UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K

 Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

 OR

 Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 For the transition period from _______________ to _________________

 Commission File No. 001-35791
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 80-0882592

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 (I.R.S. Employer

 incorporation or organization)
 Identification No.)

 581 Main Street,
 Woodbridge,
 New Jersey

 07095

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 732) 499-7200
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class
 Trading Symbol
 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 NFBK
 The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

 Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
 None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to price at which the common equity was last sold on June 30, 2023 was $ 454.7 million.
 As of February 26, 2024, there were 44,464,644 outstanding shares of the registrant's common stock.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Certain portions of the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of the Stockholders to be held May 22, 2024, will be incorporated by reference in Part III. The registrant's 2024 Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2023.

 NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 Part I.

 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Part II.

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Part III.

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Part IV.

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS
 Forward-Looking Statements
 This Annual Report contains certain "forward-looking statements," which can be identified by the use of such words as "estimate," "project," "believe," "intend," "anticipate," "plan," "seek," "expect," "could," "may," "should," "will," and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
 • statements of our goals, intentions, and expectations;
 • statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;
 • statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and
 • estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.
 These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.
 The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:
 • general economic conditions, internationally, nationally, or in our market areas, including inflationary and/or recessionary pressures, supply chain disruptions, employment prospects, real estate values, military conflict, geopolitical risks, and downgrades of the U.S. credit rating;
 • competition among depository and other financial institutions, including with respect to fees and interest rates;
 • inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields or reduce the market value of our assets including the fair value of financial instruments;
 • adverse changes in the securities or credit markets;
 • changes in laws, tax policies, or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, changes in regulatory fees, assessments and capital requirements;
 • changes in the quality and/or composition of our loan and securities portfolios and changes in our allowance for credit losses;
 • our ability to manage our liquidity including unanticipated changes in our liquidity position, but not limited to, changes in our access to or the cost of funding and our ability to secure alternate funding sources;
 • our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;
 • our ability to successfully integrate acquired entities;
 • changes in consumer demand, spending, borrowing and savings habits;
 • changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB"), the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;
 • cyber-attacks, computer viruses and other technological risks that may breach the security of our website or other systems to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information and destroy data or disable our systems;
 • technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive to implement than expected;
 • changes in our organization, compensation, and benefit plans;
 • our ability to attract and/or retain key employees;
 • changes in the value of our goodwill or other intangible assets;
 • changes in the level of government support for housing finance;
 • changes in monetary or fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board (the "FRB");
 • the ability of third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;
 • the impact of any failure by the U.S. Government to increase the debt ceiling or any government shutdown;
 • the effects of natural disasters, climate change, extreme weather events and increases in flood insurance premiums;
 • changes in our ability to continue to pay dividends, either at current rates or at all;
 • operational or risk management failures by us or critical third parties;
 • increased operational risks resulting from remote work;
 • negative outcomes from claims or litigation;
 • our ability to manage our reputation risks;
 • our ability to timely and effectively implement our strategic initiatives;

 • the disruption to local, regional, national and global economic activity caused by infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19, and the significant impact that such pandemics may have on our growth, operations, earnings and asset quality;
 • significant increases in our credit losses; and
 • changes in the financial condition, results of operations, or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own.
 Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. Except as required by law, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), was organized in 2010 and is the holding company for Northfield Bank. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. uses the support staff and offices of Northfield Bank (the "Bank") and reimburses Northfield Bank for these services. If Northfield Bancorp, Inc. expands or changes its business in the future, it may hire its own employees. In the future, we may pursue other business activities, including mergers and acquisitions, investment alternatives and diversification of operations.
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s main office is located at 581 Main Street, Suite 810, Woodbridge, New Jersey 07095, and its telephone number at this address is (732) 499-7200. The Company's filings with the SEC, including copies of annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these filings, if any, are available, free of charge, as soon as practicable after they are filed with the SEC under the Investor Relations section of the Company's website, www.eNorthfield.com and on the SEC website, www.sec.gov. Information on these websites is not and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Northfield Bank
 Northfield Bank was organized in 1887 and is a federally chartered savings bank. Northfield Bank conducts business from its operations center located in Woodbridge, New Jersey, its home main office located at a branch in Staten Island, New York, and its 38 additional branch offices located in New York and New Jersey. The branch offices are located in Staten Island, Brooklyn, and the New Jersey counties of Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, and Union. Northfield Bank also offers select loan and deposit products through the internet.
 Northfield Bank's principal business consists of originating multifamily and commercial real estate loans, construction and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, and home equity loans and lines of credit. From time to time Northfield Bank will also purchase loan participations and pools of loans. Northfield Bank also purchases investment securities, including mortgage-backed securities and corporate bonds, and, to a lesser extent, deposit funds in other financial institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of New York ("FHLBNY"). Northfield Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts, including certificates of deposit, passbook, statement, and money market savings accounts, transaction deposit accounts which are Northfield Bank's primary source of funds for its lending and investing activities. Northfield Bank also borrows funds, principally through FHLBNY advances and repurchase agreements with brokers. Northfield Bank owns 100% of NSB Services Corp., which, in turn, owns 100% of the voting common stock of a real estate investment trust, NSB Realty Trust, which holds primarily mortgage loans.
 Northfield Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC").
 Northfield Bank's main office is located at 1731 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314, and its telephone number at this address is (718) 448-1000. Its website address is www.eNorthfield.com. Information on this website is not and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Market Area and Competition
 Northfield Bank has been in business since 1887, offering a variety of financial products and services to meet the needs of the communities we serve. Our commercial and retail banking network consists of multiple delivery channels including full-service banking offices, automated teller machines and telephone and internet banking capabilities, mobile banking and remote deposit capture. In addition, Northfield Bank offers ACH and wire transfers, cash management, positive pay, and remote deposit capture services for our commercial customers. We consider our competitive products and pricing, branch network, customer service, and financial position, as our major strengths in attracting and retaining customers in our market areas.
 We face intense competition in our market areas both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market areas have a high concentration of financial institutions, including large money center and regional banks, non-traditional banks, community banks, and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds, and insurance companies. Some of our competitors offer products and services that we do not offer, such as trust services and private banking. In addition, competition has further intensified as a result of advances in technology and product delivery systems, and we face strong competition from financial technology ("Fintech") companies that provide web-based solutions in lieu of traditional retail banking services and products. Fintech companies tend to have stronger operating efficiencies and less regulatory burdens than traditional banks.
 Our deposit sources are primarily concentrated in the communities surrounding our branch offices in the New York counties of Richmond (Staten Island) and Kings (Brooklyn), and Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex and Union counties in New Jersey. As of June 30, 2023 (the latest date for which information is publicly available), we ranked sixth in deposit market share out of 15 institutions for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC") insured institutions in Staten Island with a 10.74% market share. As of that date, we ranked 17th in deposit market share out of 38 institutions with a 0.56% deposit market share in Brooklyn, New York, and we ranked 12th in deposit market share out of 53 financial institutions with a deposit market share of 1.44% in Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex and Union counties in New Jersey.
 The following table sets forth the unemployment rates for the communities we serve and the national average for the last five years, as published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics:

 Unemployment Rate at December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 Hunterdon County, NJ
 3.5
 %
 2.3
 %
 3.5
 %
 5.5
 %
 2.7
 %

 Middlesex County, NJ
 4.1
 2.7
 4.3
 6.6
 3.0

 Mercer County, NJ
 3.7
 2.5
 3.8
 6.0
 3.1

 Union County, NJ
 4.7
 3.3
 5.3
 7.8
 3.7

 Richmond County, NY
 4.6
 5.0
 7.1
 9.4
 3.0

 Kings County, NY
 5.4
 5.5
 8.1
 11.3
 3.2

 National Average
 3.7
 3.5
 3.9
 6.7
 3.5

 The following table sets forth median household income at December 31, 2023 and 2022, for the communities we serve and the national average, as published by the U.S. Census Bureau:

 Median Household Income

 at December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Hunterdon County, NJ
 $
 125,099
 $
 122,175

 Middlesex County, NJ
 103,610
 102,237

 Mercer County, NJ
 91,384
 86,549

 Union County, NJ
 89,136
 87,476

 Richmond County, NY
 99,447
 97,503

 Kings County, NY
 73,542
 74,952

 National Average
 73,503
 72,465

 Lending Activities
 Our principal lending activity is the origination of multifamily real estate loans and, to a lesser extent, other commercial real estate loans (typically on office, retail, and industrial properties), in New York, New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania. We also originate one-to-four family residential real estate loans (non-owner occupied investment properties), construction and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, and home equity loans and lines of credit.
 Loan Originations, Purchases and Sales, Participations, and Servicing. All loans we originate are underwritten pursuant to our policies and procedures or are approved as exceptions to our policies and procedures. Our ability to originate fixed- or adjustable-rate loans is dependent on the relative demand for such loans, which is affected by various factors including current and anticipated future market interest rates. Our home equity loans and lines of credit typically are generated through digital and social media advertising, referrals from branch personnel, direct mail advertisements and online applications through our website. A significant portion of our multifamily real estate loans and other commercial real estate loans are generated with the use of third-party loan brokers. Our commercial and industrial loans typically are generated through our loan and business development officers and referrals from accountants and other professional contacts. We typically retain in our portfolio all loans we originate and generally only sell non-performing loans. Beginning in 2019, we began offering interest rate swap contracts to qualified commercial borrowers.
 From time-to-time, we may sell or purchase participation interests in individual loans (in addition to loans we acquire in assisted transactions, mergers or acquisitions, and pool purchases). We underwrite our participation interest in the loans that we purchase according to our underwriting criteria and procedures. At December 31, 2023, we had $52.6 million of loan participations that we purchased (where we are not the primary lender). Additionally, there were $104.9 million of loan participations that we sold (where we are the primary lender). All loan participations are secured by real estate and adhere to our loan policies. At December 31, 2023, all participation loans were performing in accordance with their terms.
 Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards approved by our Board of Directors. The loan approval process is intended to assess the borrower's ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral that will secure the loan, if any. To assess the borrower's ability to repay, we review the borrower's income and credit history, and information on the historical and projected income and expenses of the borrower.
 In underwriting a loan secured by real property, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed or certified appraiser approved by our Board of Directors. For commercial real estate loans $500,000 or less, we generally obtain an evaluation from an independent firm. The appraisals and evaluations of multifamily and other commercial real estate properties are also reviewed by an independent appraisal management firm. We, along with the assistance of a third-party inspector, review and inspect properties before disbursement of funds during the term of a construction loan. Generally, management obtains updated appraisals when a loan is deemed impaired. These appraisals may be more limited than those prepared for the underwriting of a new loan. In addition, when we acquire other real estate owned, we generally obtain a current appraisal to substantiate the net carrying value of the asset.
 The Board of Directors maintains a Loan Committee consisting of bank directors to: periodically review and recommend for approval our policies related to lending as prepared by management; approve or reject loan applicants meeting certain criteria; and monitor loan quality including concentrations and certain other aspects of our lending functions, as applicable. Certain Northfield Bank officers, at levels beginning with vice president, have individual lending authority that is approved by the Board of Directors.

 Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio, by type of loan, at the dates indicated.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Total loans:

 $
 65.44
 %
 $
 2,824,579
 66.56
 %
 $
 2,518,065
 66.16
 %

 22.11
 899,249
 21.19
 808,597
 21.24

 3.83
 4.10
 183,665
 4.82

 3.89
 3.59
 109,956
 2.89

 0.74
 0.59
 27,495
 0.72

 Commercial and industrial loans(1)

 3.69
 3.65
 141,005
 3.70

 2,585
 0.06
 2,230
 0.05
 2,015
 0.05

 Total loans originated
 99.76
 99.73
 3,790,798
 99.58

 Purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") loans

 9,899
 0.24
 0.27
 15,819
 0.42

 Total loans
 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 3,806,617
 %

 Other items:

 (37,535)

 (42,617)

 (38,973)

 $
 $
 $
 3,767,644

 (1) Includes Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans totaling $284,000, $5.1 million, and $40.5 million at December 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following tables summarize the scheduled repayments of our loan portfolio and weighted average contractual rate by loan type at December 31, 2023. Demand loans (loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity) and overdraft loans are reported as being due in the year ending December 31, 2024. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment date and do not reflect the effect of prepayments, repricing and scheduled principal amortization.

 Loans Held-For-Investment

 Commercial Real Estate
 One-to-Four Family Residential
 Home Equity and Lines of Credit

 Due

 One year or less
 $
 4.93
 %
 $
 13,274
 6.86
 %
 $
 8.44
 %
 $
 8.49
 %

 After one year through five years
 40,041
 5.53
 %
 69,710
 6.15
 %
 3,079
 6.08
 %
 7,184
 4.70
 %

 After five years through fifteen years
 107,885
 4.53
 %
 166,729
 5.49
 %
 31,809
 5.22
 %
 48,107
 4.71
 %

 After fifteen years
 2,602,995
 3.72
 %
 679,882
 4.49
 %
 125,632
 4.99
 %
 107,660
 6.91
 %

 Total
 $
 3.78
 %
 $
 4.83
 %
 $
 5.06
 %
 $
 6.17
 %

 Construction and Land
 Commercial and Industrial
 Other
 PCD

 Amount (1)

 Weighted Average Rate (2)

 Due

 One year or less
 $
 19,280
 9.04
 %
 $
 71,126
 9.38
 %
 $
 2,525
 0.28
 %
 $
 1,841
 19.85
 %

 After one year through five years
 5,266
 7.90
 %
 44,980
 8.74
 %
 5.15
 %
 1,808
 13.30
 %

 After five years through fifteen years
 3,530
 3.79
 %
 32,930
 5.72
 %
 —
 —
 %
 6,025
 15.66
 %

 After fifteen years
 2,891
 4.44
 %
 6,232
 4.68
 %
 —
 —
 %
 4.76
 %

 Total
 $
 7.82
 %
 $
 8.23
 %
 $
 2,585
 0.39
 %
 $
 9,899
 15.76
 %

 (1) Other loans of $2.5 million due within one year includes $2.2 million of negative escrow and $254,000 of overdraft adjustments.
 (2) Represents estimated accretable yield.

 Total Loans

 Due

 One year or less
 $
 108,994
 8.97
 %

 After one year through five years
 172,128
 6.75
 %

 After five years through fifteen years
 397,015
 5.27
 %

 After fifteen years
 3,525,517
 4.01
 %

 Total
 $
 4.37
 %

 The following table summarizes fixed and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2023, that are contractually due after December 31, 2024:

 Due After December 31, 2024

 Fixed Rate
 Adjustable Rate
 Total

 $
 72,461
 $
 2,678,460
 $
 2,750,921

 41,626
 874,695
 916,321

 72,378
 88,142
 160,520

 1,146
 10,541
 11,687

 91,197
 71,754
 162,951

 45,343
 38,799
 84,142

 —

 PCD loans
 3,182
 4,876
 8,058

 Total loans
 $
 327,393
 $
 3,767,267
 $
 4,094,660

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.53 billion in loans due to mature in 2039 and beyond, of which $95.7 million, or 2.71%, are fixed-rate loans.
 Multifamily Real Estate Loans. Loans secured by multifamily properties totaled approximately $2.75 billion, or 65.4% of our total loan portfolio, at December 31, 2023. We include in this category properties having more than four residential units and a business or businesses where the majority of space is utilized for residential purposes, which we refer to as mixed-use. At December 31, 2023, we had 1,186 multifamily real estate loans, with an average loan balance of approximately $2.3 million, although there are a large number of loans with balances substantially greater than this average. At December 31, 2023, our largest multifamily real estate loan had a principal balance of $30.5 million, was secured by a garden-style apartment complex located in Essex County, New Jersey, and was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms. Substantially all of our multifamily real estate loans are secured by properties located in our primary market areas and eastern Pennsylvania.
 Our multifamily real estate loans typically amortize over 30 years with negotiated interest rates that adjust after an initial five-, seven-, or 10-year period, and every five years thereafter. Adjustable-rate loan originations are generally tied to a specifically identified market rate index. We also originate, to a lesser extent, 10- to 15-year fixed-rate, fully amortizing loans. In general, our multifamily real estate loans have interest rate floors equal to the interest rate on the date the loan is originated, and have prepayment penalties should the loan be prepaid during the initial five-, seven-, or 10-year term. In addition, our multifamily loans may contain an initial interest-only period which typically does not exceed two years; however, these loans are underwritten on a fully amortizing basis.
 In underwriting multifamily real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, including the ratio of the projected net cash flow to the loan's debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum ratio of 120%, computed after deduction for a vacancy factor and property expenses we deem appropriate), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income of the sponsor, and the sponsor's experience in owning or managing similar properties. Multifamily real estate loans generally are originated in amounts up to the lesser of 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan. Although a significant portion of our multifamily real estate loans are referred to us by third-party loan brokers, we underwrite all multifamily real estate loans in accordance with our underwriting standards. Due to competitor considerations, as is customary in our marketplace, we typically do not obtain personal guarantees of the principals on multifamily real estate loans, except when warranted.
 In 2019, the New York State legislature passed the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act, impacting approximately 1,000,000 rent-regulated apartment units. Among other things, the legislation: (i) curtails rent increases from material capital improvements and individual apartment improvements; (ii) all but eliminates the ability for apartments to exit rent regulation; (iii) does away with vacancy decontrol and high-income deregulation; and (iv) repealed the 20% vacancy bonus. At December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $457.8 million in multifamily loans in New York City with tenants that have some form of rent stabilization or rent control.

 The following table summarizes our variable-interest multifamily loans by year of repricing (excluding PCD loans) at December 31, 2023:

 After one year through five years
 $
 1,957,320
 3.79
 %

 After five years through ten years
 31,788
 4.43
 %

 After ten years
 683,197
 3.64
 %

 $
 2,672,305
 3.76
 %

 Commercial Real Estate Loans. Commercial real estate loans (other than multifamily real estate loans) totaled $929.6 million, or 22.1% of our loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, our commercial real estate loan portfolio consisted of 710 loans with an average loan balance of approximately $1.3 million, although there are a large number of loans with balances substantially greater than this average. At December 31, 2023, our largest commercial real estate loan had a principal balance of $90.0 million (net active principal balance of $30.0 million as we have a 33.3% participation interest), was secured by an office facility located in Staten Island, New York, and was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms. Substantially all of our commercial real estate loans are secured by properties located in our primary market areas.
 The following table sets forth the property types collateralizing our commercial real estate loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2023:

 Office buildings
 $
 208,618
 22.4
 %

 Mixed use (majority of space is non-residential)
 182,706
 19.7

 Retail
 160,190
 17.2

 Warehousing
 105,401
 11.3

 Manufacturing
 65,516
 7.1

 Healthcare facilities
 46,282
 5.0

 Accommodations (hotel/motel)
 45,433
 4.9

 Services
 42,021
 4.5

 Other
 40,473
 4.4

 Schools/daycare
 13,175
 1.4

 Restaurants
 10,313
 1.1

 Recreational
 9,467
 1.0

 $
 100.0
 %

 Our commercial real estate loans typically amortize over 20 to 25 years with negotiated interest rates that adjust after an initial five-, seven-, or 10-year period, and every five years thereafter. Adjustable-rate loan originations are generally tied to a specifically identified market rate index. We also originate, to a lesser extent, 10- to 15-year fixed-rate, fully amortizing loans. In general, our commercial real estate loans have interest rate floors equal to the interest rate on the date the loan is originated, and generally have prepayment penalties if the loan is repaid in the initial five-, seven-, or 10-year term.
 In underwriting commercial real estate loans, we generally lend up to the lesser of 75% of either the property's appraised value or purchase price. We base our decision to lend primarily on the economic viability of the property and the creditworthiness of the borrower. In evaluating a proposed commercial real estate loan, we emphasize the ratio of the property's projected net cash flow to the loan's debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum ratio of 125%, computed after deduction for a vacancy factor and property expenses we deem appropriate). Personal guarantees of the principals are typically obtained. Although a significant portion of our commercial real estate loans were referred to us by third-party loan brokers, we underwrite all commercial real estate loans in accordance with our underwriting standards.

 New York City Local Law 97 ("Local Law 97") became effective on November 15, 2019. The law sets limits on the greenhouse gas emissions of both newly built and existing covered buildings. The law will apply to both commercial and residential buildings over 25,000 square feet (or two more buildings on the same tax lot or governed by the same board of managers that together exceed 50,000 square feet) and goes into effect beginning 2024. The buildings covered by Local Law 97 will be required to file a report with the Department of Buildings by May 1, 2025 detailing their annual greenhouse gas emissions and then by May 1 of every year thereafter. Starting in 2025, an owner of a covered building who submits a report indicating that their building exceeded its annual building emissions limit will be liable for a civil penalty. Based on management's assessment of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023, we believe that 31 loans will be considered covered buildings and will be affected by the ruling regarding Local Law 97 during the first stage of implementation. At December 31, 2023, the largest loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio of these 31 loans was 74.1%, and the average LTV ratio was 53.7%. These loans had an aggregate book balance of $136.8 million and were all performing in accordance with their original contractual terms at that date.
 Construction and Land Loans. At December 31, 2023, construction and land loans totaled $31.0 million, or 0.7% of total loans receivable, and the additional unadvanced portion of these construction loans totaled $26.3 million. At December 31, 2023, we had 22 construction and land loans with an average balance of approximately $1.4 million. Our largest construction and land loan had a principal balance of $8.8 million, and is secured by a proposed three-story, 72-unit apartment building in Staten Island, New York. At December 31, 2023, this loan was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms.
 Our construction and land loans typically are interest-only loans with interest rates that are tied to the Prime Rate as published in The Wall Street Journal. Margins generally range from zero to 200 basis points above the Prime Rate. We also originate, to a lesser extent, 10- to 15-year fixed-rate, fully amortizing land loans. In general, our construction and land loans have interest rate floors equal to the interest rate on the date the loan is originated, and we do not typically charge prepayment penalties.
 We grant construction and land loans to experienced developers for the construction of single-family residences, including condominiums, and commercial properties. Construction and land loans also are made to individuals for the construction of their personal residences. Advances on construction loans are made in accordance with a schedule reflecting the cost of construction, but are generally limited to a loan-to-completed appraised value ratio of 70%. Repayment of construction loans on residential properties normally is expected from the sale of units to individual purchasers, or in the case of individuals building their own residences, with a permanent mortgage.
 Land loans also help finance the purchase of land intended for future development, including single-family housing, multifamily housing, and commercial property. In general, the maximum loan-to-value ratio for land acquisition loans is 50% of the appraised value of the property, and the maximum term of these loans is three years.
 Construction and land loans generally carry higher interest rates and have shorter terms than multifamily and commercial real estate loans. Construction and land loans have greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, income-producing real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the project at completion of construction as compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction costs is inaccurate, we may decide to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect our security interest in the underlying property. However, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold the real estate with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon its sale. In the event we make a land acquisition loan on real estate that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Construction loans also expose us to a risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, the ultimate sale or rental of the project may not occur as anticipated and the market value of collateral, when completed, may be less than the outstanding loans and there may be no permanent financing available upon completion. Substantially all of our construction and land loans are secured by real estate located in our primary market areas.
 Commercial and Industrial Loans. At December 31, 2023, commercial and industrial loans totaled $155.3 million or 3.7% of the total loan portfolio, and the additional unadvanced portion of these commercial and industrial loans totaled $101.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had 863 commercial and industrial loans with an average loan balance of approximately $180,000, although we originate these types of loans in amounts substantially greater than this average. At December 31, 2023, our largest commercial and industrial loan had a principal balance of $13.4 million and was risk rated substandard and modified during the year ended December 31, 2023, to receive a maturity extension of 90 days through February 1, 2024, with a further short-term extension in process for approval through May 1, 2024. This loan previously had multiple 90-day extensions. The loan was originally downgraded to substandard due to operating losses; however, the current debt service coverage ratio is 1.57x and the loan is considered adequately secured by receivables in excess of $18 million. The loan is current as of December 31, 2023 (in accordance with the extensions granted).

 Our term commercial and industrial loans typically amortize over five to seven years with interest rates that are primarily indexed to various FHLB rates, and to a lesser extent, Prime Rates. Margins generally range from zero to 300 basis points above the index rate. We also originate, to a lesser extent, 10-year fixed-rate, fully amortizing loans. In general, our commercial and industrial loans have interest rate floors equal to the interest rate on the date the loan is originated and have prepayment penalties.
 We make various types of secured and unsecured commercial and industrial loans for the purpose of working capital and other general business purposes. The terms of these loans generally range from less than one year to a maximum of seven years, however we could allow for a maximum of 10 years depending on industry or asset type. The loans either are negotiated on a fixed-rate basis or carry adjustable interest rates indexed to the Prime Rate as published in The Wall Street Journal.
 Commercial credit decisions are based on our credit assessment of the applicant. We evaluate the applicant's ability to repay in accordance with the proposed terms of the loan and assess the risks involved. Personal guarantees of the principals are typically obtained. In addition to evaluating the loan applicant's financial statements, we consider the adequacy of the secondary sources of repayment for the loan, such as pledged collateral and the financial stability of the guarantors. Collateral securing a loan also is analyzed to determine its marketability.
 Commercial and industrial loans generally carry higher interest rates than multifamily and commercial real estate loans of like maturity because they have a higher risk of default since their repayment generally depends on the successful operation of the borrowers' business.
 Within our commercial and industrial loan portfolio, we offer unsecured small business loans primarily underwritten utilizing a third-party loan scoring system designed to assess the credit risk of small businesses. These loans include fixed rate term loans with typical maturities of up to seven years and revolving floating rate working capital lines of credit reviewed annually. Maximum loan amounts within this loan segment are limited to the lesser of a percentage of a business's revenue or $100,000 (previously $250,000) and require the full personal guarantees of the business owners. Unsecured small business loans totaled $37.4 million and $43.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 During 2021 the Company participated in the PPP which was designed by the U.S. Treasury to provide loans for small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The loans are fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and are forgivable provided the funds were used on qualifying payrolls costs, rent utilities and other qualifying payments. The program has largely been completed, with substantially all of the borrowers receiving forgiveness payments. The Company originated 2,343 PPP loans totaling approximately $232.2 million under the PPP. At December 31, 2023, the Company had three PPP loans outstanding totaling $284,000 which are categorized within our commercial and industrial loan portfolio.
 The Bank also underwrites SBA guaranteed loans and guaranteed or assisted loans through various state, county and municipal programs.

 One-to-Four Family Residential Real Estate Loans. At December 31, 2023, we had 326 one-to-four family residential real estate loans outstanding with an aggregate balance of $160.8 million, or 3.8% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, the average balance of one-to-four family residential real estate loans was approximately $477,000, although we have originated these types of loan in amounts substantially greater than this average. At December 31, 2023, our largest loan of this type (excluding purchased loan pools, discussed below) had a principal balance of $5.3 million and was collateralized by 42 condominiums within a complex in Union County, New Jersey. The loan was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms. We have not offered loans secured by owner-occupied, one-to-four family residential real estate, but may purchase them from time-to-time to meet our Community Reinvestment Act obligations. We are currently in process of establishing a one-to-four residential mortgage lending program to originate loans from our customers and purchase residential mortgage loans through correspondent channels. These mortgages will be either held-for-investment or held-for-sale and sold in the secondary market.
 Historically, we have not offered "interest-only" mortgage loans on one-to-four family residential real estate properties, where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan. However, since 2014 we have purchased pools of one-to-four family residential real estate loans, a substantial amount of which are interest-only mortgage loans. We also historically have not offered loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as "Option ARM" loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan.

 Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. At December 31, 2023, we had 2,408 home equity loans and lines of credit with an aggregate outstanding balance of $163.5 million, or 3.9% of our total loan portfolio. Of this total, outstanding home equity lines of credit totaled $71.8 million, or 1.7%, of our total loan portfolio and home equity loans totaled $87.5 million, or 2.1%, of our total loan portfolio. At December 31, 2023, the average home equity loan and line of credit balance was approximately $68,000 although we originate these types of loans in amounts substantially greater than this average. At December 31, 2023, our largest home equity line of credit had an outstanding balance of approximately $2.0 million. This loan was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms. At December 31, 2023, our largest outstanding home equity loan was $1.7 million and was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms.
 We offer home equity loans and home equity lines of credit that are secured by the borrower's primary residence or second home. Home equity lines of credit are adjustable-rate loans tied to the Prime Rate as published in The Wall Street Journal adjusted for a margin, and have a maximum term of 25 years during which time the borrower is required to make principal payments based on a 30-year amortization. The borrower is permitted to draw against the line during the entire term on originations occurring prior to June 15, 2011. For home equity loans originated beginning on June 15, 2011, the borrower is only permitted to draw against the line for the initial 10 years. Our home equity loans typically are fully amortizing with fixed terms up to 25 years. Home equity loans and lines of credit generally are underwritten with the same criteria we use to underwrite fixed-rate, one-to-four family residential real estate loans. Home equity loans and lines of credit may be underwritten with a loan-to-value ratio of 80% when combined with the principal balance of the existing mortgage loan.
 PCD Loans. Under the current expected credit losses ("CECL") methodology, the Company elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Subtopic 310-30 - Accounting for Purchased Loans with Deteriorated Credit Quality ("ASC 310-30"), and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. Loans are only removed from existing pools if they are written off, paid off, or sold. Under CECL, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each pool and added to the pool's carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the noncredit premium or discount, which will be amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the pool. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.
 At December 31, 2023, PCD loans consisted of approximately 7% one-to-four family residential loans, 25% commercial real estate loans, 57% commercial and industrial loans, and 11% in home equity loans.
 Non-Performing and Problem Assets
 When a loan is between 10 to 15 days delinquent, we generally send the borrower a late charge notice. When a loan is 30 days past due, we generally mail the borrower a letter reminding the borrower of the delinquency and, except for loans secured by one-to-four family residential real estate, we attempt personal contact with the borrower to determine the reason for the delinquency, to ensure the borrower correctly understands the terms of the loan, and to emphasize the importance of making payments on or before the due date. If necessary, additional late charges and delinquency notices are issued and the account will be monitored. After 90 days of delinquency, we generally send the borrower a final demand for payment and refer the loan to legal counsel to commence foreclosure and related legal proceedings. At times, we may shorten or lengthen these time frames.
 Generally, loans (excluding PCD loans) are placed on non-accrual status when payment of principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent unless the loan is considered well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans also are placed on non-accrual status at any time if the ultimate collection of principal or interest in full is in doubt. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received, and only if the principal balance is deemed fully collectible. The loan may be returned to accrual status if both principal and interest payments are brought current and factors indicating doubtful collection no longer exist, including performance by the borrower under the loan terms for a consecutive six-month period. Our Chief Credit Officer reports monitored loans, including all loans rated watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss, to the Loan Committee of the Board of Directors at least quarterly.
 Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" ("ASU 2022-02") on a prospective basis. The amendments in this ASU were issued to (1) eliminate accounting guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty; (2) require disclosures of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. Under ASU 2022-02, we assess all loan modifications to determine whether one is granted to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, regardless of whether the modified loan terms include a concession. Modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may be in the form of an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, principal forgiveness or a combination thereof.

 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, a TDR occurred when the terms of a loan were modified because of deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. Modifications could include extension of the repayment terms of the loan, reduced interest rates, or forgiveness of accrued interest and/or principal. We recorded an impairment loss associated with a TDR, if any, based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the original loan's effective interest rate or the underlying collateral value, less estimated cost to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. Once an obligation has been restructured because of credit problems, it continues to be considered restructured until paid in full or, if the obligation yields a market rate (a rate equal to or greater than the rate we were willing to accept at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk), until the year after which the restructuring takes place, provided the borrower has performed under the modified terms for a consecutive six-month period. Since adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company has ceased to recognize or measure for new TDRs but those existing at January 1, 2023 remain until settled.
 Non-Performing and Restructured Loans (excluding PCD). The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of our non-performing assets at the dates indicated.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Non-accrual loans held-for-investment:

 $
 6,491
 $
 5,184
 $
 5,117

 2,709
 3,285
 1,882

 Other
 —
 —

 Total non-accrual loans held-for-investment
 9,813
 7,622

 Loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing held-for-investment:

 —

 —

 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —

 —

 Total loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing
 1,318

 Total non-performing loans held-for-investment
 8,006

 Other real estate owned
 —
 —

 Total non-performing assets
 $
 $
 $
 8,106

 Ratios:

 Non-performing loans to total loans (1)

 0.27
 %
 0.24
 %
 0.21
 %

 Non-accrual loans held-for-investment to total loans held-for-investment, net
 0.24
 %
 0.23
 %
 0.20
 %

 Non-performing assets to total assets
 0.20
 %
 0.18
 %
 0.15
 %

 $
 5,598,396
 $
 5,601,293
 $
 5,430,542

 Loans held-for-investment, net
 $
 $
 $
 3,806,617

 (1) Includes non-performing loans transferred to held-for-sale.

 At December 31, 2023, 2.9% of PCD loans were past due 30 to 89 days, and 27.1% were past due 90 days or more. At December 31, 2022, 6.8% of PCD loans were past due 30 to 89 days, and 23.0% were past due 90 days or more. At December 31, 2021, 10.5% of PCD loans were past due 30 to 89 days, and 19.2% were past due 90 days or more.

 The following table sets forth the property types collateralizing non-accrual commercial real estate loans held-for investment at December 31, 2023:

 At December 31, 2023

 Services
 $
 2,606
 40.1
 %

 Office buildings
 1,555
 23.9

 Mixed use
 1,452
 22.4

 Restaurant
 7.3

 Accommodations
 2.6

 Other
 1.6

 Healthcare facilities
 1.1

 Retail
 1.0

 Total
 $
 6,491
 100.0
 %

 Other Real Estate Owned. Real estate acquired by us as a result of foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned. On the date the property is acquired, it is recorded at the lower of cost or estimated fair value, establishing a new cost basis. Estimated fair value generally represents the sale price a buyer would be willing to pay on the basis of current market conditions, less the estimated costs to sell the property. Holding costs and declines in estimated fair value result in charges to expense after acquisition. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no assets acquired through foreclosure.
 Potential Problem Loans and Classification of Assets. Our policies, consistent with regulatory guidelines, provide for the classification of loans and other assets that are considered to be of lesser quality as substandard, doubtful, or loss assets. An asset is classified substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets include those assets characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Assets (or portions of assets) classified as loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. Assets that do not expose us to risk sufficient to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but which possess potential weaknesses that deserve our close attention, are designated as special mention. At December 31, 2023, classified assets, excluding loans on non-accrual status, consisted of substandard assets of $29.3 million and no doubtful or loss assets. At December 31, 2023, we also had $14.9 million of assets designated as special mention. At December 31, 2022, classified assets, excluding loans on non-accrual status, consisted of substandard assets of $30.1 million and no doubtful or loss assets. At December 31, 2022, we also had $7.0 million of assets designated as special mention.
 Our determination as to the classification of our assets (and the amount of our loss allowances) is subject to review by our principal federal regulator, the OCC, which can require that we adjust our classification and related loss allowances. We regularly review our asset portfolio to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. We also engage the services of a third party to review, on a sample basis, our risk ratings on a semi-annual basis.
 The following table sets forth the total amounts of delinquencies for accruing loans that were 30 to 89 days past due by type and by amount at the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 1,010

 3,339

 2,767
 1,048

 Total
 $
 8,683
 $
 3,644

 The majority of the loans past due in the one-to-four family residential and home equity and lines of credit portfolios were due to loans past due 30 days at December 31, 2023, which then became current subsequent to the quarter end, therefore management does not believe the increase in delinquencies in these portfolios is an indicator of credit deterioration. The increase in the commercial and industrial loan delinquencies was primarily due to an increase in delinquencies in unsecured small business loans, attributable to a combination of rising interest rates and a slowdown in business. Management continues to monitor the small business unsecured commercial and industrial loan portfolio.
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
 We provide for credit losses on loans based on our documented allowance for credit losses methodology. Credit losses are charged to the allowance for credit losses and recoveries are credited to it. Additions to the allowance for credit losses are provided by charges against income based on various factors, which, in our judgment, deserve current recognition in estimating current estimated credit losses. Credit losses are charged-off in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible. Generally, the Company will record a loan charge-off (including a partial charge-off) to reduce a loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less cost to sell, for collateral dependent loans. We regularly review the loan portfolio in order to maintain the allowance for credit losses in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Polices - Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans" for a description of our allowance methodology.

