UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from _________to________
 Commission File Number: 001-36448
 (Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)
 Connecticut
 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 20-8251355
 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 258 Elm Street
 New Canaan, Connecticut 06840
 ( 203) 652-0166
 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of Each Exchange on Which
Registered

 Common Stock, no par value per
 share

 BWFG

 NASDAQ Global Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 Aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 based on the closing price of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market: 153,557,479.

 As of February 29, 2024, there were 7,937,477 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders, expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report on form 10-K.

 Form 10-K

 Item 1.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspection

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 BANKWELL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
 FORM 10-K

 PART 1

 Item 1. Business

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often, but not always, made with the words or phrases such as "may," "should," "believe," "likely result in," "expect," "would," "intend," "could," "predict," "potential," "continue," "will," "anticipate," "seek," "estimate," "plan," "projection," and "outlook" or the negative version of those words or other similar words of a forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management's beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Important factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those disclosed under "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A as well as the following factors:
 • Disruptions to economic conditions, the financial and labor markets and workplace operating environments;
 • Local, regional and national business or economic conditions may differ from those expected;
 • Credit risk and resulting losses in our loan portfolio;
 • Our Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans ("ACL-Loans") may not be adequate to absorb loan losses;
 • Changes in real estate values could also increase our credit risk;
 • Changes in our executive management team;
 • Our ability to successfully execute our strategic initiatives;
 • Volatility and direction of market interest rates;
 • Increased competition within our market which may limit our growth and profitability;
 • Economic, market, operational, liquidity, credit and interest rate risks associated with our business;
 • The effects of and changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the Federal Reserve Board's interest rate policies;
 • Changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by regulatory agencies, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or the Financial Accounting Standards Board;
 • Changes in law and regulatory requirements (including those concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance); and
 • Further government intervention in the U.S. financial system.

 The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

 General
 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. (the "Parent Corporation") is a bank holding company, headquartered in New Canaan, Connecticut and offers a broad range of financial services through its banking subsidiary, Bankwell Bank (the "Bank" and, collectively with the Parent Corporation and the Parent Corporation's subsidiaries, "we", "our", "us", or the "Company"), a Connecticut state chartered non-member bank founded in 2002. The Bank provides a wide range of services to clients in our market, an area encompassing approximately a 100 mile radius around our branch network. In addition, the Bank pursues certain types of commercial lending opportunities outside our market, particularly where we have strong relationships. The Bank operates nine branches in New Canaan, Stamford, Fairfield, Westport, Darien, Norwalk, and Hamden, Connecticut. As of December 31, 2023, on a consolidated basis, we had total assets of approximately $3.2 billion, net loans of approximately $2.7 billion, total deposits of approximately $2.7 billion, and shareholders' equity of approximately $265.8 million.
 We are focused on being the banking provider of choice and to serve as an alternative to our larger competitors. We have a history of building long-term client relationships and attracting new clients through what we believe is our superior service and our ability to deliver a diverse product offering. In addition, we believe that our strong capital position and extensive inside ownership, coupled with a highly respected and experienced executive management team and board of directors, give us credibility with our clients and potential clients. We believe our focus on building a franchise with meaningful market share and consistent revenue growth complemented by operational and technological efficiencies will produce attractive risk-adjusted returns for our shareholders.
 Our History and Growth
 The Bank is a Connecticut state chartered commercial bank, founded in 2002, whose deposits are insured under the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). On November 5, 2013, we acquired The Wilton Bank, which was merged into Bankwell Bank. On October 1, 2014, we acquired Quinnipiac Bank and Trust Company, which was merged into Bankwell Bank.
 With the efforts of our executive management team, we continued our growth and maintained a strong track record of performance. From December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2023, our total assets grew from $1.9 billion to $3.2 billion; our gross loans outstanding grew from $1.6 billion to $2.7 billion and our deposits grew from $1.5 billion to $2.7 billion. We believe this growth is attributable to our ability to provide exceptional service to our clients and our financial stability.
 Business Strategy
 We are focused on being the banking provider of choice in our highly attractive market area through:
 • Responsive, Client-Centric Products and Services and a Community Focus. We offer a broad array of customized products and services which allows us to focus on building long-term relationships with our clients through high-quality, responsive and personal service. By focusing on the entire client relationship, we build the trust of our clients, which leads to long-term relationships and generates our organic growth. In addition, we are committed to meeting the needs of the communities that we serve. Our employees are involved in many civic and community organizations, which we support through volunteerism and sponsorships. As a result, clients and potential clients within our market know about us and frequently interact with our employees which allows us to develop long-term client relationships without extensive advertising.
 • Utilization of Efficient and Scalable Infrastructure. We employ a systematic and calculated approach to increasing our profitability and improving our efficiencies through the use of technology. We continually invest in our operating infrastructure, particularly in the areas of technology, data processing, risk management, and compliance. We believe that our scalable infrastructure provides us with an efficient operating platform from which to grow in the near term, while continuing to deliver our high-quality service, which will further enhance our ability to grow and increase our returns.
 • Disciplined Focus on Risk Management. Effective risk management is a key component of our corporate culture. We use robust risk management processes to monitor our existing loan and investment securities portfolios, support operational decision-making and improve our ability to generate earning assets with strong credit quality. To maintain our strong credit quality, we use a comprehensive underwriting process and we seek to maintain a diversified loan portfolio and a conservative investment securities portfolio. Board-approved policies contain approval authorities, as appropriate, and are reviewed at least annually. Additional risk management processes focus on the expanding risks associated with cybersecurity, regulatory compliance including BSA/AML and third party risk management. We have a Risk Management Steering Committee comprised of senior management and other members of management tasked with the review and assessment of risks and mitigants throughout the Bank on an ongoing basis. Additionally, internal review procedures are performed regarding anti-money laundering and consumer compliance requirements.

 • Strategic Acquisitions. To complement our organic growth, we focus on strategic acquisitions in or around our existing market that further our objectives. We believe there are banking institutions that continue to face credit challenges, capital constraints and liquidity issues. Some lack the scale and management expertise to manage the increasing regulatory burden and will likely need to partner with an institution like ours. As we evaluate potential acquisitions, we will continue to seek those that provide meaningful financial benefits, long-term organic growth opportunities and expense reductions, without compromising our risk profile.
 Our Competitive Strengths
 We believe that we are especially well-positioned to create value for our shareholders as a result of the following competitive strengths:
 • Our Market. The Bank provides a wide range of services to clients in our market, an area encompassing approximately a 100 mile radius around our branch network. In addition, the Bank pursues certain types of commercial lending opportunities outside our market, particularly where we have strong business relationships. Our goal is to support our clients as they grow, and with advances in technology, we are able to service and maintain business relationships beyond our market.
 • Experienced and Respected Executive Management Team with a Proven and Successful Track Record. Our executive management team is comprised of seasoned professionals with significant banking experience, a history of high performance at financial institutions and success in identifying, acquiring and integrating financial institutions. Our executive management team includes Christopher R. Gruseke, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2015), Steven H. Brunner, Executive Vice President, Chief Risk and Operations Officer (since January 24, 2024), Christine A. Chivily, Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer (since 2013), Ryan Hildebrand, Executive Vice President, Chief Innovation Officer (since July 26, 2023), Matthew McNeill, Executive Vice President, Chief Banking Officer (since 2020), and Courtney E. Sacchetti, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (since January 1, 2023).
 • Dedicated Board of Directors with Close Community Ties. Our Board of Directors is comprised of a group of business leaders who understand the need for banks that focus on serving the financial needs of their clients. The interests of our executive management team and directors are aligned with those of our shareholders through common stock ownership. By capitalizing on the business relationships and close community ties of our executive management team and directors, we are positioned to take advantage of opportunities present in our market.
 • Strong Capital Position. At December 31, 2023, we had a 7.26% tangible common equity ratio, and the Bank had a 9.81% tier 1 leverage ratio, a 11.30% tier 1 risk-based ratio, and an 12.32% total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio. We believe that our ability to attract and generate capital has facilitated our growth and is an integral component to the execution of our business plan.
 • Scalable Operating Platform. We provide banking technology, including online account opening, mobile and internet banking, and remote deposit capture to offer our clients maximum flexibility and to create a scalable platform to accommodate our future growth aspirations. We believe that our advanced technology combined with responsive and personal service provides our clients with an exceptional banking experience.
 Human Capital Resources
 At December 31, 2023, we employed a total of 126 full-time equivalent employees. It is through our team, and their ties to the communities, that we are able to dutifully support the communities we serve. Working within, and giving back to, our local partners is the hallmark of who we are, and we believe that the strength and commitment of our workforce to our communities is what sets us apart from other banks. We have long been committed to comprehensive and competitive compensation and benefits programs as we recognize that we operate in intensely competitive environments for talent.
 We invest in our employees' future by sponsoring and prioritizing continued education throughout the Company's employee ranks. All of our employees are able to participate in regular educational seminars run by outside parties, including but not limited to regulatory agencies and the American Bankers Association. The Bank also participates in the American Bankers Association, Stonier School of Banking.
 In order to develop a workforce that aligns with our corporate values, we regularly sponsor local community events so that our employees can better integrate themselves in our communities. We believe that our employees' well-being and professional development is fostered by our outreach to the communities we serve. Our employees' desire for active community involvement enables us to sponsor numerous local community events and initiatives.
 The Company is committed to the overall well-being of our team members, offering competitive health and welfare benefits.

 Company Website and Availability of Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
 Information regarding the Company is available through the Investor Relations link at www.mybankwell.com. The Company's annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge at www.sec.gov and at www.mybankwell.com under the Investor Relations link. Information on the website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
 Competition
 The financial services industry is highly competitive. We compete with commercial banks, savings banks, savings associations, money market funds, mortgage brokers, finance companies, credit unions, insurance companies, investment firms and private lenders in various segments of our business. Many of these competitors have more assets, capital and higher lending limits, and more resources than we do and may be able to conduct more intensive and broader-based promotional efforts to reach both commercial and individual clients. Competition for deposit products can depend heavily on pricing because of the ease with which clients can transfer deposits from one institution to another.
 We focus our marketing efforts on small to medium-sized businesses and professionals. We attract these clients based on relationships and contacts that our management and our Board of Directors have within and beyond the market area. We do not expect to compete with large institutions for the primary banking relationships of large corporations. Many of our larger commercial bank competitors have greater name recognition and offer certain services that we do not; however, we believe that our presence in our market area and focused industry sectors with attention to providing superior service is instrumental to our success.
 We emphasize personalized banking services and the advantage of local decision-making in our banking businesses, and this emphasis has been well received by the public in our market area.
 Lending Activities
 General. Our primary lending focus is to serve commercial and middle-market businesses and not-for-profit organizations with a variety of financial products and services, while maintaining strong and disciplined credit policies and procedures. We offer a wide array of commercial lending products to serve the needs of our clients. Commercial lending products include owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, commercial real estate investment loans, commercial loans (such as business term loans, equipment financing and lines of credit) to small and medium-sized businesses and real estate construction and development loans. We focus our lending activities on loans that we originate to borrowers located in our market or with whom the Bank's senior management has long-standing relationships. We have established an internal lending guideline to one relationship of up to 30% of equity capital and allowance for credit losses, if secured by commercial real estate. A relationship in this instance is defined as loans made to different entities but with a shared borrower principal(s). For individual loans and loans dependent on the operation of a business, limits are set so as not to exceed the statutory maximum of 15% of equity capital and allowance for credit losses.
 We market our lending products and services to qualified borrowers through conveniently located banking offices, relationship networks and high touch personal service. We target our business development and marketing strategy primarily on small to medium-sized businesses. Our relationship managers actively solicit the business of companies entering our market areas as well as long-standing businesses operating in the communities we serve. We seek to attract new lending clients through professional service, relationship networks, competitive pricing and innovative structure, including the utilization of federal and state tax incentives. We pride ourselves on smart, proficient underwriting and timely decision making for new loan requests due to our efficient approval structure and local decision-making. We believe this gives us a competitive advantage over larger institutions that are not as nimble.

 Total loans before deferred loan fees and the ACL-Loans were $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023. The following tables summarize the composition of our loan portfolio for the dates indicated.

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 $
 $
 $
 79,987
 $
 113,557
 $
 147,109

 1,356,709
 1,148,383
 1,128,614

 98,341
 87,007
 98,583

 2,181,993
 2,137,038
 1,535,037
 1,348,947
 1,374,306

 350,975
 276,601
 230,028

 8,869

 $
 $
 $
 1,894,881
 $
 1,625,627
 $
 1,604,484

 Percent of Loan Portfolio

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 1.87
 %
 2.27
 %
 4.22
 %
 6.99
 %
 9.17
 %

 71.64
 71.81
 71.60
 70.64
 70.34

 6.75
 5.80
 5.19
 5.35
 6.14

 80.26
 79.88
 81.01
 82.98
 85.65

 18.41
 19.45
 18.52
 17.02
 14.34

 1.33
 0.67
 0.47
 —
 0.01

 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Residential real estate loans. In the fourth quarter of 2017, management made the strategic decision to cease originating residential mortgage loans. In the third quarter of 2019, the Company stopped offering home equity loans or lines of credit. Prior to these decisions having been made, we offered first lien one-to-four family mortgage loans, as well as home equity lines of credit, in each case primarily on owner-occupied primary residences. Although our residential real estate loan portfolio presents lower levels of risk than our commercial real estate and construction loan portfolios, we are exposed to risk based on fluctuations in the value of the real estate collateral securing the loan, as well as changes in the borrower's financial condition, which could be affected by numerous factors, including divorce, job loss, illness or other personal hardship. The rising rate environment may also pose a risk in our residential adjustable rate mortgages and home equity lines of credit portfolios as borrowers' rates reset at increased levels.
 Commercial real estate loans. We offer real estate loans for owner-occupied commercial properties as well as commercial property owned by real estate investors. Loans that are secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate primarily collateralized by operating cash flows are also included in this loan category throughout this document. Commercial real estate loan terms generally are limited to ten years or less, although payments may be structured on a longer amortization basis of twenty to thirty years. The interest rates on our commercial real estate loans may be fixed or adjustable, although rates typically are not fixed for a period exceeding five to ten years. We generally charge an origination fee for these loans. We often require personal guarantees from the principal owner of the business or real estate supported by a review of the principal owner's personal financial statements. Risks associated with commercial real estate loans include increases in interest rates, fluctuations in the value of real estate, the overall strength of the economy, new job creation trends, tenant vacancy rates, property use trends, business sector changes, environmental contamination, and the quality of the borrower's management. We make efforts to limit our risk by analyzing the borrower's cash flow and collateral value as well as all of the sponsors' investment activities. The real estate securing our existing commercial real estate loans includes a wide variety of property types, such as owner-occupied offices/warehouses/production facilities, healthcare facilities, office buildings, industrial, mixed-use residential/commercial, retail centers and multifamily properties. Our commercial real estate loan portfolio presents a higher risk than our residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios.

 Construction loans. Our construction portfolio includes loans to small and medium-sized businesses to construct owner-used properties, loans to developers of commercial real estate investment properties and residential developments. Construction and development loans are generally made with a term of one to two years and interest is paid monthly. The ratio of the loan principal to the value of the collateral, as established by independent appraisal, will not exceed industry standards. Loan proceeds are disbursed based on the percentage of completion and only after the project has been inspected by an experienced construction lender or third-party inspector. Risks associated with construction loans include fluctuations in the value of real estate, project completion risk, leasing risk and change in market trends as well as interest rate risk in a volatile or rising risk environment. We are also exposed to risk based on the ability of the construction loan borrower to refinance the debt or sell the property upon completion of the project, which may be affected by changes in market trends including rates, since the time that we funded the construction loan.
 Commercial business loans. We offer a wide range of commercial loans, including business term loans, equipment financing and lines of credit. Our target commercial loan market is small to medium-sized businesses, including retail and professional establishments. The terms of these loans vary by purpose and by type of underlying collateral. The commercial loans primarily are underwritten on the basis of the borrower's ability to service the loan from cash flow. We make loans secured by accounts receivable or inventory, principal typically is repaid as the assets securing the loan are converted into cash, and for loans secured with other types of collateral, principal is fully or partially amortized during the loan term with any balloon amount due at maturity. The quality of the commercial borrower's management and its ability both to properly evaluate changes in the supply and demand characteristics affecting its markets for products and services and to effectively respond to such changes are significant factors in a commercial borrower's creditworthiness. From time-to-time, we also make equipment loans with conservative margins, generally for a term of ten years or less, supported by the useful life of the equipment, at fixed or variable rates, with the loan fully amortizing over the term. Loans to support working capital typically have terms not exceeding two years and usually are secured by accounts receivable, inventory and/or personal guarantees of the principals of the business and at times by the commercial real estate of the borrower. Risks associated with our commercial loan portfolio include those related to the strength of the borrower's business, which may be affected not only by local, regional and national market conditions, but also changes in the borrower's management and other factors beyond the borrower's control; those related to fluctuations in value of any collateral securing the loan; and those related to terms of the commercial loan, which may include balloon payments that must be refinanced or paid off at the end of the term of the loan or mid-term interest rate resets, possibly at increased interest rates. Our commercial loan portfolio presents a higher risk than our consumer real estate and consumer loan portfolios.
 Consumer loans. As of December 31, 2023, our consumer loans represented 1.3% of our total loan portfolio. We do not expect our consumer loan portfolio to become a material component of our total loan portfolio as we do not engage in any material amount of consumer lending. Our consumer loans, which are underwritten primarily based on the borrower's financial condition and contain both secured and unsecured credits, subject us to risk based on changes in the borrower's financial condition, which could be affected by numerous factors, including those discussed above. Rising interest rates may also impact the risk profile of this segment of the portfolio. This portfolio segment includes loans to finance insurance premiums secured by the cash surrender value of life insurance and marketable securities, overdraft lines of credit, and unsecured personal loans to high net worth individuals.
 Credit Policy and Procedures
 General. We adhere to what we believe are disciplined underwriting standards, but also remain cognizant of the need to serve the credit needs of our clients by offering flexible loan solutions in a responsive and timely manner. We also seek to maintain a diversified loan portfolio across client, product and industry types. However, our lending policies do not provide for any loans that are highly speculative, subprime, or that have high loan-to-value ratios. These components, together with active credit management, are the foundation of our credit culture, which we believe is critical to enhancing the long-term value of our organization to our clients, employees, shareholders and communities.
 We have a service-driven, relationship-based, business-focused credit culture, rather than a price-driven, transaction-based culture. Accordingly, substantially all of our loans are made to borrowers either located or operating in our market or with whom we have ongoing relationships across various product lines. Loans secured by properties located in out-of-market areas that we have made are generally to borrowers who are well-known to us. These borrowers typically have strong deposit relationships with the Bank as well.
 Credit concentrations. In connection with the management of our credit portfolio, we actively manage the composition of our loan portfolio, including credit concentrations. We monitor borrower and loan product concentrations continuously which are reviewed with senior management and the Board on at least a quarterly basis. Loan product concentrations are reviewed annually in conjunction with the portfolio's credit quality and the business plan for the coming year. All concentrations are monitored by our Chief Credit Officer and our Directors' Loan Committee.
 We have also established an internal lending guideline to one relationship of up to 30% of equity capital and allowance for credit losses, if secured by commercial real estate. This limit is inside the regulatory limit of 50%. A relationship in this

 instance is defined as loans made to different entities but with a shared borrower principal(s). For individual loans and loans dependent on the operation of a business, limits are set so as not to exceed the statutory maximum of 15% of equity capital and allowance for credit losses. Our top 20 borrowing relationships range in exposure from $43.0 million to $92.0 million and are monitored on an on-going basis.
 Loan approval process. We seek an appropriate balance between prudent and disciplined underwriting on the one hand and flexibility in our decision-making and responsiveness to our clients on the other hand. Our credit approval policies have a tiered approval process, with larger exposures referred to different levels of management and the Directors' Loan Committee, as appropriate, based on the size and type of the loan. Smaller exposures are approved under a three-signature system. These authorities are periodically reviewed and updated by our Board of Directors. We believe that our credit approval process provides for thorough underwriting and efficient decision making.
 Credit risk management. Credit risk management involves a partnership between our relationship managers and our credit approval, credit administration, portfolio management and collections personnel. Portfolio monitoring and early problem recognition are an important aspect of maintaining our high credit quality standards. Past due reports are reviewed on an ongoing basis and insurance and tax payment monitoring is in place.
 It is our policy to review amortizing commercial loans in excess of $1 million on an annual basis, or more frequently through the receipt of interim and annual financial statements and borrowing base certificates depending on loan structure and covenants. Our policies require rapid notification of delinquency and prompt initiation of collection actions. Relationship managers, portfolio managers, credit administrators and senior management proactively support collection activities in order to maximize accountability and efficiency.
 As part of these annual review procedures, we analyze recent financial statements of the collateral property, business and/or borrower to determine the current level of occupancy, revenues and expenses and to investigate any deterioration in the value of the real estate collateral or in the borrower's or company's financial condition. Upon completion, we confirm or change the risk rating assigned to each loan. Relationship managers and portfolio managers are encouraged to bring potential credit issues to the attention of our Chief Credit Officer immediately upon any sign of deterioration in the performance of the borrower. We maintain a list of loans that receive additional attention if we believe there may be a potential credit risk via our Watch List report.
 Loans that are upgraded or downgraded are reviewed by our Chief Credit Officer, while Watch List loans undergo a detailed quarterly analysis prepared by the relationship manager or portfolio manager and reviewed by management. This review includes an evaluation of the market conditions, the property's or company's trends, the borrower and guarantor status, the level of reserves required and loan accrual status. Additionally, we have an independent, third-party loan review performed, which includes the accuracy of our loan risk ratings and our credit administration functions. Finally, we perform an annual stress test of our commercial loan portfolio, in which we evaluate the impact on the portfolio of declining economic conditions, including lower values and decline in net operating income which may result from lower rental rates, lower occupancy rates and higher interest rates. Management reviews these reports and presents them to our loan committees. These asset review procedures provide management with additional information for assessing our asset quality.
 Response to the current environment on commercial real estate. In response to the economic environment in 2023, the Company:
 • increased and expanded its monitoring of our entire loan portfolio, with added focus on our commercial real estate loan portfolio;
 • added resources in the Portfolio Management Department;
 • expanded reporting to Directors' Loan Committee and the Board of Directors which includes:
 upcoming commercial real estate maturity schedule, including loan to value, debt service coverage ratio, occupancy, and commentary on expected refinance or payoff status, maturity by property type and owner occupied or non-owner-occupied status; and
 individual loan level detail of the performance on our residential care portfolio and our insurance agency portfolio.
 • expanded the scope of our third-party loan review from 60% of the loan portfolio to include all new and renewed loans originated since September 2022, all residential care loans, all commercial real estate loans secured by office properties where the loan balance is greater than one million dollars, and all loans with addresses in New York City;
 • enhanced our covenant tracking and reporting to the Directors Loan Committee;
 • conducted a detailed review of every general office loan in our portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had $193.0 million of loans collateralized by offices, which represented 7.1% of the total loan portfolio. Most of the properties in this portfolio are in suburban locations, including all the New York State properties, which are all located

 in Westchester County. 96.9% of this portfolio was pass rated, and there were two relationships totaling $6.0 million on nonaccrual status; and
 • performed an additional review of our multifamily exposure. As of December 31, 2023, we had $257.5 million of loans collateralized by multifamily properties, which represented 9.5% of the total loan portfolio. 100% of the portfolio is pass rated. These properties are all located in Connecticut, New York, or New Jersey, with the majority in suburban locations. Nine properties totaling $52.3 million, with an average balance of $5.8 million, are in New York City.
 Investment Activities
 Our investment portfolio's primary purpose is to provide adequate liquidity necessary to meet any reasonable decline in deposits and any anticipated increase in the loan portfolio. The majority of these securities are classified as available for sale. The portfolio's secondary purpose is to generate adequate earnings to provide and contribute to stable income and to generate a profitable return while minimizing risk. Additionally, our investment portfolio may be used to provide adequate collateral for various regulatory or statutory requirements and to manage our interest rate risk. We invest in a variety of high-grade securities, including government agency securities, government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, highly rated corporate bonds and municipal securities. We regularly evaluate the composition of our portfolio as changes occur with respect to the interest rate yield curve. Although we may sell investment securities from time to time to take advantage of changes in interest rate spreads, it is our policy not to sell investment securities unless we can reinvest the proceeds at a similar or higher spread, so as not to take gains to the detriment of future income.
 The investment policy is reviewed annually by our Board of Directors. Overall investment goals are established by our Board of Directors, Chief Financial Officer and our Asset Liability Committee, or ALCO. Our Board of Directors has delegated the responsibility of monitoring our investment activities to ALCO. Day-to-day activities pertaining to the investment portfolio are conducted within our accounting department under the supervision of our Chief Financial Officer.
 Deposits are our primary source of funds to support our income-earning assets. We offer traditional depository products, including checking, savings, money market and certificates of deposit with a variety of rates. Deposits at the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to statutory limits. We gather deposits through our network of deposit-taking branch offices, online account opening, and have attracted significant transaction account business through our relationship-based approach.
 Borrowed Funds
 The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (FHLB), which is part of a twelve district Federal Home Loan Bank System. Members are required to own capital stock of the FHLB, and borrowings are collateralized by qualifying assets not otherwise pledged. The maximum amount of credit that the FHLB will extend varies from time to time, depending on its policies and the amount of qualifying collateral the member can pledge. We utilize advances from the FHLB as part of our overall funding strategy to meet short-term liquidity needs and, to a lesser degree, manage interest rate risk arising from the difference in asset and liability maturities.
 On October 14, 2021, the Company completed a private placement of a $35.0 million fixed-to-floating rate subordinated note (the "2021 Note") to an institutional accredited investor. The Company used the net proceeds to repay the outstanding balance of subordinated debt issued in 2015 and for general corporate purposes.
 The 2021 Note bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per year until October 14, 2026. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 233 basis points. The 2021 Note has a stated maturity of October 15, 2031 and is non-callable for five years. Beginning October 15, 2026, the Company may redeem the 2021 Note, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2021 Note is not redeemable at the option of the holder. The 2021 Note has been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.
 On August 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement with certain qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 6.0% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2032 (the "2022 Notes") in the aggregate principal amount of $35.0 million. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the 2022 Notes for general corporate purposes.
 The 2022 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.0% per year until August 31, 2027. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 326 basis points. The 2022 Notes have a stated maturity of September 1, 2032 and are non-callable for five years. Beginning August 19, 2027, the Company may redeem the 2022 Notes, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2022 Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. The 2022 Notes have been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.

 Risk Management
 We place significant emphasis on risk mitigation as an integral component of our organizational culture. We believe that our emphasis on risk management is manifested in our historically solid asset quality statistics. The Company's existing governance and organizational structure incorporates a substantial risk management component through the following:
 • The retention of an independent firm (separate from the Company's auditors) that performs internal audit reviews;
 • Oversight of various risk components by committees comprised of directors of the Company, including Directors' Loan Committee (credit), ALCO (asset and liability), Audit Committee (regulatory and compliance), and Technology Committee (information security and cybersecurity);
 • Outsourcing of our asset/liability calculations to a reputable third party, including a quarterly assessment of interest rate risk, reviewed and validated by ALCO;
 • A Risk Management Steering Committee which is chaired by our Chief Risk and Operations Officer.
 Risk management with respect to our lending philosophy focuses, among other things, on structuring credits to provide for multiple sources of repayment, coupled with strong underwriting by experienced relationship managers, lending and credit management. We perform quarterly reviews of criticized loans and criticized asset action plans for those borrowers who display deteriorating financial conditions in order to monitor those relationships and implement corrective measures on a timely basis to minimize losses. In addition, we perform an annual stress test of our commercial loan portfolio, in which we evaluate the impact on the portfolio of declining property values and lower net operating incomes as a result of economic conditions, including lower rental rates and lower occupancy rates. The stress test focuses only on the cash flow and valuation of the properties or businesses and ignores the liquidity, net worth and cash flow of any guarantors related to the credits.
 Supervision and Regulation
 General
 The Bank is subject to extensive regulation by the Connecticut Department of Banking, as its chartering agency, and by the FDIC, as its deposit insurer. The Bank's deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC through the Deposit Insurance Fund. The Bank is required to file reports with, and is periodically examined by, the FDIC and the Connecticut Department of Banking concerning its activities and financial condition and must obtain regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions, such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions.
 The primary goals of the bank regulatory system are to maintain a safe and sound banking system and to facilitate the conduct of sound monetary policy. This system is intended primarily for the protection of the Deposit Insurance Fund and bank depositors, rather than our shareholders and creditors. The banking agencies have broad enforcement power over bank holding companies and banks, including the authority, among other things, to enjoin "unsafe or unsound" practices, require affirmative action to correct any violation or practice, issue administrative orders that can be judicially enforced, direct increases in capital, direct the sale of subsidiaries or other assets, limit dividends and distributions, restrict growth, assess civil money penalties, remove officers and directors, and, with respect to banks, terminate deposit insurance or place the bank into conservatorship or receivership. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations or unsafe or unsound practices.
 The following discussion is a summary of the material laws, rules and regulations applicable to our operations, but does not purport to be a complete summary of all applicable laws, rules and regulations. These laws, rules and regulations may change from time to time and the regulatory agencies often have broad discretion in interpreting them. Any change in such laws, rules or regulations, whether by the Connecticut Department of Banking, the FDIC or the Federal Reserve Board ("FRB") could have a material adverse impact on the financial markets in general, and our operations and activities, financial condition, results of operations, growth plans and future prospects specifically.
 Dodd-Frank Act
 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), which was enacted in 2010, has significantly changed the current bank regulatory structure and continues to affect the lending and investment activities and general operations of depository institutions and their holding companies.
 The Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau with extensive powers to implement and enforce consumer protection laws. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings associations including, among other things, the authority to prohibit "unfair, deceptive or abusive" acts and practices. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings associations with more than $10 billion in assets. Banks and savings associations with $10 billion or less in assets will continue to be examined for compliance with federal consumer protection and

 fair lending laws by their applicable primary federal bank regulators. The Dodd-Frank Act also gives state attorneys general certain authority to enforce applicable federal consumer protection laws.
 The Dodd-Frank Act made many changes to banking regulations including authorizing depository institutions, for the first time, to pay interest on business checking accounts, requiring originators of securitized loans to retain a percentage of the risk for transferred loans, establishing regulatory rate-setting for certain debit card interchange fees, establishing a number of reforms for mortgage originations, requiring bank holding companies and banks to be "well capitalized" and "well managed" in order to acquire banks located outside of their home state, requiring any bank holding company electing to be treated as a financial holding company to be "well capitalized" and "well managed" and authorizing national and state banks to establish de novo branches in any state that would permit a bank chartered in that state to open a branch at that location.
 Economic Growth Act
 The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the "Economic Growth Act"), which was enacted in May 2018, repealed or modified several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. In addition, the Economic Growth Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the so-called Volcker Rule, mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.
 The Economic Growth Act provides insured depository institutions and their affiliates with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and limited trading activities with an exemption from the Dodd-Frank Act's "Volcker Rule" (which generally restricts certain banking entities such as the Company and the Bank from engaging in proprietary trading activities and entering into certain relationships with hedge funds and private-equity funds). In July 2019, the FDIC, along with several other banking agencies, adopted final rules to implement the exemption contemplated by the Economic Growth Act.
 The Economic Growth Act increased the consolidated assets threshold from $1 billion to $3 billion for insured depository institutions that qualify for an 18-month on-site exam cycle. Consistent with this statutory amendment, in August 2018, the federal banking agencies increased, from $1 billion to $3 billion, the total asset threshold under which an agency may apply an 18-month examination cycle for qualified institutions that have an "outstanding" or "good" composite rating. In addition, the FRB raised the asset threshold under its Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement. Bank and savings and loan holding companies with total assets up to $3 billion are permitted to have debt levels higher than would be permitted for larger holding companies, provided that such companies meet certain other conditions such as not engaging in significant nonbanking activities and not having a material amount of debt or equity securities outstanding that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As of June 30, 2023, the Company no longer met the definition of a Small Bank Holding Company as the Company's assets exceeded $3 billion. Effective March 31, 2024, the Company will be subject to the larger company capital requirements as set forth in the Economic Growth Act.
 The Economic Growth Act required the federal banking agencies to promulgate regulations permitting insured depository institutions that have less than $5 billion in total consolidated assets (and satisfy other conditions) to use short-form reports of condition (i.e. call reports) for the first and third quarters of each year. On June 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies issued final rules to implement those streamlined reporting requirements.
 Connecticut Banking Laws and Supervision
 Connecticut Department of Banking. The Connecticut Department of Banking regulates the internal organization as well as the deposit, lending and investment activities of state-chartered banks, including the Bank. The approval of the Connecticut Department of Banking is required for, among other things, the establishment of branch offices and business combination transactions. The Connecticut Department of Banking conducts periodic examinations of Connecticut chartered banks. The FDIC also regulates many of the areas regulated by the Connecticut Department of Banking, and federal law may limit some of the authority provided to Connecticut chartered banks by Connecticut law.
 Lending Activities. Connecticut banking laws grant banks broad lending authority. With certain limited exceptions, loans to any one obligor under this statutory authority may not exceed 15% and fully secured loans may not exceed an additional 10% of a bank's equity capital and allowance for credit losses.
 Dividends. The Bank may pay cash dividends out of its net profits. For purposes of this restriction, "net profits" represents the remainder of all earnings from current operations. Further, the total amount of all dividends declared by a bank in any year may not exceed the sum of a bank's net profits for the year in question combined with its retained net profits from the preceding two years. Federal law also prevents an institution from paying dividends or making other capital distributions that, if by doing so, would cause it to become "under-capitalized". Beginning January 1, 2016, the Basel III Capital Rules limit the amount of dividends the Bank can pay if its capital ratios are below the threshold levels of the capital conservation buffer established by the rules. The full capital conservation buffer of 2.5% (as a percentage of risk-weighted assets) became effective as of January 1, 2019. The capital conservation buffer is in addition to the minimum risk-based capital requirement. The FDIC may further limit a bank's ability to pay dividends. Moreover, the federal agencies have issued policy statements that provide that insured banks should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings.

