UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission File Number: 000-55190
 NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC.
 (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 Maryland
 27-3663988

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of
 (IRS Employer

 Incorporation or Organization)
 Identification No.)

 16 East 34th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10016
 (Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)
 ( 929) 777-3125
 (Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share
 None
 None

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 There is no established trading market for the registrant's common stock and therefore the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates cannot be determined.
 Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:
 The Company has one class of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 185,712,103 shares outstanding as of March 21, 2024.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Certain portions of the definitive proxy statement related to the registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed hereafter are incorporated by reference into Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 NORTHSTAR HEALTHCARE INCOME, INC.
 FORM 10-K

 Page

 Item 1

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Control and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statements Schedules

 Item 16.

 From 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "potential," "intend," "expect," "seek," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "could," "project," "predict," "continue," "future" or other similar words or expressions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe plans and strategies, contain projections of results of operations or financial condition or state other forward-looking information. Such statements include, but are not limited to, those relating to our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; our ability to retain our senior executives and other sufficient personnel to manage our business; our ability to realize substantial efficiencies as well as anticipated strategic and financial benefits of the internalization of our management function; the operating performance of our investments, our financing needs, the effects of our current strategies and investment activities and our ability to effectively deploy capital. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and you should not unduly rely on these statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ materially from those forward-looking statements.
 All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on information available to us on the date hereof and we are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results.
 Factors that could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects are set forth in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading "Risk Factor Summary" and Item 1A. "Risk Factors" below. The risk factors set forth in our filings with the SEC could cause our actual results to differ significantly from those contained in any forward-looking statement contained in this report.

 RISK FACTOR SUMMARY
 Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Below is a summary of principal factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, as well as other risks that we face, can be found under the heading Item 1A. "Risk Factors" below.
 Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy
 • Macroeconomic trends, including rising labor costs and historically low unemployment, increases in inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect our business and financial results.
 • Market conditions and the actual and perceived state of the capital markets generally could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Our strategy depends upon identifying and executing on disposition opportunities that achieve a desired return.
 • We may be forced to dispose of assets at suboptimal times due to debt maturities.
 • We may not be able to sell our properties quickly in response to changes in economic and other conditions, which may result in losses to us.
 • We are directly exposed to operational risks at substantially all of our properties and are dependent on the managers of these properties to manage these risks.
 • Our Arbors portfolio does not currently generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy all debt service obligations.
 • We depend on the manager of our Winterfell portfolio, Solstice Senior Living, or Solstice, and Trilogy Management Services, or TMS, for a significant majority of our revenues and net operating income, either directly or through our unconsolidated investments. Adverse developments in Solstice or TMS's business and affairs or financial condition could have a material adverse effect on us.
 • If we must replace any of our operators or managers, we might be unable to reposition the properties or fully restore value, and we could be subject to delays, limitations and expenses, all of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
 • We are subject to risks associated with capital expenditures, and our failure to adequately manage such risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Events that adversely affect the ability of seniors and their families to afford resident fees at our seniors housing facilities could cause our occupancy rates, revenues and results of operations to decline.
 • Increased competition could adversely affect future occupancy rates, operating margins and profitability at our properties.
 • Our joint venture partners could take actions that decrease the value of an investment to us and lower our overall return.
 • We may have limited ability to influence material decisions for our unconsolidated investment in the Trilogy portfolio.
 • Failure to comply with certain healthcare laws and regulations, and changes in such laws and regulations, could adversely affect our operations.
 • Insurance may not cover all potential losses or may not be available on acceptable terms.
 Risks Related to Our Capital Structure
 • We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations.
 • We require capital in order to operate our business, and the failure to obtain such capital would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • We are exposed to increases in interest rates, which could reduce our cash flows and adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt or sell assets.
 • We use significant leverage in connection with our investments, which increases the risk of loss associated with our investments and restricts our ability to engage in certain activities.

 • We may be adversely affected by our concentration of borrowings with Fannie Mae.
 • If we are required to make payments under any "bad boy" non-recourse carve-out guaranties for our mortgage loans, we could be materially and adversely affected.
 • Our distribution policy is subject to change. We may not be able to make distributions in the future.
 • Stockholders are not currently able to sell any of their shares of our common stock back to us pursuant to our share repurchase program, or the Share Repurchase Program, and if they do sell their shares on any limited market that may develop, they may not receive the price they paid upon subscription.
 • Our board of directors determined an estimated value per share of $2.64 for our common stock as of June 30, 2023, which may not reflect the current value of shares of our common stock.
 • No public trading market for our shares currently exists, and as a result, it will be difficult for stockholders to sell their shares and, if stockholders are able to sell their shares, stockholders will likely sell them at a substantial discount to the price paid for those shares.
 • If we do not successfully implement a liquidity transaction, stockholders may have to hold their investments for an indefinite period.
 Risks Related to Our Company and Corporate Structure
 • As a self-managed REIT without the resources of our former sponsor, we may encounter unforeseen costs and difficulties.
 • Our ability to operate our business successfully would be harmed if key personnel terminate their employment with us.
 • We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.
 • We are subject to substantial regulation, numerous contractual obligations and extensive internal policies and failure to comply with these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Failure to implement effective information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and capabilities could disrupt our business and harm our results of operations.
 Risks Related to Regulatory Matters and Our REIT Tax Status
 • Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
 • Our failure to continue to qualify as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, would subject us to federal income tax.

 Item 1. Business
 References to "we," "us" or "our" refer to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless context specifically requires otherwise.

 Overview
 We own a diversified portfolio of seniors housing properties, including independent living facilities, or ILFs, assisted living facilities, or ALFs, and memory care facilities, or MCFs, located throughout the United States. In addition, we have an investment through a non-controlling interest in a joint venture that invests in integrated senior health campuses, which provide services associated with ILFs, ALFs, MCFs and skilled nursing facilities, or SNFs, across the Midwest region of the United States.
 We were formed in October 2010 as a Maryland corporation and commenced operations in February 2013. We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We conduct our operations so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
 We raised $2.0 billion in total gross proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock in our continuous, public offerings, including $232.6 million pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, or our DRP, collectively referred to as our Offering.
 The Internalization
 From inception through October 21, 2022, we were externally managed by CNI NSHC Advisors, LLC or its predecessor, or the Former Advisor, an affiliate of NRF Holdco, LLC, or the Former Sponsor. The Former Advisor was responsible for managing our operations, subject to the supervision of our board of directors, pursuant to an advisory agreement. On October 21, 2022, we completed the internalization of our management function, or the Internalization. In connection with the Internalization, we agreed with the Former Advisor to terminate the advisory agreement.

 Our Strategy
 Our primary objective is to maximize value and generate liquidity for shareholders. The key elements of our strategy include:
 • Grow the Operating Income Generated by Our Portfolio. We are focused on growing the net operating income generated by our properties, through active portfolio management and selectively deploying capital expenditures to improve occupancy and resident rates while managing expenses, in an effort to enhance the overall value of our assets.
 • Pursue Disposition Opportunities that Maximize Value. We will pursue dispositions of assets and portfolios where we believe the disposition will achieve a desired return or strategic outcome, with the goal of maximizing value for shareholders overall.

 Our Investments
 Our investments are categorized in the following reportable segments:
 • Direct Operating Investments - Properties operated pursuant to management agreements with managers, in which we own a controlling interest.
 • Direct Net Lease Investments - Properties operated under net leases with an operator, in which we own a controlling interest.
 • Unconsolidated Investments - Joint venture investments, in which we own a minority, non-controlling interest.
 For financial information regarding our reportable segments, refer to Note 11, "Segment Reporting" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 The following table presents a summary of investments as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Properties(1)

 Investment Type / Portfolio
 Amount(2)

 ILF
 ALF
 MCF
 Integrated Campus
 Total
 Primary Locations
 Ownership
Interest

 Winterfell
 $
 745,696
 —
 —
 —
 12 U.S. States
 100.0%

 Avamere
 94,633
 —
 —
 —
 Washington/Oregon
 100.0%

 Aqua
 84,559
 —
 Texas/Ohio
 97.0%

 Rochester(3)

 47,231
 —
 —
 New York
 97.0%

 Oak Cottage
 18,719
 —
 —
 —
 California
 100.0%

 $
 990,838
 —

 Arbors
 $
 98,315
 —
 —
 —
 New York
 100.0%

 Total Direct Investments
 $
 —

 Trilogy(4)

 $
 122,339
 —
 —
 —
 4 U.S. States
 23.4%

 Solstice(5)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 20.0%

 Total Unconsolidated Investments
 $
 122,807
 —
 —
 —

 Total Investments
 $
 1,211,960

 (1)Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.
 (2)For direct investments, amount represents gross real estate carrying value, net of impairment, before accumulated depreciation as presented in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023. For unconsolidated investments, amount represents the carrying value of the investments in unconsolidated ventures as presented in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023. For additional information, refer to "Note 3, Operating Real Estate" and "Note 4, Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures" of Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements."
 (3)Rochester portfolio excludes one property classified as held for sale and seven healthcare real estate properties, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, securing seven individual mortgage notes payable, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, which were placed into a receivership in October 2023. Refer to "—Transaction and Financing Activities" in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information.
 (4)Property count includes properties owned and leased by the joint venture and excludes its institutional pharmacy and therapy businesses.
 (5)Represents our investment in Solstice Senior Living, LLC, or Solstice, the manager of the Winterfell portfolio. Solstice is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC, or ISL, a management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0%, and us, which owns 20.0%.
 Our investments include the following types of properties:
 • Independent living facilities. ILFs are properties with central dining facilities that provide services that include security, housekeeping, nutrition and laundry services. ILFs are designed specifically for independent seniors who are able to live on their own, but desire the security and conveniences of community living. ILFs typically offer several services covered under a regular monthly fee. Fees at these communities are paid from private sources. As of December 31, 2023, we had 35 ILFs in our direct operating investments segment.
 • Assisted living facilities. ALFs provide services that include minimal assistance for activities in daily living and permit residents to maintain some of their privacy and independence as they do not require constant supervision and assistance. Services may be bundled within one monthly fee or based on the care needs of the resident and usually include meals and dining, daily housekeeping, laundry, medical reminders and 24-hour availability of assistance. Revenues generated by ALFs primarily come from private pay sources, including private insurance, and government reimbursement programs, such as Medicaid, to a lesser extent. As of December 31, 2023, we had seven properties that are predominantly ALFs in our direct operating investments segment and four properties that are predominantly ALFs in our direct net lease investments segment.

 • Memory care facilities. MCFs offer specialized options for seniors with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. These facilities offer dedicated care and specialized programming for various conditions relating to memory loss in a secured environment. Residents require a higher level of care and more assistance with activities of daily living than in ALFs. Therefore, these facilities have staff available 24 hours a day to respond to the unique needs of their residents. Fees at these communities are paid primarily from private sources and, to a lesser extent, government reimbursement, such as Medicaid. As of December 31, 2023, we had two properties that are predominantly MCFs in our direct operating investments segment.
 • Integrated Senior Health Campuses. Provide a range of services in an integrated campus, including those described above for ILFs, ALFs, MCFs, as well as SNFs. SNFs provide services that include daily nursing, therapeutic rehabilitation, social services, housekeeping, nutrition and administrative services for individuals requiring certain assistance for activities in daily living. Revenues generated from Integrated Senior Health Campuses come from government reimbursement programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private pay sources, including private insurance. As of December 31, 2023, we had 125 Integrated Health Campuses in our unconsolidated investments segment.
 Operators and Managers
 The following table presents the operators and managers of our direct investments and our unconsolidated investments (dollars in thousands):

 As of December 31, 2023

 Operator / Manager
 Properties Under Management
 Units Under Management(1)

 Property and Other Revenues(2)

 % of Total Property and Other Revenues

 Solstice Senior Living(3)

 3,969
 $
 127,765
 62.3
 %

 Watermark Retirement Communities(4)

 45,001
 22.0
 %

 Avamere Health Services
 21,780
 10.6
 %

 Integral Senior Living
 4,880
 2.4
 %

 Arcadia Management
 1,709
 0.8
 %

 Other(5)

 —
 —
 3,843
 1.9
 %

 Total Direct Investments
 5,749
 $
 100.0
 %

 Trilogy Management Services(6)

 14,146
 $
 341,692
 N/A

 (1)Represents rooms for ALFs, ILFs and MCFs.
 (2)Includes rental income received from our net lease properties, rental income, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from ILF residents and resident fee income derived from our ALFs and MCFs, which includes resident room and care charges, ancillary fees and other resident service charges.
 (3)Solstice is a joint venture of which affiliates of ISL own 80%.
 (4)Property count and units exclude one property within the Rochester portfolio designated as held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and the properties within the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which were placed into a receivership in October 2023.
 (5)Consists primarily of interest income earned on corporate-level cash and cash equivalents.
 (6)The table presents the total properties and units managed by Trilogy Management Services and our 23.4% ownership share of the property and other revenues generated by the Trilogy joint venture.
 Our operating properties allow us to participate in the risks and rewards of the operations of the facilities as compared to receiving only contractual rent under a net lease. We engage independent managers to operate these facilities pursuant to management agreements, including procuring supplies, hiring and training all employees, entering into all third-party contracts for the benefit of the property, including resident/patient agreements, complying with laws and regulations, including but not limited to healthcare laws, and providing resident care and services, in exchange for a management fee. As a result, we must rely on our managers' personnel, expertise, technical resources and information systems, risk management processes, proprietary information, good faith and judgment to manage our operating properties efficiently and effectively. We also rely on our managers to set appropriate resident fees, to provide accurate property-level financial results in a timely manner and otherwise operate our seniors housing facilities in compliance with the terms of our management agreements and all applicable laws and regulations.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had 44 senior housing facilities in our direct operating investments segment with four different managers. The following presents the facilities by property type and geographic location as of December 31, 2023:

 Property Type(1)

 Geographic Location

 (1)Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.
 Our management agreements generally provide for monthly management fees which are calculated based on various performance measures, including revenue, net operating income and other objective financial metrics. We are also required to reimburse our managers for expenses incurred in the operation of the properties, as well as to indemnify our managers in connection with potential claims and liabilities arising out of the operation of the properties. Our management agreements are terminable after a stated term with certain renewal rights, though we have the ability to terminate earlier upon certain events with or without the payment of a fee.
 The following table presents a summary of the terms of our management agreements:

 Manager
 Portfolio
 Properties
 Expiration Date
 Management Fees

 Solstice Senior Living
 Winterfell
 October 2025
 •5% of monthly gross revenues, subject to certain exclusions
 •7% of actual costs of certain capital projects
 • Additional fees if net operating income exceeds annual target
 • Additional fees if net operating income long-term growth is achieved

 Watermark Retirement Communities(1)

 Aqua
 December 2024
 •5% of monthly gross revenues, subject to certain exclusions
 • Eligible for promote in connection with disposition

 Aqua
 February 2025

 Rochester(2)

 August 2024

 Avamere Health Services
 Avamere
 January 2025
 •4% of monthly gross revenues, plus 3% of monthly net operating income subject to certain exclusions
 • Additional fees based on net operating income exceeds annual target

 Integral Senior Living
 Oak Cottage
 April 2024
 • Greater of 5% of monthly gross revenues, subject to certain exclusions, or $12,000 per month
 • Additional fees if net operating income exceeds annual target

 (1)Affiliates of Watermark also own a 3% non-controlling interest in the Rochester and Aqua portfolios, which may impact various rights and economics under the management agreements.
 (2)Property count excludes one property within the Rochester portfolio designated as held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and the properties within the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which were placed into a receivership in October 2023.
 Certain of our properties in our direct operating investments segment are held through joint ventures, where an affiliate of the manager owns a 3% non-controlling interest, primarily to create alignment and incentives for the manager to perform. In addition, we own a 20.0% interest in Solstice Senior Living, the manager of the Winterfell portfolio, which gives us additional rights and minority protections.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had four ALF properties located in New York operated by Arcadia Management under net leases. These leases obligate Arcadia to pay a fixed rental amount and pay all property-level expenses, with a lease term that expires in August 2029. However, Arcadia has been unable to satisfy its obligations under its leases since February 2021, and instead remits rent and pays property-level expenses based on its available cash. On March 27, 2023, we entered into a forbearance agreement with Arcadia, pursuant to which we are entitled to receive all cash flow in excess of permitted expenses, and are required to fund any operating deficits, through 2025, subject to the terms and conditions thereof. As a result, we participate in the risks and rewards of this portfolio similar to our operating properties. If Arcadia performs under the forbearance agreement, it will be entitled to forgiveness of accrued and unpaid rent during the forbearance period and a potential incentive fee tied to disposition of the portfolio above a certain value. During 2023, cash flow, net of expenses, paid by Arcadia to us in accordance with the forbearance agreement was not sufficient to cover our related debt service, resulting in $3.3 million of cash reserves being used to cover debt service in 2023. We continue to monitor Arcadia's performance and cash flows closely, as well as evaluate potential options for this portfolio.
 As of December 31, 2023, our unconsolidated investment segment primarily consists of our 23.4% interest in Trilogy Investors, LLC, or Trilogy. Trilogy indirectly owns 125 Integrated Senior Health Campuses located in the Midwest, which are all operating properties managed pursuant to a management agreement with Trilogy Management Services, as well as ancillary services businesses, including a therapy business and a pharmacy business. Affiliates of American Healthcare REIT, Inc., or AHR, own approximately 74.1% of Trilogy, with management of Trilogy owning the remaining 2.5%.
 Our joint venture agreement with AHR, through which we hold our interest in Trilogy, provides that AHR is generally responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the joint venture, subject to certain limitations and exceptions, including our right to consent to certain significant decisions. The joint venture agreement also contains provisions relating to rights and obligations to call capital to fund the joint venture, distributions of available cash flow, customary forced sale and other liquidity rights.
 In November 2023, we entered into an agreement giving AHR the right to purchase our ownership interests in Trilogy at any time prior to September 30, 2025, assuming AHR exercises all of its extension options and subject to satisfaction of certain closing conditions, ranging from $240.5 million to up to $260 million depending upon the purchase price consideration, timing of the closing and certain additional fees that AHR may pay us in the interim. A minimum of 10% of the purchase price consideration must be paid in cash, with the balance payable in either cash or new Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be issued by AHR in connection with the closing. The portion of the purchase price consideration paid in cash may be subject to a 7.5% or 5% discount, respectively, if the transaction closes prior to March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2024, respectively. In addition, we may be entitled to a supplemental cash payment of $25,600 per day for the period between July 1, 2023 until the closing date, for up to approximately $21 million, reduced by any distributions received from Trilogy by us during the interim period. AHR may terminate the agreement at any time, subject to payment of a termination fee equal to: (i) if terminated prior to the initial outside date, September 30, 2024, $7.8 million, (ii) if extended and terminated prior March 31, 2025, $11.7 million and (iii) if further extended and terminated prior to September 30, 2025, $15.6 million. Although there can be no assurance that AHR will consummate the purchase of our interests in Trilogy on these terms, or at all, we believe that this proposed transaction presents an attractive opportunity for us to exit our position in this portfolio in furtherance of our disposition strategy.
 In addition to our investment in Trilogy, as discussed above, we also have a 20.0% minority interest in Solstice, a management platform formed with ISL exclusively to manage our Winterfell portfolio.
 During 2023, we sold our unconsolidated investments in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse portfolios and our unconsolidated investment in the Espresso portfolio was substantially liquidated through the sale of all of its remaining assets. Refer to "—Transaction and Financing Activities" in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information.

 Seasonality
 Our revenues are dependent on occupancy and may fluctuate based on seasonal trends. It is difficult to predict the magnitude of seasonal trends and the related potential impact of the cold and flu season, occurrence of epidemics or any other widespread illnesses on the occupancy of our facilities. A decrease in occupancy could affect our operating income.

 Competition
 Our investments will experience local and regional market competition for residents, operators and staff. Competition will be based on quality of care, reputation, physical appearance of properties, services offered, family preference, physicians, staff and

 price. Competition will come from independent operators as well as companies managing multiple properties, some of which may be larger and have greater resources than our operators. Some of these properties are operated for profit while others are owned by governmental agencies or tax-exempt, non-profit organizations. Competitive disadvantages may result in vacancies at facilities, reductions in net operating income and ultimately a reduction in shareholder value.

 Inflation
 Macroeconomic trends such as increases in inflation can have a substantial impact on our business and financial results. Many of our costs are subject to inflationary pressures. These include labor, repairs and maintenance, food costs, utilities, insurance and other operating costs. Our managers' ability to offset increased costs by increasing the rates charged to residents may be limited by competitive pressures, affordability and timing, which may lag behind cost volatility. As a result, cost inflation will substantially affect the net operating income of our properties.

 Portfolio Management
 The portfolio management process for our investments includes oversight by our executive and asset management teams, regular management meetings and an operating results review process. These processes are designed to evaluate and proactively identify asset-specific issues and trends on a portfolio-wide, sub-portfolio or asset type basis. The teams work in conjunction with our managers and operators to create tailored action plans to address issues identified.
 Our executive and asset management teams are experienced and use many methods to actively manage our investments to enhance or preserve our income, value and capital and to mitigate risk. Our teams seek to identify opportunities for our investments that may involve replacing or renovating facilities in our portfolio which, in turn, would allow us to improve occupancy and resident rates and enhance the overall value of our assets. To manage risk, our teams engage in frequent review and dialogue with operators/managers/third party advisors and periodic inspections of our owned properties. In addition, our teams consider the impact of regulatory changes on the performance of our portfolio.
 Our teams will continue to monitor the performance of, and actively manage, all of our investments. However, there can be no assurance that our investments will continue to perform in accordance with our expectations.

 Profitability and Performance Metrics
 We calculate Funds from Operations, or FFO, Modified Funds from Operations, or MFFO, and net operating income, or NOI, to evaluate the profitability and performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a description of these metrics.

 Human Capital
 On October 21, 2022, as a result of completing the Internalization, we became a self-managed REIT. Prior to the Internalization, we had no employees and were externally managed by the Former Advisor or its affiliates, who provided management, acquisition, advisory, marketing, investor relations and certain administrative services for us. As of December 31, 2023, we had ten full-time employees.
 The decision to internalize, and to be able to employ directly the personnel that advance the Company's strategic objectives, was a turning point for the Company. We believe our employees are critical to our success. All of our employees are provided with a comprehensive benefits and wellness package, which may include medical, dental and vision insurance, life insurance, 401(k) matching, long-term incentive plans, among other things. In connection with the Internalization, we worked with a compensation consultant to evaluate and benchmark the competitiveness of our compensation programs focused on pay practices that reward performance and support the needs of the Company. Our executive management team oversees our human capital resources and employment practices to ensure that an asset as important as our employees is strategically integrated with our goals and business plan as a healthcare REIT.
 We are also committed to providing a safe and healthy workplace. We continuously strive to meet or exceed compliance with all laws, regulations and accepted practices pertaining to workplace safety.
 We utilize a professional employer organization, or PEO, who is the employer of record of our employees and administers our benefits, payroll and other human resource management services.

 Regulation
 We are subject, in certain circumstances, to supervision and regulation by state and federal governmental authorities and are subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, which, among other things:
 • require compliance with applicable REIT rules;
 • regulate healthcare operators with respect to licensure, certification for participation in government programs and relationships with patients, physicians, tenants and other referral sources;
 • regulate occupational health and safety;
 • regulate removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances;
 • regulate land use and zoning;
 • regulate removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities and other public accommodations;
 • regulate tax treatment and accounting standards; and
 • regulate use of derivative instruments and our ability to hedge our risks related to fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates.
 Tax Regulation
 We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. If we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will generally not be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income that we distribute as dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year after electing REIT status, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and will generally not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that enables us to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and we intend to continue to operate so as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, we operate certain healthcare properties through structures permitted under the REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act of 2007, which permit the Company, through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, to have direct exposure to resident fee income and incur related operating expenses.
 U.S. Healthcare Regulation
 Overview
 ALFs, MCFs and SNFs are subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local laws, regulations and industry standards governing their operations. Although the properties within our portfolio may be subject to varying levels of governmental scrutiny, we expect that the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure. Changes in laws, regulations, reimbursement and enforcement activity can all have a significant effect on our operations and financial condition, as set forth below and under Item 1A. "Risk Factors."
 Fraud and Abuse Enforcement
 Healthcare providers are subject to federal and state laws and regulations that govern their operations, including those that require providers to furnish only medically necessary services and submit to third-party payors valid and accurate statements for each service, as well as kickback laws, self-referral laws and false claims laws. In particular, enforcement of the federal False Claims Act has resulted in increased enforcement activity for healthcare providers and can involve significant monetary damages and awards to private plaintiffs who successfully bring "whistleblower" lawsuits. Sanctions for violations of these laws, regulations and other applicable guidance may include, but are not limited to, loss of licensure, loss of certification or accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of civil and criminal penalties and fines, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs or closure of the facility.
 Reimbursements
 Sources of revenues for our seniors housing properties are primarily private payors, including private insurers and self-pay patients, and payments from state Medicaid programs. By contrast, skilled nursing services in our unconsolidated investment in Trilogy receive the majority of their revenues from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, with the balance representing

 payments from private payors. Medicare is a federal health insurance program for persons aged 65 and over, some disabled persons and persons with end-stage renal disease. Medicaid is a medical assistance program for eligible needy persons that is funded jointly by federal and state governments and administered by the states. Medicaid eligibility requirements and benefits vary by state. The Medicare and Medicaid programs are highly regulated and subject to frequent and substantial changes resulting from legislation, regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations of existing law.
 Federal, state and private payor reimbursement methodologies applied to healthcare providers are continuously evolving. Congress as well as federal and state healthcare financing authorities are continuing to implement new or modified reimbursement methodologies that shift risk to healthcare providers and generally reduce payments for services, which may negatively impact healthcare property operations. With significant budgetary pressures, federal and state governments continue to seek ways to reduce Medicare and Medicaid spending through reductions in reimbursement rates and increased enrollment in managed care programs, among other things. Private payors, such as insurance companies, are also continuously seeking opportunities to control healthcare costs. Legislation introduced in the U.S. Congress and certain state legislatures include changes that directly or indirectly affect reimbursement and promote shifts from traditional fee-for-service reimbursement models to alternative payment models that tie reimbursement to quality and cost of care, such as accountable care organizations and bundled payments. It is difficult to predict the nature and success of future financial or delivery system reforms, but changes to reimbursement rates and related policies could adversely impact our results of operations, particularly within our unconsolidated investment in Trilogy.
 Licensure, CON, Certification and Accreditation
 SNFs, seniors housing facilities and other healthcare providers that operate healthcare properties in our portfolio may be subject to extensive state licensing and certificate of need, or CON, laws and regulations, which may restrict the ability to add new properties, expand an existing facility's size or services, or transfer responsibility for operating a particular facility to a new operator. The failure of our operators or managers to obtain, maintain or comply with any required license, CON or other certification, accreditation or regulatory approval (which could be required as a condition of licensure or third-party payor reimbursement) could result in loss of licensure, loss of certification or accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties and fines, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs or closure of the facility, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.
 Enrollment
 The federal government has taken steps to require SNFs to disclose detailed information regarding owners, operators, and managers of nursing homes, including both direct and indirect owning or managing entities, with a particular focus on ownership by private equity companies or REITs. This disclosed data will also be made publicly available. We do not know how this increased transparency will impact government scrutiny into the operations and standard of care provided at our facilities, or create additional exposure to private litigants or reputational harm. In addition, the federal government has increased enforcement efforts, including revocation proceedings, for failure to comply with enrollment requirements.
 Health Information Privacy and Security
 Healthcare providers, including those in our portfolio, are subject to numerous state and federal laws that protect the privacy and security of patient health information. The federal and state governments have significantly increased enforcement of these laws. The failure of our operators and managers to maintain compliance with privacy and security laws could result in the imposition of penalties and fines, which in turn may adversely impact us.
 CARES ACT and Similar Governmental Funding Programs
 A variety of federal, state and local government efforts were initiated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act. The CARES Act includes provisions reimbursing eligible health care providers for certain health care-related expenses or lost revenues not otherwise reimbursed that were directly attributable to COVID-19 through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, Provider Relief Fund.
 We applied for and received grants from the Provider Relief Fund for our seniors housing properties. Our operators and unconsolidated investments, such as Trilogy, also received grants from the Provider Relief Fund. As a recipient of funds from the Provider Relief Fund, we are required to comply with detailed reporting requirements specified by HHS, including in some instances by providing a third-party audit of the use of the funds received. In addition, the HHS Office of Inspector General and the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee each have the right to conduct their own audits of our use of funds from the Provider Relief Fund and HHS has the right to recoup some or all of the payments if it determines those payments were not made or the funds were not used in compliance with its rules, regulations and interpretive guidance. Federal law enforcement authorities are expected to scrutinize COVID-19 pandemic-related payments to providers as well as compliance with various reporting and transparency disclosures arising under the CARES Act and similar programs.