 The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses for the years indicated:

 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 $
 $
 37,607

 Impact of CECL adoption
 —
 —
 10,353

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 47,960

 Charge-offs:

 —
 (278)
 —

 —
 —
 (21)

 (6,572)
 (446)
 (646)

 Other
 —
 —
 (3)

 PCD loans
 (8)
 (601)
 (2,411)

 Total charge-offs
 (6,580)
 (1,325)
 (3,081)

 Recoveries:

 —

 Other
 —

 PCD loans

 Total recoveries

 Net charge-offs
 (6,435)
 (838)
 (2,803)

 Provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 1,353
 4,482
 (6,184)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 $
 $

 Ratios:

 Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding (2):

 (0.15)
 %
 (0.01)
 %
 (0.01)
 %

 PCD
 —
 (0.01)
 (0.06)

 Total net charge-offs
 (0.15)
 %
 (0.02)
 %
 (0.07)
 %

 Allowance for credit losses to total non-performing loans at end of year (3)(5)

 328.30
 416.26
 486.80

 Allowance for credit losses to total loans held-for-investment, net, at end of year (3)(4)(5)

 0.89
 1.00
 1.02

 Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans held-for-investment at end of year (4)(5)

 371.08
 434.29
 511.32

 (1)
 Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

 (2)
 Calculated based on average total loans.

 (3)
 Excluding PPP loans (which are fully government guaranteed and do not carry any provision for losses) of $284,000, $5.1 million, and $40.5 million (originated) at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the allowance for credit losses to total loans held for investment, net, totaled 0.89%, 1.01% and 1.03%, respectively, at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 (4)
 Includes PCD and acquired loans held-for-investment (and related allowance for credit losses).

 (5)
 The Company adopted the CECL accounting standard effective January 1, 2021, and recorded a $10.4 million increase to its allowance for credit losses, including reserves of $6.8 million related to PCD loans.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for credit losses related to PCD loans was $3.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively. Loans held-for-sale, when applicable, are excluded from the allowance for credit losses coverage ratios in the table above.

 Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses allocated by loan category and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for credit losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Allowance for Credit Losses
 Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
 Allowance for Credit Losses
 Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
 Allowance for Loan Losses
 Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans

 $
 23,255
 87.55
 %
 $
 29,485
 87.75
 %
 $
 26,785
 87.40
 %

 3,285
 3.83
 3,936
 4.10
 3,545
 4.82

 0.74
 0.59
 0.72

 1,705
 3.89
 3.59
 2.89

 6,050
 3.69
 4,114
 3.65
 3,173
 3.70

 PCD loans
 3,085
 0.24
 3,883
 0.27
 4,732
 0.42

 Other
 0.06
 0.05
 0.05

 Total allowance
 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 %

 (1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

 Investments
 We conduct securities portfolio transactions in accordance with our board-approved investment policy. Northfield Bank's investment policy is reviewed at least annually by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors. Any changes to the policy are subject to ratification by the full Board of Directors. This policy dictates that investment decisions give consideration to the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns, the ability to provide collateral for pledging requirements, and consistency with our interest rate risk management strategy. Our Chief Investment Officer executes our securities portfolio transactions, within policy requirements, with the approval of either the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer. NSB Services Corp.'s and NSB Realty Trust's (which are each Bank subsidiaries) investment officers execute security portfolio transactions in accordance with investment policies that substantially mirror Northfield Bank's investment policy. All purchase and sale transactions are reviewed by the Risk Committee at least quarterly.
 Our current investment policy permits investments in mortgage-backed securities, including pass-through securities and real estate mortgage investment conduits ("REMICs"). The investment policy also permits, with certain limitations, investments in debt securities issued by the U.S. Government, agencies of the U.S. Government or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises ("GSEs"), asset-backed securities, municipal obligations (including bonds, tax anticipation notes and bond anticipation notes), money market mutual funds, federal funds, investment grade corporate bonds, subordinated debt, reverse repurchase agreements, and certificates of deposit.
 Northfield Bank's investment policy does not permit investment in common stock of other entities including GSEs, other than our required investment in the common stock of the FHLBNY, as permitted for community reinvestment act purposes or to fund Northfield Bank's deferred compensation plan. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. may invest in equity securities of other financial institutions, as well as preferred stock, up to certain limitations. As of December 31, 2023, we did not hold any asset-backed securities other than mortgage-backed securities.
 Our current investment policy does permit hedging through the use of derivative instruments such as financial futures or interest rate options and swaps, although we currently have no derivative hedging instruments in place.
 We purchase mortgage-backed securities insured or guaranteed primarily by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), or the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"), and to a lesser extent, securities issued by private companies (private label). We invest in mortgage-backed securities to achieve positive interest rate spreads with minimal administrative expense, and to lower our credit risk as a result of the guarantees provided as well as to provide us liquidity to fund loan originations and deposit outflows. Mortgage-backed securities are securities sold in the secondary market that are collateralized by pools of mortgages.
 Mortgage-backed securities are more liquid than individual mortgage loans since there is a more active market for such securities. In addition, mortgage-backed securities may be used to collateralize our specific liabilities and obligations. Investments in mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs involve a risk that actual payments will be greater or less than estimated at the time of purchase, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such interests, thereby affecting the net yield on our securities. We periodically review current prepayment speeds to determine whether prepayment estimates require modification that could cause adjustment of amortization or accretion.
 REMICs are a type of mortgage-backed security issued by special purpose entities that aggregate pools of mortgages and mortgage-backed securities and create different classes of securities with varying maturities and amortization schedules, as well as a residual interest, with each class possessing different risk characteristics. The cash flows from the underlying collateral are generally divided into "tranches" or classes that have descending priorities with respect to the distribution of principal and interest cash flows.
 The timely payment of principal and interest on these REMICs is generally supported (credit enhanced) in varying degrees by either insurance issued by a financial guarantee insurer, letters of credit, over collateralization, or subordination techniques. Privately issued REMICs and pass-throughs can be subject to certain credit-related risks normally not associated with U.S. Government agency and GSE mortgage-backed securities. The loss protection generally provided by the various forms of credit enhancements is limited, and losses in excess of certain levels are not protected. Furthermore, the credit enhancement itself is subject to the creditworthiness of the credit enhancer. Thus, in the event a credit enhancer does not fulfill its obligations, the holder could be subject to risk of loss similar to a purchaser of a whole loan pool. Management believes that the credit enhancements are adequate to protect us from material losses on our private label mortgage-backed securities investments.

 At December 31, 2023, our corporate bond portfolio consisted of securities, substantially all of which were investment-grade, and had remaining maturities generally shorter than five years. Our investment policy provides that we may invest up to 15% of our Tier 1 risk-based capital in corporate bonds from individual issuers which, at the time of purchase, are within the investment-grade ratings from Standard & Poor's, Moody's or Fitch. Corporate bonds from individual issuers not rated investment grade at the time of purchase, are limited to the lesser of 1% of our total assets or 15% of our Tier 1 risk-based capital, and must have a maturity of less than one year. Aggregate holdings of this security type cannot exceed 5% of our total assets. Aggregate holdings of individual issuers of corporate bonds and commercial paper, both investment grade and non-investment grade, are not to exceed 50% of Tier 1 capital of the Company.
 The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities portfolios (excluding FHLBNY common stock) at the dates indicated. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we also had a trading portfolio with a fair value of $12.5 million, $10.8 million and $13.5 million, respectively, consisting of mutual funds quoted in actively traded markets. These securities are utilized to fund non-qualified deferred compensation obligations.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Debt securities available-for-sale:

 U.S. Treasuries
 $
 44,364
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 75,898
 76,150
 2,344
 2,290

 GSEs
 365,823
 472,963
 432,618
 579,035
 581,406

 GSEs
 224,931
 280,870
 390,755
 391,710

 128,704
 189,603
 182,734
 233,311
 232,759

 Total debt securities available-for-sale
 $
 840,485
 $
 $
 1,019,607
 $
 $
 1,205,516
 $
 1,208,237

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Securities held-to-maturity:

 Pass-through certificates - GSEs
 $
 9,866
 $
 9,586
 $
 $
 $
 5,283
 $
 5,475

 Total securities held-to-maturity
 $
 9,866
 $
 9,586
 $
 $
 $
 5,283
 $
 5,475

 Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The composition and maturities of the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2023, are summarized in the following table. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment dates, and do not reflect the effect of scheduled principal repayments, prepayments, or early redemptions that may occur. All of our securities at December 31, 2023, were taxable with the exception of our U.S. Government agency securities and municipal portfolio. Weighted average yield is based on amortized cost.

 One Year or Less
 More than One Year through Five Years
 More than Five Years through Ten Years
 More than Ten Years
 Total

 Fair Value

 Securities available-for-sale:

 U.S. Treasuries
 $
 44,364
 5.32
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 44,364
 $
 5.32
 %

 U.S. Government agency securities:
 —
 —
 %
 75,898
 2.15
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 75,898
 2.15
 %

 GSEs
 3.88
 %
 27,022
 2.71
 %
 199,766
 2.30
 %
 138,807
 2.32
 %
 365,823
 2.34
 %

 GSE
 —
 —
 %
 5,513
 2.22
 %
 3,820
 2.98
 %
 215,598
 3.60
 %
 224,931
 3.55
 %

 $
 3.88
 %
 $
 32,535
 2.63
 %
 $
 203,586
 2.31
 %
 $
 354,405
 3.10
 %
 $
 590,754
 $
 550,640
 2.80
 %

 $
 4.83
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 $
 4.83
 %

 73,253
 2.18
 %
 51,451
 3.80
 %
 4,000
 6.25
 %
 —
 —
 %
 128,704
 2.95
 %

 $
 74,018
 2.21
 %
 $
 51,451
 3.80
 %
 $
 4,000
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 129,469
 $
 126,537
 2.96
 %

 Total securities available-for-sale
 $
 118,610
 3.38
 %
 $
 159,884
 2.78
 %
 $
 207,586
 2.27
 %
 $
 354,405
 3.10
 %
 $
 840,485
 $
 2.90
 %

 Securities held-to-maturity:

 GSEs
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 9,866
 4.32
 %
 $
 9,866
 $
 9,586
 4.32
 %

 Total securities held-to-maturity
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 9,866
 4.32
 %
 $
 9,866
 $
 9,586
 4.32
 %

 Sources of Funds
 General. Deposits traditionally have been our primary source of funds for our securities and lending activities. We also borrow from the FHLBNY, the FRB and other financial institutions to supplement cash flow needs, to manage the maturities of liabilities for interest rate and investment risk management purposes, and to manage our cost of funds. Our additional sources of funds are the proceeds of loan sales, scheduled loan and investment payments, maturing investments, loan prepayments, and brokered deposits.
 Deposits. We accept deposits primarily from the areas in which our offices are located. We offer a variety of deposit accounts to businesses, consumers and municipalities with a range of interest rates and terms. We accept brokered deposits when it is deemed cost effective. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had brokered deposits totaling $100.0 million and $390.0 million, respectively. In addition, municipal deposits which primarily consist of funds from local government entities domiciled in New Jersey, and are a significant source of funds, totaled $768.6 million, or 19.8% of our total deposits at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2022, municipal deposits totaled $604.7 million, or 14.6% of our total deposits. Municipal deposits are primarily collateralized by municipal letters of credit issued by the FHLBNY and/or mortgaged-backed securities.

 At December 31, 2023, we reported $1.73 billion of estimated uninsured deposits. This total included $856.5 million of collateralized governmental deposits and intercompany deposits, leaving estimated adjusted uninsured deposits of $869.9 million, or 22.4% of total deposits. Total uninsured deposits at December 31, 2022 were estimated at $1.54 billion. As of those dates we had no deposits that were uninsured for any reason other than being in excess of the $250,000 limit for federal deposit insurance.
 The following table provides the uninsured portion of certificates of deposit at December 31, 2023, by account, with a maturity of:

 Three months or less
 $
 19,302

 Over three months through six months
 15,814

 Over six months through one year
 23,401

 Over one year
 2,204

 Total
 $
 60,721

 As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of our outstanding certificates of deposit in amounts greater than $250,000 was $98.2 million. The following table sets forth the maturity of these certificates at December 31, 2023:

 Three months or less
 $
 33,052

 Over three months through six months
 25,564

 Over six months through one year
 33,151

 Over one year
 6,454

 Total
 $
 98,221

 At December 31, 2023, we had $673.7 million in certificates of deposit, of which $635.8 million had remaining maturities of one year or less.
 The following table sets forth the distribution of our average total deposit accounts, by account type, for the periods indicated:

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Average Balance
 Average Balance
 Average Balance

 Non-interest bearing demand
 $
 770,939
 20.26
 %
 —
 %
 $
 907,603
 20.95
 %
 —
 %
 $
 812,805
 19.68
 %
 —
 %

 NOW and interest bearing demand
 1,226,944
 32.24
 1.35
 %
 1,291,370
 29.82
 0.14
 %
 1,085,259
 26.28
 %
 0.07
 %

 Money market accounts
 342,251
 8.99
 0.87
 %
 572,075
 13.21
 0.13
 %
 594,081
 14.38
 %
 0.11
 %

 Savings
 894,259
 23.50
 1.22
 %
 1,034,603
 23.89
 0.11
 %
 1,132,212
 27.42
 %
 0.14
 %

 Certificates of deposit
 571,042
 15.01
 3.21
 %
 525,557
 12.13
 1.27
 %
 505,472
 12.24
 %
 0.63
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 3,805,435
 %
 1.28
 %
 $
 4,331,208
 %
 0.24
 %
 $
 4,129,829
 %
 0.15
 %

 Borrowings. Our borrowings consist primarily of advances from the FHLBNY, borrowings under the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"), and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements) with third-party financial institutions. As of December 31, 2023, our FHLB advances totaled $733.6 million, or 15.0%, of total liabilities, BTFP borrowings totaled $94.5 million, or 1.93%, repurchase agreements totaled $25.0 million, or 0.5%, and floating rate advances and other interest-bearing liabilities totaled $6.2 million, or 0.1%, of total liabilities. At December 31, 2023, the Company had the ability to obtain additional funding from the FHLBNY and Federal Reserve Bank discount window of approximately $1.4 billion, utilizing unencumbered securities of $493.7 million and multifamily loans of $931.0 million. Repurchase agreements are primarily secured by mortgage-backed securities. Advances from the FHLBNY are secured by our investment in the common stock of the FHLBNY as well as by pledged mortgage-backed securities and loans.

 Subordinated Debt. On June 17, 2022, the Company issued $62.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating subordinated notes (the "Notes") to certain institutional investors. The Notes mature on June 30, 2032, unless redeemed earlier. The Notes initially bear interest, payable semi-annually in arrears, at a fixed rate of 5.00% per annum until June 30, 2027. Beginning June 30, 2027 and until maturity or redemption, the interest rate applicable to the outstanding principal amount of the Notes due will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 200 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company has the option to redeem the Notes, at par and in whole or in part, beginning on June 30, 2027 and to redeem the Notes at any time in whole upon certain other events. Any redemption of the Notes will be subject to prior regulatory approval to the extent required.
 Human Capital
 At December 31, 2023, the Company had 397 full-time employees and seven part-time employees, located primarily in the states of New York and New Jersey, of which approximately 67% were women and 42% were minorities. We are focused on attracting, developing and retaining employees with diverse backgrounds and experiences whose contributions can maximize our financial and strategic growth objectives and build long-term stockholder value. Our core values of trust, respect and excellence, coupled with our vision to be the high-performing community bank where employees want to work, customers want to bank, and stockholders want to invest. fosters innovation, increases business value, and enriches our corporate culture. We believe our relationship with our employees is strong. We have not experienced any material employment-related issues or interruptions of services due to labor disagreements and are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements. Key items related to our human capital are described below.
 Compensation and Benefits. We offer employees competitive short-term and long-term compensation that we periodically benchmark to market data utilizing third party consultants specialized in employee compensation and retention. We provide a comprehensive and competitive portfolio of health and welfare benefits including medical, dental and vision insurance, life insurance, short-term disability, and various expense reimbursement programs. We sponsor a 401(k) plan, which provides eligible employees the opportunity to invest a portion of their base salary, up to regulatory limits, in professionally managed investment options, and self-directed brokerage accounts. We match up to 50% of employee contributions up to the first 6% of compensation, as defined, based on years of service. We also maintain the Northfield Bank Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "ESOP") for eligible employees. The ESOP is a tax-qualified plan invested in our common stock. The ESOP provides employees with the opportunity to receive a retirement benefit based on the value of our common stock, and is 100% funded by Northfield Bank.
 Employee Engagement. We partner with various third parties to measure employee engagement and satisfaction, and through efforts of our internal employee engagement team, develop action plans for continued improvement. We have introduced virtual town hall meetings for all employees, opening the lines of communications and answering employee questions and concerns. In conjunction with the town hall meetings and internal focus groups, periodic surveys are conducted related to well-being, compensation, benefits, and our core values. These surveys provided insight into our employees' needs and preferences, which we consider in future program development.
 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We embrace diversity, equity, and inclusion which are important components of our core values. Our team members possess diverse backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences that are reflective of the communities and customers we serve. The unique capabilities and talents that they invest in their work represent who we are as an organization. Our recruitment efforts provide us opportunities to identify and select from a diverse group of candidates for all open positions based on critical skill sets of each position. We recognize and reward our employees based on their results and performance and are dedicated to providing them a workplace that is inclusive, supportive, free of discrimination or harassment, and that values characteristics and differences that make each of our employees unique.

 Learning and Development. We encourage and support continued education and the ongoing growth and development of our employees. We seek, wherever feasible, to fill open positions internally through promotion and transfer from within the Company. Ongoing learning and career development is advanced through bi-annual performance and development conversations between associates and their managers, internally developed training programs, customized corporate training engagements, professional career coaching and educational reimbursement programs. Reimbursement is available to employees enrolled in pre-approved degree or certification programs at accredited entities that teach skills or knowledge relevant to our business and employee job duties.
 Safety and Wellness. The safety, health and wellness of our employees is a top priority. On a regular basis, we promote the health and wellness of our employees by encouraging work-life balance, offering flexible work schedules, and encouraging and sponsoring various wellness programs.
 Subsidiary Activities
 Northfield-Bancorp, Inc. owns 100% of Northfield Investments, Inc., an inactive New Jersey investment company, and 100% of Northfield Bank. Northfield Bank owns 100% of NSB Services Corp., a Delaware corporation, which in turn owns 100% of the voting common stock of NSB Realty Trust. NSB Realty Trust is a Maryland real estate investment trust that holds mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities and other investments. These entities enable us to segregate certain assets for management purposes, and or borrow against assets or stock of these entities for liquidity purposes. At December 31, 2023, Northfield Bank's investment in NSB Services Corp. was $855.1 million, and NSB Services Corp. had assets of $858.8 million and liabilities of $3.6 million at that date. At December 31, 2023, NSB Services Corp.'s investment in NSB Realty Trust was $858.3 million, and NSB Realty Trust had $858.4 million in assets and liabilities of $58,000 at that date.

 SUPERVISION AND REGULATION
 General
 Northfield Bank is a federally chartered savings bank that is primarily regulated, examined, and supervised by the OCC, and by the FDIC as deposit insurer for certain activities. This regulation and supervision establish a comprehensive framework of activities in which an institution may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund and depositors, and not for the protection of security holders. Under this system of federal regulation, financial institutions are periodically examined to ensure that they satisfy applicable standards with respect to their capital adequacy, assets, management, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity to market interest rates. The OCC examines Northfield Bank and prepares reports for the consideration of its Board of Directors on any operating deficiencies. Northfield Bank's relationship with its depositors and borrowers also is regulated to a great extent by federal law and, to a much lesser extent, state law, especially in matters concerning the ownership of deposit accounts and the form and content of Northfield Bank's loan documents. Northfield Bank is also a member of and owns stock in the FHLBNY, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the FHLB System.
 As a savings and loan holding company, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the FRB. It is required to file certain reports with and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the FRB. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is also subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws.
 Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the FDIC, the OCC, the FRB, the SEC, or Congress, could have a material adverse effect on Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and Northfield Bank and their operations.
 Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are or will be applicable to Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc.
 Business Activities
 A federal savings bank derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners' Loan Act, as amended, and the regulations of the OCC. Under these laws and regulations, Northfield Bank may originate mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial business loans, and consumer loans, and it may invest in certain types of debt securities and certain other assets. Certain types of lending, such as commercial and consumer loans, are subject to aggregate limits calculated as a specified percentage of Northfield Bank's capital or assets. Northfield Bank also may establish subsidiaries that may engage in a variety of activities, including some that are not otherwise permissible for Northfield Bank, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.
 Loans-to-One-Borrower
 We generally may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of Northfield Bank's capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of capital and surplus, if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral, which is defined to include certain financial instruments and bullion, but generally does not include real estate. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with our loans-to-one-borrower limitations.
 Qualified Thrift Lender Test
 As a federally chartered savings bank, Northfield Bank is required to satisfy a qualified thrift lender ("QTL") test, under which we either must qualify as a "domestic building and loan" association as defined by the Internal Revenue Code or maintain at least 65% of our "portfolio assets" in "qualified thrift investments." "Qualified thrift investments" consist primarily of residential mortgages and related investments, including mortgage-backed and related securities. "Portfolio assets" generally mean total assets less specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill, and other intangible assets and the value of property used to conduct business. A savings bank that fails the QTL test must operate under specified restrictions. Federal law also makes noncompliance with the QTL test subject to agency enforcement action for a violation of law. As of December 31, 2023, we maintained 75.6% of our portfolio assets in qualified thrift investments and, therefore, we met the QTL test.

 Standards for Safety and Soundness
 Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe for insured depository institutions under its jurisdiction standards relating to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, employee compensation, and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. The federal banking agencies adopted Interagency Guidelines Prescribing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement the safety and soundness standards required under federal law. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to submit or implement an acceptable plan, the appropriate federal banking agency may issue an enforceable order requiring correction of the deficiencies.
 Capital Requirements
 Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio.
 In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests) are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. Common equity Tier 1 capital generally is defined as common stockholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital generally is defined as common equity Tier 1 plus additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and certain other items. In assessing an institution's capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors, but qualitative adjustments as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions when deemed necessary.
 In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.
 The federal banking agencies, including the OCC, are required to specify for qualifying institutions with less than $10 billion of assets an alternative "community bank leverage ratio" that ranges between 8% to 10% of consolidated assets. Institutions with capital levels meeting or exceeding the specified requirement and choosing the alternative regulatory capital framework are considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including all risk-based requirements. The elective community bank leverage ratio has been currently established at 9.0% Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. Eligible institutions may opt into and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on their quarterly call report. Northfield Bank elected to opt into the framework effective March 31, 2020.
 As of December 31, 2023, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and Northfield Bank exceeded all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject. Further, per regulatory guidelines the Bank is categorized as a well-capitalized institution under the prompt corrective action regulations discussed below. See Note 15 of the Notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion about Regulatory Requirements.

 Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action
 Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take "prompt corrective action" with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. Under the applicable regulations, an institution is deemed to be "well capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is deemed to be "adequately capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is deemed to be "undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0%, or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be "significantly undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0%, or a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is deemed to be "critically undercapitalized" if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.
 The regulations provide that a capital restoration plan must be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date a federal savings association receives notice that it is "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized" or "critically undercapitalized." Any holding company for the savings institution required to submit a capital restoration plan must guarantee the lesser of an amount equal to 5.0% of the savings institution's assets at the time it was notified or deemed to be undercapitalized by the OCC, or the amount necessary to restore the savings institution to adequately capitalized status. This guarantee remains in place until the OCC notifies the savings institution that it has maintained adequately capitalized status for each of four consecutive calendar quarters, and the OCC has the authority to require payment and collect payment under the guarantee. Various restrictions, including on growth and capital distributions, also apply to "undercapitalized" institutions. If an "undercapitalized" institution fails to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan, it is treated as "significantly undercapitalized." "Significantly undercapitalized" institutions must comply with one or more additional restrictions including, but not limited to: an order by the OCC to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized; requirements to reduce total assets, cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks or dismiss officers or directors; and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. The OCC may also take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions against undercapitalized institutions, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.
 The previously referenced final rule that establishes an elective "community bank leverage ratio" provides that a qualifying institution whose Tier 1 capital equals or exceeds the specified community bank leverage ratio and opts into that framework will be considered to be "well capitalized" for purposes of prompt corrective action.
 Capital Distributions
 Federal regulations restrict "capital distributions" by federal savings associations. For purposes of the regulations, capital distributions generally include cash dividends and other transactions charged to the capital account of a savings association. A federal savings association must file an application with the OCC for approval of the capital distribution if:
 • the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceeds the sum of the institution's net income for that year to date plus the institution's retained net income for the preceding two years that is still available for dividend;
 • the institution would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;
 • the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, written agreement or regulatory condition; or
 • the institution is not eligible for expedited review of its filings (i.e., generally, institutions that do not have safety and soundness, compliance and Community Reinvestment Act ratings in the top two categories or that fail a capital requirement).
 A savings institution that is a subsidiary of a holding company, which is the case with Northfield Bank, must file a notice with the FRB at least 30 days before the Board of Directors declares any dividend and receive FRB non-objection to the payment of the dividend.
 Applications or notices may be denied if the institution will be undercapitalized after the proposed dividend, the proposed dividend raises safety and soundness concerns or the proposed dividend would violate a law, regulation, written agreement, or regulatory condition.

 In the event that a savings institution's capital falls below its regulatory requirements or it is notified by the regulatory agency that it is in need of more than normal supervision, its ability to make capital distributions would be restricted. In addition, any proposed capital distribution could be prohibited if the regulatory agency determines that the distribution would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice.
 Transactions with Affiliates
 A federal savings association's authority to engage in transactions with its "affiliates" is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing regulation, Regulation W. The term "affiliate" generally includes any company that controls or is under common control with a savings association, including Northfield Bancorp, Inc., and the non-savings association subsidiaries of that savings association. Certain other subsidiaries of the savings association itself are not considered affiliates. Applicable law limits the aggregate amount of "covered transactions" with any individual affiliate, including loans to the affiliate, to 10% of the capital stock and surplus of the savings association. The aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates is limited to 20% of the savings association's capital stock and surplus. Certain "covered transactions" with affiliates, such as loans to or guarantees issued on behalf of affiliates, are required to be secured by specified amounts of collateral. Purchasing low quality assets from affiliates is generally prohibited. Regulation W also provides that transactions with affiliates, including covered transactions, must be on terms and under circumstances, including credit standards, that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the association as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving non-affiliated companies. In addition, savings associations are prohibited by law from lending to any affiliate that is engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies, and no savings association may purchase the securities of any affiliate other than a subsidiary.
 Authority to extend credit to the "executive officers" (as defined under Regulation O), directors and 10% or greater shareholders of federal savings associations and their affiliates (insiders), as well as to entities controlled by insiders (related interests), is governed by Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing regulation, Regulation O. Among other things, loans to insiders must be made on terms substantially the same as, and following credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unaffiliated individuals, and may not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. There is an exception for institution-wide lending programs available to all employees that do not give preference to insiders. Regulation O also places individual and aggregate limits on the amount of loans that may be made to insiders and their related interests based, in part, on the institution's capital position, and requires that certain prior board approval procedures be followed. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be made. At December 31, 2023, Northfield Bank was in compliance with these laws and regulations.
 Enforcement
 The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings associations, including the authority to bring enforcement actions against "institution-related parties," including officers, directors, certain shareholders, as well as attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in specified misconduct which caused or is likely to cause a financial loss to or an adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement actions may range from the issuance of a capital directive or "cease and desist" order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution, receivership, conservatorship, or the termination of deposit insurance. Civil money penalties can be assessed for a wide range of violations of law and regulation, unsafe or unsound practices, and breaches of fiduciary duty. The maximum penalties that can be assessed are generally based on the type and severity of the violation, unsafe and unsound practice or breach, and are adjusted annually for inflation.
 Deposit Insurance
 Northfield Bank is a member of the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is administered by the FDIC. Deposit accounts in Northfield Bank are insured up to a maximum of $250,000 per account ownership category for each separately insured depositor by the FDIC.
 The FDIC assesses insured depository institutions to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. Under the FDIC's risk-based assessment system, institutions deemed less risky pay lower assessments. Assessments for institutions with less than $10 billion of assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of an institution's failure within three years.

 The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Effective January 1, 2023, assessment rates for institutions of Northfield Bank's size range from 2.5 to 32 basis points. Any significant future increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of Northfield Bank. Future insurance assessments cannot be predicted. Under Financial Institution Letter dated November 16, 2023, the FDIC Board of Directors approved a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to an insured depository institution's ("IDI's") estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion, applicable either to the IDI, if an IDI is not a subsidiary of a holding company, or at the banking organization level, to the extent that an IDI is part of a holding company with one or more subsidiary IDIs. The special assessment will be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods. The special assessment will be collected beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 (i.e., January 1 through March 31, 2024) with an invoice payment date of June 28, 2024.
 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition imposed in writing. Management of Northfield Bank does not know of any practice, condition, or violation that may lead to termination of the Northfield Bank's deposit insurance.
 Federal Home Loan Bank System
 Northfield Bank is a member of the FHLBNY, and therefore is a member of the FHLB System, which consists of 11 regional FHLBs. The FHLB System provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. Members of the FHLB are required to acquire and hold a specified amount of shares of FHLB capital stock. Northfield Bank was in compliance with this requirement at December 31, 2023.
 Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws
 Federal savings associations have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and its implementing regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. An institution's failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in regulatory restrictions on certain activities such as branching and acquisitions. In the most recent Community Reinvestment Act Public Disclosure issued by the OCC as of May 15, 2023, Northfield Bank was rated "Satisfactory." On October 24, 2023, the FDIC, the FRB, and the OCC issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the Community Reinvestment Act regulations. Under the final rule, banks with assets of at least $2 billion as of December 31 in both of the prior two calendar years will be a "large bank." The agencies will evaluate large banks under four performance tests: the Retail Lending Test, the Retail Services and Products Test, the Community Development Financing Test, and the Community Development Services Test. The applicability date for the majority of the provisions in the Community Reinvestment Act regulations is January 1, 2026, and additional requirements will be applicable on January 1, 2027.
 Other Regulations
 Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by Northfield Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Northfield Bank's operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:
 • Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;
 • Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, requiring that borrowers for mortgage loans for one-to-four family residential real estate receive various disclosures, including good faith estimates of settlement costs, lender servicing and escrow account practices, and prohibiting certain practices that increase the cost of settlement services;
 • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;
 • Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;
 • Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies;
 • Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected;
 • Flood Disaster Protection Act, requiring flood insurance of collateral properties located in designated flood zones;

 • Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, providing a wide range of protections in lending for individuals entering or called to active duty in the military, and for deployed service members; and
 • Rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.
 The operations of Northfield Bank also are subject to the:
 • Truth in Savings Act and Regulation DD, which requires disclosures of deposit terms to consumers;
 • Regulation CC, which relates to the availability of deposit funds to consumers;
 • Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;
 • Electronic Funds Transfer Act, which governs automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers' rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services;
 • The Bank Secrecy Act and USA PATRIOT Act, which require savings associations to, among other things, establish anti-money laundering compliance programs, customer identification programs, and customer due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing;
 • Regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control, which enforce economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries and regimes, individuals, and organizations; and
 • The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which places limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information by financial institutions with unaffiliated third parties and requires all financial institutions offering products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution's privacy policy and allow such customers the opportunity to "opt out" of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties.
 Holding Company Regulation
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB. The FRB has enforcement authority over Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, that authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to Northfield Bank.
 The business activities of savings and loan holding companies are generally limited to those activities permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act, subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and certain additional activities authorized by FRB regulations, unless the holding company has elected "financial holding company" status. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, including underwriting equity securities and insurance as well as activities that are incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. Northfield Bancorp Inc. has not elected financial holding company status. Federal law generally prohibits the acquisition of more than 5% of a class of voting stock of a company engaged in impermissible activities.
 Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company without prior written approval of the FRB and from acquiring or retaining control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC. In evaluating applications by savings and loan holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the FRB must consider such things as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the institution, the risk to the federal Deposit Insurance Fund, the convenience and needs of the community, and competitive factors. An acquisition by a savings and loan holding company of a savings institution in another state to be held as a separate subsidiary may not be approved unless it is a supervisory acquisition under Section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or the law of the state in which the target is located authorizes such acquisitions by out-of-state companies.
 Savings and loan holding companies above $3 billion in consolidated assets, such as Northfield Bancorp, Inc., are subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements that are as stringent as those required for their insured depository subsidiaries. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to the subsidiary depository institutions (including the community bank leverage ratio alternative) also apply to savings and loan holding companies. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. exceeded the FRB's consolidated capital requirements as of December 31, 2023.
 Federal law applies the FRB's "source of strength" doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. The FRB has issued regulations implementing the "source of strength" policy that require holding companies to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity, and other support in times of financial stress.

 The FRB has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank and savings and loan holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization's capital requirements, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior regulatory review of capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the holding company's net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the holding company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company's capital needs and overall financial condition. The guidance also provides for prior consultation with supervisory staff for material increases in the amount of a holding company's common stock dividend. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may also be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. Regulatory guidance specifies that a holding company should advise FRB supervisory staff prior to redeeming or repurchasing common or perpetual preferred stock, to provide opportunity for supervisory review, and possible objection, when the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction as of the end of a quarter in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurs. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. to pay dividends, repurchase common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.
 Federal Securities Laws
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s common stock is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions, and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 Sarbanes-Oxley Act
 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act addresses, among other issues, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, executive compensation, and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. has policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
 Change in Bank Control Act and Regulations
 Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire control of a savings and loan holding company, such as Northfield Bancorp, Inc., unless the FRB has been given 60 days prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under the Change in Bank Control Act, means ownership, control of or the power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting stock. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a savings and loan holding company's voting stock constitutes a rebuttable determination of control under the regulations under certain circumstances, including where, as is the case with Northfield Bancorp, Inc., the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 Federal Taxation
 General. Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc. are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s consolidated federal tax returns are not currently under audit.
 The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize certain pertinent federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to Northfield Bancorp, Inc. or Northfield Bank.
 Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal and state income tax returns.
 Bad Debt Reserves. Historically, Northfield Bank was subject to special provisions in the tax law applicable to qualifying savings banks regarding allowable tax bad debt deductions and related reserves. Tax law changes were enacted in 1996 that eliminated the ability of savings banks to use the percentage of taxable income method for computing tax bad debt reserves for tax years after 1995, and required recapture into taxable income over a six-year period of all bad debt reserves accumulated after a savings bank's last tax year beginning before January 1, 1988. Northfield Bank recaptured its post December 31, 1987, bad-debt reserve balance over the six-year period ended December 31, 2004. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is required to use the specific charge-off method to account for tax bad debt deductions.