 Powers. Connecticut banking law authorizes Connecticut chartered banks to transact a "general banking business" and "all such incidental powers as are necessary thereto". With the prior approval of the Connecticut Department of Banking, Connecticut banks are also authorized to engage in activities that are closely related to the business of banking, are convenient and useful to the business of banking, are reasonably related to the operation of a Connecticut bank, are financial in nature or that are permitted under the Bank Holding Company Act or the Home Owners' Loan Act, both federal statutes, or the regulations promulgated as a result of those federal statutes. Connecticut banks are also authorized to engage in any activity permitted for certain federally chartered institutions, as well as for certain out-of-state institutions, upon filing a notice with the Connecticut Department of Banking unless the Connecticut Department of Banking disapproves the activity.
 Assessments. Connecticut banks are required to pay annual assessments to the Connecticut Department of Banking to fund the Connecticut Department of Banking's operations. The general assessments are paid pro-rata based upon a bank's asset size.
 Enforcement. Under Connecticut law, the Connecticut Department of Banking has extensive enforcement authority over Connecticut banks and, under certain circumstances, affiliated parties, insiders, and agents. The Connecticut Department of Banking's enforcement authority includes cease and desist orders, fines, receivership, conservatorship, removal of officers and directors, emergency closures, dissolution and liquidation.
 Federal Bank Holding Company Regulation
 General. As a bank holding company, we are subject to comprehensive regulation and regular examinations by the FRB. The FRB also has extensive enforcement authority over bank holding companies, including, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease and desist or removal orders and to require that a bank holding company divest subsidiaries (including its bank subsidiaries). In general, enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of law and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.
 Under FRB policy which has been codified by the Dodd-Frank Act, a bank holding company must serve as a source of strength for its subsidiary bank. Under this policy, the FRB may require, and has required in the past, a bank holding company to contribute additional capital to an under-capitalized subsidiary bank. A bank holding company must obtain FRB approval before: (1) acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of any voting securities of another bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would own or control more than 5% of such securities (unless it already owns or controls the majority of such securities); (2) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or (3) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company. Under Connecticut banking law, no person may acquire beneficial ownership of more than 10% of any class of voting securities of a Connecticut chartered bank, or any bank holding company of such a bank, without prior notification of, and lack of disapproval by, the Connecticut Department of Banking.
 The Bank Holding Company Act also prohibits a bank holding company, with certain exceptions, from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company which is not a bank or bank holding company, or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. The principal exceptions to these prohibitions involve certain non-bank activities which, by statute or by FRB regulation or order, have been identified as activities closely related to the business of banking or managing or controlling banks. The list of activities permitted by the FRB includes, among other things: (1) operating a savings institution, mortgage company, finance company, credit card company or factoring company; (2) performing certain data processing operations; (3) providing certain investment and financial advice; (4) underwriting and acting as an insurance agent for certain types of credit-related insurance; (5) leasing property on a full-payout, non-operating basis; (6) selling money orders, travelers' checks and United States savings bonds; (7) real estate and personal property appraising; (8) providing tax planning and preparation services; (9) financing and investing in certain community development activities; and (10) subject to certain limitations, providing securities brokerage services for clients.
 Dividends. The FRB has issued a policy statement on the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies, which expresses the FRB's view that a bank holding company should pay cash dividends only to the extent that the Bank Holding Company's net income for the past year is sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a rate of earnings retention that is consistent with the Bank Holding Company's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. The FRB also indicated that it would be inappropriate for a bank holding company experiencing serious financial problems to borrow funds to pay dividends. As discussed above, the FRB's Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement includes provisions regulating the payment of dividends by companies subject to that policy statement.
 Substantially all of our income is derived from, and the principal source of our liquidity is, dividends from the Bank. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends to us is also restricted by federal and state laws, regulations and policies. The Bank may pay cash dividends out of its net profits. For purposes of this restriction, "net profits" represents the remainder of all earnings from current operations. Further, the total amount of all dividends declared by a bank in any year may not exceed the sum of a bank's net profits for the past two fiscal years, plus the portion of the year in which the dividend is paid.

 Under federal law, the Bank may not pay any dividend to the holding company if the Bank is under-capitalized or the payment of the dividend would cause it to become under-capitalized. The Basel III Capital Rules limit the amount of dividends the Bank can pay to us if its capital ratios are below the full capital conservation buffer of 2.5% (as a percentage of risk-weighted assets). The capital conservation buffer is in addition to the minimum risk-based capital requirement. The FDIC may further restrict the payment of dividends by requiring the Bank to maintain a higher level of capital than would otherwise be required for it to be adequately capitalized for regulatory purposes. Moreover, if, in the opinion of the FDIC, the Bank is engaged in an unsafe or unsound practice (which could include the payment of dividends), the FDIC may require, generally after notice and hearing, it to cease such practice. The FDIC has indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe banking practice. The FDIC has also issued policy statements providing that insured depository institutions generally should pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.
 Redemption. Bank holding companies are required to give the FRB prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of the consolidated net worth of the bank holding company. The FRB may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law, regulation, FRB order or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the FRB. This notification requirement does not apply to any bank holding company that (i) meets the well capitalized standard for commercial banks, (ii) is "well managed" within the meaning of the FRB regulations and (iii) is not subject to any unresolved supervisory issues. As discussed above, the FRB's Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement includes provisions regulating stock redemptions by companies subject to that policy statement, including when such notice requirements apply.
 Federal Bank Regulation
 Safety and Soundness. The federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, have implemented rules and guidelines concerning standards for safety and soundness required pursuant to Section 39 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act, or FDICIA. In general, the standards relate to (1) operational and managerial matters; (2) asset quality and earnings; and (3) compensation. The operational and managerial standards cover (a) internal controls and information systems, (b) internal audit systems, (c) loan documentation, (d) credit underwriting, (e) interest rate exposure, (f) asset growth, and (g) compensation, fees and benefits. Under the asset quality and earnings standards, the Bank is required to establish and maintain systems to (i) identify problem assets and prevent deterioration in those assets, and (ii) evaluate and monitor earnings and ensure that earnings are sufficient to maintain adequate capital reserves. Finally, the compensation standard states that compensation will be considered excessive if it is unreasonable or disproportionate to the services actually performed by the individual being compensated. If an insured state-chartered bank fails to meet any of the standards promulgated by regulation, then such institution will be required to submit a plan within 30 days to the FDIC specifying the steps it will take to correct the deficiency. In the event that an insured state-chartered bank fails to submit or fails in any material respect to implement a compliance plan within the time allowed by the federal banking agency, Section 39 of the FDICIA provides that the FDIC must order the institution to correct the deficiency and may (1) restrict asset growth; (2) require the bank to increase its ratio of tangible equity to assets; (3) restrict the rates of interest that the bank may pay; or (4) take any other action that would better carry out the purpose of prompt corrective action. We believe that the Bank has been and will continue to be in compliance with each of the standards as they have been established by the FDICIA.
 Capital Requirements. The FRB monitors the Company's capital adequacy, on a consolidated basis, and the FDIC and Connecticut Department of Banking monitor the capital adequacy of the Bank.
 The Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the other federal and state bank regulatory agencies establish regulatory capital guidelines for U.S. banking organizations.
 As of January 1, 2015, the Company and the Bank became subject to new capital rules set forth by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the other federal and state bank regulatory agencies. The revised capital rules aligned the banking agencies' leverage and risk-based capital requirements and the method for calculating risk weighted assets to make them consistent with agreements that were reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (the Basel III Capital Rules).
 The Basel III Capital Rules established a new minimum common equity Tier 1 capital requirement of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets; set the minimum leverage ratio at 4% of total assets; increased the minimum Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets requirement from 4% to 6%; and retained the minimum total capital to risk weighted assets requirement at 8.0%. A "well-capitalized" institution must generally maintain capital ratios 200 basis points higher than the minimum guidelines.
 The Basel III Capital Rules also changed the risk weights assigned to certain assets. The Basel III Capital Rules assigned a higher risk weight (150%) to loans that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and to certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. The Basel III Capital Rules also alter the risk weighting for other assets, including marketable equity securities that are risk weighted generally at 300%. The

 Basel III Capital Rules require certain components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital requirements unless a one-time opt-out is exercised. The Bank did exercise its opt-out option and excludes the unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from regulatory capital.
 The Basel III Capital Rules limit a banking organization's capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers if the banking organization does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.5% in addition to the minimum risk based capital requirement.
 Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 Liquidity. We are required to maintain a sufficient amount of liquid assets to ensure our safe and sound operation.
 The final Basel III framework also requires banks and bank holding companies to measure their liquidity against specific liquidity tests. Although similar in some respects to liquidity measures historically applied by banks and banking agencies for management and supervisory purposes, the Basel III framework requires specific liquidity tests by rule.
 Transactions with Affiliates. Under federal law, transactions between depository institutions and their affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, or FRA, and the FRB's Regulation W. In a holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of a bank and any companies which are controlled by such parent holding company are considered an affiliate of the bank. Generally, Section 23A limits the extent to which the bank or its subsidiaries may engage in "covered transactions" with any one affiliate to 10% of such bank's capital stock and surplus, and places an aggregate limit on all such transactions with all affiliates at 20% of capital stock and surplus. The term "covered transaction" includes, among other things, the making of loans or other extensions of credit to an affiliate and the purchase of assets from an affiliate. Section 23A also establishes specific collateral requirements for loans or extensions of credit to an affiliate, or the issuance of guarantees, acceptance, or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. Section 23B requires that covered transactions and a broad list of other specified transactions be on terms substantially the same, or no less favorable, to the bank or its subsidiary as similar transactions with non-affiliates. The Dodd-Frank Act has expanded the definition of covered transactions and increased the timing and other aspects of the collateral requirements associated with covered transactions, including an expansion of the covered transactions to include credit exposures related to derivatives, repurchase agreements and securities lending arrangements and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding covered transactions must be satisfied.
 Loans to Insiders. Further, the FRA places restrictions on extensions of credit that can be made by a depository institution to its directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders (or insiders) and to the insiders of its affiliates. Many of those restrictions also apply to the "related interests" of those insiders. For example, a bank is generally not permitted to extend credit to any insider of the bank, or insider of an affiliate, if the extension, when aggregated with all other outstanding extensions of credit to those insiders and their related interests, exceeds the bank's total unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Extensions of credit to those insiders, and their related interests, that exceed certain specified amounts must receive the prior approval of the board of directors. Further, extensions of credit to insiders and their related interests must be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other non-insiders, subject to an exception of extensions of credit made under a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to the depository institution's employees that does not give preference to the insider over the employees. The FRA places additional limitations on extensions of credit to executive officers. In addition to enhancing restrictions on insider transactions, the Dodd-Frank Act increased the types of transactions with insiders subject to restrictions, including certain asset sales with insiders.
 Enforcement. The FDIC has extensive enforcement authority over insured banks, including the Bank. This enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease and desist orders and remove directors and officers. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated in response to violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.
 The FDIC has authority under federal law to appoint a conservator or receiver for an insured bank under limited circumstances. The FDIC is required, with certain exceptions, to appoint a receiver or conservator for an insured state non-member bank if that bank was "critically under-capitalized" on average during the calendar quarter beginning 270 days after the date on which the institution became "critically under-capitalized." The FDIC may also appoint itself as conservator or receiver for an insured state non-member institution under specific circumstances on the basis of the institution's financial condition or upon the occurrence of other events, including: (1) insolvency; (2) substantial dissipation of assets or earnings through violations of law or unsafe or unsound practices; (3) existence of an unsafe or unsound condition to transact business; and (4) insufficient capital, or the incurring of losses that will deplete substantially all of the institution's capital with no reasonable prospect of replenishment without federal assistance.

 Insurance of Deposit Accounts. Deposit accounts at the Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor. The FDIC assesses insured depository institutions to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. No institution may pay a dividend if in default of its deposit insurance assessment.
 Under the FDIC's risk-based assessment system, insured depository institutions are assigned to a risk category based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and other factors. A depository institution's assessment rate depends upon the category to which it is assigned and certain adjustments specified by the FDIC, with less risky institutions paying lower assessments. Subject to certain adjustments, the range of assessment rates is now between 1.5 to 30 basis points of the assessment base.
 The Dodd-Frank Act set the required minimum reserve ratio to 1.35 percent. If the reserve ratio falls below 1.35 percent or is expected to so fall within 6 months, the FDIC generally must adopt a restoration plan to restore the Deposit Insurance Fund reserve ratio to at least 1.35 percent within 8 years. For both 2023 and 2022, the FDIC has exercised that discretion by establishing a 2% designated fund reserve ratio as a long-range minimum target for setting assessment rates.
 A material increase in FDIC insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. Management cannot predict what FDIC insurance assessment rates will be in the future.
 Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that a depository institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We are not aware of any current practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.
 Deposit Operations. In addition to the regulations discussed above, the Bank's deposit operations are subject to other federal laws applicable to depository accounts, such as the:
 • Truth-In-Savings Act, requiring certain disclosures for consumer deposit accounts;
 • Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;
 • Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to implement that act, which govern electronic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and clients' rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services; and
 • Rules and regulations of the various federal banking agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing these federal laws.
 Federal Reserve System. The FRB regulations require depository institutions to maintain noninterest earning reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily NOW and regular checking accounts). The FRB regulations are adjusted annually and generally provide that reserves be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts. However, effective March 26, 2020, the FRB eliminated its reserve requirement ratio, in light of the shift to an ample reserves regime.
 Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (FHLB). The Bank is a member of the FHLB, which is one of the regional Federal Home Loan Banks composing the Federal Home Loan Bank System. Each Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a central credit facility primarily for its member institutions. The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB.
 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Under the CRA, as implemented by FDIC regulations, a bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with its safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution's discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. The CRA does require the FDIC, in connection with its examination of a bank, to assess the bank's record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such bank, including applications to acquire branches and other financial institutions. The CRA requires the FDIC to provide a written evaluation of a bank's CRA performance utilizing a four-tiered descriptive rating system. In particular, the system focuses on three tests:
 • A lending test, to evaluate the bank's record of making loans in its assessment areas;
 • An investment test, to evaluate the bank's record of investing in community development projects, affordable housing, and programs benefiting low or moderate income individuals and businesses; and
 • A service test, to evaluate the bank's delivery of services through its branches, ATMs, and other offices.
 Connecticut has its own statutory counterpart to the CRA which is applicable to the Bank. The Connecticut version of CRA is generally similar to the federal version, but utilizes a five-tiered descriptive rating system. Connecticut law requires the

 Connecticut Department of Banking to consider, but not be limited to, a bank's record of performance under the Connecticut CRA in considering any application by the Bank to establish a branch or other deposit-taking facility, to relocate an office or to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets and assume the liabilities of any other banking institution. In our most recent evaluation, the Bank received a CRA rating of "satisfactory".
 On October 24, 2023, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation released the final rule to strengthen and modernize their regulations implementing the CRA. The final rule revises the CRA regulations to better achieve the CRA's core purpose of encouraging banks to help meet the credit needs of their local communities. It also adapts to changes in the banking industry, including the expanded role of mobile and online banking; provides greater clarity and consistency in the application of CRA regulations; tailors performance standards, data collection, and reporting requirements to account for differences in bank size, business model, and local conditions; promotes transparency and public engagement; confirms that CRA and fair lending responsibilities are mutually reinforcing; and promotes a consistent regulatory approach that applies to banks regulated by all three agencies. The final rule takes effect on April 1, 2024, with staggered compliance dates of January 1, 2026, and January 1, 2027.
 Consumer Protection and Fair Lending Regulations. We are subject to a variety of federal and Connecticut statutes and regulations that are intended to protect consumers and prohibit discrimination in the granting of credit. These statutes and regulations provide for a range of sanctions for non-compliance with their terms, including imposition of administrative fines and remedial orders, and referral to the Attorney General for prosecution of a civil action for actual and punitive damages and injunctive relief. Certain of these statutes authorize private individual and class action lawsuits and the award of actual, statutory and punitive damages and attorneys' fees for certain types of violations.
 At the federal level, these laws include, among others, the following:
 • Federal Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers (Connecticut chartered banks are generally exempt from the Federal Truth-in-Lending Act, but are otherwise subject to a substantially similar state Truth-in-Lending Act administered and enforced by the Connecticut Department of Banking);
 • Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;
 • Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion or other prohibited factors in extending credit;
 • Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1978, governing the use of consumer credit reports and the provision of information to credit reporting agencies;
 • Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies;
 • Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, governing closing costs and settlement procedures and disclosures to consumers related thereto;
 • Service members Civil Relief Act of 2004, governing the repayment terms of, and property rights underlying, secured obligations of persons in military service; and
 • Rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing these federal laws.
 Additional Considerations
 Regulatory Enforcement Authority. Federal banking agencies have substantial enforcement authority over the financial institutions that they regulate including, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders and to initiate injunctive actions against banking organizations and institution-affiliated parties, as defined. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with regulatory authorities. Except under certain circumstances, federal law requires public disclosure of final enforcement actions by the federal banking agencies.
 Incentive Compensation Guidance. The federal banking agencies have released comprehensive guidance on incentive compensation policies focused on ensuring that financial institutions' incentive compensation policies do not undermine the safety and soundness of those institutions by encouraging excessive risk taking. The incentive compensation guidance sets expectations for financial institutions concerning their incentive compensation arrangements and related risk management, control and governance processes. All employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of a financial

 institution, either individually or as part of a group, are covered by the guidance. The guidance is based upon three core concepts: (1) balanced risk-taking incentives; (2) effective controls and risk management compatibility; and (3) strong corporate governance. Deficiencies in compensation practices that are identified may be incorporated into the institution's supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization's ability to take certain actions, including the ability to make acquisitions or take other actions. Enforcement actions by the institution's primary federal banking agency may be initiated if the institution's incentive compensation programs pose a risk to the safety and soundness of the organization.
 Federal Securities Laws. As a public company, we also file reports with the SEC and are subject to its regulatory authority, as well as the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with respect to our securities, financial reporting and certain governance matters. Because our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market ("Nasdaq"), we are subject to Nasdaq's rules for listed companies, including rules relating to corporate governance.
 Financial Modernization. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, or the GLBA, permits greater affiliation among banks, securities firms, insurance companies, and other companies under a type of financial services company known as a "financial holding company". A financial holding company essentially is a bank holding company with significantly expanded powers. Financial holding companies are authorized by statute to engage in a number of financial activities previously impermissible for bank holding companies, including securities underwriting, dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; insurance underwriting and agency; and merchant banking activities. The GLBA also permits the FRB and the Treasury Department to authorize additional activities for financial holding companies if they are "financial in nature" or "incidental" to financial activities. A bank holding company may become a financial holding company if each of its subsidiary banks is well capitalized, well managed, and has at least a "satisfactory" CRA rating. A financial holding company must provide notice to the FRB within 30 days after commencing activities previously determined by statute or by the FRB and Department of the Treasury to be permissible. We have not submitted notice to the FRB of intent to be deemed a financial holding company. However, we are not precluded from submitting a notice in the future should we wish to engage in activities only permitted to financial holding companies.
 Privacy Requirements. Under the GLBA, all financial institutions are required to establish policies and procedures to restrict the sharing of non-public client data with non-affiliated parties and to protect client data from unauthorized access. In addition, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, or FCRA, includes many provisions concerning national credit reporting standards and permits consumers, including clients of the Bank, to opt out of information-sharing for marketing purposes among affiliated companies. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2004 amended certain provisions of the FCRA and requires banks and other financial institutions to notify their clients if they report negative information about them to a credit bureau or if they are granted credit on terms less favorable than those generally available. The Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes such policy is in compliance with the regulations.
 The Bank Secrecy Act and Related Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing Legislation. The Bank Secrecy Act, or the BSA, provides, in part, for the facilitation of information sharing among governmental entities and financial institutions for the purpose of combating terrorism and money laundering by enhancing anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws, as well as enhanced information collection tools and enforcement mechanics for the U.S. government, including: (1) requiring standards for verifying client identification information at account opening; (2) rules to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators, and law enforcement entities in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism or money laundering; (3) reports filed with the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") of transactions exceeding $10,000 in currency; (4) filing suspicious activities reports by financial institutions regarding suspected client money laundering, terrorism financing, or other violations of U.S. laws and regulations; and (5) requiring enhanced due diligence requirements for financial institutions that administer, maintain, or manage private bank accounts or correspondent accounts for non-U.S. persons.
 Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 amended the BSA and incorporates anti-terrorist financing provisions into the requirements of the BSA and its implementing regulations. Among other things, the USA PATRIOT Act requires all financial institutions, including us, to institute and maintain a risk-based anti-money laundering compliance program that includes a client identification program, provides for information sharing with law enforcement and between certain financial institutions by means of an exemption from the privacy provisions of the GLBA, prohibits U.S. banks and broker-dealers from maintaining accounts with foreign "shell" banks, establishes due diligence and enhanced due diligence requirements for certain foreign correspondent banking and foreign private banking accounts and imposes additional record keeping requirements for certain correspondent banking arrangements. The USA PATRIOT Act also grants broad authority to the Secretary of the Treasury to take actions to combat money laundering, and federal bank regulators are required to evaluate the effectiveness of an applicant in combating money laundering in determining whether to approve any application submitted by a financial institution.
 On January 1, 2021, Congress passed the Corporate Transparency Act (the "CTA") as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, which enacted the most significant overhaul of the anti-money laundering laws since the USA PATRIOT Act. The CTA aims to eliminate the use of shell companies that facilitate the laundering of criminal proceeds and, for that

 purpose, directs FinCEN to establish and maintain a national registry of beneficial ownership information for corporate entities (generally, subject to certain exemptions, any corporation, limited liability company, or other similar entity with 20 or fewer employees and annual gross income of $5 million or less). Reporting companies subject to the CTA are required to provide specific information with respect to beneficial owner(s) - defined as an individual who, directly or indirectly, exercises substantial control over the entity or owns or controls not less than 25% of the ownership interests of the entity - at the time of formation (or by December 31, 2024 for existing entities) and upon a change in ownership. Non-compliance with FinCEN regulations promulgated under the CTA may result in civil fines as well as criminal penalties. On March 1, 2024, an Alabama federal court ruled, in a lawsuit brought by the National Small Business Association, that the CTA was unconstitutional because it exceeds the Constitution's limits on Congress' power and enjoined the government from enforcing the CTA against the named plaintiffs. The Department of Justice is expected to appeal the decision.

 On September 29, 2022, FinCEN finalized the first of three proposed rules to implement changes to the beneficial ownership requirements and related amendments set forth in the CTA (the "BOI Reporting Rule"). The BOI Reporting Rule, which became effective on January 1, 2024, prescribes which corporate entities created in or registered to do business in the U.S. will be required to report beneficial ownership information ("BOI") directly to FinCEN. On December 21, 2023, FinCEN issued a final rule, effective on February 20, 2024, (the "Access Rule"), which prescribes the circumstances under which BOI reported to the FinCEN registry may be disclosed to various government agencies and to financial institutions using BOI to facilitate compliance with regulatory customer due diligence requirements and how BOI must be protected. Under the Access Rule, FinCEN may disclose BOI to a financial institution to facilitate compliance with customer due diligence requirements under applicable law, provided the relevant reporting company has consented to such disclosure. The Access Rule requires financial institutions that obtain BOI from FinCEN to develop and implement administrative, technical, and physical safeguards reasonably designed to protect the information, but provides that such institutions will be able to satisfy this requirement by apply to BOI the same security and information handling procedures the use to protect customer's nonpublic personal information in compliance with the GBLA. On December 21, 2023, federal and state bank regulators issued an Interagency Statement that states that the Access does not create a new regulatory requirement for banks to access BOI from the CTA registry, create a supervisory expectation that they do so or necessitate changes to BSA/AML compliance programs designed to comply with the existing Customer Due Diligence rule (the "current CDD Rule") and other existing BSA requirements, such as customer identification program requirements and suspicious activity reporting. FinCEN plans to issue a third rule, which has not yet been proposed, that is expected to revise the current CDD Rule to bring it into conformity with the CTA as well as reduce any burdens on financial institutions and legal entity customers that are, in light of the CTA, unnecessary or duplicative.

 The Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, which is a division of the Treasury Department, is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with "enemies" of the United States, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. OFAC maintains lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in money laundering, terrorist acts, and other crimes. If the Bank finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, the Bank must freeze such account, file a suspicious activity report and notify OFAC. We have established policies and procedures to ensure compliance with the federal anti-laundering and combating terrorism provisions.
 Proposed Legislation and Regulatory Action. New statutes, regulations and guidance are regularly proposed that contain wide-ranging potential changes to the statutes, regulations and competitive relationships of financial institutions operating and doing business in the United States. We cannot predict whether or in what form any proposed regulation or statute will be adopted or the extent to which our business may be affected by any new regulation or statute.
 Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies. Our earnings will be affected by domestic economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government and its agencies. The FRB's monetary policies have had, and are likely to continue to have, an important impact on the operating results of commercial banks through its power to implement national monetary policy in order, among other things, to curb inflation or combat a recession. The monetary policies of the FRB affect the levels of bank loans, investments and deposits through its control over the issuance of U.S. government securities, its regulation of the discount rate applicable to member banks and its influence over reserve requirements to which member banks are subject. We cannot predict the nature or impact of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies.

 Taxation
 Federal Taxation
 General: We are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with limited exceptions. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize certain pertinent federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to us.
 Method of Accounting: For Federal income tax purposes, we report income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and use tax year ending December 31 for filing federal income tax returns.
 Alternative Minimum Tax: The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), imposes an alternative minimum tax ("AMT") at a rate of 20.0% on a base of regular taxable income plus certain tax preferences which we refer to as "alternative minimum taxable income." The AMT is payable to the extent such alternative minimum taxable income is in excess of an exemption amount and the AMT exceeds the regular income tax. Net operating losses can offset no more than 90.0% of alternative minimum taxable income. Certain AMT payments may be used as credits against regular tax liabilities in future years. We have not been subject to the AMT and have no such amounts available as credits for carryover.
 Net Operating Loss Carryovers: For the years ended 2017 and prior, a corporation may carryback net operating losses generated in such years to the preceding two taxable years and forward to the succeeding 20 taxable years. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017, a corporation may not carryback net operating losses arising in tax years after 2017, but may carryforward such losses indefinitely; however, the net operating loss deduction in a given year is limited to 80% of taxable income. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES") temporarily - and retroactively - modified the net operating loss rules to permit carryback of net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 for five years. A corporation may elect to waive the carryback period and only carry these net operating losses forward to future years. The five-year carryback provision of the CARES Act is not available for losses generated in 2021 and subsequent years. At December 31, 2023, we had $1.6 million of net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes. The carryovers were transferred to the Company upon the merger with The Wilton Bank in 2014.
 Corporate Dividends-Received Deduction: The Company may exclude from its income 100.0% of dividends received from the Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations. The corporate dividends received deduction is 80.0% in the case of dividends received from corporations with which a corporate recipient does not file a consolidated tax return, and corporations which own less than 20.0% of the stock of a corporation distributing a dividend may deduct only 70.0% of dividends received or accrued on their behalf.
 Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases, The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") imposes a 1% excise tax on the aggregate fair market value of stock repurchased by certain corporations during the taxable year, subject to adjustments. The new excise tax is effective as of January 1, 2023 and generally applies to any US corporation whose stock is traded on an established securities market and that repurchases more than $1 million of stock over the course of a tax year.
 The Company and the Bank are not currently under audit with respect to their federal tax returns.
 State Taxation
 We are subject to the Connecticut corporation business tax. The Connecticut corporation business tax is based on the federal taxable income before net operating loss and special deductions and makes certain modifications to federal taxable income to arrive at Connecticut taxable income. Connecticut taxable income is multiplied by the state tax rate (7.5% for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022) to arrive at Connecticut income tax. We are also subject to state income tax in other states as a result of loan originations made in other states.
 In October 2015, the Company created Bankwell Loan Servicing Group, Inc., a Passive Investment Company ("PIC") organized for state income tax purposes. The PIC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank operating in accordance with Connecticut statutes. The PIC's activities are limited in scope to holding and managing loans that are collateralized by real estate. Income earned by a PIC is determined in accordance with the statutory requirements for a passive investment company and the dividends paid by the PIC to the Bank are not taxable income for Connecticut income tax purposes. As a result of the formation of the PIC, the Bank no longer expects to be subject to Connecticut income taxes. State taxes are being recognized for income taxes on income earned in other states.
 The Company and the Bank are not currently under audit with respect to their state tax returns.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Risks Relating to Our Business
 As a business operating in the financial services industry, our business and operations may be adversely affected in numerous and complex ways by weak economic conditions.
 Our businesses and operations, which primarily consist of lending money to clients in the form of loans, borrowing money from clients in the form of deposits and investing in securities, are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States and to a lesser degree secondary effects of global geopolitical events. If the U.S. economy weakens, our growth and profitability from our lending, deposit and investment operations could be constrained. Uncertainty about the federal fiscal policymaking process, the medium-term and long-term fiscal outlook of the federal government, and future tax rates is a concern for businesses, consumers and investors in the United States. In addition, economic conditions in foreign countries could affect the stability of global financial markets, which could hinder U.S. economic growth. Weak economic conditions are characterized by deflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, a lack of liquidity and/or depressed prices in the secondary market for mortgage loans, increased delinquencies on mortgage, consumer and commercial loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines and lower home sales and commercial activity. All of these factors are detrimental to our business, and the interplay between these factors can be complex and unpredictable. Our business is also significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. federal government and its agencies. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond our control. Adverse economic conditions and government policy responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk, which could lead to unexpected losses.
 The business of lending is inherently risky, including risks that the principal of or interest on any loan will not be repaid timely or at all or that the value of any collateral supporting the loan will be insufficient to cover our outstanding exposure. These risks may be affected by the strength of the borrower's business sector and local, regional and national market and economic conditions. Our risk management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of our loans within specific industries and our credit approval practices, may not adequately reduce credit risk, and our credit administrators, policies and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting clients and the quality of the loan portfolio. Finally, many of our loans are made to middle-market businesses that may be less able to withstand competitive, economic and financial pressures than larger borrowers. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 Our ACL-Loans may not be adequate to absorb losses inherent in our loan portfolio, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We maintain an Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans ("ACL-Loans") to provide for losses inherent in our loan portfolio. Maintaining an adequate ACL-Loans is critical to our financial results and condition. The level of our ACL-Loans reflects management's continuing evaluation of general economic conditions, diversification and seasoning of the loan portfolio, historic loss experience, identified credit problems, delinquency levels and adequacy of collateral. The determination of the appropriate level of the ACL-Loans is inherently highly subjective and requires us to make significant estimates of and assumptions regarding current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Inaccurate management assumptions, continuing deterioration of economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require us to increase our ACL-Loans. In addition, our regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, review our loans and the adequacy of our ACL-Loans and may direct us to make additions to our ACL-Loans based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. If actual charge-offs in future periods exceed the amounts allocated to our ACL-Loans, we may need additional provision for loan losses to restore the adequacy of our ACL-Loans. If we are required to materially increase our level of ACL-Loans for any reason, such increase could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 Our concentration of large loans to certain borrowers may increase our credit risk.
 As of December 31, 2023, our five largest relationships ranged in exposure from approximately $85.0 million to $92.0 million. In addition to other typical risks related to any loan, such as deterioration of the collateral securing the loans, this high concentration of borrowers presents a risk to our lending operations. If any one of these borrowers becomes unable to repay a loan obligation(s) for any reason, our nonperforming loans and our ACL-Loans could increase significantly, which could adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our commercial real estate loan, commercial loan and construction loan portfolios expose us to potentially elevated risks.
 Our loan portfolio includes non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans for individuals and businesses for various purposes, which are secured by commercial properties. These loans typically involve repayment dependent upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers' ability to repay their loans depends on successful leasing of their properties, in addition to the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. These loans also involve greater risk because they generally are not fully amortizing over the loan period, but have a balloon payment due at maturity. A borrower's ability to make a balloon payment typically will depend on being able to either refinance the loan or sell the underlying property in a timely manner.
 These loans expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be liquidated as easily as residential real estate. Non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans generally involve relatively large balances to single borrowers or related groups of borrowers. Accordingly, charge-offs on non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios.
 Commercial loans are typically based on the borrowers' ability to repay the loans from the cash flow of their businesses. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay each loan depends substantially on the success of the business itself. In addition, the assets securing the loans have the following characteristics: (a) they depreciate over time, (b) they are difficult to appraise and liquidate, and (c) they fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.
 Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon whether our initial estimate of the property's value at completion of construction equals or exceeds the cost of the property construction (including interest), the availability of permanent takeout financing, the completion of the project and/or the builder's ability to ultimately lease or sell the property. During the construction phase, a number of factors can result in delays and cost overruns. If estimates of value are inaccurate or if actual construction costs exceed estimates, the value of the property securing the loan may be insufficient to ensure full repayment when completed through a permanent loan or by sale of collateral.
 Our underwriting, review and monitoring cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these loans. Unexpected deterioration in the credit quality of our commercial real estate loan, commercial loan or construction loan portfolios would require us to increase our provision for loan losses, which would reduce our profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 Lack of seasoning of our loan portfolio could increase risk of credit defaults in the future.
 As a result of our growth in recent years, a large portion of loans in our loan portfolio and of our lending relationships are of relatively recent origin. In general, loans do not begin to show signs of credit deterioration or default until they have been outstanding for some period of time, a process referred to as "seasoning." As a result, a portfolio of older loans will usually behave more predictably than a newer portfolio. Because a large portion of our portfolio is relatively new, the current level of delinquencies and defaults may not represent the level that may prevail as the portfolio becomes more seasoned and may not serve as a reliable basis for predicting the health and nature of our loan portfolio, including net charge-offs and the ratio of nonperforming assets in the future. Our limited experience with these loans does not provide us with a significant payment history pattern with which to judge future collectability. As a result, it may be difficult to predict the future performance of our loan portfolio. If defaults increase, we could experience an increase in delinquencies and charge-offs and we may be required to increase our ACL-Loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 Our lending limit may restrict our growth and prevent us from effectively implementing our business strategy.
 We are limited in the amount we can loan to a single borrower by the amount of our capital. Based upon our current capital levels and our internal limit on loans, the amount we may lend both in the aggregate and to any one borrower is significantly less than that of many of our competitors and may discourage potential borrowers who have credit needs in excess of our lending limit from doing business with us. We accommodate larger loans by selling participations in those loans to other financial institutions, but this strategy may not always be available. If we are unable to compete effectively for loans from our target clients, we may not be able to effectively implement our business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 A prolonged downturn in the real estate market could result in losses and adversely affect our profitability.
 A high percentage our loan portfolio is comprised of commercial real estate loans. The sale of real estate collateral in each case provides an alternate source of repayment in the event of default by the borrower and may deteriorate in value during the time the credit is extended. A decline in real estate values could impair the value of our collateral and our ability to sell the

