summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Assets:

 Short-term investment

 $

 10,268

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 10,268

 —

 3,942,127

 478,564

 Derivative assets:

 —

 —

 —

 78,448

 —

 78,448

 —

 6,151

 —

 6,151

 MBS put options

 —

 —

 MBS call options

 —

 6,265

 —

 6,265

 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 11,043

 —

 —

 11,043

 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 66,176

 —

 —

 66,176

 Total derivative assets before netting

 77,219

 91,277

 258,809

 —

 —

 —

 ( 79,730)

 Total derivative assets

 77,219

 91,277

 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value

 —

 —

 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 1,121

 —

 —

 1,121

 $

 88,608

 $

 4,033,404

 $

 7,668,225

 $

 11,710,507

 Liabilities:

 Derivative liabilities:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 5,141

 —

 5,141

 —

 92,796

 —

 92,796

 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 3,209

 —

 —

 3,209

 Total derivative liabilities before netting

 3,209

 97,937

 101,866

 —

 —

 —

 ( 48,591)

 Total derivative liabilities

 3,209

 97,937

 53,275

 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value

 —

 —

 1,805

 1,805

 $

 3,209

 $

 97,937

 $

 2,525

 $

 55,080

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Assets:

 Short-term investment

 $

 12,194

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 12,194

 —

 3,163,528

 345,772

 Derivative assets:

 —

 —

 —

 2,433

 —

 2,433

 —

 80,754

 —

 80,754

 MBS put options

 —

 6,057

 —

 6,057

 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 29,203

 —

 —

 29,203

 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 2,820

 —

 —

 2,820

 Total derivative assets before netting

 32,023

 89,244

 157,995

 —

 —

 —

 ( 58,992)

 Total derivative assets

 32,023

 89,244

 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value

 —

 —

 Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 —

 $

 45,146

 $

 3,252,772

 $

 6,336,121

 $

 9,575,047

 Liabilities:

 Derivative liabilities:

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 48,670

 —

 48,670

 —

 20,684

 —

 20,684

 Put options on interest rate futures sales contracts

 3,008

 —

 —

 3,008

 Total derivative liabilities before netting

 3,008

 69,354

 83,246

 —

 —

 —

 ( 61,534)

 Total derivative liabilities

 3,008

 69,354

 21,712

 Mortgage servicing liabilities at fair value

 —

 —

 2,096

 2,096

 $

 3,008

 $

 69,354

 $

 12,980

 $

 23,808

 As shown above, certain of the Company's loans held for sale, IRLCs, MSRs, ESS and MSLs are measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. Following are roll forwards of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using "Level 3" fair value inputs at either the beginning or the end of the year presented for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023:

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Net interest

 Loans held

 rate lock

 Assets

 for sale

 commitments (1)

 rights

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 345,772

 $

 25,844

 $

 $

 6,325,237

 Purchases and issuances, net

 2,353,958

 286,581

 —

 2,640,539

 Capitalization of interest and servicing advances

 39,625

 —

 —

 39,625

 Sales and repayments

 ( 654,490)

 —

 ( 305)

 ( 654,795)

 Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped securities

 —

 —

 ( 98,066)

 ( 98,066)

 Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales

 —

 —

 Changes in fair value included in income arising from:

 Changes in instrument-specific credit risk

 69,934

 —

 —

 69,934

 Other factors

 ( 1,161)

 130,424

 ( 476,596)

 68,773

 130,424

 ( 406,662)

 Transfers:

 From Level 3 to Level 2

 ( 1,674,624)

 —

 —

 ( 1,674,624)

 To real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 ( 450)

 —

 —

 ( 450)

 To loans held for sale

 —

 ( 353,256)

 —

 ( 353,256)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $

 478,564

 $

 89,593

 $

 $

 7,667,505

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2023

 $

 33,187

 $

 89,593

 $

 $

 ( 483,079)

 (1)
 For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

 Year ended

 Liabilities

 Mortgage servicing liabilities:

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 2,096

 Changes in fair value included in income

 ( 291)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $

 1,805

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liabilities still outstanding at December 31, 2023

 $

 ( 291)

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Net interest

 Loans held

 rate lock

 Assets

 for sale

 commitments (1)

 rights

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $

 1,128,876

 $

 322,193

 $

 $

 5,329,147

 Purchases and issuances, net

 3,338,743

 369,769

 3,993

 3,712,505

 Capitalization of interest and servicing advances

 60,589

 —

 —

 60,589

 Sales and repayments

 ( 1,378,441)

 —

 —

 ( 1,378,441)

 Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales

 —

 —

 Changes in fair value included in income arising from:

 Changes in instrument-specific credit risk

 ( 41,483)

 —

 —

 ( 41,483)

 Other factors

 ( 25,156)

 ( 624,905)

 ( 296,605)

 ( 66,639)

 ( 624,905)

 ( 338,088)

 Transfers:

 From Level 3 to Level 2

 ( 2,736,940)

 —

 —

 ( 2,736,940)

 To real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 ( 416)

 —

 —

 ( 416)

 To loans held for sale

 —

 ( 41,213)

 —

 ( 41,213)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 345,772

 $

 25,844

 $

 $

 6,325,237

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2022

 $

 ( 26,699)

 $

 25,844

 $

 $

 352,601

 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

 Liabilities

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Mortgage servicing liabilities:

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $

 2,816

 Changes in fair value included in income

 ( 720)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 2,096

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liabilities still outstanding at December 31, 2022

 $

 ( 720)

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 Net interest

 Loans held

 rate lock

 Assets

 for sale

 commitments (1)

 rights

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2020

 $

 4,675,169

 $

 677,026

 $

 2,581,174

 $

 7,933,369

 Purchases and issuances, net

 20,330,785

 1,654,476

 —

 21,985,261

 Capitalization of interest and servicing advances

 169,053

 —

 —

 169,053

 Sales and repayments

 ( 11,783,818)

 —

 —

 ( 11,783,818)

 Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales

 —

 —

 Changes in fair value included in income arising from:

 Changes in instrument-specific credit risk

 285,501

 —

 —

 285,501

 Other factors

 —

 489,547

 ( 75,498)

 285,501

 489,547

 210,003

 Transfers:

 From Level 3 to Level 2

 ( 12,547,732)

 —

 —

 ( 12,547,732)

 To real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 ( 82)

 —

 —

 ( 82)

 To loans held for sale

 —

 ( 2,498,856)

 —

 ( 2,498,856)

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $

 1,128,876

 $

 322,193

 $

 $

 5,329,147

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2021

 $

 22,516

 $

 322,193

 $

 $

 ( 220,336)

 (1)
 For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 Liabilities

 Excess
spread
financing

liabilities

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2020

 $

 131,750

 $

 45,324

 $

 177,074

 Issuance of excess servicing spread financing pursuant to a recapture agreement with PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 Accrual of interest

 1,280

 —

 1,280

 Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales

 —

 106,631

 106,631

 Changes in fair value included in income

 1,037

 ( 149,139)

 ( 148,102)

 Repayments

 ( 134,624)

 —

 ( 134,624)

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $

 —

 $

 2,816

 $

 2,816

 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liabilities still outstanding at December 31, 2021

 $

 —

 $

 ( 3,156)

 $

 ( 3,156)

 The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from the return to salability in the active secondary market of certain loans held for sale and from transfers of IRLCs to loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase or funding.

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option

 Net changes in fair values included in income for assets and liabilities carried at fair value as a result of the Company's election of the fair value option by income statement line item are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net gains on

 Net

 Net gains on

 Net

 Net gains on

 Net

 loans held

 loan

 loans held

 loan

 loans held

 loan

 for sale at

 for sale at

 for sale at

 fair value

 fees

 Total

 fair value

 fees

 Total

 fair value

 fees

 Total

 Assets:

 $

 440,482

 $

 —

 $

 440,482

 $

 ( 219,054)

 $

 —

 $

 ( 219,054)

 $

 2,568,318

 $

 —

 $

 2,568,318

 —

 —

 —

 $

 440,482

 $

 $

 ( 165,377)

 $

 ( 219,054)

 $

 $

 134,402

 $

 2,568,318

 $

 $

 2,003,273

 Liabilities:

 Excess servicing spread financing payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 ( 1,037)

 $

 ( 1,037)

 Mortgage servicing liabilities

 —

 —

 —

 149,139

 149,139

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 148,102

 $

 148,102

 Following are the fair value and related principal amounts due upon maturity of assets accounted for under the fair value option:

 Principal

 Principal

 Fair

 due upon

 Fair

 due upon

 value

 maturity

 Difference

 value

 maturity

 Difference

 Current through 89 days delinquent

 $

 4,378,042

 $

 4,233,764

 $

 144,278

 $

 3,450,578

 $

 3,428,052

 $

 22,526

 90 days or more delinquent:

 Not in foreclosure

 35,253

 38,922

 ( 3,669)

 47,252

 53,351

 ( 6,099)

 In foreclosure

 7,396

 22,003

 ( 14,607)

 11,470

 16,811

 ( 5,341)

 $

 $

 $

 126,002

 $

 $

 $

 11,086

 Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

 Following is a summary of assets held at year end that were measured based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the year:

 Real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,669

 $

 2,669

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 1,850

 $

 1,850

 The following table summarizes the total net losses recognized on assets measured based on fair values on a nonrecurring basis during the year:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 $

 ( 710)

 $

 ( 523)

 $

 ( 799)

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost

 The Company's Assets sold under agreements to repurchase, Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets, Unsecured senior notes and Obligations under capital lease are carried at amortized cost.
 These assets and liabilities are classified as "Level 3" fair value items due to the Company's reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate their fair values. The Company has concluded that the fair values of these liabilities other than the Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets and the Unsecured senior notes approximate their carrying values due to their short terms and/or variable interest rates.