 Investment Company Act
 We believe that we are not, and intend to conduct our operations so as not to become, regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the Investment Company Act. We have relied, and intend to continue to rely, on current interpretations of the staff of the SEC in an effort to continue to qualify for an exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act. For more information on the exemptions that we use, refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulatory Matters and Our REIT Tax Status—Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations."
 For additional information regarding regulations applicable to us, refer to below and Item 1A. "Risk Factors."

 Independent Directors' Review of Our Policies
 As required by our charter, our independent directors have reviewed our policies, including but not limited to our policies regarding investments, leverage and conflicts of interest and determined that they are in the best interests of our stockholders.

 Corporate Governance and Internet Address
 We emphasize the importance of professional business conduct and ethics through our corporate governance initiatives. Our board of directors consists of a majority of independent directors. The audit committee and compensation committee of our board of directors are composed exclusively of independent directors. We have adopted corporate governance guidelines and a code of ethics, which delineate our standards for our officers and directors.
 Our internet address is www.northstarhealthcarereit.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available, free of charge through a link on our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports, if any, as filed or furnished with the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such filing or furnishing. Our site also contains our code of ethics, corporate governance guidelines, our audit committee charter and our compensation committee charter. Within the time period required by the rules of the SEC, we will post on our website any amendment to our code of ethics or any waiver applicable to any of our directors, executive officers or senior financial officers.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial or that generally apply to all businesses also may adversely impact our business. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy
 Macroeconomic trends, including rising labor costs and historically low unemployment, increases in inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect our business and financial results.
 Macroeconomic trends, including rising labor costs and historically low unemployment, increases in inflation and rising interest rates, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Increased labor costs and a shortage of available skilled and unskilled workers has and may continue to increase the cost of staffing at our seniors housing communities. To the extent our managers cannot hire sufficient workers, they may be required to enhance pay and benefits packages to compete effectively for such personnel or use more costly contract or overtime labor. If our managers are unable to hire and fill necessary positions, our business may suffer, causing us to forego potential revenue and growth. Rising labor expense may result in a decrease in our net operating income and, as a result, the value of our properties.
 The COVID-19 pandemic, policy and other actions taken in response to the pandemic and other recent events, such as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East and supply chain disruptions, have exacerbated, and may continue to exacerbate, increases in the consumer price index. Many of our costs, including operating and administrative expenses, interest expense and capital project costs, are subject to inflation. These include expenses for property-related contracted services, utilities, repairs and maintenance and insurance and general and administrative costs. Property taxes are also impacted by inflationary changes because taxes in some jurisdictions are regularly reassessed based on changes in the fair value of our properties. We may not be able to offset such additional costs by passing them through, or increasing the rates we charge, to residents. If there is an increase in these costs, our business, cash flows and operating results could be adversely affected.
 Additionally, U.S. government policies implemented to address inflation, including actions by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the U.S. Federal Reserve, to increase interest rates could negatively impact consumer spending and future demand for our properties. In particular, primarily in response to concerns about inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve

 significantly raised its benchmark federal funds rate, which has led to increases in interest rates in the credit markets and other impacts on the macroeconomic environment. The U.S. Federal Reserve may continue to raise the federal funds rate, which will likely lead to higher interest rates in the credit markets and the possibility of lower asset values, slowing economic growth and a recession.
 Market conditions and the actual and perceived state of the capital markets generally could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Any disruption to the capital markets or ability to access such markets could impair our ability to execute on our business strategy. Adverse developments affecting economies throughout the world, including rising inflation, a general tightening of availability of credit (including the price, terms and conditions under which it can be obtained), the state of the public and private capital markets, decreased liquidity in certain financial markets, increased interest rates, foreign exchange fluctuations, declining consumer confidence, the actual or perceived state of the real estate market, tightened labor markets or significant declines in stock markets, as well as concerns regarding pandemics, epidemics and the spread of contagious diseases, could impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, unfavorable changes in general economic conditions, including recessions, economic slowdowns, high unemployment and rising prices or the perception by consumers of weak or weakening economic conditions may reduce disposable income and impact consumer spending in healthcare or seniors housing, which could adversely affect our financial results.
 To the extent there is turmoil in the global financial markets, this turmoil has the potential to adversely affect the value of our properties, the availability or the terms of financing that a potential purchaser for our properties or we may be able to obtain and our ability to make principal and interest payments on, or refinance when due, any outstanding indebtedness.
 Our strategy depends upon identifying and executing on disposition opportunities that achieve a desired return.
 An important part of our business strategy is to identify and execute on disposition opportunities that achieve a desired return. Our ability to execute this strategy is affected by many factors outside of our control, including general economic conditions and disruptions in capital markets. If the performance of our properties does not improve, due to labor markets, inflation, concerns regarding pandemics or otherwise, or rising interest rates or disruptions in the capital markets result in lower asset values, we may be unable to achieve desired returns.
 We may be forced to dispose of assets at suboptimal times due to debt maturities.
 We currently have $682.3 million of borrowings outstanding that mature through 2025. We may be unable to extend or refinance these borrowings without a significant pay down of existing loan balances. If we do not have sufficient capital to pay down existing loan balances, we may be forced to sell assets to generate additional capital or sell the assets in advance of the loan maturities. Our ability to dispose of or refinance these investments depends on a variety of factors that we do not control, including macroeconomic trends, market conditions and the state of the capital markets. Further, given the nature of our assets and the magnitude of these borrowings, we may not be able to respond quickly to changes in market conditions. As a result, we may be forced to dispose of these assets at a suboptimal time and may not be able to dispose of these assets for values in excess of outstanding borrowings at that time.
 We may not be able to sell our properties quickly in response to changes in economic and other conditions, which may result in losses to us.
 Real estate investments are relatively illiquid, and our ability to quickly sell or exchange our properties in response to changes in economic or other conditions is limited. In addition, transfers of seniors housing properties may be subject to regulatory approvals that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial properties. Further, to the extent that our asset sales may ultimately be deemed to constitute all or substantially all of our assets, the requirements of our charter to obtain stockholder approval for certain dispositions will substantially limit our ability to move quickly. We cannot assure you that we will recognize the full value of any property that we sell, and the inability to respond quickly to changes in the performance of our investments and market conditions could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 We are directly exposed to operational risks at substantially all of our properties and are dependent on the managers of these properties to manage these risks.
 Substantially all of our properties are operated pursuant to management agreements, where we are directly exposed to various operational risks. These risks include: (i) fluctuations in occupancy; (ii) fluctuations in private pay rates and government reimbursement; (iii) increases in the cost of food, materials, energy, labor (as a result of unionization, COVID-19 related workforce challenges or otherwise) or other services; (iv) rent control regulations; (v) national and regional economic conditions; (vi) the imposition of new or increased taxes; (vii) capital expenditure requirements; (viii) federal, state, local licensure, certification and inspection, fraud and abuse, and privacy and security laws, regulations and standards; (ix) professional and

 general liability claims; (x) the availability and increases in cost of insurance coverage; and (xi) the impact of actual and anticipated outbreaks of disease and epidemics, such as COVID-19. Any one or a combination of these factors may adversely affect our revenue and operations.
 Significant uncertainty continues to exist regarding the continued impact of the pandemic and macroeconomic trends on revenue and expenses at our properties, including with respect to labor and employment, inflation, rising interest rates and potential changes or disruptions in government reimbursement. For substantially all of our directly owned properties, we are responsible for operating shortfalls if the properties do not generate sufficient revenues to cover expenses.
 Although we are directly exposed to operational risks, our managers are ultimately in control of the day-to-day business of our seniors housing facilities. We rely on our managers' personnel, expertise, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information, good faith and judgment to manage our seniors housing facilities efficiently and effectively. We also rely on our managers to set appropriate resident fees, to provide accurate property-level financial results for our properties in a timely manner and to otherwise operate our seniors housing facilities in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. While we have various rights as the property owner under our management agreements, we may have limited recourse under our management agreements if we believe that the managers are not performing adequately. The failure by our managers to effectively manage these properties could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our Arbors portfolio does not currently generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy all debt service obligations.
 As of December 31, 2023, rent paid by the operator of our Arbors portfolio, which represents 9.0% of the gross real estate carrying value (net of impairment, before accumulated depreciation) of our direct investments, does not currently cover all debt service obligations on the borrowings for this portfolio. We are currently using other sources of capital to satisfy these obligations, including cash flow generated by other portfolios and dispositions. However, there can be no assurance that investment in this portfolio by covering these shortfalls will achieve the desired return. If market conditions and/or the performance of the portfolio does not improve, we may be unable to repay the borrowings when they mature in February 2025 or sell the portfolio for more than the outstanding balance of the borrowings.
 We depend on the manager of our Winterfell portfolio, Solstice Senior Living, or Solstice, and Trilogy Management Services, or TMS, for a significant majority of our revenues and net operating income, either directly or through our unconsolidated investment in Trilogy. Adverse developments in Solstice or TMS's business and affairs or financial condition could have a material adverse effect on us.
 As of December 31, 2023, Solstice or their respective affiliates managed 32 of our seniors housing facilities pursuant to a management agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2023, properties managed by Solstice represented 62.3% and 68.5% of our total property and other revenues and our gross real estate carrying value (net of impairment, before accumulated depreciation), respectively. Similarly, TMS manages all of the properties owned through our Trilogy investment.
 Solstice and TMS, either directly or through affiliates, operate other properties or have other business initiatives that may be in conflict with our interests or cause them to fail to prioritize our properties. In addition, if Solstice or TMS is unable to attract, retain and incentivize qualified personnel, it could impair their respective ability to manage our properties efficiently and effectively. Further, any significant changes in senior management or equity ownership, or adverse developments in their businesses and affairs or financial condition, could also impair their respective ability to manage our properties and could have a materially adverse effect on us.
 If we must replace any of our operators or managers, we might be unable to reposition the properties and fully restore value, and we could be subject to delays, limitations and expenses, all of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
 If our operators or managers experience performance challenges, we may need to negotiate new leases or management agreements with our operators or managers or reposition our properties with new operators or managers. In these circumstances, rental payments or operating cash flow on the related properties could decline or cease altogether while we reposition the properties. We also may not be successful in identifying suitable replacements or enter into new leases or management agreements on a timely basis or on terms as favorable to us as our current leases and management agreements, if at all, and we may be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, insurance, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of, and avoid the imposition of liens on, our properties while they are being repositioned. In addition, we may incur certain obligations and liabilities, including obligations to indemnify the replacement operator or manager. Replacement of operators or managers may also be subject to regulatory approvals. Once a suitable replacement operator/manager has taken over operation of the properties, it may still take an extended period of time before the properties are fully repositioned and value restored, if at all. If we are unable to find a suitable replacement operator or manager, we may determine to dispose of a property, which may result in a loss. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We are subject to risks associated with capital expenditures, and our failure to adequately manage such risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our properties require significant investment in capital expenditures. If we fail to adequately invest in capital expenditures, occupancy rates and the amount of rental and reimbursement income generated by our facilities may decline, which would negatively impact the overall value of the affected facilities. At the same time, capital expenditures subject us to risks, including cost overruns, the inability of the manager to generate sufficient cash flow to achieve the projected return and potential declines in the value of the property. There can be no assurance that any investment in capital expenditures increases the overall return on our investments. If we fail to adequately manage such risks, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks may be further heightened due to our limited sources of liquidity, and we could find ourselves in a position with insufficient liquidity to fund future obligations.
 Events that adversely affect the ability of seniors and their families to afford resident fees at our seniors housing facilities could cause our occupancy rates, revenues and results of operations to decline.
 Costs to seniors associated with independent, assisted living and memory care services are generally not reimbursable under government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Only seniors with sufficient income or assets or other resources will be able to afford to pay the monthly resident fees, and a weak economy, depressed housing market or changes in demographics could adversely affect their continued ability to do so. If our operators and managers are unable to retain and attract seniors with sufficient income, assets or other resources required to pay the fees associated with independent and assisted living services, our occupancy rates and revenues could decline, which could, in turn, materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Increased competition could adversely affect future occupancy rates, operating margins and profitability at our properties.
 The healthcare and seniors housing industries are highly competitive, and our operators and managers may encounter increased competition for residents and patients, including with respect to the scope and quality of care and services provided, reputation and financial condition, physical appearance of the properties, price and location. If development outpaces demand in the markets in which our properties are located, those markets may become saturated and our operators and managers could experience decreased occupancy, reduced operating margins and lower profitability, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Depending on the jurisdiction, there are limited barriers to developing properties in our asset classes, particularly seniors housing. As a result, supply and demand dynamics can change quickly. We may be unable to rebalance our portfolio in a timely manner in order to respond to changes in those dynamics.
 Our joint venture partners could take actions that decrease the value of an investment to us and lower our overall return.
 We have made significant investments through joint ventures with third parties, both in circumstances where we have a controlling, majority interest, such as our joint ventures with Watermark for the Aqua and Rochester portfolios, and a minority, non-controlling interest, such as our unconsolidated investment in the Trilogy portfolio.
 These investments generally involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:
 • fraud or other misconduct by our joint venture partners;
 • we may share decision-making authority with our joint venture partner regarding certain major decisions affecting the ownership of the joint venture and the joint venture property, such as the sale of the property or the making of additional capital contributions for the benefit of the property, which may prevent us from taking actions that are opposed by our joint venture partner;
 • such joint venture partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become in conflict with our business interests or goals, including for example the operation of the properties;
 • such joint venture partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives;
 • our joint venture partners may be structured differently than us for tax purposes and this could create conflicts of interest and risk to our REIT status;
 • we rely upon our joint venture partners to manage the day-to-day operations of the joint venture and underlying assets, as well as to prepare financial information for the joint venture and any failure to perform these obligations may have a negative impact on our performance and results of operations;

 • our joint venture partner may experience a change of control, which could result in new management of our joint venture partner with less experience or conflicting interests to ours and be disruptive to our business;
 • we may not be able to control distributions from our joint ventures;
 • we may be forced to sell our interest or acquire our partner's interest at a time we otherwise would not have elected to do so as a result of a buy-sell or forced sale arrangement; and
 • the terms of our joint ventures could restrict our ability to sell or transfer our interest to a third party when we desire on advantageous terms, which could result in reduced liquidity.
 We may have limited ability to influence material decisions for our unconsolidated investment in Trilogy.
 The risks associated with our joint venture investments described above are particularly acute for our minority, non-controlling interest in Trilogy, where we may have limited rights to information or ability to influence material decisions that affect the investment.

 Our Trilogy investment is 10.1% of our total investments, based on carrying value, as of December 31, 2023. Our joint venture partner, AHR, has corporate goals and objectives that differ from ours, which in turn may create conflicts of interest regarding this investment, as well as limit our ability to control the timing and manner of our exit from this investment. Although we have certain rights to sell our interest and trigger a sale of the joint venture, we may not be able to do so on favorable terms, or at all. We have given AHR a purchase option over our interest in the Trilogy joint venture in order to address potential conflicts regarding the exit of this investment, but there is no assurance that AHR will exercise this purchase option and it is possible that the purchase option exacerbates any existing lack of alignment.

 Any of the above might materially impact the value of our investment, as well as subject us to liabilities and reputational harm. In addition, disagreements or disputes between us and AHR could result in litigation, which could increase our expenses and potentially limit the time and effort our officers and directors are able to devote to our business.
 Failure to comply with certain healthcare laws and regulations could adversely affect our operations.
 Our operators and managers of ALFs, MCFs and SNFs generally are subject to varying levels of federal, state, local, and industry-regulated laws, regulations and standards. For our operating properties, our subsidiaries are generally required to be the holder of the applicable healthcare license and enrolled in government healthcare programs (e.g., Medicaid), where applicable, and are therefore directly subject to various regulatory obligations. Our operators'/managers' failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations or standards could result in denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, civil or criminal penalties or damages, suspension or exclusion from federal and state healthcare programs, loss of license, loss of accreditation or certification, or closure of the facility. Such actions may directly expose us to liability and expense, or have an effect on our operators' ability to meet all of their obligations to us, and adversely impact us. Refer to "U.S. Healthcare Regulation" included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.
 Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods of payment from third-party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on us.
 Our revenues are impacted by reimbursement from third party payors, including payments received through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, particularly within our Trilogy investment. Federal and state legislators and healthcare financing authorities have adopted or proposed various cost-containment measures that would limit payments to healthcare providers and have considered Medicaid rate freezes or cuts. Additionally, some states are considering changes that would affect beneficiary eligibility for Medicaid. See "U.S. Healthcare Regulation" included in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Private third party payors also have continued their efforts to control healthcare costs. We cannot assure you that any properties that currently depend on governmental or private payor reimbursement will be adequately reimbursed for the services they provide. Significant limits by governmental and private third party payors on the scope of services reimbursed or on reimbursement rates and fees, whether from legislation, administrative actions or private payor efforts, could have a material adverse effect on the liquidity, financial condition and results of operations of certain properties, which could have a material adverse effect on us, particularly within the Trilogy portfolio.
 Significant legal actions or regulatory proceedings could subject us to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may be subject to claims brought against us in lawsuits and other legal or regulatory proceedings arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of managers. From time to time, we may also be subject to claims brought against us arising out of the alleged actions of operators and for which such operators may have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us

 harmless. An unfavorable resolution of any such litigation or proceeding could materially adversely affect our or their liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and have a material adverse effect on us.
 In certain cases, we and our managers and operators may be subject to professional liability claims brought by plaintiffs' attorneys seeking significant punitive damages and attorneys' fees. Due to the historically high frequency and severity of professional liability claims against seniors housing and healthcare providers, the availability of professional liability insurance has decreased and the premiums on such insurance coverage remain costly. These claims, with or without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs, harm our reputation and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain residents, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, certain types of claims, such as wage and hour employment actions, are not covered by insurance. As a result, insurance protection against such claims may not be sufficient to cover all claims against us or our managers or operators, and may not be available at a reasonable cost. If we or our operators and managers are unable to maintain adequate insurance coverage or are required to pay punitive damages, we or they may be exposed to substantial liabilities.
 Our investments are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.
 In addition to risks related to the healthcare industry, our investments are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, including:
 • local, state, national or international economic conditions, including market disruptions caused by regional concerns, political upheaval and other factors;
 • property operating costs, including insurance premiums, real estate taxes and maintenance costs;
 • changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of mortgage financing;
 • costs associated with compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA, Fair Housing Act of 1968, or the Fair Housing Act, fire and safety regulations, rent control regulations, building codes and other land use regulations and licensing or certification requirements;
 • adverse changes in state and local laws, including zoning laws;
 • environmental compliance costs and liabilities; and
 • other factors which are beyond our control.
 Insurance may not cover all potential losses on commercial real estate investments, which may impair the value of our assets.
 We generally maintain or require that our operators obtain comprehensive insurance covering our properties and their operations. While we believe all of our properties are adequately insured, we cannot assure you that we or our operators will continue to be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance or that the policies maintained will fully cover all losses on our properties. We may not obtain, or require operators to obtain, certain types of insurance if it is deemed commercially unreasonable. We cannot assure you that material uninsured losses, or losses in excess of insurance proceeds, will not occur in the future.
 Some of our properties are in areas particularly susceptible to revenue loss, cost increase or damage caused by catastrophic or extreme weather and other natural events, including fires, snow, rain or ice storms, windstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding and other severe weather. These adverse weather and natural events could cause substantial damages or losses to our properties that could exceed our property insurance coverage. We may also be forced to retain additional risk, through higher deductibles, to obtain property insurance coverage on commercially reasonable terms. If we are forced to retain additional risk or incur a loss greater than insured limits, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable.

 Risks Related to Our Capital Structure
 We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations.
 Our ability to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations, to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund our operations, working capital, capital expenditures or other important business uses, depends on our ability to generate sufficient cash flow. Our future cash flow is subject to, among other factors, the performance of our operators and managers, as well as general economic, industry, financial, competitive, operating, legislative and regulatory conditions, many of which are beyond our control.
 We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future sources of cash will

 be available to us on favorable terms, or at all, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations, or to fund our other important business uses or liquidity needs. If performance does not improve or we are no longer able to fund shortfalls with cash flow generated by other portfolios or cash reserves, we may no longer be able to satisfy these obligations.
 If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and additional borrowings or refinancings are not available to us, we may be unable to meet all of our existing or potential future debt service obligations. As a result, we would be forced to take other actions to meet those obligations, such as selling properties or delaying capital expenditures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to effect any of these actions on favorable terms, or at all.
 We require capital in order to operate our business, and the failure to obtain such capital would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may need to rely on external sources of capital to fund future capital needs. If we are unable to obtain needed capital at all or only on unfavorable terms, we might not be able to make the investments needed to maintain our business or to meet our obligations and commitments as they become due, which could have a material adverse impact on us. In addition, we may be forced to sell assets at suboptimal times. Our access to capital depends upon a number of factors over which we have little or no control, including, among others, the performance of the national and global economies generally, competition in the healthcare and seniors housing industries, issues facing the industries, including regulations and government reimbursement policies, operating costs and the market value of our properties. Although we believe that we have sufficient access to capital and other sources of funding to meet our expected liquidity needs at this time, we cannot assure you that our access to capital and other sources of funding will not become constrained, particularly in connection with any potential refinancing of debt as it matures, which could adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition.
 We are exposed to increases in interest rates, which could reduce our cash flows and adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt or sell assets.
 Interest rates are rising and may continue to rise. Increases in interest rates may result in a decrease in the value of our real estate. In addition, certain of our borrowings are floating-rate obligations and the increase in interest rates will increase the costs of these borrowings, which may reduce our cash flows and impair our ability to meet our debt obligations. An increase in interest rates also could limit our ability to refinance existing debt upon maturity or cause us to pay higher rates upon refinancing, as well as decrease the amount that third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to promptly reposition our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions.
 We use significant leverage in connection with our investments, which increases the risk of loss associated with our investments and restricts our ability to engage in certain activities.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $903.9 million of consolidated asset-level borrowings outstanding. We may also incur additional borrowings in the future to satisfy our capital and liquidity needs. Our substantial borrowings, among other things:
 • require us to dedicate a large portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on our borrowings, which reduces the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other business activities;
 • increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions, as well as operational failures by our operators and managers;
 • subject us to maintaining various debt, operating income, net worth, cash flow and other covenants and financial ratios;
 • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
 • restrict our operating policies and ability to make strategic dispositions or exploit business opportunities;
 • place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have fewer borrowings;
 • limit our ability to borrow additional funds (even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity), dispose of assets or make distributions to stockholders; and
 • increase our cost of capital.
 If we fail to comply with the covenants in the instruments governing our borrowings or do not generate sufficient cash flow to service our borrowings, our liquidity may be materially and adversely affected. As of December 31, 2023, $81.4 million in aggregate principal amount of our non-recourse borrowings collateralized by our Arbors portfolio was in default as a result of the failure of our operator to pay rent in accordance with its lease. In addition, in July 2023, we elected not to use cash reserves to pay debt service on seven cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized mortgage notes with an aggregate principal amount

 outstanding of $99.8 million, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, secured by seven healthcare real estate properties, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, that did not generate sufficient cash flow to pay debt service in full. As a result of these defaults or if we default on additional borrowings, we may be required to repay outstanding obligations, including penalties, prior to the stated maturity, be subject to cash flow sweeps or potentially have assets foreclosed upon. In addition, we may be unable to refinance borrowings when they become due on favorable terms, or at all, or dispose of assets prior to the stated maturity of our borrowings for values in excess of the outstanding borrowings, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and the value of our investments.
 We may be adversely affected by our concentration of borrowings with Fannie Mae.
 As of December 31, 2023, approximately 92.0% of our outstanding borrowings are through Fannie Mae. In July 2023, we defaulted on the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, which totaled $99.8 million of borrowings, with Fannie Mae. As a result, a receiver has been appointed for the Rochester Sub-Portfolio and we are in the process of transitioning ownership of these properties to Fannie Mae or its designee. This default, and any other potential future defaults, on our debt with Fannie Mae may impact our relationship with Fannie Mae and therefore indirectly our other borrowings. In addition, to the extent we seek to modify or extend any of our loans, Fannie Mae may have more limited flexibility than other commercial lenders.
 If we are required to make payments under any "bad boy" carve-out guaranties that we provide in connection with certain mortgages and related loans, we could be materially and adversely affected.
 Although substantially all of our current indebtedness is non-recourse mortgage loans, we have provided, and may continue to provide, standard carve-out guaranties. These guaranties are applicable in connection with certain improper or fraudulent actions of the borrower, as well as certain bankruptcy or similar reorganization proceedings or actions (commonly referred to as "bad boy" guaranties). Although we believe that "bad boy" carve-out guaranties are not guaranties of payment in the event of foreclosure or other enforcement actions of lenders due to circumstances beyond the borrower's control, we cannot assure you that lenders will not seek to allege claims under such guaranties. In the event such a claim was made against us, and was successful, we could materially and adversely affected.
 Our distribution policy is subject to change. We may not be able to make distributions in the future.
 Our board of directors determines an appropriate common stock distribution based upon numerous factors, including our targeted distribution rate, REIT qualification requirements, the amount of cash flow generated from operations, availability of existing cash balances, borrowing capacity under existing credit agreements, access to cash in the capital markets and other financing sources, our view of our ability to realize gains in the future through appreciation in the value of our assets, general economic conditions and economic conditions that more specifically impact our business or prospects. Future distribution levels are subject to adjustment based upon any one or more of the risk factors set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as other factors that our board of directors may, from time-to-time, deem relevant to consider when determining an appropriate common stock distribution. After considering all of these factors, on February 1, 2019, our board of directors determined to suspend the monthly distribution payments to stockholders. Based on the current forecasted cash flow and capital needs, we do not anticipate resuming recurring distributions in the near future. The board of directors will continue to evaluate special distributions in connection with any future sales and other realizations of investments on a case-by-case basis based on, among other factors, current projected liquidity and capital needs; however, we may not be able to make distributions in the future at all or at any particular rate.
 If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow provided by operations, we will have less cash available for investments and your overall return may be reduced.
 Our organizational documents permit us to pay distributions from any source, including offering proceeds, borrowings or sales of assets or we may make distributions in the form of taxable stock dividends. We have not established a limit on the amount of proceeds we may use to fund distributions. We have funded distributions in the past in excess of our cash flow from operations and may continue to do so in the future. If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow provided by operations, such as using the proceeds of asset sales, our book value may be negatively impacted and the value of our shares will be reduced. In May 2022, we paid a special distribution to stockholders of $0.50 per share of common stock using proceeds from asset sales and not cash flow provided by operations.
 Stockholders are not currently able to sell any of their shares of our common stock back to us pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program, and if they do sell their shares on any limited market that may develop, they may not receive the price they paid upon subscription.
 Our Share Repurchase Program has been suspended since April 2020. Therefore, stockholders do not currently have the opportunity to sell any of their shares of our common stock back to us pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program. If a limited

 market develops to sell shares of our common stock, through tender offers or otherwise, stockholders are not likely to receive the same price they paid for any shares of our common stock being purchased.
 Our board of directors determined an estimated value per share of $2.64 for our common stock as of June 30, 2023, which may not reflect the current value of shares of our common stock.
 On November 9, 2023, our board of directors approved and established an estimated value per share of $2.64 for our common stock as of June 30, 2023. Our board of directors' objective in determining the estimated value per share was to arrive at a value, based on the most recent data available, that it believed was reasonable. However, the market for commercial real estate assets can fluctuate quickly and substantially and values are expected to change in the future and may decrease.
 As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies used to determine the estimated value per share are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may prove later to be inaccurate or incomplete. Further, different market participants using different assumptions and estimates could derive different estimated values. The estimated value per share may also not represent the price that the shares of our common stock would trade at on a national securities exchange, the amount realized in a sale, merger or liquidation or the amount a stockholder would realize in a private sale of shares.
 The estimated value per share of our common stock was calculated as of a specific date and is expected to fluctuate over time in response to future events, including but not limited to, changes to commercial real estate values, particularly healthcare-related commercial real estate, changes in our operating performance, changes in capitalization rates, lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, rental and growth rates, changes in laws or regulations impacting the healthcare industry, demographic changes, returns on competing investments, changes in administrative expenses and other costs, the amount of distributions on our common stock, changes in the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, the proceeds obtained for any common stock transactions, local and national economic factors and the other factors specified in these risk factors. There is no assurance that the methodologies used to estimate value per share would be acceptable to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, or in compliance with the Employment Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA, guidelines with respect to their reporting requirements.
 No public trading market for our shares currently exists, and as a result, it will be difficult for stockholders to sell their shares and, if stockholders are able to sell their shares, stockholders will likely sell them at a substantial discount to the price paid for those shares.
 Our charter does not require our board of directors to seek stockholder approval to liquidate our assets by a specified date, nor does our charter require us to list our shares for trading on a national securities exchange by a specified date or otherwise pursue a transaction to provide liquidity to stockholders. There is no public market for our shares and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, stockholders may not sell their shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards. Our Share Repurchase Program has been suspended and does not currently enable stockholders to sell their shares to us. Therefore, it is difficult for stockholders to sell their shares promptly or at all. If stockholders are able to sell their shares, stockholders would likely have to sell them at a substantial discount to the public offering price paid for those shares. It is also likely that stockholders' shares would not be accepted as the primary collateral for a loan.
 If we do not successfully implement a liquidity transaction, stockholders may have to hold their investments for an indefinite period.
 Our charter does not require our board of directors to pursue a transaction providing liquidity to stockholders. If our board of directors determines to pursue a liquidity transaction, we would be under no obligation to conclude the process within a set time. If the board recommends, and the stockholders approve, we adopt a plan of liquidation, the timing of the sale of assets will depend on real estate and financial markets, economic conditions in areas in which our investments are located and federal income tax effects on stockholders that may prevail in the future. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to liquidate all of our assets on favorable terms, if at all. If we do not pursue a liquidity transaction or delay such a transaction due to market conditions, our common stock may continue to be illiquid and stockholders may, for an indefinite period of time, be unable to convert stockholders' shares to cash easily, if at all, and could suffer losses on their investment in our shares.