 collateral upon any foreclosure, which would likely require us to increase our ACL-Loans. In the event of a default with respect to any of these loans, the amounts we receive upon sale of the collateral may be insufficient to recover the outstanding principal and interest on the loan. If we are required to re-value the collateral securing a loan to satisfy the debt during a period of reduced real estate values or to increase our ACL-Loans, our profitability could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 We are subject to interest rate risk that could negatively impact our profitability.
 Our profitability, like that of most financial institutions, depends to a large extent on our net interest income, which is the difference between our interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and our interest expense on interest bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings.
 Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the FRB. During the 2022-2023 cycle, the FRB increased the target range for the federal funds rate 11 times to slow inflation but has held such rates steady at 5.25%-5.50% since July 2023, citing several factors, including reduced inflationary pressure and steady job and wage growth.
 Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, influences not only the interest we receive on loans and securities and the interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits, the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, and the average duration of our assets. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore net income, could be adversely affected. A prolonged period of extremely volatile and unstable market conditions may increase our funding costs and negatively affect market risk mitigation strategies. Further, any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 In addition, increased interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations. These circumstances could not only result in increased loan defaults, foreclosures and charge-offs, but also necessitate further increases to our ACL-Loans, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
 Strong competition could reduce our profits and slow growth.
 Competition in the financial services industry is strong. Numerous commercial banks, savings banks and savings associations maintain offices or are headquartered in or near our market area. Commercial banks, savings banks, savings associations, money market funds, mortgage brokers, finance companies, credit unions, insurance companies, investment firms and private lenders compete with us for various segments of our business. These competitors often have far greater resources than we do and are able to conduct more intensive and broader based promotional efforts to reach both commercial and individual clients.
 Our ability to compete successfully will depend on a number of factors, including, among other things:
 • Our ability to build and maintain long-term client relationships while ensuring high ethical standards and safe and sound banking practices;
 • The scope, relevance, and pricing of products and services that we offer;
 • Client satisfaction with our products and personalized services;
 • Industry and general economic trends; and
 • Our ability to keep pace with technological advances and to invest in new technology.
 Increased competition could require us to increase the rates we pay on deposits or lower the rates we offer on loans, which could reduce our profitability. Our failure to compete effectively could cause us to lose market share and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business.
 Our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. We strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of delivering superior service to our clients, caring about our clients and associates, and being an integral part of the communities we serve. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees, or otherwise, our business and, therefore, our operating results may be materially adversely affected.

 We are dependent on our executive management team and other key employees, and we could be adversely affected by the unexpected loss of their services.
 We are led by an experienced executive management team and our operating strategy focuses on providing products and services through long-term relationship managers. Accordingly, our success depends in large part on the performance of our key employees, as well as on our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified senior and middle management. Competition for employees is intense, and the process of identifying qualified candidates with the combination of skills and attributes required to execute our business plan may be lengthy. The general economic conditions plus other factors have made it more difficult to retain employees and to attract new employees. We believe that retaining the services and skills of our executive management team is important to our success. The unexpected loss of services of any of our key employees could have an adverse impact on us because of their skills, knowledge of our market, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement employees. If any of our key employees should become unavailable for any reason, we may be unable to identify and hire qualified candidates on acceptable terms, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 We may not be able to execute our strategic plan.
 As part of our strategic plan, we pursue initiatives focused on the organic development and growth of our franchise. Our initiatives focus on delivering superior service to our clients, coupling technology with our deep client relationships. Our ability to execute these initiatives requires investment in resources as well as hiring and retaining skilled employees. Our success will depend on the ability of our management team to manage multiple, concurrent initiatives designed to improve our operational systems and expand our product offerings. Our inability to execute on these initiatives may negatively impact our ability to attract new client relationships, maintain existing client relationships and may adversely impact our operating results.
 Failure or disruption of the operating systems and technologies we use, including those of third parties, could adversely affect our business.
 We rely on communication and information systems to conduct business, many of which are provided by third-party providers. Potential failures, interruptions or breaches in system security could result in disruptions or failures in our key systems, such as general ledger, deposit or loan systems as well as online banking. The risk of electronic fraudulent activity within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector due to cyber criminals targeting bank accounts and other client information is on the rise. We have developed policies and procedures aimed at preventing and limiting the effect of failure, interruption or security breaches, including cyber-attacks of information systems; however, there can be no assurance that these incidences will not occur, or if they do occur, that they will be appropriately addressed. Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure all our third-party providers have appropriate controls in place to protect themselves and our information in the event of a cyber-attack. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions, or security breaches, including cyber-attacks of our information systems and those of our third-party providers could damage our reputation, result in the loss of business, subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny or to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.
 Unauthorized access, cyber-crime, artificial intelligence, and other threats to data security may require significant resources, harm our reputation, and adversely affect our business.
 We necessarily collect, use and hold personal and financial information concerning individuals and businesses with which we have a banking relationship. Threats to data security, including unauthorized access and cyber-attacks, rapidly emerge and change, exposing us to additional costs for protection or remediation and competing time constraints to secure our data in accordance with client expectations and statutory and regulatory privacy and other requirements. It is difficult or impossible to defend against every risk being posed by changing technologies, including the deployment of artificial intelligence ("AI") as well as criminals intent on committing cyber-crime. The increasing sophistication of cyber-criminals and terrorists make keeping pace with new threats difficult and could result in a breach. Controls employed by our information technology department and our other employees and third-party providers could prove inadequate. We could also experience a breach due to intentional or negligent conduct on the part of employees or other internal sources, software bugs or other technical malfunctions, or other causes. As a result of any of these threats, our client accounts may become vulnerable to account takeover schemes or cyber-fraud. Our systems and those of our third-party providers may also become vulnerable to damage or disruption due to circumstances beyond our or their control, such as from catastrophic events, power anomalies or outages, natural disasters, network failures, and viruses and malware.
 A breach of our security, or that of any of our third-party providers, which results in unauthorized access to our data could expose us to a disruption or challenges relating to our daily operations as well as to data loss, litigation, damages, fines and penalties, significant increases in compliance costs, and reputational damage, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.

 We are subject to losses due to fraudulent and negligent acts on the part of loan applicants, our clients, vendors, bad actors, and/or our employees.
 When we originate loans, we rely heavily upon information supplied by third parties, including the information contained in the loan application, property appraisal, title information and employment and income documentation. Additionally, the current and potential future utilization of AI by the Company in support of loan origination could create additional risk for misrepresented information. If any of this information is intentionally or negligently misrepresented and such misrepresentation is not detected prior to loan funding, the value of the loan may be significantly lower than expected. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the loan applicant, our clients, vendors, bad actors, and/or one of our employees, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. A loan subject to a material misrepresentation is typically unsaleable or subject to repurchase if it is sold prior to detection of the misrepresentation, and the persons and entities involved are often difficult to locate and it is often difficult to collect any monetary losses that we have suffered from them. We cannot provide assurance that we have detected or will detect all misrepresented information in our loan originations, however, we have controls and processes designed to help us identify misrepresented information in our loan origination operations, including human oversight of AI activity.

 As a financial institution, we are inherently exposed to risk in the form of theft and other fraudulent activities by clients, vendors, bad actors, and/or employees targeting the Bank or our clients. Such activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering, and other dishonest acts. The increasing sophistication of fraudulent activity from possible perpetrators could damage our reputation, result in the loss of business, subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny or to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition. To mitigate this risk, we maintain effective policies and internal controls along with ongoing employee training to identify and prevent such incidents.
 We may be unsuccessful in identifying and completing the acquisition of whole financial institutions or related lines of business.
 In addition to pursuing organic growth, we may consider the acquisition of whole financial institutions or related lines of business to achieve desired growth. There are numerous execution risks with acquisitions, and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in such pursuits.
 We may consider acquisition opportunities that we believe complement our activities and can enhance our profitability. Acquisition activities could be material to our business and involve a number of risks and challenges, including but not limited to:
 • Incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisitions and negotiating potential transactions, resulting in our attention being diverted from the operation of our existing business;
 • Encountering competition for acquisitions from financial institutions and other entities with similar business strategies that have greater financial resources, relevant experience and more employees;
 • Obtaining regulatory approvals with respect to acquisitions, and ensuring that we will not become subject to regulatory actions in the future that could restrict our growth;
 • Using inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to the target institution or assets;
 • Potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of banks and businesses we acquire;
 • The time and expense required to integrate the operations and employees of the combined businesses;
 • Inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition; or
 • Risks of impairment to goodwill or other than temporary impairment.
 Depending on the condition of any institution or assets or liabilities that we may acquire, that acquisition may, at least in the near term, adversely affect our capital and earnings and, if not successfully integrated with our organization, may continue to have such effects over a longer period. We may not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with pending or potential acquisitions, and any acquisition we may consider will be subject to prior regulatory approval. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our profitability, return on equity and return on assets, our ability to grow and enhance shareholder value, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, if we experience difficulties with the integration process, the anticipated benefits of the investment or acquisition transaction may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected.

 Some institutions we may acquire may have distressed assets and there can be no assurance that we would be able to realize the value we predict from these assets or that we would make sufficient provision for future losses in the value of, or accurately estimate the future write downs taken in respect of, these assets.
 Declines in real estate prices and/or weak general economic conditions may result in increases in delinquencies and losses in the loan portfolios and other assets of financial institutions that we may acquire in amounts that exceed our initial forecasts developed during the due diligence investigation prior to acquiring those institutions. In addition, asset values may be impaired in the future due to factors we cannot predict, including significant deterioration in economic conditions and further declines in collateral values and credit quality indicators. Any of these events could adversely affect the financial condition, liquidity, capital position and value of any institutions that we acquire and of the Company as a whole.
 As a result of an investment or acquisition transaction, we may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.
 We must conduct due diligence investigations of target institutions we intend to acquire. Intensive due diligence is time consuming and expensive due to the operations, accounting, finance and legal professionals who must be involved. Even if we conduct extensive due diligence on a target institution, this diligence may not reveal all material issues that may affect a particular target institution, and factors outside the control of the target institution and outside of our control may later arise. If, during our diligence process, we fail to identify issues specific to a target institution or the environment in which the target institution operates, we may be forced to later write down or write off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in our reporting losses. These charges may also occur if we are not successful in integrating and managing the operations of the target institution with which we combine. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate net worth or other covenants to which we may be subject as a result of assuming preexisting debt held by a target institution or by virtue of our obtaining debt financing.
 We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans or indemnify buyers against losses in some circumstances, which could harm liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
 When mortgage loans are sold, whether as whole loans or pursuant to a securitization, we are required to make customary representations and warranties to purchasers, guarantors and insurers, including government-sponsored entities, about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. Whole loan sale agreements require us to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans, or indemnify buyers against losses, in the event we breach these representations or warranties. In addition, we may be required to repurchase mortgage loans as a result of early payment default of the borrower on a mortgage loan. If repurchase and indemnity demands increase and such demands are valid claims and are in excess of our provision for potential losses, our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
 The fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to factors outside of our control.
 Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions with respect to individual securities, defaults by the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, changes in market interest rates, and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause credit losses and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The process for determining whether credit losses of a security usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security.
 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities.
 In the course of our business, we may purchase real estate, or we may foreclose on and take title to real estate. As a result, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination or may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. Any significant environmental liabilities could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

 Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may materially affect the Company's business and results of operations.
 The effects of climate change continue to create an alarming level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, the global business community has increased its political and social awareness surrounding the issue, and the United States has entered into international agreements in an attempt to reduce global temperatures, such as the Paris Agreement. Further, U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies continue to propose numerous initiatives to supplement the global effort to combat climate change. Similar and even more expansive initiatives are expected under the current administration, including potentially increasing supervisory expectations with respect to banks' risk management practices, accounting for the effects of climate change in stress testing scenarios and systemic risk assessments, revising expectations for credit portfolio concentrations based on climate-related factors and encouraging investment by banks in climate-related initiatives and lending to communities disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. The lack of empirical data surrounding the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change render it impossible to predict how specifically climate change may impact our financial condition and results of operations; however, the physical effects of climate change may also directly impact us. Specifically, unpredictable and more frequent weather disasters may adversely impact the value of real property securing the loans in our portfolios. Additionally, if insurance obtained by our borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, or if insurance coverage is otherwise unavailable to our borrowers, the collateral securing our loans may be negatively impacted by climate change, which could impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact regional and local economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on our clients and impact the communities in which we operate. Overall, climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as bank failures, may adversely affect the Bank's results of operations and financial condition, including capital and liquidity.
 Bank failures may have a profound impact on the national, regional, and local business environment in which the Bank operates. Although we were not directly affected by the bank failures which occurred in 2023, the speed and ability of depositors to withdraw their funds from these and other financial institutions contributed to the broader volatility in the banking sector observed during the year. In response to these failures and the resulting market reaction, various agencies of the U.S. government took steps to protect depositors and bolster banks' liquidity, but it is uncertain that these or any other potential future actions will be sufficient to reduce the risk of future bank failures or significant depositor withdrawals. Any future bank failure events may adversely impact the Bank's future operating results and financial condition, including capital and liquidity.
 Risks Applicable to the Regulation of our Industry
 We operate in a highly regulated environment, which could have a material and adverse impact on our operations and activities, financial condition, results of operations, growth plans and future prospects.
 Banking is highly regulated under federal and state law. We are subject to extensive regulation and supervision that governs almost all aspects of our operations. As a registered bank holding company, we are subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve. As a commercial bank chartered under the laws of Connecticut, the Bank is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the State of Connecticut Department of Banking and the FDIC.
 The primary goals of the bank regulatory system are to maintain a safe and sound banking system and to facilitate the conduct of sound monetary policy. This system is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund and bank depositors, rather than our shareholders and creditors. The banking agencies have broad enforcement power over bank holding companies and banks, including the authority, among other things, to enjoin "unsafe or unsound" practices, require affirmative action to correct any violation or practice, issue administrative orders that can be judicially enforced, direct increases in capital, direct the sale of subsidiaries or other assets, limit dividends and distributions, restrict growth, assess civil monetary penalties, remove officers and directors, and, with respect to banks, terminate our charter, terminate our deposit insurance or place the Bank into conservatorship or receivership. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations or unsafe or unsound practices.
 Compliance with the myriad of laws and regulations applicable to our organization can be difficult and costly. In addition, these laws, regulations and policies are subject to continual review by governmental authorities, and changes to these laws, regulations and policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of these laws, regulations and policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways and often impose additional compliance costs. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations, could make compliance more complex or expensive. All of these laws and regulations, and the supervisory framework applicable to our industry, could have a material adverse impact on our operations and activities, financial condition, results of operations, growth plans and future prospects.

 Federal and state regulators periodically examine our business and we may be required to remediate adverse examination findings.
 The Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the Connecticut Department of Banking periodically examine our business, including our compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, a regulatory agency were to determine that our financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we were in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin "unsafe or unsound" practices, to require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against our officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate our deposit insurance and place us into receivership or conservatorship. Any regulatory action against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
 Pursuant to the Economic Relief Act, the Federal Reserve Board raised the asset threshold under its Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement from $1 billion to $3 billion for bank or savings and loan holding companies are permitted to have debt levels higher than would be permitted for larger holding companies, provided that such companies meet certain other conditions such as not engaging in significant nonbanking activities. As of June 30, 2023, the Company no longer met the definition of a Small Bank Holding Company as the Company's assets exceeded $3 billion. Effective March 31, 2024, the Company will be subject to the larger company capital requirements as set forth in the Economic Growth Act.
 The Bank's FDIC deposit insurance premiums and assessments may increase.
 The deposits of the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, consequently, subject it to the payment of FDIC deposit insurance assessments. The Bank's regular assessments are determined by its risk classification, which is based on its regulatory capital levels and the level of supervisory concern that it poses. Any future special assessments, increases in assessment rates or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 The Bank is subject to further reporting requirements under FDIC regulations.
 We are subject to reporting requirements under the rules of the FDIC, including a requirement for management to prepare a report that contains an assessment by management of the Bank's effectiveness of internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting as of the end of such fiscal year. In addition, we are required to obtain an independent public accountant's attestation report concerning our internal control structure over financial reporting. The rules for management to assess the Bank's internal controls over financial reporting are complex, and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. The effort to comply with regulatory requirements relating to internal controls cause us to incur increased expenses and a diversion of management's time and other internal resources. If the Bank cannot favorably assess the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting, or if its independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide an unqualified attestation report on the Bank's internal controls, the price of our common stock as well as investor confidence could be adversely affected and we may be subject to additional regulatory scrutiny.
 We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.
 Various laws impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions, including the CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution's performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution's performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.
 Financial institutions are required to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate under The Bank Secrecy Act, The USA PATRIOT ACT of 2001 and certain other laws and regulations. Significant civil penalties can be assessed by a variety of regulators and governmental agencies for violations of these laws and regulations. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including our acquisition plans.

 Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 General Risk Factors
 Resources could be expended in considering or evaluating potential acquisitions that are not consummated, which could materially and adversely affect subsequent attempts to locate and acquire or merge with another business.
 We anticipate that the process of identifying and investigating institutions for potential acquisitions and the negotiation, drafting and execution of relevant agreements, disclosure documents and other instruments will require substantial management time and attention and substantial costs for accountants, attorneys and others. If a decision is made not to complete a specific acquisition transaction, the costs incurred up to that point for the proposed transaction likely would not be recoverable. Furthermore, even if an agreement is reached relating to a specific target institution, we may fail to consummate the transaction for any number of reasons, including those beyond our control. Any such event will result in a loss to us of the related costs incurred, which could materially and adversely affect subsequent attempts to locate and acquire or merge with another institution.
 We may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions.
 Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, and other relationships. We have exposure to different industries and counterparties, and through transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker-dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, and other financial intermediaries. Further, our private banking channel relies on relationships with a number of other financial institutions for referrals. As a result, declines in the financial condition of, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial institutions, financial service companies or the financial services industry generally, may lead to market-wide liquidity, asset quality or other problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. These problems, losses or defaults could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
 We rely on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure, and failure of these parties to perform for any reason could disrupt our operations.
 Our business depends on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers. The failure of these systems (including cyber attacks), or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If significant, sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of client business, and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 We may incur impairment to goodwill.
 We test our goodwill for impairment at least annually. Significant negative industry or economic trends, reduced estimates of future cash flows or disruptions to our business, could indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Our valuation methodology for assessing impairment requires management to make judgments and assumptions based on historical experience and to rely on projections of future operating performance. Projections of future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from actual results. Additionally, if our analysis results in impairment to our goodwill, we would be required to record a non-cash charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which such impairment is determined to exist. Any such charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from clients, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.
 Companies are facing increasing scrutiny from clients, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance ("ESG") practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. Increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 Not applicable.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 The Company's risk management program for cybersecurity is integrated into our risk management and general compliance programs and processes. Our cybersecurity program utilizes a layered, defense-in-depth strategy to identify and mitigate cybersecurity threats. Our Information Security Officer ("ISO") is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Company's global information security program, which includes defining policies and procedures to safeguard our information systems and data, conducting vulnerability, threat and third-party information security assessments, information security event management (i.e., responding to ransomware and other cyber-attacks, business continuity and recovery), evaluating external cyber intelligence, supporting industry cybersecurity efforts and working with governmental agencies. The information security team also develops training for employees to support adherence to the Company's policies and procedures, along with increasing awareness of cyber-related risk. The personnel training includes, but is not limited to, mandatory onboarding training, phishing simulations with automated remediation training, table-top incident response exercises, and educational intranet posting and email campaigns.
 The Company leverages the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework ("the NIST Framework") as the foundation of its global information security program. The NIST Framework provides standards, guidelines, and practices for organizations to better manage and reduce cybersecurity risk and is designed to foster risk and cybersecurity management communications amongst both internal and external organizational stakeholders. The Company's ISO works with independent, third-party consultants to assess the maturity of the Company's cybersecurity program within the NIST Framework and to develop strategic areas of focus for the Company's program commensurate with the Company's business objectives.
 As part of the Company's information security program, we leverage both internal and external assessments and partnerships with industry leaders to help approach information security company-wide. Additionally, we maintain a comprehensive program that defines standards for the planning, sourcing, management, and oversight of third-party relationships and third-party access to our system, facilities, and/or confidential or proprietary data.
 Cybersecurity incidents may create risk to the Company that may impact its reputation, financial performance, ability to operate safely or at all, and the value of its intellectual property. Like most corporations, the Company is the target of industrial espionage, including cyberattacks, from time to time. The Company has determined that these incidents have resulted, and could result in the future, in unauthorized parties gaining access to certain confidential business information. However, to date, the Company has not experienced any known cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected the Company, including the Company's results of operations and financial condition, changes in the competitive environment, business operations and strategy. Although management does not believe that the Company has experienced any material losses to date related to cybersecurity incidents, there can be no assurance that the Company will not suffer such losses in the future. For more information on potential risk related to cybersecurity incidents, including intellectual property theft and operational disruption, please see "Item 1A – Risk Factors" of this report.
 Cybersecurity Governance
 The Audit Committee and Technology Committee of the Board of Directors provide oversight of Company cybersecurity risks. The Technology Committee conducts a minimum of one cybersecurity program update per year, including a review of capital spend, budget, and staffing, as well as periodic reports on cybersecurity threats, awareness training, and key risk indicators related to the Company's progress on risk mitigation activities. Annually, the Audit Committee reviews and recommends to the Board approval of management's recommendations on cybersecurity insurance. The Technology Committee reviews the Company's oversight related to cybersecurity risks, to ensure that Board oversight of such risks remains appropriate and that risks are appropriately managed.
 The Company's Chief Information Officer ("CIO") oversees the Company's information technology programs and investments. The Company's CIO has over 20 years of information technology experience, including nine years in various information technology leadership roles. Our CIO holds a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. The Company's ISO reports to the Chief Risk and Operations Officer and oversees the Company's information security programs. The Company's ISO possesses over 20 years of Information Security and Technology experience. The ISO holds a Bachelor of Science in Computer Systems Engineering, an MBA, and a Master of Science in Information Security and Assurance, as well as multiple industry certifications including CISSP, CISM, CISA, CRISC, CDPSE, PMP, among others.
 Our Risk Management Steering Committee, which includes the Company's Chief Risk and Operations Officer (Chair), CIO and ISO, assesses and monitors the effectiveness of the Company's cybersecurity risk management program. The

 Company's internal audit function also performs independent reviews and validation of the program, including policies and procedures as determined by their annual risk assessment.
 Both the CIO and ISO regularly report to the Technology Committee on the Company's identification, prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity risks and incidents. In 2023, the Board reviewed the Company's cybersecurity program and maturity assessment, while the Technology Committee and Audit Committee provided regular oversight of cybersecurity risks, with cybersecurity discussions and dashboard reviews of key performance indicators and risks during the course of the year. With respect to specific incidents, the Company leverages an incident response framework to elevate and evaluate specific incidents to the CIO and ISO, along with the Company's senior leadership, including the finance, compliance, and legal functions. In the event of a potentially material cybersecurity incident, the Technology Committee and Audit Committee would be immediately notified and briefed.

 Item 2. Properties
 The Bank's headquarter building is located at 258 Elm Street in New Canaan, Connecticut. The property is leased by us until 2031. On April 24, 2023, the Bank established a new retail branch located at 300 Atlantic Street, Stamford, CT. This replaced the branch located at 612 Bedford Street, Stamford, CT, which closed on April 21, 2023.
 We also lease office space for each of our branch offices in New Canaan, Stamford, Norwalk, Fairfield, Darien, and Westport, Connecticut. The leases for our facilities have terms expiring at dates ranging from 2028 to 2033, although certain of the leases contain options to extend beyond these dates. We own the Hamden branch office. We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our current level of operations. Each lease is at market rate based on similar properties in the applicable market area. Management continually evaluates its branch and other office locations for opportunities to maximize cost savings while meeting our growth needs and the needs of our clients.
 Our branch office locations are as follows:

 Branch
 Address
 Owned or Leased

 Cherry Street
 156 Cherry Street New Canaan, CT 06840
 Lease (expires 2031)

 Atlantic Street
 300 Atlantic Street Stamford, CT 06901
 Lease (expires 2033)

 High Ridge
 1095 High Ridge Road Stamford, CT 06905
 Lease (expires 2028)

 Black Rock
 2220 Black Rock Turnpike Fairfield, CT 06825
 Lease (expires 2029)

 Sasco Hill
 One Sasco Hill Road Fairfield, CT 06824
 Lease (expires 2031)

 Norwalk
 370 Westport Avenue Norwalk, CT 06851
 Lease (expires 2029)

 Hamden
 2704 Dixwell Avenue Hamden, CT 06518
 Own

 Westport
 100 Post Road East Westport, CT 06880
 Lease (expires 2028)

 Darien
 1065 Post Road Darien, CT 06820
 Lease (expires 2028)

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 From time to time we are a party to various litigation matters incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not presently party to any legal proceedings the resolution of which we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition, liquidity, results of operation, cash flows or capital levels.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 The Company's Common Stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the Symbol "BWFG" since the completion of its initial public offering on May 15, 2014.
 There were approximately 251 shareholders of record of BWFG Common Stock as of December 31, 2023. This number does not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms or other nominees.
 The Company's shareholders are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of funds legally available. The ability of the Company to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. In accordance with Connecticut statutes, regulatory approval is required for the Bank to pay dividends in excess of the Bank's profits retained in the current year plus retained profits from the previous two years. The Bank is also prohibited from paying dividends that would reduce its capital ratios below minimum regulatory requirements.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 The following table includes information with respect to repurchases of the Company's Common Stock during the three month period ended December 31, 2023 under the Company's share repurchase program.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Period
 Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased
 Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)
 Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)

 October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —
 150,188

 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023
 —
 —
 —
 150,188

 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023
 —
 —
 —
 150,188

 Total
 —
 $
 —
 —
 150,188

 (1) On December 19, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to 400,000 shares of the Company's Common Stock. The Company may repurchase shares in open market transactions or by other means, such as privately negotiated transactions. The timing, price and volume of repurchases will be based on market conditions, relevant securities laws and other factors. The share repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of Common Stock, and it may be modified or suspended at any time at the Company's discretion. On October 27, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 200,000 shares under its existing share repurchase program.

 Subsequent to December 31, 2023 through March 11, 2024, the Company purchased 17,239 shares of its Common Stock at a weighted average price of $25.12 per share.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 This section presents management's perspective on our financial condition and results of operations. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this annual report. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management's expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections titled "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors". We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

 General
 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. (the "Parent Corporation") is a bank holding company headquartered in New Canaan, Connecticut. The Parent Corporation offers a broad range of financial services through its banking subsidiary, Bankwell Bank (the "Bank" and, collectively with the Parent Corporation and the Parent Corporation's subsidiaries, "we", "our", "us", or the "Company").
 The Bank is a Connecticut state chartered commercial bank, founded in 2002, whose deposits are insured under the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The Bank provides a wide range of services to clients in our market, an area encompassing approximately a 100 mile radius around our branch network. In addition, the Bank pursues certain types of commercial lending opportunities outside our market, particularly where we have strong relationships. The Bank operates nine branches in New Canaan, Stamford, Fairfield, Westport, Darien, Norwalk, and Hamden, Connecticut.
 The following discussion and analysis presents our results of operations and financial condition on a consolidated basis. However, because we conduct all of our material business operations through the Bank, the discussion and analysis relates to activities primarily conducted at the Bank.
 We generate most of our revenue from interest on loans and investments and fee-based revenues. Our primary source of funding for our loans is deposits. Our largest expenses are interest on these deposits and salaries and related employee benefits. We measure our performance primarily through our net interest margin, efficiency ratio, ratio of ACL-Loans to total loans, return on average assets and return on average equity, among other metrics, while maintaining appropriate regulatory leverage and risk-based capital ratios.

 Selected Financial Data
 The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data as of the dates and for the periods presented. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the selected consolidated statement of income data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 have been derived mainly from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes that we have included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 and the selected consolidated statement of income data for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 has been derived mainly from audited consolidated financial statements that are not presented in this Annual Report.
 The selected historical consolidated financial data as of any date and for any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved as of any future date or for any future period. You should read the following selected statistical and financial data in conjunction with the more detailed information contained in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes that we have presented elsewhere in this Annual Report.