 Taxable Distributions and Recapture. Prior to 1996, bad debt reserves created prior to 1988 were subject to recapture into taxable income if Northfield Bank failed to meet certain thrift asset and definitional tests or made certain distributions. Tax law changes in 1996 eliminated thrift-related recapture rules. However, under current law, pre-1988 tax bad debt reserves remain subject to recapture if Northfield Bank makes certain non-dividend distributions, repurchases any of its common stock, pays dividends in excess of earnings and profits, or fails to qualify as a "bank" for tax purposes. At December 31, 2023, the total federal pre-base year bad debt reserve of Northfield Bank was approximately $5.9 million.
 Corporate Dividends-Received Deduction. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. may exclude from its federal taxable income 100% of dividends received from Northfield Bank as a wholly-owned subsidiary by filing consolidated tax returns. Through December 31, 2017, the corporate dividends-received deduction was 80% in the case of dividends received from a corporation in which a corporate recipient owns at least 20% of its stock, and corporations that own less than 20% of the stock of a corporation distributing a dividend could deduct only 70% of dividends received or accrued on their behalf. Effective January 1, 2018, the dividends received deduction decreased from 80% to 65% and 70% to 50% for corporate recipients owning at least 20% or less than 20%, respectively, of a corporation's stock.
 Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act, which was signed into law on August 16, 2022, among other things, implements a new alternative minimum tax of 15% on corporations with profits in excess of $1 billion, a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases, and several tax incentives to promote clean energy and climate initiatives. These provisions are effective beginning January 1, 2023.
 State Taxation
 New York State Taxation. In 2014, New York State enacted significant and comprehensive reforms to its corporate tax system that went into effect January 1, 2015. The legislation resulted in significant changes to the method of calculating income taxes for banks, including changes to future period tax rates, rules relating to the sourcing of income, and the elimination of the banking corporation tax so that banking corporations are taxed under New York State's corporate franchise tax. The corporate franchise tax is based on the combined entire net income of the Company and its affiliates allocable and apportionable to New York State and taxed at a rate of 7.25%. New York State also imposes the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ("MTA") Tax Surcharge allocable to business activities carried on in the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District. The MTA surcharge rate for 2023 was 30.0%, and will remain at 30.0% until otherwise adjusted.
 New York City Taxation. Northfield Bank reports income on a calendar year basis to New York City and is subject to the New York City Financial Corporation Tax calculated, subject to a New York City income and expense allocation, on a similar basis as the New York State Tax, at a rate of 8.85%.
 Our New York State tax returns are currently under audit for tax years 2018 through 2020. Our New York City tax returns are currently under audit for tax years 2020 and 2021.
 New Jersey State Taxation. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and Northfield Bank file New Jersey Corporation Business Tax returns on a calendar year basis. Generally, the income derived from New Jersey sources is subject to New Jersey tax. Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and Northfield Bank pay the greater of the corporate business tax at 9% of taxable income or the minimum tax of $2,000 per entity. On July 1, 2018, the State of New Jersey enacted new legislation that imposes a temporary surtax of 2.5% for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019, and of 1.5% for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021. On September 29, 2020, the state extended the 2.5% surtax through December 31, 2023, retroactively to tax years beginning January 1, 2020. The legislation also requires combined filing for certain members of an affiliated group for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2019. In May 2019, the State of New Jersey issued a tax technical bulletin, subsequently revised in December 2019, which gives guidance on the treatment of real estate investment trusts in connection with the combined reporting for New Jersey corporate business tax purposes. Real estate investment trusts and investment companies will be excluded from the combined group and will continue to file separate New Jersey tax returns. In July 2023, the State of New Jersey enacted new legislation that requires real estate investment trusts and investment companies to be included in the combined filing unless they are owned 50% or more by a Bank with assets that do not exceed $15 billion.
 Delaware State Taxation. As a Delaware business corporation, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is required to file an annual report with and pay franchise taxes to the state of Delaware.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
 The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference herein as well as in other documents we file with the SEC. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on or that management currently deems immaterial may also impair our business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors. See also, "Forward-Looking Statements."
 Risks Related to Our Lending Activities
 The level of our commercial real estate loan portfolio subjects us to additional regulatory scrutiny.
 The OCC and the other federal bank regulatory agencies have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under the guidance, a financial institution that, like us, is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify concentrations. A financial institution may have a concentration in commercial real estate lending if, among other factors, (i) total reported loans for construction, land acquisition and development, and other land represent 100% or more of total capital, or (ii) total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm residential properties, loans for construction, land acquisition and development and other land, and loans otherwise sensitive to the general commercial real estate market, including loans to commercial real estate related entities, represent 300% or more of total capital.
 Based on these factors we have a concentration in multifamily and commercial real estate lending, as such loans represent approximately 456.2% of Northfield Bank's capital as of December 31, 2023. The particular focus of the guidance is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be at greater risk to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance states that management should employ heightened risk management practices including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment, and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing. While we believe we have implemented policies and procedures with respect to our commercial real estate loan portfolio consistent with this guidance, bank regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures consistent with their interpretation of the guidance that may result in additional costs to us or that may result in a curtailment of our multifamily and commercial real estate lending and/or the requirement that we maintain higher levels of regulatory capital, either of which would adversely affect our loan originations and profitability.
 Our concentration in multifamily loans and commercial real estate loans could expose us to increased lending risks and related credit losses.
 Our current business strategy is to continue to originate multifamily loans and, to a lesser extent, other commercial real estate loans. At December 31, 2023, $3.68 billion, or 87.6%, of our loan portfolio held-for-investment, net, consisted of multifamily and other commercial real estate loans.
 These types of loans generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment and loss than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans because repayment of the loans often depends on the successful operation of the properties and the sale of such properties securing the loans. Such loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Also, many of our borrowers have more than one of these types of loans outstanding. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential real estate loan.
 In addition, if loans that are collateralized by real estate become troubled and the value of the real estate has been significantly impaired, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for credit losses and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

 Our New York State multifamily loan portfolio could be adversely impacted by changes in legislation or regulation.
 On June 14, 2019, the New York State legislature passed the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019, impacting about one million rent regulated apartment units. Among other things, the legislation: (i) curtails rent increases from material capital improvements and individual apartment improvements; (ii) all but eliminates the ability for apartments to exit rent regulation; (iii) does away with vacancy decontrol and high-income deregulation; and (iv) repealed the 20% vacancy bonus. This legislation generally limits a landlord's ability to increase rents on rent-regulated apartments and makes it more difficult to convert rent regulated apartments to market rate apartments. As a result, the value of the collateral located in New York State securing our multifamily loans or the future net operating income of such properties could potentially become impaired. At December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $457.8 million of New York multifamily loans that have some form of rent stabilization or rent control.
 Uncertainties associated with increased loan originations may result in errors in judging collectability, which may lead to additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs, which would negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Increasing loan originations would likely require us to lend to borrowers with which we have limited experience. Accordingly, we would not have a significant payment history pattern with which to judge future collectability. Further, newly originated loans have not been subjected to unfavorable economic conditions. As a result, it may be difficult to predict the future performance of newly originated loans. These loans may have delinquency or charge-off levels above our recent historical experience, which could adversely affect our future performance.
 If our allowance for credit losses is not sufficient to cover actual credit losses, our earnings and capital could decrease.
 We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers, the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans, and expectations on payments based on forecasted economic conditions. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, we review our loans and our loss and delinquency experience, as well as the experience of other similarly situated institutions, and we evaluate other factors including, among other things, current economic conditions. If our assumptions are incorrect, if delinquencies, non-accrual or non-performing loans increase, or macroeconomic conditions are worse than anticipated, our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, which would require additions to our allowance. Material additions to our allowance would materially decrease our net income.
 In addition, bank regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and, based on information available to them at the time of their review, may require us to increase our allowance for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. An increase in our allowance for credit losses on loans or loan charge-offs as a result of these regulatory reviews may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any future credit deterioration could require us to increase our allowance for credit losses.
 The foreclosure process may adversely impact the Bank's recoveries on non-performing loans.
 The judicial foreclosure process is protracted, especially in New Jersey, where foreclosure timelines remain among the longest in the nation, which delays our ability to resolve non-performing loans through the sale of the underlying collateral. The longer timelines have been the result of the economic crisis, additional consumer protection initiatives related to the foreclosure process, increased documentary requirements and judicial scrutiny, and, both voluntary and mandatory programs under which lenders may consider loan modifications or other alternatives to foreclosure. These reasons, historical issues at the largest mortgage loan servicers, and the legal and regulatory responses have impacted the foreclosure process and completion time of foreclosures for residential mortgage lenders. This may result in a material adverse effect on collateral values and our ability to minimize our losses.

 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.
 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or regulations, or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws and regulations may increase our exposure to environmental liability, and heightened pressure from investors and other stakeholders may require us to incur additional expenses with respect to environmental matters. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.
 Risks Related to Regulatory Matters
 We are subject to extensive regulatory oversight.
 We are subject to extensive supervision, regulation, and examination by the OCC and the FRB. As a result, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business, undertake new investments and activities, and obtain financing. This regulatory structure is designed primarily for the protection of the Deposit Insurance Fund and our depositors, and not to benefit our stockholders. This regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement actions and examination policies, including policies with respect to capital levels, the timing and amount of dividend payments, the classification of assets, the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes and the timing and amounts of assessments and fees.
 We are subject to the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.
 The Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution's performance under the Community Reinvestment Act or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, imposition of restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity and restrictions on expansion. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution's performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The FRB may require us to commit capital resources to support Northfield Bank.
 Federal law requires that a holding company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the "source of strength" doctrine, the FRB may require a holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when the holding company may not have the resources to provide it and therefore may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital. Any borrowing or funds needed to raise capital required to make a capital injection may be difficult and expensive and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Legislative or regulatory responses to perceived financial and market problems could impair our rights against borrowers.
 Federal, state and local laws and policies could reduce the amount distressed borrowers are otherwise contractually obligated to pay under their mortgage loans, and may limit the ability of lenders to foreclose on mortgage collateral. Restrictions on Northfield Bank's rights as creditor could result in increased credit losses on our loans and mortgage-backed securities, or increased expense in pursuing our remedies as a creditor.

 Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.
 The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs and procedures to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.
 Monetary policies and regulations of the FRB could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the FRB. An important function of the FRB is to regulate the money supply and credit environment. Among the instruments used by the FRB to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. Government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks' reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.
 The monetary policies and regulations of the FRB have had a significant effect on the overall economy and the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future.
 We are required to maintain a significant percentage of our total assets in residential mortgage loans and investments secured by residential mortgage loans, which restricts our ability to diversify our loan portfolio.
 A federal savings bank differs from a commercial bank in that it is required to maintain at least 65% of its total assets in "qualified thrift investments," which generally includes loans and investments for the purchase, refinance, construction, improvement, or repair of residential real estate, as well as home equity loans, education loans and small business loans. To maintain our federal savings bank charter we have to be a "qualified thrift lender" or "QTL" in nine out of each 12 immediately preceding months. The QTL requirement limits the extent to which we can grow our commercial loan portfolio, and failing the QTL test can result in an enforcement action. However, a loan that does not exceed $2 million (including a group of loans to one borrower) that is for commercial, corporate, business, or agricultural purposes is included in our qualified thrift investments. As of December 31, 2023, we maintained 75.6% of our portfolio assets in qualified thrift investments. Because of the QTL requirement, we may be limited in our ability to change our asset mix and increase the yield on our earning assets by growing our commercial loan portfolio.
 In addition, if we continue to grow our commercial real estate loan portfolio and our residential mortgage loan portfolio decreases, it is possible that in order to maintain our QTL status, we may have to buy mortgage-backed securities or other qualifying assets at times when the terms of such investments may not be attractive. Alternatively, we may find it necessary to pursue different structures, including converting Northfield Bank's savings bank charter to a commercial bank charter.
 We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may adversely affect our return on equity, require us to raise additional capital, or constrain us from paying dividends or repurchasing shares.
 The minimum capital requirements applicable to Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and Northfield Bank are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. The final rule also established a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.5%, resulting in the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%, (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%, and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution may become subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations established a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that can be utilized for such actions.

 The application of these more stringent capital requirements, among other things, could result in lower returns on equity, require the raising of additional capital, and result in regulatory actions if we were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with Basel III could result in our having to lengthen the term of our funding, restructure our business models, and/or increase our holdings of liquid assets. Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk-based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy, and could limit our ability to make distributions, including paying dividends or buying back shares. Recent regulatory changes have made available to qualifying institutions of under $10 billion in assets an alternative "community bank leverage ratio" framework of 9% Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. That framework was available for election starting in 2020, which the Northfield Bank opted into in the first quarter of 2020. However, the framework is not expected to effectively lower the amount of capital needed to comply with regulatory requirements. See "Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation."
 Risks Related to Strategic Matters
 Implementing our growth strategies could cause us to incur significant costs and expenses, which may negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 We expect to continue to grow our assets, the level of our deposits or borrowings, and the scale of our operations. Achieving our growth targets depends, in part, on our ability to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market, thereby increasing our share of the market, implement new lines of business or offer new products and services, identify favorable loan and investment opportunities, and acquire other banks and non-bank entities. Our ability to grow successfully will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competitive responses from other financial institutions in our market areas and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected.
 Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.
 We regularly evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities and conduct due diligence activities related to possible transactions with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash or equity securities may occur at any time. We seek acquisition partners that offer us either significant market presence or the potential to expand our market footprint and improve profitability through economies of scale or expanded services.
 Acquiring other banks, non-bank entities, businesses, or branches may have an adverse effect on our financial results and may involve various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions. These include:
 • integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds;
 • converting customers to new systems;
 • combining different corporate cultures and operating systems; and
 • retaining key employees.
 Loans that were acquired as part of our acquisitions of other depository institutions were not underwritten or originated in accordance with our credit standards, including environmental matters, and we did not have long-standing relationships with many of these borrowers at the time of acquisition. The acquired loans are underwritten at the date of acquisition based on our credit standards, which can temporarily increase loans classified as special mention and substandard for a period of time until these loans are integrated and conform to our credit standards. Although we reviewed the loan portfolios of each institution acquired as part of the diligence process, and believe that we have established reasonable credit marks with regard to all loans acquired, we may incur losses in excess of the credit marks with regard to these acquired loans, and any such losses, if they occur, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 The success of an acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings. If we are unable to integrate an acquired company successfully, the anticipated benefits and cost savings may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected. A significant decline in asset valuations or cash flows may also cause us not to realize expected benefits.

 Our inability to tailor our retail delivery model to respond to consumer preferences in banking may negatively affect earnings.
 Our branch network continues to be a very significant source of new business generation, however, consumers continue to migrate much of their routine banking to self-service channels. In recognition of this shift in consumer patterns, we regularly review our branch network, which can result in branch consolidation accompanied by the enhancement of our capabilities to serve its customers through alternate delivery channels. The benefits of this strategy would depend on our ability to realize expected expense reductions; however, if we are not able to implement this successfully, we may experience significant customer attrition.
 Risks Related to Economic Matters
 A decline in economic conditions could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Unlike larger financial institutions that are more geographically diversified, our profitability depends primarily on the general economic conditions in New York, New Jersey and, to a lesser extent, eastern Pennsylvania. Local economic conditions have a significant impact on our commercial real estate, construction, and consumer loans, the ability of the borrowers to repay these loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. A substantial portion of our loans are to borrowers located in or secured by collateral in the New York metropolitan area.
 Deterioration in economic conditions, including as a result of inflation or recession, changes in interest rates, or disruptions to the global supply chain, could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations:
 • demand for our products and services may decline;
 • loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase;
 • collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, (including due to the inability to complete construction projects due to disruption in the supply chain) in turn reducing customers' future borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;
 • we may increase our allowance for credit losses;
 • the value of our securities portfolio may decline; or
 • the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us.
 Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions, caused by inflation, changes in interest rates, recession, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic events, tax reform, unemployment, an epidemic or pandemic or other factors beyond our control could further affect these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of underlying collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.
 Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.
 Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. Over the past year, in response to a pronounced rise in inflation, the FRB has raised certain benchmark interest rates to combat inflation. As discussed above, as inflation increases and market interest rates rise the value of our investment securities, particularly those with longer maturities, would decrease, although this effect can be less pronounced for floating rate instruments. In addition, inflation generally increases the cost of goods and services we use in our business operations, such as electricity and other utilities, which increases our non-interest expenses. Furthermore, our customers are also affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their households and businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us. Sustained higher interest rates by the FRB to tame persistent inflationary price pressures could also push down asset prices and weaken economic activity. A deterioration in economic conditions in the United States and our markets could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, decreases in loan collateral values and a decrease in demand for our products and services, all of which, in turn, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our stock price may be negatively impacted by unrelated bank failures and negative depositor confidence in depository institutions. Further, if we are unable to adequately manage our liquidity, deposits, capital levels and interest rate risk, which have come under greater scrutiny in light of recent bank failures, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 On March 9, 2023, Silvergate Bank, La Jolla, California, announced its decision to voluntarily liquidate its assets and wind down operations. On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. On March 12, 2023, Signature Bank, New York, New York, was closed by the New York State Department of Financial Services, and on May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank, San Francisco, California, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. These banks also had elevated levels of uninsured deposits, which may be less likely to remain at the bank over time and less stable as a source of funding than insured deposits. These failures led to volatility and declines in the market for bank stocks and questions about depositor confidence in depository institutions.

 These events have led to a greater focus by institutions, investors and regulators on the on-balance sheet liquidity of and funding sources for financial institutions, the composition of its deposits, including the amount of uninsured deposits, the amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss, capital levels and interest rate risk management. If we are unable to adequately manage our liquidity, deposits, capital levels and interest rate risk, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 The failure to address the federal debt ceiling in a timely manner, downgrades of the U.S. credit rating and uncertain credit and financial market conditions may affect the stability of securities issued or guaranteed by the federal government, which may affect the valuation or liquidity of our investment securities portfolio and increase future borrowing costs.
 As a result of uncertain political, credit and financial market conditions, including the potential consequences of the federal government defaulting on its obligations for a period of time due to federal debt ceiling limitations or other unresolved political issues, investments in financial instruments issued or guaranteed by the federal government pose credit default and liquidity risks. Given that future deterioration in the U.S. credit and financial markets is a possibility, losses or significant deterioration in the fair value of our U.S. government issued or guaranteed investments may occur. At December 31, 2023, we had approximately $44.4 million, $73.9 million, $125.8 million and $550.6 million invested in U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Government agency securities, corporate bonds and residential mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises, respectively. Downgrades to the U.S. credit rating could affect the stability of securities issued or guaranteed by the federal government and the valuation or liquidity of our portfolio of such investment securities, and could result in our counterparties requiring additional collateral for our borrowings. Further, unless and until U.S. political, credit and financial market conditions have been sufficiently resolved or stabilized, it may increase our future borrowing costs.
 Risks Related to Competitive Matters
 Strong traditional and non-traditional competition within our market areas may limit our growth and profitability.
 We face intense competition in making loans and attracting deposits. Price competition from other financial institutions, credit unions, money market and mutual funds, insurance companies, and other non-traditional competitors such as financial technology companies, for loans and deposits sometimes results in us charging lower interest rates on our loans and paying higher interest rates on our deposits and may reduce our net interest income. Competition also makes it more difficult and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. Many of the institutions with which we compete have substantially greater resources and lending limits than we have and may offer services that we do not provide. Our competitors also may price loan and deposit products aggressively when they enter into new lines of business or new market areas. We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory, and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. If we are not able to compete effectively in our market area, our profitability may be negatively affected. The greater resources and broader offering of deposit and loan products of some of our competitors may also limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets.
 Risks Related to Interest Rates
 The reversal of the historically low interest rate environment has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our net interest income and profitability.
 The FRB decreased benchmark interest rates to near zero in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The FRB has reversed its policy of near zero interest rates given its concerns over inflation. Market interest rates have risen significantly in response to the FRB's recent rate increases. As discussed below, the increase in market interest rates has already had and is expected to further have an adverse effect on our net interest income and profitability.

 Changes in market interest rates in an increasing rate environment could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Our financial condition and results of operations are significantly affected by changes in market interest rates. Our results of operations substantially depend on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest expense we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our interest-bearing liabilities generally reprice or mature more quickly than our interest-earning assets. As rates increased rapidly in recent periods, we have increased the rates we pay on our deposits and borrowed funds more quickly than interest rates earned on our loans and investments, resulting in a negative effect on interest spreads and net interest income which has negatively affected our profitability. In addition, as a result of rising interest rates, we have experienced a shift in deposits from lower-cost transaction and savings accounts to higher-cost certificates of deposit. However, the rates we earn on our loans did not increase as rapidly during the year ended December 31, 2023. Conversely, should market interest rates fall below current levels, our net interest margin could also be affected negatively if competitive pressures keep us from further reducing rates on our deposits, while the yields on our assets decrease more rapidly through loan prepayments and interest rate adjustments.
 Increases in interest rates may decrease loan demand and/or may make it more difficult for borrowers to repay when loans reprice. Additionally, increases in interest rates may increase capitalization rates utilized in valuing income-producing properties. This can result in lower appraised values, which can limit the ability of borrowers to refinance existing debt and may result in higher charge-offs of our non-performing collateral dependent loans.
 Our balance sheet composition is weighted towards assets with longer durations, which expose us to risks upon changes in interest rates.
 We are subject to reinvestment risk associated with changes in interest rates. Changes in interest rates may affect the average life of loans and mortgage-related securities. Decreases in interest rates often result in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-related securities as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowings costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk to the extent we are unable to reinvest the cash received from such prepayments in loans or other investments that have interest rates that are comparable to the interest rates on existing loans and securities. Increases in interest rates generally reduce prepayments.
 Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our interest earning assets and in particular the carrying value of our securities portfolio. Generally, the value of interest-earning assets fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. To the extent interest rates increase and the value of our available-for-sale portfolio decreases, our stockholders' equity will be adversely affected.
 At December 31, 2023, our simulation model indicated that our net portfolio value (the net present value of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities) would decrease by 9.04% if there was an instantaneous parallel 200 basis point increase in market interest rates. Although interest rate risk calculations provide an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on our net portfolio value or net interest income and likely will differ from actual results.
 Risks Related to Operational Matters
 Our funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits at maturity and support our future growth. A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and result in regulatory limits being placed on us.
 We maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also receive funds from loan repayments, investment maturities and income on other interest-earning assets. While we emphasize the generation of low-cost core deposits as a source of funding, there is strong competition for such deposits in our market area. Additionally, deposit balances can decrease if customers identify alternative investments opportunities. Accordingly, as a part of our liquidity management, we may use a number of funding sources in addition to deposits and repayments and maturities of loans and investments. As we continue to grow, we are likely to become more dependent on these sources, which may include Federal Home Loan Bank advances, federal funds purchased and brokered certificates of deposit. Adverse operating results or changes in industry conditions could lead to difficulty or an inability to access these additional funding sources.

 Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. Further, if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support liquidity and future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our increased costs. In this case, our operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected. Alternatively, we may need to sell a portion of our investment and/or loan portfolio to raise funds, which, depending upon market conditions, could result in us realizing a loss on the sale of such assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had a net unrealized loss of $45.0 million on our debt securities available-for-sale portfolio as a result of the rising interest rate environment. Our investment securities totaled $828.5 million, or 14.8%, of total assets, at December 31, 2023.
 Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, pay our expenses, or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A lack of liquidity could also attract increased regulatory scrutiny and potential restraints imposed on us by regulators. Depending on the capitalization status and regulatory treatment of depository institutions, including whether an institution is subject to a supervisory prompt corrective action directive, certain additional regulatory restrictions and prohibitions may apply, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on payment of dividends and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits.
 Our success depends on hiring and retaining certain key personnel.
 Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. We rely on key personnel to manage and operate our business, including major revenue generating functions such as loan and deposit generation. The loss of key staff may adversely affect our ability to maintain and manage these functions effectively, which could negatively affect our revenues. In addition, competition for senior executives and skilled personnel in the financial services and banking industry is intense, which means the loss of key personnel could result in increased recruiting and hiring expenses, which could cause a decrease in our net income. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.
 Risks associated with system failures, interruptions, or breaches of security could affect our earnings negatively.
 Information technology systems are critical to our business. We use various technology systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, securities, deposits, and loans. We have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the effect of system failures, interruptions, and security breaches, but such events may still occur or may not be adequately addressed if they do occur. In addition, any compromise of our systems could deter customers from using our products and services. Although we rely on security systems to provide security and authentication necessary to affect the secure transmission of data, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of security.
 In addition, we outsource a majority of our data processing to certain third-party providers. If these third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.
 The occurrence of any system failures, interruption, or breach of security could damage our reputation, disrupt operations, misappropriate confidential information, damage our computer systems and result in a loss of customers and business thereby subjecting us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Cyber-attacks or other security breaches could adversely affect our operations, net income, or reputation.
 We regularly collect, process, transmit and store significant amounts of confidential information regarding our customers, employees and others and concerning our own business, operations, plans and strategies. In some cases, this confidential or proprietary information is collected, compiled, processed, transmitted, or stored by third parties on our behalf. Our heavy reliance on information technology systems (both internal and third-party) exposes us to operational risks which include the risk of malfeasance by employees or persons outside of our organization, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, systems failures or interruptions, failures to properly implement systems upgrades, breaches of our internal control systems and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery.

 Information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial and other transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks and mobile phishing. Mobile phishing, a means for identity thieves to obtain sensitive personal information through fraudulent e-mail, text or voice mail, is an emerging threat targeting the customers of financial entities. A failure in or breach of our operational or information security systems, or those of our third-party service providers, as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches or due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions could adversely affect our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and/or cause losses.
 If this confidential or proprietary information were to be mishandled, misused, or lost, we could be exposed to significant regulatory consequences, reputational damage, civil litigation, and financial loss.
 Although we employ a variety of physical, procedural, and technological safeguards to protect this confidential and proprietary information from mishandling, misuse, or loss, these safeguards do not provide absolute assurance that mishandling, misuse, or loss of the information will not occur, and that if mishandling, misuse, or loss of information does occur, those events will be promptly detected and addressed. Similarly, when confidential or proprietary information is collected, compiled, processed, transmitted or stored by third parties on our behalf, our policies and procedures require that the third party agree to maintain the confidentiality of the information, establish and maintain policies and procedures designed to preserve the confidentiality of the information, and permit us to confirm the third party's compliance with the terms of the agreement. As information security risks and cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and/or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.
 Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, we face significant operational risks, including fraud and other financial crimes.
 We operate in diverse markets and rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process a high number of transactions over short periods of time. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including but not limited to, the risk of fraud by employees or persons outside our company, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, breaches of the internal control system and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. Our loans to businesses and individuals and our deposit relationships and related transactions are subject to exposure to the risk of loss due to fraud and other financial crimes. In addition, employee errors and employee and customer misconduct could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulatory standards, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. In the event of a breakdown in the internal control system, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions, we could suffer financial loss, face regulatory action, and suffer damage to our reputation.
 If our enterprise risk management framework is not effective at mitigating risk and loss to us, we could suffer unexpected losses and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
 Our enterprise risk management framework seeks to achieve an appropriate balance between risk and return, which is critical to optimizing stockholder value. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject, including credit, liquidity, operational, regulatory compliance and reputational. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 Our Board of Directors needs to leverage, to a large degree, management and an outside consultant, in overseeing cybersecurity risk management.
 The Board of Directors established its Compliance and Information Technology ("CIT") Committee with specific responsibilities for overseeing cybersecurity threats, among other things. Our Chief Information Security Officer provides the CIT Committee with periodic reports on our cybersecurity risks and any material cybersecurity incidents. The CIT Committee retains an independent external cybersecurity consultant who regularly attends all CIT Committee meetings and reports directly to the CIT Committee Chair. In addition, Northfield Bank maintains an Information and Cybersecurity Program under the leadership of our Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Information Officer, and the Chief Information Security Officer, with Board of Directors oversight for identifying and mitigating information security risks. For this oversight of cybersecurity, our Board of Directors, through the CIT Committee, work with the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Information Officer, and the Chief Information Security Officer, as well as the independent external cybersecurity consultant.
 Risks Related to Environmental Matters
 Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.
 Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and could continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behaviors as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions, operating process changes and other issues. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.
 Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics, and other catastrophic events.
 We could be adversely affected if key personnel or a significant number of employees were to become unavailable due to a pandemic, natural disaster, war, act of terrorism, accident, or other reason. Any of these events could result in the temporary reduction of operations, employees, and customers, which could limit our ability to provide services. Additionally, many of our borrowers may suffer property damage, experience interruption of their businesses or lose their jobs after such events. Those borrowers might not be able to repay their loans, and the collateral for such loans may decline significantly in value.
 Other Risks Related to Our Business
 Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial condition and results of operations.
 Our accounting policies are essential to understanding our financial results and condition. Some of these policies require the use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Some of our accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. If such estimates or assumptions underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses.
 From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards or the interpretation of those standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes are beyond our control, can be hard to predict and could materially affect how we report our results of operations and financial condition. We could also be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in our restating prior period financial statements in material amounts.

 We hold certain intangible assets that could be classified as impaired in the future. If these assets are considered to be either partially or fully impaired in the future, our earnings and the book values of these assets would decrease.
 At December 31, 2023, we had $41.0 million in goodwill which we are required to test on a periodic basis. The impairment testing process considers a variety of factors, including the current market price of our common shares, the estimated net present value of our assets and liabilities and information concerning the terminal valuation of similarly situated insured depository institutions. It is possible that future impairment testing could result in a partial or full impairment of the value of our goodwill. If an impairment determination is made in a future reporting period, our earnings and the book value of goodwill will be reduced by the amount of the impairment.
 If our municipal banking deposits were lost within a short period of time, this could negatively impact our liquidity and earnings.
 As of December 31, 2023, municipal deposits totaled $768.6 million, or 19.8% of total deposits. Municipal deposits may be more volatile than other deposits. If a significant amount of these deposits were withdrawn within a short period of time, it could have a negative impact on our short-term liquidity or if the cost to replace such funds was more expensive, it could have an adverse impact on our earnings.
 Changes in the valuation of our securities portfolio could reduce net income and lower our capital levels.
 Our securities portfolio may be affected by fluctuations in market value, potentially reducing accumulated other comprehensive income and/or earnings. Fluctuations in market value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis, with more frequent evaluation for selected issues. In analyzing a debt issuer's financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, industry analysts' reports and, to a lesser extent given the relatively insignificant levels of depreciation in our debt portfolio, spread differentials between the effective rates on instruments in the portfolio compared to risk-free rates. In analyzing an equity issuer's financial condition, management considers industry analysts' reports, financial performance, and projected target prices of investment analysts within a one-year time period. If this evaluation shows impairment to the actual or projected cash flows associated with one or more securities, a potential loss to earnings may occur. Changes in interest rates also can have an adverse effect on our financial condition, as our available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value, and therefore are impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. We increase or decrease our stockholders' equity by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of the available-for-sale securities, net of taxes. The declines in market value could result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, which would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels.
 Federal banking regulations restrict insured depository institutions and their affiliated companies from engaging in short-term proprietary trading of certain securities, investing in funds with collateral comprised of less than 100% of loans that are not registered with the SEC and from engaging in hedging activities that do not hedge a specific identified risk. We continue to analyze the impact of this regulation on our investment portfolio, and whether any changes are required to our investment strategies that could negatively affect our earnings.

 We may be adversely affected by recent changes in tax laws.
 Changes in federal tax laws may have an adverse effect on the market for, and the valuation of, residential properties, and on the demand for such loans in the future and could make it harder for borrowers to make their loan payments. In addition, these changes also have a disproportionate effect on taxpayers in states with high residential home prices and high state and local taxes, like New Jersey and New York. If home ownership becomes less attractive, demand for mortgage loans could decrease. The value of the properties securing loans in our loan portfolio may be adversely impacted as a result of the changing economics of home ownership, which could require an increase in our provision for credit losses, which would reduce our profitability and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Additionally, legislation in New Jersey imposes a temporary surtax on corporations earning New Jersey allocated income in excess of $1 million of 2.5% for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019, and of 1.5% for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021. On September 29, 2020, the state extended the 2.5% surtax through December 31, 2023, retroactively to tax years beginning January 1, 2020. The legislation also requires combined filing for certain members of an affiliated group for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2019. The new legislation may cause us to lose the benefit of certain of our tax management strategies and may cause our total tax expense to increase.
 Various factors may make takeover attempts more difficult to achieve.
 Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, federal regulations, Delaware law, shares of restricted stock and stock options that we have granted or may grant to employees and directors, stock ownership by our management and directors and employment agreements that we have entered into with our executive officers, and various other factors may make it more difficult for companies or persons to acquire control of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. without the consent of our Board of Directors, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak could continue to affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the global and national economy and certain industries and geographies in which the Company operates. Given its dynamic nature, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including the advent of new variants and any measures to combat the pandemic by governmental authorities. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 There are no unresolved staff comments.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 Our Cybersecurity Risk Management program is an integrated component of the Enterprise Risk Management strategy intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our critical systems and information.
 We design and assess our program based on industry standards such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework and the Center for Internet Security Controls. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, but rather that we use these standards as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
 Our cybersecurity risk management program is aligned with the Company's business strategy. It shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply to other areas of enterprise risk, including legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risks. Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include:
 • implementation of policies and procedures in the areas of Information Security, Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery, Privacy, Third-Party Service Provider Risk Management, and Incident Response;
 • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise information technology environment;
 • an independent second line function, the Information Security Department, is principally responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, testing and monitoring of our security controls, and our response to cybersecurity incidents;
 • the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls, including but not limited to penetration testing;
 • training and awareness programs for Information Security Department members that include periodic and ongoing assessments to drive adoption and awareness of cybersecurity processes and controls;
 • throughout the year, all employees are trained on cybersecurity awareness, confidential information protection and simulated phishing attacks, and all directors engage in interactive training modules;
 • membership with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC) and annual participation in the Cyber Attacks against Payment Systems (CAPS) exercises;
 • cybersecurity metrics and other risk management matters are reported to both management level committees and the CIT Committee;
 • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
 • a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers and vendors that analyses, monitors, reports, and mitigates cyber risks associated with third-party vendors, suppliers, and service providers.
 In the last three fiscal years, the Company has not experienced any cybersecurity incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial conditions, and any expenses incurred from cybersecurity incidents have been immaterial. For a discussion of whether and how any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors – "Risks Related to Operational Matters".
 Cybersecurity Governance
 The Board of Directors established its CIT Committee with specific responsibilities for overseeing cybersecurity threats, among other things. Our Chief Information Security Officer provides the CIT Committee with periodic reports on our cybersecurity risks and any material cybersecurity incidents. The CIT Committee retains an independent external cybersecurity consultant who regularly attends all CIT Committee meetings and reports directly to the CIT Committee Chair. In addition, the Chief Information Security Officer provides periodic training and reports to our Board of Directors.