 The Company estimates the fair value of the term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets and the Unsecured senior notes using indications of fair value provided by a non-affiliate broker, pricing services and internal estimates of fair value. The fair value and carrying value of these liabilities are summarized below:

 Carrying value

 Carrying value

 Term notes and term loans

 $

 1,730,000

 $

 1,724,290

 $

 1,677,476

 $

 1,794,475

 $

 2,467,750

 $

 2,519,651

 $

 1,550,750

 $

 1,779,920

 Valuation Governance

 Most of the Company's financial assets, and all of its derivatives, MSRs, ESS, and MSLs, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Certain of the Company's financial assets and derivatives and all of its MSRs, ESS, and MSLs are "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities which require use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the items' fair values. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available under the circumstances.

 Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair values of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff within its capital markets group and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight.

 With respect to "Level 3" valuations other than IRLCs, the capital markets valuation staff reports to the Company's senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The capital markets valuation staff monitors the models used for valuation of the Company's "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities, including the models' performance versus actual results, and reports those results as well as changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuations and any changes in model methods and inputs, to PFSI's senior management valuation committee. The Company's senior management valuation committee includes the Company's chief financial, risk, and capital markets officers as well as other senior members of the Company's finance, capital markets and risk management staffs.

 To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the capital markets valuation staff presents an analysis of the effect on the valuations of changes to the significant inputs to the models and, for MSRs, comparisons of its estimates of fair value to those procured from nonaffiliated brokers and published surveys.

 The fair value of the Company's IRLCs is developed by its capital markets risk management staff and is reviewed by its capital markets operations staff.

 Valuation Techniques and Inputs

 Following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of "Level 2" and "Level 3" fair value assets and liabilities:

 Loans Held for Sale

 Most of the Company's loans held for sale at fair value are saleable into active markets with observable significant inputs to the estimation of fair value and are therefore categorized as "Level 2" fair value assets. The fair values of "Level 2" fair value loans are determined using their contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent.

 Certain of the Company's loans held for sale are not saleable into active markets with observable significant inputs to the estimation of fair value and are therefore categorized as "Level 3" fair value assets. Loans held for sale categorized as "Level 3" fair value assets include:

 Early buy out ("EBO") loans. EBO loans are government guaranteed or insured loans purchased by the Company from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities in its loan servicing portfolio. The Company's right to purchase a government guaranteed or insured loan from a Ginnie Mae security arises as the result of the loan being at least three months delinquent on the date of purchase by the Company and provides an alternative to the Company's obligation to continue advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. Such a loan may be resold to an investor and thereafter may be repurchased to the extent it becomes eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae guaranteed security.

 A loan becomes eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae security when the loan becomes current either through completion of a modification of the loan's terms or after three months of timely payments following either the completion of certain types of payment deferral programs or borrower reperformance and when the issuance date of the new security is at least 120 days after the date the loan was last delinquent.

 Loans with identified defects. Loans that are not saleable into active markets due to identification of a defect by the Company or to the repurchase by the Company of a loan with an identified defect.

 Closed-end second lien mortgage loans. At present, there is no active market with significant observable inputs to the estimation of fair value of the closed-end second lien mortgage loans the Company produces.

 The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its "Level 3" fair value loans held for sale. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's "Level 3" fair value loans held for sale are discount rates, home price projections and voluntary and total prepayment/resale speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans' fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds.

 Following is a quantitative summary of key "Level 3" fair value inputs used in the valuation of loans held for sale at fair value:

 2023

 2022

 Fair value (in thousands)

 $

 478,564

 $

 345,772

 Key inputs (1):

 Discount rate:

 Range

 7.1 % – 10.2 %

 5.5 % – 10.2 %

 7.2 %

 5.7 %

 Twelve-month projected housing price index change:

 Range

 0.3 % – 0.5 %

 ( 1.9)% – ( 1.7)%

 0.5 %

 ( 1.8)%

 Voluntary prepayment/resale speed (2):

 Range

 4.0 % – 36.9 %

 4.7 % – 25.6 %

 24.8 %

 21.6 %

 Total prepayment/resale speed (3):

 Range

 4.0 % – 50.3 %

 4.8 % – 36.1 %

 32.2 %

 29.4 %

 (1)
 Weighted average inputs are based on fair value of the "Level 3" loans.

 (2)
 Voluntary prepayment/resale speed is measured using life voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate ("CPR").

 (3)
 Total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayment/resale rates.

 Changes in fair value relating to loans held for sale as the result of changes in the loan's instrument specific credit risk are indicated by successful modifications of the loan's terms or changes in the respective loan's delinquency status and performance history at year end from the later of the beginning of the year or acquisition date. Changes in fair value of loans held for sale are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Interest Rate Lock Commitments

 The Company categorizes IRLCs as "Level 3" fair value assets or liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the loans and the probability that the loans will fund or be purchased (the "pull-through rate").

 The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company's estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, could result in significant changes in the IRLCs' fair value measurement. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component, which has decreased in fair value. Initial recognition and changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale at fair value in the consolidated statements of income.

 Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs:

 2023

 2022

 Fair value (in thousands) (1)

 $

 89,593

 $

 25,844

 Committed amount (in thousands)

 6,349,628

 7,009,119

 Key inputs (2):

 Pull-through rate:

 Range

 10.2 % – 100 %

 10.3 % – 100 %

 81.1 %

 82.8 %

 Mortgage servicing rights fair value expressed as:

 Servicing fee multiple:

 Range

 1.1 – 7.3

 ( 1.3) – 7.7

 4.2

 4.3

 Percentage of loan commitment amount:

 Range

 0.3 % – 4.3 %

 ( 0.2)% – 3.8 %

 1.9 %

 2.0 %

 (1)
 For purposes of this table, the IRLC assets and liability positions are shown net.

 (2)
 Weighted average inputs are based on the committed amounts.

 Hedging Derivatives

 Hedging derivatives that are actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as "Level 1" fair value assets and liabilities. Hedging derivatives whose fair values are based on observable MBS prices or interest rate volatilities in the MBS market are categorized as "Level 2" fair value assets and liabilities.

 Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale at fair value, or Net loan servicing fees – Mortgage servicing rights hedging results, as applicable, in the consolidated statements of income.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 MSRs are categorized as "Level 3" fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable prepayment rate (prepayment speed), pricing spread (discount rate), and annual per-loan cost to service the underlying loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net loan servicing fees — Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the consolidated statements of income.

 Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs received by the Company when it retains the obligation to service the mortgage loans it sells:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (Amount recognized and unpaid principal balance of
underlying mortgage loans amounts in thousands)

 Amount recognized

 $ 1,849,957

 $ 1,718,094

 $ 1,861,949

 Pool characteristics:

 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans

 $ 86,606,196

 $ 83,569,657

 $ 138,319,425

 Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points)

 Key inputs (1):

 Annual total prepayment speed (2):

 Range

 7.2 % – 23.2 %

 5.1 % – 23.4 %

 6.1 % – 31.4 %

 10.7 %

 9.4 %

 8.6 %

 Equivalent average life (in years):

 Range

 3.0 – 9.8

 3.7 – 9.4

 3.0 – 9.2

 7.7

 8.1

 8.1

 Pricing spread (3):

 Range

 5.5 % – 12.6 %

 5.5 % – 16.1 %

 6.0 % – 16.9 %

 6.8 %

 7.8 %

 8.8 %

 Annual per-loan cost of servicing:

 Range

 $ 68 – $ 127

 $ 71 – $ 177

 $ 80 – $ 117

 $ 99

 $ 104

 $ 103

 (1)
 Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans.

 (2)
 Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

 (3)
 Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate's forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company applies a pricing spread to a derived United States Treasury Security ("Treasury") yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs. Through December 31, 2021, the Company applied its pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR")/swap curve. The change in reference interest rate from the LIBOR/swap curve to the Treasury yield curve did not have a significant effect on the Company's fair value measurement of MSRs.

 Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company's MSRs at year end and the effect on the fair value from adverse changes in those inputs:

 2023

 2022

 (Fair value, unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage

 loans and effect on fair value amounts in thousands)

 $ 7,099,348

 $ 5,953,621

 Pool characteristics:

 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans

 $ 370,244,119

 $ 314,567,639

 Weighted average note interest rate

 4.1 %

 3.4 %

 Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points)

 Key inputs (1):

 Annual total prepayment speed (2):

 Range

 6.1 % – 17.8 %

 5.0 % – 17.7 %

 8.3 %

 7.5 %

 Equivalent average life (in years):

 Range

 3.0 – 9.0

 3.7 – 9.3

 8.1

 8.4

 Effect on fair value of (3):

 5% adverse change

 ($ 107,757)

 ($ 77,346)

 10% adverse change

 ($ 211,643)

 ($ 152,192)

 20% adverse change

 ($ 408,638)

 ($ 294,872)

 Pricing spread (4):

 Range

 5.5 % – 12.6 %

 4.9 % – 14.3 %

 6.4 %

 6.5 %

 Effect on fair value of (3):

 5% adverse change

 ($ 94,307)

 ($ 81,021)

 10% adverse change

 ($ 186,129)

 ($ 159,863)

 20% adverse change

 ($ 362,671)

 ($ 311,329)

 Per-loan annual cost of servicing:

 Range

 $ 70 – $ 135

 $ 68 – $ 144

 $ 107

 $ 109

 Effect on fair value of (3):

 5% adverse change

 ($ 44,572)

 ($ 41,263)

 10% adverse change

 ($ 89,145)

 ($ 82,527)

 20% adverse change

 ($ 178,289)

 ($ 165,053)

 (1)
 Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans.