 Selected Financial Data
 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020(g)

 2019

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Statements of Income:

 Interest income
 $
 188,454
 $
 117,945
 $
 81,376
 $
 77,487
 $
 82,948

 Interest expense
 93,986
 23,202
 13,490
 22,652
 29,187

 Net interest income
 67,886
 54,835
 53,761

 Provision (credit) for loan losses
 5,437
 (57)
 7,605

 Net interest income after provision for loan losses
 93,602
 89,306
 67,943
 47,230
 53,324

 Noninterest income
 4,842
 3,040
 5,657
 2,884
 5,244

 Noninterest expense
 39,739
 42,813
 35,626

 Income before income tax
 48,043
 47,983
 33,861
 7,301
 22,942

 Income tax expense
 11,380
 10,554
 7,275
 1,397
 4,726

 26,586
 5,904
 18,216

 Per Share Data:

 Basic earnings per share
 $
 4.71
 $
 4.84
 $
 3.38
 $
 0.75
 $
 2.32

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 4.67
 $
 4.79
 $
 3.36
 $
 0.75
 $
 2.31

 Book value per share (end of period)(a)

 34.84
 31.73
 26.53
 22.77
 23.51

 Tangible book value per share (end of period)(a)(b)

 34.50
 31.39
 26.19
 22.43
 23.15

 Dividend payout ratio(f)

 17.13
 %
 16.70
 %
 19.05
 %
 74.67
 %
 22.51
 %

 Shares outstanding (end of period)(a)

 7,628,288
 7,516,699
 7,612,807
 7,755,909
 7,757,828

 Weighted average shares outstanding–basic
 7,587,768
 7,563,363
 7,706,407
 7,728,328
 7,757,355

 Weighted average shares outstanding–diluted
 7,647,411
 7,640,218
 7,761,811
 7,748,453
 7,784,631

 Performance Ratios:

 Return on average assets(c)

 1.13
 %
 1.44
 %
 1.17
 %
 0.28
 %
 0.97
 %

 Return on average common shareholders' equity(b)

 14.55
 %
 16.72
 %
 13.86
 %
 3.35
 %
 10.20
 %

 Average shareholders' equity to average assets
 7.74
 %
 8.61
 %
 8.46
 %
 8.36
 %
 9.53
 %

 Net interest margin
 2.98
 %
 3.78
 %
 3.17
 %
 2.77
 %
 3.03
 %

 Efficiency ratio(b)

 50.8
 %
 45.4
 %
 53.9
 %
 73.9
 %
 60.2
 %

 Asset Quality Ratios:

 Total past due loans to total loans(d)

 0.78
 %
 0.60
 %
 1.72
 %
 0.93
 %
 0.77
 %

 Nonperforming loans to total loans(d)

 1.81
 %
 0.61
 %
 0.88
 %
 2.06
 %
 0.66
 %

 Nonperforming assets to total assets(e)

 1.53
 %
 0.51
 %
 0.68
 %
 1.48
 %
 0.56
 %

 ACL-Loans to nonperforming loans
 56.79
 %
 136.43
 %
 101.90
 %
 62.87
 %
 127.59
 %

 ACL-Loans to total loans(d)

 1.03
 %
 0.84
 %
 0.89
 %
 1.29
 %
 0.84
 %

 Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans(d)

 0.03
 %
 —
 %
 0.23
 %
 0.01
 %
 0.15
 %

 Statements of Financial Condition:

 $
 $
 $
 2,456,264
 $
 2,253,747
 $
 1,882,182

 Gross portfolio loans(d)

 1,894,881
 1,625,627
 1,604,484

 Investment securities
 127,623
 121,634
 108,409
 106,890
 100,865

 2,123,998
 1,827,316
 1,491,903

 FHLB borrowings
 50,000
 175,000
 150,000

 Subordinated debt
 68,959
 34,441
 25,258
 25,207

 Total equity

 Capital Ratios:

 Tier 1 capital to average assets

 9.81
 %
 9.88
 %
 9.94
 %
 8.44
 %
 10.99
 %

 Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

 11.30
 %
 10.28
 %
 11.18
 %
 11.06
 %
 12.53
 %

 Total capital to risk-weighted assets

 12.32
 %
 11.07
 %
 12.00
 %
 12.28
 %
 13.35
 %

 Total shareholders' equity to total assets
 8.26
 %
 7.33
 %
 8.22
 %
 7.84
 %
 9.69
 %

 Tangible common equity ratio(b)

 8.19
 %
 7.26
 %
 8.13
 %
 7.73
 %
 9.56
 %

 (a)Excludes unvested restricted stock awards.
 (b)This measure is not a measure recognized under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and is therefore considered to be a non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a description of this measure and a reconciliation of this measure to its most directly comparable GAAP measure.
 (c)Calculated based on net income before preferred stock dividend.
 (d)Calculated using the principal amounts outstanding on loans.
 (e)Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans and other real estate owned.
 (f)The dividend payout ratio is the dividends per share divided by diluted earnings per share.
 (g)Performance ratios for the year ended December 31, 2020 were negatively impacted by incremental COVID-19 pandemic related loan loss reserves and a $3.9 million one-time charge related to office consolidation, vendor contract termination and employee severance costs recognized in the fourth quarter of 2020.
 NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
 We identify "efficiency ratio", "tangible common equity ratio", "tangible book value per share", "total revenue" and "return on average common shareholders' equity" as "non-GAAP financial measures." In accordance with the SEC's rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles as in effect from time to time in the United States in our statements of income, balance sheet or statements of cash flows. Non-GAAP financial measures do not include operating and other statistical measures or ratios or statistical measures calculated using exclusively either financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, operating measures or other measures that are not non-GAAP financial measures or both.
 The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this annual report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner in which we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this annual report may differ from that of other companies reporting measures with similar names. You should understand how such other banking organizations calculate their financial measures similar or with names similar to the non-GAAP financial measures we have discussed in this annual report when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures.
 Efficiency ratio is defined as non-interest expenses, less merger and acquisition related expenses, other real estate owned expenses and amortization of intangible assets, divided by our operating revenue, which is equal to net interest income plus non-interest income excluding gains and losses on sales of securities and gains and losses on other real estate owned. In our judgment, the adjustments made to operating revenue allow investors and analysts to better assess our operating expenses in relation to our core operating revenue by removing the volatility that is associated with certain one-time items and other discrete items that are unrelated to our core business.
 Tangible common equity is defined as total shareholders' equity, excluding preferred stock, less goodwill and other intangible assets. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in changes from period to period in common shareholders' equity exclusive of changes in intangible assets. Goodwill, an intangible asset that is recorded in a purchase business combination, has the effect of increasing both common equity and assets while not increasing our tangible common equity or tangible assets.
 Tangible common equity ratio is defined as the ratio of tangible common equity divided by total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in relative changes from period to period in common equity and total assets, each exclusive of changes in intangible assets. We believe that the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is total shareholders' equity to total assets.
 Tangible book value per share is defined as book value, excluding the impact of goodwill and other intangible assets, if any, divided by shares of our common stock outstanding, excluding unvested restricted stock awards.
 Total revenue is defined as the sum of net interest income before provision of loan losses and noninterest income.
 Return on average common shareholders' equity is defined as net income attributable to common shareholders divided by total average shareholders' equity less average preferred stock, if any.
 The information provided below presents a reconciliation of each of our non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Efficiency Ratio

 Noninterest expense
 $
 $
 $
 39,739
 $
 42,813
 $
 35,626

 Less: other real estate owned expenses
 —
 —
 —

 Less: Amortization of intangibles
 —
 —

 Adjusted noninterest expense (numerator)
 $
 $
 $
 39,663
 $
 42,669
 $
 35,514

 Net interest income
 $
 $
 $
 67,886
 $
 54,835
 $
 53,761

 Noninterest income
 4,842
 3,040
 5,657
 2,884
 5,244

 Adjustments for: gains/(losses) on sales of securities
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Adjustments for: gains/(losses) on sale of other real estate owned
 —
 —
 —
 (102)

 Adjusted operating revenue (denominator)
 $
 99,310
 $
 97,783
 $
 73,543
 $
 57,700
 $
 59,031

 Efficiency ratio
 50.8
 %
 45.4
 %
 53.9
 %
 73.9
 %
 60.2
 %

 Tangible Common Equity and
Tangible Common Equity/Tangible Assets

 Total shareholders' equity
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Less: preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common shareholders' equity

 Less: Intangible assets
 2,589
 2,589
 2,589
 2,665
 2,803

 Tangible Common shareholders' equity
 $
 263,163
 $
 235,880
 $
 199,398
 $
 173,937
 $
 179,594

 $
 $
 $
 2,456,264
 $
 2,253,747
 $
 1,882,182

 Less: Intangible assets
 2,589
 2,589
 2,589
 2,665
 2,803

 Tangible assets
 $
 3,212,893
 $
 3,249,860
 $
 2,453,675
 $
 2,251,082
 $
 1,879,379

 Tangible common shareholders' equity to tangible assets
 8.19
 %
 7.26
 %
 8.13
 %
 7.73
 %
 9.56
 %

 Tangible Book Value per Share

 Total shareholders' equity
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Less: preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common shareholders' equity

 Less: Intangible assets
 2,589
 2,589
 2,589
 2,665
 2,803

 Tangible common shareholders' equity
 $
 263,163
 $
 235,880
 $
 199,398
 $
 173,937
 $
 179,594

 Common shares issued
 7,882,616
 7,730,699
 7,803,166
 7,919,278
 7,868,803

 Less: shares of unvested restricted stock
 254,328
 214,000
 190,359
 163,369
 110,975

 Common shares outstanding
 7,628,288
 7,516,699
 7,612,807
 7,755,909
 7,757,828

 Book value per share
 $
 34.84
 $
 31.73
 $
 26.53
 $
 22.77
 $
 23.51

 Less: effects of intangible assets
 0.34
 0.34
 0.34
 0.34
 0.36

 Tangible Book Value per Common Share
 $
 34.50
 $
 31.39
 $
 26.19
 $
 22.43
 $
 23.15

 Total Revenue

 Net interest income
 $
 $
 $
 67,886
 $
 54,835
 $
 53,761

 Add: noninterest income
 4,842
 3,040
 5,657
 2,884
 5,244

 Total Revenue
 $
 99,310
 $
 97,783
 $
 73,543
 $
 57,719
 $
 59,005

 Noninterest income as a percentage of total revenue
 4.88
 %
 3.11
 %
 7.69
 %
 5.00
 %
 8.89
 %

 Return on Average Common Shareholders' Equity

 Net Income Attributable to Common Shareholders
 $
 $
 $
 26,586
 $
 5,904
 $
 18,216

 Total average shareholders' equity
 $
 252,061
 $
 223,874
 $
 191,808
 $
 176,489
 $
 178,510

 Less: average preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Average Common Shareholders' Equity
 $
 252,061
 $
 223,874
 $
 191,808
 $
 176,489
 $
 178,510

 Return on Average Common Shareholders' Equity
 14.55
 %
 16.72
 %
 13.86
 %
 3.35
 %
 10.20
 %

 Executive Overview
 We are focused on being the banking provider of choice and to serve as an alternative to our larger competitors. We aim to do this through:
 • Responsive, client-centric products and services and a community focus;
 • Organic growth and strategic acquisitions when market opportunities present themselves;
 • Utilization of efficient and scalable infrastructure; and
 • Disciplined focus on risk management.

 Key Financial Measures
 The primary measures we use to evaluate and manage our financial results are set forth in the tables below. Although we believe these measures are meaningful in evaluating our results and financial condition, they may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other financial services companies and may not provide an appropriate basis to compare our results or financial condition to the results or financial condition of our competitors. The following tables set forth the key financial measures we use to evaluate the success of our business and our financial position and operating performance.

 Key Financial Measures(a)

 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Selected balance sheet measures:

 $
 $

 Gross portfolio loans

 FHLB borrowings

 Subordinated debt
 68,959

 Total equity

 Selected statement of income measures:

 Total revenue(c)

 99,310
 97,783

 Net interest income before provision for loan losses

 Income before income tax expense
 48,043
 47,983

 Basic earnings per share
 $
 4.71
 $
 4.84

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 4.67
 $
 4.79

 Key Financial Measures(a)

 At or For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Other financial measures and ratios:

 Return on average assets
 1.13
 %
 1.44
 %

 Return on average common shareholders' equity(c)

 14.55
 %
 16.72
 %

 Net interest margin
 2.98
 %
 3.78
 %

 Efficiency ratio(c)

 50.8
 %
 45.4
 %

 Tangible book value per share (end of period)(c)(d)

 $
 34.50
 $
 31.39

 Net charge-offs to average loans(b)

 0.03
 %
 —
 %

 Nonperforming assets to total assets(e)

 1.53
 %
 0.51
 %

 ACL-Loans to nonperforming loans
 56.79
 %
 136.43
 %

 ACL-Loans to total loans(b)

 1.03
 %
 0.84
 %

 (a)We derived the selected balance sheet measures as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the selected statement of income measures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Average balances have been computed using daily averages. Our historical results may not be indicative of our results for any future period.
 (b)Calculated using the principal amounts outstanding on loans.
 (c)This measure is not a measure recognized under GAAP and is therefore considered to be a non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a description of this measure and a reconciliation of this measure to its most directly comparable GAAP measure.
 (d)Excludes unvested restricted stock awards.
 (e)Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans and other real estate owned.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 The discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from our current estimates, as a result of changing conditions and future events.
 We believe that accounting estimates related to the measurement of the ACL-Loans, the valuation of derivative instruments, investment securities and deferred income taxes, and the evaluation of investment securities are particularly critical and susceptible to significant near-term change.

 Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans ("ACL-Loans") and Allowance for Credit Losses-Unfunded commitments ("ACL-Unfunded commitments")
 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses ("ASC 326"), which requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost to be based on historical experience, current condition, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023 and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment that increased the allowance for credit losses for loans and loan commitments by $ 6.4 million, increased deferred tax assets by $ 1.5 million, and decreased retained earnings by $ 4.9 million, net of tax.
 The ACL-Loans is measured on each loan's amortized cost basis, excluding interest receivable, and is initially recognized upon origination or purchase of the loan, and subsequently remeasured on a recurring basis. The ACL-Loans is recognized as a contra-asset, and credit loss expense is recorded as a provision for loan losses in the consolidated statements of income. Loan losses are charged off against the ACL-Loans when management believes the loan is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL-Loans. Loans are normally placed on nonaccrual status if it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the full payment of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, or the loan is past due for a period of 90 days or more unless the obligation is well-secured and is in the process of collection. The Company generally does not recognize an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on accrued interest receivables, consistent with its policy to reverse interest income when interest is 90 days or more past due.
 The Company also records an ACL-Unfunded commitments, which is based on the same assumptions as funded loans and also considers the probability of funding. The ACL is recognized as a liability, and credit loss expense is recorded as a provision for unfunded loan commitments within the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated statements of income.
 For collectively evaluated loans and related unfunded commitments, the Company utilizes software provided by a third party, which includes various models for forecasting expected credit losses, to calculate its ACL. Management selected lifetime loss rate models, utilizing CRE, C&I, and Consumer specific models, to calculate the expected losses over the life of each loan based on exposure at default, loan attributes and reasonable, supportable economic forecasts. The models selected by the Company in its ACL calculation rely upon historical losses from a broad cross section of U.S. banks that also utilize the same third party for ACL calculations. Management reviewed the third party's analysis of the banks included in the models as part of their model development dataset and determined the Company's loan portfolio composition by property type, balance distribution by loan age, and delinquency status are similar, which supports the use of these loss rate models. The Company also noted the third party's model development dataset has loan concentrations that are evenly distributed across the United States, while the Company's portfolio is mainly concentrated in the Northeast. Based on the disparate regional concentration, management determined that a select group of peer banks is necessary to scale the loss rate models to produce an ACL that is more representative of the Company's loan portfolio. This peer-based calibration, called a "peer scalar", utilizes the loss rates of a subset of peer banks to appropriately scale the initial model results. These peers have been selected by the Company given their similar characteristics, such as loan portfolio composition and location, to better align the models' results to the Company's expected losses.
 Key assumptions used in the models include portfolio segmentation, risk rating, forecasted economic scenarios, the peer scalar, and the expected utilization of unfunded commitments, among others. Our loan portfolios are segmented by loan level attributes such as loan type, size, date of origination, and delinquency status to create homogenous loan pools. Pool level metrics are calculated, and loss rates are subsequently applied to the pools as the loans have similar characteristics.
 To account for economic uncertainty, the Company incorporates multiple economic scenarios in determining the ACL. The scenarios include various projections based on variables such as Gross Domestic Product, interest rates, property price indices, and employment measures, among others. The scenarios are probability-weighted based on available information at the time the calculation is conducted. As part of our ongoing governance of ACL, scenario weightings and model parameters are reviewed periodically by management and are subject to change, as deemed appropriate.
 The Company also considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation models. Qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses. Qualitative loss factors are based on the Company's judgment of market, changes in loan composition or concentrations, performance trends, regulatory changes, uncertainty of macroeconomic forecasts, and other asset specific risk characteristics.

 When loans do not share risk characteristics with other financial assets they are evaluated individually. Management applies its normal loan review procedures in making these judgments. Individually evaluated loans consist of loans with credit quality indicators which are substandard or doubtful. The Company also individually evaluates all insurance premium loans. While insurance premium loans are considered consumer loans, the third-party Consumer ACL model is designed for unsecured lending, whereas these loans are secured. To account for the fully secured structure of this type of loan, management determined each loan will be individually evaluated, regardless of the credit quality indicators. These loans are evaluated based upon their collateral, which primarily consists of cash, cash surrender value life insurance, and in some cases real estate. In determining the ACL-Loans for individually evaluated loans, the Company generally applies a discounted cash flow method for instruments that are individually assessed. For collateral dependent financial assets where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. Fair value is generally calculated based on the value of the underlying collateral less an appraisal discount and the estimated cost to sell.
 Loan modifications
 In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (ASU 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. ASU 2022-02 eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 and the impact was immaterial.

 Derivative Instrument Valuation
 The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements as part of the Company's interest rate risk management strategy. Management applies the hedge accounting provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 815, "Hedge Accounting, and formally documents at inception all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the various hedges. Additionally, the Company assesses whether the derivative used in its hedging transaction is expected to be and has been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be or has ceased to be highly effective as a hedge, and then reflects changes in fair value of the derivative in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.
 The Company has interest rate swaps that qualify under ASC Topic 815, as cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are used to minimize the variability in cash flows of assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions caused by fluctuations in the contractually specified interest rates, and are recorded at fair value in other assets within the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings.
 The Company entered into one pay-fixed portfolio layer method fair value swap, designated as a hedging instrument, with a total notional amount of $ 150 million in the first quarter of 2023. The Company designated the fair value swap under the portfolio layer method. Under this method, the hedged item is designated as a hedged layer of a closed portfolio of financial loans that is anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period. Adjustments will be made to record the swap at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying value of the fair value swap on the Consolidated Balance Sheets will also be adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.
 The Company also has derivatives not designated as hedges. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain loan clients. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the client derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.

 Investment Securities Valuation
 Fair values of the Company's investment securities are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. The Company's private placement municipal housing authority bonds, classified as held to maturity, have no available quoted market price. The fair value for these securities is estimated using a discounted cash flow model. Due to the judgments and uncertainties involved in the estimation process, the estimates could result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities ("ACL-Securities")
 Effective January 1, 2023, pursuant to ASU No. 2016-13, each quarter the Company individually evaluates the available for sale debt securities and held to maturity securities for impairment credit losses. Available for sale securities include U.S. Treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, and corporate bonds. U.S. Treasuries and mortgaged-backed securities are guaranteed by the U.S. Government and as a result, management has a zero loss expectation. No ACL-Securities was recorded for these securities as of December 31, 2023. For the corporate bond portfolio, the Company developed a metric which includes each issuer's current credit ratings and key financial performance metrics to assess the underlying performance of each issuer. The analysis of the issuers' performance and the intent of the Company to retain these securities support the determination that there was no expected credit loss, and therefore, no ACL-Securities were recognized on the corporate bond portfolio as of December 31, 2023. Of our held to maturity securities portfolio, one security's fair value was less than its amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. Since this is a highly rated state agency and municipal obligation, the Company's expectation of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. No allowance for ALC-Securities was recorded for this security as of December 31, 2023.

 Deferred Income Taxes
 In accordance with ASC Topic 740, "Income Taxes," certain aspects of accounting for income taxes require significant management judgment, including assessing the realizability of Deferred Tax Assets (DTAs). Such judgments are subjective and involve estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Should actual factors and conditions differ materially from those used by management, the actual realization of DTAs could differ materially from the amounts recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto.
 DTAs generally represent items for which a benefit has been recognized for financial accounting purposes that cannot be realized for tax purposes until a future period. The realization of DTAs depends upon future sources of taxable income. Valuation allowances are established for those DTAs determined not likely to be realized based on management's judgment.

 Earnings and Performance Overview
 2023 Earnings Overview
 Our net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $36.7 million, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 2.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Diluted earnings per share was $4.67 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to diluted earnings per share of $4.79 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our returns on average shareholders' equity and average assets for the year ended December 31, 2023, were 14.55% and 1.13%, respectively, compared to 16.72% and 1.44%, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Revenues (net interest income plus noninterest income) for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $99.3 million, versus $97.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in revenues for the year ended 2023 was primarily attributable to increases in the gain on sales of loans and servicing charges and fees. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in net interest income of $0.3 million.

 Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $36.7 million, versus $37.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to an increase in noninterest expense partially offset by the aforementioned increase in revenues and a decrease in the provision for loan losses.

 Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $94.5 million, a decrease of $0.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Our net interest margin decreased 80 basis points to 2.98% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the net interest margin was due to an increase in funding costs partially offset by an increase in yields on earning assets.

 Results of Operations
 Net Interest Income
 Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on loans and securities and interest paid on deposits and other borrowings, and is the primary source of our operating income. Net interest income is affected by the level of interest rates, changes in interest rates and changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Included in interest income are certain loan fees, such as deferred origination fees and late charges. We convert tax-exempt income to a Fully Taxed Equivalent (FTE) basis using the statutory federal income tax rate adjusted for applicable state income taxes net of the related federal tax benefit. The average balances are principally daily averages. Interest income on loans includes the effect of deferred loan fees and costs accounted for as yield adjustments. Premium amortization and discount accretion are included in the respective interest income and interest expense amounts.
 FTE net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $94.7 million and $94.9 million, respectively. FTE net interest income decreased primarily due to an increase in interest expense partially offset by an increase in interest income attributable to loan growth and higher overall loan yields.
 FTE basis interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $70.3 million, or 59.5%, to $188.7 million compared to FTE basis interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 due primarily to an increase in commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans. Average interest earning assets were $3.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, increasing by $663.5 million, or 26.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2022. The average balance of total loans increased $599.6 million, or 27.9%. The total average balance of securities for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $11.2 million, or 9.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2022. The total yield in earnings assets increased to 5.86% at December 31, 2023, compared to 4.64% at December 31, 2022. The increase in yield was primarily driven by higher yields on loans, as well as higher yields on our cash balances as a result of the overall higher rate environment for 2023.
 Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $70.8 million, or 305.1%, compared to interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to an interest expense on deposits, resulting from an increase in rates paid on interest bearing deposits.

 Distribution of Assets, Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity; Interest Rates and Interest Differential

 The following table presents the average balances and yields earned on interest-earning assets and average balances and weighted average rates paid on our funding liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

Balance
 Yield/
 Rate(4)

Balance
 Yield/
 Rate(4)

 Assets:

 Cash and fed funds sold
 $
 289,582
 $
 14,147
 4.89
 %
 $
 238,233
 $
 3,500
 1.47
 %

 Securities(1)

 129,785
 3,906
 3.01
 118,591
 3,280
 2.77

 Loans:

 1,932,627
 109,110
 5.57
 1,532,971
 76,103
 4.90

 55,607
 2,751
 4.95
 66,028
 2,408
 3.65

 195,773
 14,268
 7.19
 115,902
 6,666
 5.67

 533,736
 41,406
 7.65
 427,178
 25,561
 5.90

 34,022
 2,646
 7.77
 10,121
 4.98

 2,751,765
 170,181
 6.10
 2,152,200
 111,242
 5.10

 Federal Home Loan Bank stock
 5,570
 7.68
 4,132
 3.00

 Total earning assets
 3,176,702
 $
 188,661
 5.86
 %
 2,513,156
 $
 118,146
 4.64
 %

 79,571
 86,485

 $
 3,256,273
 $
 2,599,641

 Liabilities and shareholders' equity:

 Interest bearing liabilities:

 NOW
 $
 97,203
 $
 0.17
 %
 $
 118,837
 $
 0.17
 %

 906,354
 32,901
 3.63
 891,095
 8,830
 0.99

 113,260
 3,163
 2.79
 188,186
 1,259
 0.67

 Time
 1,303,915
 50,672
 3.89
 617,480
 9,072
 1.47

 Total interest bearing deposits
 2,420,732
 86,906
 3.59
 1,815,598
 19,364
 1.07

 Borrowed money
 160,661
 7,080
 4.35
 118,960
 3,838
 3.18

 Total interest bearing liabilities
 2,581,393
 $
 93,986
 3.64
 %
 1,934,558
 $
 23,202
 1.20
 %

 Noninterest bearing deposits
 368,926
 401,005

 Other liabilities
 53,893
 40,204

 Total liabilities
 3,004,212
 2,375,767

 Shareholders' equity
 252,061
 223,874

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 3,256,273
 $
 2,599,641

 Net interest income(2)

 $
 94,675
 $
 94,944

 Interest rate spread
 2.22
 %
 3.44
 %

 Net interest margin(3)

 2.98
 %
 3.78
 %

 (1)Average balances and yields for securities are based on amortized cost.
 (2)The adjustment for securities and loans taxable equivalency was $207 thousand and $201 thousand, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Tax exempt income was converted to a fully taxable equivalent basis at a 20 percent tax rate for 2023 and 2022.
 (3)Net interest income as a percentage of total earning assets.
 (4)Yields are calculated using the contractual day count convention for each respective product type.

 Effect of changes in interest rates and volume of average earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities
 The following table shows the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of average earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities have affected net interest income. For each category of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided relating to: changes in volume (changes in average balances multiplied by the prior year's average interest rates); changes in rates (changes in average interest rates multiplied by the prior year's average balances); and the total change. Changes attributable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionately based on the relationship of the absolute dollar amount of change in each.

 Year Ended
December 31, 2023 vs 2022
Increase (Decrease)

 Volume
 Rate
 Total

 Interest and dividend income:

 Cash and fed funds sold
 $
 $
 9,744
 $
 10,647

 Securities

 Loans:

 21,624
 11,384
 33,008

 (422)

 5,466
 2,136
 7,602

 7,228
 8,617
 15,845

 1,730
 2,140

 35,626
 23,311
 58,937

 Federal Home Loan Bank stock

 Total change in interest and dividend income
 $
 36,908
 $
 33,606
 $
 70,514

 Interest expense:

 Deposits:

 NOW
 $
 (38)
 $
 $
 (34)

 23,918
 24,071

 (679)
 2,583
 1,904

 Time
 16,775
 24,825
 41,600

 Total deposits
 16,211
 51,330
 67,541

 Borrowed money
 1,583
 1,659
 3,242

 Total change in interest expense
 17,794
 52,989
 70,783

 Change in net interest income
 $
 19,114
 $
 (19,383)
 $
 (269)

 Provision for Loan Losses
 The provision for loan losses is based on management's periodic assessment of the adequacy of our ACL-Loans which, in turn, is based on such interrelated factors as the composition of our loan portfolio and its inherent risk characteristics, the level of nonperforming loans and net charge-offs, both current and historic, local economic and credit conditions, the direction of real estate values, and regulatory guidelines. The provision for loan losses is charged against earnings in order to maintain our ACL-Loans and reflects management's best estimate of probable losses inherent in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.
 The provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.9 million compared to a $5.4 million provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Noninterest Income
 Noninterest income is a component of our revenue and is comprised primarily of fees generated from loan and deposit relationships with our clients, fees generated from sales and referrals of loans, income earned on bank owned life insurance and gains on sales of investment securities. The following table compares noninterest income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Years Ended

Change

 2023
 2022
 $
 %

 Gains and fees from sales of loans
 $
 1,972
 $
 1,236
 $
 %

 Bank owned life insurance
 1,192
 1,069

 Service charges and fees
 1,629
 1,072

 Other
 (337)
 Favorable

 Total noninterest income
 $
 4,842
 $
 3,040
 $
 1,802
 %

 Noninterest income increased by $1.8 million to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly driven by an increase in gains on SBA loan sales and service charges and fees.

 Noninterest Expense
 The following table compares noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Years Ended

Change

 2023
 2022
 $
 %

 Salaries and employee benefits
 $
 24,595
 $
 22,237
 $
 2,358
 %

 Occupancy and equipment
 8,665
 8,297

 Data processing
 2,888
 2,632

 Professional services
 3,538
 3,887
 (349)
 (9)

 Director fees
 1,812
 1,394

 FDIC insurance
 4,164
 1,638
 2,526

 Marketing

 Other
 4,088
 3,912

 Total noninterest expense
 $
 $
 $
 6,038
 %

 Noninterest expense increased by $6.0 million, or 14%, to $50.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily driven by an increase in FDIC insurance expense and salaries and employee benefits expense.
 FDIC insurance expense totaled $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $2.5 million when compared to the same period in 2022. The higher FDIC insurance expense is attributed to the overall balance sheet growth and higher brokered deposit balances.
 Salaries and employee benefits expense totaled $24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $2.4 million when compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in salaries and employee benefits expense mainly driven by lower loan originations which lowers the amount of origination expenses the Bank is able to defer.

 Income Taxes
 Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $11.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively. The effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were 23.7% and 22.0%, respectively.
 Our net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2023 was $9.4 million, compared to $7.4 million at December 31, 2022.
 On October 8, 2015, the Bank established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Bankwell Loan Servicing Group, Inc. (a Passive Investment Company "PIC"). The PIC was organized in accordance with Connecticut statutes to hold and manage certain loans that are collateralized by real estate. Income earned by the PIC is exempt from Connecticut income tax and any dividends paid by the PIC to the Bank are not taxable income for Connecticut income tax purposes. See Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding income taxes.

 Financial Condition
 Summary
 Assets totaled $3.2 billion at December 31, 2023, compared to assets of $3.3 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in assets was primarily due to loan growth. Gross loans totaled $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $43.2 million or 1.6% compared to December 31, 2022. Deposits totaled $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023, compared to deposits of $2.8 billion at December 31, 2022.

 Shareholders' equity totaled $265.8 million as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $27.3 million compared to December 31, 2022, primarily a result of net income of $36.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 The increase was partially offset by the Day 1 CECL adoption impact of $4.9 million, dividends paid of $6.2 million, and a $1.5 million unfavorable impact to accumulated other comprehensive income. The unfavorable impact to accumulated other comprehensive income was driven by fair value marks related to hedge positions involving interest rate swaps of $2.4 million partially offset by fair value marks on the Company's available for sale investment securities portfolio of $0.9 million. The Company's interest rate swaps are used to hedge interest rate risk.

 Loan Portfolio
 We originate commercial real estate loans, construction loans, commercial business loans and consumer loans in our market. We also pursue certain types of commercial lending opportunities outside our market, particularly where we have strong business relationships. Our loan portfolio is the largest category of our earnings assets.
 The following table compares the composition of our loan portfolio for the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022
 Change

 Total
 %
 Total
 %
 Total

 $
 1.87
 %
 $
 2.27
 %
 $
 (9,657)

 71.64
 71.81
 26,396

 6.75
 5.80
 28,216

 2,181,993
 80.26
 2,137,038
 79.88
 44,955

 18.41
 19.45
 (19,878)

 1.33
 0.67
 18,082

 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 43,159

 Primary loan categories
 Residential real estate. Residential real estate loans decreased by $9.7 million, or 15.9%, at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 and amounted to $50.9 million, representing 2% of total loans at December 31, 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2017, management made the strategic decision to cease originating residential mortgage loans.
 Commercial real estate. Commercial real estate loans were $1.9 billion and represented 72% of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023, a net increase of $26.4 million, or 1.4%, from December 31, 2022. Commercial real estate loans are secured by a variety of property types, including healthcare facilities, office buildings, retail facilities, commercial mixed use and multi-family dwellings.