 Northfield Bank maintains an Information and Cybersecurity Program under the leadership of our Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Information Officer, and the Chief Information Security Officer, with timely Board oversight for identifying and mitigating information security risks. The Information Security Department is primarily responsible for identifying, assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats and overseeing cybersecurity vendors. The Information Security Department is led by our Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"). Our immediate past CISO had over 15 years of experience in the cybersecurity space and has obtained professional security certifications and advanced training in the field of cybersecurity and technology. Northfield Bank is currently onboarding a new CISO, who comes to us from a money center bank and has a similar background. Our Chief Information Security Officer and our Chief Information Officer, along with key members of their departments, regularly collaborate with peer institutions, industry groups, and policymakers to discuss cybersecurity trends and issues and identify best practices. The information security program is periodically reviewed by such personnel with the goal of addressing changing threats and conditions. Our internal audit team, led by our Chief Internal Auditor, provides independent assurance and evaluation of processes, controls and cybersecurity risk management practices to ensure they are adequate and functioning as intended.
 The Information Security Department also monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings with internal security personnel, threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us, and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the information technology environment.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
 The Company operates from its corporate offices located at 581 Main Street, Woodbridge, New Jersey, its home office in Staten Island, New York, and its additional 38 branch offices located in New York and New Jersey. The branch offices are located in the New York counties of Richmond, and Kings and the New Jersey counties of Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, and Union. The net book value of our premises, land, and equipment was $24.8 million at December 31, 2023.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 In the normal course of business, we may be party to various outstanding legal proceedings and claims. In the opinion of management, our consolidated financial statements are not likely to be materially affected by the outcome of such legal proceedings and claims as of December 31, 2023.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 Our shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "NFBK." The approximate number of holders of record of Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s common stock as of February 26, 2024, was 3,711. Certain shares of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. are held in "nominee" or "street" name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number.
 Stock Performance Graph
 Set forth below is a stock performance graph comparing (a) the cumulative total return on the Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s common stock for the period December 31, 2018, through December 31, 2023, (b) the cumulative total return of the stocks included in the NASDAQ Composite Index over such period, (c) the cumulative total return on stocks included in the S&P U.S. SmallCap Banks Index over such period and, (d) the cumulative total return on stocks included in the KBW NASDAQ Bank Index over such period. Cumulative return assumes the reinvestment of dividends, and is expressed in dollars based on an assumed investment of $100. Previously, the Company compared its price performance to the NASDAQ Composite Index, S&P Composite 1500 Thrifts & Mortgage Finance Index and the KBW NASDAQ Bank Index. In March 2023, S&P Global revised their Global Industry Classification Standard and the S&P Composite 1500 Thrifts & Mortgage Finance Index was discontinued. It was deemed that the S&P U.S. SmallCap Banks Index was an appropriate index to use in its place as Northfield Bancorp is a member of this index.

 As of

 12/31/2018
 12/31/2019
 12/31/2020
 12/31/2021
 12/31/2022
 12/31/2023

 128.69
 97.34
 131.58
 132.72
 111.26

 NASDAQ Composite Index
 136.69
 198.10
 242.03
 163.28
 236.17

 S&P U.S. SmallCap Bank Index
 125.46
 113.94
 158.62
 139.85
 140.55

 KBW NASDAQ Bank Index
 136.13
 122.09
 168.88
 132.75
 131.57

 Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence, a division of S&P Global Inc.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 On June 16, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a $45.0 million stock repurchase program, which was suspended on March 16, 2023 and reinstated and completed in May 2023. On June 1, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a $10.0 million stock repurchase program which was completed in August 2023. On November 7, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a $7.5 million stock repurchase program. The stock repurchase program is administered in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of the repurchases will depend on certain factors, including but not limited to, market conditions and prices, the Company's liquidity and capital requirements, and alternative uses of capital. Any repurchased shares will be held as treasury stock and will be available for general corporate purposes. The repurchases may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 3,074,332 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $11.99 per share for a total cost of $36.9 million, and 2,092,157 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $14.72 per share for a total cost of $38.0 million, respectively, pursuant to the approved stock repurchase plans. At December 31, 2023, the maximum dollar value of shares remaining for repurchase under the plan was $3.1 million.

 The following table reports information regarding purchases of the Company's common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

 Period
 (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased
 (b) Average Price Paid per Share
 (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 (d) Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands)

 October 1, 2023 to October 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —

 November 1, 2023 to November 30, 2023
 319,476
 9.77
 319,476
 4,380

 December 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023
 111,045
 11.76
 111,045
 3,074

 Total
 430,521
 430,521

 ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this report (collectively, the "financial statements").
 Overview
 Net income was $37.7 million, or $0.86 per diluted common share, and $61.1 million, or $1.32 per diluted common share, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Significant variances from the prior year are as follows: a $33.6 million decrease in net interest income, a $3.1 million decrease in the provision for credit losses on loans, a $3.9 million increase in non-interest income, a $6.5 million increase in non-interest expense, and a $9.6 million decrease in income tax expense. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 included $317,000, after tax ($0.01 per share), in severance costs. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 included $925,000, after tax ($0.02 per share) of income generated from the accelerated accretion of fees related to the forgiveness of PPP loans and $326,000, after tax ($0.01 per share) in gains on loans sold.
 Assets decreased by $2.9 million, or 0.1%, to $5.60 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in available-for-sale debt securities of $156.7 million, or 16.5%, and a decrease in loans receivable of $40.0 million, or 0.9%, partially offset by increases in cash and cash equivalents of $183.7 million, or 401.1%, and FHLBNY stock of $9.3 million, or 30.6%.
 Liabilities remained at $4.90 billion at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as a decrease in total deposits of $271.8 million was largely offset by an increase in FHLB advances and other borrowings of $275.6 million.
 Stockholders' equity decreased by $1.9 million to $699.4 million at December 31, 2023, from $701.4 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was attributable to $36.9 million in stock repurchases and $22.8 million in dividend payments, partially offset by net income of $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a $15.9 million reduction in accumulated other comprehensive loss due to an increase in the fair value of our debt securities available-for-sale portfolio, and a $4.2 million increase in equity award activity.

 Selected Financial Data
 The summary information presented below at the dates or for each of the years presented is derived in part from our consolidated financial statements. The following information is only a summary, and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Selected Financial Condition Data:

 $
 5,598,396
 $
 5,601,293
 $
 5,430,542

 Cash and cash equivalents
 91,068

 13,461

 Debt securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value
 1,208,237

 Debt securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost
 9,866
 5,283

 Equity securities
 10,629
 10,443
 5,342

 Loans held-for-investment, net
 3,806,617

 (37,535)
 (42,617)
 (38,973)

 3,767,644

 Bank-owned life insurance
 171,543
 167,912
 164,500

 FHLBNY stock, at cost
 22,336

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 30,202
 34,288
 33,943

 Other real estate owned
 —
 —

 3,878,435
 4,150,219
 4,169,334

 Borrowed funds
 859,272
 583,859
 421,755

 61,219
 60,996
 —

 Operating lease liabilities
 35,205
 39,790
 39,851

 Total liabilities
 4,898,951
 4,899,903
 4,690,659

 Total stockholders' equity
 $
 699,445
 $
 701,390
 $
 739,883

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (Dollars in thousands, except share data)

 Selected Operating Data:

 Interest income
 $
 208,795
 $
 179,688
 $
 172,298

 Interest expense
 84,128
 21,382
 16,649

 Net interest income before provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 124,667
 158,306
 155,649

 Provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 1,353
 4,482
 (6,184)

 Net interest income after provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 123,314
 153,824
 161,833

 Non-interest income
 11,896
 7,983
 14,453

 Non-interest expense
 83,450
 76,948
 79,159

 Income before income taxes
 51,760
 84,859
 97,127

 Income tax expense
 14,091
 23,740
 26,473

 $
 $
 $

 Net income per common share - basic
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.46

 Net income per common share - diluted
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.45

 Weighted average basic shares outstanding
 43,560,844
 46,234,122
 48,416,495

 Weighted average diluted shares outstanding
 43,638,616
 46,438,119
 48,754,263

 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Selected Financial Ratios and Other Data:

 Performance Ratios:

 Return on assets (ratio of net income to average total assets)(1) (2) (3)

 0.68
 %
 1.09
 %
 1.29
 %

 Return on equity (ratio of net income to average equity)(1) (2) (3)

 5.45
 8.57
 9.42

 Interest rate spread(4)

 1.82
 2.82
 2.89

 Net interest margin(5)

 2.35
 2.97
 3.01

 Dividend payout ratio(6)

 60.51
 39.48
 34.39

 Efficiency ratio(7) (8)

 61.11
 46.27
 46.54

 Non-interest expense to average total assets
 1.50
 1.38
 1.44

 Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities
 133.01
 137.82
 135.63

 Average equity to average total assets
 12.44
 12.75
 13.69

 Asset Quality Ratios:

 Non-performing assets to total assets
 0.20
 0.18
 0.15

 Non-performing loans to total loans (9) (10)

 0.27
 0.24
 0.21

 Allowance for credit losses to total non-performing loans
 328.30
 416.26
 486.80

 Allowance for credit losses to total loans held-for-investment, net(11) (12)

 0.89
 1.00
 1.02

 Capital Ratio:

 Tier 1 capital (to adjusted assets)
 12.58
 12.64
 12.93

 Other Data:

 Number of full service offices

 Full time equivalent employees

 (1)
 The year ended December 31, 2023, includes $317,000, after tax, of severance costs and $96,000, after tax, of gains on loans sold.

 (2)
 The year ended December 31, 2022, includes $925,000, after tax, of net interest income generated from accelerated accretion of fees related to the forgiveness of PPP loans and $326,000, after-tax, in gains on loans sold.

 (3)
 The year ended December 31, 2021, includes: (i) $4.0 million, after tax, of net interest income generated from accelerated accretion of fees related to the forgiveness of PPP loans; (ii) $1.4 million, after tax, of accretable income related to the payoff of PCD loans; (iii) $1.0 million, after tax, in gains on loans sold; and (iv) $677,000 of tax-exempt income from bank-owned life insurance proceeds in excess of the cash surrender value of the policies.

 (4)
 The interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted-average yield on interest earning assets and the weighted-average costs of interest-bearing liabilities.

 (5)
 The net interest margin represents net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets for the period.

 (6)
 Dividend payout ratio is calculated as total dividends declared for the year divided by net income for the year.

 (7)
 The efficiency ratio represents non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.

 (8)
 The year ended December 31, 2023, includes $440,000 pre-tax, of severance costs. The year ended December 31, 2022, includes $1.3 million, pre-tax, of net interest income generated from accelerated accretion of fees related to the forgiveness of PPP loans. The year ended December 31, 2021, includes $5.6 million, pre-tax, of net interest income generated from accelerated accretion of fees related to the forgiveness of PPP loans, $1.9 million of accretable income related to the payoff of PCD loans, and $677,000 of tax-exempt income from bank owned life insurance proceeds in excess of the cash surrender value of the policies.

 (9)
 Non-performing loans consist of non-accruing loans and loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing (excluding PCD loans), included in total loans held-for-investment, net, and non-performing loans held-for-sale, included in loans held-for-sale.

 (10)
 Includes originated loans held-for-investment, PCD loans, acquired loans, and loans held-for-sale.

 (11)
 Includes originated loans held-for-investment, PCD loans and acquired loans (and related allowance for credit losses).

 (12)
 Excluding PPP loans of $5.1 million, which are fully government guaranteed and do not carry any provision for losses, the allowance for credit losses to total loans held for investment, net, totaled 1.01% at December 31, 2022. Excluding PPP loans of $40.5 million, the allowance for credit losses to total loans held for investment, net, totaled 1.03% at December 31, 2021. PPP loans were of insignificant value at December 31, 2023.

 Critical Accounting Policies
 Critical accounting policies are defined as those that involve significant judgments and uncertainties, and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that the most critical accounting policies upon which our financial condition and results of operation depend, and which involve the most complex subjective decisions or assessments, are the following:
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company adopted new accounting guidance, which requires entities to estimate and recognize an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses for loans and other financial assets measured at amortized cost. Previously, an allowance for loan losses was recognized based on probable and reasonably estimable incurred losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. See Note 1 to the Company's consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Company's accounting policies and methodologies for establishing the allowance for credit losses. We identified our policy on the allowance for credit losses on loans to be a critical accounting policy because management makes subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
 The allowance for credit losses on loans is a critical accounting estimate for the following reasons:

 • Changes in the provision for credit losses can materially affect our financial results;
 • Estimates relating to the allowance for credit losses require us to utilize a reasonable and supportable forecast period based upon forward-looking economic scenarios in order to estimate probability of default and loss given default rates which our CECL methodology encompasses;
 • The allowance for credit losses on loans is influenced by factors outside of our control such as industry and business trends, as well as economic conditions such as trends in housing prices, interest rates, gross domestic product, inflation, and unemployment; and
 • Judgment is required to determine whether the models used to generate the allowance for credit losses on loans produce an estimate that is sufficient to encompass the current view of lifetime expected credit losses.
 The allowance for credit losses on loans has been determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We are responsible for the timely and periodic determination of the amount of the allowance required. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover losses.
 Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans. This quarterly process is performed by the accounting department, in conjunction with the credit administration department, and approved by the Allowance Committee, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer/President, Executive Vice President ("EVP") & Chief Risk Officer, EVP & Chief Financial Officer, EVP & Chief Lending Officer, Senior Credit Officer, Senior Vice President ("SVP") Collections and Asset Recovery, SVP & Director of Financial Reporting and the Assistant Vice President Financial Reporting. The Chief Financial Officer performs a final review of the calculation. All supporting documentation with regard to the evaluation process is maintained by the accounting department. Each quarter a summary of the allowance for credit losses is presented by the Chief Financial Officer to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
 Under the CECL methodology, the allowance for credit losses on loans has two components. (1) a collective reserve for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (2) an individual reserve for loans that do not share risk characteristics, consisting of collateral-dependent and, prior to January 1, 2023, TDR loans.

 Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans Held-for-Investment

 The Company estimates the collective reserve using a risk rating migration model which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. These metrics are multiplied by the exposure at default, taking into consideration prepayments, to calculate the quantitative component of the collective reserve. The metrics are based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit risk rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis periods for each loan portfolio pool, and the severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred using the Company's historical loss experience and comparable peer data loss history. The model's expected losses based on loss history are adjusted for qualitative adjustments. Among other things, these adjustments include and account for differences in: (i) changes in lending policies and procedures; (ii) changes in local, regional, national, and international economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of our portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (iii) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (iv) changes in the quality of our loan review system; (v) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (vi) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in our existing portfolio.

 The Company utilizes a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period after which estimated losses revert to historical loss experience immediately for the remaining life of the loan. In establishing its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company utilizes five externally-sourced forward-looking economic scenarios developed by Moody's Analytics ("Moody's").

 Management utilizes five different Moody's scenarios so as to incorporate uncertainties related to the economic environment. These scenarios, which range from more benign to more severe economic outlooks, include a 'most likely outcome' (the "Baseline" scenario) and four less likely scenarios referred to as the "Upside" and "Downside" scenarios. Each scenario is weighted with a majority of the weighting placed on the Baseline scenario and lower weights placed on both the Upside and Downside scenarios. The weighting assigned by management is based on the economic outlook and available information at the reporting date. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. The Company has identified and selected key variables that most closely correlated to its historical credit performance, which include: gross domestic product, unemployment, and three collateral indices: the Commercial Property Price Index, the Commercial Property Price Apartment Index and the Case-Shiller Home Price Index.

 Our allowance for credit losses is sensitive to a number of inputs, most notably the macroeconomic forecast assumptions as well as the reasonable and supportable forecasting periods that are incorporated in our estimate of credit losses on loans. Therefore, as the macroeconomic environment and related forecasts change or decisions are made to shorten or lengthen the forecasting period, the allowance for credit losses may change materially. The following sensitivity analyses do not represent management's expectations of the deterioration of our portfolios or the economic environment, but are provided as hypothetical scenarios to assess the sensitivity of the allowance for credit losses to changes in key inputs.

 The following table details the five Moody's scenarios utilized in determining the allowance for credit losses on loans at December 31, 2023, and weightings of each scenario:

 Model Scenario
 Moody's Scenario Description
 Weight

 S0
 Upside - 4th Percentile
 4%

 S1
 Upside - 10th Percentile
 10%

 S3
 Downside - 90th Percentile
 10%

 S4
 Downside - 96th Percentile
 4%

 Baseline
 Baseline Scenario
 72%

 If we placed 100% weighting on the baseline scenario, the quantitative allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023 would have been approximately $1.4 million lower. Conversely, if we removed the upside scenarios and reallocated the weights from S0 to S4 and S1 to S3, the allowance for credit losses would have increased approximately $2.7 million. These forecasts revert to our long-term historical average loss rate after a 24 month forecasting period.

 Because of the of the high degree of judgment involved in management's estimates of the allowance for credit losses, the subjectivity of assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment, there is inherent uncertainty in such estimates. Changes in these estimates could significantly impact the allowance for credit losses on loans.

 Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans
 The Company measures specific reserves for individual loans that do not share common risk characteristics with other loans, consisting of all loans designated as TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and non-accrual loans with an outstanding balance of $500,000 or greater. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine that the loan's carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows under troubled debt restructurings which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower's current and projected financial condition. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections and our established allowance for credit losses on these loans, which could have a material effect on our financial results. Individually impaired loans that have no impairment losses are not considered for collective allowances described earlier.
 We have a concentration of loans secured by real property located in New York, New Jersey, and, to a lesser extent, eastern Pennsylvania. As a substantial amount of our loan portfolio is collateralized by real estate, appraisals of the underlying value of property securing loans are critical in determining the amount of the allowance required for specific loans. Assumptions for appraisal valuations are instrumental in determining the value of properties. Overly optimistic assumptions or negative changes to assumptions could significantly impact the valuation of a property securing a loan and the related allowance determined. The assumptions supporting such appraisals are reviewed by management and an independent third-party appraiser to determine that the resulting values reasonably reflect amounts realizable on the collateral. Based on the composition of our loan portfolio, we believe the primary risks are increases in interest rates, a decline in the economy generally, or a decline in real estate market values in New York, New Jersey, or eastern Pennsylvania. Any one or a combination of these events may adversely affect our loan portfolio resulting in delinquencies, increased credit losses, and increased credit loss provisions.
 Although we believe we have established and maintained the allowance for credit losses at adequate levels, changes may be necessary if future economic or other conditions differ substantially from our estimation of the current operating environment. Although management uses the information available, the level of the allowance for credit losses remains an estimate that is subject to significant judgment and short-term change. In addition, the OCC, as an integral part of their examination process, will review our allowance for credit losses on loans and may require us to recognize adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.
 Allowance for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
 We also maintain an allowance for estimated losses on off-balance sheet credit risks related to loan commitments and standby letters of credit. The reserve for off-balance sheet exposures is determined using the CECL reserve factor in the related funded loan segment, adjusted for an average historical funding rate. The allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding provision is included in other non-interest expense.

 Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Total assets decreased by $2.9 million, or 0.1%, to $5.60 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in available-for-sale debt securities of $156.7 million, or 16.5%, and a decrease in loans receivable of $40.0 million, or 0.9%, partially offset by increases in cash and cash equivalents of $183.7 million, or 401.1%, and FHLBNY stock of $9.3 million, or 30.6%.

 Cash and cash equivalents increased by $183.7 million, or 401.1%, to $229.5 million at December 31, 2023, from $45.8 million at December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in Federal Reserve Bank of New York balances driven by excess cash from borrowings and proceeds from the maturity and calls of available-for-sale securities. Balances fluctuate based on the timing of receipt of security and loan repayments and the redeployment of cash into higher-yielding assets such as loans and securities, or the funding of deposit outflows or borrowing maturities. During 2023, management believed it was prudent to increase balance sheet liquidity given general market volatility and uncertainty.

 The Company's available-for-sale debt securities portfolio decreased by $156.7 million, or 16.5%, to $795.5 million at December 31, 2023, from $952.2 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to paydowns, maturities, and calls. At December 31, 2023, $550.6 million of the portfolio consisted of residential mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae. In addition, the Company held $73.9 million in U.S. Government agency securities, $44.4 million in U.S. Treasuries, $125.8 million in corporate bonds, substantially all of which were considered investment grade, and $763,000 in municipal bonds at December 31, 2023. Gross unrealized losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity securities approximated $32.5 million and $279,000, respectively, at December 31, 2023, and $48.6 million and $332,000, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

 Equity securities were $10.6 million at December 31, 2023 and $10.4 million at December 31, 2022. Equity securities are primarily comprised of an investment in a Small Business Administration Loan Fund. This investment is utilized by the Bank as part of its Community Reinvestment Act program.

 Loans held for investment, net, decreased by $40.0 million to $4.20 billion at December 31, 2023, from $4.24 billion at December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in multifamily loans, partially offset by an increase in commercial real estate loans. The Company continues to focus on the credit needs of its customers, and to a lesser extent, the development of new business notwithstanding the current uncertain economic environment. Multifamily loans decreased $73.6 million, or 2.6%, to $2.75 billion at December 31, 2023 from $2.82 billion at December 31, 2022, one-to-four family residential loans decreased $13.1 million, or 7.5%, to $160.8 million at December 31, 2023 from $173.9 million at December 31, 2022, and commercial and industrial loans decreased $568,000, or 0.4%, to $155.3 million at December 31, 2023 from $154.7 million at December 31, 2022. Partially offsetting these decreases were increases in commercial real estate loans of $30.3 million, or 3.4%, to $929.6 million at December 31, 2023 from $899.2 million at December 31, 2022, home equity loans of $11.0 million, or 7.2%, to $163.5 million at December 31, 2023 from $152.6 million at December 31, 2022, and construction and land loans of $6.0 million, or 24.2%, to $31.0 million at December 31, 2023 from $24.9 million at December 31, 2022.

 As of December 31, 2023, non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans (as defined by regulatory guidance) to total risk-based capital was estimated at approximately 456%. Management believes that Northfield Bank (the "Bank") has implemented appropriate risk management practices, including risk assessments, board-approved underwriting policies and related procedures, which include monitoring Bank portfolio performance, performing market analysis (economic and real estate), and stressing of the Bank's commercial real estate portfolio under severe, adverse economic conditions. Although management believes the Bank has implemented appropriate policies and procedures to manage its commercial real estate concentration risk, the Bank's regulators could require it to implement additional policies and procedures or could require it to maintain higher levels of regulatory capital, which might adversely affect its loan originations, the Company's ability to pay dividends, and overall profitability.
 At December 31, 2023, office-related loans represented $208.6 million, or approximately 5% of our total loan portfolio, with an average balance of $1.8 million (although we have originated these type of loans in amounts substantially greater than this average) and a weighted average loan-to-value ratio of 58%. Approximately 46% were owner-occupied. The geographic locations of the properties collateralizing our office-related loans are as follows: 54.2% in New York and 45.8% in New Jersey. At December 31, 2023, our largest office-related loan had a principal balance of $90.0 million (with a net active principal balance for the Bank of $30.0 million as we have a 33.3% participation interest), was secured by an office facility located in Staten Island, New York, and was performing in accordance with its original contractual terms.

 PCD loans totaled $9.9 million and $11.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with the decrease being primarily due to one loan with a balance of approximately $950,000 which was sold during the quarter ended December 31, 2023. The majority of the remaining PCD loan balance consists of loans acquired as part of a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-assisted transaction. The Company accreted interest income of $1.3 million attributable to PCD loans for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. PCD loans had an allowance for credit losses of approximately $3.1 million and $3.9 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 Bank-owned life insurance increased $3.6 million, or 2.2%, to $171.5 million at December 31, 2023, as compared to $167.9 million at December 31, 2022. The increase resulted from income earned on bank-owned life insurance for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 FHLBNY stock increased by $9.3 million, or 30.6%, to $39.7 million at December 31, 2023, from $30.4 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in FHLBNY stock directly correlates with higher short-term borrowing balances at December 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022.
 Other assets decreased $5.9 million, or 10.7%, to $48.6 million at December 31, 2023, from $54.4 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in deferred tax assets primarily due to a decrease in unrealized losses on the securities available-for-sale portfolio.
 Total liabilities remained at $4.90 billion at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as a decrease in total deposits of $271.8 million was largely offset by an increase in FHLB advances and other borrowings of $275.6 million. The Company routinely utilizes brokered deposits and borrowed funds to manage interest rate risk, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, and funding needs related to loan originations and deposit activity.
 Deposits decreased $271.8 million, or 6.5%, to $3.88 billion at December 31, 2023, as compared to $4.15 billion at December 31, 2022. Brokered deposits decreased by $290.0 million, or 74.4%. Deposits, excluding brokered deposits, increased $18.3 million, or 0.5%. The increase in non-brokered deposits was attributable to increases of $223.7 million in time deposits and $8.6 million in savings accounts, partially offset by decreases of $58.1 million in transaction accounts and $155.9 million in money market accounts. Estimated gross uninsured deposits at December 31, 2023 were $1.73 billion. This total excludes fully collateralized uninsured governmental deposits and intercompany deposits of $856.5 million, leaving estimated uninsured deposits of approximately $869.9 million, or 22.4%, of total deposits.
 Borrowed funds increased to $920.5 million at December 31, 2023, from $644.9 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in borrowings for the period was primarily due to an increase in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank borrowings of $275.4 million, including $94.5 million of borrowings under the Federal Reserve Bank's Term Funding Program, which included favorable terms and conditions as compared to FHLB advances. Management utilizes borrowings to mitigate interest rate risk, for short-term liquidity, and to a lesser extent from time to time, as part of leverage strategies. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company increased borrowings to pay off higher-rate brokered certificates of deposit.
 Total stockholders' equity decreased by $1.9 million to $699.4 million at December 31, 2023, from $701.4 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was attributable to $36.9 million in stock repurchases and $22.8 million in dividend payments, partially offset by net income of $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a $15.9 million reduction in accumulated other comprehensive loss due to an increase in the fair value of our debt securities available-for-sale portfolio, and a $4.2 million increase in equity award activity. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased approximately 3.1 million of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $11.99 for a total of $36.9 million pursuant to the approved stock repurchase plans. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $3.1 million in remaining capacity under its current repurchase program.
 Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Net Income. Net income was $37.7 million and $61.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Significant variances from the prior year are as follows: a $33.6 million decrease in net interest income, a $3.1 million decrease in the provision for credit losses on loans, a $3.9 million increase in non-interest income, a $6.5 million increase in non-interest expense, and a $9.6 million decrease in income tax expense.

 Interest Income. Interest income increased $29.1 million, or 16.2%, to $208.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $179.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a 56 basis point increase in yields on interest-earning assets due to the rising rate environment and a greater percentage of assets consisting of higher-yielding loans, partially offset by a $26.3 million, or 0.5%, decrease in the average balance of interest-earning assets. The decrease in the average balance of interest-earning assets was due to decreases in the average balance of mortgage-backed securities of $181.5 million and the average balance of other securities of $46.7 million, partially offset by increases in the average balance of loans outstanding of $171.2 million, the average balance of FHLBNY stock of $18.1 million, and the average balance of interest-earning deposits in financial institutions of $12.5 million. The Company accreted interest income related to PCD loans of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Fees recognized from PPP loans totaled $31,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023, included loan prepayment income of $1.6 million as compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $62.7 million, or 293.5%, to $84.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to an increase in interest expense on deposits of $38.5 million, or 373.8%, an increase in interest expense on borrowings of $22.8 million, or 244.8%, and an increase in interest expense on subordinated debt of $1.5 million. The increase in interest expense on deposits was attributable to a 131 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing deposits from 0.30% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 1.61% for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to rising market interest rates and a shift in the composition of the deposit portfolio towards higher-costing certificates of deposit. The increase in interest expense on deposits was partially offset by a $389.1 million, or 11.4%, decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits. The increase in interest expense on borrowings was attributable to a 133 basis point increase in the average cost of borrowings, and a $481.5 million, or 116.4%, increase in the average balance of borrowings. The increase in interest expense on subordinated debt was due to the issuance of $62.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed to floating subordinated notes in June 2022.
 Net Interest Income. Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased $33.6 million, or 21.2%, to $124.7 million, from $158.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a 62 basis point decrease in net interest margin to 2.35% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 2.97% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net interest margin was primarily due to the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increasing faster than the repricing of interest-earning assets. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased by 156 basis points to 2.11% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 0.55% for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven primarily by both higher costs of deposits (and a greater percentage of deposits consisting of higher-costing certificates of deposit) and borrowed funds. The increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities was partially offset by an increase in the yield on interest-earning assets which increased 56 basis points to 3.93% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 3.37% for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the rising rate environment and a greater percentage of assets consisting of higher-yielding loans.
 Provision for Credit Losses. The provision for credit losses on loans decreased by $3.1 million to a provision of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to slower loan growth, a decrease in reserves related to non-economic qualitative loss factors in the multifamily and commercial real estate portfolios, and a decrease in reserves related to the PCD portfolio, attributable to improved cash flows and a decrease in PCD loan balances. In addition, there was an improvement in the macroeconomic outlook. The decreases were partially offset by higher net charge-offs and higher reserves for downgraded commercial and industrial loans. Net charge-offs were $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to net charge-offs of $838,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to $6.2 million in charge-offs on small business unsecured commercial and industrial loans. Management continues to monitor the small business unsecured commercial and industrial loan portfolio, which totaled $37.4 million at December 31, 2023.
 Non-interest Income. Non-interest income increased $3.9 million, or 49.0%, to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to a $3.9 million increase in mark to market gains on trading securities, net. For the year ended December 31, 2023, gains on trading securities were $1.7 million, as compared to losses of $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The trading portfolio is utilized to fund the Company's deferred compensation obligation to certain employees and directors of the Company's deferred compensation plan (the "Plan"). The participants of this Plan, at their election, defer a portion of their compensation. Gains and losses on trading securities have no effect on net income since participants benefit from, and bear the full risk of, changes in the trading securities market values. Therefore, the Company records an equal and offsetting amount in compensation expense, reflecting the change in the Company's obligations under the Plan.

 Non-interest Expense. Non-interest expense increased $6.5 million, or 8.4%, to $83.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $76.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $4.5 million increase in employee compensation and benefits, primarily attributable to a $3.9 million increase in the mark to market of the Company's deferred compensation plan expense, which as discussed above has no effect on net income, coupled with an increase in equity award expense related to awards issued in the first quarter of 2023, annual merit increases, and severance expense of $440,000, partially offset by a decrease in the accrual for incentive compensation. During the second quarter of 2023, due to economic conditions, the Company implemented a workforce reduction plan, which included modest layoffs and the elimination of, and/or not filling, certain open positions. The annual estimated cost savings of this plan is $1.4 million, pre-tax. Data processing expense increased by $723,000, due to continued investments in technology, increased transaction costs related to an increase in the number of customer accounts and related volume of transactions, and higher pricing effective January 2023. FDIC insurance expense increased by $924,000 due to higher assessment rates. There was a $506,000 decrease in the credit loss benefit for off-balance sheet credit exposures due to a benefit of $555,000 recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a benefit of $1.1 million for the prior year, attributed to a larger decrease in the pipeline of loans committed and awaiting closing in the prior year as compared to the current year. Partially offsetting the increases was a $440,000 decrease in professional fees attributable to higher recruitment, consulting, and outsourcing fees in the prior year.
 Income Tax Expense. The Company recorded income tax expense of $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $23.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, with the decrease due to lower taxable income. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023, was 27.2%, compared to 28.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
 For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, see "Part II, Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" Comparison of Operating Results, included in our 2022 Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

 Average Balances and Yields
 The following table sets forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information for the years indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as we had no tax-free interest-earning assets during the years. All average balances are daily average balances based upon amortized costs. Non-accrual loans are included in the computation of average balances. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense.

 For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Average Outstanding Balance
 Interest
 Average Yield/ Rate
 Average Outstanding Balance
 Interest
 Average Yield/ Rate
 Average Outstanding Balance
 Interest
 Average Yield/ Rate

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans (1)

 $
 4,248,355
 $
 181,638
 4.28
 %
 $
 4,077,175
 $
 160,911
 3.95
 %
 $
 3,862,243
 $
 158,217
 4.10
 %

 Mortgage-backed securities (2)

 682,416
 14,708
 2.16
 863,897
 12,461
 1.44
 975,518
 10,640
 1.09

 Other securities (2)

 238,722
 5,087
 2.13
 285,385
 4,325
 1.52
 151,495
 1,965
 1.30

 FHLBNY stock
 40,684
 3,113
 7.65
 22,541
 1,174
 5.21
 25,420
 1,279
 5.03

 Interest-earning deposits
 97,975
 4,249
 4.34
 85,485
 0.96
 164,553
 0.12

 Total interest-earning assets
 5,308,152
 208,795
 3.93
 5,334,483
 179,688
 3.37
 5,179,229
 172,298
 3.33

 Non-interest-earning assets
 247,050
 259,891
 299,664

 $
 5,555,202
 $
 5,594,374
 $
 5,478,893

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Savings, NOW, and money market accounts
 $
 2,463,455
 $
 30,408
 1.23
 %
 $
 2,898,048
 $
 3,610
 0.12
 %
 $
 2,811,552
 $
 3,031
 0.11
 %

 Certificates of deposit
 571,041
 18,345
 3.21
 525,557
 6,679
 1.27
 505,472
 3,176
 0.63

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 3,034,496
 48,753
 1.61
 3,423,605
 10,289
 0.30
 3,317,024
 6,207
 0.19

 Borrowings
 895,229
 32,055
 3.58
 413,697
 9,296
 2.25
 501,523
 10,442
 2.08

 Subordinated debt
 61,169
 3,320
 5.43
 33,436
 1,797
 5.37
 —
 —
 —

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 3,990,894
 84,128
 2.11
 3,870,738
 21,382
 0.55
 3,818,547
 16,649
 0.44

 Non-interest-bearing deposits
 770,939
 907,603
 812,805

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 102,563
 102,807
 97,385

 Total liabilities
 4,864,396
 4,881,148
 4,728,737

 Stockholders' equity
 690,806
 713,226
 750,156

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 5,555,202
 $
 5,594,374
 $
 5,478,893

 Net interest income
 $
 124,667
 $
 158,306
 $
 155,649

 Net interest rate spread (3)

 1.82
 %
 2.82
 %
 2.89
 %

 Net interest-earning assets (4)

 $
 1,317,258
 $
 1,463,745
 $
 1,360,682

 Net interest margin (5)

 2.35
 %
 2.97
 %
 3.01
 %

 Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities
 133.01
 %
 137.82
 %
 135.63
 %

 (1)
 Includes non-accruing loans. Interest income on loans includes amortization of deferred loan fees, net of deferred loan costs, which was not material.

 (2)
 Securities available-for-sale are reported at amortized cost.

 (3)
 Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate of interest-bearing liabilities.

 (4)
 Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

 (5)
 Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

 Rate/Volume Analysis
 The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the years indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The total column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume.