 (2)
 Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

 (3)
 These sensitivity analyses are limited in that they were performed as of a particular date; only contemplate the movements in the indicated input; do not incorporate changes to other inputs; are subject to the accuracy of the models and inputs used; and do not incorporate other factors that would affect the Company's overall financial performance in such events, including operational adjustments made to account for changing circumstances. For these reasons, these estimates should not be viewed as earnings forecasts.

 (4)
 The Company applies a pricing spread to the Treasury yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs.

 Excess Servicing Spread Financing at Fair Value

 ESS is categorized as a "Level 3" fair value liability. Because ESS is a claim to a portion of the cash flows from MSRs, the Company's approach to fair value measurement of ESS is similar to that of MSRs. The Company uses the same discounted cash flow approach to measuring ESS as it uses to measure MSRs except that certain inputs relating to the cost to service the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs and certain ancillary income are not included as these cash flows do not accrue to the holder of ESS.

 The key inputs used in the estimation of ESS fair value include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to either of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the fair value of ESS. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related.

 ESS is generally subject to fair value increases when mortgage interest rates increase. Increasing mortgage interest rates normally discourage mortgage refinancing activity. Decreased refinancing activity increases the life of the mortgage loans underlying the ESS, thereby increasing its fair value. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net loan servicing fees—Change in fair value of excess servicing spread payable to PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust. During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, the Company repaid its outstanding ESS financing payable to PMT.

 Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

 MSLs are categorized as "Level 3" fair value liabilities. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSLs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSLs include the applicable pricing spread, annual total prepayment speed, and the per-loan annual cost of servicing the underlying loans. Changes in the fair value of MSLs are included in Net servicing fees — Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the consolidated statements of income.

 Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSLs:

 2023

 2022

 Fair value (in thousands)

 $

 1,805

 $

 2,096

 Pool characteristics:

 Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans (in thousands)

 $

 24,892

 $

 33,157

 Servicing fee rate (in basis points)

 Key inputs (1):

 Annual total prepayment speed (2)

 16.1 %

 17.2 %

 Pricing spread (3)

 8.3 %

 7.8 %

 Equivalent average life (in years)

 5.1

 4.9

 Per-loan annual cost of servicing

 $

 1,043

 $

 1,177

 (1)
 Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying mortgage loans.

 (2)
 Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

 (3)
 The Company applies a pricing spread to the Treasury yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSLs.

 Note 7—Loans Held for Sale at Fair Value

 Loans held for sale at fair value are summarized below:

 Loan type

 2023

 2022

 Government-insured or guaranteed

 $

 2,099,135

 $

 2,006,157

 Conventional conforming

 1,821,085

 1,145,053

 Jumbo

 21,907

 12,318

 Closed-end second lien mortgage loans

 322,015

 46,589

 Purchased from Ginnie Mae securities serviced by the Company

 146,585

 257,175

 Repurchased pursuant to representations and warranties

 9,964

 42,008

 $

 $

 Fair value of loans pledged to secure:

 Assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 $

 3,858,977

 $

 3,139,870

 Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements

 470,524

 302,977

 $

 4,329,501

 $

 3,442,847

 Note 8—Derivative Activities

 Derivative Notional Amounts and Fair Value of Derivatives

 The Company had the following derivative financial instruments recorded on its consolidated balance sheets:

 Notional

 Derivative

 Derivative

 Notional

 Derivative

 Derivative

 Derivative instrument

 amount (1)

 assets

 liabilities

 amount (1)

 assets

 liabilities

 Not subject to master netting arrangements:

 6,349,628

 $

 $

 7,009,119

 $

 $

 Subject to master netting arrangements (2):

 15,863,667

 78,448

 5,141

 8,320,849

 2,433

 48,670

 14,477,159

 6,151

 92,796

 12,487,760

 80,754

 20,684

 MBS put options

 2,925,000

 —

 1,750,000

 6,057

 —

 MBS call options

 1,000,000

 6,265

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 8,717,500

 11,043

 —

 6,800,000

 29,203

 —

 Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts

 4,250,000

 66,176

 3,209

 1,350,000

 2,820

 —

 Put options on interest rate futures sale contracts

 —

 —

 —

 250,000

 —

 3,008

 Treasury futures purchase contracts

 5,986,500

 —

 —

 3,709,200

 —

 —

 Treasury futures sale contracts

 10,677,000

 —

 —

 3,456,900

 —

 —

 Total derivatives before netting

 258,809

 101,866

 157,995

 83,246

 ( 79,730)

 ( 48,591)

 ( 58,992)

 ( 61,534)

 $

 $

 53,275

 $

 $

 21,712

 Deposits (received from) placed with derivative counterparties included in the derivative balances above, net

 $

 ( 31,139)

 $

 2,542

 (1)
 Notional amounts provide an indication of the volume of the Company's derivative activity.

 (2)
 All of these interest rate derivatives are used for hedging purposes and are used as economic hedges.

 Derivative Assets, Financial Instruments, and Cash Collateral Held by Counterparty

 The following table summarizes by significant counterparty the amount of derivative asset positions after considering master netting arrangements and financial instruments or cash pledged that do not meet the accounting guidance qualifying for netting.

 Gross amount not

 Gross amount not

 offset in the

 offset in the

 Net amount

 Net amount

 of assets in the

 Cash

 of assets in the

 Cash

 Financial

 collateral

 Net

 Financial

 collateral

 Net

 instruments

 received

 instruments

 received

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 RJ O' Brien

 74,010

 —

 —

 74,010

 29,016

 —

 —

 29,016

 Goldman Sachs

 8,473

 —

 —

 8,473

 5,757

 —

 —

 5,757

 Citibank, N.A.

 2,947

 —

 —

 2,947

 5,098

 —

 —

 5,098

 Mizuho Securities

 1,467

 —

 —

 1,467

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 18,501

 —

 —

 18,501

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,519

 —

 —

 1,519

 Others

 1,869

 —

 —

 1,869

 2,065

 —

 —

 2,065

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Derivative Liabilities, Financial Instruments, and Collateral Held by Counterparty

 The following table summarizes by significant counterparty the amount of derivative liabilities and assets sold under agreements to repurchase after considering master netting arrangements and financial instruments or cash pledged that do not qualify under the accounting guidance for netting. All assets sold under agreements to repurchase are secured by sufficient collateral or have fair value that exceeds the liability amount recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Gross amounts

 Gross amounts

 not offset in the

 not offset in the

 Net amount

 Net amount

 of liabilities

 of liabilities

 in the

 Cash

 in the

 Cash

 Financial

 collateral

 Net

 Financial

 collateral

 Net

 instruments (1)

 pledged

 instruments (1)

 pledged

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.

 1,210,473

 ( 1,210,473)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital LLC

 —

 —

 —

 —

 970,725

 ( 968,804)

 —

 1,921

 875,766

 ( 872,148)

 —

 3,618

 567,745

 ( 567,745)

 —

 —

 Royal Bank of Canada

 457,743

 ( 457,743)

 —

 —

 381,893

 ( 381,893)

 —

 —

 JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

 243,225

 ( 243,225)

 —

 —

 211,713

 ( 211,713)

 —

 —

 195,714

 ( 164,149)

 —

 31,565

 114,277

 ( 114,277)

 —

 —

 BNP Paribas

 185,425

 ( 185,425)

 —

 —

 300,280

 ( 300,280)

 —

 —

 Goldman Sachs

 178,751

 ( 178,751)

 —

 —

 64,486

 ( 64,486)

 —

 —

 Citibank, N.A.

 174,221

 ( 174,221)

 —

 —

 94,211

 ( 94,211)

 —

 —

 Barclays Capital

 128,488

 ( 118,667)

 —

 9,821

 80,276

 ( 79,295)

 —

 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

 116,275

 ( 114,647)

 —

 1,628

 228,181

 ( 221,986)

 —

 6,195

 Nomura Corporate Funding Americas

 50,000

 ( 50,000)

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Athene Annuity & Life Assurance Company

 2,111

 —

 —

 2,111

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Federal National Mortgage Association

 1,337

 —

 —

 1,337

 —

 —

 Others

 2,475

 —

 —

 2,475

 1,520

 —

 —

 1,520

 $

 3,822,724

 $

 ( 3,769,449)

 $

 —

 $

 53,275

 $

 3,026,402

 $

 ( 3,004,690)

 $

 —

 $

 21,712

 (1)
 Amounts represent the UPB of Assets sold under agreements to repurchase.

 Following are the gains (losses) recognized by the Company on derivative financial instruments and the income statement line items where such gains and losses are included:

 Derivative activity

 Consolidated income statement line

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value (1)

 $

 63,749

 $

 ( 296,349)

 $

 ( 354,833)

 Hedged item:

 Interest rate lock commitments and loans held for sale

 $

 46,941

 $

 1,326,964

 $

 319,141

 Net loan servicing fees–Mortgage servicing rights hedging results

 $

 ( 236,778)

 $

 ( 631,484)

 $

 ( 475,215)

 (1)
 Represents net change in fair value of IRLCs from the beginning to the end of the year. Amounts recognized at the date of commitment and fair value changes recognized during the period until purchase of the underlying loans are shown in the rollforward of IRLCs for the year in Note 6 – Fair Value – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis.