 Risks Related to Our Company and Corporate Structure
 As a self-managed REIT without the resources of our Former Sponsor, we may encounter unforeseen costs and difficulties.
 We are now a self-managed REIT, which means we are directly responsible for our expenses, including the compensation and benefits of our officers, employees and consultants, overhead and other general and administrative expenses, and no longer have any financial support from our Former Sponsor. In addition, we operate on a smaller scale with fewer resources than have historically been available to us through our Former Advisor's organization, which may expose us to additional risks and adversely impact our ability to achieve our investment objectives. If we incur additional expenses or encounter unforeseen difficulties as a result of our self-management, our results of operations could be lower than they otherwise would have been.
 Our ability to operate our business successfully would be harmed if key personnel terminate their employment with us.
 Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of key personnel. We cannot assure stockholders that our key personnel will continue to be associated with us in the future, particularly in light of our strategic direction. Any change in executive officers or other key personnel may have a material adverse effect on our performance, be disruptive to our business and hinder our ability to implement our business strategy.
 We are subject to substantial litigation risks and may face significant liabilities as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.
 In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to the risk of substantial litigation and face significant regulatory oversight. In addition, we may be exposed to litigation or other adverse consequences if investments perform poorly and our investors experience losses. Such litigation and proceedings, including, among others, potential regulatory actions and shareholder class action suits, may result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which may not be covered by insurance. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or proceedings. Allegations of improper conduct by private litigants or regulators, regardless of merit and whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, could negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our common stock.
 Our rights and the rights of stockholders to recover claims against our independent directors are limited, which could reduce stockholders' and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses.
 Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter generally provides that: (i) no director shall be liable to us or stockholders for monetary damages (provided that such director satisfies certain applicable criteria); (ii) we will indemnify non-independent directors for losses unless they are negligent or engage in misconduct; and (iii) we will indemnify independent directors for losses unless they are grossly negligent or engage in willful misconduct. As a result, stockholders and we may have more limited rights against our independent directors than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce stockholders' and our recovery from these persons if they act in a negligent manner. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our independent directors (as well as by our other directors, officers, employees and agents) in some cases, which would decrease the cash otherwise available for distribution to stockholders.
 We are subject to substantial regulation, numerous contractual obligations and extensive internal policies and failure to comply with these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We and our subsidiaries are subject to substantial regulation, numerous contractual obligations and extensive internal policies. Given our organizational structure, we are subject to regulation by the SEC, FINRA, IRS, and other federal, state and local governmental bodies and agencies and state blue sky laws. These regulations are extensive, complex and require substantial management time and attention. If we fail to comply with any of the regulations that apply to our business, we could be subjected to extensive investigations as well as substantial penalties and our business and operations could be materially adversely affected. We also expect to have numerous contractual obligations that we must adhere to on a continuous basis to operate our business, the default of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Our internal policies may not be effective in all regards and, further, if we fail to comply with our internal policies, we could be subjected to additional risk and liability.
 We are highly dependent on information systems and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business.
 As a commercial real estate company, our business is highly dependent on information technology systems, including systems provided by third parties for which we have no control. Various measures have been implemented to manage our risks related to the information technology systems, but any failure or interruption of our systems could cause delays or other problems in our activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. Potential sources for

 disruption, damage or failure of our information technology systems include, without limitation, computer viruses, security breaches, human error, cyber attacks, natural disasters and defects in design.
 Failure to implement effective information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and capabilities could disrupt our business and harm our results of operations.
 We have been, and likely will continue to be, subject to computer hacking, acts of vandalism or theft, malware, computer viruses or other malicious codes, phishing, employee error or malfeasance, catastrophes, unforeseen events or other cyber-attacks. To date, we have seen no material impact on our business or operations from these attacks or events. Any future externally caused information security incident, such as a hacker attack, virus or worm, or an internally caused issue, such as failure to control access to sensitive systems, could materially interrupt business operations or cause disclosure or modification of sensitive or confidential information and could result in material financial loss, loss of competitive position, regulatory actions, breach of contracts, reputational harm or legal liability. We are dependent on the effectiveness of our information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that resides on or is transmitted through them. The ever-evolving threats mean we and our third-party service providers and vendors must continually evaluate and adapt our respective systems and processes and overall security environment. There is no guarantee that these measures will be adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches, system compromises or misuses of data. In addition, as the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.
 We provide stockholders with information using funds from operations, or FFO, Modified Funds from Operations, or MFFO, and Net Operating Income, or NOI, which are not in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or non-GAAP, financial measures that may not be meaningful for comparing the performances of different REITs and that have certain other limitations.
 We provide stockholders with information using FFO, MFFO and NOI, which are non-GAAP measures, as additional measures of our operating performance. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT. We compute MFFO in accordance with the definition established by the Investment Program Association, or the IPA. We define NOI as rental and resident fee income, less property operating expenses. However, our computation of FFO, MFFO and NOI may not be comparable to other REITs that do not calculate FFO, MFFO or NOI using these definitions without further adjustments.
 None of FFO, MFFO or NOI are equivalent to net income or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity.
 We have broad authority to use leverage and high levels of leverage could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of stockholders' investment.
 Our charter does not limit us from utilizing financing until our borrowings exceed 300% of our net assets, which is generally expected to approximate 75% of the aggregate cost of our investments, including cash, before deducting loan loss reserves, other non-cash reserves and depreciation. Further, we can incur financings in excess of this limitation with the approval of a majority of our independent directors. High leverage levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments and the agreements governing our borrowings may also include restrictive covenants. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute to stockholders and could result in a decline in the value of stockholders' investment.
 Our ability to make distributions is limited by the requirements of Maryland law.
 Our ability to make distributions on our common stock is limited by the laws of Maryland. Under applicable Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not make a distribution if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would not be able to pay its liabilities as the liabilities become due in the usual course of business, or generally if the corporation's total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed if the corporation were dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Accordingly, we may not make a distribution on our common stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our liabilities as they become due in the usual course of business or generally if our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of preferred stock then outstanding, if any, with preferences senior to those of our common stock.

 Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks they face as stockholders.
 Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding growth, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. We may change our investment policies without stockholder notice or consent, which could result in investments that are different than, or in different proportion than, those described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, and our charter, stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board of directors' broad discretion in setting policies and stockholders' inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face. Under MGCL, and our charter, stockholders have a right to vote only on:
 • the election or removal of directors;
 • amendment of our charter, except that our board of directors may amend our charter without stockholder approval to (i) increase or decrease the aggregate number of our shares of stock of any class or series that we have the authority to issue; (ii) effect certain reverse stock splits; and (iii) change our name or the name or other designation or the par value of any class or series of our stock and the aggregate par value of our stock;
 • our liquidation or dissolution;
 • certain reorganizations of our company, as provided in our charter; and
 • certain mergers, consolidations or sales or other dispositions of all or substantially all our assets, as provided in our charter.
 Pursuant to Maryland law, all matters other than the election or removal of a director must be declared advisable by our board of directors prior to a stockholder vote. Our board of directors' broad discretion in setting policies and stockholders' inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face.
 Stockholders' interests in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of stockholders' investment.
 Stockholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue a total of 450.0 million shares of capital stock, of which 400.0 million shares are classified as common stock and 50.0 million shares are classified as preferred stock. Our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue without stockholder approval. Our board of directors may elect to: (i) sell additional shares in a future public offering; (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings; (iii) issue shares to our Former Advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation; (iv) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of our operating partnership; or (v) issue shares of our common stock to pay distributions to existing stockholders. To the extent we issue additional equity interests, stockholders' percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings and the value of our investments, stockholders may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of their shares.
 Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to stockholders.
 Our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our common stock. Such preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock. Our board of directors may determine to issue different classes of stock that have different fees and commissions from those being paid with respect to the shares sold in our Offering. Additionally, our board of directors may amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of any class or series of stock without stockholder approval.

 Certain provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us.
 Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third-party from acquiring us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our common stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:
 •"business combination" provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between an "interested stockholder" (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock or an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation) or an affiliate of any interested stockholder and us for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes two super-majority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and
 •"control share" provisions that provide that holders of "control shares" of our company (defined as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned or controlled by the acquirer, would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a "control share acquisition" (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of issued and outstanding "control shares") have no voting rights except to the extent approved by stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
 Pursuant to the Maryland Business Combination Act, our board of directors has by resolution opted out of the business combination provisions. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that these resolutions or exemptions will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
 Our charter includes a provision that may discourage a person from launching a mini-tender offer for our shares.
 Our charter provides that any tender offer made by a person, including any "mini-tender" offer, must comply with most provisions of Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. A "mini-tender offer" is a public, open offer to all stockholders to buy their stock during a specified period of time that will result in the bidder owning less than 5% of the class of securities upon completion of the mini-tender offer process. Absent such a provision in our charter, mini-tender offers for shares of our common stock would not be subject to Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. Tender offers, by contrast, result in the bidder owning more than 5% of the class of securities and are automatically subject to Regulation 14D of the Exchange Act. Pursuant to our charter, the offeror must provide our company notice of such tender offer at least ten business days before initiating the tender offer. If the offeror does not comply with these requirements, our company will have the right to repurchase the offeror's shares, including any shares acquired in the tender offer. In addition, the noncomplying offeror shall be responsible for all of our company's expenses in connection with that offeror's noncompliance and no stockholder may transfer any shares to such noncomplying offeror without first offering the shares to us at the tender offer price offered by such noncomplying offeror. This provision of our charter may discourage a person from initiating a mini-tender offer for our shares and prevent stockholders from receiving a premium price for their shares in such a transaction.

 Risks Related to Regulatory Matters and Our REIT Tax Status
 Maintenance of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
 Neither we, nor our operating partnership, nor any of the subsidiaries of our operating partnership intend to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We intend to make investments and conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment company. If we were obligated to register as an investment company, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:
 • limitations on capital structure;
 • restrictions on specified investments;
 • prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
 • compliance with reporting, recordkeeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.
 Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value

 exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer's total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Excluded from the term "investment securities," among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. Moreover, we take the position that general partnership interests in joint ventures structured as general partnerships are not considered securities at all and thus are not investment securities.
 Because we are a holding company that conducts its businesses through subsidiaries, the securities issued by our subsidiaries that rely on the exception from the definition of "investment company" in Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities we may own directly, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we may engage through these subsidiaries.
 We must monitor our holdings and those of our operating partnership to ensure that they comply with the 40% test. Through our operating partnership's wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and our operating partnership will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing real estate properties or otherwise originating or acquiring mortgages and other interests in real estate.
 Most of these subsidiaries will rely on the exclusion from the definition of an investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which is available for entities "primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate." This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of a subsidiary's portfolio must be qualifying real estate assets and at least 80% of its portfolio must be qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% can be miscellaneous assets). Qualification for exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act will limit our ability to acquire or sell certain assets and also could restrict the time at which we may acquire or sell assets. For purposes of the exclusion provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C), we will classify our investments based in large measure on no-action letters issued by the SEC staff and other SEC interpretive guidance and, in the absence of SEC guidance, on our view of what constitutes a qualifying real estate asset and a real estate related asset. These no-action positions were issued in accordance with factual situations that may be substantially different from the factual situations we may face, and a number of these no-action positions were issued more than thirty years ago. In August 2011, the SEC issued a concept release in which it asked for comments on various aspects of Section 3(c)(5)(C), and, accordingly, the SEC or its staff may issue further guidance in the future. Future revisions to the Investment Company Act or further guidance from the SEC or its staff may force us to re-evaluate our portfolio and our investment strategy.
 Our failure to continue to qualify as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, would subject us to federal income tax.
 We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Moreover, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal and applicable state and local income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, in which case we might be required to borrow or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net income available for investment because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions, if any, to stockholders would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year for which we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we would generally be unable to elect REIT status for the four taxable years following the year in which our REIT status is lost.
 Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow funds to make distributions to stockholders or otherwise depend on external sources of capital to fund such distributions.
 To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, if any, subject to certain adjustments, to stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, if any, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term gain and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. A stockholder, including a tax-exempt or foreign stockholder, would have to file a federal income tax return to claim that credit or refund. Furthermore, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws. In 2023, we anticipate that our

 REIT taxable income will be offset by our net operating loss carry-forward and as such, we will not be subject to the distribution requirements.
 If we do not have other funds available to make any required distributions, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to distribute enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.
 Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
 Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to certain federal taxes, including taxes on any undistributed income, a 100% tax on gain from the sale of assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory, and corporate taxes on any taxable income earned by our TRSs. We may also be subject to state or local income, property and transfer taxes, including mortgage recording taxes. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to stockholders.
 Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
 To continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to stockholders and the ownership of our stock. As discussed above, to the extent we have taxable income, we may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the REIT requirements may also hinder our ability to make otherwise attractive investments. Finally, if we are compelled to liquidate our investments to satisfy our obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT.
 The formation of any TRS lessees may increase our overall tax liability and transactions between us and any TRS lessee must be conducted on arm's-length terms to not be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain items of income or deduction.
 We have formed a TRS lessee to lease certain seniors housing facilities that are "qualified health care properties." Our TRS lessee will be subject to federal and state corporate income tax on its taxable income, which will consist of the revenues from the seniors housing facilities leased by the TRS lessee, net of the operating expenses for such properties and rent payments to us. Accordingly, the ownership of our TRS lessee will allow us to participate in the operating income from our properties leased to our TRS lessee on an after-tax basis in addition to receiving rent. The after-tax net income of the TRS lessee is available for distribution to us. The REIT rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm's-length basis. We will scrutinize all of our transactions with any TRS lessee to ensure that they are entered into on arm's-length terms, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply to avoid application of the 100% excise tax.
 If our TRS lessee failed to qualify as a TRS or the facility managers engaged by our TRS lessee do not qualify as "eligible independent contractors," we would fail to qualify as a REIT and would be subject to higher taxes.
 Rent paid by a lessee that is a "related party operator" of ours will not be qualifying income for purposes of the two gross income tests applicable to REITs. We may lease certain of our seniors housing facilities to our TRS lessee. So long as our TRS lessee qualifies as a TRS, it will not be treated as a "related party operator" with respect to our properties that are managed by an independent facility manager that qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor." We expect that our TRS lessee will qualify to be treated as a TRS for federal income tax purposes, but there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the status of a TRS for federal income tax purposes or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in disqualifying our TRS lessee from treatment as a TRS, we would fail to meet the asset tests applicable to REITs and a portion of our income would fail to qualify for the gross income tests. If we failed to meet either the asset or gross income tests, we would lose our REIT qualification for federal income tax purposes unless we qualified for application of statutory savings provisions.
 Additionally, if the managers engaged by our TRS lessee do not qualify as "eligible independent contractors," we would fail to qualify as a REIT. Each of the managers that enter into a management contract with our TRS lessee must qualify as an "eligible independent contractor" under the REIT rules in order for the rent paid to us by our TRS lessee to be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. Among other requirements, in order to qualify as an eligible independent contractor, a manager must not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35% of our outstanding stock and no person or group of persons can own more than 35% of our outstanding stock and the ownership interests of the manager, taking into account certain ownership attribution rules. The ownership attribution rules that apply for purposes of these 35% thresholds are complex.

 Although we intend to monitor ownership of our stock by our managers and their owners, there can be no assurance that these ownership levels will not be exceeded.
 In addition, in order to qualify as an "eligible independent contractor," among other requirements, a manager (or any related person) must be actively engaged in the trade or business of operating "qualified health care properties" for persons who are not related to us or our TRS lessee. Consequently, if a manager (or a related person) from whom we acquire a "qualified health care property" does not operate sufficient "qualified health care properties" for third parties, the manager will not qualify as an "eligible independent contractor." Under this scenario, we would either be required to contract with another third party manager who qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor," which could serve as a disincentive for the current operator to sell the property to us, or we would be unable to lease the property to our TRS lessee.
 Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price paid to stockholders.
 Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, among other purposes, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our stock of any class or series or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our common stock, unless exempted (prospectively or retroactively) by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might otherwise provide a premium price for holders of our shares of common stock.
 Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect us or stockholders.
 At any time, the federal income tax laws can change. Laws and rules governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect us or stockholders.
 If stockholders fail to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, stockholders could be subject to criminal and civil penalties.
 Special considerations apply to the purchase of shares by employee benefit plans subject to the fiduciary rules of Title I of ERISA, including pension or profit-sharing plans and entities that hold assets of such plans, or ERISA Plans, and plans and accounts that are not subject to ERISA, but are subject to the prohibited transaction rules of Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, including Individual Retirement Accounts, or IRAs, Keogh Plans, and medical savings accounts (collectively, we refer to ERISA Plans and plans subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code as "Benefit Plans"). If stockholders are investing the assets of any Benefit Plan, stockholders should consult with their own counsel and satisfy themselves that:
 • their investment is consistent with the fiduciary obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code or any other applicable governing authority in the case of a government plan;
 • their investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the Benefit Plan, including the Benefit Plan's investment policy;
 • their investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA, if applicable and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;
 • their investment will not impair the liquidity of the Benefit Plan;
 • their investment will not unintentionally produce unrelated business taxable income for the Benefit Plan;
 • stockholders will be able to value the assets of the Benefit Plan annually in accordance with the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code; and
 • their investment will not constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.
 Fiduciaries may be held personally liable under ERISA for losses as a result of failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary of the Benefit Plan who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested and an IRA investment in our shares may lose its tax-exempt status.

 Governmental plans, church plans and foreign plans that are not subject to ERISA or the prohibited transaction rules of the Internal Revenue Code, may be subject to similar restrictions under other laws. A plan fiduciary making an investment in our shares on behalf of such a plan should satisfy themselves that an investment in our shares satisfies both applicable law and is permitted by the governing plan documents.
 We expect that our common stock qualifies as publicly offered securities such that investments in shares of our common stock will not result in our assets being deemed to constitute "plan assets" of any Benefit Plan investor. If, however, we were deemed to hold "plan assets" of Benefit Plan investors: (i) ERISA's fiduciary standards may apply to us and might materially affect our operations, and (ii) any transaction with us could be deemed a transaction with each Benefit Plan investor and may cause transactions into which we might enter in the ordinary course of business to constitute prohibited transactions under ERISA and/or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Risk Management and Strategy
 We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity framework intended to assess, identify and manage risks from threats to the security of our information, systems, products and network using a risk-based approach. The framework is informed in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST, Cybersecurity Framework, NIST 800-53 and International Organization for Standardization 27001, or ISO 27001, Framework, although we do not comply with all technical standards, specifications or requirements under NIST or ISO 27001.
 Our key cybersecurity processes include the following:
 • Risk-based controls for information systems and information on our networks. We seek to maintain an information technology infrastructure that implements physical, administrative and technical controls that are calibrated based on risk and designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our information systems and information stored on our networks, including personal information, intellectual property and proprietary information.
 • Cybersecurity incident responses plan and testing. We have a cybersecurity incident response plan and dedicated team to respond to cybersecurity incidents. When a cybersecurity incident occurs or we identify a vulnerability, we have a Managed Security Service Provider, or MSSP, that is responsible for leading the initial assessment of priority and severity. Our cybersecurity team assists in responding to incidents depending on severity levels and seeks to improve our cybersecurity incident management plan through periodic tabletops or simulations at the enterprise level.
 • Training. We provide security awareness training to help our employees understand their information protection and cybersecurity responsibilities. We also provide additional role-based training to some employees based on customer requirements, regulatory obligations and industry risks.
 • Supplier risk assessments. We have implemented a third-party risk management process that includes expectations regarding information and cybersecurity. That process, among other things, provides for us to perform cybersecurity assessments on certain suppliers based on an assessment of their risk profile and a related rating process. We also seek contractual commitments from key suppliers to appropriately secure and maintain their information technology systems and protect our information that is processed on their systems.
 • Our third-party assessments. We have third-party cybersecurity companies engaged to periodically assess our cybersecurity posture and to assist in identifying and remediating risks from cybersecurity threats.
 We also consider cybersecurity, along with other top risks, within our enterprise risk management framework. The enterprise risk management framework includes internal reporting at the enterprise level, with consideration of key risk indicators, trends and countermeasures for cybersecurity and other types of significant risks. In the last fiscal year, we have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including any prior cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, cash flow or financial condition. We have not identified cybersecurity threats

 or incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including with respect to our business strategy, results of operations or financial position.
 Governance
 The audit committee of the board of directors is responsible for board-level oversight of cybersecurity risk, and the audit committee reports back to the board of directors about this and other areas within its responsibility. As part of its oversight role, the audit committee receives reporting about our practices, programs, notable threats or incidents and other developments related to cybersecurity throughout the year, including through periodic updates from our CFO and through our MSSP.

 Item 2. Properties
 Through our direct investments, we own a diversified portfolio of seniors housing properties as described under Item 1. "Business." The following table presents information with respect to the properties in our direct investments as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Location
 Square Feet
 Units(1)

 Ownership Interest
 Type(2)

 Gross Carrying Value(3)

 Borrowings

 Albany, OR
 30,868
 100%
 ALF
 $
 4,177
 $
 8,190

 Apple Valley, CA
 116,365
 100%
 ILF
 21,157
 19,668

 Auburn, CA
 90,494
 100%
 ILF
 23,561
 22,220

 Austin, TX
 102,885
 100%
 ILF
 26,592
 24,465

 Bakersfield, CA
 106,640
 100%
 ILF
 26,097
 15,526

 Bangor, ME
 111,000
 100%
 ILF
 29,063
 19,801

 Bellingham, WA
 86,615
 100%
 ILF
 24,890
 21,986

 Clovis, CA
 99,849
 100%
 ILF
 26,682
 17,303

 Columbia, MO
 105,948
 100%
 ILF
 20,486
 20,935

 Corpus Christi, TX
 118,671
 100%
 ILF
 20,043
 17,155

 East Amherst, NY
 100,997
 100%
 ILF
 24,472
 17,087

 El Cajon, CA
 77,930
 100%
 ILF
 18,992
 19,356

 El Paso, TX
 95,517
 100%
 ILF
 18,398
 11,261

 Fairport, NY
 126,927
 100%
 ILF
 24,135
 15,237

 Fenton, MO
 95,007
 100%
 ILF
 27,643
 22,643

 Frisco, TX (4)

 228,471
 97%
 ILF
 44,173

 Frisco, TX (4)

 45,130
 97%
 ALF
 13,782
 —

 Grand Junction, CO
 124,174
 100%
 ILF
 32,689
 17,971

 Grand Junction, CO
 79,778
 100%
 ILF
 16,274
 9,208

 Grapevine, TX
 97,796
 100%
 ILF
 12,178
 20,598

 Greece, NY
 51,978
 97%
 ALF
 7,693
 —

 Groton, CT
 119,474
 100%
 ILF
 19,929
 16,228

 Guilford, CT
 142,136
 100%
 ILF
 14,925
 22,409

 Joliet, IL
 117,357
 100%
 ILF
 21,274
 13,752

 Kennewick, WA
 105,268
 100%
 ILF
 23,334
 7,079

 Las Cruces, NM
 113,874
 100%
 ILF
 21,000
 10,316

 Lee's Summit, MO
 122,917
 100%
 ILF
 25,109
 25,073

 Lodi, CA
 96,251
 100%
 ILF
 26,305
 18,547

 145,896
 97%
 ILF
 20,246
 18,173

 19,500
 97%
 MCF
 6,358
 —

 Normandy Park, WA
 98,206
 100%
 ILF
 16,838
 14,967

 Palatine, IL
 161,700
 100%
 ILF
 18,297
 18,546

 Plano, TX
 106,868
 100%
 ILF
 12,505
 14,839

 Port Townsend, WA
 106,585
 100%
 ALF
 24,616
 15,660

 Renton, WA
 88,162
 100%
 ILF
 26,708
 17,564

 242,430
 97%
 ILF
 38,554
 17,470

 Roseburg, OR
 44,750
 100%
 ALF
 13,328
 11,587

 Sandy, OR
 72,619
 100%
 ALF
 19,717
 13,216

 Location
 Square Feet
 Units(1)

 Ownership Interest
 Type(2)

 Gross Carrying Value(3)

 Borrowings

 Sandy, UT
 103,449
 100%
 ILF
 17,753
 14,569

 Santa Barbara, CA
 27,217
 100%
 MCF
 18,719
 —

 Santa Rosa, CA
 120,553
 100%
 ILF
 34,758
 25,771

 Sun City West, AZ
 200,553
 100%
 ILF
 28,278
 23,679

 Tacoma, WA
 149,856
 100%
 ILF
 45,331
 27,712

 Wenatchee, WA
 128,905
 100%
 ALF
 32,795
 18,038

 Undeveloped Land

 Penfield, NY
 —
 —
 97%
 NA
 —

 —
 —
 97%
 NA
 —

 Bohemia, NY (5)

 73,000
 100%
 ALF
 22,524
 21,659

 Hauppauge, NY (5)

 84,000
 100%
 ALF
 20,432
 13,141

 Islandia, NY (5)

 192,000
 100%
 ALF
 33,397
 32,290

 Jericho, NY (5)

 55,000
 100%
 ALF
 21,962
 14,307

 5,131,566
 5,749
 $
 $
 793,202

 Held for Sale

 Victor, NY
 85,455
 97%
 ILF
 10,874

 Properties in Receivership(6)

 —
 —
 97%
 ILF/ALF
 —

 Total
 5,217,021
 5,794
 $
 1,100,764
 $

 _________________________________________________
 (1)Represents rooms for ALFs, ILFs and MCFs.
 (2)Classification based on predominant services provided, but may include other services.
 (3)For direct investments and undeveloped land, gross real estate carrying value is net of impairment, before accumulated depreciation as presented in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and excludes purchase price allocations related to net intangibles and other assets and liabilities. Refer to "Note 3, Operating Real Estate" of Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." For assets held for sale, gross carrying value represents net realizable value as presented in our financial statements as of December 31, 2023.
 (4)Both properties located in Frisco, Texas serve as collateral for a $26.0 million mortgage note payable.
 (5)Initial lease term expires in August 2029. Operator has failed to remit rent in full and comply with other contractual terms of its lease agreements, which resulted in a default under the operator's leases as of December 31, 2023. Refer to "Note 5, Borrowings" of Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." for additional detail.
 (6)In July 2023, we defaulted on seven individual mortgage notes payable, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, secured by seven healthcare real estate properties, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default. In October 2023, the Rochester Sub-Portfolio was placed into a receivership and, as a result of the loss of control, we derecognized the properties and related assets from our financial statements. Refer to "—Transaction and Financing Activities" in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information.
 As of December 31, 2023, none of our properties had a carrying value equal to or greater than 10% of our total assets.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 We may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of our business. Although we are unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, in the opinion of management, any current legal proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information
 As of March 21, 2024, we had 185,712,103 shares of our common stock outstanding held by a total of 37,101 stockholders of record.
 There is no established public trading market for our shares of common stock. We do not expect that our shares will be listed for trading on a national securities exchange in the near future, if ever. Our board of directors will determine when, and if, to apply to have our shares of common stock listed for trading on a national securities exchange, subject to satisfying existing listing requirements. Our board of directors does not have a stated term for evaluating a listing on a national securities exchange as we believe setting a finite date for a possible, but uncertain future liquidity transaction may result in actions that are not necessarily in the best interest or within the expectations of our stockholders.
 In order for members of FINRA and their associated persons to have participated in the offering and sale of our shares of common stock or to participate in any future offering of our shares of common stock, we are required, pursuant to FINRA Rule 2310, to disclose in each Annual Report distributed to our stockholders a per share estimated value of our shares of common stock, the method by which it was developed and the date of the data used to develop the estimated value. In addition, we must prepare annual statements of estimated share values to assist fiduciaries of retirement plans subject to the annual reporting requirements of ERISA in the preparation of their reports relating to an investment in our shares of common stock.
 On November 9, 2023, upon the recommendation of the audit committee of our board of directors, our board of directors, including all of our independent directors, approved and established an estimated value per share of our common stock of $2.64 as of June 30, 2023, or the Valuation Date. The estimated value per share is based upon the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities, divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, in each case as of the Valuation Date. The information used to generate the estimated value per share, including market information, investment- and property-level data and other information provided by third parties, was the most recent information practically available as of the Valuation Date.
 For additional information on the methodology used in calculating our estimated value per share as of June 30, 2023, refer to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 filed with the SEC on November 13, 2023.
 It is currently anticipated that our next estimated value per share will be based upon our assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and such value will be included in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or such other filing with the SEC. We intend to continue to publish an updated estimated value per share annually.