 Year Ended December 31,
 Year Ended December 31,

 2023 vs. 2022

 2022 vs. 2021

 Total
 Total

 Increase (Decrease) Due to
 Increase
 Increase (Decrease) Due to
 Increase

 Volume
 Rate
 (Decrease)
 Volume
 Rate
 (Decrease)

 Interest-earning assets:

 Loans
 $
 6,944
 $
 13,783
 $
 20,727
 $
 4,493
 $
 (1,799)
 $
 2,694

 Mortgage-backed securities
 (1,661)
 3,908
 2,247
 (1,001)
 2,822
 1,821

 Other securities
 (514)
 1,276
 1,982
 2,360

 FHLBNY stock
 1,225
 1,939
 (152)
 (105)

 Interest-earning deposits
 3,296
 3,432
 (46)

 Total interest-earning assets
 6,130
 22,977
 29,107
 5,276
 2,114
 7,390

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Savings, NOW and money market accounts
 (459)
 27,257
 26,798

 Certificates of deposit
 11,041
 11,666
 3,393
 3,503

 Total deposits
 38,298
 38,464
 3,876
 4,082

 Borrowings
 16,963
 7,319
 24,282
 (854)
 1,505

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 17,129
 45,617
 62,746
 (648)
 5,381
 4,733

 Change in net interest income
 $
 (10,999)
 $
 (22,640)
 $
 (33,639)
 $
 5,924
 $
 (3,267)
 $
 2,657

 Asset Quality
 PCD Loans (Held-for-Investment)
 Based on a detailed review of PCD loans and experience in loan workouts, management believes it has a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of future cash flows and accordingly has classified PCD loans of $9.9 million at December 31, 2023 and $11.5 million at December 31, 2022 as accruing, even though they may be contractually past due. At December 31, 2023, 2.9% of PCD loans were past due 30 to 89 days, and 27.1% were past due 90 days or more, as compared to 6.8% and 23.0%, respectively, at December 31, 2022.
 Loans
 General. Maintaining loan quality historically has been, and will continue to be, a key element of our business strategy. We employ conservative underwriting standards for new loan originations and maintain sound credit administration practices while the loans are outstanding. In addition, substantially all of our loans are secured, predominantly by real estate. At December 31, 2023, our non-performing loans totaled $11.4 million, or 0.27%, of total loans. At the same time, net charge-offs have remained low at 0.15% of average loans outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 0.02% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 0.07% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 Non-performing Assets and Delinquent Loans. The following table details non-performing assets consisting of non-performing loans held-for-investment and non-performing loans held-for-sale at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Non-accrual loans:

 Held-for-investment
 $
 $
 6,548

 Non-accruing loans subject to restructuring agreements (1):

 Held-for-investment
 —
 3,265

 Total non-accruing loans held-for-investment
 9,813

 Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing:

 Held-for-investment
 1,318

 Total non-performing assets
 $
 $

 Loans subject to restructuring agreements and still accruing (1)

 $
 —
 $
 3,751

 Accruing loans 30 to 89 days delinquent
 $
 8,683
 $
 3,644

 (1) With the adoption of ASU 2022-02, effective January 1, 2023, TDR accounting has been eliminated.

 The following table details non-performing loans by loan type at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Held-for-investment

 $
 2,709
 $
 3,285

 6,491
 5,184

 Other
 —

 Total non-accrual loans held-for-investment
 9,813

 Loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing:

 $
 $

 —

 —

 —

 Other
 —

 Total loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing held-for-investment
 1,318

 Total non-performing assets
 $
 $

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no assets acquired through foreclosure.
 Generally, loans, excluding PCD loans, are placed on non-accruing status when they become 90 days or more delinquent, and remain on non-accrual status until they are brought current, have six consecutive months of performance under the loan terms, and factors indicating reasonable doubt about the timely collection of payments no longer exist. Therefore, loans may be current in accordance with their loan terms, or may be less than 90 days delinquent and still be on a non-accruing status.
 Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the recognition and measure of troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosures for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Information on loan modifications prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 is presented in accordance with the applicable accounting standards in effect at that time. At December 31, 2023, total non-performing loans included $236,000 of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and $3.3 million of TDR loans that existed prior to adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023.

 The following table sets forth the total amounts of delinquencies for accruing loans that were 30 to 89 days past due by type and by amount at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 1,010

 3,339

 2,767
 1,048

 $
 8,683
 $
 3,644

 The majority of the loans past due in the one-to-four family residential and home equity and lines of credit portfolios were due to loans past due 30 days at December 31, 2023, which then became current subsequent to the quarter end, therefore management does not believe the increase in delinquencies in these portfolios is an indicator of credit deterioration. The increase in the commercial and industrial loan delinquencies was primarily due to an increase in delinquencies in unsecured small business loans, attributable to a combination of rising interest rates and a slowdown in business. Unsecured small business loans totaled $37.4 million and $43.3 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Management continues to monitor the small business unsecured commercial and industrial loan portfolio.
 Loans Subject to TDR Agreements prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02
 Included in non-accruing loans were loans subject to TDR agreements totaling $3.3 million at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, three of the non-accruing TDRs totaling $547,000 were not performing in accordance with their restructured terms. Two of the loans totaling $477,000 were collateralized by real estate with an appraised value of $2.4 million. A third loan in the amount of $70,000 was an unsecured commercial and industrial loan, which had a specific reserve against it.
 The Company also held loans subject to TDR agreements that were on accrual status totaling $3.8 million at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, $3.6 million, or 94.8%, of the $3.8 million of accruing loans subject to TDR agreements were performing in accordance with their restructured terms. Generally, the types of concessions that we make to troubled borrowers include both temporary and permanent reductions to interest rates, extensions of payment terms, and, to a lesser extent, forgiveness of principal and interest.

 The following table details the amounts and categories of the loans subject to restructuring agreements by loan type as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 2022

 Non-Accruing
 Accruing

 $
 3,069
 $
 3,034

 —

 —

 —

 $
 3,265
 $
 3,751

 Performing in accordance with restructured terms
 83.2
 %
 94.8
 %

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted the CECL standard and as a result of the adoption recorded a $10.4 million increase to its allowance for credit losses on loans, including $6.8 million related to PCD loans. For further discussion of the calculation of the allowance for credit losses, see "—Critical Accounting Policies—Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans."

 The allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans decreased from 416.26% at December 31, 2022 to 328.30% at December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $5.1 million, or 11.9%, in the allowance for credit losses as well as an increase in non-performing loans of $1.2 million, from $10.2 million at December 31, 2022 to $11.4 million at December 31, 2023.

 The Company utilizes external appraisals to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral in its analysis of impaired loans. A third-party appraisal is generally ordered as soon as a loan is designated as an impaired loan and updated annually, or more frequently if required. Generally, non-performing loans are charged down to the appraised value of collateral less costs to sell for collateral-dependent loans and to the present value of the expected future cash flows for non-collateral dependent loans, which reduces the ratio of the allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans. Downward adjustments to appraisal values, primarily to reflect "quick sale" discounts, are generally recorded as specific reserves within the allowance for credit losses.
 The allowance for credit losses to total loans held-for-investment, net, was 0.89% at December 31, 2023, as compared to 1.00% at December 31, 2022. The decrease in the coverage ratio from December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a decrease of $5.1 million, or 11.9%, in the allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, offset by a decrease in the loan portfolio of $40.0 million, or 0.9%. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses during the year was primarily attributable to slower loan growth, a decrease in reserves related to non-economic qualitative loss factors in the multifamily and commercial real estate portfolios, and a decrease in reserves related to the PCD portfolio, attributable to improved cash flows and a decrease in PCD loan balances.
 Specific reserves on loans individually evaluated for impairment increased by $7,000 to $45,200 at December 31, 2023 from $38,200 at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, the Company had 19 loans classified as individually impaired and recorded $45,200 of specific reserves on four of the 19 impaired loans. At December 31, 2022, the Company had 20 loans classified as individually impaired and recorded $38,200 of specific reserves on four of the 20 impaired loans.

 The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses, by loan type, at December 31, for the years indicated (in thousands):

 Real estate loans

 One-to-four Family Residential
 Construction and Land
 Home Equity and Lines of Credit
 Commercial and Industrial
 Other

PCD
 Total Allowance for Credit Losses

 2020
 $
 33,005
 $
 $
 1,214
 $
 $
 1,842
 $
 $
 $
 37,607

 Impact of CECL Adjustment
 (1,949)
 5,233
 (921)
 (188)
 6,812
 10,353

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 31,056
 5,440
 2,789
 7,693
 47,960

 (Benefit)/provision for credit losses
 (4,331)
 (1,903)
 (124)
 (145)
 (3)
 (669)
 (6,184)

 —

 —
 (21)
 —
 —
 (646)
 (3)
 (2,411)
 (3,081)

 2021
 26,785
 3,545
 3,173
 4,732

 Provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 2,876
 1,243
 (12)
 (426)
 4,482

 —

 (278)
 —
 —
 —
 (446)
 —
 (601)
 (1,325)

 2022
 29,485
 3,936
 4,114
 3,883

 (Benefit)/provision for credit losses
 (6,301)
 (651)
 (175)
 8,445
 (3)
 (800)
 1,353

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 (6,572)
 —
 (8)
 (6,580)

 2023
 $
 23,255
 $
 3,285
 $
 $
 1,705
 $
 6,050
 $
 $
 3,085
 $

 (1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded net charge-offs of $6.4 million, as compared to net charge-offs of $838,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, and net charge-offs of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Charge-offs in 2023 were primarily related to small business unsecured commercial and industrial loans. Charge-offs in 2022 and 2021 were primarily related to PCD loans and small business unsecured commercial and industrial loans. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses from 2022 to 2023 for commercial real estate loans was primarily attributable to a decrease in loan balances and a decrease in reserves related to non-economic qualitative loss factors in the multifamily and commercial real estate portfolios. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses in the one-to-four family residential and construction and land loan portfolios was primarily related to a decrease in loan balances. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans was primarily attributable to a decrease in the PCD loan balances and an improvement in cash flows. Allowance for credit losses allocated to the home equity and lines of credit and commercial and industrial loan portfolios increased from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to risk rating downgrades in those portfolios.

 Management of Market Risk
 General. A majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, our most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk. Our assets, consisting primarily of mortgage-related securities, other securities and bonds and loans, generally have longer maturities than our liabilities, which consist primarily of deposits and wholesale borrowings. As a result, a principal part of our business strategy involves managing interest rate risk and limiting the exposure of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, our Board of Directors has established a Management Asset-Liability Committee ("MALCO"), comprised of our SVP & Chief Investment Officer and Treasurer, who chairs this Committee, our President & Chief Executive Officer, our EVP & Chief Risk Officer, our EVP & Chief Financial Officer, our EVP & Chief Lending Officer, our EVP & Chief Branch Administration, Deposit Operations & Business Development Officer, and our SVP & Director of Marketing, and other officers and staff as necessary or appropriate. This committee is responsible for, among other things, evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in our assets and liabilities, for recommending to the Risk Committee of our Board of Directors ("Risk Committee") the level of risk that is appropriate given our business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives, and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the Board of Directors.
 We seek to manage our interest rate risk in order to minimize the exposure of our earnings and capital to changes in interest rates. As part of our ongoing asset-liability management, we currently use the following strategies to manage our interest rate risk:
 • originating multifamily loans and commercial real estate loans that generally have shorter maturities than one-to-four family residential real estate loans and have higher interest rates that generally reset from five to ten years;
 • investing in investment grade corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities; and
 • obtaining general financing through lower-cost core deposits, brokered deposits, and longer-term FHLB advances, borrowings under the BTFP, and repurchase agreements.
 Shortening the average term of our interest-earning assets by increasing our investments in shorter-term assets, as well as originating loans with variable interest rates, helps to match the maturities and interest rates of our assets and liabilities better, thereby reducing the exposure of our net interest income to changes in market interest rates.
 Net Portfolio Value Analysis. We compute amounts by which the net present value of our assets and liabilities (net portfolio value or NPV) would change in the event market interest rates changed over an assumed range of rates. Our simulation model uses a discounted cash flow analysis to measure the interest rate sensitivity of our NPV. Depending on current market interest rates, we estimate the economic value of these assets and liabilities under the assumption that interest rates experience an instantaneous and sustained increase of 100, 200, 300, or 400 basis points, or a decrease of 100, 200, 300, or 400 basis points, which is based on the current interest rate environment. A basis point equals one-hundredth of one percent, and 100 basis points equals one percent. An increase in interest rates from 3% to 4% would mean, for example, a 100 basis point increase in the "Change in Interest Rates" column below.
 Net Interest Income Analysis. In addition to NPV calculations, we analyze our sensitivity to changes in interest rates through our net interest income model. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. In our model, we estimate what our net interest income would be for a twelve-month period. Depending on current market interest rates we then calculate what the net interest income would be for the same period under the assumption that interest rates experience an instantaneous and sustained increase of 100, 200, 300, or 400 basis points, or a decrease of 100 and 200 basis points, which is based on the current interest rate environment.

 The following tables set forth, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our calculation of the estimated changes in our NPV, NPV ratio, and percent change in net interest income that would result from the designated instantaneous and sustained changes in interest rates (dollars in thousands). Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit repricing characteristics including decay rates, and correlations to movements in interest rates, and should not be relied on as indicative of actual results.

 NPV at December 31, 2023

 Change in Interest Rates (basis points)
 Estimated Present Value of Assets
 Estimated Present Value of Liabilities
 Estimated NPV
 Estimated Change In NPV
 Estimated Change in NPV %
 Estimated NPV/Present Value of Assets Ratio
 Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Percent Change
 Months 13-24 Net Interest Income Percent Change

 +400
 $
 4,845,088
 $
 4,222,267
 $
 622,821
 $
 (139,446)
 (18.29)
 %
 12.85
 %
 (20.93)
 %
 (5.16)
 %

 +300
 4,945,428
 4,292,831
 652,597
 (109,670)
 (14.39)
 %
 13.20
 %
 (15.79)
 %
 (4.31)
 %

 +200
 5,060,164
 4,366,834
 693,330
 (68,937)
 (9.04)
 %
 13.70
 %
 (9.91)
 %
 (1.91)
 %

 +100
 5,174,386
 4,444,681
 729,705
 (32,562)
 (4.27)
 %
 14.10
 %
 (4.52)
 %
 (0.49)
 %

 —
 5,289,153
 4,526,886
 762,267
 —
 —
 %
 14.41
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 (100)
 5,410,037
 4,618,015
 792,022
 29,755
 3.90
 %
 14.64
 %
 2.73
 %
 (1.32)
 %

 (200)
 5,531,944
 4,714,497
 817,447
 55,180
 7.24
 %
 14.78
 %
 4.51
 %
 (4.34)
 %

 (300)
 5,653,051
 4,818,672
 834,379
 72,112
 9.46
 %
 14.76
 %
 4.39
 %
 (9.12)
 %

 (400)
 5,815,435
 4,954,580
 860,855
 98,588
 12.93
 %
 14.80
 %
 4.19
 %
 (9.12)
 %

 The table above indicates that at December 31, 2023, in the event of a 400 basis point decrease in interest rates, we would experience a 12.93% increase in estimated net portfolio value, a 4.19% increase in net interest income in year one, and a 9.12% decrease in net income in year two. In the event of a 400 basis point increase in interest rates, we would experience an 18.29% decrease in estimated net portfolio value, a 20.93% decrease in net interest income in year one and a 5.16% decrease in net interest income in year two.

 NPV at December 31, 2022

 Change in Interest Rates (basis points)
 Estimated Present Value of Assets
 Estimated Present Value of Liabilities
 Estimated NPV
 Estimated Change In NPV
 Estimated Change in NPV %
 Estimated NPV/Present Value of Assets Ratio
 Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Percent Change
 Months 13-24 Net Interest Income Percent Change

 +400
 $
 4,850,423
 $
 4,057,885
 $
 792,538
 $
 (227,578)
 (22.31)
 %
 16.34
 %
 (25.83)
 %
 (11.03)
 %

 +300
 4,967,247
 4,126,616
 840,631
 (179,485)
 (17.59)
 %
 16.92
 %
 (19.51)
 %
 (8.90)
 %

 +200
 5,106,889
 4,198,831
 908,058
 (112,058)
 (10.98)
 %
 17.78
 %
 (12.01)
 %
 (4.41)
 %

 +100
 5,244,669
 4,274,947
 969,722
 (50,394)
 (4.94)
 %
 18.49
 %
 (5.33)
 %
 (1.19)
 %

 —
 5,375,689
 4,355,573
 1,020,116
 —
 —
 %
 18.98
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 (100)
 5,503,211
 4,464,131
 1,039,080
 18,964
 1.86
 %
 18.88
 %
 0.76
 %
 (3.80)
 %

 (200)
 5,626,336
 4,586,245
 1,040,091
 19,975
 1.96
 %
 18.49
 %
 0.00
 %
 (8.91)
 %

 (300)
 5,749,256
 4,717,723
 1,031,533
 11,417
 1.12
 %
 17.94
 %
 (0.29)
 %
 (11.15)
 %

 (400)
 5,912,105
 4,859,064
 1,053,041
 32,925
 3.23
 %
 17.81
 %
 (0.63)
 %
 (13.15)
 %

 The table above indicates that at December 31, 2022, in the event of a 400 basis point decrease in interest rates, we would experience a 3.23% increase in estimated net portfolio value, a 0.63% decrease in net interest income in year one and a 13.15% decrease in net income in year two. In the event of a 400 basis point increase in interest rates, we would experience a 22.31% decrease in estimated net portfolio value, a 25.83% decrease in net interest income in year one and an 11.03% decrease in net interest income in year two.
 Our policies provide that, in the event of a 200 basis point decrease or less in interest rates, our net present value ratio should decrease by no more than 300 basis points and 10%, and in the event of a 400 basis point increase or less, our net present value should decrease by no more than 475 basis points and 35%. In the event of a 200 basis point decrease or less, our projected net interest income should decrease by no more than 10% in year one and 20% in year two, and in the event of a 400 basis point increase or less, our projected net interest income should decrease by no more than 39% in year one and 26% in year two. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all Board-approved policies with respect to interest rate risk management.

 Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodologies used in determining interest rate risk through changes in net portfolio value and net interest income. Our model requires us to make certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. However, we also apply consistent parallel yield curve shifts (in both directions) to determine possible changes in net interest income if the theoretical yield curve shifts occurred gradually. Net interest income analysis also adjusts the asset and liability repricing analysis based on changes in prepayment rates resulting from the parallel yield curve shifts. In addition, the net portfolio value and net interest income information presented assume that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assume that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although interest rate risk calculations provide an indication of our interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on our net portfolio value or net interest income and will differ from actual results.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 The Board of Directors of the Bank has approved a liquidity policy that it reviews and updates at least annually. Senior management is responsible for implementing the policy. The MALCO is responsible for general oversight and strategic implementation of the policy and management of the appropriate departments are designated responsibility for implementing any strategies established by MALCO. Senior management receives, at least daily, cash position reports and monthly cash forecasts to ensure that all short-term obligations are timely satisfied and that adequate liquidity exists to fund activities. Reports detailing the Bank's liquidity reserves are presented to appropriate senior management on at least a quarterly basis, and the Risk Committee at each of its meetings. In addition, a twelve-month liquidity forecast is presented to MALCO in order to assess potential future liquidity scenarios. A forecast of cash flow data for the upcoming twelve months is presented to the Risk Committee on a quarterly basis.
 Liquidity is the ability to fund assets and meet obligations as they come due. Our primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments, borrowings through repurchase agreements, advances from money center banks, the FHLBNY, the Federal Reserve Bank, and repayments, maturities and sales of securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are reasonably predictable sources of funds, deposit flows, mortgage prepayments and security sales are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Our Risk Committee is responsible for establishing and monitoring our liquidity targets and strategies in order to ensure that sufficient liquidity exists for meeting the borrowing needs and withdrawals of deposits by our customers as well as unanticipated contingencies. We seek to maintain a ratio of liquid assets (not subject to pledge or encumbered) as a percentage of deposits and borrowings of 35% or greater. At December 31, 2023, this ratio was 39.23%.
 Systemic events of March 2023 impacted liquidity in the overall banking system, particularly for mid-size and regional banks. Management took a number of actions to enhance Northfield's liquidity management, including monitoring daily deposit inflows and outflows, temporarily increasing the amount of cash held on the balance sheet, maximizing investment securities available for pledge for borrowers, and executing strategies to grow our retail time deposit portfolio. Additionally, on March 12, 2023, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System created the BTFP, which aims to enhance liquidity by allowing institutions to pledge certain securities at par value, and at pay a borrowing rate of ten basis points over the one-year overnight index swap rate. The BTFP is available to eligible U.S. federally insured depository institutions, with advances having a term of up to one year and no prepayment penalties. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had borrowed $94.5 million under the BTFP. We believe that we had sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our short- and long-term liquidity needs at December 31, 2023.
 We regularly adjust our investments in liquid assets based on our assessment of:
 • expected loan demand;
 • expected deposit flows;
 • yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities; and
 • the objectives of our asset/liability management program.

 Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents, corporate bonds, and unpledged mortgage-related securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac, that we can either borrow against or sell. We also have the ability to surrender bank-owned life insurance contracts. The surrender of these contracts would subject the Company to income taxes and penalties for increases in the cash surrender values over the original premium payments. We also have the ability to obtain additional funding from the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank, utilizing unencumbered and unpledged securities and multifamily loans if a need for additional funds arises. Any amount pledged for such deposits under the line of credit reduces the Company's available borrowing amount under the FHLB advance agreement. The Company continues to maintain an adequate liquidity position and expects to have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments in the normal course of business.
 The Company has a diversified deposit base, with long-standing client relationships across multiple customer segments providing stable funding. Government deposits are collateralized by assets or letters of credit issued by the FHLBNY. Uninsured deposits (excluding fully collateralized uninsured governmental deposits and intercompany deposits of $856.5 million) are estimated at approximately $869.9 million, or 22.4%, of total deposits as of December 31, 2023.
 The Company had the following primary sources of liquidity at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Cash and cash equivalents(1)

 $
 215,617

 Corporate bonds(2)

 $
 110,914

 Multifamily loans(2)

 $
 930,990

 Mortgage-backed securities (issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac)(2)

 $
 382,787

 (1) Excludes $13.9 million of cash at Northfield Bank.
 (2) Represents remaining borrowing potential.
 At December 31, 2023, we had $7.0 million in outstanding loan commitments. In addition, we had $292.7 million in unused lines of credit to borrowers. Certificates of deposit due within one year of December 31, 2023 totaled $635.8 million, or 16.4% of total deposits. If these deposits do not remain with us, we will be required to seek other sources of funds, including loan sales, securities sales, other deposit products, including replacement or brokered certificates of deposit, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), and advances from the FHLBNY and other borrowing sources. Depending on market conditions, we may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or other borrowings than we currently pay on the certificates of deposit. Based on experience, we believe that a significant portion of such deposits will remain with us, and we have the ability to attract and retain deposits by adjusting the interest rates offered.
 We have a detailed contingency funding plan that is reviewed and reported to the Risk Committee at least quarterly. This plan includes monitoring cash on a daily basis to determine the liquidity needs of Northfield Bank. Additionally, management performs a stress test on Northfield Bank's retail deposits and wholesale funding sources in several scenarios on a quarterly basis. The stress scenarios include deposit attrition of up to 50%, and selling our securities available-for-sale portfolio at a discount of 20% to its current estimated fair value and its impact on capital levels. Northfield Bank continues to maintain significant liquidity under all stress scenarios.
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. is a separate legal entity from Northfield Bank and must provide for its own liquidity to fund dividend payments, stock repurchases, and other corporate items. The Company's primary source of liquidity is the receipt of dividend payments from the Bank in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements. At December 31, 2023, Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (unconsolidated) had liquid assets of $29.2 million.
 Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc. are both subject to various regulatory capital requirements, including a risk-based capital measure. The risk-based capital guidelines include both a definition of capital and a framework for calculating risk-weighted assets by assigning assets and off-balance sheet items to broad risk categories. At December 31, 2023, both Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp, Inc. exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and are considered "well capitalized" under regulatory guidelines. See "Item 1. Business - Supervision and Regulation" and Note 15 of the Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
 Commitments. As a financial services provider, we routinely are a party to various financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risks, such as commitments to extend credit, and unused lines of credit. While these contractual obligations represent our potential future cash requirements, a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process applicable to loans we originate. In addition, we routinely enter into commitments to sell mortgage loans. Such amounts are not significant to our operations. For additional information, see Note 14 of the Notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
 ASU No. 2023-07. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures". The amendments in this ASU require improved reportable segment information on an annual and interim basis, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This update will be effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements.
 ASU No. 2023-09. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". The amendments in the this ASU require improved annual income tax disclosures surrounding rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, and other disclosures. This update will be effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on the consolidated financial statements.
 Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
 Our consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. U.S. GAAP generally requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without consideration for changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The effect of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of our operations. Unlike industrial companies, our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary in nature. As a result, changes in market interest rates have a greater effect on our performance than inflation.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
 For information regarding market risk see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations - Management of Market Risk."

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Woodbridge, New Jersey

 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Allowance for Credit Losses – Forecast Adjustments to Allowance for Credit Loss on Loans

 As described in Note 1 and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company accounts for credit losses under ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. ASC 326 requires the measurement of expected lifetime credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the reporting date. As of December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans was $37,535,000.

 The Company determines the ACL on loans based upon a consideration of its historical portfolio loss experience, current borrower-specific risk characteristics, current conditions, forecasts of future economic conditions, reversion period, prepayments, and qualitative adjustments. The allowance is measured on a collective (loan segment) basis when similar risk characteristics exist.

 In estimating the quantitative component of the ACL on a collective basis, a risk rating migration model is used which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. These metrics are multiplied by the exposure at default, taking into consideration prepayments, to calculate the quantitative component of the allowance. In establishing its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company utilizes five externally-sourced forward-looking economic scenarios developed by Moody's Analytics to incorporate uncertainties related to the economic environment. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. Each scenario is assigned a weighting. The result from this process is the development of forecast adjustments.

 We identified auditing the forecasting adjustment component of the ACL on pooled loans as a critical audit matter due to the high degree of judgment and audit effort, including the use of specialists, involved in auditing the forecasting adjustments.

 The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

 a. Testing the effectiveness of controls over the evaluation of the forecasting adjustment component of the ACL on pooled loans, including controls addressing the:
 i. Appropriateness of the methodology and accounting policies.
 ii. Relevance of macro-economic forecasts and application of forecast adjustments to historical performance.
 iii. Appropriateness of forecast adjustments.
 iv. Accuracy of key inputs into the model.

 a. Substantively testing management's process, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions, for developing the forecast adjustments, which included:
 i. Evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's accounting policies, judgments, and elections.
 ii. Testing the accuracy of key inputs into the model.
 iii. Evaluating the reasonableness of forecasted economic scenarios, assisted by firm specialists.
 iv. Testing the application of forecast adjustments to historical performance, assisted by firm specialists, including whether the forecast adjustments conform with management's policies and were applied consistently period over period.
 v. Evaluating the reasonableness of management's judgments related to the forecast.

 /s/ CROWE LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 Livingston, New Jersey

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Northfield Bancorp, Inc.:
 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ KPMG LLP

 We have not been able to determine the specific year that we began serving as the Company's auditor; however, we are aware that we have served as the Company's auditor from at least 1967 to 2023.
 Short Hills, New Jersey
 March 1, 2023

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 2023
 2022

 (Dollars in thousands, except share data)

 ASSETS:

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 13,889
 $
 14,530

 Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions
 215,617
 31,269

 Total cash and cash equivalents

 Debt securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (and no allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022)

 Debt securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost
 9,866

 (estimated fair value of $ 9,586 at December 31, 2023, and $ 10,389 at December 31, 2022)

 Equity securities
 10,629
 10,443

 Loans held-for-investment, net

 ( 37,535)
 ( 42,617)

 Accrued interest receivable
 18,491
 17,426

 Bank-owned life insurance
 171,543
 167,912

 Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of New York stock, at cost

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 30,202
 34,288

 Premises and equipment, net
 24,771
 24,844

 Goodwill
 41,012
 41,012

 Other assets
 48,577
 54,427

 $
 5,598,396
 $
 5,601,293

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:

 LIABILITIES:

 $
 3,878,435
 $
 4,150,219

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase

 FHLB advances and other borrowings
 834,272
 558,859

 61,219
 60,996

 Operating lease liabilities
 35,205
 39,790

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance
 25,102
 25,995

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 39,718
 39,044

 Total liabilities
 4,898,951
 4,899,903

 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized, 64,770,875 shares issued at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, 44,524,929 and 47,442,488 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 Additional paid-in-capital
 590,973
 590,249

 Unallocated common stock held by employee stock ownership plan
 ( 14,340)
 ( 15,650)

 Retained earnings
 433,227
 418,353

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 32,442)
 ( 48,331)

 Treasury stock at cost; 20,245,946 and 17,328,387 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 ( 278,621)
 ( 243,879)

 Total stockholders' equity
 699,445
 701,390

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 5,598,396
 $
 5,601,293

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

 Interest income:

 Loans
 $
 181,638
 $
 160,911
 $
 158,217

 Mortgage-backed securities
 14,708
 12,461
 10,640

 Other securities
 5,087
 4,325
 1,965

 FHLB of New York dividends
 3,113
 1,174
 1,279

 Deposits in other financial institutions
 4,249

 Total interest income
 208,795
 179,688
 172,298

 Interest expense:

 48,753
 10,289
 6,207

 Borrowings
 32,055
 9,296
 10,442

 Subordinated debt
 3,320
 1,797
 —

 Total interest expense
 84,128
 21,382
 16,649

 Net interest income
 124,667
 158,306
 155,649

 Provision (benefit) for credit losses
 1,353
 4,482
 ( 6,184)

 Net interest income after provision (benefit) for credit losses
 123,314
 153,824
 161,833

 Non-interest income:

 Fees and service charges for customer services
 5,479
 5,705
 5,394

 Income on bank-owned life insurance
 3,631
 3,414
 4,103

 (Losses) gains on available-for-sale debt securities, net
 ( 17)
 1,495

 Gains (losses) on trading securities, net
 1,721
 ( 2,206)
 1,703

 Gains on sale of loans
 1,401

 Other

 Total non-interest income
 11,896
 7,983
 14,453

 Non-interest expense:

 Compensation and employee benefits
 46,496
 41,961
 43,677

 Occupancy
 13,259
 13,241
 13,956

 Furniture and equipment
 1,868
 1,730
 1,737

 Data processing
 8,138
 7,415
 6,784

 Professional fees
 3,406
 3,846
 3,596

 Advertising
 2,171
 2,159
 2,358

 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance
 2,331
 1,407
 1,365

 Credit loss (benefit) expense for off-balance sheet exposures
 ( 555)
 ( 1,061)

 Other
 6,336
 6,250
 5,379

 Total non-interest expense
 83,450
 76,948
 79,159

 Income before income tax expense
 51,760
 84,859
 97,127

 Income tax expense
 14,091
 23,740
 26,473

 $
 $
 $

 Net income per common share:

 Basic
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.46

 Diluted
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.45

 Basic weighted average shares outstanding
 43,560,844
 46,234,122
 48,416,495

 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
 43,638,616
 46,438,119
 48,754,263

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - (Continued)

 Years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities available-for-sale:

 Net unrealized holding gains (losses)
 22,396
 ( 69,876)
 ( 13,916)

 Less: reclassification adjustment for net losses (gains) included in net income
 ( 279)
 ( 1,495)

 Net unrealized gains (losses)
 22,413
 ( 70,155)
 ( 15,411)

 Post-retirement benefits adjustment
 ( 344)
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
 22,069
 ( 69,983)
 ( 15,411)

 Income tax (expense) benefit related to net unrealized holding gains (losses) on debt securities available-for-sale
 ( 6,269)
 19,558
 3,895

 Income tax (benefit) expense related to reclassification adjustment for (losses) gains included in net income
 ( 5)

 Income tax expense (benefit) related to post-retirement benefits adjustment
 ( 48)
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 15,889
 ( 50,394)
 ( 11,097)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 53,558
 $
 10,725
 $
 59,557

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Common Stock
 Unallocated Common Stock Held by the Employee Stock Ownership Plan

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Net of tax

 Shares Outstanding
 Par Value
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Treasury Stock
 Total Stockholders' Equity

 (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

 Balance at December 31, 2020
 52,209,897
 $
 $
 590,506
 $
 ( 18,529)
 $
 338,093
 $
 13,160
 $
 ( 169,897)
 $
 753,981

 Cumulative adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13 ("CECL")
 ( 3,087)
 ( 3,087)

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 52,209,897
 590,506
 ( 18,529)
 335,006
 13,160
 ( 169,897)
 750,894

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax

 ( 11,097)
 ( 11,097)

 ESOP shares allocated or committed to be released
 1,178
 1,471
 2,649

 Stock compensation expense

 Issuance of restricted stock
 147,315

 ( 1,821)

 1,821
 —

 Forfeitures of restricted stock
 ( 13,280)
 ( 178)
 —

 Exercise of stock options, net
 265,501

 ( 1,063)

 4,472
 3,409

 Cash dividends declared ($ 0.50 per common share)

 ( 24,299)
 ( 24,299)

 Treasury stock (average cost of $ 15.91 per share)

 ( 3,342,700)

 ( 53,321)
 ( 53,321)

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 49,266,733
 589,972
 ( 17,058)
 381,361
 2,063
 ( 217,103)
 739,883

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 ( 50,394)
 ( 50,394)

 ESOP shares allocated or committed to be released
 1,408
 2,375

 Stock compensation expense
 1,753
 1,753

 Issuance of restricted stock
 157,416
 ( 2,484)
 2,484
 —

 Forfeitures of restricted stock
 ( 20,415)
 ( 293)
 —

 Exercise of stock options, net
 130,911
 ( 252)
 1,914
 1,662

 Cash dividends declared ($ 0.52 per common share)

 ( 24,127)
 ( 24,127)

 Treasury stock (average cost of $ 14.72 per share)

 ( 2,092,157)
 ( 30,881)
 ( 30,881)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 47,442,488
 590,249
 ( 15,650)
 418,353
 ( 48,331)
 ( 243,879)
 701,390

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 15,889
 15,889

 ESOP shares allocated or committed to be released
 1,310
 1,982

 Stock compensation expense
 2,383
 2,383

 Issuance of restricted stock
 185,367
 ( 2,670)
 2,670
 —

 Forfeitures of restricted stock
 ( 23,887)
 ( 346)
 —

 Exercise of stock options, net
 7,600
 ( 7)

 Cash dividends declared ($ 0.52 per common share)

 ( 22,795)
 ( 22,795)

 Purchase of employee restricted stock to fund statutory tax withholding
 ( 12,307)
 ( 304)
 ( 304)

 Treasury stock (average cost of $ 11.99 per share)

 ( 3,074,332)
 ( 36,869)
 ( 36,869)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 44,524,929
 $
 $
 590,973
 $
 ( 14,340)
 $
 433,227
 $
 ( 32,442)
 $
 ( 278,621)
 $
 699,445

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Provision (benefit) for credit losses
 1,353
 4,482
 ( 6,184)

 ESOP and stock compensation expense
 4,365
 4,128
 3,643

 Depreciation
 3,678
 3,645
 3,889

 Amortization of premiums and deferred loan costs, net of accretion of discounts and deferred loan fees
 6,651
 9,306
 2,587

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 —

 Amortization of intangible assets

 Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets
 4,731
 4,626
 4,395

 Income on bank-owned life insurance
 ( 3,631)
 ( 3,414)
 ( 4,103)

 Net gain on sale of loans held-for-sale
 ( 134)
 ( 453)
 ( 1,401)

 Proceeds from loans held-for-sale
 1,583
 3,544
 —

 Origination of loans held-for-sale
 ( 1,449)
 ( 3,364)
 —

 Losses (gains) on available-for-sale debt securities, net
 ( 279)
 ( 1,495)

 (Gains) losses on trading securities, net
 ( 1,721)
 2,206
 ( 1,703)

 Loss (gain) on sale of other real estate owned, net
 ( 17)
 —

 Net (purchases) sales of trading securities
 ( 77)

 (Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable
 ( 1,065)
 ( 2,924)

 Increase in other assets
 ( 8,947)
 ( 3,673)
 ( 14,531)

 Deferred tax provision (benefit)
 2,919
 ( 625)
 3,159

 Increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities
 4,234
 4,998

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 46,970
 83,331
 64,759

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Net decrease (increase) in loans receivable
 35,875
 ( 430,849)
 ( 105,455)

 Purchase of loans
 ( 3,781)
 ( 10,183)
 —

 Proceeds from sale of loans
 —
 2,796
 151,559

 Purchase of FHLB of New York stock
 ( 45,318)
 ( 44,564)
 ( 220)

 Redemption of FHLB of New York stock
 36,033
 36,518
 6,525

 Purchases of debt securities available-for-sale
 ( 73,544)
 ( 168,973)
 ( 746,967)

 Purchases of equity securities
 ( 186)
 ( 5,046)
 ( 5,089)

 Principal payments and maturities on debt securities available-for-sale
 247,455
 305,027
 454,414

 Principal payments and maturities on debt securities held-to-maturity
 1,879

 Purchases of securities held-to-maturity
 —
 ( 6,237)
 —

 Proceeds from sale of debt securities available-for-sale
 —
 41,479
 328,966

 Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance
 —
 1,526
 1,021

 Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned
 —

 Purchases and improvements of premises and equipment
 ( 3,605)
 ( 2,552)
 ( 1,638)

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 193,869
 ( 280,213)
 84,995

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Net (decrease) increase in deposits
 ( 271,784)
 ( 19,115)
 92,783

 Dividends paid
 ( 22,795)
 ( 24,127)
 ( 24,299)

 Exercise of stock options
 1,662
 3,409

 Purchase of treasury stock
 ( 37,173)
 ( 30,881)
 ( 53,321)

 (Decrease) increase in advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance
 ( 893)
 1,086
 5,232

 Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt, net of issuance costs
 —
 60,884
 —

 Proceeds from securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings
 743,553
 282,104
 —

 Repayments related to securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings
 ( 468,140)
 ( 120,000)
 ( 170,034)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 57,132)
 151,613
 ( 146,230)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 183,707
 ( 45,269)
 3,524

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
 91,068
 87,544

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $
 $
 $
 91,068

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - (Continued)

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Supplemental cash flow information:

 Cash paid during the year for:

 Interest
 $
 80,400
 $
 19,282
 $
 17,451

 Income taxes
 14,704
 22,094
 28,476

 Non-cash transactions:

 Loans charged-off, net
 6,435
 2,803

 Transfers of loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale, at fair value
 —
 2,523
 131,883

 Transfers of loans held-for-sale at fair value to loans held-for-investment
 —
 —
 1,612

 Transfers of loans held-for-investment to other real estate owned
 —
 —

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
 4,983
 1,596

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 The following significant accounting and reporting policies of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"), conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), and are used in preparing and presenting these consolidated financial statements.