 Note 9—Mortgage Servicing Rights and Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

 Mortgage Servicing Rights Carried at Fair Value:

 The activity in MSRs carried at fair value is as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 $

 $

 2,581,174

 Additions (deductions):

 MSRs resulting from loan sales

 Purchases

 —

 3,993

 —

 Transfer of mortgage servicing rights relating to delinquent loans to Agency

 ( 305)

 —

 —

 Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped securities

 ( 98,066)

 —

 —

 1,751,586

 1,722,087

 Change in fair value due to:

 Changes in inputs used in valuation model (1)

 56,757

 877,324

 ( 136,350)

 Other changes in fair value (2)

 ( 662,616)

 ( 523,868)

 ( 428,695)

 Total change in fair value

 $

 $

 $

 Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans at end of year

 $

 370,244,119

 $

 314,567,639

 $

 278,324,780

 2023

 2022

 Fair value of mortgage servicing rights pledged to secure Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 $

 7,033,892

 $

 5,897,613

 (1)
 Principally reflects changes in pricing spread, annual total prepayment speed, per loan annual cost of servicing and UPB of underlying loan inputs.

 (2)
 Represents changes due to realization of cash flows.

 Mortgage Servicing Liabilities Carried at Fair Value:

 The activity in MSLs carried at fair value is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 2,096

 $

 2,816

 $

 45,324

 Mortgage servicing liabilities resulting from loan sales

 —

 —

 106,631

 Changes in fair value due to:

 Changes in inputs used in valuation model (1)

 ( 50)

 ( 347)

 ( 68,020)

 Other changes in fair value (2)

 ( 241)

 ( 373)

 ( 81,119)

 Total change in fair value

 ( 291)

 ( 720)

 ( 149,139)

 $

 1,805

 $

 2,096

 $

 2,816

 Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans at end of year

 $

 24,892

 $

 33,157

 $

 60,593

 (1)
 During the year ended December 31, 2021, significant changes were made to valuation inputs used to estimate the fair value of MSLs in recognition of the observed increase in the proportion of performing government insured or guaranteed loans and reduced expected costs and losses from defaulted government insured or guaranteed loans underlying the Company's MSLs.

 (2)
 Represents changes due to realization of cash flows.

 Contractual servicing fees relating to MSRs and MSLs are recorded in Net loan servicing fees—Loan servicing fees—From non-affiliates on the consolidated statements of income; late charges and other ancillary fees relating to MSRs and MSLs are recorded in Net loan servicing fees—Loan servicing fees—Other on the Company's consolidated statements of income. Such amounts are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Contractual servicing fees

 $

 1,268,650

 $

 1,054,828

 $

 875,570

 Other fees:

 Late charges

 55,685

 40,583

 29,848

 Other

 9,539

 13,742

 29,505

 $

 1,333,874

 $

 1,109,153

 $

 934,923

 Note 10—Capitalized Software
 Capitalized software included in Other assets are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Cost

 $

 266,124

 $

 231,341

 Less: Accumulated amortization

 ( 117,388)

 ( 73,881)

 $

 148,736

 $

 157,460

 Amortization and impairment expenses relating to capitalized software included in Technology expense are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Amortization

 $

 43,462

 $

 23,955

 $

 20,206

 Impairment

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Note 11—Furniture, Fixtures, Equipment and Building Improvements
 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and building improvements, included in Other assets are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and building improvements

 $

 82,667

 $

 82,721

 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization

 ( 63,651)

 ( 54,339)

 $

 19,016

 $

 28,382

 Depreciation and amortization expenses included in Occupancy and equipment expense are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Depreciation and amortization expenses

 $

 9,752

 $

 10,454

 $

 8,439

 Note 12—Leases
 The Company has operating lease agreements relating to its office facilities. The Company's operating lease agreements have remaining terms ranging from less than one year to eight years; some of these operating lease agreements include options to extend their terms for up to five years. None of the Company's operating lease agreements require the Company to make variable lease payments.

 The Company's operating lease right-of-use assets included in Other assets and leasing activity is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Lease expense:

 Operating leases

 $

 18,782

 $

 19,779

 $

 18,363

 Short-term leases

 Sublease income

 ( 902)

 ( 46)

 —

 Net lease expense included in Occupancy and equipment expense

 $

 18,316

 $

 20,511

 $

 19,267

 Other information:

 Payments for operating leases

 $

 24,026

 $

 23,475

 $

 20,145

 Operating lease right-of-use assets recognized

 $

 2,893

 $

 1,364

 $

 28,401

 Period end weighted averages:

 Remaining lease term (in years)

 4.3

 4.8

 5.7

 Discount rate

 3.8 %

 3.8 %

 4.0 %

 The maturities of the Company's operating lease liabilities are summarized below:

 Operating leases

 2024

 $

 19,688

 2025

 19,168

 2026

 14,892

 2027

 7,152

 2028

 5,066

 Thereafter

 7,063

 Total lease payments

 73,029

 Less imputed interest

 ( 6,985)

 Operating lease liability

 $

 66,044

 Note 13—Other Assets
 Other assets are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 Capitalized software, net

 $

 148,736

 $

 157,460

 Margin deposits

 135,645

 55,968

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 49,926

 65,866

 Servicing fees receivable, net

 37,271

 31,356

 Other servicing receivables

 30,530

 24,854

 Interest receivable

 35,196

 24,110

 Prepaid expenses

 36,044

 38,780

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and building improvements, net

 19,016

 28,382

 Deposits securing Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and
 Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 15,653

 12,277

 Real estate acquired in settlement of loans

 14,982

 11,497

 Other

 59,461

 33,223

 $

 582,460

 $

 483,773

 Deposits securing Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 $

 15,653

 $

 12,277

 Note 14—Short-Term Borrowings

 The borrowing facilities described throughout these Notes 14 and 15 contain various covenants, including financial covenants governing the Company's net worth, debt-to-equity ratio and liquidity. Management believes that the Company was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2023.

 Assets Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

 The Company has multiple borrowing facilities in the form of asset sales under agreements to repurchase. These borrowing facilities are secured by loans held for sale at fair value or participation certificates backed by mortgage servicing assets. Eligible assets are sold at advance rates based on their fair values (as determined by the lender). Interest is charged at a rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Loans and participation certificates financed under these agreements may be re-pledged by the lenders.

 Assets sold under agreements to repurchase are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Average balance of assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 $

 3,701,448

 $

 2,580,513

 $

 6,911,843

 Weighted average interest rate (1)

 7.12 %

 3.59 %

 2.09 %

 $

 279,289

 $

 105,459

 $

 164,132

 Maximum daily amount outstanding

 $

 6,358,007

 $

 7,289,147

 $

 10,969,029

 (1)
 Excludes the effect of amortization of debt issuance costs and non-utilization fees totaling $ 15.7 million, $ 12.9 million and $ 19.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively

 2023

 2022

 Carrying value:

 Unpaid principal balance

 $

 3,769,449

 $

 3,004,690

 Unamortized debt issuance costs

 ( 5,493)

 ( 3,407)

 $

 3,763,956

 $

 3,001,283

 7.05 %

 6.00 %

 Available borrowing capacity (1):

 Committed

 $

 1,282,040

 $

 1,078,927

 Uncommitted

 5,548,511

 5,391,383

 $

 6,830,551

 $

 6,470,310

 Assets securing repurchase agreements:

 $

 3,858,977

 $

 3,139,870

 Servicing advances (2)

 $

 354,831

 $

 381,379

 Mortgage servicing rights (2)

 $

 6,284,239

 $

 5,339,513

 Deposits (2)

 $

 15,653

 $

 12,277

 (1)
 The amount the Company is able to borrow under asset repurchase agreements is tied to the fair value of unencumbered assets eligible to secure those agreements and the Company's ability to fund the agreements' margin requirements relating to the assets financed.

 (2)
 Beneficial interests in the Ginnie Mae MSRs, servicing advances and deposits together serve as the collateral backing servicing asset facilities that are included in Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and the term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets. The term notes and term loans are described in Note 15 — Long-Term Debt - Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets.

 Following is a summary of maturities of outstanding advances under repurchase agreements by maturity date:

 Remaining maturity at December 31, 2023 (1)

 Unpaid principal balance

 Within 30 days

 $

 823,013

 Over 30 to 90 days

 2,389,502

 Over 90 to 180 days

 74,968

 Over 180 days to one year

 133,038

 Over one year to two years

 348,928

 Total assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 $

 3,769,449

 Weighted average maturity (in months)

 3.4

 (1)
 The Company is subject to margin calls during the period the agreements are outstanding and therefore may be required to repay a portion of the borrowings before the respective agreements mature if the fair value (as determined by the applicable lender) of the assets securing those agreements decreases.

 The amounts at risk (the fair value of the assets pledged plus the related margin deposits, less the amounts advanced by the counterparty and interest payable) relating to the Company's assets sold under agreements to repurchase are summarized by counterparty below as of December 31, 2023:

 Counterparty

 Amount at risk

 maturity of advances

 Facility maturity

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P. & Citibank, N.A. & Goldman Sachs Bank USA & Nomura Corporate Funding Americas (1)

 $

 4,002,911

 March 25, 2025

 Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.

 $

 103,737

 May 4, 2024

 $

 79,328

 January 29, 2024

 June 12, 2025

 BNP Paribas

 $

 31,964

 March 24, 2024

 September 30, 2025

 Barclays Bank PLC

 $

 28,314

 May 22, 2024

 November 13, 2024

 Royal Bank of Canada

 $

 25,993

 January 21, 2024

 November 8, 2024

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.