 Distributions
 From April 5, 2013, the date of our first investment, through December 31, 2017, we paid monthly distributions in an amount that was equivalent to an annualized distribution of $0.675 per share of our common stock. In order to better align the distribution with anticipated cash flows from operations, beginning in January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, we paid monthly distributions in an amount that was equivalent to an annualized distribution of $0.3375 per share of our common stock. Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors stopped recurring distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity. In May 2022, we paid a special distribution in the amount of $0.50 per share of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not declare any distributions to stockholders.
 While we do not anticipate recurring dividends in the near future, in light of the cash flow generated by our investments as compared to our capital expenditure needs and debt service obligations, our management and board of directors will evaluate special distributions in connection with asset sales and other realizations of our investments on a case-by-case basis based on, among other factors, current and projected liquidity needs, opportunities for investment in our assets (such as capital expenditure and de-levering opportunities) and other strategic initiatives.

 Distribution Reinvestment Plan
 We adopted our DRP through which common stockholders were able to elect to reinvest an amount equal to the distributions declared on their shares in additional shares of the Company's common stock in lieu of receiving cash distributions. Since inception, we issued 25.7 million shares of common stock, generating gross offering proceeds of $232.6 million pursuant to our DRP. No selling commissions or dealer manager fees were paid on shares issued pursuant to our DRP. Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate our DRP for any reason upon ten-days' notice to participants, except that we may not amend our DRP to eliminate a participant's ability to withdraw from our DRP. In April 2022, our board of directors elected to suspend

 our DRP effective April 30, 2022, such that all future distributions, if any, will be paid in cash. As a result, we did not issue shares of common stock pursuant to our DRP during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
 We adopted a Share Repurchase Program in 2012, which enabled shareholders to sell their shares to us in limited circumstances and could be amended, suspended and terminated by our board of directors at any time in their sole discretion (subject to certain notice requirements set forth in the Share Repurchase Program). On April 7, 2020, in accordance with the terms of our Share Repurchase Program, our board of directors suspended all repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program effective April 30, 2020 in order to preserve capital and liquidity and does not currently anticipate resuming the Share Repurchase Program.
 We did not repurchase any shares of common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023.
 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
 We did not issue any shares of common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and the risk factors in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." References to "we," "us," "our," or "NorthStar Healthcare" refer to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context specifically requires otherwise.

 Our Strategy
 Key highlights in execution on our strategy in 2023 include the following:
 • Grow the Operating Income Generated by Our Portfolio
 Net operating income, or NOI, generated by our direct operating investments increased 28.1% in 2023 compared to the prior year, to $56.4 million, on a same store basis.
 An increase of 470 basis points in average occupancy for 2023, to 88.2%, was a primary driver of the NOI growth.
 Deployment of capital expenditures, which totaled $37.2 million in 2023 for same store properties, was a critical component in achieving the improved occupancy and NOI.
 • Pursue Disposition Opportunities that Maximize Value
 In November, the Espresso joint venture completed the sale of all of its remaining assets. Since inception, we received total distributions of $95.1 million, as compared to a total investment of $55.1 million.
 In November, we entered into an agreement that provides the majority partner of the Trilogy joint venture the option to purchase all of our ownership interest in the joint venture for a sales price ranging from $240.5 million to up to $260 million.
 In June, we sold our interests in two unconsolidated investments that were experiencing significant distress in exchange for 9,709,553 shares of our common stock, which were subsequently retired upon completion of the sale.
 For additional detail, refer to the " —Business Update" below.
 We use NOI as a supplemental measure to evaluate the profitability and performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a description and reconciliation. In addition, we have included certain metrics on a "same store basis," which excludes the Rochester Sub-Portfolio (as defined below).

 Liquidity Update
 We have not announced or adopted a plan for liquidation and are not required to liquidate by any specified date. We do not have a stated term for a liquidity event, as we believe setting a finite date for a possible, but uncertain future liquidity transaction may result in actions that are not necessarily in the best interest or within the expectations of our stockholders. However, our board of directors, through a special committee formed in August 2020, has evaluated a broad range of transactions, including restructurings, dispositions of particular assets and the company as a whole and the internalization of management, among others. Although this review process did not result in any opportunities to effect a liquidity event for stockholders at an acceptable value at that time, the board of directors has implemented steps to better position us for a future liquidity event. First, our current focus is on growing the net operating income of our existing direct investments, including through selectively investing capital into certain properties in order to achieve a better return upon the sale of those properties. If market conditions improve, we will then proceed with a general plan to sell assets over the next 2-3 years, while also exploring potential merger transactions in which the whole company would be acquired. In addition, the board of directors believes that the decision to internalize management in 2022, and the ability to more closely align management's incentives with this strategy, will give us the best chance of success.
 Based on the current forecasted cash flow of our investments and cash needs to operate the business, we do not anticipate paying recurring dividends in the near future. Although we have approximately $87.0 million of unrestricted cash as of March 18, 2024, we require capital to fund operations, capital expenditures, including those invested to improve performance, and other important business uses, as well as to fund our debt service obligations and potentially to refinance indebtedness. Current cash flow generated by operations is not sufficient to cover all of these obligations. If we do not have sufficient capital available to fund our obligations, we may be unable to position properties to maximize value or meet debt service obligations. Instead, the board

 of directors will evaluate special distributions in connection with any future sales and other realizations of investments on a case-by-case basis based on, among other factors, current and projected liquidity needs.
 In light of the foregoing, we do not currently anticipate resuming the share repurchase program, or the Share Repurchase Program. If we have sufficient capital available, at this stage in our life cycle, we believe that returning capital to stockholders through special distributions, rather than repurchases, is a better use of that capital.

 Market Update
 Current market conditions impacting property-level performance are generally favorable. Industry occupancy continues to grow, with an industry average of 85.1% for the fourth quarter of 2023, up 70 basis points from the previous quarter, but still remains below the pre-pandemic average of 87.1% in March 2020 (source: NIC MAP Vision 4Q2023 Market Fundamentals Report). The 80+ population, a key demographic for seniors housing, is expected to grow by 24% through 2028 and is forecasted to increase by 3.7% in 2024 (Source: NIC MAP Vision as of December 2023), and new supply and new construction remain low compared to historical levels, resulting in a demand and supply environment that should contribute to continued overall industry occupancy and revenue growth. We have made significant capital improvements to many of our properties, which along with these positive dynamics, has contributed to the strong 28.1% growth in NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year in our same store directly owned operating portfolio. Although we continue to face higher labor costs and operating expenses due to inflation, overall we remain optimistic that revenue growth will exceed expense growth, resulting in continued improved NOI growth.
 By contrast, current market conditions affecting transactions, including asset sales, are challenging. The current state of the public and private capital markets have been affected by a general tightening of availability of credit (including the price, terms and conditions under which financing can be obtained), rising interest rates and a general decrease in liquidity in the healthcare lending markets, which has resulted in higher capitalization rates, adversely impacting property values and limiting transaction activity. The senior housing and care transaction volume totaled $465.8 million during the fourth quarter of 2023, with a year-over-year decline of $3.8 billion (source: NIC MAP Vision as of December 2023). Although opportunities may exist to dispose of assets in the current market environment and there are certain scenarios where a sale can generate acceptable market returns for shareholders, many opportunities in the current market may require us to take significant discounts to our view of value.

 Business Summary
 Our investments are categorized as follows:
 • Direct Operating Investments - Properties operated pursuant to management agreements with managers, in which we own a controlling interest.
 • Direct Net Lease Investments - Properties operated under net leases with an operator, in which we own a controlling interest.
 • Unconsolidated Investments - Joint venture investments, in which we own a minority, non-controlling interest.
 We own a diversified portfolio of seniors housing properties, including independent living facilities, or ILFs, assisted living facilities, or ALFs, and memory care facilities, or MCFs, located throughout the United States. In addition, we have an investment through a non-controlling interest in a joint venture that invests in integrated senior health campuses, which provide services associated with ILFs, ALFs, MCFs and skilled nursing facilities, or SNFs, across the Midwest region of the United States. For information regarding our investments as of December 31, 2023, refer to "Our Investments" included in Part I, Item 1. "Business."

 Business Update
 Updated Estimated Value Per Share
 • On November 9, 2023, upon the recommendation of the audit committee of the board of directors, or the Audit Committee, the board of directors, including all of its independent directors, approved and established an estimated value per share of our common stock of $2.64. Refer to Part II, Item 5. "Market Information" for additional information.

 Transaction and Financing Activities
 • In February 2024, we completed the sale of a property within the Rochester portfolio for $12.0 million. The sale generated net proceeds of $0.7 million, after repayment of the outstanding mortgage principal balance of $10.9 million and transaction costs.
 • In November 2023, we entered into an agreement to sell all of our ownership interests in Trilogy, which indirectly owns 125 integrated senior health campuses, to American Healthcare REIT, Inc. or its affiliates, or AHR, the majority partner of the Trilogy joint venture. AHR has the right to purchase our ownership interests in Trilogy at any time prior to September 30, 2025, assuming AHR exercises all of its extension options and subject to satisfaction of certain closing conditions, ranging from $240.5 million to up to $260 million depending upon the purchase price consideration, timing of the closing and certain additional fees that AHR may pay us in the interim. A minimum of 10% of the purchase price consideration must be paid in cash, with the balance payable in either cash or new Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be issued by AHR in connection with the closing. The portion of the purchase price consideration paid in cash may be subject to a 7.5% or 5% discount, respectively, if the transaction closes prior to March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2024, respectively. In addition, we may be entitled to a supplemental cash payment of $25,600 per day for the period between July 1, 2023 until the closing date, for up to approximately $21.0 million, reduced by any distributions received from Trilogy by us during the interim period. AHR may terminate the agreement at any time, subject to payment of a termination fee equal to: (i) if terminated prior to the initial outside date, September 30, 2024, $7.8 million, (ii) if extended and terminated prior March 31, 2025, $11.7 million and (iii) if further extended and terminated prior to September 30, 2025, $15.6 million. Although there can be no assurance that AHR will consummate the purchase of our interests in Trilogy on these terms, or at all, we believe that this proposed transaction presents an attractive opportunity for us to execute on our disposition strategy.
 • In November 2023, the Espresso joint venture completed the sale of all of its remaining assets. Since inception, we received total distributions of $95.1 million, as compared to a total investment of $55.1 million.
 • In July 2023, in light of our belief that the value of the properties was below the balance of the debt, we elected not to use cash reserves to pay debt service on seven cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized mortgage notes with an aggregate principal amount outstanding of $99.8 million, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, secured by seven healthcare real estate properties, or the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, that did not generate sufficient cash flow to pay debt service in full. The Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan is non-recourse, subject to limited customary exceptions. As a result of the payment default, Fannie Mae, as the lender, filed a complaint seeking the appointment of a receiver and foreclosure on the underlying properties and to enforce its rights in its collateral under the loan documents and, on October 30, 2023, the properties underlying the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan were placed into a receivership. Although we continue to have legal ownership of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio until transferred to Fannie Mae or its designee, the receiver now has effective control of the properties and, as of the date of the receivership order, we derecognized the properties and related assets from our financial statements, discontinued recognizing revenues and expenses related to the Rochester Sub-Portfolio and concluded we were no longer entitled to receive any existing accounts receivable or revenue related to the properties. As of December 31, 2023, we continue to own all of the properties in the Rochester Sub-Portfolio and are working with the receiver and its advisors to facilitate an orderly transition of the operations and ownership of the properties.
 • In June 2023, we sold our minority interests in the Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership, which indirectly owned 48 care homes across the United Kingdom, or the Diversified US/UK Portfolio, and the Eclipse Health, General Partnership, which indirectly owned 34 seniors housing facilities, or the Eclipse Portfolio, together with $1.1 million in cash, to our Former Sponsor, who is affiliated with the majority partner of each joint venture, for all of the equity held by the Former Sponsor and its affiliates, including 9,709,553 shares of our common stock, 100 common units in the Operating Partnership and 100 special units in the Operating Partnership, or the Sale of Minority Interests. Upon completion of the Sale of Minority Interests, we retired all of the shares of our common stock acquired. With this Sale of Minority Interests, we were able to strategically exit two minority positions in joint ventures experiencing significant distress, where we had limited ability to control outcomes and a lack of alignment with the majority partner, through a transaction that we believe creates additional value for our remaining shareholders.
 Operating Performance
 The occupancy of our investments has continued to improve, and in some cases recovered to pre-pandemic levels and beyond, driven by supply-demand fundamentals in the industry overall and specifically by our investment of capital to enhance our facilities, which has led to increases in revenues. However, operating costs remained elevated as a result of macroeconomic trends, including increases in labor costs and historically low unemployment, inflation and rising interest rates, as well as increased health and safety measures. Increased labor costs and a shortage of available skilled and unskilled workers has and

 may continue to increase the cost of staffing at our facilities. We have offset increased labor and inflation with increased rates charged to residents, but continuing to do so may result in a decline in occupancy and revenues. Increases in interest rates may help ease inflation and our operating costs, but have increased our debt service obligations on our variable rate debt and may create the possibility of slowing economic growth.
 The following is a summary of the performance of our investment segments for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For additional information on financial results, refer to "—Results of Operations."
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the average annual occupancy for our facilities improved by 4.7%, to 88.2%. A summary of average occupancy of our direct operating investments by property manager is as follows:

 Average Monthly Occupancy
 Average Annual Occupancy

 Manager
 Units Under Management
 December 2023
 December 2022
 Change
 2023
 2022
 Change

 Solstice Senior Living
 3,969
 89.1
 %
 85.9
 %
 3.2
 %
 88.0
 %
 82.2
 %
 5.8
 %

 Watermark Retirement Communities(1)

 86.9
 %
 88.7
 %
 (1.8)
 %
 88.5
 %
 86.3
 %
 2.2
 %

 Avamere Health Services
 89.6
 %
 90.5
 %
 (0.9)
 %
 89.8
 %
 88.5
 %
 1.3
 %

 Integral Senior Living
 81.2
 %
 97.5
 %
 (16.3)
 %
 86.3
 %
 97.3
 %
 (11.0)
 %

 88.7
 %
 86.8
 %
 1.9
 %
 88.2
 %
 83.5
 %
 4.7
 %

 (1)Average monthly and annual occupancy excludes the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which was placed into a receivership in October 2023.
 NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure of our operating performance. The following table presents the NOI of our direct operating investments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 Same store property revenues(1)

 Resident fee income
 $
 47,570
 $
 44,274
 $
 3,296
 7.4
 %

 Rental income
 136,016
 120,042
 15,974
 13.3
 %

 Total property revenues
 183,586
 164,316
 19,270
 11.7
 %

 Same store property operating expenses(1)

 Salaries and wages
 61,242
 56,528
 4,714
 8.3
 %

 Utilities
 11,377
 10,838
 5.0
 %

 Food and beverage
 9,807
 9,250
 6.0
 %

 Repairs and maintenance
 12,974
 12,153
 6.8
 %

 Property taxes
 9,320
 9,672
 (352)
 (3.6)
 %

 Property management fee
 9,628
 8,164
 1,464
 17.9
 %

 All other expenses
 12,858
 13,692
 (834)
 (6.1)
 %

 Total same store property operating expenses
 127,206
 120,297
 6,909
 5.7
 %

 Same store NOI(1)

 $
 56,380
 $
 44,019
 $
 12,361
 28.1
 %

 Non-same store NOI(2)

 $
 2,434
 $
 $
 1,473
 153.3
 %

 Total Direct Operating Investments NOI(3)

 $
 58,814
 $
 44,980
 $
 13,834
 30.8
 %

 (1)Same store of our direct operating investments excludes the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which was placed into a receivership in October 2023.
 (2)Non-same store of our direct operating investments represents the Rochester Sub-Portfolio.
 (3)For a reconciliation of our direct operating investments segment NOI to segment net income (loss) as presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, refer to "—Non-GAAP Financial Measures."

 Beginning in February 2021, the operator of the four net lease properties in our Arbors portfolio has been unable to satisfy its obligations under its leases. In accordance with a forbearance and modification agreement entered into in March 2023, the operator remits rent based on the properties' available cash after satisfying property-level expenses. The operator of our net lease properties continues to be impacted by sub-optimal occupancy levels and elevated operating expenses, which has resulted in limited cash flow generated by properties. During 2023, cash flow, net of expenses, paid by the operator to us in accordance with the forbearance agreement was not sufficient to cover our related debt service, resulting in $3.3 million of cash reserves being used to cover debt service in 2023. We continue to monitor the operator's performance and cash flows closely, as well as evaluate potential options for this portfolio.
 The following table presents the rental income recognized and the cash reserves used to service the debt obligations for our Arbors portfolio, as well as the average resident occupancy of the underlying properties, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 Rental income
 $
 1,709
 $
 1,596
 $
 7.1
 %

 Cash reserves used to fund debt service payments, including principal amortization
 3,287
 3,205
 2.6
 %

 Average Annual Occupancy
 72.6
 %
 69.8
 %

 We have made investments in minority, non-controlling interests in joint ventures, which own healthcare real estate and related assets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received distributions of $27.5 million from our unconsolidated investments, as compared to $67.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of asset sales in our Espresso investment.
 As of December 31, 2023, our investment in Trilogy is our primary remaining unconsolidated investment. The following table is a summary of operations of Trilogy, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Trilogy

 2023
 2022
 %

 Property and other revenues

 Total property and other revenues
 $
 1,460,222
 $
 1,252,175
 $
 208,047
 16.6
 %

 Expenses

 1,305,569
 1,107,757
 197,812
 17.9
 %

 77,414
 51,648
 25,766
 49.9
 %

 Administrative, transaction & other
 (172)
 (40.1)
 %

 69,863
 65,393
 4,470
 6.8
 %

 10,520
 —
 10,520
 NA

 Total expenses
 1,463,623
 1,225,227
 238,396
 19.5
 %

 Other income (loss), net
 (1,718)
 1,407
 (3,125)
 (222.1)
 %

 Other gains (losses)
 (963)
 21,903
 (22,866)
 (104.4)
 %

 $
 (6,082)
 $
 50,258
 $
 (56,340)
 (112.1)
 %

 Our ownership %
 23.4
 %
 23.2
 %

 Equity in earnings (losses)
 $
 (1,409)
 $
 11,652
 $
 (13,061)
 (112.1)
 %

 Trilogy continued to recover occupancy and experience revenue growth throughout 2023. Although operating expenses continued to be impacted by inflationary pressures, most significantly labor-related costs, occupancy growth, coupled with higher rates, resulted in improved operating income in 2023. In addition, Trilogy recognized COVID-19 provider relief grant income during 2023, which partially offset the elevated expenses. However, higher interest expense on Trilogy's floating-rate debt limited cash available to be distributed.
 Our Espresso investment completed its liquidation of assets in 2023. Our proportionate share of net proceeds generated from sales transactions in our Espresso investment during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $17.3 million and $49.7 million, respectively.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
 Certain accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management's subjective and complex judgments, and for which the impact of changes in estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on our financial statements. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made, based upon information available to us at that time.
 For a summary of our accounting policies, refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements."

 Impairment
 We believe impairment to be a critical accounting estimate based on the nature of our operations and/or because it requires significant management judgment and assumptions. Our investments are reviewed on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our investments may be impaired or that carrying value may not be recoverable. In conducting these reviews, we consider macroeconomic factors, including healthcare sector conditions, together with asset and market specific circumstances, among other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as compared to the carrying amount of the investment. Fair values can be estimated based upon the income capitalization approach, using net operating income for each property and applying indicative capitalization and discount rates or sales comparison approach, using what other purchasers and sellers in the market have agreed to as price for comparable properties.
 Direct Operating Investments and Direct Net Lease Investments
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded impairment losses on our operating real estate totaling $44.7 million, including impairment losses of $38.6 million for five facilities within the Rochester Sub-Portfolio as a result of shortened hold period assumptions, $5.6 million for a facility within the Arbors portfolio as a result of lower estimated future cash flows and estimated market value, $0.4 million to reflect net realizable value for a facility within the Rochester portfolio designated as held for sale and $0.1 million for a land parcel within the Rochester portfolio as a result of lower estimated market value.
 Accumulated impairment losses totaled $162.9 million for operating real estate that we continue to hold as of December 31, 2023. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 for additional information regarding impairment recorded in prior years.
 In June 2023, we impaired our investment in the Espresso joint venture by $4.7 million, which reduced the carrying value of our investment to $3.1 million as of June 30, 2023. Our assessment of the fair value of our investment took into consideration the joint venture's remaining assets and estimated future cash distributions, less transaction and wind down costs. Upon impairing our investment, we elected the fair value option method to account for our investment in the Espresso joint venture on June 30, 2023.
 Further, the joint ventures underlying our unconsolidated ventures assess and record impairment and reserves on their respective real estate portfolios, goodwill, and other assets, and we recognize our proportionate share through equity in earnings (losses). In May 2023, prior to the Sale of Minority Interests, the underlying Diversified US/UK joint venture recorded impairment losses on its remaining properties, 48 care homes located in the United Kingdom, or the UK Portfolio, due to, among other things, an extended period contemplated for the UK Portfolio to reach stabilization. Our proportionate share of the impairment losses recorded by the Diversified US/UK joint venture totaled $11.4 million. Additionally, in December 2023, the Trilogy joint venture recorded impairment losses on its trade name intangible assets, of which our proportionate share totaled $2.4 million.
 Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023, for additional information regarding impairment recorded in prior years.

 Results of Operations
 Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 Property and other revenues

 Resident fee income
 $
 47,591
 $
 44,274
 $
 3,317
 7.5
 %

 Rental income
 153,544
 139,841
 13,703
 9.8
 %

 Other revenue
 3,843
 1,021
 2,822
 276.4
 %

 Total property and other revenues
 185,136
 19,842
 10.7
 %

 Expenses

 140,612
 137,578
 3,034
 2.2
 %

 50,028
 43,278
 6,750
 15.6
 %

 1,569
 (886)
 (56.5)
 %

 —
 8,058
 (8,058)
 (100.0)
 %

 13,817
 13,938
 (121)
 (0.9)
 %

 (76)
 (0.2)
 %

 49,423
 45,299
 4,124
 9.1
 %

 Total expenses
 293,074
 288,307
 4,767
 1.7
 %

 151.9
 %

 Gain (loss) on investments and other
 (64,001)
 1,029
 (65,030)
 (6,319.7)
 %

 (8,272)
 (55,897)
 (117.4)
 %

 (74)
 (61)
 (13)
 21.3
 %

 $
 (160,249)
 $
 (54,501)
 $
 (105,748)
 194.0
 %

 In October 2023, as a result of the payment default in July 2023 on the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, Fannie Mae, as the lender, filed a complaint seeking the appointment of a receiver and foreclosure on the underlying properties and to enforce its rights in its collateral under the loan documents. On October 30, 2023, the properties underlying the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan were placed into a receivership. Although we continue to have legal ownership of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio until transferred to Fannie Mae or its designee, the receiver now has effective control of the properties and, as of the date of the receivership order, we discontinued recognizing revenues and expenses related to the Rochester Sub-Portfolio and derecognized the properties and related assets from our financial statements. However, until legal ownership of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio is transferred and the associated debt extinguished, we continue to recognize liabilities associated with the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan. As of December 31, 2023, we continue to own all of the properties in the Rochester Sub-Portfolio and are working with the receiver and its advisors to facilitate an orderly transition of the operations and ownership of the properties.
 The following tables present operating results on a same store basis, which excludes the activity of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio. Property revenues and expenses for the Rochester Sub-Portfolio were recognized through October 30, 2023, the date of the receivership order, as compared to a full year of activity presented for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Total Property and Other Revenues
 The following table presents total property and other revenues (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 136,016
 $
 120,042
 $
 15,974
 13.3
 %

 47,570
 44,274
 3,296
 7.4
 %

 1,709
 1,596
 7.1
 %

 185,295
 165,912
 19,383
 11.7
 %

 15,840
 18,203
 (2,363)
 (13.0)
 %

 Other revenue
 3,843
 1,021
 2,822
 276.4
 %

 Total property and other revenues
 $
 $
 185,136
 $
 19,842
 10.7
 %

 Overall, on a same store basis, total property and other revenues increased during the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenues generated by our operating properties increased as a result of improved occupancy and higher market rates for new residents and in-place rates for existing residents. Other revenue consists of interest earned on cash and cash equivalents, which increased during the year ended December 31, 2023 as a result of higher market interest rates.
 Property Operating Expenses
 The following table presents property operating expenses (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 90,956
 $
 85,911
 $
 5,045
 5.9
 %

 36,250
 34,386
 1,864
 5.4
 %

 —
 (39)
 (100.0)
 %

 127,206
 120,336
 6,870
 5.7
 %

 13,406
 17,242
 (3,836)
 (22.2)
 %

 Total property operating expenses
 $
 140,612
 $
 137,578
 $
 3,034
 2.2
 %

 Overall, on a same store basis, total operating expenses increased primarily due to inflationary pressures significantly impacting all variable operating costs, most notably wages and benefits costs. In addition, management fees at our Winterfell portfolio increased as a result of revenue growth and additional fees for exceeding performance targets per the terms of the management agreements.
 Interest Expense
 The following table presents interest expense incurred on our borrowings (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 29,798
 $
 30,182
 $
 (384)
 (1.3)
 %

 5,257
 5,189
 1.3
 %

 3,516
 3,609
 (93)
 (2.6)
 %

 38,571
 38,980
 (409)
 (1.0)
 %

 11,457
 4,298
 7,159
 166.6
 %

 Total interest expense
 $
 50,028
 $
 43,278
 $
 6,750
 15.6
 %

 On a same store basis, interest expense decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023. Interest expense on our fixed-rate debt declined as a result of a decrease in the average mortgage notes principal balances as compared to December 31, 2022 due to continued principal amortization. Interest expense on floating-rate debt increased throughout 2023, as market interest rates continued to rise.
 Interest expense for the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan increased as a result of its floating interest rate and the recognition of default interest, which will continue to accrue until the loan is extinguished.