 (a) Basis of Presentation

 The consolidated financial statements are comprised of the accounts of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Northfield Investment, Inc. and Northfield Bank (the "Bank"), and the Bank's wholly-owned significant subsidiaries, NSB Services Corp. and NSB Realty Trust. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheets and revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates and assumptions. A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term is the allowance for credit losses. In connection with the determination of this allowance, management generally obtains independent appraisals for significant properties. In addition, judgments related to the amount and timing of expected cash flows from purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") loans, goodwill, securities valuation and impairment, and deferred income taxes, involve a higher degree of complexity and subjectivity and require estimates and assumptions about uncertain matters. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions.

 (b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

 Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2020-04. In March, 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU No. 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform ("Topic 848"): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" ("ASU 2020-04"), which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. However, in December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, deferring the sunset date to December 31, 2024. The Company has reviewed all of its LIBOR-based products and all products have been adjusted to another index or are scheduled to be adjusted at their next repricing, as LIBOR ceased to be published after June 30, 2023. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 ASU No. 2022-02. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" ("ASU 2022-02"). The amendments in this ASU were issued to (1) eliminate accounting guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty; (2) require disclosures of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. Under ASU 2022-02, the Company assesses all loan modifications to determine whether one is granted to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, regardless of whether the modified loan terms include a concession. Modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may be in the form of an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, principal forgiveness or a combination thereof. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2023. The adoption of this update did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Additional disclosures are included in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

 (c) Business

 The Company, through its principal subsidiary, the Bank, provides a full range of banking services primarily to individuals and corporate customers in Richmond and Kings counties in New York, and Hunterdon, Mercer, Union and Middlesex counties in New Jersey. The Company is subject to competition from other financial institutions and to the regulations of certain federal and state agencies, and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

 (d) Cash Equivalents

 Cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, due from banks, and interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions with an original term of three months or less.

 (e) Securities

 Securities are classified at the time of purchase, based on management's intention, as debt securities held-to-maturity, debt securities available-for-sale, trading account securities or equity securities. Debt securities held-to-maturity are those that management has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity. Debt securities held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts using the level-yield method over the contractual term of the securities, adjusted for actual prepayments. Debt securities available-for-sale represents all securities not classified as either held-to-maturity, trading, or equity. Debt securities available-for-sale are carried at estimated fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses (net of related tax effects) on such securities excluded from earnings, but included as a separate component of stockholders' equity, titled "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)." The cost of securities sold is determined using the specific-identification method. Security transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis.

 For securities available for sale, the Company determines if impairment is related to credit loss or non-credit loss. In making the assessment of whether a loss is from credit or other factors, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and adverse conditions related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance is created, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Subsequent activity related to the credit loss component in the form of write-offs or recoveries is recognized as part of the allowance for credit losses on securities available for sale.

 Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. All of the held-to-maturity securities in the Company's portfolio are issued by U.S. government agencies and are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S Government and therefore the expectation of nonpayment is zero. Therefore, the Company is not required to estimate an allowance for credit losses related to these securities.

 The estimated fair value of debt securities, including mortgage-backed securities and corporate debt obligations is furnished by an independent third-party pricing service. The third-party pricing service primarily utilizes pricing models and methodologies that incorporate observable market inputs, including among other things, benchmark yields, reported trades, and projected prepayment and default rates. Management reviews the data and assumptions used in pricing the securities by its third-party provider for reasonableness.

 The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on securities from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable totaled $ 2.4 million and $ 2.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Trading securities are securities that are bought and may be held for the purpose of selling them in the near term. Trading securities are reported at estimated fair value, using quoted prices in active markets, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a component of gain (loss) on securities, net in non-interest income.

 Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of gain (loss) on securities, net in non-interest income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at net asset value less any impairment, if any.

 (f) Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

 The accounting and reporting for PCD loans and loans classified as held-for-sale differs substantially from those loans classified by the Company as held-for-investment. For purposes of reporting, discussion and analysis, management has classified its loan portfolio into three categories: (1) loans originated by the Company and held-for-sale, which are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and therefore have no associated allowance for loan losses, (2) PCD loans, which are held-for-investment, and recorded at the purchase price, including non-credit discounts, plus the allowance for credit losses at the time of acquisition, and (3) Loans held-for-investment, which include originated loans carried at amortized cost, and acquired loans, with no evidence of credit deterioration, initially valued at fair value on the date of acquisition, less net charge-offs and the allowance for credit losses.

 Net loans held-for-investment are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted by unamortized premiums and unearned discounts, deferred origination fees and certain direct origination costs, and the allowance for credit losses. Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to income as earned. Net loan origination fees/costs are deferred and accreted/amortized to interest income over the loan's contractual life using the level-yield method, adjusted for actual prepayments. Generally, loans held-for-sale are designated at time of origination and generally consist of newly originated fixed rate residential loans and are recorded at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value in the aggregate. During 2021 and 2020, the Company transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale certain performing and nonperforming loans. Transfers of loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale are infrequent and occur at fair value less costs to sell, with any charge-off to allowance for credit losses. Gains are recognized on a settlement-date basis and are determined by the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying value of the loans, including any net deferred fees or costs.

 Net loans held-for-investment are deemed impaired when it is probable, based on current information, that the Company will not collect all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Company has defined the population of impaired loans to be all non-accrual loans held-for-investment with an outstanding balance of $ 500,000 or greater and all loans restructured as TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02. Loan held-for-investment are individually assessed to determine that the loan's carrying value is not in excess of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate, or the fair value of the underlying collateral (less estimated costs to sell) if the loan is collateral dependent. Impairments, if any, are recognized through a charge to the allowance for credit losses on loans for the amount that the loan's carrying value exceeds the discounted cash flow analysis or estimated fair value of collateral (less estimated costs to sell) if the loan is collateral dependent. Such amounts are charged-off when considered appropriate.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

 Under the current expected credit losses ("CECL") methodology adopted on January 1, 2021, the Company determines the allowance for credit losses on loans based upon a consideration of its historical portfolio loss experience, current borrower-specific risk characteristics, current conditions, forecasts of future economic conditions, reversion period, prepayments, and qualitative adjustments. The allowance is measured on a collective (loan segment) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share common risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. Accrued interest on loans is excluded from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses due to the Company's non-accrual policy which results in the reversal of uncollectible accrued interest on non-accrual loans against interest income in a timely manner. Accrued interest receivable on loans held-for-investment totaled $ 12.8 million and $ 11.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans Held-for-Investment. In estimating the quantitative component of the allowance on a collective basis, the Company uses a risk rating migration model which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. These metrics are multiplied by the exposure at default, taking into consideration prepayments, to calculate the quantitative component of the allowance. The metrics are based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit risk rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis periods for each loan portfolio pool, and the severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred using the Company's own historical loss experience and comparable peer data loss history. The model's expected losses based on loss history are adjusted for qualitative adjustments to address risks that may not be adequately represented in the risk rating migration model. Among other things, these adjustments include and account for differences in: (i) changes in lending policies and procedures; (ii) changes in local, regional, national, and international economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of our portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (iii) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (iv) changes in the quality of our loan review system; (v) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (vi) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in our existing portfolio.

 The Company utilizes a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period after which estimated losses revert to historical loss experience immediately for the remaining life of the loan. In establishing its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company utilizes five externally-sourced forward-looking economic scenarios developed by Moody's Analytics ("Moody's"). Management utilizes five different Moody's scenarios so as to incorporate uncertainties related to the economic environment. These scenarios, which range from more benign to more severe economic outlooks, include a 'most likely outcome' (the "Baseline" scenario) and four less likely scenarios referred to as the "Upside" and "Downside" scenarios. Each scenario is assigned a weighting with a majority of the weighting placed on the Baseline scenario and lower weights placed on both the Upside and Downside scenarios. The weighting assigned by management is based on the economic outlook and available information at the reporting date. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. The Company has identified and selected key variables that most closely correlated to its historical credit performance, which include: Gross domestic product, unemployment, and three collateral indices: the Commercial Property Price Index, the Commercial Property Price Apartment Index and the Case-Shiller Home Price Index.

 Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans. The Company measures specific reserves for individual loans that do not share common risk characteristics with other loans, consisting of all TDRs (prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02) and non-accrual loans with an outstanding balance of $ 500,000 or greater. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine that the loan's carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows under troubled debt restructurings which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower's current and projected financial condition. Individually impaired loans that have no impairment losses are not considered for collective allowances described above. Upon adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company no longer establishes a specific reserve for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Instead, these loan modifications are included in their respective pool and a historical loss rate is applied to the current loan balance to arrive at the quantitative and qualitative baseline portion of the allowance for credit losses.
 The Company elected to exclude accrued interest on loans from the amortized cost of loans held for investment. The accrued interest is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheet and totaled $ 12.8 million and $ 11.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 PCD Loans
 Loans classified as PCD loans are acquired loans where there is evidence of more than insignificant credit deterioration since their origination. We consider various factors in connection with this determination, including past due or non-accrual status, credit risk rating declines, and any write downs recorded based on the collectability of the asset, among other factors. Under the CECL methodology, the Company elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Subtopic 310-30, "Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. Loans are only removed from existing pools if they are written off, paid off, or sold. Under CECL, the allowance for credit losses was determined for each pool and added to the pool's carrying amount to establish a new amortized cost basis. The difference between the unpaid principal balance of the pool and the new amortized cost basis is the noncredit premium or discount which will be amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the pool. Subsequent increases or decreases in the allowance for credit losses related to PCD loans is recorded as provision expense.

 The Company also maintains a reserve for estimated losses on off-balance sheet credit risks related to loan commitments and stand-by letters of credit. The reserve for off-balance sheet exposures is determined using the CECL reserve factor in the related funded loan segment, adjusted for an average historical funding rate. The allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding provision is included in other non-interest expense.

 While management uses available information to estimate credit losses on loans, future additions may be necessary based on changes in conditions, including changes in economic conditions and forecasts, particularly in Richmond and Kings counties in New York, and Hunterdon, Mercer, Union and Middlesex counties in New Jersey and to a lesser extent eastern Pennsylvania. Accordingly, as with most financial institutions in the market area, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Company's loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in conditions in the Company's marketplace. In addition, future changes in laws and regulations could make it more difficult for the Company to collect all contractual amounts due on its loans and mortgage-backed securities.

 In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company's allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company classified certain loans as TDRs, which are loans where terms have been modified because of deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. Modifications could include extension of the repayment terms of the loan, reduced interest rates, or forgiveness of accrued interest and/or principal. Once an obligation has been restructured because of such credit problems, it continues to be considered restructured until paid in full or, if the obligation yields a market rate (a rate equal to the rate the Company was willing to accept at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk), until the year subsequent to the year in which the restructuring takes place, provided the borrower has performed under the modified terms for a consecutive six-month period. The Company records an impairment charge equal to the difference between the present value of estimated future cash flows under the restructured terms discounted at the original loan's effective interest rate, or the underlying collateral value, less estimated costs to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. Changes in present values attributable to the passage of time are recorded as a component of the provision for credit losses. Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company has ceased to recognize or measure new TDRs but those existing at December 31, 2022 remain until settled.
 A loan is considered past due when it is not paid in accordance with its contractual terms. The accrual of income on loans, including impaired loans held-for-investment, and other loans in the process of foreclosure, is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, or sooner when certain factors indicate that the ultimate collection of principal and interest is in doubt. Loans on which the accrual of income has been discontinued are designated as non-accrual loans. All previously accrued interest is reversed against interest income, and income is recognized subsequently only in the period that cash is received, provided no principal payments are due and the remaining principal balance outstanding is deemed collectible. A non-accrual loan is not returned to accrual status until both principal and interest payments are brought current and factors indicating doubtful collection no longer exist, including performance by the borrower under the loan terms for a consecutive six-month period.

 (g) Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") Stock

 The Bank, as a member of the FHLB of New York ("FHLBNY"), is required to hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB as a condition to both becoming a member and engaging in certain transactions with the FHLB. The minimum investment requirement is determined by a "membership" investment component and an "activity-based" investment component. The membership investment component is the greater of 0.125 % of the Bank's mortgage-related assets, as defined by the FHLB, or $ 1,000. The activity-based investment component is equal to 4.5 % of the Bank's outstanding advances with the FHLB. The activity-based investment component also considers other transactions, including assets originated for or sold to the FHLB, and delivery commitments issued by the FHLB. The Company currently does not enter into these other types of transactions with the FHLB.

 On at least a quarterly basis, we perform our other-than-temporary impairment analysis of FHLB stock, we evaluate, among other things, (i) its earnings performance, including the significance of any decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the regulatory capital amount of the FHLB, (ii) the commitment by the FHLB to continue dividend payments, and (iii) the liquidity position of the FHLB. We did not consider our investment in FHLB stock to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 (h) Operating Leases
 During the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements, and at inception it determines if a particular agreement is a lease. The Company's operating lease agreements relate primarily to its corporate offices and bank branch offices. The agreements are recorded as operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, and represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

 (i) Premises and Equipment, Net

 Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment, including capital leases, are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The estimated useful lives of significant classes of assets are generally as follows: buildings - forty years; furniture and equipment - five to seven years; and purchased computer software - three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the term of the related lease or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Major improvements are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, any gain or loss is credited or charged to operations.

 (j) Bank-Owned Life Insurance

 The Company has purchased bank-owned life insurance contracts to help fund its obligations for certain employee benefit costs. The Company's investment in such insurance contracts has been reported in the consolidated balance sheets at their cash surrender values. Changes in cash surrender values and death benefit proceeds received in excess of the related cash surrender values are recorded as non-interest income.

 (k) Goodwill

 Intangible assets resulting from acquisitions under the purchase method of accounting consist of goodwill and other intangible assets. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to an annual assessment for impairment. The goodwill impairment analysis was generally a two-step test. However, on January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2017-04, "Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" which simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment. The guidance removed step two of the goodwill impairment test, which had required a hypothetical purchase price allocation. The ASU does not change the optional qualitative assessment which allows companies to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, commonly referred to as the qualitative assessment or step 0.

 Goodwill is allocated to Northfield's reporting unit at the date goodwill is actually recorded. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying value of goodwill totaled $ 41.0 million. The Company qualitatively assessed the current economic environment, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and overall financial performance of the Company, among others. After consideration of the results of the annual 2023 impairment test and the results for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company determined that it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of its reporting unit was above its book value as of December 31, 2023, which did not indicate impairment for our reporting unit, nor was our reporting unit at risk. The Company will test goodwill for impairment between annual test dates if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the fair value of the reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The Company completed its annual impairment test as of December 31, 2023.

 (l) Income Taxes

 Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. When applicable, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance for any portions determined not likely to be realized. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

 Income tax benefits are recognized and measured based upon a two-step model: 1) a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized, and 2) the benefit is measured as the largest dollar amount of that position that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit. The Company records income tax-related interest and penalties, if applicable, within income tax expense.

 (m) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted (and without interest) net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell.

 (n) Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Other Borrowings

 The Company enters into sales of securities under agreements to repurchase (Repurchase Agreements) and collateral pledge agreements (Pledge Agreements) with selected dealers and banks. Such agreements are accounted for as secured financing transactions since the Company maintains effective control over the transferred or pledged securities and the transfer meets the other accounting and recognition criteria as required by the transfer and servicing topic of the FASB Accounting Standards. Obligations under these agreements are reflected as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Securities underlying the agreements are maintained at selected dealers and banks as collateral for each transaction executed and may be sold or pledged by the counterparty. Collateral underlying Repurchase Agreements that permit the counterparty to sell or pledge the underlying collateral is disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets as "encumbered." The Company retains the right under all Repurchase Agreements and Pledge Agreements to substitute acceptable collateral throughout the terms of the agreement.

 (o) Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income and the change in unrealized holding gains and losses on debt securities available-for-sale, change in actuarial gains and losses on other post-retirement benefits, and change in service cost on other postretirement benefits, net of taxes. Comprehensive income (loss) and its components is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 (p) Benefits

 The Company sponsors a defined postretirement benefit plan that provides for medical and life insurance coverage to a limited number of retirees, as well as life insurance to all qualifying employees of the Company. The estimated cost of postretirement benefits earned is accrued during an individual's estimated service period to the Company. The Company recognizes in its balance sheet the over-funded or under-funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at the end of our calendar year. The actuarial gains and losses and the prior service costs and credits that arise during the period are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax.

 Funds borrowed by the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "ESOP") from the Company to purchase the Company's common stock are being repaid from the Bank's contributions over a period of up to 30 years. The Company's common stock not yet allocated to participants is recorded as a reduction of stockholders' equity at cost. The Company records compensation expense related to the ESOP at an amount equal to the shares committed to be released by the ESOP multiplied by the average fair value of our common stock during the reporting period.

 The Company recognizes the grant-date fair value of stock-based awards issued to participants' as compensation cost in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The fair value of common stock awards is based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Stock Market on the grant date. The expense related to stock options is based on the estimated fair value of the options at the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The awards are fixed in nature and compensation cost related to stock-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

 The Bank has a 401(k) plan covering substantially all employees. Contributions to the plan are expensed as incurred.

 (q) Segment Reporting

 As a community-focused financial institution, substantially all of the Company's operations involve the delivery of loan and deposit products to customers. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of these community banking operations, which constitute the Company's only operating segment for financial reporting purposes.

 (r) Net Income per Common Share

 Net income per common share-basic is computed by dividing the net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, excluding unallocated ESOP shares and unearned common stock award shares. The weighted average common shares outstanding includes the average number of shares of common stock outstanding, including shares allocated or committed to be released ESOP shares. Net income per common share-diluted is computed using the same method as basic earnings per share, but reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options and unvested shares of restricted stock were exercised and converted into common stock.

 When applying the treasury stock method we add the assumed proceeds from option exercises and the average unamortized compensation costs related to unvested shares of restricted stock and stock options. We then divided this sum by our average stock price for the period to calculate assumed shares repurchased. The excess of the number of shares issuable over the number of shares assumed to be repurchased is added to basic weighted average common shares to calculate diluted earnings per share.

 At December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there were 77,772, 203,997, and 337,768 dilutive shares outstanding, respectively.

 (s) Other Real Estate Owned

 Assets acquired through loan foreclosure, or deed-in-lieu of, are held for sale and are initially recorded at estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs, when acquired, thus establishing a new cost basis. Costs after acquisition are generally expensed. If the estimated fair value of the asset subsequently declines, a write-down is recorded through other non-interest expense.

 (t) Advertising Costs

 Advertising costs are expensed in the period they are incurred.

 (u) Derivatives

 The Company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The Company has interest rate derivatives resulting from a service provided to certain qualified borrowers in a loan related transaction and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company's assets or liabilities. As such, all changes in fair value of the Company's interest rate derivatives are recognized directly in earnings. The fair value of the Company's derivatives is determined using discounted cash flow analysis using observable market-based inputs, which are considered Level 2 inputs.

 (2) Debt Securities Available-for-Sale

 The following is a comparative summary of mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Gross
 Gross

 Amortized
 unrealized
 unrealized
 fair

 cost
 gains
 value

 U.S. Treasuries
 $
 44,364
 $
 $
 —
 $

 75,898
 —
 ( 1,990)

 Government sponsored enterprises ("GSEs")
 365,823
 ( 28,285)

 Real estate mortgage investment conduits "REMICs"):

 GSE
 224,931
 —
 ( 11,831)

 Total mortgage-backed securities
 590,754
 ( 40,116)
 550,640

 —
 ( 2)

 128,704
 ( 2,973)

 Total other debt securities
 129,469
 ( 2,975)
 126,537

 Total debt securities available-for-sale
 $
 840,485
 $
 $
 ( 45,081)
 $

 Gross
 Gross

 Amortized
 unrealized
 unrealized
 fair

 cost
 gains
 value

 $
 76,150
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,074)
 $

 GSE
 472,963
 ( 40,346)
 432,618

 GSE
 280,870
 —
 ( 16,146)

 Total mortgage-backed securities
 753,833
 ( 56,492)
 697,342

 —
 —

 189,603
 ( 6,871)
 182,734

 Total other debt securities
 189,624
 ( 6,871)
 182,755

 Total debt securities available-for-sale
 $
 1,019,607
 $
 $
 ( 67,437)
 $

 The following is a summary of the expected maturity distribution of debt securities available-for-sale other than mortgage-backed securities at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Available-for-sale
 Amortized cost
 Estimated fair value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 118,381
 $
 117,304

 Due after one year through five years
 127,350
 124,157

 Due after five years through ten years
 4,000
 3,363

 $
 249,731
 $
 244,824

 Contractual maturities for mortgage-backed securities are not included above, as expected maturities on mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

 Certain securities available-for-sale are pledged or encumbered to secure borrowings under Pledge Agreements and Repurchase Agreements and for other purposes required by law. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the fair value of debt securities available-for-sale that were pledged to secure borrowings and deposits was $ 272.9 million and $ 591.7 million, respectively. See Note 9 - "Borrowings" for further discussion regarding securities pledged or encumbered for borrowings.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had no proceeds on sales of securities available-for-sale, and gross realized gains of $ 22,000 and gross realized losses of $ 39,000 related to the payoff of securities. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had gross proceeds of $ 41.5 million on sales of securities available-for-sale with gross realized gains of $ 279,000 and no gross realized losses. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had gross proceeds of $ 329.0 million on sales of securities available-for-sale with gross realized gains of $ 1.5 million and no gross realized losses. The Company recognized net gains of $ 1.7 million, net losses of $ 2.2 million, and net gains of $ 1.7 million on its trading securities portfolio during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 respectively. The Company routinely sells securities when market pricing presents, in management's assessment, an economic benefit that outweighs holding such security, and when smaller balance securities become cost prohibitive to carry.

 Gross unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities available-for-sale, and the estimated fair value of the related securities, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (in thousands):

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1,990)
 $
 $
 ( 1,990)
 $

 GSE
 —
 ( 28,285)
 337,438
 ( 28,285)
 337,455

 GSE

 —
 ( 11,831)
 ( 11,831)

 ( 2)

 ( 2)

 ( 7)
 9,966
 ( 2,966)
 96,978
 ( 2,973)
 106,944

 Total
 $
 ( 9)
 $
 10,746
 $
 ( 45,072)
 $
 721,424
 $
 ( 45,081)
 $
 732,170

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 $
 ( 3,942)
 $
 71,058
 $
 ( 132)
 $
 1,018
 $
 ( 4,074)
 $

 GSE
 ( 8,112)
 142,605
 ( 32,234)
 289,890
 ( 40,346)
 432,495

 GSE
 ( 8,303)
 180,612
 ( 7,843)
 84,112
 ( 16,146)

 ( 842)
 35,778
 ( 6,029)
 129,174
 ( 6,871)
 164,952

 Total
 $
 ( 21,199)
 $
 430,053
 $
 ( 46,238)
 $
 504,194
 $
 ( 67,437)
 $
 934,247

 The Company held 116 pass-through mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs, 75 REMIC mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs, 16 corporate bonds, and five U.S. Government agency securities that were in a continuous unrealized loss position of twelve months or greater at December 31, 2023. There were two pass-through mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by GSEs, one corporate bond, and one municipal bond that were in an unrealized loss position of less than twelve months at December 31, 2023. Substantially all securities referred to above were rated investment grade at December 31, 2023.

 Available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. In performing an assessment of whether any decline in fair value is due to a credit loss, the Company considers the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost, changes in credit ratings, any adverse economic conditions, as well as all relevant information at the individual security level such as credit deterioration of the issuer or collateral underlying the security. In assessing the impairment, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected with the amortized cost basis of the security. If it is determined that the decline in fair value was due to credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount the fair value is less than amortized cost basis. The Company did not recognize any allowance for credit losses on its available-for-sale debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. The Company does not have the intent to sell its available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery.

 The non-credit related decrease in the fair value, such as a decline due to changes in market interest rates, is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company also assesses its intent to sell the securities (as well as the likelihood of a near-term recovery). If the Company intends to sell an available for sale debt security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the debt security is written down to its fair value and the write down is charged to the debt security's fair value at the reporting date with any incremental impairment reported in earnings.

 The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable associated with debt securities available-for-sale totaled $ 2.4 million and $ 2.8 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable, as an allowance on possible uncollectible accrued interest is not warranted.

 (3) Debt Securities Held-to-Maturity

 The following is a summary of mortgage-backed securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses

 GSEs
 $
 9,866
 $
 $
 $
 9,586

 Total securities held-to-maturity
 $
 9,866
 $
 $
 $
 9,586

 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses

 GSEs
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total securities held-to-maturity
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Contractual maturities for mortgage-backed securities are not presented, as expected maturities on mortgage-backed securities may differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. There were no sales of held-to-maturity securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, debt securities held-to-maturity with a carrying value of $ 9.7 million and $ 2.0 million, respectively, were pledged to secure repurchase agreements and deposits. See Note 9 - "Borrowings" for further discussion regarding securities pledged or encumbered for borrowings.

 Gross unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities held-to-maturity, and the estimated fair value of the related securities, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 GSE
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 6,661
 $
 $
 6,661

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 6,661
 $
 $
 6,661

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 GSE
 $
 $
 7,433
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 7,433

 Total
 $
 $
 7,433
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 7,433

 The Company held nine pass-through mortgage-backed debt securities held-to-maturity issued or guaranteed by GSEs that were in a continuous unrealized loss position of twelve months or greater at December 31, 2023.

 The Company's held-to-maturity securities are residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and it is expected that the securities will not be settled at prices less than the amortized cost bases of the securities as such securities are backed by the full faith and credit of and/or guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities.

 The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity securities from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable associated with held-to-maturity securities totaling $ 36,000 and $ 39,000, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable, as an allowance on possible uncollectible accrued interest is not warranted.

 (4) Equity Securities

 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, equity securities totaled $ 10.6 million and $ 10.4 million, respectively. Equity securities consisted of money market mutual funds, recorded at fair value of $ 330,000 and $ 361,000, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and an investment in a private Small Business Administration ("SBA") Loan Fund (the "SBA Loan Fund") recorded at net asset value of $ 10.3 million and $ 10.1 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As the SBA Loan Fund operates as a private fund, its shares are not publicly traded and, therefore, have no readily determinable market value. The SBA Loan Fund was recorded at net asset value as a practical expedient for reporting fair value.

 (5) Loans

 The following table summarizes the Company's loans held-for-investment, net, (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 2,824,579

 Commercial mortgage
 899,249

 One-to-four family residential mortgage

 Total real estate loans
 4,035,902
 4,075,261

 Commercial and industrial loans (1)

 2,585
 2,230

 Total commercial and industrial and other loans
 157,853
 156,930

 Loans held-for-investment, net (excluding PCD)

 PCD
 9,899

 Total loans held-for-investment, net

 ( 37,535)
 ( 42,617)

 $
 $

 (1) Included in commercial and industrial loans at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans totaling $ 284,000 and $ 5.1 million, respectively.

 The Company did not have loans held-for-sale at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

 In addition to originating loans, the Company may acquire loans through portfolio purchases or acquisitions of other companies. Purchased loans that have evidence of more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are deemed PCD loans. For PCD loans, each loan pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. PCD loans totaled $ 9.9 million at December 31, 2023, as compared to $ 11.5 million at December 31, 2022. The majority of the PCD loan balances were acquired as part of an FDIC-assisted transaction. At December 31, 2023, PCD loans consisted of approximately 7 % one-to-four family residential loans, 25 % commercial real estate loans, 57 % commercial and industrial loans, and 11 % in home equity loans. At December 31, 2022, PCD loans consisted of approximately 9 % one-to-four family residential loans, 28 % commercial real estate loans, 53 % commercial and industrial loans, and 10 % in home equity loans.

 Credit Quality Indicators

 The Company monitors the credit quality of its loan portfolio on a regular basis. Credit quality is monitored by reviewing certain credit quality indicators. Management has determined that loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios (at period end) and internally assigned credit risk ratings by loan type are the key credit quality indicators that best measure the credit quality of the Company's loan receivables. LTV ratios used by management in monitoring credit quality are based on current period loan balances and original appraised values at the time of origination (unless a current appraisal has been obtained as a result of the loan being deemed impaired).

 The Company maintains a credit risk rating system as part of the risk assessment of its loan portfolio. The Company's lending officers are required to assign a credit risk rating to each loan in their portfolio at origination. This risk rating is reviewed periodically and adjusted if necessary. Monthly, management presents monitored assets to the loan committee. In addition, the Company engages a third-party independent loan reviewer that performs semi-annual reviews of a sample of loans, validating the credit risk ratings assigned to such loans. The credit risk ratings play an important role in the establishment of the provision for credit losses on loans and the allowance for credit losses for loans held-for-investment. After determining the loss factor for each portfolio segment held-for-investment, the collectively evaluated for impairment balance of the held-for-investment portfolio is multiplied by the collectively evaluated for impairment loss factor for the respective portfolio segment in order to determine the allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment.

 When assigning a credit risk rating to a loan, management utilizes the Bank's internal nine-point credit risk rating system.

 1.Strong
 2.Good
 3.Acceptable
 4.Adequate
 5.Watch
 6.Special Mention
 7.Substandard
 8.Doubtful
 9.Loss

 Loans rated 1 to 5 are considered pass ratings. An asset is classified substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets have well defined weaknesses based on objective evidence, and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable based on current circumstances. Assets classified as loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but possess weaknesses, are required to be designated special mention.

 The following table presents the Company's loans held-for-investment and current period gross charge-offs, excluding PCD loans, by loan class, credit risk ratings and year of origination, at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Revolving Loans
 Total

 Real Estate:

 Pass
 $
 88,435
 $
 615,028
 $
 648,328
 $
 464,995
 $
 248,190
 $
 676,544
 $
 $
 2,742,090

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,578
 —
 8,578

 88,435
 615,028
 648,328
 464,995
 248,190
 685,450

 Pass
 89,072
 211,754
 147,656
 66,207
 86,736
 299,615
 1,812
 902,852

 —
 —
 8,528
 —
 —
 4,369
 —
 12,897

 —
 2,838
 —
 —
 —
 10,708
 13,846

 89,072
 214,592
 156,184
 66,207
 86,736
 314,692
 2,112

 Pass
 6,747
 26,198
 12,039
 8,321
 9,064
 96,569
 159,767

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 6,747
 26,198
 12,039
 8,321
 9,064
 97,626

 Pass
 23,400
 33,022
 14,316
 7,179
 5,353
 13,658
 65,287
 162,215

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 1,238

 23,400
 33,649
 14,739
 7,203
 5,442
 13,800
 65,287

 Pass
 4,877
 6,091
 10,236
 1,192
 7,291

 Total construction and land
 4,877
 6,091
 10,236
 1,192
 7,291

 Total real estate loans
 212,531
 895,558
 831,920
 556,962
 350,624
 1,118,859
 69,448
 4,035,902

 Pass
 17,197
 26,075
 17,485
 2,727
 2,602
 7,296
 65,603
 138,985

 1,248

 —
 13,843
 —
 15,035

 Total commercial and industrial
 17,197
 27,464
 31,689
 2,898
 2,647
 7,520
 65,853

 Current-period gross charge-offs
 1,488
 2,818
 1,439
 —
 6,572

 Other

 Pass
 2,463
 —
 —
 —
 2,578

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other
 2,463
 —
 —
 —
 2,585

 Total loans held-for-investment
 $
 232,191
 $
 923,022
 $
 863,609
 $
 559,913
 $
 353,271
 $
 1,126,409
 $
 135,340
 $

 Total current-period gross charge-offs
 $
 1,488
 $
 2,818
 $
 1,439
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 6,572

 The following table presents the Company's loans held-for-investment, excluding PCD loans, by loan class, credit risk ratings and year of origination, at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Revolving Loans
 Total

 Real Estate:

 Pass
 $
 632,613
 $
 676,370
 $
 500,069
 $
 255,374
 $
 204,810
 $
 545,335
 $
 $
 2,815,092

 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,525
 5,962
 —
 9,487

 632,613
 676,370
 500,069
 255,374
 208,335
 551,297
 2,824,579

 Pass
 213,621
 147,419
 68,215
 90,644
 72,512
 275,606
 1,664
 869,681

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,852
 —
 4,852

 2,889
 10,574
 —
 —
 —
 11,253
 —
 24,716

 216,510
 157,993
 68,215
 90,644
 72,512
 291,711
 1,664
 899,249

 Pass
 26,432
 12,340
 8,623
 10,057
 7,227
 105,787
 1,006
 171,472

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,716
 —
 1,716

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 26,432
 12,340
 8,623
 10,057
 7,227
 108,261
 1,006

 Pass
 36,513
 16,053
 8,198
 5,948
 4,484
 11,315
 69,539
 152,050

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 36,513
 16,053
 8,198
 6,040
 4,532
 11,680
 69,539

 Pass
 8,121
 1,145
 6,335
 1,276
 1,427
 3,905
 22,862

 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,070
 —
 —
 2,070

 Total construction and land
 8,121
 1,145
 6,335
 1,276
 3,497
 3,905

 Total real estate loans
 920,189
 863,901
 591,440
 363,391
 296,103
 966,854
 73,383
 4,075,261

 Pass
 16,941
 14,805
 7,754
 3,754
 1,460
 8,172
 98,969
 151,855

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,123
 2,459

 Total commercial and industrial
 17,232
 15,287
 7,898
 3,804
 1,660
 8,513
 100,306

 Other

 Pass
 2,010
 —
 2,230

 Total other
 2,010
 —
 2,230

 Total loans held-for-investment
 $
 939,431
 $
 879,188
 $
 599,452
 $
 367,200
 $
 297,769
 $
 975,388
 $
 173,763
 $

 Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans

 Included in loans receivable held-for-investment are loans for which the accrual of interest income has been discontinued due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrowers. The recorded investment of these non-accrual loans was $ 10.1 million and $ 9.8 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. Generally, originated loans are placed on non-accrual status when they become 90 days or more delinquent, or sooner if considered appropriate by management, and remain on non-accrual status until they are brought current, have six consecutive months of performance under the loan terms, and factors indicating reasonable doubt about the timely collection of payments no longer exist. Therefore, loans may be current in accordance with their loan terms, or may be less than 90 days delinquent and still be on a non-accruing status.