 The following table compares the composition of our commercial real estate loan portfolio by non-owner occupied and owner occupied loans at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 2023
 2022
 Change

 Total
 %
 Total
 %
 Total

 Commercial real estate loans:

 Non-owner occupied
 $
 1,228,126
 63.08
 %
 $
 1,224,470
 63.73
 %
 $
 3,656

 Owner occupied
 718,780
 36.92
 696,782
 36.27
 21,998

 Total commercial real estate loans(1)

 $
 1,946,906
 %
 $
 %
 $
 25,654

 (1) Excludes the positive fair value effect of the portfolio layer swap of $742 thousand for Commercial Real Estate at December 31, 2023.
 Construction. Construction loans were $183.4 million at December 31 2023, an increase of $28.2 million, or 18.2%, from December 31, 2022. Commercial construction loans consist of commercial development projects, such as apartment buildings and condominiums, as well as office buildings, retail and other income producing properties and land loans.
 Commercial business. Commercial business loans were $500.6 million and represented 18.4% of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2023, a net decrease of $19.9 million, or 3.8%, from December 31, 2022. Commercial business loans primarily provide working capital, equipment financing, financing for leasehold improvements and financing for expansion and are generally secured by assignments of corporate assets, real estate and personal guarantees of the business owners.
 Consumer loans. Consumer loans were $36.0 million and represented 1.3% of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $18.1 million, or 100.7%. We do not expect our consumer loans to become a material component of our loan portfolio, as we do not engage in any material amount of consumer lending. This portfolio segment includes loans to finance insurance premiums secured by the cash surrender value of life insurance and marketable securities, overdraft lines of credit, and unsecured personal loans to high net worth individuals.

 Current environment
 We evaluate the appropriateness of our underwriting standards in response to changes in national and regional economic conditions, including such matters as market interest rates, energy prices, trends in real estate values, and employment levels. Based on our assessment of these matters, underwriting standards and credit monitoring activities are enhanced from time to time in response to changes in these conditions. In response to the economic environment in 2023, the Company:
 • increased and expanded its monitoring of our entire loan portfolio, with added focus on our commercial real estate loan portfolio,
 • added resources in the Portfolio Management Department;
 • expanded reporting to Directors' Loan Committee and the Board of Directors which includes:
 upcoming commercial real estate maturity schedule, including loan to value, debt service coverage ratio, occupancy, and commentary on expected refinance or payoff status, maturity by property type and owner occupied or non-owner-occupied status;
 individual loan level detail of the performance on our residential care portfolio and our insurance agency portfolio.
 • expanded the scope of our third-party loan review from 60% of the loan portfolio to include all new and renewed loans originated since September 2022, all residential care loans, all commercial real estate loans secured by office properties where the loan balance is greater than one million dollars, and all loans with addresses in New York City; and
 • enhanced our covenant tracking and reporting to the Directors Loan Committee.

 The following table compares the composition of our commercial real estate loan portfolio by property type, and collateral location as of December 31, 2023:

 Commercial Real Estate
 CT
 All Other NY
 NYC
 NJ
 FL
 OH
 PA
 All Other
 Total(1)

 Residential care(2)

 $
 —
 $
 43,072
 $
 41,154
 $
 22,382
 $
 296,976
 $
 80,221
 $
 23,709
 $
 127,901
 $
 635,415

 Retail
 134,215
 87,011
 7,450
 21,594
 17,078
 3,586
 37,792
 98,846
 407,572

 Multifamily
 166,926
 31,050
 52,296
 7,203
 —
 —
 —
 —
 257,475

 Office
 69,752
 22,665
 —
 38,260
 2,293
 —
 —
 60,073
 193,043

 Industrial / warehouse
 74,446
 14,445
 20,048
 17,138
 2,798
 —
 —
 23,201
 152,076

 Mixed use
 46,303
 1,157
 51,074
 10,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
 108,534

 Medical office
 48,304
 —
 1,466
 —
 —
 4,919
 3,900
 20,145
 78,734

 1-4 family investment
 13,967
 13,528
 1,936
 2,809
 17,420
 —
 —
 —
 49,660

 All other(3)

 20,344
 20,578
 23,475
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 64,397

 $
 574,257
 $
 233,506
 $
 198,899
 $
 119,386
 $
 336,565
 $
 88,726
 $
 65,401
 $
 330,166
 $
 1,946,906

 (1) Excludes the positive fair value effect of the portfolio layer swap of $742 thousand for Commercial Real Estate at December 31, 2023.
 (2) Primarily consists of skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.
 (3) Includes Special use, self storage, and land.
 During 2023, we conducted a detailed review of every general office loan in our portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had $193.0 million of loans collateralized by offices, which represented 7.1% of the total loan portfolio. Most of the properties in this portfolio are in suburban locations, including all the New York State properties, which are all located in Westchester County. 96.9% of this portfolio was pass rated, and there were two relationships totaling $6.0 million on nonaccrual status. We also performed an additional review of our multifamily exposure. As of December 31, 2023, we had $257.5 million of loans collateralized by multifamily properties, which represented 9.5% of the total loan portfolio. 100% of the portfolio is pass rated. These properties are all located in Connecticut, New York, or New Jersey, with the majority in suburban locations. Nine properties totaling $52.3 million, with an average balance of $5.8 million, are in New York City.

 The following table presents an analysis of the commercial real estate portfolio's loan to value at origination and by property type as of December 31, 2023.

 Commercial Real Estate
 Total CRE Portfolio(1)

 Percentage of Total CRE Portfolio
 Loan to Value %

 Property Type

 Residential care(2)

 $
 635,415
 32.6
 %
 67.8
 %

 Retail
 407,572
 20.9
 63.6

 Multifamily
 257,475
 13.2
 61.4

 Office
 193,043
 9.9
 64.1

 Industrial / warehouse
 152,076
 7.8
 63.6

 Mixed use
 108,534
 5.6
 61.2

 Medical office
 78,734
 4.0
 66.2

 1-4 family investment
 49,660
 2.6
 58.2

 All other
 64,397
 3.3
 58.0

 Total
 $
 1,946,906
 100.0
 %
 64.4
 %

 (1) Excludes the positive fair value effect of the portfolio layer swap of $742 thousand for Commercial Real Estate at December 31, 2023.
 (2) Primarily consists of skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.
 The following table presents an analysis of the maturity of our commercial real estate, commercial construction and commercial business loan portfolios as of December 31, 2023.

 Real Estate(1)

 Business(1)

 Total

 Amounts due:

 One year or less
 $
 313,136
 $
 64,099
 $
 163,385
 $
 540,620

 After one year:

 One to five years
 1,281,385
 105,709
 204,650
 1,591,744

 Over five years
 352,385
 13,606
 132,355
 498,346

 Total due after one year
 1,633,770
 119,315
 337,005
 2,090,090

 Total
 $
 1,946,906
 $
 $
 500,390
 $
 2,630,710

 (1) Excludes the positive fair value effect of the portfolio layer swap of $742 thousand for Commercial Real Estate and $179 thousand for Commercial Business.

 The following table presents an analysis of the interest rate sensitivity of our commercial real estate, commercial construction and commercial business loan portfolios due after one year as of December 31, 2023.

 Adjustable
Interest Rate
 Fixed Interest
Rate
 Total

 $
 170,090
 $
 1,463,680
 $
 1,633,770

 Commercial construction
 68,976
 50,339
 119,315

 168,672
 168,333
 337,005

 Total loans due after one year
 $
 407,738
 $
 1,682,352
 $
 2,090,090

 Asset Quality
 We actively manage asset quality through our underwriting practices and collection operations. Our Board of Directors monitors credit risk management. The Directors' Loan Committee ("DLC") has primary oversight responsibility for the credit-granting function including approval authority for credit-granting policies, review of management's credit-granting activities and approval of large exposure credit requests, as well as loan review and problem loan management and resolution. The committee reports the results of its respective oversight functions to our Board of Directors. In addition, our Board of Directors receives information concerning asset quality measurements and trends on a monthly basis. While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, our loan portfolio is not immune to potential negative consequences as a result of general economic weakness, such as a prolonged downturn in the real estate market on a national scale. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for loans. In addition, adverse changes in the economy could have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make scheduled loan payments, which would likely have an adverse impact on earnings.
 The Company has established credit policies applicable to each type of lending activity in which it engages. The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of each client and extends credit of up to 80% of the market value of the collateral, depending on the borrower's creditworthiness and the type of collateral. The borrower's ability to service the debt is monitored on an ongoing basis. Real estate is the primary form of collateral. Other important forms of collateral are business assets, time deposits and marketable securities. While collateral provides assurance as a secondary source of repayment, the Company ordinarily requires the primary source of repayment for commercial loans, to be based on the borrower's ability to generate continuing cash flows. In the fourth quarter of 2017 management made the strategic decision to cease originating residential mortgage loans. In the third quarter of 2019, the Company stopped offering home equity loans or lines of credit. The Company's policy for residential lending generally required that the amount of the loan may not exceed 80% of the original appraised value of the property. In certain situations, the amount may have exceeded 80% LTV either with private mortgage insurance being required for that portion of the residential loan in excess of 80% of the appraised value of the property or where secondary financing is provided by a housing authority program second mortgage, a community's low/moderate income housing program, or a religious or civic organization.
 Credit risk management involves a partnership between our relationship managers and our credit approval, portfolio management, credit administration and collections staff. Disciplined underwriting, portfolio monitoring and early problem recognition are important aspects of maintaining our high credit quality standards and low levels of nonperforming assets since our inception in 2002.
 Acquired Loans. Loans acquired in acquisitions are initially recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for credit losses. Acquired loans that have evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments will not be collected are initially recorded at fair value without recording an ACL-Loans. The fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions to estimate the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows initially expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at an appropriate market rate of interest.
 Under the accounting model for acquired loans, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying amount of the loans, referred to as the "accretable yield", is accreted into interest income over the life of the loans. Accordingly, acquired loans are not subject to classification as nonaccrual in the same manner as originated loans. Rather, acquired loans are considered to be accruing loans because their interest income relates to the accretable yield recognized and not to contractual interest payments. The excess of the loans' contractually required payments over the cash flows expected to be collected is the nonaccretable difference. As such, charge-offs on acquired loans are first applied to the nonaccretable difference and then to any ACL-Loans recognized subsequent to the acquisition. A decrease in expected cash flows in subsequent periods may indicate that the loan pool is a credit loss, which would require the establishment of an ACL-Loans by a charge to the provision for loan losses.

 Nonperforming Assets. Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and property acquired through foreclosures or repossession. The following table presents nonperforming assets and additional asset quality data for the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

 Nonaccrual loans:

 $
 1,386
 $
 2,152

 23,009
 2,781

 15,430
 2,126

 9,382
 9,382

 Total nonaccrual loans
 49,207
 16,441

 Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession, net
 —
 —

 Total nonperforming assets
 $
 49,207
 $
 16,441

 Nonperforming assets to total assets
 1.53
 %
 0.51
 %

 Nonperforming loans to total loans
 1.81
 %
 0.61
 %

 Total nonaccrual loans were $49.2 million as of December 31, 2023. Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets was 1.53% at December 31, 2023, when compared to 0.51% at December 31, 2022. The ACL-Loans at December 31, 2023 was $27.9 million, representing 1.03% of total loans.
 Nonaccrual Loans. Loans greater than 90 days past due are generally put on nonaccrual status. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. Interest previously accrued, but uncollected, is reversed against current period income. Subsequent payments are recognized on a cash basis or principal recapture basis depending on a number of factors including probability of collection and if a credit loss is identified. A nonaccrual loan is restored to accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to any borrower on nonaccrual status.
 Past Due Loans. When a loan is 15 days past due, the Company sends the borrower a late notice. The Company attempts to contact the borrower by phone if the delinquency is not corrected promptly after the notice has been sent. When the loan is 30 days past due, the Company mails the borrower a letter reminding the borrower of the delinquency, and attempts to contact the borrower personally to determine the reason for the delinquency and ensure the borrower understands the terms of the loan. If necessary, after the 90th day of delinquency, the Company may take other appropriate legal action. A summary report of all loans 30 days or more past due is provided to the Board of Directors of the Company periodically. Loans greater than 90 days past due are generally put on nonaccrual status. A nonaccrual loan is restored to accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt. A loan is considered to be no longer delinquent when timely payments are made for a period of at least six months (one year for loans providing for quarterly or semi-annual payments) by the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms.

 The following table presents past due loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 30–59 Days Past Due
 60–89 Days Past Due
 90 Days or Greater Past Due
 Total Past Due

 As of December 31, 2023

 $
 —
 $
 1,220
 $
 $
 1,352

 1,851
 2,328

 —
 —
 9,382
 9,382

 6,568
 1,648
 —
 8,216

 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 6,763
 $
 3,150
 $
 11,365
 $
 21,278

 As of December 31, 2022

 $
 1,969
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,140

 —
 2,540
 2,606

 —
 —
 9,382
 9,382

 —
 1,910
 1,933

 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 2,058
 $
 —
 $
 14,003
 $
 16,061

 Total past due loans totaled $21.3 million and represented 0.78% of total loans as of December 31, 2023, increasing $5.2 million from December 31, 2022.
 Modifications. Loans are considered restructured when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the Bank has granted concessions to a borrower due to the borrower's financial condition that we otherwise would not have considered. These concessions may include modifications of the terms of the debt such as reduction of the stated interest rate other than normal market rate adjustments, extension of maturity dates, or reduction of principal balance or accrued interest. The decision to restructure a loan, rather than aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit us by increasing the ultimate probability of collection.
 Restructured loans are classified as accruing or nonaccruing based on management's assessment of the collectability of the loan. Loans which are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term. There were no nonaccrual loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2023. There were seven nonaccrual loans modified totaling $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The following table presents information on modified loans:

 2023
 2022

 Accruing modified loans:

 $
 2,325
 $
 1,694

 —
 15,893

 2,060
 2,147

 Accruing modified loans
 4,385
 19,734

 Nonaccrual modified loans:

 $
 1,351
 $
 2,113

 10,606
 —

 Nonaccrual modified loans
 12,061
 2,480

 Total modified loans
 $
 16,446
 $
 22,214

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans classified as modified totaled $16.4 million and $22.2 million, respectively.
 Potential Problem Loans. We classify certain loans as "special mention", "substandard", or "doubtful", based on criteria consistent with guidelines provided by our banking regulators. Potential problem loans represent loans that are currently performing, but for which known information about possible credit problems of the related borrowers causes management to have doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the present loan repayment terms and which may result in disclosure of such loans as nonperforming at some time in the future. We cannot predict the extent to which economic conditions or other factors may impact borrowers and the potential problem loans. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that other loans will not become 90 days or more past due, be placed on nonaccrual, become restructured, or require increased allowance coverage and provision for loan losses. Potential problem loans are assessed for loss exposure using the methods described in Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption "Credit Quality Indicators".
 We expect the levels of nonperforming assets and potential problem loans to fluctuate in response to changing economic and market conditions, and the relative sizes of the respective loan portfolios, along with our degree of success in resolving problem assets. We take a proactive approach with respect to the identification and resolution of problem loans.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans ("ACL-Loans")
 Our Board of Directors has adopted an Allowance for Credit Losses policy designed to provide management with a methodology for determining and documenting the allowance for credit losses for each reporting period. We evaluate the adequacy of the ACL-Loans at least quarterly, and in determining our ACL-Loans, we estimate losses on specific loans, or groups of loans, where the probable loss can be identified and reasonably determined. The balance of our ACL-Loans is based on internally assigned risk classifications of loans, the Bank's and peer banks' historical loss experience, changes in the nature of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, industry concentrations, delinquency trends, current economic factors and the estimated impact of current economic conditions on certain historical loan loss rates. See additional discussion regarding our Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans ("ACL-Loans") and Allowance for Credit Losses-Unfunded commitments ("ACL-Unfunded commitments") under the caption "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates."
 Our general practice is to identify problem credits early and recognize full or partial charge-offs as promptly as practicable when it is determined that it is probable that the loan will not be repaid according to its original contractual terms, including principal and interest. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent loans are recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. We do not recognize a recovery when an updated appraisal indicates a subsequent increase in value of the collateral.
 Our charge-off policies, which comply with standards established by our banking regulators, are consistently applied from period to period. Charge-offs are recorded on a monthly basis, as incurred. Partially charged-off loans continue to be evaluated on a monthly basis and additional charge-offs or loan loss provisions may be recorded on the remaining loan balance based on the same criteria.

 The following table presents the activity in our ACL-Loans and related ratios for the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $
 16,902

 Day 1 CECL Adjustment on January 1, 2023
 5,079
 —

 Charge-offs:

 —
 —

 (824)
 —

 —
 —

 (440)
 —

 (83)
 (22)

 Total charge-offs
 (1,347)
 (22)

 Recoveries:

 —
 —

 —

 Total recoveries

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 (777)

 Provision charged to earnings
 1,213
 5,437

 Balance at end of period
 $
 27,946
 $

 Net recoveries or charge-offs to average loans
 0.03
 %
 —
 %

 ACL-Loans to total loans

 1.03
 %
 0.84
 %

 At December 31, 2023, our ACL-Loans was $27.9 million and represented 1.03% of total loans, compared to $22.4 million, or 0.84% of total loans at December 31, 2022. The increase relates to the CECL transition adjustment to retained earnings. The increase in the ACL-Loans provision for credit losses was primarily driven by forward looking CECL macroeconomic factors.
 The carrying amount of total individually evaluated loans at December 31, 2023 was $105.0 million. This compares to a carrying amount of $42.8 million for total individually evaluated loans at December 31, 2022. The amount of ACL-Loans related to individually evaluated loans was $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The following table presents the allocation of the ACL-Loans, the ACL-Loans percentage, and the related loan segments to total loans percentage:

 2023
 2022

 ACL-Loans Amount
 ACL-Loans Percentage
 Loan Segment to Total Loans Percentage
 ACL-Loans Amount
 ACL-Loans Percentage
 Loan Segment to Total Loans Percentage

 $
 0.53
 %
 1.87
 %
 $
 0.73
 %
 2.27
 %

 20,950
 74.97
 71.64
 15,597
 69.53
 71.81

 1,699
 6.08
 6.75
 1.39
 5.80

 4,562
 16.32
 18.41
 6,214
 27.70
 19.45

 2.10
 1.33
 0.65
 0.67

 Total

 $
 27,946
 %
 %
 $
 %
 %

 The allocation of the ACL-Loans at December 31, 2023 reflects our assessment of credit risk and probable loss within each portfolio. We believe that the level of the ACL-Loans at December 31, 2023 is appropriate to cover probable losses.

 Investment Securities
 We manage our investment securities portfolio to provide a readily available source of liquidity for balance sheet management, to generate interest income and to implement interest rate risk management strategies. Investments are designated as either marketable equity, available for sale, held to maturity or trading securities at the time of purchase. We do not currently maintain a portfolio of trading securities. Investment securities available for sale may be sold in response to changes in market conditions, prepayment risk, rate fluctuations, liquidity, or capital requirements. Investment securities available for sale are reported at fair value, with any unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity, net of tax, until realized. Investment securities held to maturity are reported at amortized cost. Marketable equity securities are reported at fair value, with any changes in fair value recognized in earnings.
 The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities as of the dates indicated are presented in the following table:

 2023
 2022

Cost
 Fair
Value
Cost
 Fair
Value

 $
 2,202
 $
 2,070
 $
 2,138
 $
 1,988

 Securities available for sale:

 100,276
 95,226
 95,352
 88,425

 17,000
 17,000
 15,238

 Total securities available for sale
 $
 117,276
 $
 $
 112,352
 $

 Securities held to maturity:

 $
 15,785
 $
 15,870
 $
 15,947
 $
 15,398

 Government mortgage-backed securities

 Total securities held to maturity
 $
 $
 15,903
 $
 $
 15,435

 At December 31, 2023, the carrying value of our investment securities portfolio totaled $127.6 million and represented 4% of total assets, compared to $121.6 million and 4% of total assets at December 31, 2022. The increase of $6.0 million primarily reflects purchases of treasury bonds. We purchase investment grade securities with a focus on liquidity, earnings and duration exposure.
 The net unrealized losses on our investment portfolio at December 31, 2023 was $7.5 million and included $0.8 million of gross unrealized gains. The net unrealized loss position on our investment portfolio at December 31, 2022 was $9.2 million and included $0.3 million of gross unrealized gains.

 The following tables summarize the amortized cost and weighted average yield of securities in our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, based on remaining period to contractual maturity. Information for mortgage-backed securities is based on the final contractual maturity dates without considering repayments and prepayments.
 Due Within 1 Year
 Due 1–5 Years
 Due 5–10 Years
 Due After 10 Years or No Contractual Maturity

 At December 31, 2023
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 2,202
 2.19
 %

 Securities available for sale:

 9,836
 4.27
 55,288
 2.15
 27,229
 2.62
 7,923
 1.87

 —
 —
 —
 15,500
 4.18
 1,500
 4.50

 Total securities available for sale
 $
 9,836
 4.27
 %
 $
 55,288
 2.15
 %
 $
 42,729
 3.18
 %
 $
 9,423
 2.28
 %

 Securities held to maturity:

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 15,785
 5.09
 %

 Government mortgage-backed securities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5.43

 Total securities held to maturity
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 5.09
 %

 Due Within 1 Year
 Due 1–5 Years
 Due 5–10 Years
 Due After 10 Years or No Contractual Maturity

 At December 31, 2022
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield
Cost
 Yield

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 2,138
 2.20
 %

 Securities available for sale:

 —
 —
 55,262
 1.99
 31,527
 2.61
 8,563
 0.39

 —
 —
 —
 —
 15,500
 4.18
 1,500
 4.50

 Total securities available for sale
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 55,262
 1.99
 %
 $
 47,027
 3.12
 %
 $
 10,063
 2.24
 %

 Securities held to maturity:

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 15,947
 5.09
 %

 Government mortgage-backed securities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5.43

 Total securities held to maturity
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 31,930
 5.09
 %

 Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI")
 BOLI amounted to $51.4 million as of December 31, 2023. The purchase of life insurance policies results in an income-earning asset on our consolidated balance sheet that provides monthly tax-free income to us. We expect to benefit from the BOLI contracts as a result of the tax-free growth in cash surrender value and death benefits that are expected to be generated over time. BOLI is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at its cash surrender value. Increases in the cash surrender value are reported as a component of noninterest income in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

 Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds
 Our sources of funds include deposits, including brokered deposits, FHLB borrowings, subordinated debt and proceeds from the sales, maturities and payments of loans and investment securities.
 Total deposits represented 85% of our total assets at December 31, 2023. While scheduled loan and securities repayments are relatively stable sources of funds, loan and securities prepayments and deposit inflows are influenced by prevailing interest rates and local economic conditions and are inherently uncertain.

 We offer a wide variety of deposit products and rates to consumer and business clients consistent with FDIC regulations. Our executive management team meets regularly to determine pricing and marketing initiatives. In addition to being an important source of funding for us, deposits also provide an ongoing stream of fee revenue.
 We participate in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service ("CDARS") and Insured Cash Sweep Service ("ICS") programs. We use CDARS and ICS to place client funds into certificate of deposit accounts and money market accounts, respectively, into other participating banks. These transactions occur in amounts that are less than FDIC insurance limits to ensure that deposit clients are eligible for FDIC insurance on the full amount of their deposits. Reciprocal amounts of deposits are received from other participating banks that do the same with their client deposits, and, we also execute one-way buy transactions. CDARS one-way and ICS one-way buy transactions are considered to be brokered deposits for bank regulatory purposes.
 Time deposits may also be generated through the use of a listing service. We subscribe to a listing service, accessible to financial institutions, in which we may advertise our time deposit rates. Interested financial institutions then contact us directly to acquire a time certificate of deposit. There is no third party brokerage service involved in this transaction.
 The following table sets forth the composition of our deposits for the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

Rate
Rate

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 12.65
 %
 —
 %
 $
 14.44
 %
 —
 %

 NOW
 90,829
 3.32
 0.17
 104,057
 3.72
 0.17

 887,352
 32.42
 3.63
 913,868
 32.63
 0.99

 3.56
 2.79
 5.42
 0.67

 Time
 48.05
 3.89
 1,226,390
 43.79
 1.47

 Total deposits
 $
 %
 3.59
 %
 $
 %
 1.07
 %

 Total deposits were $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $64.1 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2022.
 Brokered certificates of deposits ("Brokered CDs") totaled $860.5 million and $976.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Brokered money market accounts totaled $91.4 million and $41.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no certificates of deposits from national listing services, one-way buy CDARS or one-way buy ICS at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Brokered deposits are comprised of Brokered CDs, brokered money market accounts, one-way buy CDARS, and one-way buy ICS.
 As of December 31, 2023, our FDIC insured deposits were $1,945.9 million, or 71% of total deposits. Additionally, $110.0 million of deposits are insured by standby letters of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston, or 4% of total deposits.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, time deposits, including CDARS and Brokered CDs, with a denomination of $100 thousand or more totaled $1.2 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, maturing during the periods indicated in the table below:

 2023
 2022

 Maturing:

 Within 3 months
 $
 343,084
 $
 251,036

 After 3 but within 6 months
 317,534
 252,673

 After 6 months but within 1 year
 244,472
 530,400

 After 1 year
 294,641
 123,130

 Total
 $
 1,199,731
 $
 1,157,239

 Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings
 The Bank is a member of the FHLB, which is part of a twelve district Federal Home Loan Bank System. Members are required to own capital stock of the FHLB, and borrowings are collateralized by qualifying assets not otherwise pledged. The maximum amount of credit that the FHLB will extend varies from time to time, depending on its policies and the amount of qualifying collateral the member can pledge. The Bank had satisfied its collateral requirement at December 31, 2023.
 We utilize advances from the FHLB as part of our overall funding strategy, to meet short-term liquidity needs and to manage interest rate risk arising from the difference in asset and liability maturities. Total FHLB advances were $90.0 million at December 31, 2023 and $90.0 million at December 31, 2022.
 The Bank has additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB up to a certain percentage of the value of qualified collateral. In accordance with agreements with the FHLB, the qualified collateral must be free and clear of liens, pledges and encumbrances. At December 31, 2023, the Bank had pledged $927.1 million of eligible loans as collateral to support borrowing capacity at the FHLB of Boston. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had immediate availability to borrow an additional $344.4 million based on qualified collateral.
 Advances from the FHLB include short-term advances with original maturity dates of one year or less. The following table sets forth certain information concerning short-term FHLB advances as of and for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022

 Average amount outstanding during the period
 $
 91,589
 $
 71,740

 Amount outstanding at end of period

 Highest month end balance during the period
 100,000
 130,000

 Weighted average interest rate at end of period(1)

 3.24
 %
 2.29
 %

 (1) $50 million of the Company's FHLB borrowings are subject to longer term interest rate swap agreements and the weighted average rate reflects the "all-in" swap rate under these long interest rate term swap agreements.
 On October 14, 2021, the Company completed a private placement of a $35.0 million fixed-to-floating rate subordinated note (the "2021 Note") to an institutional accredited investor. The Company used the net proceeds to repay the outstanding balance of subordinated debt issued in 2015 and for general corporate purposes.
 The 2021 Note bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per year until October 14, 2026. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 233 basis points. The 2021 Note has a stated maturity of October 15, 2031 and is non-callable for five years. Beginning October 15, 2026, the Company may redeem the 2021 Note, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2021 Note is not redeemable at the option of the holder. The 2021 Note has been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.
 On August 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement with certain qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 6.0% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2032 (the "2022 Notes") in the aggregate principal amount of $35.0 million. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the 2022 Notes for general corporate purposes.

 The 2022 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.0% per year until August 31, 2027. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 326 basis points. The 2022 Notes have a stated maturity of September 1, 2032 and are non-callable for five years. Beginning August 19, 2027, the Company may redeem the 2022 Notes, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2022 Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. The 2022 Notes have been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.

 Derivative Instruments
 The Company uses interest rate swap instruments to fix the interest rate on short-term FHLB borrowings or brokered deposits, all of which are designated as cash flow hedges. The hedge strategy converts the rate of interest on short-term rolling FHLB advances or brokered deposits to long-term fixed interest rates, thereby protecting the Bank from interest rate variability in the contractually specified interest rates.
 The Company entered into one pay-fixed portfolio layer method fair value swap, designated as a hedging instrument, with a total notional amount of $150 million in the first quarter of 2023. The Company designated the fair value swap under the portfolio layer method. Under this method, the hedged item is designated as a hedged layer of a closed portfolio of financial loans that is anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period.
 Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain loan clients. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the client derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings. Information about derivative instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 125,000
 $
 5,240
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Fair value swap
 $
 150,000
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps(1)

 $
 $
 3,579
 $
 $
 3,579

 (1) Represents interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients, which are offset by derivatives with a third party.

 As of December 31, 2022

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 125,000
 $
 8,292
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps(1)

 $
 $
 4,207
 $
 $
 4,207

 (1) Represents interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients, which are offset by derivatives with a third party.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Liquidity Management
 Liquidity is defined as the ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet all present and future funding requirements at reasonable costs. Our primary source of liquidity is deposits. While our generally preferred funding strategy is to attract and retain low cost deposits, our ability to do so is affected by competitive interest rates and terms in the marketplace. Other sources of funding include discretionary use of purchased liabilities (e.g., FHLB term advances and other borrowings), cash flows from our investment securities portfolios, loan sales, loan repayments and earnings. Investment securities designated as available for sale may also be sold in response to short-term or long-term liquidity needs.
 The Bank's liquidity position is monitored daily by management. The Asset Liability Committee, or ALCO, establishes guidelines to ensure maintenance of prudent levels of liquidity. ALCO reports to the Company's Board of Directors.
 The Bank has a detailed liquidity funding policy and a contingency funding plan that provide for the prompt and comprehensive response to unexpected demands for liquidity. We employ a stress testing methodology to estimate needs for contingent funding that could result from unexpected outflows of funds in excess of "business as usual" cash flows. The Bank has established unsecured borrowing capacity with the Pacific Coast Bank (PCBB), Atlantic Community Bankers Bank (ACBB), and Zion's Bank and also maintains additional collateralized borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY") and the FHLB in excess of levels used in the ordinary course of business. Our sources of liquidity include cash, unpledged investment securities, borrowings from the FRBNY, FHLB, lines of credit from PCBB, ACBB, and Zion's Bank, the brokered deposit market and national CD listing services.
 Capital Resources
 Shareholders' equity totaled $265.8 million as of December 31, 2023, an increase of $27.3 million compared to December 31, 2022, primarily a result of (i) net income of $36.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was partially offset by the Day 1 CECL adoption of $4.9 million, dividends paid of $6.2 million, and a $1.5 million unfavorable impact to accumulated other comprehensive income. The unfavorable impact to accumulated other comprehensive income was driven by fair value marks related to hedge positions involving interest rate swaps of $2.4 million partially offset by fair value marks on the Company's available for sale investment securities portfolio of $0.9 million. The Company's interest rate swaps are used to hedge interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2023, the tangible common equity ratio and tangible book value per share were 8.19% and $34.50, respectively.

 The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's financial statements. At December 31, 2023, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject and exceeded the regulatory minimum capital levels to be considered well-capitalized under the regulatory framework. At December 31, 2023, the Bank's ratio of total common equity

 tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets was 11.30%, total capital to risk-weighted assets was 12.32%, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets was 11.30% and Tier 1 capital to average assets was 9.81%.
 Under the current guidelines, banking organizations must have a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0%, a minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0%, a minimum common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%, and a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0% in order to be "adequately capitalized." In addition to these requirements, banking organizations must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of common Tier 1 equity in an amount above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for "adequately capitalized" institutions equal to 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets, resulting in a requirement for the Company and the Bank to effectively maintain common equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios of 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively. The Company and the Bank must maintain the capital conservation buffer to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, pay discretionary bonuses, or to engage in share repurchases.