 $

 15,375

 February 19, 2024

 June 16, 2025

 Goldman Sachs Bank USA

 $

 12,954

 April 27, 2024

 December 8, 2025

 JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (EBO facility)

 $

 12,612

 October 17, 2024

 June 9, 2025

 $

 8,788

 March 16, 2024

 January 27, 2025

 Citibank, N.A.

 $

 7,374

 February 27, 2024

 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

 $

 6,652

 March 11, 2024

 May 3, 2025

 (1)
 The amount at risk includes the beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae MSRs and servicing advances pledged to serve as the collateral backing servicing asset facilities included in Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and the term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets.

 Mortgage Loan Participation Purchase and Sale Agreements

 Certain of the borrowing facilities secured by mortgage loans held for sale are in the form of mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements. Participation certificates, each of which represents an undivided beneficial ownership interest in mortgage loans that have been pooled into Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae securities, are sold to a lender pending the securitization of the mortgage loans and sale of the resulting securities which generally occurs within 30 days. A commitment to sell the securities resulting from the pending securitization between the Company and a non-affiliate is also assigned to the lender at the time a participation certificate is sold.

 The purchase price paid by the lender for each participation certificate is based on the trade price of the security, plus an amount of interest expected to accrue on the security to its anticipated delivery date, minus a present value adjustment, any related hedging costs and a holdback amount that is based on a percentage of the purchase price. The holdback amount is not required to be paid to the Company until the settlement of the security and its delivery to the lender.

 The mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 238,197

 $

 211,035

 $

 249,255

 Weighted average interest rate (1)

 6.48 %

 3.16 %

 1.39 %

 $

 16,129

 $

 7,314

 $

 4,153

 Maximum daily amount outstanding

 $

 515,537

 $

 515,043

 $

 532,819

 (1)
 Excludes the effect of amortization of debt issuance costs totaling $ 688,000, $ 651,000 and $ 688,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2023

 2022

 Carrying value:

 Unpaid principal balance

 $

 446,406

 $

 287,943

 Unamortized debt issuance costs

 ( 352)

 ( 351)

 $

 446,054

 $

 287,592

 6.60 %

 5.71 %

 Fair value of loans pledged to secure mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements

 $

 470,524

 $

 302,977

 Note 15—Long-Term Debt

 Notes Payable Secured by Mortgage Servicing Assets

 Term Notes and Term Loans

 The Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries PLS, PNMAC, and PNMAC GMSR ISSUER TRUST (the "Issuer Trust") has entered into a structured finance transaction, in which PLS pledges and/or sells to the Issuer Trust participation certificates representing beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing assets pursuant to a repurchase agreement. The Issuer Trust has issued a variable funding note to PLS, has issued secured term notes (the "Term Notes") to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and has entered into a series of syndicated term loans with various lenders (the "Term Loans"). The Term Notes and Term Loans are secured by participation certificates relating to Ginnie Mae mortgage servicing assets financed pursuant to the servicing asset repurchase facilities, and rank pari passu with the mortgage servicing asset variable funding notes.

 Following is a summary of the issued and outstanding Term Notes and Term Loans:

 Maturity date

 Issuance date

 Principal balance

 Annual interest rate spread (1)

 Stated

 Optional extension (2)

 Term Notes:

 August 10, 2018

 $

 425,000

 3.40 %

 8/25/2025

 (3)

 June 3, 2022

 4.25 %

 5/25/2027

 5/25/2029

 Term Loans:

 February 28, 2023

 680,000

 3.00 %

 2/25/2028

 2/25/2029

 October 25, 2023

 125,000

 3.00 %

 10/25/2028

 $

 1,730,000

 (1)
 Interest is charged at a rate based on SOFR plus a spread.

 (2)
 The Term Notes and Term Loans' indentures provide the Company with the option to extend the maturity of the Term Notes or Term Loans as specified in the respective agreements.

 (3)
 Stated maturity date reflects the exercise by the Company of its option to extend the maturity of this issuance.

 Freddie Mac MSR Note Payable

 On December 16, 2022, the Company issued a note payable that is secured by Freddie Mac MSRs. Interest is charged at a rate based on SOFR plus a spread as defined in the agreement. The note matures on November 13, 2024. The maximum amount that the Company may borrow under the note payable is $ 400 million, $ 350 million of which is committed and which may be reduced by other debt outstanding with the counterparty.

 Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 2,421,124

 $

 1,584,383

 $

 1,300,000

 Weighted average interest rate (1)

 8.59 %

 4.88 %

 2.89 %

 $

 211,085

 $

 79,813

 $

 39,782

 (1)
 Excludes the effect of amortization of debt issuance costs totaling $ 3.2 million, $ 2.5 million and $ 2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2023

 2022

 Carrying value:

 Unpaid principal balance:

 Term Notes and Term Loans

 $

 1,730,000

 $

 1,800,000

 Freddie Mac MSR Note Payable

 1,880,000

 1,950,000

 Unamortized debt issuance costs

 ( 6,585)

 ( 7,354)

 $

 1,873,415

 $

 1,942,646

 8.82 %

 7.46 %

 Assets pledged to secure notes payable (1):

 Servicing advances

 $

 354,831

 $

 381,379

 $

 7,033,892

 $

 5,897,613

 Deposits

 $

 15,653

 $

 12,277

 (1)
 Beneficial interests in the Ginnie Mae MSRs, servicing advances and deposits together serve as the collateral backing servicing asset facilities that are included in Assets sold under agreements to repurchase and the Term Notes and Term Loans are included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets.

 Unsecured Senior Notes
 The Company issued unsecured senior notes (the "Unsecured Notes") to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the Securities Act. The Unsecured Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and will rank senior in right of payment to any future subordinate indebtedness of the Company, equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of the Company and effectively subordinate to any existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company to the extent of the fair value of collateral securing such indebtedness.

 The Unsecured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by PFSI's existing and future wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries (other than certain excluded subsidiaries defined in the indenture under which the Unsecured Notes were issued). The guarantees are senior unsecured obligations of the guarantors and will rank senior in right of payment to any future subordinate indebtedness of the guarantors, equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of the guarantors and effectively subordinate to any existing and future secured indebtedness of the guarantors to the extent of the fair value of collateral securing such indebtedness. The Unsecured Notes and the guarantees are structurally subordinate to the indebtedness and liabilities of the Company's subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Unsecured Notes.

 Following is a summary of the Company's issued and outstanding Unsecured Notes:

 Issuance date

 Principal balance

 Coupon interest rate

 Maturity date

 Optional redemption date (1)

 (annual)

 September 29, 2020

 $

 5.38 %

 October 15, 2025

 October 15, 2022

 October 19, 2020

 5.38 %

 October 15, 2025

 October 15, 2022

 February 11, 2021

 4.25 %

 February 15, 2029

 February 15, 2024

 September 16, 2021

 5.75 %

 September 15, 2031

 September 15, 2026

 December 11, 2023

 750,000

 7.88 %

 December 15, 2029

 December 15, 2026

 $

 2,550,000

 (1)
 Before the optional redemption date, the Company may redeem some or all of the Unsecured Notes for that issuance at a price equal to 100 % of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest and a make-whole premium or the Company may redeem up to 40 % of the Unsecured Notes for that issuance with an amount equal to or less than the net proceeds from certain equity offerings at the redemption price set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest. On or after the optional redemption date, the Company may redeem some or all of the Unsecured Notes for

 that issuance at the redemption prices set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 1,843,151

 $

 1,800,000

 $

 1,373,562

 Weighted average interest rate (1)

 5.13 %

 5.07 %

 4.94 %

 $

 98,396

 $

 95,014

 $

 70,208

 (1)
 Excludes the effect of amortization of debt issuance costs of $ 3.8 million, $ 3.7 million and $ 2.3 million on for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2023

 2022

 Carrying value:

 Unpaid principal balance

 $

 2,550,000

 $

 1,800,000

 Unamortized debt issuance costs and premiums, net

 ( 30,349)

 ( 20,080)

 $

 2,519,651

 $

 1,779,920

 5.90 %

 5.07 %

 Obligations Under Capital Lease

 The Company had a capital lease transaction secured by certain fixed assets and capitalized software. The capital lease matured on June 13, 2022.

 Obligations under capital lease are summarized below:

 2022

 2021

 $

 $

 7,999

 2.18 %

 2.11 %

 $

 $

 Maximum daily amount outstanding

 $

 3,489

 $

 11,864

 Maturities of Long-Term Debt

 Maturities of long-term debt obligations (based on final maturity dates) are as follows:

 2024

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Total

 Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets (1)

 $

 $

 425,000

 $

 —

 $

 $

 805,000

 $

 —

 $

 1,880,000

 —

 —

 —

 —

 1,900,000

 2,550,000

 Total

 $

 $

 1,075,000

 $

 —

 $

 $

 805,000

 $

 1,900,000

 $

 4,430,000

 (1)
 The Term Notes and Term Loans' indentures provide the Company with the option to extend the maturity of the Term Notes by two years after their stated maturities.

 Note 16—Liability for Losses Under Representations and Warranties
 Following is a summary of the Company's liability for losses under representations and warranties:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 32,421

 $

 43,521

 $

 32,688

 Provision for losses:

 Resulting from sales of loans

 12,997

 9,617

 31,590

 Resulting from change in estimate

 ( 9,115)

 ( 8,451)

 ( 16,037)

 Losses incurred

 ( 5,515)

 ( 12,266)

 ( 4,720)

 $

 30,788

 $

 32,421

 $

 43,521

 Unpaid principal balance of loans subject to representations and warranties at end of year

 $

 354,423,684

 $

 296,774,121

 $

 257,369,777

 Note 17—Income Taxes

 The Company files U.S. federal and state corporate income tax returns for PFSI and partnership returns for PNMAC. The Company's federal tax returns are subject to examination for 2020 and forward and its state tax returns are generally subject to examination for 2019 and forward. PNMAC's federal partnership returns are subject to examination for 2020 and forward, and its state tax returns are generally subject to examination for 2019 and forward. The Internal Revenue Service is currently auditing the Company's federal income tax return for 2020. California and various other state jurisdictions have also opened audits for tax years ranging from 2019 to 2021. The Company does not expect any material changes from these examinations as of December 31, 2023.