 When an individual loan no longer demonstrates the similar credit risk characteristics as other loans within its current segment, the Company evaluates each for expected credit losses on an individual basis. All non-accrual loans $ 500,000 and above and all loans designated as TDRs prior to adoption of ASU 2022-02 are individually evaluated. The non-accrual amounts included in loans individually evaluated for impairment were $ 6.0 million and $ 5.2 million at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. Loans on non-accrual status with principal balances less than $ 500,000, and therefore not meeting the Company's definition of an impaired loan, amounted to $ 4.1 million at December 31, 2023, and $ 4.6 million at December 31, 2022. Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest were $ 1.3 million and $ 425,000 at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, and consisted of loans that are well-secured and in the process of collection.

 The following tables set forth the detail, and delinquency status, of non-performing loans (non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing), net of deferred fees and costs, at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, excluding PCD loans (in thousands):

 Total Non-Performing Loans

 Non-Accruing Loans

 Total
 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing
 Total Non-Performing Loans

 Loans held-for-investment:

 $
 1,906
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,709
 $
 $
 2,910

 1,906
 —
 2,709
 2,910

 3,245
 3,181
 6,491
 —
 6,491

 3,245
 3,181
 6,491
 —
 6,491

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —

 —

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 1,149

 —
 1,210

 Total real estate
 5,249
 4,489
 9,803
 1,318
 11,121

 —

 Total commercial and industrial loans
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total other
 —
 —
 —

 Total non-performing loans
 $
 5,329
 $
 $
 4,681
 $
 $
 1,318
 $

 Total Non-Performing Loans

 Non-Accruing Loans

 Total
 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing
 Total Non-Performing Loans

 Loans held-for-investment:

 $
 1,923
 $
 —
 $
 1,362
 $
 3,285
 $
 $
 3,518

 1,923
 —
 1,362
 3,285
 3,518

 2,806
 1,947
 5,184
 5,192

 2,806
 1,947
 5,184
 5,192

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total real estate
 4,915
 3,503
 8,849
 9,245

 —

 Total commercial and industrial loans
 —

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total non-performing loans
 $
 4,915
 $
 $
 4,441
 $
 9,813
 $
 $

 The following tables set forth the detail and delinquency status of loans held-for-investment, excluding PCD loans, net of deferred fees and costs, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 Past Due Loans

 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing
 Total Past Due
 Total Loans Receivable, net

 Loans held-for-investment:

 Pass
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,741,350
 $
 2,742,090

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 1,004
 7,574
 8,578

 1,744
 2,749,252

 Pass
 —
 —
 901,898
 902,852

 —
 —
 —
 —
 12,897
 12,897

 3,181
 —
 3,302
 10,544
 13,846

 1,075
 3,181
 —
 4,256
 925,339

 Pass
 3,275
 —
 3,542
 156,225
 159,767

 —
 —

 —

 3,339
 3,772
 157,052

 Pass
 —
 161,463
 162,215

 —
 —

 1,217
 1,238

 2,006
 161,514

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total construction and land
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total real estate
 5,971
 4,489
 1,318
 11,778
 4,024,124
 4,035,902

 Pass
 1,726
 —
 —
 1,726
 137,259
 138,985

 —
 —
 1,248

 —
 14,147
 15,035

 Total commercial and industrial
 2,807
 —
 2,999
 152,269

 Pass
 —
 —
 2,568
 2,578

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other loans
 —
 —
 2,575
 2,585

 Total loans held-for-investment
 $
 8,788
 $
 4,681
 $
 1,318
 $
 14,787
 $
 4,178,968
 $

 Past Due Loans

 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing
 Total Past Due
 Total Loans Receivable, net

 Loans held-for-investment:

 Pass
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,814,903
 $
 2,815,092

 —
 1,362
 1,595
 7,892
 9,487

 1,362
 1,784
 2,822,795
 2,824,579

 Pass
 —
 —
 868,955
 869,681

 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,852
 4,852

 1,947
 2,560
 22,156
 24,716

 1,331
 1,947
 3,286
 895,963
 899,249

 Pass
 —
 —
 170,869
 171,472

 —
 —
 1,647
 1,716

 —

 173,001

 Pass
 —
 —
 151,393
 152,050

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —

 —
 151,649

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 22,862
 22,862

 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,070
 2,070

 Total construction and land
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total real estate
 3,022
 3,503
 6,921
 4,068,340
 4,075,261

 Pass
 —
 —
 151,282
 151,855

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,460
 2,459

 Total commercial and industrial
 1,071
 2,033
 152,667

 Pass
 —
 2,220
 2,230

 Total other loans
 —
 2,220
 2,230

 Total loans held-for-investment
 $
 4,098
 $
 4,441
 $
 $
 8,964
 $
 4,223,227
 $

 The following tables summarize information on non-accrual loans, excluding PCD loans, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 Recorded Investment
 Unpaid Principal Balance
 With No Related Allowance

 $
 2,709
 $
 2,987
 $
 1,906

 6,491
 6,946
 4,055

 —

 —

 4,405

 Other
 —

 Total non-accrual loans
 $
 $
 15,197
 $
 6,042

 Recorded Investment
 Unpaid Principal Balance
 With No Related Allowance

 $
 3,285
 $
 3,294
 $
 2,050

 5,184
 5,639
 3,069

 —

 —

 1,288

 Total non-accrual loans
 $
 9,813
 $
 10,851
 $
 5,186

 The following table summarizes interest income on non-accrual loans, excluding PCD loans, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 Other
 —

 Total interest income on non-accrual loans
 $
 $

 Collateral-Dependent Loans

 Loans for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral are considered to be collateral-dependent loans. Collateral can have a significant financial effect in mitigating exposure to credit risk and, where there is sufficient collateral, an allowance for credit losses is not recognized or is minimal. For collateral-dependent loans, the allowance for credit losses is individually assessed based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs of sale. The Company's collateral-dependent loans are secured by real estate. Collateral values are generally based on appraisals which are adjusted for changes in market indices. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $ 7.9 million and $ 7.4 million of collateral-dependent impaired loans, respectively. The collateral-dependent loans at December 31, 2023 consisted of $ 5.7 million of commercial real estate loans, $ 1.9 million of multifamily loans, and $ 298,000 of one-to-four family residential loans. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was no significant deterioration or changes in the collateral securing these loans.

 Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

 Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting for TDRs while expanding loan modification and vintage disclosure requirements. See Note 1- "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further information.

 The following tables present the amortized cost basis at December 31, 2023 of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 by class and by type of modification (dollars in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Payment Delay
 Term Extension(1)

 Payment Delay and Interest Rate Reduction
 Payment Delay, Term Extension, and Interest Rate Reductions
 Total
 Percentage of Total Class of Financing Receivable

 Commercial mortgage
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 0.03
 %

 14,626
 15,798
 10.17
 %

 Total loans
 $
 $
 14,626
 $
 $
 $
 16,034

 (1) Includes one loan with a balance of $ 13.4 million at December 31, 2023, that was risk rated substandard and was modified during the year ended December 31, 2023, to receive a maturity extension of 90-days through February 1, 2024, with a further short-term extension in the process of approval through May 1, 2024. This loan previously had multiple 90-day extensions. The loan was originally downgraded to substandard due to operating losses, however the current debt service coverage ratio is 1.57 x and the loan is adequately secured by receivables in excess of $ 18 million. The loan is current as of December 31, 2023 (in accordance with the extensions granted).

 The following table presents the financial effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Weighted-Average Term Extension (in months)
 Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 4.4
 3.75
 %

 No modifications involved forgiveness of principal. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose terms have been restructured at December 31, 2023.

 For modified loans, a subsequent payment default is defined in terms of delinquency, when a principal or interest payment is 90 days past due or classified into non-accrual status during the reporting period. Of the loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 (since adoption of ASU 2022-02), there was one commercial and industrial loan with a balance of approximately $ 76,000 that subsequently defaulted and was charged-off during the year.

 The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following tables present the aging analysis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Non-Accrual
 Total

 Commercial mortgage
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 15,202
 —
 —
 15,798

 Total loans
 $
 15,202
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 16,034

 Troubled Debt Restructured Loans prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02

 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company classified certain loans as TDRs when credit terms to a borrower in financial difficulty were modified, in accordance with ASC 310-40. With the adoption of ASU 2022-02 the Company has ceased to recognize or measure for new TDRs, but those existing at December 31, 2022 will remain until settled.

 There were no loans modified as a TDR during the year ended December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022 the Company had TDRs of $ 7.0 million.

 Management classifies all TDRs as loans individually evaluated for impairment. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine that the loan's carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows under TDRs which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower's current and projected financial condition. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections and our established allowance for credit losses on these loans, which could have a material effect on our financial results.

 At December 31, 2022, there were no restructured TDRs during the preceding twelve months that subsequently defaulted.

 (6) Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") on Loans

 Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans Held-for-Investment

 In estimating the quantitative component of the allowance on a collective basis, the Company uses a risk rating migration model which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. These metrics are multiplied by the exposure at the potential default, taking into consideration estimated prepayments, to calculate the quantitative component of the ACL. The metrics are based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit risk rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis periods for each loan portfolio pool, and the severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred using the Company's own historical loss experience and comparable peer data loss history. The model's expected losses based on loss history are adjusted for qualitative adjustments to address risks that may not be adequately represented in the risk rating migration model. Among other things, these adjustments include and account for differences in: (i) changes in lending policies and procedures; (ii) changes in local, regional, national, and international economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of our portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (iii) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (iv) changes in the quality of our loan review system; (v) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (vi) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in our existing portfolio.

 The Company utilizes a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period after which estimated losses revert to historical loss experience immediately for the remaining life of the loan. In establishing its estimate of expected credit losses, the Company utilizes five externally-sourced forward-looking economic scenarios developed by Moody's Analytics ("Moody's").

 Management utilizes five different Moody's scenarios so as to incorporate uncertainties related to the economic environment. These scenarios, which range from more benign to more severe economic outlooks, include a "most likely outcome" (the "Baseline" scenario) and four less likely scenarios referred to as the "Upside" and "Downside" scenarios. Each scenario is assigned a weighting with a majority of the weighting placed on the Baseline scenario and lower weights placed on both the Upside and Downside scenarios. The weighting assigned by management is based on the economic outlook and available information at the reporting date. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. The Company has identified and selected key variables that most closely correlated to its historical credit performance, which include: Gross domestic product, unemployment, and three collateral indices: the Commercial Property Price Index, the Commercial Property Price Apartment Index and the Case-Shiller Home Price Index.

 Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans

 The Company measures specific reserves for individual loans that do not share common risk characteristics with other loans, consisting of all loans previously modified as TDRs (prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02) and non-accrual loans with an outstanding balance of $ 500,000 or greater. Loans individually evaluated for impairment are assessed to determine whether the loan's carrying value is not in excess of the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral-dependent, or the present value of the expected future cash flows, if the loan is not collateral-dependent. Management performs an evaluation of each impaired loan and generally obtains updated appraisals as part of the evaluation. In addition, management adjusts estimated fair values down to appropriately consider recent market conditions, our willingness to accept a lower sales price to effect a quick sale, and costs to dispose of any supporting collateral. Determining the estimated fair value of underlying collateral (and related costs to sell) can be difficult in illiquid real estate markets and is subject to significant assumptions and estimates. Management employs an independent third-party management firm that specializes in appraisal preparation and review to ascertain the reasonableness of updated appraisals. Projecting the expected cash flows for modified loans which are not collateral-dependent is inherently subjective and requires, among other things, an evaluation of the borrower's current and projected financial condition. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections and our established allowance for credit losses on these loans, which could have a material effect on our financial results. Individually impaired loans that have no impairment losses are not considered for collective allowances described earlier. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ACL for loans individually evaluated for impairment was $ 45,200 and $ 38,200, respectively.

 Allowance for Credit Losses – Off-Balance Sheet Exposures

 An ACL for off-balance-sheet exposures represents an estimate of expected credit losses arising from off-balance sheet exposures such as loan commitments, standby letters of credit and unused lines of credit (loans already on the books). Commitments to fund unused lines of credit are agreements to lend additional funds to customers as long as there have been no violations of any of the conditions established in the agreements (original or restructured). Commitments to originate loans generally have a fixed expiration or other termination clauses, which may require payment of a fee. Since some of these loan commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, total commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The reserve for off-balance sheet exposures is determined using the CECL reserve factor in the related funded loan segment, adjusted for an average historical funding rate. The allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding provision is included in other non-interest expense.

 The table below summarizes the allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures as of, and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 $
 1,852

 Benefit for credit losses
 ( 555)
 ( 1,061)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 $

 A summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 $
 $
 37,607

 Impact of CECL adoption
 —
 —
 10,353

 Balance at January 1
 47,960

 Provision/(benefit) for credit losses
 1,353
 4,482
 ( 6,184)

 ( 6,580)
 ( 1,325)
 ( 3,081)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 $
 $

 The following tables set forth activity in our allowance for credit losses by loan type, as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The following tables also detail the amount of loans receivable held-for-investment, net of deferred loan fees and costs, that are evaluated, individually and collectively, for impairment, and the related portion of allowance for credit losses that is allocated to each loan portfolio segment (in thousands):

 Real Estate

 One-to-Four Family
 Home Equity and Lines of Credit
 Construction and Land
 Commercial and Industrial
 Other
 Total Loans (excluding PCD)
 PCD
 Total

 Allowance for credit losses:

 Beginning balance
 $
 29,485
 $
 3,936
 $
 $
 $
 4,114
 $
 $
 38,734
 $
 3,883
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,572)
 —
 ( 6,572)
 ( 8)
 ( 6,580)

 —
 —
 —

 Provisions (credit)
 ( 6,301)
 ( 651)
 ( 175)
 8,445
 ( 3)
 2,153
 ( 800)
 1,353

 $
 23,255
 $
 3,285
 $
 1,705
 $
 $
 6,050
 $
 $
 34,450
 $
 3,085
 $

 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment
 $
 23,230
 $
 3,285
 $
 1,702
 $
 $
 6,033
 $
 $
 34,405
 $
 —
 $
 34,405

 Ending balance: PCD loans evaluated for impairment (2)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,085
 $
 3,085

 Loans, net:

 $
 3,680,591
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,585
 $
 $
 9,899
 $

 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 8,608
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 9,324
 $
 —
 $
 9,324

 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment
 $
 3,671,983
 $
 160,215
 $
 163,497
 $
 $
 154,900
 $
 2,585
 $
 4,184,147
 $
 —
 $
 4,184,147

 Ending balance: PCD loans evaluated for impairment (2)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 9,899
 $
 9,899

 PPP loans not evaluated for impairment (3)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 (1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

 (2) Upon adoption of CECL, the Company elected to maintain pools of PCD loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30, and will continue to evaluate PCD loans under this guidance.

 (3) PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and therefore excluded from the allowance for credit losses.

 Real Estate

 One-to-Four Family
 Home Equity and Lines of Credit
 Construction and Land
 Commercial and Industrial
 Other
 Total Loans (excluding PCD)
 PCD
 Total

 Allowance for credit losses:

 Beginning balance
 $
 26,785
 $
 3,545
 $
 $
 $
 3,173
 $
 $
 34,241
 $
 4,732
 $

 ( 278)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 446)
 —
 ( 724)
 ( 601)
 ( 1,325)

 —

 Provisions (credits)
 2,876
 1,243
 ( 12)
 4,908
 ( 426)
 4,482

 $
 29,485
 $
 3,936
 $
 $
 $
 4,114
 $
 $
 38,734
 $
 3,883
 $

 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment
 $
 29,467
 $
 3,936
 $
 $
 $
 4,096
 $
 $
 38,696
 $
 —
 $
 38,696

 Ending balance: PCD loans evaluated for impairment (2)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,883
 $
 3,883

 Loans, net:

 $
 3,723,828
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,230
 $
 $
 $

 Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 8,152
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 8,939
 $
 —
 $
 8,939

 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment
 $
 3,715,676
 $
 173,280
 $
 152,528
 $
 $
 149,463
 $
 2,230
 $
 4,218,109
 $
 —
 $
 4,218,109

 Ending balance: PCD loans evaluated for impairment (2)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 PPP loans not evaluated for impairment (3)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,143
 $
 —
 $
 5,143
 $
 —
 $
 5,143

 (1) Commercial includes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, and multifamily properties.

 (2) Upon adoption of CECL, the Company elected to maintain pools of PCD loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30, and will continue to evaluate PCD loans under this guidance.

 (3) PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and therefore excluded from the allowance for credit losses.

 The allowance for credit losses on loans decreased to $ 37.5 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $ 42.6 million at December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in loan balances, a decrease in reserves related to non-economic qualitative loss factors in the multifamily and commercial real estate portfolios, and an improvement in the macroeconomic forecast. The decreases were partially offset by increases in the reserves related to the commercial and industrial and home equity loan portfolios.

 (7) Premises and Equipment, Net

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, premises and equipment, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, consists of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 At cost:

 Land
 $
 5,156
 $
 5,156

 Buildings and improvements
 13,475
 13,189

 Capital leases
 2,600
 2,600

 Furniture, fixtures, and equipment
 35,098
 32,783

 Leasehold improvements
 30,152
 29,147

 86,481
 82,875

 Accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 61,710)
 ( 58,031)

 Premises and equipment, net
 $
 24,771
 $
 24,844

 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $ 3.7 million, $ 3.6 million, and $ 3.9 million, respectively. There were no sales of premises and equipment in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

 (8) Deposits

 Deposit account balances are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Transaction:

 Negotiable orders of withdrawal and interest-bearing checking
 $
 1,231,943
 2.06
 %
 $
 1,132,290
 0.51
 %

 Non-interest bearing checking
 694,903
 —
 %
 852,660
 —
 %

 Total transaction
 1,926,846
 1.32
 %
 1,984,950
 0.29
 %

 Savings:

 Money market
 302,122
 1.76
 %
 508,067
 0.47
 %

 Brokered money market
 50,000
 5.30
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Savings
 925,744
 1.85
 %
 917,180
 0.14
 %

 Total savings
 1,277,866
 1.96
 %
 1,425,247
 0.26
 %

 Certificates of deposit:

 Under $100,000
 257,691
 3.93
 %
 525,944
 3.06
 %

 $100,000 or more
 416,032
 4.28
 %
 214,078
 1.17
 %

 Total certificates of deposit
 673,723
 4.15
 %
 740,022
 2.51
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 3,878,435
 2.02
 %
 $
 4,150,219
 0.68
 %

 The Company had brokered deposits (included in certificates of deposit in the table above) of $ 50.0 million and $ 390.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit are summarized as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 $
 635,793

 2025
 16,719

 2026
 5,119

 2027
 6,628

 2028
 9,464

 Total
 $
 673,723

 Certificates of deposit that exceed the FDIC Insurance limit of $250,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 98.2 million and $ 56.8 million respectively.

 Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Transaction
 $
 16,553
 $
 1,759
 $

 Savings and money market
 13,855
 1,851
 2,226

 Certificates of deposit
 18,345
 6,679
 3,176

 $
 48,753
 $
 10,289
 $
 6,207

 (9) Borrowings

 Borrowings consisted of FHLB advances, borrowings under the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"), securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), floating rate advances and other interest-bearing liabilities and are summarized as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Repurchase agreements
 $
 $

 Other borrowings:

 FHLB advances (1)

 733,553
 547,000

 BTFP borrowings
 94,500
 —

 Floating rate advances and other interest-bearing liabilities
 6,219
 11,859

 $
 859,272
 $
 583,859

 (1) Included within FHLB advances at December 31, 2022 was a $ 177.0 million overnight line of credit.
 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHLB advances, BTFP borrowings and repurchase agreements had contractual maturities as follows (in thousands):

 FHLB
 Repurchase
 BTFP

 Advances
 Agreements
 Borrowings

 2024
 $
 75,765
 $
 $
 94,500

 2025
 182,500
 —
 —

 2026
 148,000
 —
 —

 2027
 173,000
 —
 —

 2028
 154,288
 —
 —

 $
 733,553
 $
 $
 94,500

 FHLB
 Repurchase

 Advances
 Agreements

 2023
 $
 264,500
 $
 —

 2024

 2025
 112,500
 —

 2026
 20,000
 —

 Thereafter
 125,000
 —

 $
 547,000
 $

 Further information regarding FHLB advances, repurchase agreements and BTFP borrowings is summarized as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 FHLB Advances
 Repurchase Agreements
 BTFP Borrowings

 Average balance during year
 $
 766,268
 $
 351,725
 $
 $
 34,795
 $
 97,593
 $
 —

 Maximum outstanding at any month end
 $
 976,788
 $
 547,000
 $
 $
 50,000
 $
 134,500
 $
 —

 Weighted average interest rate at end of year
 3.52
 %
 3.14
 %
 2.42
 %
 2.42
 %
 4.37
 %
 —
 %

 Weighted average interest rate during year
 3.55
 %
 2.40
 %
 2.45
 %
 2.41
 %
 4.38
 %
 —
 %

 FHLB advances are secured by a blanket lien on unencumbered securities and the Company's FHLB capital stock.
 All of the repurchase agreements mature after more than 90 days. The repurchase agreements were secured primarily by mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $ 27.1 million and a fair value of $ 25.7 million as of December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2022, the repurchase agreements were secured primarily by mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $ 35.2 million and a fair value of $ 33.2 million.
 The BTFB was established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The BTFP was created in March 2023 in response to industry events to provide banks with additional liquidity via a secured line of credit collateralized by eligible pledged securities. The BTFP borrowings were secured by corporate and mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $ 98.2 million and a fair value of $ 90.9 million as of December 31, 2023.

 The Company has the ability to obtain additional funding from the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank discount window of approximately $ 1.42 billion, utilizing unencumbered and unpledged securities of $ 493.7 million and multifamily loans of $ 931.0 million at December 31, 2023. The Company expects to have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments in the normal course of business.

 (10) Subordinated Debt

 On June 17, 2022, the Company issued $ 62.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating subordinated notes (the "Notes") to certain institutional investors. The Notes mature on June 30, 2032, unless redeemed earlier. The Notes initially bear interest, payable semi-annually in arrears, at a fixed rate of 5.00 % per annum until June 30, 2027. Beginning June 30, 2027 and until maturity or redemption, the interest rate applicable to the outstanding principal amount of the Notes due will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 200 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company has the option to redeem the Notes, at par and in whole or in part, beginning on June 30, 2027 and to redeem the Notes at any time in whole upon certain other events. Any redemption of the Notes will be subject to prior regulatory approval to the extent required. Debt issuance costs totaled $ 1.1 million and are being amortized to maturity. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, subordinated debt totaled $ 61.2 million and $ 61.0 million, respectively, which included $ 781,000 and $ 1.0 million, respectively, of unamortized debt issuance costs. The Company recognized amortization expense of $ 223,000 and $ 112,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes for general corporate purposes, including to fund potential repurchases of shares of the Company's outstanding common stock.

 On August 17, 2022, the SEC declared effective a Registration Statement on Form S-4 with respect to the exchange of the Notes for publicly registered subordinated notes with the same terms as the Notes. On September 16, 2022, the Company completed the exchange of the Notes for the publicly registered subordinated notes. All of the Notes were exchanged by the holders thereof.

 (11) Income Taxes

 Income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Federal tax expense (benefit):

 $
 7,438
 $
 15,784
 $
 15,313

 Deferred
 1,880
 ( 233)
 3,107

 9,318
 15,551
 18,420

 State and local tax expense (benefit):

 3,734
 8,581
 8,001

 Deferred
 1,039
 ( 392)

 4,773
 8,189
 8,053

 Total income tax expense
 $
 14,091
 $
 23,740
 $
 26,473

 Reconciliation between the amount of reported total income tax expense and the amount computed by multiplying the applicable statutory income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, is as follows (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Tax expense at statutory rate
 $
 10,869
 $
 17,820
 $
 20,397

 Applicable statutory federal income tax rate
 %
 %
 %

 Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from:

 State tax, net of federal income tax
 3,770
 6,469
 6,362

 Bank owned life insurance
 ( 762)
 ( 717)
 ( 862)

 ESOP fair market value adjustment
 ( 6)

 Incentive stock options
 —
 —

 Other, net

 Income tax expense
 $
 14,091
 $
 23,740
 $
 26,473

 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 $
 10,703
 $
 12,202

 Deferred compensation
 2,814
 2,958

 Accrued salaries
 1,610

 Postretirement benefits

 Equity awards
 2,113
 2,091

 Unrealized actuarial losses on post-retirement benefits
 —

 Straight-line leases adjustment
 1,461
 1,608

 Asset retirement obligation

 Reserve for accrued interest receivable

 Reserve for loan commitments

 Employee Stock Ownership Plan

 Other

 Depreciation
 3,791
 3,552

 Fair value adjustments of acquired loans
 1,057

 Fair value adjustments of pension benefit obligations

 Unrealized losses on securities
 12,601
 18,875

 Total gross deferred tax assets
 36,956
 46,311

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Unrealized actuarial gains on post-retirement benefits
 —

 Fair value adjustments of acquired securities

 Fair value adjustments of deposit liabilities

 Deferred loan fees
 2,481
 2,553

 Other

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities
 2,714
 2,950

 Net deferred tax asset
 $
 34,242
 $
 43,361

 Net deferred tax assets are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 The Company has determined that it is not required to establish a valuation reserve for the deferred tax asset since it is "more likely than not" that the deferred tax asset will be realized through future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The conclusion that it is "more likely than not" that the deferred tax asset will be realized is based on the history of earnings and the prospects for continued profitability. Management will continue to review the tax criteria related to the recognition of deferred tax assets.

 As a savings institution, the Bank is subject to a special federal tax provision regarding its frozen tax bad debt reserve. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank's federal tax bad debt base-year reserve was $ 5.9 million, with a related net deferred tax liability of $ 1.7 million, which has not been recognized since the Bank does not expect that this reserve will become taxable in the foreseeable future. Events that would result in taxation of this reserve include redemptions of the Bank's stock or certain excess distributions by the Bank to the Company.

 A reconciliation of the Company's uncertain tax positions are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 $

 Settlements based on tax positions related to prior years
 ( 135)
 ( 31)
 ( 125)

 Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years
 ( 23)

 $
 $
 $

 The Company recognizes interest and penalties on income taxes in income tax expense.

 The following years are open for examination or under examination:

 • Federal tax filings for 2020 through present.
 • New York State tax filings 2018 through present. The 2018 through 2020 filings are currently under examination.
 • New York City tax filings 2020 through present. The 2020 and 2021 filings are currently under examination.
 • State of New Jersey 2019 through present.

 (12) Retirement Benefits

 The Company has a 401(k) plan for its employees, which grants eligible employees (those salaried employees with at least 30 days of service) the opportunity to invest from 2 % to 100 % (subject to certain IRS limitations) of their base compensation in certain investment alternatives. The Company contributes an amount equal to 25 % of employee contributions on the first 6 % of base compensation contributed by eligible employees for the first three years of participation. Subsequent years of participation in excess of three years will increase the Company matching contribution from 25 % to 50 % of an employee's contributions, on the first 6 % of base compensation contributed by eligible employees. A member becomes fully vested in the Company's contributions upon (a) completion of five years of service, or (b) normal retirement, early retirement, permanent disability, or death. The Company's contribution to this plan amounted to approximately $ 629,000, $ 553,000, and $ 515,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 The Company maintains the Northfield Bank ESOP. The ESOP is a tax-qualified plan designed to invest primarily in the Company's common stock. The ESOP provides employees with the opportunity to receive a funded retirement benefit from the Bank, based primarily on the value of the Company's common stock. The ESOP purchased 2,463,884 shares of the Company's common stock in the Company's initial public offering at a price of $ 7.13 per share, as adjusted. This purchase was funded with a loan from Northfield Bancorp, Inc. to the ESOP. The outstanding balance at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 6.7 million and $ 7.6 million, respectively. The shares of the Company's common stock purchased in the initial public offering are pledged as collateral for the loan. Shares are released for allocation to participants as loan payments are made. A total of 105,463 and 117,998 shares were released and allocated to participants of the ESOP for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash dividends on unallocated shares are utilized to satisfy required debt payments. Dividends on allocated shares are utilized to prepay debt which releases additional shares to participants.

 Upon completion of the Company's second-step conversion, a second ESOP was established for employees in 2013, which purchased 1,422,357 shares of the Company's common stock at a price of $ 10.00 per share. The purchase was funded with a loan from Northfield Bancorp, Inc. to the second ESOP. The outstanding balance at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 9.8 million and $ 10.2 million, respectively. The shares of the Company's common stock purchased in the second-step conversion are pledged as collateral for the loan. Shares are released for allocation to participants as loan payments are made. A total of 54,581 and 56,700 shares were released and allocated to participants of the second ESOP for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash dividends on unallocated shares are utilized to satisfy required debt payments. Dividends on allocated shares are utilized to prepay debt which releases additional shares to participants.

 ESOP compensation expense for both plans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 1.3 million, $ 1.7 million, and $ 1.9 million, respectively.

 The Company maintains a Supplemental Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "SESOP"), a non-qualified plan, that provides supplemental benefits to certain executives who are prevented from receiving the full benefits contemplated by the ESOP's benefit formula due to tax law limits for tax-qualified plans. The supplemental payments for the SESOP consist of cash payments representing the value of Company shares that cannot be allocated to participants under the ESOP due to legal limitations imposed on tax-qualified plans. The Company's required contributions to the SESOP plan were $ 53,000, $ 54,000, and $ 41,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 The Company provides post-retirement medical and life insurance to a limited number of retired individuals. The Company also provides retiree life insurance benefits to all qualified employees, up to certain limits. The following tables set forth the funded status and components of postretirement benefit costs at December 31 measurement dates (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation beginning of year
 $
 $
 $
 1,133

 Interest cost

 Actuarial loss (gain)
 ( 109)
 ( 77)

 Benefits paid
 ( 106)
 ( 81)
 ( 99)

 Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation end of year
 1,051

 Accrued liability (included in accrued expenses and other liabilities)
 $
 1,051
 $
 $

 The following table sets forth the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Net loss (gain)
 $
 $
 ( 98)

 Prior service credit
 ( 113)
 ( 133)

 Loss (gain) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 $
 ( 231)

 The estimated net loss and prior service credit that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic cost in 2024, are $ 9,000 and $ 19,000, respectively.

 The following table sets forth the components of net periodic postretirement benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest cost
 $
 $
 $

 Amortization of prior service credits
 ( 19)
 ( 19)
 ( 20)

 Amortization of unrecognized loss
 —
 —

 Net postretirement benefit cost included in compensation and employee benefits
 $
 $
 $

 The assumed discount rate related to plan obligations reflects the weighted average of published market rates for high-quality corporate bonds with terms similar to those of the plans expected benefit payments, rounded to the nearest quarter percentage point.

 The Company's discount rate and rate of compensation increase used in accounting for the plan are as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Assumptions used to determine benefit obligation at period end:

 Discount rate
 4.83
 %
 5.02
 %
 2.50
 %

 Rate of increase in compensation(1)

 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the year:

 Discount rate
 5.02
 %
 2.50
 %
 2.00
 %

 Rate of increase in compensation(1)

 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 (1) Since the covered population is only retirees, a compensation rate increase assumption was not used.

 At December 31, 2023, a medical cost trend rate of 8.25 % decreasing 0.50 % per year thereafter until an ultimate rate of 4.75 % is reached, was used in the plan's valuation. The Company's healthcare cost trend rates are based, among other things, on the Company's own experience and third-party analysis of recent and projected healthcare cost trends.

 A one percentage-point change in assumed healthcare cost trends would have the following effects (in thousands):

 One Percentage Point Increase
 One Percentage Point Decrease

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Aggregate of service and interest components of net periodic cost (benefit)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 4)
 $
 ( 2)

 Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
 ( 87)
 ( 70)

 Benefit payments of approximately $ 106,000, $ 81,000, and $ 99,000 were made in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The benefits expected to be paid under the postretirement health benefits plan for the next five years are as follows: $ 105,000 in 2024; $ 102,000 in 2025; $ 100,000 in 2026; $ 96,000 in 2027; and $ 92,000 in 2028. The benefit payments expected to be paid in the aggregate for the years 2029 through 2033 are $ 395,000. The expected benefits are based on the same assumptions used to measure the Company's benefit obligation at December 31, 2023, and include estimated future employee service.

 The Company maintains a nonqualified plan to provide for the elective deferral of all or a portion of director fees by members of the Board of Directors, deferral of all or a portion of the compensation and/or annual incentive compensation payable to eligible employees of the Company, and to provide to certain officers of the Company benefits in excess of those permitted to be paid by the Company's savings plan, ESOP, and profit-sharing plan under the applicable Internal Revenue Code. The plan obligation was approximately $ 14.7 million and $ 13.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Income (loss) under this plan was $ 1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $( 2.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $ 1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company invests to fund this future obligation, in various mutual funds designated as trading securities. The securities are marked-to-market through current period earnings as a component of non-interest income. Accrued obligations under this plan are credited or charged with the return on the trading securities portfolio as a component of compensation and benefits expense.

 (13) Equity Incentive Plans

 On May 22, 2019, the Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2019 EIP") was approved by stockholders of the Company. Under the 2019 EIP, the maximum number of shares of stock that may be delivered to participants in the form of stock options and stock appreciation rights ("SARs") is 6,000,000. To the extent an equity award is issued in the form of a restricted stock grant, or restricted stock unit, the number of stock options/SARs that can be granted is reduced by 4.5. The maximum number of shares of stock that may be delivered to participants in the form of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is 1,333,333 shares. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 3,355,755 stock options, SARs and restricted stock awards or restricted stock units remained available for issuance under the 2019 EIP, of which the maximum number of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units available for issuance was 745,723.