 Contractual Obligations
 The following table summarizes our contractual obligations to make future payments as of December 31, 2023. Payments for borrowings do not include interest. Payments related to leases are based on actual payments specified in the underlying contracts.
 Payments Due by Period

 Total
 Less Than
1 Year
 1–3
Years
 4–5
Years
 After
5 Years

 (in thousands)

 Contractual Obligations:

 FHLB advances
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Subordinated debt
 70,000
 —
 —
 —
 70,000

 Operating lease agreements
 16,400
 2,336
 4,632
 4,447
 4,985

 Time deposits with stated maturity dates
 979,807
 318,985
 6,283
 9,998

 Total contractual obligations
 $
 1,491,473
 $
 1,072,143
 $
 323,617
 $
 10,730
 $
 84,983

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 In the normal course of business, we are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of our clients. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the financial statements. The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement we have in particular classes of financial instruments.
 We enter into contractual commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Substantially all of the Bank's commitments to extend credit are contingent upon clients maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding. The Bank minimizes its exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures.
 Commitments to extend credit totaled $333.5 million and $561.0 million, respectively at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following table summarizes our commitments to extend credit as of the dates indicated. Since commitments associated with letters of credit and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the amounts shown do not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements. In addition, borrowers may be required to meet certain performance requirements to continue to draw on these commitments. We manage our liquidity in light of the aggregate amounts of commitments to extend credit and outstanding standby letters of credit in effect from time to time to ensure that we will have adequate sources of liquidity to fund such commitments and honor drafts under such letters of credit.

 As of December 31, 2023
 Amount of Commitment Expiration per Period

 Total
 Less Than
1 Year
 1–3
Years
 4–5
Years
 After
5 Years

 (in thousands)

 Other Commitments:

 Loan commitments
 $
 236,878
 $
 169,358
 $
 5,755
 $
 58,319
 $
 3,446

 Undisbursed construction loans
 93,653
 —
 39,863
 7,045
 46,745

 Unused home equity lines of credit
 2,952
 —
 —
 —
 2,952

 Total other commitments
 $
 333,483
 $
 169,358
 $
 45,618
 $
 65,364
 $
 53,143

 As of December 31, 2022

 Amount of Commitment Expiration per Period

 Total
 Less Than
1 Year
 1–3
Years
 4–5
Years
 After
5 Years

 (in thousands)

 Other Commitments:

 Loan commitments
 $
 376,512
 $
 262,758
 $
 29,433
 $
 79,046
 $
 5,275

 Undisbursed construction loans
 180,768
 32,708
 46,777
 44,187
 57,096

 Unused home equity lines of credit
 3,684
 —
 —
 3,674

 Total other commitments
 $
 560,964
 $
 295,476
 $
 76,210
 $
 123,233
 $
 66,045

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 See Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our financial statements.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk
 We measure interest rate risk using simulation analysis to calculate earnings and equity at risk. These risk measures are quantified using simulation software from one of the leading firms in the field of asset/liability modeling. Key assumptions relate to the behavior of interest rates and spreads, prepayment speeds and the run-off of deposits. From such simulations, interest rate risk, or IRR, is quantified and appropriate strategies are formulated and implemented. We model IRR by using two primary risk measurement techniques: simulation of net interest income and simulation of economic value of equity. These two measurements are complementary and provide both short-term and long-term risk profiles for the Company. Because both baseline simulations assume that our balance sheet will remain static over the simulation horizon, the results do not reflect adjustments in strategy that ALCO could implement in response to rate shifts. The simulation analyses are updated quarterly.

 We use a net interest income at risk simulation to measure the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in market rates. This simulation captures underlying product behaviors, such as asset and liability repricing dates, balloon dates, interest rate indices and spreads, rate caps and floors, as well as other behavioral attributes. The simulation of net interest income also requires a number of key assumptions such as: (i) prepayment projections for loans and securities that are projected under each interest rate scenario using internal and external analytics; (ii) new business loan rates that are based on recent new business origination experience; and (iii) deposit pricing assumptions for non-maturity deposits reflecting the Bank's history, management judgment and core deposit studies. Combined, these assumptions can be inherently uncertain, and as a result, actual results may differ from simulation forecasts due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, future business conditions, as well as unanticipated changes in management strategies.

 We use two sets of standard scenarios to measure net interest income at risk. For the Parallel Ramp Scenarios, rate changes are ramped over a twelve-month horizon based upon a parallel yield curve shift and then maintained at those levels over the remainder of the simulation horizon. Parallel Shock Scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Simulation analysis involves projecting a future balance sheet structure and interest income and expense under the various rate scenarios. Internal policy regarding internal rate risk simulations currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period

 should not decline by more than: 6% for a 100 basis point shift; 12% for a 200 basis point shift; and 18% for a 300 basis point shift. Per Company policy, the Bank should not be outside these limits for twelve consecutive months unless the Bank's forecasted capital ratios are considered to be "well capitalized". As of December 31, 2023, the Bank has met all minimum regulatory capital requirements to be considered "well capitalized".

 The following tables set forth the estimated percentage change in our net interest income at risk over one-year simulation periods beginning December 31, 2023 and 2022:
 Parallel Ramp
 Estimated Percent Change
in Net Interest Income

 Rate Changes (basis points)
 2023
 2022

 (100)
 1.70
 %
 2.20
 %

 (3.20)
 (4.80)

 Parallel Shock
 Estimated Percent Change
in Net Interest Income

 Rate Changes (basis points)
 2023
 2022

 (100)
 3.60
 %
 2.20
 %

 (2.70)
 (2.70)

 (5.80)
 (6.00)

 (8.10)
 (8.90)

 The net interest income at risk simulation results indicate that, as of December 31, 2023, we remain liability sensitive. The liability sensitivity is due to the fact that there are more liabilities than assets subject to repricing as market rates change.
 We conduct an economic value of equity at risk simulation in tandem with net interest income simulations, to ascertain a longer-term view of our interest rate risk position by capturing longer-term re-pricing risk and options risk embedded in the balance sheet. It measures the sensitivity of economic value of equity to changes in interest rates. Economic value of equity at risk simulation values only the current balance sheet and does not incorporate the growth assumptions used in one of the income simulations. As with the net interest income simulation, this simulation captures product characteristics such as loan resets, repricing terms, maturity dates, rate caps and floors. Key assumptions include loan prepayment speeds, deposit pricing elasticity and non-maturity deposit attrition rates. These assumptions can have significant impacts on valuation results as the assumptions remain in effect for the entire life of each asset and liability. All key assumptions are subject to a periodic review.
 Base case economic value of equity at risk is calculated by estimating the net present value of all future cash flows from existing assets and liabilities using current interest rates. The base case scenario assumes that future interest rates remain unchanged.
 The following table sets forth the estimated percentage change in our economic value of equity at risk, assuming various shifts in interest rates:
 Parallel Shock
 Estimated Percent Change
in Economic Value of Equity

 Rate Changes (basis points)
 2023
 2022

 (100)
 2.70
 %
 2.30
 %

 (3.80)
 (3.90)

 (9.40)
 (9.30)

 (12.60)
 (14.00)

 While ALCO reviews and updates simulation assumptions and also periodically back-tests the simulation results to ensure that the assumptions are reasonable and current, income simulation may not always prove to be an accurate indicator of interest rate risk or future net interest margin. Over time, the repricing, maturity and prepayment characteristics of financial instruments

 and the composition of our balance sheet may change to a different degree than estimated. ALCO recognizes that deposit balances could shift into higher yielding alternatives as market rates change. ALCO has modeled increased costs of deposits in the rising rate simulation scenarios presented above.
 It should be noted that the static balance sheet assumption does not necessarily reflect our expectation for future balance sheet growth, which is a function of the business environment and client behavior. Another significant simulation assumption is the sensitivity of core deposits to fluctuations in interest rates. Income simulation results assume that changes in both core savings deposit rates and balances are related to changes in short-term interest rates. Lastly, mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans involve a level of risk that unforeseen changes in prepayment speeds may cause related cash flows to vary significantly in differing rate environments. Such changes could affect the level of reinvestment risk associated with cash flow from these instruments, as well as their market value. Changes in prepayment speeds could also increase or decrease the amortization of premium or accretion of discounts related to such instruments, thereby affecting interest income.
 Impact of Inflation
 Our financial statements and related data contained in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require the measure of financial position and operating results in terms of historic dollars, without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation.
 Inflation generally increases the costs of funds and operating overhead, and to the extent loans and other assets bear variable rates, the yields on such assets fluctuate accordingly. Unlike the assets and liabilities of most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates generally have a more significant effect on the performance of a financial institution than the effects of general levels of inflation. In addition, inflation affects a financial institution's cost of goods and services purchased, the cost of salaries and benefits, occupancy expense and similar items. Inflation and related increases in interest rates generally decrease the market value of investments and loans held and may adversely affect liquidity, earnings and shareholders' equity.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are presented in the order shown below:
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 49)
 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Bankwell Financial Group, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 12, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Change in accounting principle
 As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for the recognition and measurement of credit losses in 2023 due to the adoption of Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments Credit Losses.

 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee of the board of directors and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Unfunded Commitments
 As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's allowance for credit losses for loans totaled $27.9 million as of December 31, 2023, which consists of an allowance for collectively evaluated loans of $27.0 million and an allowance for individually evaluated loans of $0.9 million. The Company's allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments totaled $0.9 million as of December 31, 2023. Management estimates the allowance based on credit losses believed to be in the Company's loan portfolio over the life of its loans, segmented by portfolio and risk classification, at the balance sheet date. The Company's allowance for credit losses on loans consists of a component relating to collectively evaluated loans and a component relating to individually evaluated loans. The allowance for collectively evaluated loans is derived from lifetime loss rate models that calculate expected losses over the life of each loan based on exposure at default, loan attributes, and reasonable, supportable economic forecasts, adjusted for qualitative adjustments considered by management. The lifetime loss rate models rely upon historical losses from a broad cross section of U.S. banks and management reviews the banks included in the loss rate models that determine the loss rates. To further refine the expected losses, management selects a group of peer banks to scale the loss rate models to produce an allowance that is representative of the Company's loan portfolio and geographic area ("peer scalar"). The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is based on the same assumptions as funded loans and also considers the expected utilization of unfunded commitments.

 To account for economic uncertainty, the Company incorporates multiple economic scenarios in determining the allowance for credit losses. The scenarios include various projections based on variables such as Gross Domestic Product, interest rates,

 property price indices, and employment measures, among others. The scenarios are probability-weighted based on available information at the time the calculation is conducted.

 Management considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation models. The measurement of expected credit losses is influenced by the Company's judgment of market conditions, changes in loan composition or concentrations, performance trends, regulatory changes, uncertainty in macroeconomic forecasts, or other asset specific risk characteristics.

 Key assumptions used in the models include portfolio segmentation, the peer scalar, forecasted economic scenarios, qualitative adjustments, and the expected utilization of unfunded commitments, among others. Loan portfolios are segmented by loan level attributes such as loan type, size, date of origination, and delinquency status to create homogenous loan pools. Pool level metrics are calculated, and loss rates are subsequently applied to the pools as the loans have similar characteristics.

 We identified the selection of the models being used in determining the loss rates, peer bank determinations for scaling, forecasted economic scenarios, qualitative adjustments, and expected utilization of unfunded commitments components of the allowance for credit losses for loans and the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments (herein referred to as "the allowance") as a critical audit matter because auditing the underlying assumptions in those components involved a high degree of complexity and auditor judgment given the high degree of subjectivity exercised by management in developing the allowance, which resulted in an increase in audit effort and the use of an internal economic specialist due to the impact these assumptions have on the accounting estimate.

 Our audit procedures related to management's selection of the models being used in determining the loss rates, peer bank determinations for scaling, forecasted economic scenarios, qualitative adjustments, and expected utilization of unfunded commitments components of the allowance included the following, among others:

 –We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to management's selection of the models being used in determining the loss rates, peer bank determinations for scaling, forecasted economic scenarios, qualitative adjustments, and expected utilization of unfunded commitments components of the allowance and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness.

 –We evaluated management's judgments and assumptions used in the development of the qualitative factors for reasonableness, and tested the reliability of the underlying data on which these factors are based, by comparing information to source documents and external information sources.

 –We tested management's process and significant judgments in the selection of the models being used in determining the loss rates, peer bank determinations for scaling, forecasted economic scenarios, and expected utilization of unfunded commitments of the allowance for credit losses, which included:

 • Evaluating the reasonableness of management's judgments related to the establishment of the models being used in determining the loss rates and expected utilization of unfunded commitments and testing the completeness and accuracy of data used by management in determining inputs to the models by agreeing those inputs to internal information sources.

 • Evaluating management's considerations and data utilized as a basis for the peer bank determinations for scaling used in the loss rate models and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data by tracing the data to independent sources.

 • Evaluating management's considerations and selection of forecasted economic scenarios and weightings, and testing the reasonableness of the underlying data, which included Gross Domestic Product, interest rates, property price indices, and employment measures, among others, by comparing these forecasts to external and internal information sources that were available to management, which included the use of an internal economic specialist.

 • We obtained and assessed the reasonableness of model validations performed by a reputable third party evaluating the statistical documentation and process used by management in validating the models established by the vendor.

 /s/ RSM US LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.

 Hartford, Connecticut

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 (In thousands, except share data)

 2023
 2022

 ASSETS

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 267,521
 $
 344,925

 Federal funds sold
 1,636
 10,754

 Cash and cash equivalents
 269,157
 $
 355,679

 Investment securities

 Marketable equity securities, at fair value
 2,070
 1,988

 Available for sale investment securities, at fair value

 Held to maturity investment securities, at amortized cost (fair values of $ 15,903 and $ 15,435 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 Total investment securities
 127,623
 121,634

 Loans receivable (net of ACL-Loans of $ 27,946 and $ 22,431 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 2,685,301
 2,646,384

 Accrued interest receivable
 14,863
 13,070

 Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost
 5,696
 5,216

 Premises and equipment, net
 27,018
 27,199

 Bank-owned life insurance
 51,435
 50,243

 Goodwill
 2,589
 2,589

 Deferred income taxes, net
 9,383
 7,422

 22,417
 23,013

 $
 $

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Liabilities

 Noninterest bearing deposits
 $
 $

 Interest bearing deposits
 2,390,585
 2,396,259

 Total deposits

 Advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank

 Subordinated debentures (face value of $ 70,000 and $ 70,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, less unamortized debt issuance costs of $ 795 and $ 1,041 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 68,959

 53,768
 54,203

 Total liabilities
 2,949,730
 3,013,980

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)

 Shareholders' equity

 Common stock, no par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized, 7,882,616 and 7,730,699 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 118,247
 115,018

 Retained earnings
 149,169
 123,640

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 1,664)

 Total shareholders' equity

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 $

 Consolidated Statements of Income
 (In thousands, except share data)

 2023
 2022

 Interest and dividend income

 Interest and fees on loans
 $
 170,181
 $
 111,242

 Interest and dividends on securities
 4,126
 3,203

 Interest on cash and cash equivalents
 14,147
 3,500

 Total interest and dividend income
 188,454
 117,945

 Interest expense

 Interest expense on deposits
 86,906
 19,364

 Interest expense on borrowings
 7,080
 3,838

 Total interest expense
 93,986
 23,202

 Net interest income

 Provision for loan losses
 5,437

 Net interest income after provision for loan losses
 93,602
 89,306

 Noninterest income

 Gains and fees from sales of loans
 1,972
 1,236

 Bank owned life insurance
 1,192
 1,069

 Service charges and fees
 1,629
 1,072

 Other
 ( 337)

 Total noninterest income
 4,842
 3,040

 Noninterest expense

 Salaries and employee benefits
 24,595
 22,237

 Occupancy and equipment
 8,665
 8,297

 Data processing
 2,888
 2,632

 Professional services
 3,538
 3,887

 Director fees
 1,812
 1,394

 FDIC insurance
 4,164
 1,638

 Marketing

 Other
 4,088
 3,912

 Total noninterest expense

 Income before income tax expense
 48,043
 47,983

 Income tax expense
 11,380
 10,554

 $
 $

 Earnings Per Common Share:

 Basic
 $
 4.71
 $
 4.84

 Diluted
 $
 4.67
 $
 4.79

 Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding:

 Basic
 7,587,768
 7,563,363

 Diluted
 7,647,411
 7,640,218

 Dividends per common share
 $
 0.80
 $
 0.80

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Unrealized gains (losses) on securities:

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available for sale securities
 1,149
 ( 10,817)

 Reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income
 —
 —

 Net change in unrealized gains (losses)
 1,149
 ( 10,817)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 209)
 2,416

 Unrealized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
 ( 8,401)

 Unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate swaps:

 Unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate swaps
 ( 3,065)
 21,598

 Income tax benefit (expense)
 ( 4,825)

 Unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate swaps, net of tax
 ( 2,415)
 16,773

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
 ( 1,475)
 8,372

 Comprehensive income
 $
 35,188
 $
 45,801

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
 (In thousands, except share data)
 Number of
Outstanding
Shares
 Common
Stock
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Total

 Balance at January 1, 2022
 7,803,166
 $
 118,148
 $
 92,400
 $
 ( 8,561)
 $

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 8,372
 8,372

 Cash dividends declared ($ 0.80 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 6,189)
 —
 ( 6,189)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 2,362
 —
 —
 2,362

 Issuance of restricted stock
 114,995
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Forfeitures of restricted stock
 ( 24,087)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock options exercised
 3,000
 —
 —

 Repurchase of common stock
 ( 166,375)
 ( 5,540)
 —
 —
 ( 5,540)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 7,730,699
 115,018
 123,640

 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (ASU No. 2016-13,net of tax)
 —
 —
 ( 4,893)
 —
 ( 4,893)

 Balance as of January 1, 2023 as adjusted for changes in accounting principle
 7,730,699
 115,018
 118,747
 233,576

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,475)
 ( 1,475)

 Cash dividends declared ($ 0.80 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 6,241)
 —
 ( 6,241)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 3,074
 —
 —
 3,074

 Issuance of restricted stock
 158,675
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Forfeitures of restricted stock
 ( 15,438)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock options exercised
 8,680
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 7,882,616
 $
 118,247
 $
 149,169
 $
 ( 1,664)
 $

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities

 Provision for loan losses
 5,437

 Credit for deferred income taxes
 ( 191)
 ( 1,964)

 Change in fair value of marketable equity securities
 ( 31)

 Depreciation and amortization
 3,623
 3,366

 Amortization of debt issuance costs

 Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance
 ( 1,192)
 ( 1,069)

 Gains and fees from sales of loans
 ( 1,972)
 ( 1,236)

 Stock-based compensation
 3,074
 2,362

 Loss (gain) on sale of premises and equipment
 ( 20)

 Net change in:

 Deferred loan fees
 ( 1,431)
 3,820

 Accrued interest receivable
 ( 1,793)
 ( 5,558)

 ( 2,941)
 18,473

 ( 3,061)
 20,940

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 31,927
 82,668

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Proceeds from principal repayments on available for sale securities
 4,862
 7,614

 Proceeds from principal repayments on held to maturity securities
 5,056

 Purchases of available for sale securities
 ( 9,847)
 ( 32,212)

 Purchases of marketable equity securities
 ( 51)
 ( 31)

 Purchases of held to maturity securities
 ( 50)
 ( 4,990)

 Net increase in loans
 ( 65,942)
 ( 838,031)

 Proceeds from sales of loans not originated for sale
 25,028
 58,793

 Purchases of premises and equipment, net
 ( 2,045)
 ( 4,958)

 (Purchase) of Federal Home Loan Bank stock
 ( 480)
 ( 2,402)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 48,302)
 ( 811,161)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Continued

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Net change in time certificates of deposit
 $
 88,683
 $
 769,132

 Net change in other deposits
 ( 152,744)
 ( 92,313)

 Net change in FHLB advances
 —
 40,000

 Proceeds from exercise of options

 Issuance of subordinated debt
 —
 34,352

 Dividends paid on common stock
 ( 6,241)
 ( 6,189)

 Repurchase of common stock
 —
 ( 5,540)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 70,147)
 739,490

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 86,522)
 10,997

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Beginning of year
 355,679
 344,682

 End of period
 $
 269,157
 $
 355,679

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information:

 Cash paid for:

 $
 86,042
 $
 17,786

 Income taxes
 12,102
 11,521

 Noncash investing and financing activities

 Loans transferred to other real estate owned
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Premises and equipment transferred to held for sale
 —
 —

 Net change in unrealized losses or gains on available-for-sale securities
 ( 1,149)
 ( 10,817)

 Net change in unrealized losses or gains on interest rate swaps
 ( 3,065)
 21,598

 Establishment of right-of-use-asset and lease liability
 1,410
 —

 Transfer of Loans from held for-investment to held-for-sale
 23,058
 57,558

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. (the "Parent Corporation") is a bank holding company headquartered in New Canaan, Connecticut. The Parent Corporation offers a broad range of financial services through its banking subsidiary, Bankwell Bank (the "Bank" and, collectively with the Parent Corporation and the Parent Corporation's subsidiaries, "we", "our", "us", or the "Company").
 The Bank is a Connecticut state chartered commercial bank, founded in 2002, whose deposits are insured under the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The Bank provides a wide range of services to clients in our market, an area encompassing approximately a 100 mile radius around our branch network. In addition, the Bank pursues certain types of commercial lending opportunities outside our market, particularly where we have strong relationships. The Bank operates nine branches in New Canaan, Stamford, Fairfield, Westport, Darien, Norwalk, and Hamden, Connecticut.
 Principles of Consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank, including its wholly owned passive investment company subsidiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Use of Estimates
 The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and general practices within the banking industry. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated balance sheet and revenue and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the ACL-Loans, derivative instrument valuation, investment securities valuation, ACL-Securities, and deferred income taxes valuation.
 Segments
 The Company has one reportable segment. All of the Company's activities are interrelated, and each activity is dependent and assessed based on how each of the activities of the Company supports the others. For example, lending is dependent upon the ability of the Company to fund itself with deposits and borrowings while managing the interest rate and credit risk. Accordingly, all significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of the Company as one segment or unit.
 Basis of Consolidated Financial Statement Presentation
 The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and general practices within the banking industry. Such policies have been followed on a consistent basis.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents and Statement of Cash Flows
 Cash and due from banks and federal funds sold are recognized as cash equivalents in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Federal funds sold generally mature in one day. For purposes of reporting cash flows, all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. Cash flows from loans and deposits are reported net. The balances of cash and due from banks and federal funds sold, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses from such concentrations.
 Investment Securities
 Management determines the appropriate classifications of investment securities at the date individual investment securities are acquired, and the appropriateness of such classifications is reaffirmed at each balance sheet date. The Company's investments are categorized as marketable equity, available for sale or held to maturity securities. Held to maturity investments are carried at amortized cost. Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss) as a separate component of capital, net of estimated income taxes. Marketable equity securities are carried at fair value, with any changes in fair value reported in earnings.
 The sale of a held to maturity security within three months of its maturity date or after collection of at least 85% of the principal outstanding at the time the security was acquired is considered a maturity for purposes of classification and disclosure.

 Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Gains or losses on the sales of securities are recognized at trade date utilizing the specific identification method.
 Transfers of debt securities into the held to maturity classification from the available for sale classification are made at fair value on the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss on the date of transfer is retained in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held to maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining contractual lives of the securities. When transfers of debt securities into the available for sale classification from the held to maturity classification occur, any unrealized holding gains or losses on the transfer date are recognized in other comprehensive income.
 Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities ("ACL-Securities")
 Effective January 1, 2023, pursuant to ASU No. 2016-13, each quarter the Company individually evaluates the available for sale debt securities and held to maturity securities for impairment credit losses. Available for sale securities include U.S. Treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, and corporate bonds. U.S. Treasuries and mortgaged-backed securities are guaranteed by the U.S. Government and as a result, management has a zero loss expectation. No ACL-Securities was recorded for these securities as of December 31, 2023. For the corporate bond portfolio, the Company developed a metric which includes each issuer's current credit ratings and key financial performance metrics to assess the underlying performance of each issuer. The analysis of the issuers' performance and the intent of the Company to retain these securities support the determination that there was no expected credit loss, and therefore, no ACL-Securities were recognized on the corporate bond portfolio as of December 31, 2023. Of our held to maturity securities portfolio, one security's fair value was less than its amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. Since this is a highly rated state agency and municipal obligation, the Company's expectation of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. No allowance for ALC-Securities was recorded for this security as of December 31, 2023.

 Bank Owned Life Insurance
 The investment in bank owned life insurance ("BOLI") represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain Bank employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Bank to be the beneficiary of such policies. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are recorded in noninterest income, and are not subject to income taxes. The financial strength of the insurance carrier is reviewed prior to the purchase of BOLI and annually thereafter.
 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
 Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston ("FHLB") stock is a non-marketable equity security that is carried at cost. There are no quoted market prices for this security and the security is not liquid. The Company can sell these securities back to the FHLB at par.
 Loans Held For Sale
 Loans held for sale are those loans which management has the intent to sell in the foreseeable future, and are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or market value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized by a valuation allowance through a charge to noninterest income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of loans are recognized on the trade date and are determined by the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the loans.
 Loans may be sold with servicing rights released or retained. At the time of the sale, management records a servicing asset for the value of any retained servicing rights, which represents the present value of the differential between the contractual servicing fee and adequate compensation, defined as the fee a sub-servicer would require to assume the role of servicer, after considering the estimated effects of prepayments.
 Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through either (a) an agreement that both entitles and obligates the transferor to repurchase or redeem the assets before maturity or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets, other than through a cleanup call.
 Loans Receivable
 Loans receivable that management has the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are stated at their current unpaid principal balances, net of the ACL-Loans, charge-offs, recoveries, net deferred loan origination fees and unamortized loan premiums.
 Past due or delinquency status for all loans is based on the number of days past due in accordance with its contractual payment terms.

 A loan is individually evaluated when it is probable that all contractual principal or interest payments due will not be collected in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. Individually evaluated loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. Credit losses, if any, and any subsequent changes are recorded as adjustments to the ACL-Loans.
 Individually evaluated loans also include loans modified where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions intended to maximize collection.
 Loans greater than 90 days past due are put on nonaccrual status. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. Interest previously accrued, but uncollected, is reversed against current period income. Subsequent payments are recognized on a cash basis or principal recapture basis depending on a number of factors including probability of collection and if a credit loss is identified. A nonaccrual loan is restored to accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt.
 Management reviews all nonaccrual loans, other loans past due 90 days or more, and restructured loans for credit losses. In most cases, loan payments that are past due less than 90 days are considered minor collection delays and the related loans may not be individually evaluated. Consumer installment loans are considered to be pools of small balance homogeneous loans, which are collectively evaluated for credit losses.
 Modifications made to a loan are considered under ASU 2022-02 when two conditions are met: 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and 2) the modification constitutes a concession that is not in line with market rates and/or terms. Modified terms are dependent upon the financial position and needs of the individual borrower. Debt may be bifurcated with separate terms for each tranche of the restructured debt. The decision to restructure a loan, versus aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit the Company by increasing the ultimate probability of collection.
 If a performing loan is restructured into a modification it remains in performing status. If a nonperforming loan is restructured into a modification, it continues to be carried in nonaccrual status. Nonaccrual classification may be removed if the borrower demonstrates compliance with the modified terms for a minimum of six months. Modifications are reported as such for at least one year from the date of restructuring. In years after the restructuring, loans may be removed from this classification if the restructuring agreement specifies a market rate of interest equal to that which would be provided to a borrower with similar credit at the time of restructuring and the loan is not deemed to be a credit loss based on the modified terms.
 Acquired Loans
 Acquired loans that met the criteria for nonaccrual of interest prior to the acquisition are considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the client is contractually delinquent, if the Company can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of the expected cash flows on such loans and if the Company expects to fully collect the new carrying value of the loans. As such, the Company may no longer consider the loan to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable yield. The Company has determined that it can reasonably estimate future cash flows on the Company's current portfolio of acquired loans that are past due 90 days or more, and on which the Company is accruing interest and the Company expects to fully collect the carrying value of the loans.
 Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans ("ACL-Loans") and Allowance for Credit Losses-Unfunded commitments ("ACL-Unfunded commitments")
 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses ("ASC 326"), which requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost to be based on historical experience, current condition, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023 and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment that increased the allowance for credit losses for loans and loan commitments by $ 6.4 million, increased deferred tax assets by $ 1.5 million, and decreased retained earnings by $ 4.9 million, net of tax.
 The ACL-Loans is measured on each loan's amortized cost basis, excluding interest receivable, and is initially recognized upon origination or purchase of the loan, and subsequently remeasured on a recurring basis. The ACL-Loans is recognized as a contra-asset, and credit loss expense is recorded as a provision for loan losses in the consolidated statements of income. Loan losses are charged off against the ACL-Loans when management believes the loan is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL-Loans. Loans are normally placed on nonaccrual status if it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the full payment of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, or the loan is past due for a period of 90 days or more unless the obligation is well-secured and is in the process of collection. The Company generally does not recognize an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on accrued interest receivables, consistent with its policy to reverse interest income when interest is 90 days or more past due.

 The Company also records an ACL-Unfunded commitments, which is based on the same assumptions as funded loans and also considers the probability of funding. The ACL is recognized as a liability, and credit loss expense is recorded as a provision for unfunded loan commitments within the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated statements of income.
 For collectively evaluated loans and related unfunded commitments, the Company utilizes software provided by a third party, which includes various models for forecasting expected credit losses, to calculate its ACL. Management selected lifetime loss rate models, utilizing CRE, C&I, and Consumer specific models, to calculate the expected losses over the life of each loan based on exposure at default, loan attributes and reasonable, supportable economic forecasts. The models selected by the Company in its ACL calculation rely upon historical losses from a broad cross section of U.S. banks that also utilize the same third party for ACL calculations. Management reviewed the third party's analysis of the banks included in the models as part of their model development dataset and determined the Company's loan portfolio composition by property type, balance distribution by loan age, and delinquency status are similar, which supports the use of these loss rate models. The Company also noted the third party's model development dataset has loan concentrations that are evenly distributed across the United States, while the Company's portfolio is mainly concentrated in the Northeast. Based on the disparate regional concentration, management determined that a select group of peer banks is necessary to scale the loss rate models to produce an ACL that is more representative of the Company's loan portfolio. This peer-based calibration, called a "peer scalar", utilizes the loss rates of a subset of peer banks to appropriately scale the initial model results. These peers have been selected by the Company given their similar characteristics, such as loan portfolio composition and location, to better align the models' results to the Company's expected losses.
 Key assumptions used in the models include portfolio segmentation, risk rating, forecasted economic scenarios, the peer scalar, and the expected utilization of unfunded commitments, among others. Our loan portfolios are segmented by loan level attributes such as loan type, size, date of origination, and delinquency status to create homogenous loan pools. Pool level metrics are calculated, and loss rates are subsequently applied to the pools as the loans have similar characteristics.
 To account for economic uncertainty, the Company incorporates multiple economic scenarios in determining the ACL. The scenarios include various projections based on variables such as Gross Domestic Product, interest rates, property price indices, and employment measures, among others. The scenarios are probability-weighted based on available information at the time the calculation is conducted. As part of our ongoing governance of ACL, scenario weightings and model parameters are reviewed periodically by management and are subject to change, as deemed appropriate.
 The Company also considers qualitative adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation models. Qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses. Qualitative loss factors are based on the Company's judgment of market, changes in loan composition or concentrations, performance trends, regulatory changes, uncertainty of macroeconomic forecasts, and other asset specific risk characteristics.
 When loans do not share risk characteristics with other financial assets they are evaluated individually. Management applies its normal loan review procedures in making these judgments. Individually evaluated loans consist of loans with credit quality indicators which are substandard or doubtful. The Company also individually evaluates all insurance premium loans. While insurance premium loans are considered consumer loans, the third-party Consumer ACL model is designed for unsecured lending, whereas these loans are secured. To account for the fully secured structure of this type of loan, management determined each loan will be individually evaluated, regardless of the credit quality indicators. These loans are evaluated based upon their collateral, which primarily consists of cash, cash surrender value life insurance, and in some cases real estate. In determining the ACL-Loans for individually evaluated loans, the Company generally applies a discounted cash flow method for instruments that are individually assessed. For collateral dependent financial assets where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. Fair value is generally calculated based on the value of the underlying collateral less an appraisal discount and the estimated cost to sell.
 Loan modifications
 In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (ASU 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. ASU 2022-02 eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 and the impact was immaterial.