 Transaction Costs
 Transaction costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted primarily of legal and professional fees incurred for investment activity and costs incurred in connection with the Internalization and the transition of services and systems previously provided by the Former Advisor.
 General and Administrative Expenses & Asset Management Fees - Related Party

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 —
 $
 8,058
 $
 (8,058)
 (100.0)
 %

 13,817
 13,938
 (121)
 (0.9)
 %

 Total corporate operating costs
 $
 13,817
 $
 21,996
 $
 (8,179)
 (37.2)
 %

 Corporate cost savings of $8.2 million were realized under the internalized structure during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
 The advisory agreement with our Former Advisor was terminated on October 21, 2022. As result, no asset management fees were incurred during 2023 as compared to $8.1 million incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Under our new internalized structure, we directly incur and pay all general and administrative expenses, including personnel costs related to our executive officers, which were not allocable under the former advisory agreement. The increase in executive officer personnel costs were offset with other cost savings, including a reduction in corporate insurance premiums, resulting in an overall reduction to corporate operating costs, year over year.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total operating expenses represented 0.7% of our average invested assets and 237.0% of our net income, in each case as defined and calculated in accordance with our charter.
 Depreciation and Amortization
 The following table presents depreciation and amortization recognized on our direct investments (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 25,057
 $
 23,697
 $
 1,360
 5.7
 %

 6,547
 6,301
 3.9
 %

 2,916
 3,329
 (413)
 (12.4)
 %

 34,520
 33,327
 1,193
 3.6
 %

 3,991
 5,260
 (1,269)
 (24.1)
 %

 Total depreciation and amortization
 $
 $
 $
 (76)
 (0.2)
 %

 Overall, on a same store basis, depreciation and amortization expense increased during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of capital improvements completed at our ALFs, MCFs and ILFs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 Depreciation and amortization expense decreased at our net lease properties as a result of impairments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, which reduced building depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Impairment Loss
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, impairment losses on operating real estate totaled $44.7 million and impairment losses recorded on unconsolidated ventures investments totaled $4.7 million. Refer to "—Impairment" for additional discussion.
 For the year ended December 31, 2022, impairment losses on operating real estate totaled $31.9 million, consisting of $18.5 million, $8.5 million and $3.9 million for facilities in Arbors, Winterfell and Rochester portfolios, respectively. We also recorded $0.8 million and $0.2 million of impairment losses for property damage sustained by facilities within our Winterfell and Avamere portfolio, respectively. In addition, in December 2022, we impaired our investment in the Diversified US/UK joint venture by $13.4 million, which was sold in June 2023.

 Other Income, Net
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, other income, net consisted primarily of capital expenditure reimbursements from the state of Oregon's Long-Term Care Capital Improvement and Emergency Preparedness Program received and recognized by facilities within our Avamere portfolio.
 For the year ended December 31, 2022, other income, net consisted of COVID-19 testing reimbursements received and recognized by our Avamere portfolio.
 Gain (Loss) on Investments and Other
 In addition to the $59.0 million loss on the Rochester Sub-Portfolio noted above, in connection with the Sale of Minority Interests, we realized a loss totaling $1.3 million, representing the difference between the fair value and carrying value of our investments in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse joint ventures, which was the consideration exchanged in the transaction for the acquisition of our common stock. Further, as a result of the Sale of Minority Interests, we reclassified the accumulated foreign currency losses, totaling $3.3 million, related to the Diversified US/UK portfolio, previously recorded through other comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of equity to gain (loss) on investments and other. Refer to "—Transaction and Financing Activities" for additional discussion on the Sale of Minority Interests and Rochester Sub-Portfolio receivership.
 During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized gains on mortgage interest rate caps, a discounted financing payoff and a distribution that exceeded our carrying value for an unconsolidated investment. Gains were partially offset by losses recognized on investment activity.
 Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures
 The following table presents the results of our unconsolidated ventures (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Portfolio
 Equity in Earnings (Losses)
 FFO and MFFO adjustments(1)

 MFFO

 Trilogy
 $
 (1,409)
 $
 11,652
 $
 20,461
 $
 11,966
 $
 19,052
 $
 23,618
 $
 (4,566)
 (19.3)
 %

 Espresso
 9,228
 72,427
 (8,283)
 (66,393)
 6,034
 (5,089)
 (84.3)
 %

 Solstice
 —
 —
 7,150.0
 %

 7,964
 84,081
 12,178
 (54,427)
 20,142
 29,654
 (9,512)
 (32.1)
 %

 Investments sold
 (16,236)
 (36,456)
 15,087
 38,881
 (1,149)
 2,425
 (3,574)
 (147.4)
 %

 Total
 $
 (8,272)
 $
 $
 27,265
 $
 (15,546)
 $
 18,993
 $
 32,079
 $
 (13,086)
 (40.8)
 %

 (1)Represents our proportionate share of revenues and expenses excluded from the calculation of FFO and MFFO for unconsolidated investments. Refer to "—Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for additional discussion.
 Excluding the investments in unconsolidated ventures sold, equity in earnings (losses) decreased $76.1 million as a result of gains on sales recognized by the Espresso joint venture in the prior year exceeding gains recognized in the current year. In addition, the Trilogy joint venture recognized a gain in the prior year upon acquiring the remaining ownership interest of an investment portfolio, while impairment losses on its intangible assets in the current year contributed to the decrease.
 Excluding the investments sold, MFFO from our unconsolidated investments decreased $9.5 million. The Espresso joint venture's property sales resulted in lower rental income recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, as of June 30, 2023, we elected to account for the Espresso joint venture under the fair value option, which resulted in no earnings recorded from the date of election through December 31, 2023. Higher interest expense on floating-rate debt in the Trilogy joint venture offset operational improvements during 2023, which resulted in lower MFFO generated from the investment.
 Year Ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021
 Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023, for information regarding our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the year-to-year comparisons between those periods.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 We consider certain non-GAAP financial measures, including Funds from Operations, or FFO, Modified Funds from Operations, or MFFO, and NOI, to be useful supplemental measures of our operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are not equivalent or an alternative to net income (loss) or cash flow provided by operating activities determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be construed to be more relevant or accurate than the U.S. GAAP methodology in evaluating our operating performance. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
 Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations
 We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP), excluding gains (losses) from sales of depreciable property, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, real estate-related depreciation and amortization, impairment on depreciable property owned directly or indirectly and after adjustments for unconsolidated ventures.
 Due to certain of the unique features of publicly-registered, non-traded REITs, the Institute for Portfolio Alternatives, or IPA, an industry trade group, standardized a performance measure known as MFFO and recommends the use of MFFO for such REITs. Management believes MFFO is a useful performance measure to evaluate our business and further believes it is important to disclose MFFO in order to be consistent with the IPA recommendation and other non-traded REITs. Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, nor any other regulatory body has approved the acceptability of the adjustments that we use to calculate MFFO. In the future, the SEC or another regulatory body may decide to standardize permitted adjustments across the non-listed REIT industry and we may need to adjust our calculation and characterization of MFFO.
 We define MFFO in accordance with the concepts established by the IPA. Our computation of MFFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not calculate MFFO using the same method MFFO is calculated using FFO. FFO, as defined by NAREIT, is a computation made by analysts and investors to measure a real estate company's operating performance. The IPA's definition of MFFO excludes from FFO the following items:
 • acquisition fees and expenses;
 • non-cash amounts related to straight-line rent and the amortization of above or below market and in-place intangible lease assets and liabilities (which are adjusted in order to reflect such payments from an accrual basis of accounting under U.S. GAAP to a cash basis of accounting);
 • amortization of a premium and accretion of a discount on debt investments;
 • non-recurring impairment of real estate-related investments that meet the specified criteria identified in the rules and regulations of the SEC;
 • realized gains (losses) from the early extinguishment of debt;
 • realized gains (losses) on the extinguishment or sales of hedges, foreign exchange, securities and other derivative holdings except where the trading of such instruments is a fundamental attribute of our business;
 • unrealized gains (losses) from fair value adjustments on real estate securities, including CMBS and other securities, interest rate swaps and other derivatives not deemed hedges and foreign exchange holdings;
 • unrealized gains (losses) from the consolidation from, or deconsolidation to, equity accounting;
 • adjustments related to contingent purchase price obligations; and
 • adjustments for consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect MFFO on the same basis as above.
 MFFO does have certain limitations. For instance, realized gains (losses) from acquisitions and dispositions and other adjustments listed above are not reported in MFFO, even though such realized gains (losses) and other adjustments could affect our operating performance and cash available for distribution. Any mark-to-market or fair value adjustments may be based on many factors, including current operational or individual property issues or general market or overall industry conditions. Investors should note that while impairment charges are excluded from the calculation of MFFO, investors are cautioned that due to the fact that impairments are based on estimated future undiscounted cash flow and the relatively limited term of a non-traded REIT's anticipated operations, it could be difficult to recover any impairment charges through operational net revenues or cash flow prior to any liquidity event. MFFO is not a useful measure in evaluating net asset value, since impairment is taken into

 account in determining net asset value but not in determining MFFO. In addition, MFFO may not be a useful measure of our operating performance or as a comparable measure to other typical non-traded REITs if we do not continue to operate in a similar manner to other non-traded REITs.
 The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO and MFFO attributable to common stockholders (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Funds from operations:

 Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 (156,885)
 $
 (54,100)
 $
 25,067

 Adjustments:

 54,836

 Depreciation and amortization related to non-controlling interests
 (259)
 (286)
 (480)

 Depreciation and amortization related to unconsolidated ventures
 18,623
 28,855
 30,054

 (Gain) loss from sales of property
 (136)
 (83,873)

 Gain (loss) from sales of property related to non-controlling interests
 (5)
 2,092

 (Gain) loss from sales of property related to unconsolidated ventures
 (7,894)
 (92,578)
 (31,314)

 Impairment losses of depreciable real estate
 44,695
 31,880
 5,386

 Impairment loss on real estate related to non-controlling interests
 (1,172)
 (117)
 —

 Impairment losses of depreciable real estate held by unconsolidated ventures
 7,682
 25,109
 1,494

 Funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 (56,831)
 $
 (22,563)
 $
 3,262

 Modified funds from operations:

 Funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 (56,831)
 $
 (22,563)
 $
 3,262

 Adjustments:

 1,569

 Straight-line rental (income) loss
 —
 —
 7,803

 Amortization of premiums, discounts and fees on investments and borrowings
 4,481
 3,859
 4,177

 (Gain) loss on investments and other(1)

 64,137
 (1,121)
 4,396

 Adjustments related to unconsolidated ventures(2)

 8,854
 23,068
 20,245

 Adjustments related to non-controlling interests
 (1,815)
 (212)

 Impairment of real estate related investment
 4,728
 13,419
 —

 Modified funds from operations attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 24,237
 $
 18,234
 $
 39,725

 (1)Activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $59.0 million loss recognized on the Rochester Sub-Portfolio due to derecognition of the properties and related assets from our financial statements. Refer to "—Result of Operations" for additional discussion.
 (2)Primarily our proportionate share of liability extinguishment gains and losses, loan loss reserves, transaction costs and amortization of above/below market debt adjustments, straight-line rent adjustments, impairment of goodwill, debt and deferred financing costs, recorded by the joint ventures of our investments in unconsolidated ventures.
 Net Operating Income
 We believe NOI provides useful information to stockholders and provides our management with a performance measure to compare our operating results to the operating results of other real estate companies between periods on a consistent basis. We define NOI as rental and resident fee income, less property operating expenses.
 The following table reconciles net income (loss), computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP, to NOI for our direct operating investments segment (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 (122,391)
 $
 (42,843)
 $
 24,511

 Adjustments:

 Gain (loss) on investments and other
 59,367
 (499)
 (64,618)

 (194)
 (77)
 (7,278)

 39,095
 13,380
 4,600

 35,595
 35,258
 43,088

 —

 46,512
 39,669
 49,979

 Net operating income

 $
 58,814
 $
 44,980
 $
 50,662

 For additional information regarding our direct operating investments segment, refer to "Our Investments" included in Part I, Item 1. "Business" and for financial information refer to Note 11, "Segment Reporting" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Our current principal liquidity needs are to fund: (i) operating expenses, including corporate general and administrative expenses; (ii) principal and interest payments on our borrowings and other commitments; and (iii) capital expenditures.
 Our current primary sources of liquidity include the following: (i) cash on hand; (ii) proceeds from full or partial realization of investments; (iii) cash flow generated by our investments, both from our operating activities and distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures; and (iv) secured or unsecured financings from banks and other lenders.
 As of March 18, 2024, we had approximately $87.0 million of unrestricted cash and currently believe that our capital resources are sufficient to meet our capital needs for the following 12 months.
 Cash From Operations
 We primarily generate cash flow from operations through net operating income from our operating properties and rental income from our net lease properties. In addition, we receive distributions from our investments in unconsolidated ventures. Net cash provided by operating activities was $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 We are exposed to various operational risks, including rising labor costs, increases in inflation and rising interest rates, at substantially all of our properties. We expect that these factors will continue to materially impact our cash flow generated by our investments.
 We have a significant unconsolidated investment in Trilogy, where we have no control over the timing of distributions, if any. Trilogy, similar to our direct operating investments, has been impacted by inflation, rising interest rates and other economic market conditions, and, as a result, may continue to limit distributions to preserve liquidity in the future.
 Borrowings
 We typically have financed our investments with medium to long-term, non-recourse mortgage loans, though our borrowing levels and terms vary depending upon the nature of the assets and the related financing.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid $18.5 million and $38.3 million in recurring principal and interest payments, respectively, on borrowings. Excluding the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, we had $804.1 million of consolidated asset-level borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
 We have $682.3 million of borrowings that mature in 2025, including $583.5 million of borrowings collateralized by our Winterfell portfolio. We may be unable to extend or refinance these borrowings without a significant pay down of existing loan balances. If we do not have sufficient capital to pay down existing loan balances, we may be forced to sell assets to generate additional capital or sell the portfolio in advance of the loan maturity. Our ability to refinance these borrowings and/or sell assets will be significantly impacted by market conditions, over which we have no control. Further, given the nature of our assets and the materiality of this portfolio, we may not be able to respond quickly to changes in market conditions. Even if we are able to extend or refinance these borrowings, it will likely be at a significantly higher interest rate.

 Our charter limits us from incurring borrowings that would exceed 300.0% of our net assets. We cannot exceed this limit unless any excess in borrowing over such level is approved by a majority of our independent directors. We would need to disclose any such approval to our stockholders in our next quarterly report along with the justification for such excess. An approximation of this leverage limitation, excluding indirect leverage held through our unconsolidated joint venture investments and any securitized mortgage obligations to third parties, is 75.0% of our assets, other than intangibles, before deducting loan loss reserves, other non-cash reserves and depreciation. As of December 31, 2023, our leverage was 61.0% of our assets, other than intangibles, before deducting non-cash reserves and depreciation.
 For additional information regarding our borrowings, including principal repayments, timing of maturities and loans currently in default, refer to Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" and Note 5, "Borrowings" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements."
 Capital Expenditures Activities
 We are responsible for capital expenditures for our operating properties and may also fund capital expenditures for our net lease properties. We have made significant investments in capital expenditures to increase operating income and enhance the overall value of certain properties, and will continue to invest going forward, although we expect aggregate spending to decrease in the near-term compared to 2023, in order to maintain market position, functional and operating standards. However, there can be no assurance that these initiatives will achieve these intended results.
 The following table presents cash used for capital expenditures at our direct investments (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Same store (excludes properties sold)

 $
 3,119
 $
 2,641

 34,079
 24,452

 —

 1,224
 1,839

 Total capital expenditures
 $
 38,422
 $
 29,304

 Realization and Disposition of Investments
 We will pursue dispositions of assets and portfolios where we believe the disposition will achieve a desired return or strategic outcome, improve our liquidity position and generate value for shareholders.
 We have a significant minority investment in Trilogy with limited ability to influence material decisions, including the disposition of assets.

 Refer to "—Market Update" and "—Business Update" for further information regarding dispositions.
 Distributions
 To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually dividends equal to at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, to stockholders. We have generated net operating losses for tax purposes and, accordingly, are currently not required to make distributions to our stockholders to qualify as a REIT. Refer to "—Distributions Declared and Paid" and "—Liquidity Update" for further information regarding our distributions.
 Repurchases
 We adopted a Share Repurchase Program effective August 7, 2012, which enabled stockholders to sell their shares to us in limited circumstances and could be amended, suspended, or terminated at any time. On April 7, 2020, our board of directors suspended all repurchases under our existing Share Repurchase Program effective April 30, 2020 in order to preserve capital and liquidity. We do not currently anticipate resuming the Share Repurchase Program. If we have sufficient capital available, at this stage in our life cycle, we believe that returning capital to stockholders through special distributions, rather than repurchases, is a better use of that capital.
 Other Commitments
 On October 21, 2022, we terminated the advisory agreement and completed the Internalization. Prior to the termination of the advisory agreement, we reimbursed the Former Advisor for direct and indirect operating costs in connection with services provided to us. Under our new internalized structure, we directly incur and pay all general and administrative costs.

 Cash Flows
 The following presents a summary of our consolidated statements of cash flows (dollars in thousands):

 Cash flows provided by (used in):
 2023
 2022
 2023 vs. 2022 Change

 Operating activities
 $
 19,062
 $
 7,824
 $
 11,238

 Investing activities
 (21,884)
 15,538
 (37,422)

 Financing activities
 (19,895)
 (118,640)
 98,745

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 (22,717)
 $
 (95,278)
 $
 72,561

 Operating Activities
 Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net cash provided from operating activities was a result of increases in rates and occupancy at our direct operating investments, which resulted in higher rent and resident fees collected during the year ended December 31, 2023 and lower reimbursement payments made to our Former Advisor. In addition, the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan default in July 2023 resulted in lower interest expense payments as compared to the prior year. The increase in operating cash flows was partially offset by lower distributions received from our unconsolidated investment in the Espresso joint venture. Distributions classified as operating cash flows totaled $10.6 million and $22.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Investing Activities
 Our cash flows from investing activities are primarily proceeds from investment dispositions, including distributions received from our investments in unconsolidated investments that have been classified as investing cash flows, net of any capital expenditures. We continue to invest capital into our operating portfolios in order to maintain market position and enhance overall asset value. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $15.5 million net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Financing Activities
 Net cash used in financing activities totaled $19.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $118.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities were primarily recurring principal amortization on our mortgage notes. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities were primarily the payment of a special distribution of $0.50 per share of our common stock, which totaled approximately $97.0 million.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 As of December 31, 2023, we are not dependent on the use of any off-balance sheet financing arrangements for liquidity. We have made investments in unconsolidated ventures. Refer to Note 4, "Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures" in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements" for a discussion of such unconsolidated ventures in our consolidated financial statements. In each case, our exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of our investment.

 Distributions Declared and Paid
 From inception through December 31, 2023, we declared $530.9 million in distributions and generated cumulative FFO of $52.5 million. From April 5, 2013, the date of our first investment, through December 31, 2017, we paid monthly distributions in an amount that was equivalent to an annualized distribution of $0.675 per share of our common stock. In order to better align the distribution with anticipated cash flows from operations, beginning in January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, we paid monthly distributions in an amount that was equivalent to an annualized distribution of $0.3375 per share of our common stock. Effective February 1, 2019, our board of directors stopped recurring distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity. In May 2022, we paid a special distribution in the amount of $0.50 per share of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not declare any distributions to stockholders.
 While we do not anticipate recurring dividends in the near future, in light of the cash flow generated by our investments as compared to our capital expenditure needs and debt service obligations, our management and board of directors will evaluate

 special distributions in connection with asset sales and other realizations of our investments on a case-by-case basis based on, among other factors, current and projected liquidity needs, opportunities for investment in our assets (such as capital expenditure and de-levering opportunities) and other strategic initiatives.
 To the extent distributions are paid from sources other than FFO, the ownership interest of our public stockholders may be diluted. Future distributions declared and paid may exceed FFO and cash flow provided by operations. FFO, as defined, may not reflect actual cash available for distributions.

 Related Party Arrangements
 Former Advisor
 In connection with the Internalization, on October 21, 2022 the advisory agreement was terminated and, along with the Operating Partnership and the Former Advisor, we entered into a Transition Services Agreement, or TSA, to facilitate an orderly transition of the management of our operations. As of December 31, 2023, the TSA was effectively terminated.
 Prior to the Internalization, the Former Advisor was responsible for managing our affairs on a day-to-day basis and for identifying, acquiring, originating and asset managing investments on our behalf. For such services, to the extent permitted by law and regulations, the Former Advisor received fees and reimbursements from us. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, the Former Advisor could defer or waive fees in its discretion.
 Summary of Fees and Reimbursements
 The following table presents the costs incurred and paid to the Former Advisor under the TSA (dollars in thousands):

 Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2022
 Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2023

 Financial Statement Location
 Incurred
 Paid

 General and administrative expenses/Transaction costs
 $
 $

 $
 (910)
 $

 Incentive Fee
 The Special Unit Holder, an affiliate of the Former Advisor, was entitled to receive distributions equal to 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, repayment of loans, disposition of assets or otherwise, but only after stockholders have received, in the aggregate, cumulative distributions equal to their invested capital plus a 6.75% cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return on such invested capital. From inception through the Sale of Minority Interests, the Special Unit Holder did not receive any incentive fees.
 In connection with the Sale of Minority Interests, as of June 9, 2023, the Special Unit Holder became an indirect subsidiary of us, though the Special Unit Holder continues to have a contractual obligation to pay any such incentive fees to affiliates of the Former Sponsor, if ever earned.
 Investments in Joint Ventures
 Solstice, the manager of the Winterfell portfolio, is a joint venture between affiliates of ISL, which owns 80.0%, and us, which owns 20.0%. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized property management fee expense of $6.9 million payable to Solstice related to the Winterfell portfolio.
 In June 2023, we completed the Sale of Minority Interests, involving the sale of our minority interests in the Diversified US/UK Portfolio and Eclipse Portfolio, together with $1.1 million in cash, to our Former Sponsor, who is affiliated with the majority partner of each joint venture, for all of our equity securities held by the Former Sponsor and its affiliates. Refer to "—Transaction and Financing Activities" for further discussion of the Sale of Minority Interests.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 The principal market risks affecting us are interest rate risk and inflation risk. These risks are dependent on various factors beyond our control, including monetary and fiscal policies, domestic and international economic conditions and political considerations. Our market risk sensitive assets, liabilities and related derivative positions (if any) are held for investment and not for trading purposes.

 Interest Rate Risk
 We have exposure to the impact of interest rate changes primarily through our borrowing activities. To limit this exposure, we have generally sought long-term debt financing on a fixed-rate basis. However, certain of our borrowings are subject to variable-rate interest.
 The following table presents a summary of our borrowings as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Borrowing Type
 Loan Count
 Interest Rate(2)

 Principal Outstanding
 % of Outstanding Debt

 Fixed-rate debt
 4.2
 %
 $
 775,029
 85.8
 %

 Floating-rate debt
 6.0
 %
 29,047
 3.2
 %

 Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan(1)

 7.7
 %
 11.0
 %

 Total/WA
 4.6
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 (1)The Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan is comprised of seven individual floating-rate mortgage notes payable, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default, secured by the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which was placed into a receivership.
 (2)Represents the weighted average interest rate effective as of December 31, 2023.
 When borrowing at variable rates, we seek the lowest margins available and evaluate hedging opportunities. The interest rate on our floating-rate borrowings is a fixed spread over an index such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, and typically reprices every 30 days. For our floating-rate borrowings, we have entered into interest rate caps that involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. As of December 31, 2023, all of our floating-rate borrowings are hedged with contracts in place through the third quarter of 2024 that have effectively capped interest at a weighted average rate of 7.34% (excluding the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan, the weighted average interest rate is 5.99%). Based on market interest rates of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would not impact net annual interest expense due to the interest rate caps in place.
 Increases in market interest rates typically result in a decrease in the fair value of fixed-rate borrowings, while decreases in market interest rates typically result in an increase in the fair value of fixed-rate borrowings. While changes in market interest rates affect the fair value of our fixed-rate borrowings, these changes do not affect the interest expense associated with our fixed-rate borrowings. Therefore, interest rate risk does not have a significant impact on our fixed-rate borrowings until their maturity or earlier prepayment and refinancing. If we seek to refinance our fixed-rate borrowings, whether at maturity or otherwise, and interest rates have risen, our future earnings and cash flows could be adversely affected by additional borrowing costs. Conversely, lower interest rates at the time of refinancing may reduce our overall borrowing costs. Further, the fair value of the real estate collateral for our borrowings may be negatively impacted by rising interest rates.
 Inflation Risk
 Many of our costs are subject to inflationary pressures. These include labor, repairs and maintenance, food costs, utilities, insurance and other operating costs. Higher rates of inflation affecting the economy may substantially affect the operating margins of our investments. While our managers have an ability to partially offset cost inflation by increasing the rates charged to residents, this ability is often limited by competitive conditions, affordability and timing, which may lag behind cost volatility. Therefore, there can be no assurance that cost increases can be offset by increased rates charged to residents in real time or that increased rates will not result in occupancy declines.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 The consolidated financial statements of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and the notes related to the foregoing consolidated financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm's report thereon are included in this Item 8.
 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB: 248)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2023

 Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate as of December 31, 2023

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc.
 Opinion on the financial statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (a Maryland corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other auditors, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We did not audit the financial statements of Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership ("Diversified US/UK"), a joint venture, for the year ended December 31, 2021, which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The equity in its net loss was $3.7 million of consolidated equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures for the year ended December 31, 2021. Those statements were audited by other auditors, whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Diversified US/UK is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

 Basis for opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical audit matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Impairment of Operating Real Estate Assets

 As described in Note 3 to the financial statements, as of December 31, 2023, the net carrying value of the Company's consolidated operating real estate assets was $821.3 million, including impairment losses related to operating real estate assets of $44.7 million recognized during the year then ended. The Company reviews its real estate portfolio quarterly, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value of its operating real estate may be impaired or that its carrying value may not be recoverable. We identified the Company's quantitative impairment assessment for operating real estate assets as a critical audit matter.

 The principal consideration for our determination that the impairment of operating real estate assets is a critical audit matter is that the Company's quantitative impairment assessment is highly judgmental due to the significant estimation involved in assessing the expected discounted future cash flows of the operating real estate assets. This includes the determination of inputs

 and assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, property-level cash flows and market rent assumptions, among others.

 Our audit procedures related to the impairment of operating real estate assets included the following, among others:

 • We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design and implementation of controls performed by management relating to the impairment of operating real estate assets, which included controls over management's development and review of the significant inputs and assumptions used in the estimates described above.

 • We obtained the Company's quantitative impairment analysis for a selection of operating properties, assessed the methodologies used by management and evaluated the significant assumptions described above. The key inputs used in the assessment were substantiated through property operating budgets and other relevant underlying data. We compared the significant assumptions used to estimate future cash flows to current industry forecasts, economic trends and past performance, and tested the arithmetic accuracy of management's calculations.