 The following table details the Company's provision for income taxes:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Current expense (benefit):

 Federal

 $

 1,436

 $

 ( 2,944)

 $

 101,659

 State

 ( 249)

 39,551

 Total current expense (benefit)

 2,056

 ( 3,193)

 141,210

 Deferred expense:

 Federal

 31,375

 131,670

 160,587

 State

 5,544

 61,263

 53,896

 Total deferred expense

 36,919

 192,933

 214,483

 Total provision for income taxes

 $

 38,975

 $

 189,740

 $

 355,693

 The following table is a reconciliation of the Company's provision for income taxes at statutory rates to the provision for income taxes at the Company's effective tax rate:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Federal income tax at statutory rate

 21.0 %

 21.0 %

 21.0 %

 State income taxes, net of federal benefit

 4.7 %

 5.9 %

 5.4 %

 Tax rate revaluation

 ( 2.2)%

 1.2 %

 0.0 %

 Other

 ( 2.3)%

 0.4 %

 ( 0.2)%

 Effective income tax rate

 21.2 %

 28.5 %

 26.2 %

 The components of the Company's provision for deferred income taxes are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 $

 186,628

 $

 326,378

 $

 196,697

 Net operating loss

 ( 111,496)

 ( 160,605)

 —

 Reserves and losses

 ( 41,641)

 13,480

 15,736

 Compensation accruals

 7,403

 10,473

 ( 11,456)

 Additional tax basis in partnership from exchanges of partnership units into the Company's common stock

 3,803

 4,517

 4,420

 California franchise taxes

 —

 4,447

 10,753

 Tax credits

 —

 —

 Other

 ( 7,778)

 ( 5,757)

 ( 1,717)

 Total provision for deferred income taxes

 $

 36,919

 $

 192,933

 $

 214,483

 The components of Income taxes payable are as follows:

 2023

 2022

 Current income tax payable (receivable)

 $

 1,230

 $

 ( 1,993)

 Deferred income tax liability, net

 1,041,656

 1,004,737

 Income taxes payable

 $

 1,042,886

 $

 1,002,744

 The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities are presented below:

 2023

 2022

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Net operating loss carryforward

 $

 273,178

 $

 161,682

 Compensation accruals

 35,266

 42,668

 Additional tax basis in partnership from exchanges of partnership units into the Company's common stock

 21,957

 25,760

 Reserves and losses

 75,436

 33,795

 Other

 9,943

 6,159

 Gross deferred income tax assets

 415,780

 270,064

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 1,446,810

 1,260,181

 Other

 10,626

 14,620

 Gross deferred income tax liabilities

 1,457,436

 1,274,801

 Net deferred income tax liability

 $

 1,041,656

 $

 1,004,737

 The Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $ 273.2 million for net operating losses, of which $ 106.2 million related to net operating losses incurred in 2023, $ 165.9 million related to net operating losses incurred in 2022 and $ 1.1 million related to net operating losses incurred in 2018. The $ 213.6 million related to federal net operating loss carry forward has no expiration date but is subject to an annual utilization limitation of up to 80% of taxable income. The remaining $ 59.6 million in deferred tax assets, relating to state net operating losses, either have no expiration date or expire by 2042. The Company expects to fully utilize these net operating losses before their expiration dates.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits and does not anticipate any unrecognized tax benefits. Should the recognition of any interest or penalties relative to unrecognized tax benefits be necessary, it is the Company's policy to record such expenses in the Company's income tax accounts. No such accruals existed at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Note 18—Commitments and Contingencies

 Commitments to Purchase and Fund Loans

 The Company's commitments to purchase and fund loans totaled $ 6.3 billion as of December 31, 2023.

 Legal Proceedings

 From time to time, the Company may be involved in various claims, investigations, lawsuits and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of its business. The amount, if any, of ultimate liability with respect to such matters cannot be determined, but despite the inherent uncertainties of litigation, management believes that the ultimate disposition of any such proceedings and exposure will not have, individually or taken together, a material adverse effect on the financial condition, income, or cash flows of the Company.

 Litigation

 On November 5, 2019, Black Knight Servicing Technologies, LLC ("Black Knight"), now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (NYSE: ICE), filed a Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial in the Fourth Judicial Circuit Court in and for Duval County, Florida (the "Florida State Court"), captioned Black Knight Servicing Technologies, LLC v. PennyMac Loan Services, LLC, Case No. 2019-CA-007908, alleging breach of contract and misappropriation of MSP System trade secrets. On November 6, 2019, PLS filed unlawful monopolization claims against Black Knight pursuant to the Sherman Act and Clayton Act seeking injunctive relief. On March 30, 2020, the Florida State Court granted a motion to compel arbitration filed by the Company, after which all claims of the Company and Black Knight were consolidated into a binding arbitration.

 On November 28, 2023, the arbitrator issued an interim award (the "Interim Award") granting in part and denying in part Black Knight's breach of contract claim. The arbitrator's Interim Award also denied in full Black Knight's claim of trade secrets misappropriation. The Interim Award granted Black Knight monetary damages in the amount of $ 155.2 million, plus prejudgment interest and reasonable attorney fees, and it denied in full all of Black Knight's claims for injunctive and declaratory relief.

 On January 12, 2024, the arbitrator issued the final award (the "Final Award"), reducing Black Knight's monetary damages to $ 150.2 million, plus interest. As a result of the Final Award, the Company reported a pretax expense accrual of $ 158.4 million in its financial results for the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 on February 1, 2024.

 The Final Award also grants PLS' claim that Black Knight engaged in unlawful monopolization in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act and grants PLS' claim for injunctive relief under the Sherman Act and Clayton Act. As a result of the Final Award, PLS' loan servicing technology, known as Servicing Systems Environment, or SSE, and all related intellectual property and software developed by or on behalf of PLS, remain the proprietary technology of PLS, free and clear of any restrictions on use.

 On February 5, 2024, the Company filed a Motion to Confirm the Arbitration Award in the Florida State Court. The Final Award remains subject to statutory periods allowing either party to move to vacate the Final Award before it is confirmed in the Florida State Court. As a result, there can be no certainty that the Final Award will not be subject to change.

 Regulatory Matters

 The Company and/or its subsidiaries are subject to various state and federal regulations related to its loan production and servicing operations by the various states it operates in as well as federal agencies such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), HUD, and the FHA and is subject to the requirements of the Agencies to which it sells loans and for which it performs loan servicing activities. As a result, the Company may become involved in information-gathering requests, reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by such various federal, state and local regulatory bodies.

 On January 7, 2021, PLS received a letter from the CFPB notifying PLS that, in accordance with the CFPB's discretionary Notice and Opportunity to Respond and Advise ("NORA") process, the CFPB's Office of Enforcement was considering recommending that the CFPB take legal action against PLS for alleged violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and Truth in Lending Act. PLS responded to the NORA letter on February 8, 2021 and thereafter engaged in discussions with the CFPB. On July 13, 2023, PLS received a closing letter from the Bureau stating that it had completed its investigation, that it did not intend to take enforcement action, and that PLS was relieved from the document-retention obligations required by the Bureau's investigation.

 Note 19—Stockholders' Equity

 In August 2021, the Company's board of directors approved an increase to the Company's common stock repurchase program from $ 1 billion to $ 2 billion.

 The following table summarizes the Company's stock repurchase activity:

 Cumulative

 2023

 2022

 2021

 total (1)

 Shares of common stock repurchased

 1,201

 7,788

 15,368

 34,063

 Cost of shares of common stock repurchased

 $

 71,491

 $

 406,086

 $

 958,194

 $

 1,788,198

 (1)
 Amounts represent the total shares of common stock repurchased under the stock repurchase program through December 31, 2023. Cumulative total cost of common stock repurchase includes $ 537,000 of transaction fees.

 The shares of repurchased common stock were canceled upon settlement of the repurchase transactions.

 Note 20—Net Gains on Loans Held for Sale

 Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value are summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 From non-affiliates:

 Cash (losses) gains:

 Loans

 $

 ( 1,337,613)

 $

 ( 2,128,195)

 $

 600,840

 Hedging activities

 ( 99,515)

 1,347,843

 443,341

 ( 1,437,128)

 ( 780,352)

 1,044,181

 Non-cash gains:

 Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales

 1,755,318

 Provisions for losses relating to representations and warranties:

 Pursuant to loan sales

 ( 12,997)

 ( 9,617)

 ( 31,590)

 Reductions in liability due to changes in estimate

 9,115

 8,451

 16,037

 Changes in fair values of loans and derivatives held at year end:

 63,749

 ( 296,349)

 ( 354,833)

 Loans

 ( 71,425)

 188,849

 210,961

 Hedging derivatives

 146,456

 ( 20,879)

 ( 124,200)

 547,727

 808,197

 2,515,874

 From PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust (1)

 ( 1,784)

 ( 16,564)

 ( 51,473)

 $

 $

 $

 (1)
 Gains on sales of loans to PMT are described in Note 4–Transactions with Related Parties.