 Prior to May 22, 2019, the Company also maintained the Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 EIP") which allowed the Company to grant common stock or options to purchase common stock at specific prices to directors and employees of the Company. The 2014 EIP provided for the issuance or delivery of up to 4,978,249 shares ( 1,422,357 restricted shares and 3,555,892 stock options) of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. common stock subject to certain plan limitations. Upon approval of the 2019 EIP, the 2014 EIP was frozen and equity awards that would otherwise have been available for issuance were no longer available for grant, however, options previously granted under the 2014 EIP still remain outstanding and exercisable.

 There were no stock options granted in 2023, 2022 or 2021.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recorded, $ 2.4 million, $ 1.8 million, and $ 994,000 of stock-based compensation, respectively.

 The following table is a summary of the Company's stock options as of December 31, 2023, and changes therein during the year then ended:

 Number of Stock Options
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 Weighted Average Exercise Price
 Weighted Average Contractual Life (years)

 Outstanding- December 31, 2021
 1,769,979
 $
 4.02
 $
 13.95
 2.95

 Exercised
 ( 187,153)
 3.92
 13.23
 —

 Outstanding- December 31, 2022
 1,582,826
 4.03
 14.04
 2.01

 Forfeited or cancelled
 ( 30,920)
 3.97
 13.79
 —

 Exercised
 ( 7,600)
 3.91
 13.13
 —

 Outstanding- December 31, 2023
 1,544,306
 4.03
 14.05
 1.01

 Exercisable- December 31, 2023
 1,544,306
 $
 4.03
 $
 14.05
 1.01

 There was no remaining future stock option expense related to the options outstanding as of December 31, 2023, as all are vested.
 On January 27, 2023, the Company granted to directors and employees, under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, 157,525 restricted stock awards with a total grant-date fair value of $ 2.3 million. Of these grants, 33,813 vest one year from the date of grant and 123,712 vest in equal installments over a three-year period beginning one year from the date of grant. The Company also issued 34,724 performance-based restricted stock units to its executive officers with a total grant date fair value of $ 499,000. Vesting of the performance-based restricted stock units will be based on achievement of certain levels of Core Return on Average Assets and will cliff-vest after a three-year measurement period ended January 27, 2026. At the end of the performance period, the number of actual shares to be awarded may vary between 0 % and 120 % of target amounts.
 On January 28, 2022, the Company granted to directors and employees, under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, 157,416 restricted stock awards with a total grant-date fair value of $ 2.5 million. Of these grants, 30,798 vest one year from the date of grant and 126,618 vest in equal installments over a three-year period beginning one year from the date of grant. The Company also issued 24,492 performance-based restricted stock units to its executive officers with a total grant date fair value of $ 386,484. Vesting of the performance-based restricted stock units will be based on achievement of certain levels of Core Return on Average Assets and will cliff-vest after a three-year measurement period ended January 28, 2025. At the end of the performance period, the number of actual shares to be awarded may vary between 0 % and 120 % of target amounts.

 On January 29, 2021, the Company granted to directors and employees, under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, 147,315 restricted stock units with a total grant-date fair value of $ 1.8 million. Of these grants, 32,769 vest one year from the date of grant and 114,546 vest in equal installments over a five-year period beginning one year from the date of grant. The Company also issued 29,615 performance-based restricted stock units to its executive officers with a total grant date fair value of $ 366,041. Vesting of the performance-based restricted stock units will be based on achievement of certain levels of Core Return on Average Assets and will cliff-vest after a three-year measurement period ended January 29, 2024, based on the Company's performance relative to a peer group as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board. At the end of the performance period, the number of actual shares to be awarded may vary between 0 % and 225 % of target amounts.
 On February 17, 2020, the Company granted to directors and employees, under the 2019 EIP, 83,744 restricted stock units with a total grant-date fair value of $ 1.3 million. Of these grants, 28,460 vest one year from the date of grant and 55,284 vest in equal installments over a five-year period beginning one year from the date of grant. The Company also issued 19,837 performance-based restricted stock units to its executive officers with a total grant date fair value of $ 313,623. Vesting of the performance-based restricted stock units was based on achievement of certain levels of Core Return on Average Assets and cliff-vested after a three-year measurement period ending February 17, 2023 based on the Company's performance relative to a peer group as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board. At the end of the performance period, the number of actual performance-based shares awarded was 27,842.
 The following is a summary of the status of the Company's restricted shares as of December 31, 2023, and changes therein during the year then ended:

 Number of Shares Awarded
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Non-vested at December 31, 2021
 222,844
 $
 13.21

 Granted
 181,908
 15.78

 Vested
 ( 62,836)
 12.87

 Forfeited
 ( 20,415)
 14.34

 Non-vested at December 31, 2022
 321,501
 14.66

 Granted
 192,249
 14.37

 Incremental performance-based restricted stock units earned
 10,353
 —

 Vested
 ( 124,586)
 13.96

 Forfeited
 ( 37,791)
 14.36

 Non-vested at December 31, 2023
 361,726
 $
 14.36

 Expected future stock award expense related to the non-vested restricted awards as of December 31, 2023, is $ 2.9 million over an average period of 1.78 years.

 Upon the exercise of stock options, management expects to utilize treasury stock as the source of issuance for these shares.

 (14) Commitments and Contingencies

 The Company, in the normal course of business, is party to commitments that involve, to varying degrees, elements of risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. These commitments include unused lines of credit and commitments to extend credit.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the following commitment and contingent liabilities existed that are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Commitments to extend credit
 $
 6,972
 $
 37,473

 Unused lines of credit
 292,721
 288,380

 Standby letters of credit
 6,391
 4,432

 The Company's maximum exposure to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these commitments is represented by the contractual amount. The Company uses the same credit policies in granting commitments and conditional obligations as it does for amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. These commitments and obligations do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. The Company evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management's assessment of risk. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third-party. The guarantees generally extend for a term of up to one year and are fully collateralized. For each guarantee issued, if the customer defaults on a payment to the third-party, the Company would have to perform under the guarantee. The unamortized fee on standby letters of credit approximates their fair value; such fees were insignificant at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on commitments to extend credit in other liabilities. The reserve for off-balance sheet exposures is determined using the CECL reserve factor in the related funded loan segment, adjusted for an average historical funding rate. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance was $ 236,000 and $ 791,000, respectively, and is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The corresponding provision is included in other non-interest expense. For further details on the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures refer to Note 6 - "Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") on Loans."

 At December 31, 2023, the Company was obligated under non-cancelable operating leases on property used for banking purposes. Most leases contain escalation clauses and renewal options which provide for increased rentals as well as for increases in certain property costs including real estate taxes, common area maintenance, and insurance. For further details on leases see Note 20 - "Leases."

 In the normal course of business, the Company may be a party to various outstanding legal proceedings and claims. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements will not be materially affected by the outcome of such legal proceedings and claims.

 The Bank has entered into employment and change in control agreements with its President and Chief Executive Officer and the other executive officers of the Company to ensure the continuity of executive leadership, to clarify the roles and responsibilities of executives, and to make explicit the terms and conditions of executive employment. These agreements are for a term of three years subject to review and annual renewal, and provide for certain levels of base annual salary and in the event of a change in control, as defined, or in the event of termination, as defined, certain levels of base salary, bonus payments, and benefits for a period of up to three years.

 (15) Regulatory Requirements

 Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5 %, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0 %, a total capital to risk-based assets of 8.0 %, and a 4.0 % Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio.

 Under prompt corrective action regulations, the OCC is required to take certain supervisory actions (and may take additional discretionary actions) with respect to an undercapitalized institution. Such actions could have a direct material effect on the institution's financial statements. The regulations establish a framework for the classification of savings institutions into five categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. Generally, an institution is considered well capitalized if it has a leverage (Tier 1) ratio of 5.0 % or greater, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5 % or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 % or greater, and a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0 % or greater.

 The foregoing capital ratios are based in part on specific quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications also are subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about capital components, risk weighting, and other factors.

 Under the U.S. Basel III capital framework, both Northfield Bank and the Company must maintain minimum capital requirements which include: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5 %; (ii) a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6 %; (iii) a total capital to risk-based assets of 8 %; and (iv) a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio of 4 %. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5 % of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

 The federal banking agencies have developed a "Community Bank Leverage Ratio" ("CBLR") (the ratio of a bank's tangible equity capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A qualifying community bank that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered "well capitalized" under Prompt Corrective Action statutes. The federal banking agencies have approved 9% as the minimum capital for the CBLR. Effective March 31, 2020, a financial institution could elect to be subject to this new definition. Northfield Bank and Northfield Bancorp elected to opt into the CBLR framework.

 At December 31, 2023, and 2022, as set forth in the following tables, both Northfield Bank and the Company exceeded all of the regulatory capital requirements to which they were subject at such dates.

 The following is a summary of Northfield Bank's regulatory capital amounts and ratios compared to the regulatory requirements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, for classification as a well-capitalized institution and minimum capital (dollars in thousands):

 For Well

 For Capital
 Capitalized

 Adequacy
 Under Prompt Corrective

 Actual
 Purposes
 Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 As of December 31, 2023:

 CBLR
 $
 702,486
 12.80
 %
 $
 493,966
 9.00
 %
 $
 493,966
 9.00
 %

 As of December 31, 2022:

 CBLR
 $
 710,719
 12.68
 %
 $
 504,284
 9.00
 %
 $
 504,284
 9.00
 %

 The following is a summary of the Company's regulatory capital amounts and ratios compared to the regulatory requirements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, for classification as well-capitalized and minimum capital (dollars in thousands).

 For Well

 For Capital
 Capitalized

 Adequacy
 Under Prompt Corrective

 Actual
 Purposes
 Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 As of December 31, 2023:

 CBLR
 $
 690,721
 12.58
 %
 $
 494,043
 9.00
 %
 $
 494,043
 9.00
 %

 As of December 31, 2022:

 CBLR
 $
 708,430
 12.65
 %
 $
 503,977
 9.00
 %
 $
 503,977
 9.00
 %

 (16) Fair Value Measurements

 The following tables present the assets reported on the consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by level within the fair value hierarchy as required by the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
 • Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
 • Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlations or other means.

 • Level 3 Inputs – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect the Company's own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:

 Carrying Value
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
 Significant Other Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
 Significant Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 Measured on a recurring basis:

 Assets:

 Investment securities:

 Debt securities available-for-sale:

 U.S. Treasuries
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 —
 —

 GSE
 —
 —

 GSE
 —
 —

 Total mortgage-backed securities
 550,640
 —
 550,640
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total other debt securities
 126,537
 —
 126,537
 —

 Total debt securities available-for-sale
 751,085
 —

 —
 —

 Equity securities (1)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 808,343
 $
 57,258
 $
 751,085
 $
 —

 Measured on a non-recurring basis:

 Assets:

 Loans individually evaluated for impairment:

 Commercial real estate
 $
 2,291
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,291

 1,906
 —
 —
 1,906

 —
 —

 Total individually evaluated real estate loans
 4,218
 —
 —
 4,218

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 4,277
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,277

 (1) Excludes investment measured at net asset value of $ 10.3 million at December 31, 2023, which has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using:

 Carrying Value
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
 Significant Other Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
 Significant Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 Measured on a recurring basis:

 Assets:

 Investment securities:

 Debt securities available-for-sale:

 U.S Government agency securities
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Mortgage-backed securities

 Pass-through certificate

 GSE
 432,618
 —
 432,618
 —

 GSE
 $
 —
 —

 Total mortgage-backed securities
 697,342
 —
 697,342
 —

 —
 —

 182,734
 —
 182,734
 —

 Total other debt securities
 182,755
 —
 182,755
 —

 Total debt securities available-for sale
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Equity securities (1)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 963,285
 $
 11,112
 $
 $
 —

 Measured on a non-recurring basis:

 Assets:

 Loans individually evaluated for impairment:

 Commercial real estate
 $
 2,631
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,631

 One-to-four family residential mortgage
 1,923
 —
 —
 1,923

 —
 —

 Total impaired real estate loans
 4,578
 —
 —
 4,578

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 4,640
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,640

 (1) Excludes investment measured at net asset value of $ 10.1 million at December 31, 2022, which has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

 The following table presents qualitative information for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

 Fair Value
 Valuation Methodology
 Unobservable Inputs
 Range of Inputs

 Individually evaluated loans
 $
 4,277
 Appraisals
 Discount for costs to sell
 7.0 %

 Discount for quick sale
 10.0 %

 Discounted cash flows
 Interest rates
 4.88 % - 7.50 %

 The following table presents qualitative information for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Fair Value
 Valuation Methodology
 Unobservable Inputs
 Range of Inputs

 Individually evaluated loans
 $
 4,640
 Appraisals
 Discount for costs to sell
 7.0 %

 Discount for quick sale
 10.0 %

 Discounted cash flows
 Interest rates
 4.88 % - 7.50 %

 The valuation techniques described below were used to measure fair value of financial instruments in the tables below on a recurring basis and a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Debt Securities Available-for-Sale: The estimated fair values for mortgage-backed securities, corporate, and other debt securities are obtained from an independent nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The estimated fair values are derived primarily from cash flow models, which include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayment speeds. Broker/dealer quotes are utilized as well, when such quotes are available and deemed representative of the market. The significant inputs utilized in the cash flow models are based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company (Observable Inputs), and are therefore classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Trading Securities: Fair values are derived from quoted market prices in active markets. The assets consist of publicly traded mutual funds.

 Equity Securities: Fair values of equity securities consisting of publicly traded mutual funds are derived from quoted market prices in active markets.

 Loans Individually Evaluated for Impairment: At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had loans individually evaluated for impairment (excluding PCD loans) with outstanding principal balances of $ 6.0 million and $ 6.7 million, respectively, which were recorded at their estimated fair value of $ 4.3 million and $ 4.6 million, respectively. The Company recorded a net increase in the specific reserve for impaired loans of $ 7,000 and $ 8,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net charge-offs of $ 6.4 million and $ 838,000 were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, utilizing Level 3 inputs. For purposes of estimating the fair value of impaired loans, management utilizes independent appraisals, if the loan is collateral-dependent, adjusted downward by management, as necessary, for changes in relevant valuation factors subsequent to the appraisal date, or the present value of expected future cash flows for non-collateral-dependent loans.

 Other Real Estate Owned: At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company had no assets acquired through foreclosure.

 In addition, the Company may be required, from time to time, to measure the fair value of certain other financial assets on a non-recurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write downs of individual assets.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 The FASB ASC Topic for Financial Instruments requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of other financial assets and financial liabilities not already discussed above:

 (a) Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents are short-term in nature with original maturities of three months or less; the carrying amount approximates fair value. Certificates of deposit having original terms of six-months or less; the carrying value generally approximates fair value. Certificates of deposit with an original maturity of six months or greater; the fair value is derived from discounted cash flows.

 (b) Debt Securities (Held-to-Maturity)

 The estimated fair values for substantially all of our securities are obtained from an independent, nationally recognized pricing service. The independent pricing service utilizes market prices of same or similar securities whenever such prices are available. Prices involving distressed sellers are not utilized in determining fair value. Where necessary, the independent third-party pricing service estimates fair value using models employing techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis. The assumptions used in these models typically include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayments, utilizing market observable data where available.

 (c) Investments in Equity Securities at Net Asset Value Per Share

 The Company uses net asset value as a practical expedient to record its investment in a private SBA Loan Fund since the shares in the fund are not publicly traded, do not have a readily determinable fair value, and the net asset value per share is calculated in a manner consistent with the measurement principles of an investment company.

 (d) FHLBNY Stock

 FHLBNY stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value, since this is the amount for which it could be redeemed and there is no active market for this stock.

 (e) Loans (Held-for-Investment)

 Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as originated and purchased, and further segregated by residential mortgage, construction, land, multifamily, commercial and consumer. Each loan category is further segmented into amortizing and non-amortizing and fixed and adjustable rate interest terms and by performing and non-performing categories. The fair value of loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis. The discount rates used to determine fair value use interest rate spreads that reflect factors such as liquidity, credit, and non-performance risk of the loans.

 (f) Loans (Held-for-Sale)

 Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and therefore fair value is equal to carrying value.

 (g) Deposits

 The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as interest and non-interest-bearing demand deposits, savings, NOW and money market accounts, is equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

 (h) Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit

 The fair value of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan commitments, fair value also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair value of off-balance-sheet commitments is insignificant and therefore not included in the following table.

 (i) Borrowings

 The fair value of borrowed funds is estimated by discounting future cash flows based on rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturity.

 (j) Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes and Insurance

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance have no stated maturity; the fair value is equal to the amount currently payable.

 (k) Derivatives

 The fair value of the Company's derivatives is determined using discounted cash flow analysis using observable market-based inputs, which are considered Level 2 inputs.

 The estimated fair values of the Company's significant financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are presented in the following tables (in thousands):

 Carrying Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 751,085
 —

 Debt securities held-to-maturity
 9,866
 —
 9,586
 —
 9,586

 Equity securities (1)

 —
 —

 FHLBNY stock, at cost
 —
 —

 —
 —
 3,887,033
 3,887,033

 Derivative assets
 4,903
 —
 4,903
 —
 4,903

 Financial liabilities:

 $
 3,878,435
 $
 —
 $
 3,879,286
 $
 —
 $
 3,879,286

 FHLB advances and other borrowings (including securities sold under agreements to repurchase)
 859,272
 —
 844,766
 —
 844,766

 61,219
 —
 45,531
 —
 45,531

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance
 25,102
 —
 25,102
 —
 25,102

 Derivative liabilities
 4,905
 —
 4,905
 —
 4,905

 (1) Excludes investment measured at net asset value of $ 10.3 million at December 31, 2023, which has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

 Carrying Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 —
 —

 Debt securities held-to-maturity
 —
 —

 Equity securities (1)

 —
 —

 FHLBNY stock, at cost
 —
 —

 —
 —
 4,016,849
 4,016,849

 Derivative assets
 5,321
 —
 5,321
 —
 5,321

 Financial liabilities:

 $
 4,150,219
 $
 —
 $
 4,148,938
 $
 —
 $
 4,148,938

 FHLB advances and other borrowings (including securities sold under agreements to repurchase)
 583,859
 —
 564,588
 —
 564,588

 60,996
 —
 54,393

 54,393

 Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance
 25,995
 —
 25,995
 —
 25,995

 Derivative liabilities
 5,321
 —
 5,321
 —
 5,321

 (1) Excludes investment measured at net asset value of $ 10.1 million at December 31, 2022, which has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

 Limitations

 Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company's financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected losses, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

 Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

 (17) Earnings Per Share

 The following is a summary of the Company's earnings per share calculations and reconciliation of basic to diluted earnings per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except share and per share data):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net income available to common stockholders
 $
 $
 $

 Weighted average shares outstanding-basic
 43,560,844
 46,234,122
 48,416,495

 Effect of non-vested restricted stock and stock options outstanding
 77,772
 203,997
 337,768

 Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted
 43,638,616
 46,438,119
 48,754,263

 Earnings per share-basic
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.46

 Earnings per share-diluted
 $
 0.86
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.45

 Anti-dilutive shares
 1,542,194
 756,765
 323,466

 (18) Stock Repurchase Program
 On March 18, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a stock repurchase program of $ 54.2 million which was completed in March 2022 upon reaching the purchase limit. On June 16, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a $ 45.0 million stock repurchase program. The Company suspended repurchases on March 16, 2023, and reinstated them on May 1, 2023 and the program was completed in May 2023, upon reaching the purchase limit. On June 1, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a $ 10.0 million stock repurchase program which was completed in August 2023 upon reaching the purchase limit. On November 7, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a $ 7.5 million stock repurchase program. Under the stock repurchase programs, the Company is authorized to repurchase shares and anticipates conducting such repurchases in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The timing of the repurchases will depend on certain factors, including but not limited to, market conditions and prices, the Company's liquidity and capital requirements, and alternative uses of capital. Any repurchased shares will be held as treasury stock and will be available for general corporate purposes. The repurchases may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason, including market conditions, the cost of repurchasing shares, the availability of alternative investment opportunities, liquidity, and other factors deemed appropriate. These factors may also affect the timing and amount of share repurchases. The Company is not obligated to purchase any particular number of shares.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 3,074,332 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $ 11.99 for a total of $ 36.9 million pursuant to the stock repurchase plans. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 2,092,157 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $ 14.72 for a total of $ 30.8 million pursuant to the stock repurchase plan. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repurchased 3,342,700 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $ 15.91 for a total of $ 53.2 million, pursuant to the stock repurchase plan. At December 31, 2023, the maximum dollar value of shares remaining for repurchase under the plan was $ 3.1 million.

 The Company also purchases shares directly from its employees in connection with employee elections to withhold taxes related to the vesting of stock awards. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased 12,307 shares of its common stock outstanding at an average price of $ 14.60 per share for such purpose. No shares were purchased from employees in 2022 or 2021.

 (19) Revenue Recognition

 The Company records revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). The standard's core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities, which comprise the majority of the Company's revenue.

 The Company's revenue streams that are within the scope of Topic 606 include service charges on deposit accounts, ATM and card interchange fees, investment services fees, and other miscellaneous income. Fees and service charges for customer services include: (i) service charges on deposit accounts, including account maintenance fees, overdraft fees, insufficient funds fees, wire fees, and other deposit related fees; (ii) ATM and card interchange fees, which include fees generated when a Bank cardholder uses a non-Bank ATM or a non-Bank cardholder uses a Bank ATM, and fees earned whenever the Bank's debit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa; and (iii) investment services fees earned through partnering with a third-party investment and brokerage service firm to provide insurance and investment products to customers. The Company's performance obligation for fees and service charges is satisfied and related revenue recognized immediately or in the month of performance of services. For the year ended December 31, 2023, other income primarily included fee income on interest rate swaps and rental income from subleasing one of the Company's branches to a third party. In prior years, other income primarily included rental income from subleasing one of the Company's branches to a third party, loan servicing fees, and fee income on interest rate swaps.
 The following table summarizes non-interest income for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Fees and service charges for customer services:

 Service charges
 $
 3,085
 $
 3,380
 $
 3,075

 ATM and card interchange fees
 1,932
 1,920
 1,893

 Investment fees

 Total fees and service charges for customer services
 5,479
 5,705
 5,394

 Income on bank-owned life insurance (1)

 3,631
 3,414
 4,103

 (Losses)/gains on available-for-sale debt securities, net (1)

 ( 17)
 1,495

 Gains/(losses) on trading securities, net (1)

 1,721
 ( 2,206)
 1,703

 Gains on sale of loans (1)

 1,401

 Other (1)

 Total non-interest income
 $
 11,896
 $
 7,983
 $
 14,453

 (1) Not within the scope of Topic 606

 (20) Leases

 The Company's leases primarily relate to real estate property for branches and office space with terms extending from two months up to 31.5 years. At December 31, 2023, all of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases, which are required to be recognized on the consolidated balance sheets as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability.

 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, at lease inception, over a similar term in determining the present value of lease payments. Certain leases include options to renew, with one or more renewal terms ranging from five to ten years. If the exercise of a renewal option is considered to be reasonably certain, the Company includes the extended term in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company's operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet were $ 30.2 million and $ 35.2 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company's operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet were $ 34.3 million and $ 39.8 million, respectively. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while variable lease payments are recognized as incurred. Variable lease payments include common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance costs and utilities. Operating and variable lease expenses are recorded in occupancy expense on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 Supplemental lease information at or for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

 At or for the Year Ended

 December 31, 2021

 Operating lease cost
 $
 6,037
 $
 6,006
 $
 5,797

 Variable lease cost
 3,844
 3,621
 4,092

 Net lease cost
 $
 9,881
 $
 9,627
 $
 9,889

 Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of operating lease liabilities
 $
 6,487
 $
 6,350
 $
 6,538

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities
 $
 $
 4,983
 $
 1,596

 Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)
 11.09 years
 11.22 years
 11.84 years

 Weighted average discount rate
 3.60
 %
 3.54
 %
 3.55
 %

 The following table summarizes lease payment obligations for each of the next five years and thereafter in addition to a reconcilement to the Company's current lease liability (dollars in thousands):

 Year

 2024
 $
 6,133

 2025
 5,792

 2026
 5,029

 2027
 4,068

 2028
 3,803

 Thereafter
 19,343

 Total lease payments
 44,168

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 8,963)

 Present value of lease liabilities
 $
 35,205

 Net rental expense included in occupancy expense was approximately $ 6.0 million, $ 6.1 million, and $ 5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into a new lease for commercial banking space in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The lease has an initial term of 10 years ending December 15, 2033 and undiscounted cash payments of approximately $ 850,000 in total.

 The Company has given notice of its intent to exercise a five-year option on its Linden branch lease commencing March 1, 2024 through February 28, 2029. During the five-year renewal term, the rent will be fixed at $ 19,657 per month for the entire five years totaling approximately $ 1.2 million.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not entered into any leases that have not yet commenced.

 (21) Derivatives

 The Company has interest rate derivatives resulting from a service provided to certain qualified borrowers in a loan-related transaction and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company's assets or liabilities. The interest rate swap agreement which the Company executed with the commercial borrower is collateralized by the borrower's commercial real estate financed by the Company. The collateral exceeds the maximum potential amount of future payments under the credit derivative. As these interest rate swaps do not meet the hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had ten interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $ 72.7 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company had seven interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $ 37.0 million. The Company recorded fee income related to these swaps of $ 383,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. There was no fee income related to these swaps for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The table below presents the fair value of derivatives as well as their location on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

 Fair Value

 Balance Sheet Location
 2023
 2022

 Other assets
 $
 4,903
 $
 5,321

 Other liabilities
 4,905
 5,321

 (22) Parent-only Financial Information

 The following condensed parent company-only financial information reflects Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s investment in its wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary, Northfield Bank, using the equity method of accounting.

 Condensed Balance Sheets

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Cash in Northfield Bank
 $
 29,188
 $
 39,950

 Investment in Northfield Bank
 711,211
 703,666

 ESOP loan receivable
 16,501
 17,814

 Other assets
 3,764
 1,635

 $
 760,664
 $
 763,065

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 $
 61,219
 $
 60,996

 Total liabilities
 —

 Total stockholders' equity
 699,445
 701,390

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 760,664
 $
 763,065

 Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Years Ended

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest on ESOP loan
 $
 1,336
 $
 $

 Interest income on deposits in other financial institutions

 Undistributed earnings of Northfield Bank
 39,662
 62,964
 70,956

 Total income
 41,487
 63,595
 71,651

 Interest expense on subordinated debt
 3,320
 1,797
 —

 Other expenses
 1,020

 Income tax (benefit) expense
 ( 402)
 ( 341)

 Total expenses
 3,818
 2,476

 $
 $
 $

 Comprehensive income:

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 15,889
 ( 50,394)
 ( 11,097)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 53,558
 $
 10,725
 $
 59,557

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:

 (Increase) decrease in other assets
 ( 3,158)
 ( 4,034)

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 —

 (Decrease) increase in other liabilities
 ( 679)

 Undistributed earnings of Northfield Bank
 ( 39,662)
 ( 62,964)
 ( 70,956)

 Net cash used in operating activities
 ( 5,607)
 ( 611)
 ( 4,324)

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Dividends from Northfield Bank
 53,400
 17,143
 69,916

 Net cash provided by investing activities
 53,400
 17,143
 69,916

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt, net of issuance costs
 —
 60,884
 —

 Principal payments on ESOP loan receivable
 1,313
 1,469
 1,553

 Purchase of treasury stock
 ( 37,173)
 ( 30,881)
 ( 53,321)

 Dividends paid
 ( 22,795)
 ( 24,127)
 ( 24,299)

 Exercise of stock options
 1,662
 3,409

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 58,555)
 9,007
 ( 72,658)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 10,762)
 25,539
 ( 7,066)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
 39,950
 14,411
 21,477

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $
 29,188
 $
 39,950
 $
 14,411

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 None.

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Steven M. Klein, our Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer, and William R. Jacobs, our Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) or (the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. Based upon their evaluation, they each found that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.

 Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company's internal control system is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

 Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

 All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment we conclude that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

 The Company's independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, and it is included in Item 8, under Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This report appears on page 69 of this document.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no directors or executive officers of the Company adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) and/or any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement."

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
 Not Applicable.

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

 The sections of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting of the Stockholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement") entitled "Corporate Governance and Board Matters -Board of Directors, Leadership Structure, Role in Risk Oversight, Meetings and Standing Committees," "-Director Nominees," "- Directors Continuing in Office," "- Codes of Conduct and Ethics," "-Executive Officers who are not Directors" and "Other Information - Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports," are incorporated herein by reference.

 A copy of the Code of Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Officers, and Directors and the Code of Conduct and Ethics for Senior Financial Officers is available to shareholders under the Investor Relations tab on the Company's website at www.eNorthfield.com.

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

 The sections of the Company's 2024 Proxy Statement entitled "Corporate Governance and Board Matters-Director Compensation" and "Executive Compensation" are incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 The section of the Company's 2024 Proxy Statement entitled "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" is incorporated herein by reference.

 Set forth below is information as of December 31, 2023, with respect to compensation plans (other than our employee stock ownership plan) under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance:

 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights
 Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights(1)

 Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in First Column)(2)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 1,544,306
 $
 14.05
 3,355,755

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 Total
 1,544,306
 $
 14.05
 3,355,755

 (1) Represents the weighted average exercise price of outstanding options at December 31, 2023.
 (2) To the extent an equity award is issued in the form of a restricted stock grant, or restricted stock unit, the number of stock options/SARs that can be granted is reduced by 4.5.

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

 The sections of the Company's 2024 Proxy Statement entitled "Corporate Governance and Board Matters-Transactions with Certain Related Persons" and "-Board of Directors, Leadership Structure, Role in Oversight, Meetings and Standing Committees" are incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

 Our independent registered public accounting firm is Crowe, LLP, Livingston, New Jersey, PCAOB Firm ID: 173

 The sections of the Company's 2024 Proxy Statement entitled "Audit-Related Matters-Policy for Approval of Audit and Permitted Non-audit Services" and "-Auditor Fees and Services" are incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 (a)(1) Financial Statements
 The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 (A) Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 (B) Consolidated Balance Sheets - at December 31, 2023, and 2022
 (C) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 (D) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 (E) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 (F) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (a)(2) Exhibits

 3.1

 Certificate of Incorporation of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (File No. 333-181995), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 8, 2012.)

 3.2

 Bylaws of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (File No. 333-181995), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 8, 2012.)

 3.3

 Text of amendment to Bylaws of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 16, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2022.)

 4.1

 Form of Common Stock Certificate of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (File No. 333-181995), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 8, 2012.)

 4.2

 Description of Registrant's Securities (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2019, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2020.)

 4.3

 Indenture, dated as of June 17, 2022, by and between Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and UMB Bank, National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 17, 2022.)

 4.4

 Form of 5.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2032 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 17, 2022.)

 10.1

 Short Term Disability and Long Term Disability for Senior Management (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (File No. 333-143643), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 11, 2007.)

 10.2

 Northfield Bank Non-Qualified Supplemental Employee Stock Ownership Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated December 31, 2007, (File Number 001-33732), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2008.)

 10.3

 Amendment to Northfield Bank Non-Qualified Supplemental Employee Stock Ownership Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated December 31, 2008, (File Number 001-33732), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2009.)

 10.4

 Group Term Replacement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 28, 2010, (File Number 001-33732), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2010.)

 10.5

 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (File No. 001-35791) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 25, 2014.)

 10.6

 Form of Employee Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan with the Exception of Steven M. Klein (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, dated June 30, 2014, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2014.)

 10.7

 Form of Addendum to Restricted Stock Award and Stock Option Agreements to Participants of the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 17, 2014, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2014.)

 10.8

 Form of Employee Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan with the Exception of Steven M. Klein (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, dated June 30, 2015, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2015.)

 10.9

 Form of Employee Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan with Steven M. Klein (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, dated June 30, 2015, (File Number 001-35791, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2015.)

 10.10

 Form of Director Non-Statutory Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, dated June 30, 2015, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2015.)

 10.11

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement effective November 1, 2017, with Steven M. Klein (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 25, 2017, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 30, 2017.)

 10.12

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2018, with William R. Jacobs (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 13, 2017, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 19, 2017.)

 10.13

 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2019.)

 10.14

 Form of CEO Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.15

 Form of Executive Vice President Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020, (File Number 001-35791)filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.16

 Form of Employee (Below Executive Vice President) Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020,(File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.17

 Form of CEO Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.18

 Form of Executive Vice President Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.19

 Form of Incentive Employee Stock Option Agreement (Time-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2020, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2020.)

 10.20

 Form of President and Chief Executive Officer Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 29, 2021, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2021.)

 10.21

 Form of Executive Vice President Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 29, 2021, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2021.)

 10.22

 Form of Employee (Below Executive Vice President) Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 29, 2021, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2021.)

 10.23

 Form of President and Chief Executive Officer Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 29, 2021, (File Number 001-35791)filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2021.)

 10.24

 Form of Executive Vice President Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 29, 2021, (File Number 001-35791)filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 4, 2021.)

 10.25

 Form of Amendment to Employment Agreement for Steven M. Klein, William R. Jacobs, David V. Fasanella, and Robin Lefkowitz (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated September 30, 2021, 2021, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 9, 2021.)

 10.26

 Form of Director Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.27

 Form of President and Chief Executive Officer Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.28

 Form of Executive Vice President Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.29

 Form of Employee (Below Executive Vice President) Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.30

 Form of President and Chief Executive Officer Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.31

 Form of Executive Vice President Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.32

 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. Management Cash Incentive Governing Plan, amended January 26, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2022.)

 10.33

 Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 17, 2022, by and between Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and each of the several Purchasers (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 17, 2022.)

 10.34

 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 17, 2022, by and between Northfield Bancorp, Inc. and each of the several Purchasers (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 17, 2022.)

 10.35

 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2023 Management Cash Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 25, 2023, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 31, 2023.)

 10.36

 Northfield Bank Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc's Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.)

 10.37

 Northfield Bank Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc's Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.)

 10.38

 Form of Employment Agreement with David V. Fasanella, Robin Lefkowitz, and Vickie Tomasello (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc's Annual Report on Form 10-K dated December 31, 2022, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2023.)

 10.39

 Northfield Bancorp, Inc. 2024 Management Cash Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Northfield Bancorp, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 24, 2024, (File Number 001-35791), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 29, 2024.)

 Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation. *

 Subsidiaries of Registrant (Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Northfield Bancorp, Inc. (File No. 333-143643), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 11, 2007.)

 23.1

 Consent of KPMG LLP *

 23.2

 Consent of Crowe LLP *

 31.1

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *

 31.2

 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*

 Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
 * Filed herewith.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 Not Applicable.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 NORTHFIELD BANCORP, INC.

 Date:
 By:
 /s/ Steven M. Klein

 Steven M. Klein

 Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

 (Duly Authorized Representative)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signatures
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Steven M. Klein
 Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

 Steven M. Klein

 /s/ William R. Jacobs
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 William R. Jacobs

 /s/ Annette Catino

 Annette Catino

 /s/ Gil Chapman

 Gil Chapman

 /s/ John P. Connors, Jr

 John P. Connors, Jr.

 /s/ Timothy C. Harrison

 Timothy C. Harrison

 /s/ Karen J. Kessler

 Karen J. Kessler

 /s/ Rachana A. Kulkarni

 Rachana A. Kulkarni

 /s/ Gualberto Medina

 Gualberto Medina

 /s/ Frank P. Patafio

 Frank P. Patafio

 /s/ Patrick L. Ryan

 Patrick L. Ryan

 /s/ Paul V. Stahlin

 Paul V. Stahlin