 • We involved firm specialists in assessing the reasonableness of the valuation models for a selection of operating properties and performed sensitivity analyses on certain of the significant inputs and assumptions described above.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2010.
 New York, New York

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Partners of Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership (the "Partnership") as of December 31, 2021, the related consolidated statement of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in partners' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 Supplementary Information

 The accompanying other financial information, including the Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership Consolidated Financial Statements – Historical Basis of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc., has been subjected to audit procedures performed in conjunction with the audit of the Partnership's consolidated financial statements. This information is presented for purposes of additional analysis and is not a required part of the consolidated financial statements. Such information is the responsibility of the Partnership's management and was derived from, and relates directly to, the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the financial statements. Our audit procedures included determining whether the information reconciles to the consolidated financial statements or the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the financial statements or to the financial statements themselves, as applicable, and other additional procedures including to test the completeness and accuracy of the information in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. In our opinion, the information is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated financial statements as a whole.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Real Estate Impairment

 Description of the Matter
 At December 31, 2021, the Partnership's real estate assets classified as held for investment totaled $2.5 billion. As more fully disclosed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Partnership evaluates its real estate held for investment for impairment periodically or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

 Auditing the Partnership's assessment of the recoverability of its real estate assets is highly judgmental due to the significant estimation in assessing the current and estimated future cash flows, the anticipated hold period, and the exit capitalization rates for the Partnership's real estate assets.

 How We Addressed the Matter in our Audit
 To test management's assessment for those real estate assets where there were indicators of impairment, we performed audit procedures that included, corroborating probability weighted hold periods with market conditions, giving consideration to management's plans, comparing the significant data and assumptions used to estimate future cash flows to the Partnership's accounting records, current industry and economic trends, or other third-party data and testing the mathematical accuracy of management's calculations.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Partnership's auditor since 2017.

 Los Angeles, California
 March 17, 2022

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

 Assets

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 85,037
 $
 103,926

 Restricted cash
 7,906
 11,734

 821,270
 933,002

 Investments in unconsolidated ventures ($ 142 held at fair value as of December 31, 2023)

 122,949
 176,502

 Assets held for sale
 —

 Receivables, net
 1,558
 2,815

 Intangible assets, net
 1,916
 2,253

 Other assets
 7,172
 7,603

 Total assets(1)

 $
 1,059,419
 $
 1,237,835

 Liabilities

 Mortgage notes payable, net
 $
 898,154
 $
 912,248

 Due to related party

 Escrow deposits payable

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 27,502
 21,034

 Other liabilities
 1,455
 2,019

 Total liabilities(1)

 927,739
 936,763

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)

 Equity

 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Stockholders' Equity

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 185,712,103 and 195,421,656 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 1,857
 1,954

 Additional paid-in capital
 1,716,757
 1,729,589

 Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
 ( 1,585,725)
 ( 1,428,840)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 ( 3,679)

 Total NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. stockholders' equity
 132,889
 299,024

 Non-controlling interests
 ( 1,209)
 2,048

 Total equity
 131,680
 301,072

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 1,059,419
 $
 1,237,835

 (1) Includes $ 121.1 million and $ 183.8 million of assets and liabilities, respectively, of certain VIEs that are consolidated by the Operating Partnership. Refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Property and other revenues

 Resident fee income
 $
 47,591
 $
 44,274
 $
 105,955

 Rental income
 153,544
 139,841
 137,322

 Other revenue
 3,843
 1,021
 —

 Total property and other revenues
 185,136
 243,277

 Interest income

 Interest income on debt investments
 —
 —
 4,667

 Expenses

 140,612
 137,578
 177,936

 50,028
 43,278
 61,620

 1,569

 —
 8,058
 11,105

 13,817
 13,938
 12,691

 54,836

 49,423
 45,299
 5,386

 Total expenses
 293,074
 288,307
 323,628

 Other income (loss)

 7,278

 Gain (loss) on investments and other
 ( 64,001)
 1,029
 79,477

 Income (loss) before equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures and income tax expense
 ( 151,903)
 ( 102,065)
 11,071

 ( 8,272)
 15,843

 ( 74)
 ( 61)
 ( 99)

 Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests
 3,364
 ( 1,748)

 Net income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 ( 156,885)
 $
 ( 54,100)
 $
 25,067

 Net income (loss) per share of common stock, basic/diluted(1)

 $
 ( 0.83)
 $
 ( 0.28)
 $
 0.13

 Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, basic/diluted(1)

 189,941,744
 194,343,635
 191,629,613

 Distributions declared per share of common stock
 $
 —
 $
 0.50
 $
 —

 (1) The Company had issued 203,742, 116,712 and 66,840 restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The restricted stock units have been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation as their impact is anti-dilutive due to the net loss generated during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the impact of the restricted stock units on the diluted earnings per share calculation was de minimis.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 Foreign currency translation adjustments related to investment in unconsolidated venture
 3,679

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 3,679

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 156,570)
 ( 57,694)
 25,862

 Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests
 3,364
 ( 1,748)

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. common stockholders
 $
 ( 153,206)
 $
 ( 57,293)
 $
 24,114

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
 (Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Total Company's Stockholders' Equity
 Non-controlling Interests
 Total Equity

 Shares

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 190,409
 $
 1,904
 $
 1,710,023
 $
 ( 1,302,755)
 $
 $
 409,639
 $
 2,423
 $
 412,062

 Share-based payment of advisor asset management fees
 2,712
 10,531
 —
 —
 10,557
 —
 10,557

 Amortization of equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - contributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,552)
 ( 2,552)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 25,067
 —
 25,067
 1,748

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 193,121
 $
 1,930
 $
 1,720,719
 $
 ( 1,277,688)
 $
 ( 486)
 $
 444,475
 $
 2,343
 $
 446,818

 Share-based payment of advisor asset management fees
 2,301
 8,842
 —
 —
 8,866
 —
 8,866

 Amortization of equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - contributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 224)
 ( 224)

 Distributions declared
 —
 —
 —
 ( 97,052)
 —
 ( 97,052)
 —
 ( 97,052)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 ( 54,100)
 —
 ( 54,100)
 ( 401)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 195,422
 $
 1,954
 $
 1,729,589
 $
 ( 1,428,840)
 $
 ( 3,679)
 $
 299,024
 $
 2,048
 $
 301,072

 Amortization of equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - contributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-controlling interests - distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 215)
 ( 215)

 Retirement of common stock (Note 8)
 ( 9,710)
 ( 97)
 ( 13,302)
 —
 —
 ( 13,399)
 —
 ( 13,399)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Reclassification of accumulated other comprehensive loss (1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,275
 3,275
 —
 3,275

 —
 —
 —
 ( 156,885)
 —
 ( 156,885)
 ( 3,364)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 185,712
 $
 1,857
 $
 1,716,757
 $
 ( 1,585,725)
 $
 —
 $
 132,889
 $
 ( 1,209)
 $
 131,680

 (1) The Company reclassified the accumulated other comprehensive loss related to foreign currency adjustments for an unconsolidated venture ownership interest that was sold during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The accumulated balance was reclassified to gain (loss) on investments and other on the consolidated statements of operations.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated ventures
 8,272
 ( 47,625)
 ( 15,843)

 54,836

 49,423
 45,299
 5,386

 Amortization of below market debt
 3,326
 3,247
 3,169

 Straight-line rental (income) loss, net
 —
 —
 7,803

 Amortization of discount/accretion of premium on investments
 —
 —
 ( 697)

 Amortization of deferred financing costs
 1,120
 1,662

 Amortization of equity-based compensation

 Paid-in-kind interest on real estate debt investment
 —
 —
 ( 194)

 (Gain) loss on investments and other
 64,001
 ( 1,029)
 ( 79,477)

 Change in allowance for uncollectible accounts

 Issuance of common stock as payment for asset management fees
 —
 8,058
 10,557

 Distributions from unconsolidated ventures
 10,640
 22,291
 —

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Receivables
 1,756

 Other assets
 ( 3,140)
 3,644
 ( 1,287)

 Due to related party
 ( 348)
 ( 5,928)
 ( 985)

 Escrow deposits payable
 ( 296)
 ( 90)
 ( 2,680)

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 6,629
 ( 5,222)
 ( 17,346)

 Other liabilities
 ( 112)
 ( 602)
 ( 254)

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 19,062
 7,824
 ( 6,438)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Capital expenditures for operating real estate
 ( 38,422)
 ( 29,304)
 ( 27,773)

 Sales of real estate
 —
 596,414

 Properties placed into a receivership
 ( 994)
 —
 —

 Repayment of real estate debt investment
 —
 —
 74,376

 Investments in unconsolidated ventures
 —
 —
 ( 400)

 Distributions from unconsolidated ventures
 16,873
 44,842
 18,110

 Real estate debt investment modification fee
 —
 —

 Sales of other assets
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 ( 21,884)
 15,538
 661,826

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Borrowings from mortgage notes
 —
 —

 Repayments of mortgage notes
 ( 18,492)
 ( 21,212)
 ( 517,618)

 Repayment of borrowings from line of credit - related party
 —
 —
 ( 35,000)

 Payment of deferred financing costs
 ( 48)
 ( 36)
 ( 708)

 Debt extinguishment costs
 —
 —
 ( 8,288)

 Payments under finance leases
 ( 147)
 ( 480)
 ( 578)

 Acquisition and retirement of common stock
 ( 1,315)
 —
 —

 Distributions paid on common stock
 —
 ( 97,018)
 —

 Contributions from non-controlling interests

 Distributions to non-controlling interests
 ( 215)
 ( 224)
 ( 2,552)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 ( 19,895)
 ( 118,640)
 ( 538,020)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 22,717)
 ( 95,278)
 117,368

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-beginning of period
 115,660
 210,938
 93,570

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash-end of period
 $
 92,943
 $
 115,660
 $
 210,938

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 38,269
 $
 38,836
 $
 65,828

 Cash paid for income taxes

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Accrued capital expenditures
 $
 $
 1,227
 $
 3,624

 Exchange of ownership interests in unconsolidated ventures for common stock
 13,399
 —
 —

 Assets acquired under finance leases
 —
 —

 Assets acquired under capital lease obligations
 —

 Reclassification of assets held for sale
 11,966
 —
 —

 Derecognition of operating real estate placed into a receivership
 58,953
 —
 —

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. Business and Organization
 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (the "Company"), owns a diversified portfolio of seniors housing properties, including independent living facilities ("ILF"), assisted living ("ALF") and memory care facilities ("MCF") located throughout the United States. In addition, the Company has an investment through a non-controlling interest in a joint venture that invests in integrated senior health campuses, which provide services associated with ILFs, ALFs, MCFs and skilled nursing facilities ("SNF"), across the Midwest region of the United States.
 The Company was formed in October 2010 as a Maryland corporation and commenced operations in February 2013. The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"), commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. The Company has conducted its operations, and intends to do so in the future, so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
 Substantially all of the Company's business is conducted through NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (the "Operating Partnership"). The Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership are NorthStar Healthcare Income Advisor, LLC and NorthStar Healthcare Income OP Holdings, LLC (the "Special Unit Holder"), which became indirect subsidiaries of the Company on June 9, 2023. NorthStar Healthcare Income Advisor, LLC invested $ 1,000 in the Operating Partnership in exchange for common units and the Special Unit Holder invested $ 1,000 in the Operating Partnership and was issued a separate class of limited partnership units (the "Special Units"), which were collectively recorded as non-controlling interests on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets prior to June 9, 2023. As the Company issued shares, it contributed substantially all of the proceeds from its continuous, public offerings to the Operating Partnership as a capital contribution. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, directly or indirectly, was 100 %.
 The Company's charter authorizes the issuance of up to 400.0 million shares of common stock with a par value of $ 0.01 per share and up to 50.0 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $ 0.01 per share. The board of directors of the Company is authorized to amend its charter, without the approval of the stockholders, to increase the aggregate number of authorized shares of capital stock or the number of shares of any class or series that the Company has authority to issue.
 The Company raised $ 2.0 billion in total gross proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock in its continuous, public offerings (the "Offering"), including $ 232.6 million pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan (the "DRP").
 The Internalization
 From inception through October 21, 2022, the Company was externally managed by CNI NSHC Advisors, LLC or its predecessor (the "Former Advisor"), an affiliate of NRF Holdco, LLC (the "Former Sponsor"). The Former Advisor was responsible for managing the Company's operations, subject to the supervision of the Company's board of directors, pursuant to an advisory agreement. On October 21, 2022, the Company completed the internalization of the Company's management function (the "Internalization"). In connection with the Internalization, the Company agreed with the Former Advisor to terminate the advisory agreement and arranged for the Former Advisor to continue to provide certain services for a transition period.

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of Accounting
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP").
 Principles of Consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or if the Company has the power to control an entity through majority voting interest or other arrangements. All significant intercompany balances are eliminated in consolidation.

 Variable Interest Entities
 A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE includes both a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The Company bases its qualitative analysis on its review of the design of the entity, its organizational structure including decision-making ability and relevant financial agreements and the quantitative analysis on the forecasted cash flow of the entity. The Company reassesses its initial evaluation of an entity as a VIE upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events.
 A VIE must be consolidated only by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who, along with its affiliates and agents, has both the: (i) power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance; and (ii) obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE or the right to receive the benefits from the VIE, which could be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE by considering qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and which party controls such activities; the amount and characteristics of its investment; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or other interests to provide financial support; consideration of the VIE's purpose and design, including the risks the VIE was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of the Company and the other interests. The Company reassesses its determination of whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE each reporting period. Judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair value and performance of investments held by these VIEs and general market conditions.
 The Company evaluates its investments and financings, including investments in unconsolidated ventures to determine whether each investment or financing is a VIE. The Company analyzes new investments, as well as reconsideration events for existing investments, which vary depending on the type of investment.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has identified certain consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs. Assets of each of the VIEs may only be used to settle obligations of the respective VIE. Creditors of each of the VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.
 Consolidated VIEs
 The most significant VIEs of the Company are certain entities that are consolidated by the Operating Partnership. These entities are VIEs because of non-controlling interests owned by third parties, which do not have substantive kick-out or participating rights. Included in operating real estate, net, assets held for sale and mortgage notes payable, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 is $ 101.3 million, $ 11.6 million and $ 171.8 million, respectively, related to such consolidated VIEs.
 Unconsolidated VIEs
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company identified unconsolidated VIEs related to its investments in unconsolidated ventures with a carrying value of $ 122.9 million. The Company's maximum exposure to loss as of December 31, 2023 would not exceed the carrying value of its investment in the VIEs. The Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and, accordingly, they are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements as of December 31, 2023. The Company did not provide financial support to its unconsolidated VIEs during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, there were no explicit arrangements or implicit variable interests that could require the Company to provide financial support to its unconsolidated VIEs.
 Voting Interest Entities
 A voting interest entity is an entity in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable it to finance its activities independently and the equity holders have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses of the entity and the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest in a voting interest entity is ownership of a majority voting interest. If the Company has a majority voting interest in a voting interest entity, the entity will generally be consolidated. The Company does not consolidate a voting interest entity if there are substantive participating rights by other parties and/or kick-out rights by a single party or through a simple majority vote.

 The Company performs on-going reassessments of whether entities previously evaluated under the voting interest framework have become VIEs, based on certain events, and therefore subject to the VIE consolidation framework.
 Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 A non-controlling, unconsolidated ownership interest in an entity may be accounted for using the equity method or the Company may elect the fair value option.
 The Company will account for an investment under the equity method of accounting if it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of an entity, but does not have a controlling financial interest. Under the equity method, the investment is adjusted each period for capital contributions and distributions and its share of the entity's net income (loss). Capital contributions, distributions and net income (loss) of such entities are recorded in accordance with the terms of the governing documents. An allocation of net income (loss) may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in such entity as a result of preferred returns and allocation formulas, if any, as described in such governing documents. Equity method investments are recognized using a cost accumulation model, in which the investment is recognized based on the cost to the investor, which includes acquisition fees. The Company records as an expense certain acquisition costs and fees associated with consolidated investments deemed to be business combinations and capitalizes these costs for investments deemed to be acquisitions of an asset, including an equity method investment.
 The Company may elect the fair value option of accounting for an investment that would otherwise be accounted for under the equity method. The fair value option election allows an entity to make an irrevocable election of fair value for certain financial assets and liabilities on an instrument-by-instrument basis at the initial or subsequent measurement. The decision to elect the fair value option must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Under the fair value option, the Company records its share of the changes to fair value of the investment and any unrealized gains and losses.
 On June 30, 2023, the Company elected the fair value option method to account for its investment in the Espresso joint venture, which is included in investments in unconsolidated ventures on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value election was made based on the Company's assessment that the expected return of investment was lower than the Company's carrying value of its investment in the Espresso joint venture, which resulted in an impairment of $ 4.7 million and reduced the carrying value of its investment to recoverable fair value of $ 3.1 million as of June 30, 2023. The Company's assessment for the recoverability of its investment took into consideration the joint venture's remaining assets and estimated future cash distributions, less transaction and wind down costs. The Company will record any changes to its investment's fair value in gain (loss) on investments and other in the consolidated statements of operations. From the date of the election of fair value through December 31, 2023, the Company did not record any changes to the fair value of its investment in the Espresso joint venture. Refer to Note 4 "Investment in Unconsolidated Ventures" and Note 10 "Fair Value" for further discussion.
 Non-controlling Interests
 A non-controlling interest in a consolidated subsidiary is defined as the portion of the equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. A non-controlling interest is required to be presented as a separate component of equity on the consolidated balance sheets and presented separately as net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to controlling and non-controlling interests. An allocation to a non-controlling interest may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in such entity as a result of a preferred return and allocation formula, if any, as described in such governing documents.
 Estimates
 The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that could affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions. Any estimates of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, rising interest rates, risk of recession and other economic conditions as reflected and/or discussed in these financial statements are based upon the Company's best estimates using information known to the Company as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such estimates may change and the impact of which could be material.
 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash, including amounts restricted, may at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation deposit insurance limit of $250,000 per institution. The Company mitigates credit risk by placing cash and cash equivalents with major

 financial institutions and money market funds invested in short-term U.S. government securities. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on cash and cash equivalents.
 Restricted cash consists of amounts related to operating real estate (escrows for taxes, insurance, capital expenditures, security deposits received from residents and payments required under certain lease agreements) and other escrows required by lenders of the Company's borrowings.
 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported on the consolidated balance sheets to the total of such amounts as reported on the consolidated statements of cash flows (dollars in thousands):

 December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 85,037
 $
 103,926
 $
 200,473

 Restricted cash
 7,906
 11,734
 10,465

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 92,943
 $
 115,660
 $
 210,938

 Operating Real Estate
 Operating real estate is carried at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Major replacements and betterments which improve or extend the life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over their useful life. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Operating real estate is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets, summarized as follows:

 Category:
 Term:

 Building
 39 to 49 years

 Building improvements
 Lesser of the useful life or remaining life of the building

 Land improvements
 9 to 15 years

 Tenant improvements
 Lesser of the useful life or remaining term of the lease

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 5 to 14 years

 Construction costs incurred in connection with the Company's investments are capitalized and included in operating real estate, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Construction in progress is not depreciated until the asset is available for its intended use.
 Lessee Accounting
 A leasing arrangement, a right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration, is classified by the lessee either as a finance lease, which represents a financed purchase of the leased asset, or as an operating lease. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, a lease asset and a lease liability are recognized on the balance sheet at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.
 Lease renewal or termination options are included in the lease asset and lease liability only if it is reasonably certain that the option to extend would be exercised or the option to terminate would not be exercised. As the implicit rate in most leases are not readily determinable, the Company's incremental borrowing rate for each lease at commencement date is used to determine the present value of lease payments. Consideration is given to the Company's recent debt financing transactions, as well as publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics, adjusted for the respective lease term, when estimating incremental borrowing rates.
 Lease expense is recognized over the lease term based on an effective interest method for finance leases and on a straight-line basis for operating leases.
 Right of Use ("ROU") - Finance Assets
 The Company has entered into finance leases for equipment which are included in operating real estate, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, furniture, fixtures and equipment under finance leases totaled $ 0.2 million. The leased equipment is amortized on a straight-line basis. Payments for finance leases totaled $ 0.1 million and $ 0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents the future minimum lease payments under finance leases and the present value of the minimum lease payments, which are included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31:

 2024
 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter
 —

 Total minimum lease payments
 $

 Less: Amount representing interest
 ( 23)

 Present value of minimum lease payments
 $

 The weighted average interest rate related to the finance lease obligations is 6.5 % with a weighted average lease term of 3.8 years.
 As of December 31, 2023, there were no leases that had yet to commence which would create significant rights and obligations to the Company as lessee.
 Assets Held For Sale
 The Company classifies certain long-lived assets as held for sale once the criteria, as defined by U.S. GAAP, have been met and are expected to sell within one year. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value minus cost to sell, with any write-down recorded to impairment loss on the consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation and amortization is not recorded for assets classified as held for sale.
 In November 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a property within the Rochester portfolio for $ 12.0 million, and as of December 31, 2023, has classified the property as held for sale on its consolidated balance sheets. At the time of the reclassification to held for sale, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $ 0.4 million. The sale was completed in February 2024. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any assets classified as held for sale.
 Intangible Assets and Deferred Costs
 Deferred Costs
 Deferred costs consist of deferred financing costs. Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, legal and other third-party costs associated with obtaining financing. These costs are recorded against the carrying value of such financing and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the financing using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are expensed to gain (loss) on investments and other, when the associated borrowing is repaid before maturity. Costs incurred in seeking financing transactions which do not close are expensed in the period in which it is determined that the financing will not occur.
 Identified Intangibles
 The Company records acquired identified intangibles, such as the value of in-place leases and other intangibles, based on estimated fair value at the acquisition date. The value allocated to the identified intangibles is amortized over the remaining lease term. In-place leases are amortized into depreciation and amortization expense.
 Impairment analysis for identified intangible assets is performed in connection with the impairment assessment of the related operating real estate. An impairment establishes a new basis for the identified intangible asset and any impairment loss recognized is not subject to subsequent reversal. Refer to "—Impairment on Operating Real Estate and Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures" for additional information.

 Identified intangible assets are recorded in intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Intangible assets relate to the Company's in-place lease values for the Company's four net lease properties. The following table presents intangible assets, net (dollars in thousands):

 In-place lease value
 $
 120,149
 $
 120,149

 Less: Accumulated amortization
 ( 118,233)
 ( 117,896)

 Intangible assets, net
 $
 1,916
 $
 2,253

 The Company recorded $ 0.3 million of amortization expense for in-place leases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and $ 1.4 million of amortization expense for in-place leases for the year ended December 2021.
 The following table presents future amortization of in-place lease value (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31:

 2024
 $

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter

 Total
 $
 1,916

 Derivative Instruments
 The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its interest rate risk. The Company's derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. The accounting for changes in fair value of derivatives depends upon whether or not the Company has elected to designate the derivative in a hedging relationship and the derivative qualifies for hedge accounting. Under hedge accounting, changes in fair value for derivatives are recorded through other comprehensive income. When hedge accounting is not elected, changes in fair value for derivatives are recorded through the income statement.
 The Company has interest rate caps that have not been designated for hedge accounting. The fair value of the Company's interest rate caps totaled $ 0.4 million and $ 0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value of derivatives have been recorded in gain (loss) on investments and other in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized losses totaling $ 0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and gains totaling $ 0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, changes in fair value of derivatives were de minimis.
 Revenue Recognition
 Operating Real Estate
 Rental income from operating real estate is derived from leasing of space to operators and residents, including rent received from the Company's net lease properties and rent, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from ILF residents. Rental income recognition commences when the operator takes legal possession of the leased space and the leased space is substantially ready for its intended use. The leases are for fixed terms of varying length and generally provide for rentals and expense reimbursements to be paid in monthly installments. Rental income from leases, which includes community and move-in fees, is recognized over the term of the respective leases. ILF resident agreements are generally short-term in nature and may allow for termination with 30 days' notice.
 The Company also generates revenue from operating healthcare properties. Revenue related to operating healthcare properties includes resident room and care charges, ancillary fees and other resident service charges. Rent is charged and revenue is recognized when such services are provided, generally defined per the resident agreement as of the date upon which a resident occupies a room or uses the services. Resident agreements are generally short-term in nature and may allow for termination with 30 days' notice. Revenue derived from our ALFs and MCFs is recorded in resident fee income in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Revenue from operators and residents is recognized at lease commencement only to the extent collection is expected to be probable. This assessment is based on several qualitative and quantitative factors, including and as appropriate, the payment history, ability to satisfy its lease obligations, the value of the underlying collateral or deposit, if any, and current economic conditions. If collection is assessed to not be probable, thereafter lease income recognized is limited to amounts collected, with the reversal of any revenue recognized to date in excess of amounts received. If collection is subsequently reassessed to be probable, revenue is adjusted to reflect the amount that would have been recognized had collection always been assessed as probable.
 The operator of the Company's four net lease properties failed to remit contractual monthly rent obligations and the Company deemed it not probable that these obligations will be satisfied in the foreseeable future. On March 27, 2023, the Company entered into a lease forbearance and modification agreement (the "Forbearance Agreement") with the existing operator, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company will be entitled to receive all cash flow in excess of permitted expenses, and be required to fund any operating deficits, through 2025, subject to the terms and conditions thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 remittances from the operator totaled $ 1.7 million, $ 1.6 million, and $ 3.4 million, respectively, which the Company recorded as rental income.
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, total property and other revenue includes variable lease revenue of $ 14.1 million, $ 11.2 million and $ 13.1 million, respectively. Variable lease revenue includes ancillary services provided to residents, as well as non-recurring services and fees at the Company's operating facilities.
 Impairment on Operating Real Estate and Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 Operating Real Estate and Assets Held for Sale
 The Company's real estate portfolio is reviewed on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value of its operating real estate may be impaired or that its carrying value may not be recoverable. A property's value is considered impaired if the Company's estimate of the aggregate expected future undiscounted cash flow generated by the property is less than the carrying value. In conducting this review, the Company considers U.S. macroeconomic factors, real estate and healthcare sector conditions, together with asset specific and other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the property over the estimated fair value and recorded in impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Real estate held for sale is stated at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less disposal cost, with any write-down to disposal cost recorded as an impairment loss. For any increase in fair value less disposal cost subsequent to classification as held for sale, the impairment may be reversed, but only up to the amount of cumulative loss previously recognized.
 The Company considered the potential impact of the lasting effects of inflation, rising interest rates, risk of recession and other economic conditions on the future net operating income of its healthcare real estate held for investment as an indicator of impairment. Fair values were estimated based upon the income capitalization approach, using net operating income for each property and applying indicative capitalization rates.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded impairment losses on its operating real estate totaling $ 44.7 million, which includes impairment losses of $ 38.6 million for five facilities within the Rochester portfolio as a result of revised holding period assumptions, $ 5.6 million for a facility within its Arbors portfolio as a result of lower estimated future cash flows and estimated market value, $ 0.4 million to reflect net realizable value for a facility within the Rochester portfolio designated as held for sale and $ 0.1 million for a land parcel within the Rochester portfolio as a result of lower estimated market value.
 During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded impairment losses on its operating real estate totaling $ 31.9 million. The Company recorded impairment losses of $ 18.5 million, $ 8.5 million, and $ 3.9 million for facilities in its Arbors, Winterfell and Rochester portfolios, respectively, as a result of declining operating margins and lower projected future cash flows. In addition, the Company recorded impairment losses totaling $ 0.8 million and $ 0.2 million for property damage sustained by facilities in its Winterfell portfolio and a facility in its Avamere portfolio, respectively.
 Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 The Company reviews its investments in unconsolidated ventures on a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, to assess whether there are any indicators that the value may be impaired or that its carrying value may not be recoverable. An investment