 Note 21—Net Interest Expense

 Net interest expense is summarized below:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Interest income:

 From non-affiliates:

 Cash and short-term investments

 $

 68,457

 $

 19,839

 $

 3,280

 279,506

 172,124

 275,176

 Placement fees relating to custodial funds

 284,877

 102,099

 21,326

 632,840

 299,782

 From Townsgate Closing Services, LLC

 —

 —

 —

 —

 632,924

 Interest expense:

 To non-affiliates:

 Assets sold under agreements to repurchase

 279,289

 105,459

 164,132

 Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements

 16,129

 7,314

 4,153

 Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets

 211,085

 79,813

 39,782

 98,396

 95,014

 70,208

 Obligations under capital lease

 —

 Interest shortfall on repayments of mortgage loans serviced for Agency securitizations

 21,538

 40,741

 105,430

 Interest on mortgage loan impound deposits

 9,795

 7,066

 5,545

 Other

 1,545

 —

 —

 389,419

 To PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust— Excess servicing spread financing at fair value

 —

 —

 1,280

 390,699

 $

 ( 4,853)

 $

 ( 41,365)

 $

 ( 90,530)

 Note 22—Stock-based Compensation

 The Company has adopted equity incentive plans that provide for grants of stock options, time-based and performance-based restricted stock units ("RSUs"), stock appreciation rights, performance units and stock grants. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has 4.9 million units available for future awards.

 Following is a summary of the stock-based compensation expense by instrument awarded:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Performance-based RSUs

 $

 9,740

 $

 18,096

 $

 23,166

 Time-based RSUs

 11,672

 14,837

 10,184

 Stock options

 6,170

 9,619

 4,444

 $

 27,582

 $

 42,552

 $

 37,794

 Performance-Based RSUs

 The performance based RSUs provide for the issuance of shares of the Company's common stock based on the achievement of performance goals and job performance ratings. Approximately 309,000 shares under the grants with performance periods ending December 31, 2023 are expected to vest and be issued to the grantees in the first quarter of 2024.

 The fair value of the performance-based RSUs is measured based on the fair value of the Company's common stock at the grant date, taking into consideration the expected outcome of the performance goal, and the number of shares to be forfeited during the vesting period. The Company applies forfeiture rates of 0 – 20.3 % per year based on the grantees' employee classification. The actual number of shares that vest could vary from zero, if the performance goals are not met, to as much as 250 % of the units granted, if the performance goals are meaningfully exceeded.

 The table below summarizes performance-based RSU activity:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands, except per unit amounts)

 Number of units:

 1,226

 1,583

 Vested (1)

 ( 385)

 ( 509)

 ( 634)

 Forfeited or cancelled

 ( 25)

 ( 83)

 ( 33)

 1,226

 Weighted average grant date fair value per unit:

 $

 48.94

 $

 36.12

 $

 27.02

 $

 60.70

 $

 57.10

 $

 58.85

 Vested

 $

 35.36

 $

 23.40

 $

 24.47

 $

 58.46

 $

 49.14

 $

 36.91

 $

 58.90

 $

 48.94

 $

 36.12

 (1)
 The actual number of performance-based RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 617,000, 654,000 and 781,000 shares, respectively, which is approximately 160 %, 128 % and 123 % of the originally granted units, respectively, due to the performance exceeding from the established target for the respective grant.

 Following is a summary of performance-based RSUs as of December 31, 2023:

 Unamortized compensation cost (in thousands)

 $

 12,730

 Number of shares expected to vest (in thousands)

 Weighted average remaining vesting period (in months)

 Time-Based RSUs

 The RSU grant agreements provide for the award of time-based RSUs, entitling the award recipient to one share of the Company's common stock for each RSU. In general, and except as otherwise provided by the agreement, one-third of the time-based RSUs vest on each of the first, second, and third anniversaries of the grant date, subject to the recipient's continued service through each anniversary.

 Compensation cost relating to time-based RSUs is based on the grant date fair value of the Company's common stock and the number of shares expected to vest. For purposes of estimating the cost of the time-based RSUs granted, the Company applies forfeiture rates of 0 % – 20.3 % per year based on the grantees' employee classification.

 The table below summarizes time-based RSU activity:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands, except per unit amounts)

 Number of units:

 Vested

 ( 247)

 ( 246)

 ( 312)

 ( 11)

 ( 36)

 ( 14)

 Weighted average grant date fair value per unit:

 $

 53.71

 $

 41.74

 $

 29.37

 $

 60.72

 $

 57.10

 $

 58.90

 Vested

 $

 50.09

 $

 37.34

 $

 28.08

 $

 57.66

 $

 51.97

 $

 39.48

 $

 58.90

 $

 53.71

 $

 41.74

 Following is a summary of RSUs as of December 31, 2023:

 Unamortized compensation cost (in thousands)

 $

 6,210

 Number of units expected to vest (in thousands)

 Weighted average remaining vesting period (in months)

 Stock Options

 The stock option award agreements provide for the award of options to purchase common stock. In general, and except as otherwise provided by the agreement, one-third of the stock option awards vests on each of the first, second, and third anniversaries of the grant date, subject to the recipient's continued service through each anniversary.

 Each stock option has a term of ten years from the date of grant but expires (1) immediately upon termination of the holder's employment or other association with the Company for cause, (2) one year after the holder's employment or other association is terminated due to death or disability and (3) three months after the holder's employment or other association is terminated for any other reason.

 The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using a variant of the Black Scholes model based on the following inputs:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Expected volatility (1)

 38 %

 37 %

 38 %

 Expected dividends

 1.3 %

 1.4 %

 1.4 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 4.2 % - 5.0 %

 1.1 % - 2.1 %

 0.1 % - 1.7 %

 Expected grantee forfeiture rate

 0 % - 5.1 %

 0 % - 5.1 %

 0 % - 6.7 %

 (1)
 Based on historical volatilities of the Company's common stock.

 The Company uses its historical employee departure behavior to estimate the grantee forfeiture rates used in its option- pricing model. The expected term of common stock options granted is derived from the Company's option pricing model and represents the period that common stock options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual term of the common stock option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

 The table below summarizes stock option award activity:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands, except per option amounts)

 Number of stock options:

 4,317

 3,906

 4,040

 Exercised

 ( 658)

 ( 155)

 ( 377)

 ( 23)

 ( 8)

 ( 6)

 3,857

 4,317

 3,906

 Weighted average exercise price per option:

 $

 32.46

 $

 28.43

 $

 28.01

 $

 60.67

 $

 57.10

 $

 58.85

 Exercised

 $

 25.66

 $

 21.09

 $

 19.96

 $

 58.10

 $

 53.10

 $

 39.52

 $

 35.08

 $

 32.46

 $

 28.43

 Following is a summary of stock options as of December 31, 2023:

 Number of options exercisable at end of year (in thousands)

 3,191

 Weighted average exercise price per exercisable option

 $

 30.20

 Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years):

 Outstanding

 4.9

 Exercisable

 4.1

 Aggregate intrinsic value:

 Outstanding (in thousands)

 $

 205,525

 Exercisable (in thousands)

 $

 185,629

 Expected vesting amounts:

 Number of options expected to vest (in thousands)

 Weighted average vesting period (in months)

 Note 23—Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

 Basic earnings per share of common stock is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share of common stock is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive securities outstanding during the year.

 The Company's potentially dilutive securities are stock-based compensation awards. The Company applies the treasury stock method to determine the diluted weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding based on the outstanding stock-based compensation awards.

 The following table summarizes the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 $

 $

 $

 Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding

 49,978

 53,065

 63,799

 Effect of dilutive securities - shares issuable under stock-based compensation plan

 2,755

 2,885

 3,672

 Weighted average diluted shares of common stock outstanding

 52,733

 55,950

 67,471

 Basic earnings per share

 $

 2.89

 $

 8.96

 $

 15.73

 Diluted earnings per share

 $

 2.74

 $

 8.50

 $

 14.87

 Calculations of diluted earnings per share require certain potentially dilutive shares to be excluded when their inclusion in the diluted earnings per share calculation would be anti-dilutive. The following table summarizes the weighted-average number of anti-dilutive outstanding performance-based RSUs, time-based RSUs and stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share:

 2023

 2022

 2021

 (in thousands except for weighted average exercise price)

 Performance-based RSUs (1)

 Time-based RSUs

 Stock options (2)

 1,339

 Total anti-dilutive units and options

 1,682

 Weighted average exercise price of anti-dilutive stock options (2)

 $

 59.42

 $

 58.58

 $

 58.85

 (1)
 Certain performance-based RSUs were outstanding but not included in the computation of earnings per share because the performance thresholds included in such RSUs have not been achieved.

 (2)
 Certain stock options were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the weighted-average exercise prices were above the average stock price for the year.

 Note 24—Regulatory Capital and Liquidity Requirements

 The Company, through PLS, is required to maintain specified levels of capital and liquidity to remain a seller/servicer in good standing with the Agencies. Such capital and liquid asset requirements generally are tied to the size of the Company's loan servicing portfolio, loan origination volume and delinquency rates.