 Interest and Fees on Loans
 Interest on loans is accrued and included in income based on contractual rates applied to principal amounts outstanding. Accrual of interest is discontinued when loan payments are 90 days or more past due, based on contractual terms, or when, in the judgment of management, collectability of the loan or loan interest becomes uncertain. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. Subsequent recognition of income occurs only to the extent payment is received subject to management's assessment of the collectability of the remaining interest and principal. A nonaccrual loan is restored to accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt.
 Loan origination fees, net of direct loan origination costs, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to the loan's yield generally over the contractual life of the loan, utilizing the interest method.
 Goodwill and Intangibles
 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets are assets acquired in a business combination that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because the intangible asset is capable of being sold or exchanged on its own or in combination with related contracts, assets or liabilities. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line or accelerated basis over estimated lives. Goodwill is not amortized. Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. When these assets are evaluated for impairment, if the carrying amount exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recorded to income. The fair value is based on observable market prices, when practicable. Other valuation techniques may be used when market prices are unavailable, including estimated discounted cash flows. This type of analysis contains uncertainties because it requires management to make assumptions and to apply judgment to estimate industry economic factors and the profitability of future business strategies. In the event of future changes in fair value, the Company may be exposed to an impairment charge that could be material.
 Other Real Estate Owned
 Assets acquired through deed in lieu or loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.
 Premises and Equipment
 Premises and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the terms of the related leases or the estimated economic lives of the improvements. Capitalized software development costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software. Depreciation and amortization is charged to operations using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which range from three to thirty-nine years. Gains and losses on dispositions are recognized upon realization. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and improvements are capitalized.
 Assets Held for Sale
 Assets held for sale (excluding loans) consist of real estate properties that are expected to sell within a year. The assets are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Depreciation is not recognized on any assets that are classified as held for sale.
 Leases
 The Company recognizes and measures it leases in accordance with ASC 842, "Leases". The Company leases real estate for its branch and headquarter offices under various operating lease agreements. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at inception of a contract and when the terms of an existing contract are changed. The Company recognizes a lease liability and right-of-use-asset (ROUA) at the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially and subsequently recognized based on the present value of its future lease payments. The discount rate is the implicit rate if it's readily determinable or otherwise the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate. The implicit rates of our leases are not readily determinable and accordingly, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date for all leases. The ROUA is subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the amount of the remeasured lease liability (i.e., present value of the remaining lease payments), plus any unamortized initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of any lease incentives received, and any impairment recognized. Lease cost for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The ROUA is included in premises and equipment, net and the lease liability is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets, including premises and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If impairment is indicated by that review, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value through a charge to noninterest expense.
 Servicing Rights
 When loans are sold on a servicing retained basis, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in noninterest income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method, which requires servicing rights to be amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the life of the underlying loans.
 Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to the carrying amount. Any impairment is reported as a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Changes in the valuation allowance are reported with service charges and fees income on the consolidated statements of income. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.
 Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 Servicing fee income, which is included in service charges and fees on the income statement, is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. Fees earned for servicing loans are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal amount of the loan and are recorded as income when earned. The amortization of servicing rights is recorded in noninterest income.
 Income Taxes
 The Company recognizes income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
 In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying the Company's income tax positions. Income tax positions and recorded tax benefits assessed for all years are subject to examination based upon management's evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have determined the amount of the tax benefit to be recognized by estimating the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. The Company has $ 1.0 million and $ 265 thousand of liabilities for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Where applicable, associated interest and penalties have also been recognized. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
 Advertising Costs
 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.
 Stock Compensation
 The Company measures and recognizes compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. The fair value of time-based restricted stock is recorded based on the grant date fair value of the Company's common stock. For performance based grants, the Company records an expense over the vesting period based on (a) the probability that the performance metric will be met and (b) the fair market value of the Company's stock at the date of the grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model. Stock-based compensation costs are recognized over the requisite service period for the awards. Compensation expense reflects the number of awards expected to vest and is adjusted based on awards that ultimately vest. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

 Earnings Per Share
 Unvested restricted stock awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, are participating securities, and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company's unvested restricted stock awards qualify as participating securities.
 Net income is allocated between the common stock and participating securities pursuant to the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding participating unvested restricted stock awards.
 Diluted EPS is computed in a similar manner, except that the denominator includes the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive common shares were issued using the treasury stock method.
 Comprehensive Income
 Comprehensive income represents the sum of net income and items of other comprehensive income or loss, including net unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale and net unrealized gains or losses on derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges. The Company's total comprehensive income or loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
 Fair Values of Financial Instruments
 The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in certain instances, there are no quoted market prices for certain assets or liabilities. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the asset or liability.
 Fair value measurements focus on exit prices in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment.
 Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company's financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction at either December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of the respective period-ends, and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.
 Derivative Instruments
 The effective portion of unrealized changes in the fair value of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges is reported in other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The Bank assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction. The interest rate swap assets are presented in other assets and the interest rate swap liabilities are presented in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The hedge strategy converts the contractually specified interest rate on short-term rolling FHLB advances or brokered deposits to long-term fixed interest rates, thereby protecting the Bank from interest rate variability. The Company does not offset derivative assets and derivative liabilities for financial statement presentation purposes.
 The Company has one pay-fixed portfolio layer method fair value swap, designated as a hedging instrument, with a total notional amount of $ 150 million. The Company designated the fair value swap under the portfolio layer method. Under this method, the hedged item is designated as a hedged layer of a closed portfolio of financial loans that is anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period. Adjustments will be made to record the swap at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying value of the fair value swap on the

 Consolidated Balance Sheets will also be adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.
 The Company also has derivatives not designated as hedges. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain loan clients. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the client derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.
 Related Party Transactions
 Directors and officers of the Company and their affiliates have been clients of and have had transactions with the Company, and it is expected that such persons will continue to have such transactions in the future. Management believes that all deposit accounts, loans, services and commitments comprising such transactions were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other clients who are not directors or officers. In the opinion of management, the transactions with related parties did not involve more than normal risks of collectability, nor favored treatment or terms, nor present other unfavorable features. Note 22 contains details regarding related party transactions.
 Common Share Repurchases
 The Company is incorporated in the state of Connecticut. Connecticut law does not provide for treasury shares, rather shares repurchased by the Company constitute authorized, but unissued shares. GAAP states that accounting for treasury stock shall conform to state law. Therefore, the cost of shares repurchased by the Company has been allocated to common stock balances.
 Reclassification

 Certain prior period amounts may be reclassified to conform to the 2023 financial statement presentation. These reclassifications only change the reporting categories and do not affect the consolidated results of operations or consolidated financial position of the Company.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 The following section includes changes in accounting principles and potential effects of new accounting guidance and pronouncements.
 Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
 ASU No. 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures": The amendments in this update provide more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company believes this ASU will not have a material impact on existing disclosures and will continue to monitor for SEC action, and plan accordingly for adoption.
 ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: "Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative": The amendments in this Update modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. Because of the variety of Topics amended, a broad range of entities may be affected by one or more of those amendments. The summary of the amendments applicable to the Company include:
 Statement of Cash Flows - Requires an accounting policy disclosure in annual periods of where cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented in the statement of cash flows.
 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections - Requires that when there has been a change in the reporting entity, the entity disclose any material prior-period adjustment and the effect of the adjustment on retained earnings in interim financial statements.
 Earnings Per Share - Requires disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings-per-share computation for each dilutive security and clarifies that certain disclosures should be made during interim periods. Amends illustrative guidance to illustrate disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings-per-share computation.
 Interim Reporting - Conforms to the amendments made to Topic 250 (Accounting Changes and Error Correction).
 Commitments - Requires disclosure of assets mortgaged, pledged, or otherwise subject to lien and the obligations collateralized.
 Debt - Requires disclosure of amounts and terms of unused lines of credit and unfunded commitments and the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding short-term borrowings. Entities that are not public business entities are not required to provide information about the weighted-average interest rate.
 Equity - Requires entities that issue preferred stock to disclose preference in involuntary liquidation if the liquidation preference is other than par or stated value.
 Derivatives - Adds cross-reference to disclosure requirements related to where cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented in the statement of cash flows in Topic 230.
 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral - Requires:
 a. That accrued interest be included in the disclosure of liabilities incurred in securities borrowing or repurchase or resale transactions.
 b. Separate presentation of the aggregate carrying amount of reverse repurchase agreements on the face of the balance sheet if that amount exceeds 10 percent of total assets.
 c. Disclosure of the weighted-average interest rates of repurchase liabilities for public business entities.
 d. Disclosure of amounts at risk with an individual counterparty if that amount exceeds more than 10 percent of shareholder's equity.
 e. Disclosure for reverse repurchase agreements that exceed 10 percent of total assets on whether there are any provisions in a reverse repurchase agreement to ensure that the market value of the underlying assets remains sufficient. to protect against counterparty default and, if so, the nature of those provisions.
 Financial Services - Requires that investment companies disclose the components of capital on the balance sheet.
 For entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. For all other

 entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively. For all entities, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Company believes this ASU will not have a material impact on existing disclosures and will continue to monitor for SEC action, and plan accordingly for adoption.
 Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
 ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): "Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." This ASU simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity was required to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, this ASU also eliminated the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Therefore, the same impairment assessment applies to all reporting units. An entity is required to disclose the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. On October 16, 2019, the FASB voted in favor of a proposal to defer the effective date of this standard in the same manner it is deferring the effective date of ASC 326. The FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, which officially delayed the adoption of this standard for smaller reporting companies until fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has adopted ASU No. 2017-04 as of March 31, 2023 and it had no impact to the Company's financial statements.
 ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326 "CECL"): "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This ASU changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward looking "expected loss" model that will replace today's "incurred loss" model and can result in the earlier recognition of credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except that the losses will be recognized as an allowance. On November 15, 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, which officially delayed the adoption of this standard for smaller reporting companies (as defined by the SEC) until fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. In accordance with ASU No. 2019-10, on January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Topic 326. Upon adoption of CECL, the Company recorded a one-time cumulative effect, pre-tax adjustment of $ 5.1 million to the allowance for credit loss - loans and a corresponding net of tax adjustment to beginning retained earnings. The Company also recorded a one-time cumulative effect, pre-tax adjustment of $ 1.3 million to the allowance for credit losses - unfunded commitments (which is reflected in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets) and a corresponding net of tax adjustment to beginning retained earnings. These impacts are reflected in the Company's first quarter 2023 financial statements. The future impact of CECL on the Company's allowance for credit losses and provision (credit) for credit losses subsequent to the initial adoption will depend on refinements to key assumptions including forecasting and qualitative factors, as well as changes in the loan portfolio and economic conditions. In addition, the Company also evaluated its Held to maturity investment securities and Available for sale investment securities. The Held to maturity investment securities were related to housing authority bonds in the towns of New Canaan and Stamford, CT. The Company determined these housing authority bonds had remote risk of loss based on the historical performance of housing authority bonds and the strong credit ratings of both the towns of New Canaan and Stamford, CT. The available for sale securities consisted of government backed U.S. Treasuries, Mortgage-Backed Securities, and Corporate Securities. The U.S. Treasuries and Mortgage-Backed Securities were guaranteed by the U.S. Government and had minimal risk of loss. The Corporate Securities had minimal default risk. As such, management concluded that no allowance for expected credit losses was required for the Held to maturity investment securities or the Available for sale investment securities upon adoption of the standard on January 1, 2023.
 The impact of the CECL adoption on January 1, 2023 was as follows:

 (in thousands)
 Change in Consolidated Statement of Conditions
 Tax Effected
 Change to Retained Earnings from Adoption of CECL

 Total ACL- Loans
 $
 5,079
 $
 1,167
 $
 3,912

 Total ACL-Unfunded Commitments
 1,273

 Total impact of CECL adoption
 $
 6,352
 $
 1,459
 $
 4,893

 ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): "Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures". ASU 2022-02 eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") in ASC 310-40, "Receivables - Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors" for entities that have adopted the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model introduced by ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" (ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2022-02 also requires that public business entities disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost". ASU 2022-02 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and it did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): "Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." This ASU provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide temporary relief during the transition period. The Board included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. At the time that Update 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) had established its intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022 (12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR). In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of the overnight 1, 3, 6, and 12 month tenors of USD LIBOR would be June 30, 2023, which was beyond the original sunset date of Topic 848. As the original relief in Topic 848 may not cover a period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the amendments in this Update deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The Company has adopted ASU No. 2017-04 as of March 31, 2023 and it had no impact to the Company's financial statements.

 2. Shareholders' Equity
 Common Stock
 The Company has 10,000,000 shares authorized and 7,882,616 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 10,000,000 shares authorized and 7,730,699 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022. The Company's stock is traded on the Nasdaq stock market under the ticker symbol BWFG.
 Dividends
 The Company's shareholders are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of funds legally available. The ability of the Company to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. In accordance with Connecticut statutes, regulatory approval is required to pay dividends in excess of the Bank's profits retained in the current year plus retained profits from the previous two years. The Bank is also prohibited from paying dividends that would reduce its capital ratios below minimum regulatory requirements.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 On December 19, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to 400,000 shares of the Company's Common Stock. On October 27, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 200,000 shares under its existing share repurchase program. The Company intends to accomplish the share repurchases through open market transactions, though the Company could accomplish repurchases through other means, such as privately negotiated transactions. The timing, price and volume of repurchases will be based on market conditions, relevant securities laws and other factors. The share repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of Common Stock, and it may be modified or suspended at any time at the Company's discretion. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any purchases of shares of its Common Stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased 166,375 shares of its Common Stock at a weighted average price of $ 33.30 per share.

 3. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Information on goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

 Year Ended
 Year Ended

 Balance, beginning of the period
 $
 2,589
 $
 2,589

 Impairment
 —
 —

 Balance, end of the period
 $
 2,589
 $
 2,589

 The Company tests for goodwill impairment annually as of June 30th. No impairment was required to be recorded on goodwill in 2023 or 2022.

 4. Investment Securities
 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values of available for sale and held to maturity securities segregated by contractual maturity at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Cost
 Gross Unrealized

 Gains
 Losses

 Available for sale securities:

 Less than one year
 $
 9,836
 $
 —
 $
 ( 52)
 $
 9,784

 Due from one through five years
 55,288
 ( 2,680)
 52,731

 Due from five through ten years
 27,229
 —
 ( 1,630)
 25,599

 7,923
 —
 ( 811)
 7,112

 Total U.S. Government and agency obligations
 100,276
 ( 5,173)
 95,226

 Due from five through ten years
 15,500
 —
 ( 2,028)
 13,472

 1,500
 —
 ( 462)
 1,038

 Total Corporate bonds
 17,000
 —
 ( 2,490)

 Total available for sale securities
 $
 117,276
 $
 $
 ( 7,663)
 $

 Held to maturity securities:

 $
 15,785
 $
 $
 ( 631)
 $
 15,870

 Government-sponsored mortgage backed securities

 No contractual maturity
 —

 Total held to maturity securities
 $
 $
 $
 ( 631)
 $
 15,903

 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values of available for sale and held to maturity securities segregated by contractual maturity at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

Cost
 Gross Unrealized

 Gains
 Losses

 Available for sale securities:

 Due from one through five years
 $
 55,262
 $
 —
 $
 ( 3,773)
 $
 51,489

 Due from five through ten years
 31,527
 —
 ( 2,165)
 29,362

 8,563
 —
 ( 989)
 7,574

 Total U.S. Government and agency obligations
 95,352
 —
 ( 6,927)
 88,425

 Due from five through ten years
 15,500
 —
 ( 1,506)
 13,994

 1,500
 —
 ( 256)
 1,244

 Total corporate bonds
 17,000
 —
 ( 1,762)
 15,238

 Total available for sale securities
 $
 112,352
 $
 —
 $
 ( 8,689)
 $

 Held to maturity securities:

 $
 15,947
 $
 $
 ( 864)
 $
 15,398

 Government-sponsored mortgage backed securities

 No contractual maturity
 —

 Total held to maturity securities
 $
 $
 $
 ( 864)
 $
 15,435

 There were no sales of investment securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, none of the Company's securities were pledged as collateral with the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") or any other institution.
 As of December 31, 2023, the actual duration of the Company's available for sale securities were significantly shorter than the notional maturities.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company held marketable equity securities with a fair value of $ 2.1 million and an amortized cost of $ 2.2 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company held marketable equity securities with a fair value of $ 2.0 million and an amortized cost of $ 2.1 million. These securities represent an investment in mutual funds that have a primary objective to make investments for CRA purposes.
 There were thirty-four investment securities as of December 31, 2023, in which the fair value of the security was less than the amortized cost of the security. There were thirty-six such investment securities as of December 31, 2022.

 The following table provides information regarding investment securities with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Length of Time in Continuous Unrealized Loss Position

 Less Than 12 Months
 12 Months or More
 Total

 Fair
Value
 Unrealized
Loss
Decline from
Cost
 Fair
Value
 Unrealized
Loss
Decline from
Cost
 Fair
Value
 Unrealized
Loss
Decline from
Cost

 $
 —
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 85,243
 $
 ( 5,173)
 5.72
 %
 $
 85,243
 $
 ( 5,173)
 5.72
 %

 —
 —
 —
 %
 ( 2,490)
 14.65
 %
 ( 2,490)
 14.65
 %

 State agency and municipal
obligations
 —
 —
 —
 %
 4,076
 ( 631)
 13.41
 %
 4,076
 ( 631)
 13.41
 %

 Total investment securities
 $
 —
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 103,829
 $
 ( 8,294)
 7.40
 %
 $
 103,829
 $
 ( 8,294)
 7.40
 %

 $
 55,443
 $
 ( 3,027)
 3.17
 %
 $
 32,982
 $
 ( 3,900)
 4.09
 %
 $
 88,425
 $
 ( 6,927)
 7.26
 %

 8,838
 ( 1,162)
 6.84
 %
 6,400
 ( 600)
 3.50
 %
 15,238
 ( 1,762)
 10.34
 %

 6,388
 ( 85)
 0.77
 %
 3,807
 ( 779)
 7.05
 %
 10,195
 ( 864)
 7.82
 %

 Total investment securities
 $
 70,669
 $
 ( 4,274)
 3.46
 %
 $
 43,189
 $
 ( 5,279)
 4.28
 %
 $
 113,858
 $
 ( 9,553)
 7.74
 %

 The U.S. Government and agency obligations owned are either direct obligations of the U.S. Government or guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Therefore, the contractual cash flows are guaranteed and as a result the unrealized losses in this portfolio are considered to be only temporarily impaired.
 The corporate bonds are investments in subordinated debt of federally insured banks, the majority of which are callable after five years of origination. The Company monitors its corporate bond, state agency and municipal bond portfolios and considers them to have minimal default risk.
 The Company has the intent and ability to retain its investment securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 until the decline in value has recovered or the security has matured.

 5. Loans Receivable and ACL-Loans
 The following table sets forth a summary of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 $
 $

 2,181,993
 2,137,038

 ( 27,946)
 ( 22,431)

 Deferred loan origination fees, net
 ( 5,360)
 ( 6,633)

 Loans receivable, net
 $
 2,685,301
 $
 2,646,384

 Lending activities consist of commercial real estate loans, commercial business loans and, to a lesser degree, a variety of consumer loans. Loans may also be granted for the construction of commercial properties. The majority of commercial mortgage loans are collateralized by first or second mortgages on real estate.
 Risk Management
 The Company has established credit policies applicable to each type of lending activity in which it engages. The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of each client and extends credit of up to 80 % of the market value of the collateral, ( 85 % maximum for owner occupied commercial real estate), depending on the client's creditworthiness and the type of collateral. The client's ability to service the debt is monitored on an ongoing basis. Real estate is the primary form of collateral. Other important forms of collateral are business assets, time deposits and marketable securities. While collateral provides assurance as a secondary source of repayment, the Company ordinarily requires the primary source of repayment for commercial loans to be based on the client's ability to generate continuing cash flows. The Company does not provide first or second lien consumer mortgage loans secured by residential properties but has a small legacy portfolio which continues to amortize, pay off due to the sale of the collateral, or refinance away from the Company.

 Credit Quality of Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans (ACL-Loans)
 Management segregates the loan portfolio into defined segments, which are used to develop and document a systematic method for determining the Company's ACL-Loans. The portfolio segments are segregated based on loan types and the underlying risk factors present in each loan type. Such risk factors are periodically reviewed by management and revised as deemed appropriate.
 The Company's loan portfolio is segregated into the following portfolio segments:
 Residential Real Estate: This portfolio segment consists of first mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family owner occupied residential properties for personal use located in the Company's market area. This segment also includes home equity loans and home equity lines of credit secured by owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties. Loans of this type were written at a combined maximum of 80 % of the appraised value of the property and the Company requires a first or second lien position on the property. These loans can be affected by economic conditions and the values of the underlying properties.
 Commercial Real Estate: This portfolio segment includes loans secured by commercial real estate, multi-family dwellings, owner-occupied commercial real estate and investor-owned one-to-four family dwellings. Loans secured by commercial real estate generally have larger loan balances and more credit risk than owner occupied one-to-four family mortgage loans.
 Construction: This portfolio segment includes commercial construction loans for commercial development projects, including apartment buildings and condominiums, as well as office buildings, retail and other income producing properties and land loans, which are loans made with land as collateral. Construction and land development financing generally involves greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied or leased real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in

 order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project proves to be inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment through sale or refinance. Construction loans also expose the Company to the risks that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs and that repayment will depend on the successful operation or sale of the properties, which may cause some borrowers to be unable to continue paying debt service, which exposes the Company to greater risk of non-payment and loss.

 Commercial Business: This portfolio segment includes commercial business loans secured by assignments of corporate assets and personal guarantees of the business owners. Commercial business loans generally have higher interest rates and shorter terms than other loans, but they also have increased difficulty of loan monitoring and a higher risk of default since their repayment generally depends on the successful operation of the borrower's business.
 Consumer: This portfolio segment includes loans to finance insurance premiums secured by the cash surrender value of life insurance and marketable securities, overdraft lines of credit, and unsecured personal loans to high net worth individuals.
 The following tables set forth the activity in the Company's ACL-Loans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, by portfolio segment:

 Total

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Balance As of December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 15,597
 $
 $
 6,214
 $
 $

 Day 1 effect of CECL
 4,987
 ( 1,125)
 5,079

 Balance as of January 1, 2023 as adjusted for changes in accounting principle
 20,584
 5,089
 27,510

 Charge-offs
 —
 ( 824)
 —
 ( 440)
 ( 83)
 ( 1,347)

 Recoveries
 —
 —
 —

 (Credits) provisions
 ( 94)
 1,190
 ( 618)
 ( 42)
 1,213

 Ending balance
 $
 $
 20,950
 $
 1,699
 $
 4,562
 $
 $
 27,946

 Total

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 12,751
 $
 $
 3,590
 $
 $
 16,902

 Charge-offs
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 22)
 ( 22)

 Recoveries
 —
 —

 (Credits) provisions
 ( 341)
 2,770
 2,590
 5,437

 Ending balance
 $
 $
 15,597
 $
 $
 6,214
 $
 $

 We evaluate whether a modification, extension or renewal of a loan is a current period origination in accordance with GAAP. Generally, loans up for renewal are subject to a full credit evaluation before the renewal is granted and such loans are considered current period originations for purpose of the tables below. The following tables present loans by origination and risk designation as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Term Loans

 Amortized Cost Balances by Origination Year

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Residential Real Estate Loans

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 47,314
 $
 47,314

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,728
 3,728

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Residential Real Estate Loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 51,182
 $
 51,182

 Residential Real Estate charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Commercial Real Estate Loans

 Pass
 $
 95,881
 $
 755,352
 $
 310,811
 $
 113,554
 $
 133,996
 $
 429,695
 $
 1,839,289

 12,333
 35,136
 13,203
 —
 2,035
 62,821

 18,525
 —
 19,039
 —
 —
 8,121
 45,685

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,272
 4,272

 Total Commercial Real Estate Loans
 $
 126,739
 $
 790,488
 $
 343,053
 $
 113,554
 $
 136,031
 $
 442,202
 $
 1,952,067

 Commercial Real Estate charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Construction Loans

 Pass
 $
 39,627
 $
 67,788
 $
 41,156
 $
 26,156
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 174,727

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 9,362
 9,362

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Construction Loans
 $
 39,627
 $
 67,788
 $
 41,156
 $
 26,156
 $
 —
 $
 9,362
 $
 184,089

 Construction charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Commercial Business Loans

 Pass
 $
 121,312
 $
 234,997
 $
 73,805
 $
 9,291
 $
 6,504
 $
 32,293
 $
 478,202

 —
 3,395
 1,009
 —
 —
 —
 4,404

 8,934
 7,910
 —
 —
 2,092
 19,828

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Commercial Business Loans
 $
 122,204
 $
 247,326
 $
 82,724
 $
 9,291
 $
 6,504
 $
 34,488
 $
 502,537

 Commercial Business charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Consumer Loans

 Pass
 $
 10,126
 $
 25,406
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 35,569

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Consumer Loans
 $
 10,126
 $
 25,406
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 35,569

 Consumer charge-off

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Pass
 $
 266,946
 $
 1,083,543
 $
 425,772
 $
 149,001
 $
 140,500
 $
 509,339
 $
 2,575,101

 12,333
 38,531
 14,212
 —
 2,035
 67,365

 19,417
 8,934
 26,949
 —
 —
 23,303
 78,603

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,375
 4,375

 $
 298,696
 $
 1,131,008
 $
 466,933
 $
 149,001
 $
 142,535
 $
 537,271
 $
 2,725,444

 Total charge-off

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 1,347

 Term Loans

 Amortized Cost Balances by Origination Year

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 Residential Real Estate Loans

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 56,670
 $
 56,815

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,819
 3,859

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Residential Real Estate Loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 60,636
 $
 60,821

 Residential Real Estate charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Commercial Real Estate Loans

 Pass
 $
 793,594
 $
 364,308
 $
 102,569
 $
 142,681
 $
 80,424
 $
 415,810
 $
 1,899,386

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 10,977
 —
 —
 —
 14,252
 25,229

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Commercial Real Estate Loans
 $
 793,594
 $
 375,285
 $
 102,569
 $
 142,681
 $
 80,424
 $
 430,600
 $
 1,925,153

 Commercial Real Estate charge-off

 $
 ( 76)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 76)

 Construction Loans

 Pass
 $
 85,559
 $
 15,379
 $
 36,766
 $
 7,902
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 145,606

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 9,362
 9,362

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Construction Loans
 $
 85,559
 $
 15,379
 $
 36,766
 $
 7,902
 $
 —
 $
 9,362
 $
 154,968

 Construction charge-off

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Commercial Business Loans

 Pass
 $
 326,881
 $
 122,914
 $
 13,048
 $
 12,752
 $
 7,066
 $
 36,009
 $
 518,670

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 1,768
 2,339
 4,115

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Commercial Business Loans
 $
 326,881
 $
 122,914
 $
 13,048
 $
 14,520
 $
 7,074
 $
 38,563
 $
 523,000

 Commercial Business charge-off

 $
 ( 24)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11)
 $
 ( 35)

 Consumer Loans

 Pass
 $
 16,490
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 16,535

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Consumer Loans
 $
 16,490
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 16,535

 Consumer charge-off

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Pass
 $
 1,222,524
 $
 502,601
 $
 152,383
 $
 163,335
 $
 87,635
 $
 508,534
 $
 2,637,012

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 10,977
 —
 1,768
 29,772
 42,565

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 1,222,524
 $
 513,578
 $
 152,383
 $
 165,103
 $
 87,683
 $
 539,206
 $
 2,680,477

 Total charge-off

 $
 ( 82)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 ( 92)

 Loans evaluated for credit loss and the related ACL-Loans as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

 Portfolio

 Loans individually evaluated for credit loss:

 $
 3,711
 $
 —

 49,935

 9,382
 —

 19,848
 —

 22,129
 —

 Subtotal
 105,005

 Loans collectively evaluated for credit loss:

 $
 47,220
 $

 1,897,713
 19,995

 174,032
 1,699

 480,721
 4,562

 13,916

 Subtotal
 2,613,602
 26,991

 Total
 $
 $
 27,946

 Portfolio

 Loans individually evaluated for credit loss:

 $
 3,846
 $
 —

 25,292

 9,382
 —

 4,310

 Subtotal
 42,830

 Loans collectively evaluated for credit loss:

 $
 56,742
 $

 1,895,960
 14,843

 145,816

 516,137
 6,067

 Subtotal
 2,632,618
 21,530

 Total
 $
 $

 Credit Quality Indicators
 To measure credit risk for the loan portfolios, the Company employs a credit risk rating system. This risk rating represents an assessed level of the loan's risk based on the character and creditworthiness of the borrower/guarantor, the capacity of the borrower to adequately service the debt, any credit enhancements or additional sources of repayment, and the quality, value and coverage of the collateral, if any.

 The objectives of the Company's risk rating system are to provide the Board of Directors and senior management with an objective assessment of the overall quality of the loan portfolio, to promptly and accurately identify loans with well-defined credit weaknesses so that timely action can be taken to minimize a potential credit loss, to identify relevant trends affecting the collectability of the loan portfolio, to isolate potential problem areas and to provide essential information for determining the adequacy of the ACL-Loans. The Company's credit risk rating system has nine grades, with each grade corresponding to a progressively greater risk of default. Risk ratings of (1) through (5) are "pass" categories and risk ratings of (6) through (9) are criticized asset categories as defined by the regulatory agencies.
 A "special mention" (6) credit has a potential weakness which, if uncorrected, may result in a deterioration of the repayment prospects or inadequately protect the Company's credit position at some time in the future. "Substandard" (7) loans are credits that have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the full repayment of the debt. An asset rated "doubtful" (8) has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset and which, in addition, make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, when considering existing facts, conditions, and values. Loans classified as "loss" (9) are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value; rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing-off this asset even though partial recovery may be made in the future.
 Risk ratings are assigned as necessary to differentiate risk within the portfolio. They are reviewed on an ongoing basis through the annual loan review process performed by Company employees, normal renewal activity and the quarterly Watch List and watched asset report process. They are revised to reflect changes in the borrower's financial condition and outlook, debt service coverage capability, repayment performance, collateral value and coverage as well as other considerations. In addition to internal review at multiple points, outsourced loan review opines on risk ratings with regard to the sample of loans their review covers.
 The following tables present credit risk ratings by loan segment as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 Commercial Credit Quality Indicators

 Total
 Total

 Pass
 $
 1,835,136
 $
 174,032
 $
 476,358
 $
 2,485,526
 $
 1,895,492
 $
 145,816
 $
 516,136
 $
 2,557,444

 Special mention
 62,577
 —
 4,362
 66,939
 —
 —

 43,542
 9,382
 19,745
 72,669
 25,224
 9,382
 4,095
 38,701

 6,393
 —
 6,497
 —

 Loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,631,631
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,596,897

 Residential and Consumer Credit Quality Indicators

 Total
 Total

 Pass
 $
 47,082
 $
 $
 83,127
 $
 56,597
 $
 $
 74,560

 Special mention
 —
 —

 3,711
 —
 3,711
 3,846
 —
 3,846

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $
 $
 86,976
 $
 $
 $
 78,551

 Loan Portfolio Aging Analysis
 When a loan is 15 days past due, the Company sends the borrower a late notice. The Company attempts to contact the borrower by phone if the delinquency is not corrected promptly after the notice has been sent. When the loan is 30 days past due, the Company mails the borrower a letter reminding the borrower of the delinquency, and attempts to contact the borrower personally to determine the reason for the delinquency and ensure the borrower understands the terms of the loan. If necessary, after the 90th day of delinquency, the Company may take other appropriate legal action. A summary report of all loans 30 days or more past due is provided to the Board of Directors of the Company periodically. Loans greater than 90 days past due are generally put on nonaccrual status. A nonaccrual loan is restored to accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt. A loan is considered to be no longer delinquent when timely payments are made for a period of at least six months (one year for loans providing for quarterly or semi-annual payments) by the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms.