 is considered impaired if the projected net recoverable amount over the expected holding period is less than the carrying value. In conducting this review, the Company considers global macroeconomic factors, including real estate sector conditions, together with investment specific and other factors. To the extent an impairment has occurred on the Company's investment in unconsolidated ventures, and is considered to be other than temporary, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the investment over the estimated fair value and recorded in impairment loss in the consolidated statements of operations.
 In June 2023, the Company impaired its investment in the Espresso joint venture by $ 4.7 million, which reduced the carrying value of its investment to $ 3.1 million as of June 30, 2023. The Company's assessment for the fair value of its investment took into consideration the joint venture's remaining assets and estimated future cash distributions, less transaction and wind down costs. Upon impairing its investment, the Company elected the fair value option method to account for its investment in the Espresso joint venture on June 30, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company impaired its investment in the Diversified US/UK joint venture by $ 13.4 million, which reduced the carrying value of its investment to $ 28.4 million. Refer to Note 10, "Fair Value" for further discussion.
 Further, the joint ventures underlying the Company's unconsolidated ventures assess and record impairment and reserves on their respective real estate portfolios, goodwill, and other assets, and the Company recognizes its proportionate share through equity in earnings (losses). In May 2023, prior to the Sale of Minority Interests (as defined in Note 4, "Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures"), the Diversified US/UK joint venture recorded impairment losses on its remaining properties, 48 care homes located in the United Kingdom (the "UK Portfolio"), due to, among other things, the extended period contemplated for the UK Portfolio to reach stabilization. The Company's proportionate share of the impairment losses recorded by the Diversified US/UK portfolio totaled $ 11.4 million. Additionally, the Trilogy joint venture recorded impairment losses on its trade name intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2023, of which the Company's proportionate share totaled $ 2.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company's proportionate share of impairment and reserves recognized by the underlying joint ventures of its unconsolidated ventures was $ 25.1 million.
 Credit Losses on Receivables
 The current expected credit loss model, in estimating expected credit losses over the life of a financial instrument at the time of origination or acquisition, considers historical loss experiences, current conditions and the effects of reasonable and supportable expectations of changes in future macroeconomic conditions. The Company assesses the estimate of expected credit losses on a quarterly basis or more frequently as necessary. The Company considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
 The Company measures expected credit losses of receivables on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. If the Company determines that a particular receivable does not share risk characteristics with its other receivables, the Company evaluates the receivable for expected credit losses on an individual basis.
 When developing an estimate of expected credit losses on receivables, the Company considers available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows. This information may include internal information, external information, or a combination of both relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company considers relevant qualitative and quantitative factors that relate to the environment in which the Company operates and are specific to the borrower.
 Further, the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, may be used when determining the allowance for credit losses for a receivable for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has no t recorded an allowance for credit losses on its receivables.
 Acquisition Fees and Expenses
 The Company recorded an expense for certain acquisition costs and fees associated with transactions deemed to be business combinations in which it consolidated the asset and capitalized these costs for transactions deemed to be acquisitions of an asset, including an equity investment.
 Equity-Based Compensation
 The Company accounts for equity-based compensation awards using the fair value method, which requires an estimate of fair value of the award at the time of grant. All fixed equity-based awards to directors, which have no vesting conditions other than

 time of service, are amortized to compensation expense over the awards' vesting period on a straight-line basis. Equity-based compensation is classified within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Income Taxes
 The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code beginning in its taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Accordingly, the Company will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of its distributions to stockholders as long as certain asset, gross income and share ownership tests are met. To maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company must annually distribute dividends equal to at least 90.0% of its REIT taxable income (with certain adjustments) to its stockholders and meet certain other requirements. The Company believes that all of the criteria to maintain the Company's REIT qualification have been met for the applicable periods.
 For the taxable year ended December 31, 2023, the Company anticipates that its REIT taxable income, if any, will be offset by its net operating loss carry-forward and as such, the Company will not be subject to the distribution requirements. The Company's most recently filed tax return is for the year ended December 31, 2022 and includes a net operating loss carry-forward of $ 248.5 million.
 If the Company were to fail to meet these requirements, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and potential interest and penalties, which could have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and amounts available for distributions to its stockholders. The Company's accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties is to classify these amounts as a component of income tax expense, where applicable. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open tax years, which include 2019 to 2023, and concluded there were no material uncertainties to be recognized. The Company may also be subject to certain state, local and franchise taxes. Under certain circumstances, federal income and excise taxes may be due on its undistributed taxable income.
 The Company made a joint election to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRS") which may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. In general, a TRS of the Company may perform services for managers/operators/residents of the Company, hold assets that the Company cannot hold directly and may engage in any real estate or non-real estate related business.
 Certain subsidiaries of the Company are subject to taxation by federal and state authorities for the periods presented. Income taxes are accounted for by the asset/liability approach in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Deferred taxes, if any, represent the expected future tax consequences when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Such amounts arise from differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax laws and tax rates in the period which such changes are enacted. A provision for income tax represents the total of income taxes paid or payable for the current period, plus the change in deferred taxes. Current and deferred taxes are provided on the portion of earnings (losses) recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in the TRS.
 A reconciliation of income taxes, which is computed by applying the federal corporate tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, to the taxable income is as follows (in thousands):

 For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Tax (benefit) at statutory rate for taxable entities (21%)
 $
 ( 1,098)
 $
 ( 2,112)
 $
 4,956

 State income tax (benefit), net of federal benefits
 ( 48)
 ( 91)

 Change in valuation allowance
 1,216
 2,145
 ( 5,102)

 Other differences
 ( 59)

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 $
 $
 $

 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are calculated based on temporary differences between the Company's U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements and the federal and state income tax basis of assets and liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet date. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets (e.g., net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards) and recognizes a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of its deferred tax assets, the Company considers estimates of expected future taxable income, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires the Company to forecast its business and general economic environment in future periods. Changes in estimate of deferred tax asset realizability, if any, are included in provision for income tax expense in the consolidated statements of

 operations. The Company has a deferred tax asset and continues to have a full valuation allowance recognized, as there are no changes in the facts and circumstances to indicate that the Company should release the valuation allowance.
 The components of the Company's deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Fixed assets and other
 $
 $

 Net operating losses
 15,827
 14,681

 Total deferred tax assets
 $
 16,483
 $
 15,267

 Valuation allowance
 ( 16,483)
 ( 15,267)

 Net deferred income tax assets
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 The Company reports consolidated comprehensive income (loss) in separate statements following the consolidated statements of operations. Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity resulting from net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI"). The only component of OCI for the Company was foreign currency translation adjustments related to its investment in an unconsolidated venture.
 Foreign Currency
 Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is a foreign currency are translated using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are translated into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a component of accumulated OCI in the consolidated statements of equity.
 Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar are remeasured using the currency exchange rate in effect at the end of the period presented and the results of operations for such entities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the average currency exchange rate in effect during the period.
 For the period December 31, 2022 through June 9, 2023, the Company had exposure to foreign currency through an investment in an unconsolidated venture, the effects of which were recorded as a component of accumulated OCI in the consolidated statements of equity and in equity in earnings (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the Sale of Minority Interests (as defined in Note 4, "Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures") in June 2023, the Company is no longer exposed to foreign currency. The Company reclassified the accumulated foreign currency losses, totaling $ 3.3 million, related to the Diversified US/UK joint venture, previously recorded through other comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of equity, to gain (loss) on investments and other on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
 In March 2020, the FASB issued an amendment to the reference rate reform standard, which provides the option for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, reference rate reform on contract modifications and hedge accounting. An example of such reform is the market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") to alternative reference rates. Entities that make this optional expedient election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess the accounting treatment if certain criteria are met and would continue applying hedge accounting for relationships affected by reference rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB extended the date for which this guidance can be applied from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company did not make the optional election of the aforementioned accounting standards.
 Future Application of Accounting Standards
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis, primarily through enhanced disclosures of significant segment expenses. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and requires retrospective application to all periods presented upon adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate the application of the accounting standards will have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental income tax information within the rate reconciliation and expanded disclosures of income taxes paid, among other disclosure requirements. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate the application of the accounting standards will have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

 3. Operating Real Estate
 The following table presents operating real estate, net (dollars in thousands):

 Land
 $
 115,758
 $
 121,518

 Land improvements
 12,705
 18,945

 Buildings and improvements
 861,452
 957,924

 Tenant improvements

 Construction in progress
 5,493
 6,736

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 93,373
 91,058

 $
 $
 1,196,553

 Less: Accumulated depreciation
 ( 267,883)
 ( 263,551)

 $
 821,270
 $
 933,002

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, depreciation expense was $ 38.2 million, $ 38.3 million and $ 53.5 million, respectively.
 Within the table above, operating real estate has been reduced by accumulated impairment losses of $ 162.9 million and $ 181.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Impairment losses on the Company's operating real estate and properties held for sale totaled $ 44.7 million, $ 31.9 million and $ 5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are recorded in impairment losses on the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.

 The following table presents the operators and managers of the Company's operating real estate (dollars in thousands):

 As of December 31, 2023

 Operator / Manager
 Properties Under Management
 Units Under Management(1)

 Property and Other Revenues(2)

 % of Total Property and Other Revenues

 Solstice Senior Living(3)

 3,969
 $
 127,765
 62.3
 %

 Watermark Retirement Communities(4)

 45,001
 22.0
 %

 Avamere Health Services
 21,780
 10.6
 %

 Integral Senior Living
 4,880
 2.4
 %

 Arcadia Management

 1,709
 0.8
 %

 Other(5)

 —
 —
 3,843
 1.9
 %

 Total
 5,749
 $
 100.0
 %

 ______________________________________
 (1)Represents rooms for ALFs, ILFs and MCFs.
 (2)Includes rental income received from the Company's net lease properties, rental income, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from ILF residents and resident fee income derived from the Company's ALFs and MCFs, which includes resident room and care charges, ancillary fees and other resident service charges.
 (3)Solstice is a joint venture of which affiliates of ISL own 80 %.
 (4)Property count and units exclude one property within the Rochester portfolio designated as held for sale and the properties within the Rochester Sub-Portfolio, which were placed into a receivership in October 2023.
 (5)Consists primarily of interest income earned on corporate-level cash and cash equivalents.
 As a result of the mortgage loan payment defaults in July 2023, on October 30, 2023, the Rochester Sub-Portfolio (as defined in Note 5, "Borrowings") was placed into a receivership. The receiver now has effective control of the properties and the Company is working with the lender and the receiver to facilitate an orderly transition of the operations, and eventually ownership, of the properties.
 As a result of the loss of control, the Company discontinued recognizing revenues and expenses related to the Rochester Sub-Portfolio as of October 30, 2023 and derecognized the properties and related assets from the Company's financial statements, which resulted in a $ 59.0 million loss recognized in accordance with ASC 610-20, "Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets."
 Net Lease Rental Income
 Net lease properties owned as of December 31, 2023 have current lease expirations of 2029, with certain operator renewal rights. These net lease arrangements require the operator to pay rent and substantially all the expenses of the leased property including maintenance, taxes, utilities and insurance. The Company's net lease agreements provide for periodic rental increases based on the greater of certain percentages or increase in the consumer price index.
 Beginning in February 2021, the operator of the Company's net lease properties failed to remit contractual monthly rent obligations and the Company deemed it not probable that these obligations will be satisfied in the future. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded rental income to the extent rental payments were received. The following table presents the future contractual rent obligations for the operator of the Company's net lease properties over the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31:

 2024
 $
 11,192

 2025
 11,472

 2026
 11,759

 2027
 12,053

 2028
 12,354

 Thereafter
 9,438

 Total
 $
 68,268

 4. Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 The Company's investments in unconsolidated ventures are accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. The following table presents the Company's investments in unconsolidated ventures (dollars in thousands):

 Carrying Value

 Portfolio
 Acquisition Date
 Ownership

 Trilogy
 Dec-2015
 23.4
 %
 $
 122,339
 $
 128,884

 Solstice
 Jul-2017
 20.0
 %

 Espresso
 Jul-2015
 36.7
 %
 18,019

 Investments sold
 —
 29,276

 Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 $
 122,949
 $
 176,502

 Trilogy Option Agreement
 On November 3, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to sell all of its ownership interests in Trilogy REIT Holdings, LLC (the "Trilogy Joint Venture"), which indirectly owns 125 integrated senior health campuses, to American Healthcare REIT, Inc. or its affiliates ("AHR"), the majority partner of the Trilogy Joint Venture. Under the agreement, AHR has the right to purchase the Company's ownership interests in the Trilogy Joint Venture at any time prior to September 30, 2025, assuming AHR exercises all of its extension options and subject to satisfaction of certain closing conditions, for a purchase price ranging from $ 240.5 million to up to $ 260 million depending upon the purchase price consideration, timing of the closing and certain additional fees that AHR may pay to the Company in the interim. A minimum of 10 % of the purchase price consideration must be paid in cash, with the balance payable in either cash or new Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be issued by AHR in connection with the closing. The portion of the purchase price consideration paid in cash may be subject to a 7.5 % or 5 % discount, respectively, if the transaction closes prior to March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2024, respectively. In addition, the Company may be entitled to a supplemental cash payment of $ 25,600 per day for the period between July 1, 2023 until the closing date, for up to approximately $ 21 million, if the Trilogy Joint Venture does not distribute an equivalent amount to the Company during the interim period. AHR may terminate the agreement at any time, subject to payment of a termination fee equal to: (i) if terminated prior to the initial outside date, September 30, 2024, $ 7.8 million, (ii) if extended and terminated prior March 31, 2025, $ 11.7 million and (iii) if further extended and terminated prior to September 30, 2025, $ 15.6 million. There can be no assurance that AHR will consummate the purchase of the Company's interests on these terms or at all.
 Solstice
 Solstice Senior Living, LLC ("Solstice"), the manager of the Winterfell portfolio, is a joint venture between affiliates of Integral Senior Living, LLC ("ISL"), a management company of ILF, ALF and MCF founded in 2000, which owns 80.0 %, and the Company, which owns 20.0 %.
 Espresso
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Espresso joint venture completed the sale of its remaining sub-portfolios and distributed the net proceeds generated, of which the Company's proportionate share totaled $ 17.3 million. In June 2023, the Company recorded an impairment of $ 4.7 million to reflect the fair value of its investment in the Espresso joint venture, based on the estimated cash distributions to be received from the joint venture. The Company's elected the fair value option method to account for its investment in the Espresso joint venture on June 30, 2023.
 Investments Sold
 In June 2023, the Company sold its 14 % interest in Healthcare GA Holdings, General Partnership, which indirectly owned 48 care homes across the United Kingdom (the "Diversified US/UK Portfolio"), and its 6 % interest in Eclipse Health, General Partnership, which indirectly owned 34 seniors housing facilities (the "Eclipse Portfolio"), together with $ 1.1 million in cash, to its Former Sponsor, who is affiliated with the majority partner of each joint venture, for all of the Company's equity securities held by the Former Sponsor and its affiliates, including 9,709,553 shares of common stock of the Company, 100 common units in the Operating Partnership and 100 special units in the Operating Partnership (the "Sale of Minority Interests").

 The following table presents the results of the Company's investment in unconsolidated ventures (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Portfolio
 Equity in Earnings (Losses)
 Cash Distribution
 Equity in Earnings (Losses)
 Cash Distribution
 Equity in Earnings (Losses)
 Cash Distribution

 Trilogy(1)

 $
 ( 1,409)
 $
 5,136
 $
 11,652
 $
 9,134
 $
 ( 2,891)
 $
 4,638

 Solstice
 —
 —
 ( 79)
 —

 Espresso(2)

 9,228
 22,377
 72,427
 54,654
 19,619
 5,500

 Envoy
 —
 —
 —

 Investments sold(3)

 ( 16,236)
 —
 ( 36,456)
 3,279
 ( 1,546)
 7,155

 Total
 $
 ( 8,272)
 $
 27,513
 $
 $
 67,133
 $
 15,843
 $
 18,110

 (1)The Trilogy joint venture recognized impairment losses on its intangible assets, of which the Company's proportionate share totaled $ 2.4 million and is included in equity in earnings (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 (2)The Espresso joint venture recognized net gains related to sub-portfolio sales, of which the Company's proportionate share totaled $ 9.2 million and $ 70.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company was distributed its proportionate share of the net proceeds generated from the sales during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, totaling $ 17.3 million and $ 49.7 million, respectively. In addition, the Company elected to account for the joint venture under the fair value option on June 30, 2023, which resulted in no earnings recorded from the date of election through December 31, 2023.
 (3)Prior to the sale of the Diversified US/UK joint venture, the joint venture recognized impairment, of which the Company's proportionate share totaled $ 11.4 million and $ 22.9 million is included in equity in earnings (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 Summarized Financial Data
 The following table presents a summary of the combined balance sheets and combined statements of operations of the Espresso and Solstice joint ventures (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Assets

 $
 —
 $
 76,087
 Total revenues
 $
 17,766
 $
 40,445
 $
 67,206

 All other assets
 10,530
 34,842
 $
 52,224
 $
 197,734
 $
 53,167

 Total assets
 $
 10,530
 $
 110,929

 Liabilities and equity

 Total liabilities
 $
 7,457
 $
 97,826

 Equity
 3,073
 13,103

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 10,530
 $
 110,929

 On June 9 2023, the Company sold its ownership interest in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse joint ventures. The following table presents a summary of the combined balance sheets and combined statements of operations of the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse joint ventures (dollars in thousands):

 June 9, 2023
 Period Ended June 9, 2023
 Years Ended December 31,

 2022
 2021

 Assets

 $
 615,335
 $
 2,325,802
 Total revenues
 $
 115,068
 $
 352,098
 $
 386,354

 All other assets
 45,069
 232,202
 $
 ( 198,793)
 $
 ( 288,881)
 $
 12,087

 Total assets
 $
 660,404
 $
 2,558,004

 Liabilities and equity

 Total liabilities
 $
 573,185
 $
 2,341,223

 Equity
 87,219
 216,781

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 660,404
 $
 2,558,004

 Trilogy Joint Venture Financials
 SEC Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X requires that a company include audited financial statements for equity method investees when such investees are individually significant for a company's fiscal year. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's investment in the Trilogy joint venture was determined to not be significant, however, for the year ended December 31, 2022, the income from the Company's investment in the Trilogy joint venture was determined to be significant. As a result, Trilogy's financial data has been excluded from the summarized financial information above and the joint venture's unaudited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 were included as Exhibit 99.1 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 5. Borrowings
 The following table presents the Company's mortgage notes payable (dollars in thousands):

 Recourse vs. Non-Recourse(1)

 Initial
Maturity
 Contractual
 Interest Rate(2)

 Principal
 Amount(3)

 Carrying
 Value(3)

 Principal
Amount(3)

 Carrying
Value(3)

 Aqua Portfolio

 Frisco, TX(4)

 Feb 2026
 3.0 %
 $
 $
 25,694
 $
 $
 25,560

 Sep 2026
 SOFR + 2.79 %

 18,173
 18,015
 18,336
 18,126

 Rochester Portfolio

 Feb 2025
 4.25 %
 17,470
 17,448
 18,206
 18,165

 Rochester, NY(5)

 Jul 2023
 SOFR + 2.45 %

 100,651
 100,042

 Rochester, NY(6)

 Aug 2024
 SOFR + 2.93 %

 10,874
 10,853
 11,336
 11,315

 Arbors Portfolio(7)

 Various locations
 Feb 2025
 3.99 %
 81,397
 81,209
 83,423
 83,051

 Winterfell Portfolio(8)

 Various locations
 Jun 2025
 4.17 %
 583,471
 578,694
 596,408
 588,306

 Avamere Portfolio(9)

 Various locations
 Feb 2027
 4.66 %
 66,691
 66,455
 67,995
 67,683

 Mortgage notes payable, net
 $
 $
 898,154
 $
 922,355
 $
 912,248

 (1)Subject to non-recourse carve-outs.
 (2)Floating-rate borrowings total $ 128.8 million of principal outstanding and reference one-month of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as of December 31, 2023.
 (3)The difference between principal amount and carrying value of mortgage notes payable is attributable to deferred financing costs, net for all borrowings, other than the Winterfell portfolio which is attributable to below market debt intangibles.
 (4)The mortgage note carries a fixed interest rate of 3.0 % through February 2024, followed by one-month adjusted SOFR, plus 2.80 % through the initial maturity date of February 2026.
 (5)Composed of seven individual mortgage notes payable secured by the Rochester Sub-Portfolio (as defined below), cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.

 (6)In February 2024, the Company sold the property which served as collateral for the mortgage note payable. In conjunction with the sale, the mortgage note payable was repaid. Refer to Note 13, "Subsequent Events" for further discussion.
 (7)Composed of four individual mortgage notes payable secured by four healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.
 (8)Composed of 32 individual mortgage notes payable secured by 32 healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.
 (9)Composed of five individual mortgage notes payable secured by five healthcare real estate properties, cross-collateralized and subject to cross-default.
 The following table presents future scheduled principal payments on mortgage notes payable based on initial maturity as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31:

 20241

 $
 128,574

 2025
 667,741

 2026
 45,151

 2027
 62,396

 Total
 $

 (1)Includes the outstanding principal as of December 31, 2023 of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan (as defined below), which is in default.
 Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan
 In July 2023, the Company elected not to use cash reserves to pay July debt service on seven cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized mortgage notes with an aggregate principal amount outstanding of $ 99.8 million (the "Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan") secured by seven healthcare real estate properties (the "Rochester Sub-Portfolio") that did not generate sufficient cash flow to pay debt service in full. The Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan is non-recourse to the Company, subject to limited customary exceptions.
 As a result of the payment default, on October 25, 2023, the lender filed a complaint seeking the appointment of a receiver and foreclosure on the underlying properties and to enforce its rights in its collateral under the loan documents and, on October 30, 2023, the Rochester Sub-Portfolio was placed into a receivership to facilitate an orderly transition of the operations, and eventually ownership, of the properties.
 Once legal ownership of the Rochester Sub-Portfolio transfers and the obligations under the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan are extinguished, the Company expects to recognize a gain related to the debt extinguishment in accordance with ASC 470, "Debt". However, until the extinguishment occurs, default interest expense and any other expenses related to the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan will continue to accrue. As of December 31, 2023, $ 99.8 million of outstanding mortgage debt and $ 7.9 million of accrued interest expense were included on the Company's consolidated balance sheets related to the Rochester Sub-Portfolio Loan.
 Arbors Portfolio
 Beginning in February 2021, the operator of the four net lease properties in the Arbors portfolio was unable to satisfy its obligations under its leases and began remitting rent based on its available cash after satisfying property-level expenses, which resulted in a default under the four cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized mortgage notes secured by the Arbor portfolio (the "Arbors Loan"). On March 27, 2023, with consent of the lender, the Company entered into a forbearance agreement relating to the lease defaults. During the year ended December 31, 2023, cash flow, net of expenses, paid by the operator of the Arbors portfolio to the Company in accordance with the forbearance agreement was not sufficient to cover related debt service on the Arbors Loan and the Company used $ 3.3 million of cash reserves to pay contractual debt service on the Arbors Loan. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is current with all payment obligations under the Arbors Loan. The Arbors Loan matures in February 2025 and is non-recourse to the Company, subject to limited customary exceptions. The Company will continue to monitor the operator of the Arbors portfolio's performance and cash flows closely, as well as evaluate options for this portfolio.

 6. Related Party Arrangements
 Former Advisor
 In connection with the Internalization, on October 21, 2022, the advisory agreement was terminated and, along with the Operating Partnership and the Former Advisor, the Company entered into a Transition Services Agreement (the "TSA") to facilitate an orderly transition of the Company's management of its operations. As of December 31, 2023, the TSA was effectively terminated.

 Prior to the Internalization, the Former Advisor was responsible for managing the Company's affairs on a day-to-day basis and for identifying, acquiring, originating and asset managing investments on behalf of the Company. For such services, to the extent permitted by law and regulations, the Former Advisor received fees and reimbursements from the Company. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, the Former Advisor could defer or waive fees in its discretion.
 Summary of Reimbursements
 The following table presents the costs incurred and paid to the Former Advisor under the TSA (dollars in thousands):

 Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2022
 Due to Related Party as of December 31, 2023

 Financial Statement Location
 Incurred
 Paid

 General and administrative expenses/ Transaction costs
 $
 $

 $
 ( 910)
 $

 Incentive Fee
 The Special Unit Holder, formerly an affiliate of the Former Advisor, was entitled to receive distributions equal to 15.0 % of net cash flows of the Company, whether from continuing operations, repayment of loans, disposition of assets or otherwise, but only after stockholders have received, in the aggregate, cumulative distributions equal to their invested capital plus a 6.75 % cumulative, non-compounded annual pre-tax return on such invested capital. From inception through the date of the Sale of Minority Interests, the Special Unit Holder did not receive any incentive fees from the Company.
 In connection with the Sale of Minority Interests, as of June 9, 2023, the Special Unit Holder became an indirect subsidiary of the Company, though the Special Unit Holder continues to have a contractual obligation to pay any such incentive fees to affiliates of the Former Sponsor, if ever earned.
 Investments in Joint Ventures
 Solstice, the manager of the Winterfell portfolio, is a joint venture between affiliates of ISL, which owns 80.0 %, and the Company, which owns 20.0 %. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized property management fee expense of $ 6.9 million payable to Solstice related to the Winterfell portfolio.
 In June 2023, the Company completed the Sale of Minority Interests, involving the sale of its minority interests in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse Portfolios, together with $ 1.1 million in cash, to its Former Sponsor, who is affiliated with the majority partner of each joint venture, for all of the Company's equity securities held by the Former Sponsor and its affiliates. Refer to Note 4, "Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures" for further discussion of the Sale of Minority Interests.

 7. Equity-Based Compensation
 The Company adopted a long-term incentive plan, as amended (the "Plan"), which it may use to attract and retain qualified officers, directors, employees and consultants, as well as an independent directors compensation plan, which is a component of the Plan. Under the Plan, 2.0 million shares of restricted common stock were eligible to be issued for any equity-based awards granted under the Plan.
 Pursuant to the Plan, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's independent directors were granted a total of 159,932 shares of restricted common stock and 203,742 restricted stock units totaling $ 1.3 million and $ 0.7 million, respectively, based on the share price on the date of each grant.
 The restricted common stock and restricted stock units granted generally vest quarterly over two years in equal installments and will become fully vested on the earlier occurrence of: (i) the termination of the independent director's service as a director due to his or her death or disability; or (ii) a change in control of the Company. The restricted stock units are convertible, on a one -for-one basis, into shares of the Company's common stock upon the earlier occurrence of: (i) the termination of the independent director's service as a director; or (ii) a change in control of the Company.
 The Company recognized equity-based compensation expense of $ 226,250, $ 206,917 and $ 230,083 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Equity-based compensation expense is recorded in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Unrecognized expense related to unvested restricted stock units totaled $ 240,000 and $ 211,250 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Unvested restricted stock units totaled 77,741 and 54,114 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 8. Stockholders' Equity
 Common Stock
 The Company stopped accepting subscriptions for its Offering on December 17, 2015 and all of the shares initially registered for its Offering were issued on or before January 19, 2016. The Company issued 173.4 million shares of common stock generating gross proceeds of $ 1.7 billion, excluding proceeds from the DRP.
 Distribution Reinvestment Plan
 The Company adopted the DRP through which common stockholders were able to elect to reinvest an amount equal to the distributions declared on their shares in additional shares of the Company's common stock in lieu of receiving cash distributions. Since inception, the Company issued 25.7 million shares of common stock, generating gross offering proceeds of $ 232.6 million pursuant to the DRP. No selling commissions or dealer manager fees were paid on shares issued pursuant to the DRP. In April 2022, the Company's board of directors elected to end the DRP, effective April 30, 2022.
 Distributions
 Effective February 1, 2019, the Company's board of directors determined to stop recurring distributions in order to preserve capital and liquidity.
 On April 20, 2022, the Company's board of directors declared a special distribution of $ 0.50 per share (the "Special Distribution") for each stockholder of record on May 2, 2022 totaling approximately $ 97.0 million.
 Share Repurchase Program
 The Company adopted the share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program") that enabled stockholders to sell their shares to the Company in limited circumstances and could be amended, suspended, or terminated at any time. The Company previously funded repurchase requests with cash on hand, borrowings or other available capital. In April 2020, the Company's board of directors determined to suspend all repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program effective April 30, 2020 in order to preserve capital and liquidity and does not currently anticipate resuming the Share Repurchase Program.
 Retirement of Shares
 In connection with the Sale of Minority Interests, the Company acquired 9.7 million shares of its common stock in exchange for its minority interests in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse Portfolios from its Former Sponsor, who is affiliated with the majority partner of each joint venture. Upon completion of the Sale of Minority Interests, the Company retired all of the shares of common stock acquired.
 To account for the acquisition and retirement of the common stock, the Company estimated the value of its minority interests in the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse Portfolios based on a variety of factors, including historical and projected revenues, market lease rates, the partners' respective rights under the joint venture agreements, independent third-party appraisals obtained by the joint ventures and other factors deemed relevant. The Company determined the estimated value of minority interests to be approximately $ 12.5 million at the time of transaction. The estimated value, together with the $ 1.1 million of cash consideration, net of closing costs, is presented on the consolidated statements of equity as retirement of common stock.