 The Agencies' capital and liquidity requirements, the calculations of which are specified by each Agency, are summarized below:

 December 31, 2023 (1)

 Requirement/Agency

 Actual (2)

 Requirement (2)

 Actual (2)

 Requirement (2)

 Capital

 Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac

 $

 6,890,144

 $

 1,211,365

 $

 6,632,627

 $

 797,748

 Ginnie Mae

 $

 6,559,001

 $

 1,314,677

 $

 5,899,892

 $

 923,202

 HUD

 $

 6,559,001

 $

 2,500

 $

 5,899,892

 $

 2,500

 Liquidity

 Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac

 $

 1,243,927

 $

 543,913

 $

 1,265,569

 $

 107,768

 Ginnie Mae

 $

 1,684,457

 $

 389,501

 $

 1,265,569

 $

 246,953

 Adjusted net worth / Total assets ratio

 Ginnie Mae

 %

 %

 %

 %

 Tangible net worth / Total assets ratio

 Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac

 %

 %

 %

 %

 (1)
 The Agencies adopted revised capital and liquidity requirements, most of which became effective during the year ended December 31, 2023. The amounts shown for December 31, 2023 are in accordance with those Agency requirements. Ginnie Mae has issued risk-based capital requirements in addition to those presented above that will become effective on December 31, 2024. The Company believes it is in compliance with Ginnie Mae's pending requirements as of December 31, 2023.

 (2)
 Calculated in compliance with the respective Agency's requirements.

 Noncompliance with an Agency's requirements can result in such Agency taking various remedial actions up to and including terminating PLS's ability to sell loans to and service loans on behalf of the respective Agency.

 Note 25—Segments

 The Company operates in three segments: production, servicing and investment management.

 Two of the segments, production and servicing, are in the mortgage banking business. The production segment performs loan origination, acquisition and sale activities, including the fulfillment of correspondent production activities for PMT. The servicing segment performs servicing of loans on behalf of PMT and non-affiliate investors, execution and management of early buyout transactions and servicing of loans sourced and managed by the investment management segment for PMT.

 The investment management segment represents the activities of the Company's investment manager, which include sourcing, performing diligence, bidding and closing investment asset acquisitions and managing the acquired assets.

 The Company's reportable segments are identified based on their unique activities. The following disclosures about the Company's business segments are presented consistent with the way the Company's chief operating decision maker organizes and evaluates financial information for making operating decisions and assessing performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is its chief executive officer.

 Financial performance and results by segment are as follows:

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Mortgage Banking

 Investment

 Total

 Management

 Total

 Revenues: (1)

 $

 453,063

 $

 92,880

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Loan origination fees

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Net interest expense:

 Interest income

 267,936

 364,985

 632,921

 632,924

 Interest expense

 254,890

 382,887

 —

 13,046

 ( 17,902)

 ( 4,856)

 ( 4,853)

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 2,980

 3,816

 6,796

 8,464

 15,260

 Total net revenue

 643,033

 721,394

 1,364,427

 37,229

 1,401,656

 Expenses (2)

 573,708

 611,725

 1,185,433

 32,592

 1,218,025

 $

 69,325

 $

 109,669

 $

 178,994

 $

 4,637

 $

 Segment assets at year end

 $

 4,863,341

 $

 13,954,836

 $

 18,818,177

 $

 26,386

 $

 (1)
 All revenues are from external customers.

 (2)
 An arbitration accrual of $ 158.4 million relating to the Black Knight's claim discussed in Note 18–Commitments and Contingencies is included in the servicing segment.

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Mortgage Banking

 Investment

 Total

 Management

 Total

 Revenues: (1)

 $

 599,896

 $

 191,737

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Loan origination fees

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Net interest expense:

 Interest income

 133,000

 161,062

 —

 Interest expense

 108,072

 227,355

 —

 24,928

 ( 66,293)

 ( 41,365)

 —

 ( 41,365)

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 2,503

 3,727

 6,230

 9,013

 15,243

 Total net revenue

 865,177

 1,080,500

 1,945,677

 40,078

 1,985,755

 816,697

 466,874

 1,283,571

 36,937

 1,320,508

 $

 48,480

 $

 613,626

 $

 662,106

 $

 3,141

 $

 Segment assets at year end

 $

 3,866,934

 $

 12,929,233

 $

 16,796,167

 $

 26,417

 $

 (1)
 All revenues are from external customers.

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 Mortgage Banking

 Investment

 Total

 Management

 Total

 Revenues: (1)

 $

 1,746,650

 $

 717,751

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Loan origination fees

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Net interest income (expense):

 Interest income

 134,706

 165,463

 —

 Interest expense

 139,296

 251,393

 390,689

 390,699

 ( 4,590)

 ( 85,930)

 ( 90,520)

 ( 10)

 ( 90,530)

 —

 —

 —

 Other

 1,623

 2,520

 4,143

 5,511

 9,654

 Total net revenue

 2,306,764

 817,295

 3,124,059

 43,302

 3,167,361

 1,262,353

 510,617

 1,772,970

 35,208

 1,808,178

 $

 1,044,411

 $

 306,678

 $

 1,351,089

 $

 8,094

 $

 Segment assets at year end

 $

 8,934,032

 $

 9,821,436

 $

 18,755,468

 $

 21,144

 $

 18,776,612

 (1)
 All revenues are from external customers.

 Note 26—Parent Company Information

 The Company's debt financing agreements require PLS, the Company's indirect controlled subsidiary, to comply with financial covenants that include a minimum tangible net worth of $ 1.3 billion. PLS is limited from transferring funds to the Parent by this minimum tangible net worth requirement. The Company's Unsecured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by the Company's existing and future wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries (other than certain excluded subsidiaries defined in the indentures under which the Unsecured Notes were issued).

 CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

 2023

 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash

 $

 8,639

 $

 45,496

 Investments in subsidiaries

 4,488,039

 4,421,906

 Receivable from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 Due from subsidiaries

 2,322,854

 1,509,103

 $

 6,819,532

 $

 5,976,532

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 $

 2,519,651

 $

 1,779,920

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses

 29,636

 26,356

 Payable to subsidiaries

 Income taxes payable

 731,455

 699,072

 Total liabilities

 3,280,929

 2,505,483

 Stockholders' equity

 3,471,049

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 6,819,532

 $

 5,976,532

 CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Revenues

 Dividends from subsidiaries

 $

 80,617

 $

 417,391

 $

 982,740

 Net interest income:

 Interest income from subsidiary

 156,082

 121,452

 77,162

 Interest expense to non-affiliates

 98,396

 95,014

 70,208

 57,686

 26,438

 6,954

 Total net revenues

 138,303

 443,829

 989,694

 Professional services

 —

 2,236

 Charitable contributions

 —

 —

 5,800

 Other

 Total expenses

 8,485

 Income before provision for income taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries

 137,372

 443,562

 981,209

 31,267

 129,948

 238,803

 Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries

 106,105

 313,614

 742,406

 Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries

 38,551

 161,893

 261,084

 $

 $

 $

 CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023

 2022

 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities

 Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries

 ( 38,551)

 ( 161,893)

 ( 261,084)

 Amortization of net debt issuance costs

 3,802

 3,701

 2,321

 Decrease (increase) in receivable from PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust

 —

 ( 27)

 Increase in intercompany receivable

 ( 894,204)

 ( 31,566)

 ( 897,063)

 Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses

 3,280

 ( 1,779)

 13,545

 Increase (decrease) in payable to subsidiaries

 ( 22,289)

 Increase in income taxes payable

 32,383

 217,771

 35,839

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 ( 748,555)

 501,760

 ( 125,268)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Issuance of unsecured senior notes

 750,000

 —

 1,150,000

 Payment of debt issuance costs

 ( 14,071)

 —

 ( 21,922)

 Payment of dividend to holders of common stock

 ( 41,446)

 ( 54,621)

 ( 52,896)

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options

 17,215

 2,947

 7,536

 Payment of withholding taxes relating to stock-based compensation

 —

 ( 7,780)

 ( 8,993)

 —

 ( 406,086)

 ( 958,194)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 711,698

 ( 465,540)

 115,531

 Net (decrease) increase in cash (1)

 ( 36,857)

 36,220

 ( 9,737)

 Cash at beginning of year

 45,496

 9,276

 19,013

 Cash at end of year

 $

 8,639

 $

 45,496

 $

 9,276

 Supplemental cash flow information:

 Non-cash financing activity:

 Repurchase of common stock paid by PNMAC on behalf of Parent company

 $

 71,491

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Payment of witholding taxes relating to stock-based compensation by PNMAC on behalf of Parent company

 $

 9,142

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 $

 (1)
 The Company did no t hold restricted cash during the years presented.

 Note 27—Subsequent Events

 Management has evaluated all events and transactions through the date the Company issued these consolidated financial statements. During this period:

 On February 1, 2024, the Company announced a cash dividend of $ 0.20 per common share. The dividend will be paid on February 23, 2024 to common stockholders of record as of February 13, 2024.

 All agreements to repurchase assets that matured before the date of this Report were extended or renewed.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 (Registrant)

 By:

 /s/ David A. Spector

 David A. Spector

 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Dated: February 21, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signatures

 Title

 Date

 /s/ David A. Spector

 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

 David A. Spector

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Daniel S. Perotti

 Senior Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer

 Daniel S. Perotti

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Gregory L. Hendry

 Chief Accounting Officer

 Gregory L. Hendry

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Doug Jones

 Director, President and

 Doug Jones

 Chief Mortgage Banking Officer

 /s/ James Hunt

 James Hunt

 /s/ Jonathon S. Jacobson

 Jonathon S. Jacobson

 /s/ Patrick Kinsella

 Patrick Kinsella

 /s/ Anne D. McCallion

 Anne D. McCallion

 /s/ Joseph Mazzella

 Joseph Mazzella

 /s/ Farhad Nanji

 Farhad Nanji

 /s/ Jeffrey Perlowitz

 Jeffrey Perlowitz

 /s/ Lisa Shalett

 Lisa Shalett

 /s/ Theodore Tozer

 Theodore Tozer

 /s/ Emily Youssouf

 Emily Youssouf