 9. Non-controlling Interests
 Operating Partnership
 Non-controlling interests included the aggregate limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership held by limited partners, other than the Company. Income (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interests was based on the limited partners' ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership. As a result of the Sale of Minority Interests, the Company's limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, directly or indirectly, is 100 % as of December 31, 2023. Income (loss) allocated to the Operating Partnership non-controlling interests for the period prior to June 9, 2023 were de minimis.

 Other
 Other non-controlling interests represent third-party equity interests in ventures that are consolidated with the Company's financial statements. Net loss attributable to the other non-controlling interests was $ 3.4 million and $ 0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net income attributable to the other non-controlling interests was $ 1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 10. Fair Value
 Fair Value Measurement
 The fair value of financial instruments is categorized based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique and categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.
 Financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
 Level 1.Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market.
 Level 2.Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:
 a)Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.
 b)Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets.
 c)Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
 d)Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
 Level 3.Prices or valuation techniques based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 Derivative Instruments
 Derivative instruments consist of interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts that are generally traded over-the-counter, and are valued using a third-party service provider. Quotations on over-the-counter derivatives are not adjusted and are generally valued using observable inputs such as contractual cash flows, yield curve, foreign currency rates and credit spreads, and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Although credit valuation adjustments, such as the risk of default, rely on Level 3 inputs, these inputs are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, derivative valuations in their entirety are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
 Fair Value Hierarchy
 Financial assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following table presents financial assets that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 by level within the fair value hierarchy (dollars in thousands):

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 Derivative assets - interest rate caps

 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Investment in Espresso joint venture(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 (1)The Company elected the fair value option method to account for its investment in the Espresso joint venture on June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the investment was accounted for under the equity method.

 Derivative Assets - Interest Rate Caps
 The Company's interest rate caps fair values are determined using models developed by the respective counterparty that use the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The floating interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the caps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities.
 Investment in Espresso Joint Venture
 The Company's assessment of fair value for its unconsolidated investment in the Espresso joint venture took into consideration the net proceeds that are estimated to be realized from the sales, under contract, of the remaining real estate owned by the joint venture as well as forecasted distributions of available cash, less and wind down and other expenses.
 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 U.S. GAAP requires disclosure of fair value about all financial instruments. The following disclosure of estimated fair value of financial instruments was determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize on disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair value.
 The following table presents the principal amount, carrying value and fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities (dollars in thousands):

 Principal Amount
 Carrying Value
 Principal Amount
 Carrying Value

 Financial liabilities:(1)

 Mortgage notes payable, net
 $
 $
 898,154
 $
 842,559
 $
 922,355
 $
 912,248
 $
 882,754

 (1)The fair value of other financial instruments not included in this table is estimated to approximate their carrying value.
 Disclosure about fair value of financial instruments is based on pertinent information available to management as of the reporting date. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect fair value, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since that date and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.
 Mortgage Notes Payable
 The Company primarily uses rates currently available with similar terms and remaining maturities to estimate fair value. These measurements are determined using comparable U.S. Treasury and SOFR rates as of the end of the reporting period. These fair value measurements are based on observable inputs, and as such, are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
 Nonrecurring Fair Values
 The Company measures fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting for assets held for sale or otherwise, write-down of asset values due to impairment.
 The following table summarizes the fair value and impairment losses of Level 3 assets which have been measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at the time of impairment during the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Impairment Losses(1)

 Impairment Losses(1)

 Impairment Losses(1)

 $
 56,718
 $
 44,294
 $
 80,931
 $
 30,900
 $
 11,793
 $
 5,386

 Investments in unconsolidated ventures
 3,075
 4,728
 28,442
 13,419
 —
 —

 Assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —
 —

 (1)Excludes impairment losses for property damage sustained by facilities.
 Operating Real Estate, Net
 Operating real estate that is impaired is carried at fair value at the time of impairment. Impairment was driven by various factors that impacted undiscounted future net cash flows, including declines in operating performance, market growth assumptions and expected margins to be generated by the properties. Fair value of impaired operating real estate was estimated based upon various approaches including discounted cash flow analysis using terminal capitalization rates ranging from 6.25 % to 8.50 % and discount rates ranging from 7.75 % to 10.50 %, third party appraisals and offer prices.
 Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
 In June 2023, the Company impaired its investment in the Espresso joint venture by $ 4.7 million, which reduced the carrying value of its investment to $ 3.1 million as of June 30, 2023. The Company's assessment of fair value for its investment took into consideration the net proceeds that are estimated to be realized from the sales, under contract, of the remaining real estate owned by the joint venture as well as forecasted distributions of available cash, less and wind down and other expenses. Upon impairing its investment, the Company elected the fair value option method to account for its investment in the Espresso joint venture on June 30, 2023.
 In December 2022, the Company impaired its investment in the Diversified US/UK joint venture by $ 13.4 million, which reduced the carrying value of its investment to $ 28.4 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company's assessment for the recoverability of its investment took into consideration the joint venture's post-COVID-19 underperformance, rising interest rates and the joint venture's ability to continue to service debt collateralized by substantially all of its domestically-located healthcare real estate. Fair value of the joint venture's underlying operating real estate was estimated based upon various approaches including discounted cash flow analysis, using terminal capitalization rates ranging from 6.6 % to 12.5 % and discount rates ranging from 8.8 % to 16.0 %, and offer prices.
 Assets Held For Sale
 Assets held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Assets held for sale that were written down to fair value were generally valued using either broker opinions of value, or a combination of market information, including third-party appraisals and indicative sale prices, adjusted as deemed appropriate by management to account for the inherent risk associated with specific properties. In all cases, the fair value of assets held for sale is reduced for estimated selling costs. As of December 31, 2023, the Company classified one operating real estate property within the Rochester portfolio as held for sale. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any assets classified as held for sale.

 11. Segment Reporting
 The Company conducts its business through the following segments, which are based on how management reviews and manages its business.
 • Direct Operating Investments - Properties operated pursuant to management agreements with healthcare managers.
 • Direct Net Lease Investments - Properties operated under net leases with an operator.
 • Unconsolidated Investments - Joint venture investments, in which the Company owns a minority, non-controlling interest.
 Our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") evaluates performance of each reportable business segment and determines how to allocate resources to those segments, in significant part, based on net operating income ("NOI") and related measures for each segment. The Company defines NOI as property and other revenues, less property operating expenses. While the Company believes that net income (loss), as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measurement, the Company believes that

 NOI provides useful information to stockholders and provides management with a performance measure to compare the Company's operating results to the operating results of other healthcare real estate companies between periods on a consistent basis.
 The following tables present the NOI of the Company's direct investments segments and the Company's proportionate share of the NOI generated by the joint ventures of its unconsolidated investments segment (dollars in thousands):

 Unconsolidated Investments(2)

 Non-Segment(3)

 Adjustments(4)

 Total(5)

 Property and other revenues(1)

 $
 1,709
 $
 199,426
 $
 361,005
 $
 3,843
 $
 ( 361,005)
 $

 —
 ( 140,612)
 ( 316,357)
 —
 316,357
 ( 140,612)

 Net operating income
 $
 1,709
 $
 58,814
 $
 44,648
 $
 3,843
 $
 ( 44,648)
 $
 64,366

 ( 50,028)

 ( 683)

 ( 13,817)

 ( 38,511)

 ( 49,423)

 Gain (loss) on investments and other
 ( 64,001)

 ( 8,272)

 ( 74)

 $

 (1)Includes rental income received from net lease properties as well as resident room and care charges, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from operating properties.
 (2)Includes the Company's proportionate share of revenues and expenses of the Diversified US/UK and Eclipse Portfolios prior to the Sale of Minority Interests in June 2023.
 (3)Primarily consists of interest income earned on corporate cash and equivalents.
 (4)Represents adjustments to eliminate the NOI presented for the unconsolidated investments segment, in order to reconcile to the Company's net income (loss) prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company records its proportionate share of the net income of its unconsolidated investments through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures as presented on its consolidated statements of operations.
 (5)Non-NOI items are not allocated to individual segments for purposes of assessing segment performance.

 Year Ended December 31, 2022
 Non-Segment(2)

 Adjustments(3)

 Total(4)

 Property and other revenues(1)

 $
 1,596
 $
 182,519
 $
 343,575
 $
 1,021
 $
 ( 343,575)
 $
 185,136

 ( 39)
 ( 137,539)
 ( 285,291)
 —
 285,291
 ( 137,578)

 Net operating income
 $
 1,557
 $
 44,980
 $
 58,284
 $
 1,021
 $
 ( 58,284)
 $
 47,558

 ( 43,278)

 ( 1,569)

 ( 8,058)

 ( 13,938)

 ( 38,587)

 ( 45,299)

 Realized gain (loss) on investments and other
 1,029

 ( 61)

 $

 (1)Includes rental income received from net lease properties as well as resident room and care charges, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from operating properties.
 (2)Primarily consists of interest income earned on corporate cash and equivalents.

 (3)Represents adjustments to eliminate the NOI presented for the unconsolidated investments segment, in order to reconcile to the Company's net income (loss) prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company records its proportionate share of the net income of its unconsolidated investments through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures as presented on its consolidated statements of operations.
 (4)Non-NOI items are not allocated to individual segments for purposes of assessing segment performance.

 Year Ended December 31, 2021
 Non-Segment
 Adjustments(2)

 Total(3)

 Property and other revenues(1)

 $
 14,708
 $
 228,569
 $
 301,320
 $
 —
 $
 ( 301,320)
 $
 243,277

 ( 29)
 ( 177,907)
 ( 240,784)
 —
 240,784
 ( 177,936)

 Net operating income
 $
 14,679
 $
 50,662
 $
 60,536
 $
 —
 $
 ( 60,536)
 $
 65,341

 Interest income on debt investments
 4,667

 ( 61,620)

 ( 54)

 ( 11,105)

 ( 12,691)

 ( 54,836)

 ( 5,386)

 7,278

 Realized gain (loss) on investments and other
 79,477

 15,843

 ( 99)

 $

 (1)Includes rental income received from net lease properties as well as resident room and care charges, ancillary service fees and other related revenue earned from operating properties.
 (2)Represents adjustments to eliminate the NOI presented for the unconsolidated investments segment, in order to reconcile to the Company's net income (loss) prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company records its proportionate share of the net income of its unconsolidated investments through equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures as presented on its consolidated statements of operations.
 (3)Non-NOI items are not allocated to individual segments for purposes of assessing segment performance.
 The following table presents total assets by segment (dollars in thousands):

 Total Assets:
 Non-Segment(1)

 Total

 $
 74,655
 $
 787,925
 $
 122,949
 $
 73,890
 $
 1,059,419

 83,435
 884,137
 176,502
 93,761
 1,237,835

 ______________________________________
 (1) Represents primarily corporate cash and cash equivalents balances.
 The following table presents capital expenditures made by the Company for each of its reportable segments (dollars in thousands):

 Total Capital Expenditures for the Year Ended:
 Non-Segment
 Total

 $
 —
 $
 38,422
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 38,422

 28,932
 —
 —
 29,304

 12. Commitments and Contingencies
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company believes there are no material unrecorded contingencies that would affect its results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

 Litigation and Claims
 The Company may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Although the Company is unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, any current legal proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.
 The Company's operators and managers may be involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of their business. The unfavorable resolution of any such actions, investigations or claims could, individually or in the aggregate, materially adversely affect such operators' or managers' liquidity, financial condition or results of operations and their ability to satisfy their respective obligations to the Company, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has an accrued reserve of $ 0.6 million, inclusive of legal fees, relating to a resolution of claims against a manager of one of the Company's direct operating investments, for which the Company has indemnification obligations under the management agreement.
 Environmental Matters
 The Company follows a policy of monitoring its properties for the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. While there can be no assurance that a material environmental liability does not exist at its properties, the Company is not currently aware of any environmental liability with respect to its properties that would have a material effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Further, the Company is not aware of any material environmental liability or any unasserted claim or assessment with respect to an environmental liability that it believes would require additional disclosure or the recording of a loss contingency.
 General Uninsured Losses
 The Company obtains various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of professional liability, property, business interruption, liability, flood, windstorm, earthquake, environmental and terrorism related losses. The Company attempts to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice. Disruptions in insurance markets may increase the costs of coverage and result in the Company retaining more risk, to the extent it is more commercially reasonable to do so. In addition, there are also certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events, that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable.
 Other
 Other commitments and contingencies include the usual obligations of real estate owners and operators in the normal course of business, as well as commitments to fund capital expenditures for certain net lease properties. These commitments do not have a required minimum funding and are limited by agreed upon maximum annual funding amounts.

 13. Subsequent Events
 The following is a discussion of material events which have occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023 through the issuance of the consolidated financial statements.
 Dispositions
 In February 2024, the Company executed the sale of a property within the Rochester portfolio for $ 12.0 million. The sale generated net proceeds of approximately $ 0.7 million, after the repayment of outstanding mortgage principal balance of $ 10.9 million and transaction costs. As of December 31, 2023, the property was classified as held for sale, as presented on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

 SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

 Initial Cost
 Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period(2)

 Location City, State
 Encumbrances
 Land
 Building & Improvements
 Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(1)

 Land
 Building & Improvements
 Total
 Accumulated Depreciation
 Net Book Value
 Date Acquired
 Life on Which Depreciation is Computed

 $
 18,173
 $
 1,160
 $
 14,440
 $
 4,646
 $
 1,160
 $
 19,086
 $
 20,246
 $
 5,704
 $
 14,542
 Dec-13

 —
 —
 5,658
 5,662
 6,358
 5,425
 Jul-17

 Frisco, TX(3)

 3,100
 35,874
 5,199
 3,100
 41,073
 44,173
 11,179
 32,994
 Feb-14

 Apple Valley, CA
 19,668
 1,168
 24,625
 ( 4,636)
 1,168
 19,989
 21,157
 5,889
 15,268

 Auburn, CA
 22,220
 1,694
 18,438
 3,429
 1,694
 21,867
 23,561
 5,679
 17,882

 Austin, TX
 24,465
 4,020
 19,417
 3,155
 4,020
 22,572
 26,592
 6,569
 20,023

 Bakersfield, CA
 15,526
 1,831
 21,006
 3,260
 1,831
 24,266
 26,097
 6,285
 19,812

 Bangor, ME
 19801
 2,463
 23,205
 3,395
 2,463
 26,600
 29,063
 6,262
 22,801

 Bellingham, WA
 21,986
 2,242
 18,807
 3,841
 2,242
 22,648
 24,890
 5,561
 19,329

 Clovis, CA
 17,303
 1,821
 21,721
 3,140
 1,821
 24,861
 26,682
 5,992
 20,690

 Columbia, MO
 20,935
 1,621
 23,521
 ( 4,656)
 1,621
 18,865
 20,486
 6,057
 14,429

 Corpus Christi, TX
 17,155
 2,263
 20,142
 ( 2,362)
 2,263
 17,780
 20,043
 5,463
 14,580

 East Amherst, NY
 17,087
 2,873
 18,279
 3,320
 2,873
 21,599
 24,472
 5,130
 19,342

 El Cajon, CA
 19,356
 2,357
 14,733
 1,902
 2,357
 16,635
 18,992
 4,488
 14,504

 El Paso, TX
 11,261
 1,610
 14,103
 2,685
 1,610
 16,788
 18,398
 4,454
 13,944

 Fairport, NY
 15,237
 1,452
 19,427
 3,256
 1,452
 22,683
 24,135
 5,202
 18,933

 Fenton, MO
 22,643
 2,410
 22,216
 3,017
 2,410
 25,233
 27,643
 6,225
 21,418

 Grand Junction, CO
 17,971
 2,525
 26,446
 3,718
 2,525
 30,164
 32,689
 6,980
 25,709

 Grand Junction, CO
 9,208
 1,147
 12,523
 2,604
 1,147
 15,127
 16,274
 3,746
 12,528

 Grapevine, TX
 20,598
 1,852
 18,143
 ( 7,817)
 1,852
 10,326
 12,178
 4,436
 7,742

 Groton, CT
 16,228
 3,673
 21,879
 ( 5,623)
 3,673
 16,256
 19,929
 5,851
 14,078

 Guilford, CT
 22,409
 6,725
 27,488
 ( 19,288)
 6,725
 8,200
 14,925
 5,318
 9,607

 Joliet, IL
 13,752
 1,473
 23,427
 ( 3,626)
 1,473
 19,801
 21,274
 5,374
 15,900

 Kennewick, WA
 7,079
 1,168
 18,933
 3,233
 1,168
 22,166
 23,334
 5,394
 17,940

 Las Cruces, NM
 10,316
 1,568
 15,091
 4,341
 1,568
 19,432
 21,000
 4,930
 16,070

 Lee's Summit, MO
 25,073
 1,263
 20,500
 3,346
 1,263
 23,846
 25,109
 5,975
 19,134

 Lodi, CA
 18,547
 2,863
 21,152
 2,290
 2,863
 23,442
 26,305
 6,083
 20,222

 Normandy Park, WA
 14,967
 2,031
 16,407
 ( 1,600)
 2,031
 14,807
 16,838
 4,591
 12,247

 Palatine, IL
 18,546
 1,221
 26,993
 ( 9,917)
 1,221
 17,076
 18,297
 6,852
 11,445

 Plano, TX
 14,839
 2,200
 14,860
 ( 4,555)
 2,200
 10,305
 12,505
 4,427
 8,078

 Renton, WA
 17,564
 2,642
 20,469
 3,597
 2,642
 24,066
 26,708
 6,036
 20,672

 Sandy, UT
 14,569
 2,810
 19,132
 ( 4,189)
 2,810
 14,943
 17,753
 4,727
 13,026

 Santa Rosa, CA
 25,771
 5,409
 26,183
 3,166
 5,409
 29,349
 34,758
 7,469
 27,289

 Sun City West, AZ
 23,679
 2,684
 29,056
 ( 3,462)
 2,684
 25,594
 28,278
 7,635
 20,643

 Tacoma, WA
 27,712
 7,974
 32,435
 4,922
 7,974
 37,357
 45,331
 9,987
 35,344

 Frisco, TX(3)

 —
 1,130
 —
 12,652
 1,130
 12,652
 13,782
 2,790
 10,992
 Oct-16

 Albany, OR
 8,190
 6,625
 ( 3,406)
 3,419
 4,177
 1,647
 2,530

 Port Townsend, WA
 15,660
 1,613
 21,460
 1,543
 23,620
 24,616
 5,607
 19,009

 Roseburg, OR
 11,587
 11,589
 1,040
 12,869
 13,328
 3,094
 10,234

 Sandy, OR
 13,216
 1,611
 16,697
 1,409
 1,233
 18,484
 19,717
 4,132
 15,585

 Santa Barbara, CA
 —
 2,408
 15,674
 2,408
 16,311
 18,719
 3,286
 15,433

 Wenatchee, WA
 18,038
 2,540
 28,971
 1,284
 1,534
 31,261
 32,795
 6,592
 26,203

 Greece, NY
 —
 18,158
 ( 10,999)
 7,159
 7,693
 1,878
 5,815
 49 years

 17,470
 2,426
 31,861
 4,267
 2,426
 36,128
 38,554
 8,046
 30,508
 39 years

 Undeveloped Land

 —
 —
 ( 94)
 —
 —
 (4)

 Penfield, NY
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (4)

 Bohemia, NY
 21,659
 4,258
 27,805
 ( 9,539)
 4,258
 18,266
 22,524
 7,302
 15,222
 Sep-14

 Hauppauge, NY
 13,141
 2,086
 18,495
 ( 149)
 2,086
 18,346
 20,432
 5,675
 14,757
 Sep-14

 Islandia, NY
 32,290
 8,437
 37,198
 ( 12,238)
 8,437
 24,960
 33,397
 9,801
 23,596
 Sep-14

 Westbury, NY
 14,307
 2,506
 19,163
 2,506
 19,456
 21,962
 5,150
 16,812
 Sep-14

 $
 793,202
 $
 118,297
 $
 974,767
 $
 ( 3,911)
 $
 115,758
 $
 973,395
 $
 $
 267,883
 $
 821,270

 SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

 Initial Cost
 Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period(2)

 Location City, State
 Encumbrances
 Land
 Building & Improvements
 Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(1)

 Land
 Building & Improvements
 Total
 Accumulated Depreciation
 Net Book Value
 Date Acquired
 Life on Which Depreciation is Computed

 Held for Sale

 Victor, NY
 10,874
 13,570
 ( 2,516)
 —
 —
 Nov-17
 (4)

 Properties in Receivership
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (5)

 Total
 $
 $
 118,854
 $
 988,337
 $
 ( 6,427)
 $
 115,758
 $
 985,006
 $
 1,100,764
 $
 267,883
 $
 832,881

 ______________________________________
 (1) Negative amount represents impairment of operating real estate.
 (2) The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes, is approximately $ 1.4 billion.
 (3) Both properties located in Frisco, Texas serve as collateral for a $ 26.0 million mortgage note payable.
 (4) Depreciation is not recorded on land or assets held for sale.
 (5) The Rochester-Sub Portfolio was placed into a receivership in October 2023. Refer to Note 3, "Operating Real Estate" and Note 5, "Borrowings" for additional information.
 The following table presents changes in the Company's operating real estate portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 1,196,553
 $
 1,197,900
 $
 1,774,971

 Dispositions
 ( 88,100)
 —
 ( 603,082)

 Improvements
 39,246
 30,531
 31,397

 Impairment
 ( 44,695)
 ( 31,878)
 ( 5,386)

 1,103,004
 1,196,553
 1,197,900

 Classified as held for sale(1)

 ( 13,851)
 —
 —

 Balance at end of year(2)

 $
 $
 1,196,553
 $
 1,197,900

 _____________________________
 (1)Amounts classified as held for sale during the year and remained as held for sale at the end of the year.
 (2)The aggregate cost of the properties is approximately $ 344.3 million higher for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2023.
 The following table presents changes in accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 263,551
 $
 225,301
 $
 291,041

 Depreciation expense
 38,174
 38,250
 53,476

 Property dispositions
 ( 31,602)
 —
 ( 119,216)

 270,123
 263,551
 225,301

 Classified as held for sale
 ( 2,240)
 —
 —

 Balance at end of year
 $
 267,883
 $
 263,551
 $
 225,301

 SCHEDULE IV - MORTGAGE LOANS ON REAL ESTATE

 The Company's mezzanine loan debt investment was repaid in full in August 2021. The following table presents changes in the Company's real estate debt investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 55,864

 Additions:

 Capitalized payment-in-kind interest
 —
 —

 Loan modification fees
 —
 —
 ( 687)

 Deductions:

 Reclassification(1)

 —
 —
 18,307

 Repayment of principal
 —
 —
 ( 74,376)

 Amortization of acquisition costs, fees, premiums and discounts
 —
 —

 Balance at end of year
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1) As a result of impairments and other non-cash reserves recorded by the joint venture, the Company's carrying value of its Espresso unconsolidated investment was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2018. The Company has recorded the excess equity in losses related to its unconsolidated venture as a reduction to the carrying value of its mezzanine loan, which was originated to a subsidiary of the Espresso joint venture and was repaid in full in August 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received distributions from the joint venture greater than the Company's carrying value of its unconsolidated investment, which resulted in the Company recording a gain on the distribution and a carrying value of zero as of December 31, 2021.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Our management established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to us and our subsidiaries required to be disclosed in reports that are filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
 As of the end of the period covered by this report, management conducted an evaluation as required under Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act).
 Based on this evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company's periodic reports. Our internal control framework, which includes controls over financial reporting and disclosure, continues to operate effectively.

 Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
 There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
 Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
 During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance*

 Item 11. Executive Compensation*

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters*

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence*

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services*

 __________________________
 * The information that is required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 (other than the information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)1. Consolidated Financial Statements and (a)2. Financial Statement Schedules are included in Part II,
 Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 248)
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
 Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2023
 Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate as of December 31, 2023
 (a)3. Exhibits
 A list of exhibits required to be filed or furnished as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is set forth in the Exhibit Index below.
 (c) Separate financial statements of subsidiaries not consolidated and fifty percent or less owned persons

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit
Number
 Description of Exhibit

 3.1
 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)

 3.2
 Certificate of Correction of the Articles of Amendment and Restatement of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference)

 3.3
 Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)

 4.1
 Amended and Restated Distribution Reinvestment Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)

 4.2*
 Description of Registrant's Securities

 10.1
 Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.2
 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.3
 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of NorthStar Healthcare Income Operating Partnership, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.4
 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on February 4, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.5
 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. Fifth Amended and Restated Independent Directors Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.6
 Form of Restricted Stock Award Certificate (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.7
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (filed as Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.8
 Form of Indemnification Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 6 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-170802) and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.9*
 First Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Trilogy REIT Holdings, LLC, dated as of September 11, 2015, by and between GACH3 Trilogy JV, LLC and Trilogy Holdings NT-HCI, LLC

 10.10^^
 Termination Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, by and among NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc., NorthStar Healthcare Operating Partnership, LP, CNI NSHC Advisors, LLC and NRF Holdco, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.11
 Offer Letter, dated October 21, 2022, from NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. to Kendall Young (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.12
 Restrictive Covenant Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, between NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and Kendall Young (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.13
 Offer Letter, dated October 21, 2022, from NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. to Nicholas Balzo (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.14
 Restrictive Covenant Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, between NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and Nicholas Balzo (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.15
 Retention Award Letter, dated July 29, 2022, from NRF Holdco, LLC and NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. to Nicholas Balzo (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on October 21, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.16
 Form of Long-Term Incentive Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K on March 9, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.17
 Offer Letter, dated September 30, 2023, from NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. to Ann Harrington (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)

 10.18
 Restrictive Covenant Agreement, dated October 1, 2023, between NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. and Ann B. Harrington (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)

 21.1*
 Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 24.1*
 Power of Attorney (included on signature page hereto)

 31.1*
 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2**
 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1**
 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2*
 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97*
 Policy on Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Incentive-Based Compensation

 99.1*
 Trilogy REIT Holdings, LLC Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and 2022

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 ______________________________________________________
 * Filed herewith
 ** Furnished herewith
 ^ Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.
 ^^ Certain schedules and similar attachments have been omitted in reliance on Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company will provide, on a supplemental basis, a copy of any omitted schedule or attachment to the SEC or its staff upon request.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc.

 Date:

 By:
 /s/ KENDALL K. YOUNG

 Name:
 Kendall K. Young

 Title:
 Chief Executive Officer, President and Director

 POWER OF ATTORNEY
 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kendall K. Young and Nicholas R. Balzo and each of them severally, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact with power of substitution and re-substitution to sign in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to do any and all things and execute any and all instruments that such attorney may deem necessary or advisable under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and any rules, regulations and requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments hereto, as fully for all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, and hereby ratifies and confirms all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, each acting alone, and his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ KENDALL K. YOUNG
 Chief Executive Officer, President and Director

 Kendall K. Young

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

 /s/ NICHOLAS R. BALZO
 (Principal Financial Officer and

 Nicholas R. Balzo
 Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ T. ANDREW SMITH
 Non-Executive Chairman

 T. Andrew Smith

 /s/ GREGORY A. SAMAY
 Director

 Gregory A. Samay

 /s/ JONATHAN A. CARNELLA
 Director

 Jonathan A. Carnella