 The following tables set forth certain information with respect to the Company's loan portfolio delinquencies by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 30–59 Days Past Due
 60–89 Days Past Due
 90 Days or Greater Past Due
 Total Past Due
 Current

 $
 —
 $
 1,220
 $
 $
 1,352
 $
 49,579
 $

 1,851
 2,328
 1,945,320

 —
 —
 9,382
 9,382
 174,032

 6,568
 1,648
 —
 8,216
 492,353

 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 6,763
 $
 3,150
 $
 11,365
 $
 21,278
 $
 2,697,329
 $

 30–59 Days Past Due
 60–89 Days Past Due
 90 Days or Greater Past Due
 Total Past Due
 Current

 $
 1,969
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,140
 $
 58,448
 $

 —
 2,540
 2,606
 1,918,646

 —
 —
 9,382
 9,382
 145,816

 —
 1,910
 1,933
 518,514

 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 2,058
 $
 —
 $
 14,003
 $
 16,061
 $
 2,659,387
 $

 There were no loans delinquent greater than 90 days and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 Loans on Nonaccrual Status
 The following is a summary of nonaccrual loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 2023
 2022

 $
 1,386
 $
 2,152

 23,009
 2,781

 15,430
 2,126

 9,382
 9,382

 Total
 $
 49,207
 $
 16,441

 Interest income on loans that would have been recognized if loans on nonaccrual status had been current in accordance with their original terms for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 4.9 million and $ 0.8 million, respectively. There was no interest income recognized on these loans for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers on nonaccrual status. Nonaccrual loans with no specific reserve totaled $ 48.3 million and $ 14.7 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 An individually evaluated loan is generally one for which it is probable, based on current information, that the Company will not collect all the amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Individually evaluated loans are individually evaluated for credit losses.
 Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, the Company individually evaluated all insurance premium loans within the Consumer portfolio segment, irrespective of credit risk ratings.
 T he following tables summarize individually evaluated loans by portfolio segment and the related average carrying amount and interest income recognized as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 Associated
Income
Recognized

 Individually evaluated loans without a valuation allowance:

 $
 3,711
 $
 4,022
 $
 —
 $
 3,781
 $

 43,942
 45,032
 —
 41,060
 1,684

 9,382
 9,382
 —
 9,382
 —

 19,848
 20,502
 —
 18,081
 2,407

 22,129
 22,129
 —
 20,132
 1,144

 Total individually evaluated loans without a valuation allowance
 99,012
 101,067
 —
 92,436
 5,402

 Individually evaluated loans with a valuation allowance:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 5,993
 6,017
 6,082

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total individually evaluated loans with a valuation allowance
 5,993
 6,017
 6,082

 Total individually evaluated loans
 $
 105,005
 $
 107,084
 $
 $
 98,518
 $
 5,636

 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 Associated
Income
Recognized

 Individually evaluated loans without a valuation allowance:

 $
 3,846
 $
 4,104
 $
 —
 $
 3,921
 $

 2,782
 3,108
 —
 2,929
 —

 9,382
 9,382
 —
 9,293
 —

 2,551
 2,793
 —
 2,684

 Total individually evaluated loans without a valuation allowance
 18,561
 19,387
 —
 18,827

 Individually evaluated loans with a valuation allowance:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 22,511
 22,511
 22,573

 1,758
 1,758
 —

 Total individually evaluated loans with a valuation allowance
 24,269
 24,269
 23,226

 Total individually evaluated loans
 $
 42,830
 $
 43,656
 $
 $
 42,053
 $

 Loan Modifications
 A loan will be considered modified as defined by ASU 2022-02 when both of the following conditions are met: 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and 2) the modification constitutes a direct change in contractual cash flows for a significant period of time. Modified terms are dependent upon the financial position and needs of the individual borrower.

 There were no new loan modifications reportable under ASU 2022-02 at December 31, 2023. Information on loan modifications prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 is presented in accordance with the applicable accounting standards in effect at that time. As of December 31, 2022, loan modifications totaled $ 22.2 million. The following table provides information on loans that were modified during the periods presented:

 Outstanding Recorded Investment

 Number of Loans
 Pre-Modification
 Post-Modification

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Years ended December 31,

 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 At December 31, 2023 there were no nonaccrual modified loans. At December 31, 2022, there were seven nonaccrual modified loans which totaled $ 2.5 million.
 There were no loans modified that re-defaulted during the years ended December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 The following table provides information on how loans were modified for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 2023
 2022

 Rate concession
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Maturity, rate and payment concession
 —
 —

 Payment concession
 —

 Total
 $
 —
 $

 Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)-Unfunded Commitments

 As part of the adoption of CECL, the Company has recorded ACL-Unfunded Commitments in Accrued expenses and other liabilities. The provision is recorded within the Provision for credit losses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table presents a rollforward of the ACL-Unfunded Commitments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 2023
 2022

 Balance at Beginning of period
 $
 $

 Reversal of prior unfunded reserve
 ( 80)
 —

 Day 1 effect of CECL
 1,273
 —

 (Credit) for credit losses (unfunded commitments)1

 ( 347)
 ( 90)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 $

 (1) In 2022, unfunded commitments was recorded as "Other" in noninterest expense.

 Components of Provision for Credit Losses

 The following table summarizes the Provision for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 2023
 2022

 Provision for credit losses (loans)
 $
 1,213
 $
 5,437

 (Credit) for credit losses (unfunded commitments)1

 ( 347)
 —

 Provision for credit losses
 $
 $
 5,437

 (1) In 2022, unfunded commitments was recorded as "Other" in noninterest expense.

 6. Premises and Equipment
 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, premises and equipment consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Land
 $
 $

 Building
 5,057
 4,609

 Right-of-use asset
 12,685
 12,832

 Leasehold improvements
 6,543
 6,935

 Furniture and fixtures
 2,935
 2,837

 Equipment and software
 7,317
 6,590

 Premises and equipment, gross
 35,387
 34,653

 Accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 8,369)
 ( 7,454)

 Premises and equipment, net
 $
 27,018
 $
 27,199

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, depreciation and amortization expense related to premises and equipment totaled $ 2.1 million and $ 3.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, depreciation and amortization expense includes amortization of the right-of-use-asset, totaling $ 1.5 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively.

 7. Leases
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company leases real estate for eight branch locations and headquarter office under various operating lease agreements. The branch leases have maturities ranging from 2028 to 2033, some of which include options to extend the lease term. The Company is not reasonably certain to exercise these renewal options, and as a result, these optional periods are not included in determining the lease term. The weighted average remaining life of the lease term for these leases was 6.2 years as of December 31, 2023.

 The Company utilized a weighted average discount rate of 5.3 % in determining the lease liability for its branch locations and a discount rate of 4.5 % for its headquarter office.

 The total fixed operating lease costs were $ 2.3 million and $ 2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The total variable operating lease costs were $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The right-of-use-asset, included in premises and equipment, net was $ 12.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and the corresponding lease liability, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities was $ 13.7 million as of December 31, 2023.

 Future minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

 2024
 $
 2,336

 2025
 2,339

 2026
 2,293

 2027
 2,303

 2028
 2,144

 Thereafter
 4,985

 Total
 $
 16,400

 A reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows in the maturity table above and the lease liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, is shown below:

 Undiscounted cash flows
 $
 16,400

 Discount effect of cash flows
 ( 2,748)

 Lease liability
 $
 13,652

 8. Other Assets
 The components of other assets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below:

 Deferred compensation
 $
 2,810
 $
 2,479

 Servicing assets, net of valuation allowance

 Derivative assets
 8,819

 Other
 9,919
 7,289

 Total other assets
 $
 22,417
 $
 23,013

 Deferred Compensation
 The Company has a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for the Board of Directors that allows for the deferral of fees earned related to services rendered for the Company. The deferred compensation balance increased $ 0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Loan Servicing
 The Bank sells loans in the secondary market and retains the right to service many of these loans. The Bank earns fees for the servicing provided. Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The balance of loans serviced for others was $ 187.0 million and $ 147.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The risks inherent in servicing assets relate primarily to changes in the timing of prepayments that result from shifts in interest rates. The significant assumptions used in the valuation at December 31, 2023 for servicing assets included a discount rate of 10 % and prepayment speed assumptions ranging from 3 % to 17 %. The significant assumptions used in the valuation at December 31, 2022 for servicing assets included a discount rate of 10 % and prepayment speed assumptions ranging from 3 % to 17 %.
 The carrying value of loan servicing rights was $ 0.9 million and $ 0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents the changes in carrying value for loan servicing assets net of allowances:

 Loan servicing rights:

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 $

 Servicing rights capitalized

 Servicing rights amortized or disposed
 ( 399)
 ( 378)

 Change in valuation allowance
 ( 138)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 $

 Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are $ 4 thousand and $ 23 thousand for loan servicing liabilities related to loans serviced for others for which the Company does not receive a servicing fee.
 Assets held for sale
 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank did not have any assets held for sale. Assets held for sale are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 9. Deposits
 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deposits consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Noninterest bearing demand deposit accounts
 $
 $

 Interest bearing accounts:

 NOW
 90,829
 104,057

 887,352
 913,868

 Time certificates of deposit
 1,226,390

 Total interest bearing accounts
 2,390,585
 2,396,259

 Total deposits
 $
 $

 Maturities of time certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below:

 2023
 2022

 2023
 $
 —
 $
 1,084,321

 2024
 979,807
 135,965

 2025
 318,961
 5,927

 2026

 2027

 2028 and thereafter
 16,213
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 1,226,390

 The aggregate amount of individual certificate accounts, with balances of $250,000 or more, were approximately $ 151.6 million and $ 74.6 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 Brokered certificate of deposits totaled $ 860.5 million and $ 976.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Brokered money market accounts totaled $ 91.4 million and $ 41.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no certificates of deposits from national listing services, one-way buy CDARS or on-way buy ICS at

 December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Brokered deposits are comprised of Brokered CDs, brokered money market accounts, one-way buy CDARS, and one-way buy ICS.
 The following table summarizes interest expense by account type for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 NOW
 $
 $

 32,901
 8,830

 3,163
 1,259

 Time certificates of deposit
 50,672
 9,072

 Total interest expense on deposits
 $
 86,906
 $
 19,364

 10. Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings
 The following is a summary of FHLB advances with maturity dates and weighted average rates at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Due
 Rate(1)

Due
 Rate(1)

 Year of Maturity:

 2023
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 2.29
 %

 2024
 3.24
 —
 —

 Total advances
 $
 3.24
 %
 $
 2.29
 %

 (1) $ 50 million of the Company's FHLB borrowings are subject to longer term interest rate swap agreements and the weighted average rate reflects the "all-in" swap rate under these agreements, see Note 18.
 Interest expense on FHLB advances totaled $ 3.0 million and $ 1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
 The Bank has additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB up to a certain percentage of the value of qualified collateral. In accordance with agreements with the FHLB, the qualified collateral must be free and clear of liens, pledges and encumbrances. At December 31, 2023, the Company had pledged eligible loans with a book value of $ 927.1 million as collateral to support borrowing capacity at the FHLB of Boston. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has immediate availability to borrow an additional $ 344.4 million based on qualified collateral.
 At December 31, 2023, the Bank had a secured borrowing line with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY"), a letter of credit with the FHLB, and unsecured lines of credit with Zions Bank, Pacific Coast Bankers Bank ("PCBB"), and Atlantic Community Bankers Bank ("ACBB"). The total borrowing line, letter, or line of credit and the amount outstanding at December 31, 2023 are summarized below:

 Total Letter or Line of Credit
 Total Outstanding

 FRBNY
 $
 824,251
 $
 —

 FHLB
 573,350
 228,925

 Zions Bank
 45,000
 —

 PCBB
 38,000
 —

 ACBB
 12,000
 —

 Total
 $
 1,492,601
 $
 228,925

 Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
 As a member of the FHLB, the Bank is required to maintain investments in their capital stock. The Bank owned 56,957 shares and 52,158 shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There is no ready market or quoted market values for the stock and as such is classified as restricted stock. The shares have a par value of $ 100 and are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at cost, and evaluated for impairment, as the stock is only redeemable at par subject to the redemption practices of the FHLB.
 The determination of whether the par value will ultimately be recovered is influenced by criteria such as the following: (a) the significance of the decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the capital stock amount and the length of time this situation has persisted; (b) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance; (c) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the client base of the FHLB; and (d) the liquidity position of the FHLB.

 Management evaluated the stock and concluded that the stock was not impaired as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 11. Subordinated Debentures
 On October 14, 2021, the Company completed a private placement of a $ 35.0 million fixed-to-floating rate subordinated note (the "2021 Note") to an institutional accredited investor. The Company used the net proceeds to repay the outstanding balance of subordinated debt issued in 2015 and for general corporate purposes.
 The 2021 Note bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.25 % per year until October 14, 2026. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 233 basis points. The 2021 Note has a stated maturity of October 15, 2031 and is non-callable for five years. Beginning October 15, 2026, the Company may redeem the 2021 Note, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2021 Note is not redeemable at the option of the holder. The 2021 Note has been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.
 On August 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement with certain qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 6.0 % fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2032 (the "2022 Notes") in the aggregate principal amount of $ 35.0 million. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the 2022 Notes for general corporate purposes.
 The 2022 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.0 % per year until August 31, 2027. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly at a variable rate equal to the then current three-month term SOFR plus 326 basis points. The 2022 Notes have a stated maturity of September 1, 2032 and are non-callable for five years. Beginning August 19, 2027, the Company may redeem the 2022 Notes, in whole or in part, at its option. The 2022 Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. The 2022 Notes have been structured to qualify for the Company as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines.

 The Company incurred certain costs associated with the issuance of its subordinated debt. The Company capitalized these costs and they have been presented within subordinated debentures on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, unamortized debt issuance costs were $ 0.8 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively. Debt issuance costs amortize over the expected life of the related debt. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the amortization expense for debt issuance costs were $ 0.2 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, and were recognized as an increase to interest expense on borrowings within the consolidated statements of income.
 The Company recognized $ 3.2 million and $ 1.9 million in interest expense related to its subordinated debt for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 12. Commitments and Contingencies
 Leases
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company leases real estate for eight branch locations and headquarter office under various operating lease agreements. The branch leases have maturities ranging from 2028 to 2033, some of which include options to extend the lease term. Reference Note 7 for further detail.

 Legal Matters
 The Company is involved in various legal proceedings which have arisen in the normal course of business. Management believes that resolution of these matters will not have a material effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
 Off-Balance Sheet Instruments
 In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its clients. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the financial statements. The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.
 The contractual amounts of commitments to extend credit represent the amounts of potential accounting loss should the contract be fully drawn upon, the clients default, and the value of any existing collateral becomes worthless. Management uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and evaluates each client's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Management believes that they control the credit risk of these financial instruments through credit approvals, credit limits, monitoring procedures and the receipt of collateral as deemed necessary.
 Financial instruments whose contract amounts represented credit risk at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Commitments to extend credit:

 Loan commitments
 $
 236,878
 $
 376,512

 Undisbursed construction loans
 93,653
 180,768

 Unused home equity lines of credit
 2,952
 3,684

 $
 333,483
 $
 560,964

 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract or certain milestones in the case of construction loans or otherwise required collateral under borrowing base limits are met. Commitments to extend credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Since these commitments could expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter party. Collateral held varies, but may include residential and commercial property, deposits and securities.
 These commitments subject the Company to potential exposure in excess of amounts recorded in the financial statements, and therefore, management maintains a specific reserve for unfunded credit commitments. This reserve is reported as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments totaled $ 926 thousand at December 31, 2023 and $ 80 thousand at December 31, 2022.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had a remaining capital commitment of $ 3.7 million to three Small Business Investment Companies ("SBIC") and a remaining capital commitment of $ 1.6 million in a private equity investment company. Contributions to these funds represent an equity investment for the Company.

 13. Income Taxes
 The components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of:

 2023
 2022

 Current provision:

 Federal
 $
 9,201
 $
 10,909

 State
 2,370
 1,609

 Total current
 11,571
 12,518

 Deferred (credit) provision:

 Federal
 ( 1,644)

 State
 ( 390)
 ( 320)

 Total deferred
 ( 191)
 ( 1,964)

 Total income tax expense
 $
 11,380
 $
 10,554

 In October, 2015, the Company created Bankwell Loan Servicing Group, Inc., a Passive Investment Company ("PIC") organized for state income tax purposes. The PIC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank operating in accordance with Connecticut statutes. The PIC's activities are limited in scope to holding and managing loans that are collateralized by real estate. Income earned by a PIC is determined in accordance with the statutory requirements for a passive investment company and the dividends paid by the PIC to the Bank are not taxable income for Connecticut income tax purposes. As a result of the formation of the PIC, the Bank is currently not subject to Connecticut income taxes. State taxes are being recognized for income taxes on income earned in other states.
 A reconciliation of the anticipated income tax expense, computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 to the income before income taxes, to the amount reported in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Income tax expense at statutory federal rate
 $
 10,089
 $
 10,077

 State tax expense
 1,980
 1,241

 Income exempt from tax
 ( 236)
 ( 368)

 Stock compensation
 ( 57)
 ( 116)

 Deferred director fees
 —
 ( 84)

 Other items, net
 ( 396)
 ( 196)

 Income tax expense
 $
 11,380
 $
 10,554

 At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 $
 6,837
 $
 5,158

 Net operating loss carryforwards

 Deferred fees
 2,529
 3,165

 Deferred director fees

 Start-up costs
 —

 Unrealized loss on available for sale securities
 1,732
 1,941

 Lease liabilities
 3,233
 3,138

 Other
 1,363
 1,186

 Gross deferred tax assets
 16,461
 15,352

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Deferred expenses
 1,260
 1,645

 Servicing rights

 Depreciation
 1,373
 1,400

 Unrealized gain on derivatives
 1,236
 1,896

 Right-of-use-assets
 3,004
 2,940

 Gross deferred tax liabilities
 7,078
 7,930

 Net deferred tax asset
 $
 9,383
 $
 7,422

 A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is required if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management evaluated its remaining deferred tax assets and believes no valuation allowances were needed at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryovers of $ 1.6 million. The carryovers were transferred to the Company upon the merger with The Wilton Bank. The losses will expire after 2032 and are subject to certain annual limitations which amount to $ 176 thousand per annum.
 As a result of management's analysis of the Company's tax position, a reserve has been established for uncertain tax positions in conjunction with the Company's out of state lending activity. The total reserve for uncertain tax positions totaled $ 1.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The tax years 2020 and subsequent are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. The statute of limitations has expired on the years before 2020. No examinations are currently in process.
 The following table reflects a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Company's uncertain tax positions:

 2023
 2022

 Balance, beginning of year
 $
 $

 Net additions (reductions) relating to potential liability with taxing authorities

 Balance, end of year
 $
 1,045
 $

 14. 401(K) Profit Sharing Plan
 The Company's employees are eligible to participate in The Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. and its Subsidiaries and Affiliates 401(k) Plan (the "401k Plan"). The 401k Plan covers substantially all employees who are at least 21 years of age. Under the terms of the 401k Plan, participants can contribute up to a certain percentage of their compensation, subject to federal limitations. The Company matches eligible contributions and may make discretionary matching and/or profit sharing contributions. Participants are immediately vested in their contributions and become fully vested in the Company's contributions after completing five years of service. The Company expensed $ 287 thousand and $ 311 thousand related to the 401k Plan during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 15. Earnings Per Share ("EPS")
 Unvested restricted stock awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends are participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company's unvested restricted stock awards qualify as participating securities.
 Net income is allocated between the common stock and participating securities pursuant to the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding participating unvested restricted stock awards.
 Diluted EPS is computed in a similar manner, except that the denominator includes the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive common shares were issued using the treasury stock method.
 The following is a reconciliation of earnings available to common shareholders and basic weighted average common shares outstanding to diluted weighted average common shares outstanding, reflecting the application of the two-class method:

 For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 (In thousands, except per share data)

 $
 $

 Dividends to participating securities(1)

 ( 164)
 ( 133)

 Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities(1)

 ( 794)
 ( 680)

 Net income for earnings per share calculation
 $
 35,705
 $
 36,616

 Weighted average shares outstanding, basic
 7,588
 7,563

 Effect of dilutive equity-based awards(2)

 Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted
 7,648
 7,640

 Net earnings per common share:

 Basic earnings per common share
 $
 4.71
 $
 4.84

 Diluted earnings per common share
 $
 4.67
 $
 4.79

 (1) Represents dividends paid and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested stock-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends.
 (2) Represents the effect of the assumed exercise of stock options and warrants and the vesting of restricted shares, as applicable, utilizing the treasury stock method.

 16. Stock Based Compensation
 Equity award plans
 The Company has unvested restricted stock outstanding under two equity award plans, which are collectively referred to as the "Stock Plans." Any future issuances of equity awards will be made under the 2022 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. Stock Plan, or the "2022 Plan," as amended from time-to-time. All equity awards made under the 2022 Plan and prior equity award plans are made by means of an award agreement, which contains the specific terms and conditions of the grant. To date, all equity awards have been in the form restricted stock. At December 31, 2023, there were 308,076 shares reserved for future issuance under the 2022 Plan.

 Restricted stock: Restricted stock provides grantees with rights to shares of common stock upon completion of a service period and, with respect to a portion of some grants, achievement of certain performance metrics. Shares of unvested restricted stock are considered participating securities. Restricted stock awards generally vest over one to five years.
 The following table presents the activity for restricted stock for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Number of
Shares
Grant Date

 Unvested at beginning of period
 214,000
 (1)

 $
 27.96

 Granted
 158,675
 (2)

 $
 29.95

 Vested
 ( 102,909)
 (3)

 $
 29.43

 Forfeited
 ( 15,438)
 (4)

 $
 24.62

 Unvested at end of period
 254,328

 (1) Includes 34,369 shares of performance based restricted stock.
 (2) Includes 33,106 shares of performance based restricted stock.
 (3) Includes 28,774 shares of performance based restricted stock.
 (4) Includes 5,586 shares of performance based restricted stock.

 The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 3.0 million.
 The Company's restricted stock expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $ 3.1 million and $ 2.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2023, there was $ 4.9 million of unrecognized stock compensation expense for restricted stock, expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.
 Performance based restricted stock: The Company has 33,115 shares of performance based restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2023 pursuant to the Company's Stock Plans. The awards vest over a three year service period, provided certain performance metrics are met. The share quantity that ultimately vests can range between 0 % and 200 %, which is dependent on the degree to which the performance metrics are met. The Company records an expense over the vesting period based on (a) the probability that the performance metric will be met and (b) the fair market value of the Company's stock at the date of the grant.

 17. Comprehensive Income
 Comprehensive income represents the sum of net income and items of other comprehensive income or loss, including net unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale and net unrealized gains or losses on derivatives. The Company's derivative instruments are utilized to manage economic risks, including interest rate risk. Changes in fair value of the Company's derivatives are primarily driven by changes in interest rates and recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company's current derivative positions will cause a decrease to other comprehensive income in a falling interest rate environment and an increase in a rising interest rate environment. The Company's total comprehensive income or loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
 The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component, net of tax for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Net Unrealized Gain
(Loss) on Available
for Sale Securities
 Net Unrealized Gain
(Loss) on Interest
Rate Swaps
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 6,750)
 $
 6,561
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax
 1,205
 2,145

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax
 —
 ( 3,620)
 ( 3,620)

 Net other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 2,415)
 ( 1,475)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 $
 ( 5,810)
 $
 4,146
 $
 ( 1,664)

 Net Unrealized Gain
(Loss) on Available
for Sale Securities
 Net Unrealized Gain
(Loss) on Interest
Rate Swaps
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 $
 1,651
 $
 ( 10,212)
 $
 ( 8,561)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications, net of tax
 ( 8,401)
 16,607
 8,206

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive
income, net of tax
 —

 Net other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 8,401)
 16,773
 8,372

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 6,750)
 $
 6,561
 $

 The following table provides information for the items reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss:
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income (Loss) Components
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 Associated Line Item in the Consolidated
Statements Of Income

 2023
 2022

 Derivatives:

 Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives
 $
 4,596
 $
 ( 215)
 Interest expense on borrowings

 Tax benefit
 ( 976)
 Income tax expense

 Net of tax
 $
 3,620
 $
 ( 166)

 18. Derivative Instruments
 The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its funding along with the use of interest rate derivative financial instruments, namely interest rate swaps. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was a party to five cash flow swaps, designated as hedging instruments, to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to the variability of the future cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rates. The notional amount for each swap is $ 25 million and in each case, the Company has entered into pay-fixed cash flow swaps to convert rolling 90 -day FHLB advances or brokered deposits. Cash flow swaps with a positive fair value are recorded as other assets and cash flow swaps with a negative fair value are recorded as other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The Company terminated two cash flow swaps with a total notional amount of $ 50 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The underlying debt associated with the terminated swaps was kept in place. The fair value of the terminated swaps totaled $ 141.1 thousand as of December 31, 2023. The fair value of the terminated swaps will be reclassified from other comprehensive income to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the original term of the hedging relationship.

 The Company entered into one pay-fixed portfolio layer method fair value swap, designated as a hedging instrument, with a total notional amount of $ 150 million in the first quarter of 2023. The Company designated the fair value swap under the portfolio layer method. Under this method, the hedged item is designated as a hedged layer of a closed portfolio of financial loans that is anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period. Adjustments will be made to record the swap at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying value of the fair value swap on the Consolidated Balance Sheets will also be adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.

 The following table represents the carrying value of the portfolio layer method hedged asset and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying value of the hedged asset as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Carrying Value of Hedged Asset
 Hedged Items

 Fixed Rate Asset (1)

 $
 150,915
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 (1) These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios of fixed rate loans used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolio anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedged period. As of December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio used in this hedging relationship was $ 611.5 million, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with this hedging relationships was $ 1.1 million, and the amount of the designated hedged item was $ 150.0 million.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has interest rate swaps not designated as hedging instruments, to minimize interest rate risk exposure with loans to clients.
 The Company accounts for all non-borrower related interest rate swaps as effective cash flow hedges or fair value swaps. None of the interest rate swap agreements contain any credit risk related contingent features. A hedging instrument is expected at inception to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the hedged transactions attributable to the changes in the hedged risk.
 Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain loan clients. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the client derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.
 Interest rate swaps with a positive fair value are recorded as other assets and interest rate swaps with a negative fair value are recorded as other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Information about derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 125,000
 $
 5,240
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Fair value swap
 $
 150,000
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps(1)

 $
 $
 3,579
 $
 $
 3,579

 (1) Represents interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients, which are offset by derivatives with a third party.

 Accrued interest receivable related to interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2023 totaled $ 0.8 million and is excluded from the fair value presented in the table above. The fair value of interest rate swaps in a net asset position, including accrued interest, totaled $ 6.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

 As of December 31, 2022

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 125,000
 $
 8,292
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate swaps(1)

 $
 $
 4,207
 $
 $
 4,207

 (1) Represents interest rate swaps with commercial banking clients, which are offset by derivatives with a third party.
 Accrued interest receivable related to interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2022 totaled $ 0.5 million and is excluded from the fair value presented in the table above. The fair value of interest rate swaps in a net liability position, including accrued interest, totaled $ 8.8 million as of December 31, 2022.
 The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company's variable-rate debt. The Company expects to reclassify $ 3.7 million to interest income during the next 12 months.
 The Company assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction. The Company does not offset derivative assets and derivative liabilities for financial statement presentation purposes.
 Changes in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of cash flows were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges:

 Unrealized income recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications
 $
 1,531
 $
 21,383

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 4,596)

 Income tax benefit (expense) on items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 4,825)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income
 $
 ( 2,415)
 $
 16,773

 The unrealized gains and losses set forth in the above table are reflective of market interest rates as of the respective balance sheet dates. Generally, a lower interest rate environment will result in a negative impact to comprehensive income whereas a higher interest rate environment will result in a positive impact to comprehensive income.

 The following table summarizes the effect of the fair value hedging relationship recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 2023
 2022

 Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationship:

 Hedged Asset
 $
 $
 —

 Fair value derivative designated as hedging instrument
 1,148
 —

 Total gain recognized in the consolidated statements of income within interest and fees on loans
 $
 2,063
 $
 —

 The following tables summarize gross and net information about derivative instruments that are offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets(1)
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
 Net Amounts of Assets presented in the Statement of Financial Position
 Financial Instruments
 Cash Collateral Received
 Net Amount

 $
 9,583
 $
 —
 $
 9,583
 $
 —
 $
 8,599
 $

 (1) Includes accrued interest receivable totaling $ 764 thousand.

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities(1)
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
 Net Amounts of Liabilities presented in the Statement of Financial Position
 Financial Instruments
 Cash Collateral Posted
 Net Amount

 $
 4,473
 $
 —
 $
 4,473
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,473

 (1) Includes net interest receivable totaling $ 23 thousand.

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets(1)
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
 Net Amounts of Assets presented in the Statement of Financial Position
 Financial Instruments
 Cash Collateral Received
 Net Amount

 $
 13,097
 $
 —
 $
 13,097
 $
 —
 $
 12,771
 $

 (1) Includes accrued interest payable totaling $ 559 thousand.

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets(1)
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
 Net Amounts of Assets presented in the Statement of Financial Position
 Financial Instruments
 Cash Collateral Received
 Net Amount

 $
 4,258
 $
 —
 $
 4,258
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,258

 (1) Includes no accrued interest.

 19. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 GAAP requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparisons to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument.
 Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company's financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of the respective period-ends, and have not been reevaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.
 The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company's financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling rate environment. Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities and attempts to minimize interest rate risk.

 The carrying values, fair values and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

Value
 Fair
Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 267,521
 $
 267,521
 $
 267,521
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Federal funds sold
 1,636
 1,636
 1,636
 —
 —

 2,070
 2,070
 2,070
 —
 —

 Available for sale securities
 55,287
 54,449
 —

 Held to maturity securities
 15,903
 —
 15,870

 Loans receivable, net
 2,685,301
 2,659,667
 —
 —
 2,659,667

 Accrued interest receivable
 14,863
 14,863
 —
 14,863
 —

 FHLB stock
 5,696
 5,696
 —
 5,696
 —

 Servicing asset, net of valuation allowance
 —
 —

 Derivative asset
 8,819
 8,819
 —
 8,819
 —

 Financial liabilities:

 Noninterest bearing deposits
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 NOW and money market
 978,181
 978,181
 —
 978,181
 —

 —
 —

 Time deposits
 1,315,233
 —
 —
 1,315,233

 Accrued interest payable
 14,595
 14,595
 —
 14,595
 —

 Advances from the FHLB
 90,012
 —
 —
 90,012

 Subordinated debentures
 63,060
 —
 —
 63,060

 Servicing liability
 —
 —

 Derivative liability
 4,496
 4,496
 —
 4,496
 —

Value
 Fair
Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 344,925
 $
 344,925
 $
 344,925
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Federal funds sold
 10,754
 10,754
 10,754
 —
 —

 1,988
 1,988
 1,988
 —
 —

 Available for sale securities
 51,489
 52,174
 —

 Held to maturity securities
 15,435
 —
 15,398

 Loans receivable, net
 2,646,384
 2,594,819
 —
 —
 2,594,819

 Accrued interest receivable
 13,070
 13,070
 —
 13,070
 —

 FHLB stock
 5,216
 5,216
 —
 5,216
 —

 Servicing asset, net of valuation allowance
 —
 —

 Derivative asset
 —
 —

 Financial liabilities:

 Noninterest bearing deposits
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 NOW and money market
 1,017,925
 1,017,925
 —
 1,017,925
 —

 —
 —

 Time deposits
 1,226,390
 1,214,073
 —
 —
 1,214,073

 Accrued interest payable
 6,650
 6,650
 —
 6,650
 —

 Advances from the FHLB
 89,996
 —
 —
 89,996

 Subordinated debentures
 68,959
 62,687
 —
 —
 62,687

 Servicing liability
 —
 —

 Derivative liability
 4,207
 4,207
 —
 4,207
 —

 The following methods and assumptions were used by management in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:
 Cash and due from banks, federal funds sold, accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable: The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.
 Marketable equity securities, available for sale securities and held to maturity securities: Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. The majority of the available for sale securities are considered to be Level 2 as other observable inputs are utilized, such as quoted prices for similar securities. Level 1 investment securities include investments in a U.S. treasury note and in marketable equity securities for which a quoted price is readily available in the market. Level 3 held to maturity securities represent private placement municipal housing authority bonds for which no quoted market price is available. The fair value for these securities is estimated using a discounted cash flow model, using discount rates ranging from 4.5 % to 6.9 % as of December 31, 2023 and 4.9 % to 7.3 % as of December 31, 2022. These securities are CRA eligible investments.
 FHLB stock: The carrying value of FHLB stock approximates fair value based on the most recent redemption provisions of the FHLB.
 Loans receivable: For variable rate loans which reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values. The fair value of fixed rate loans are estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities. The fair value methodology includes prepayment, default and loss severity assumptions applied by type of loan. The fair value estimate of the loans includes an expected credit loss.
 Derivative asset (liability): The valuation of the Company's interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves. The Company also considers the creditworthiness of each counterparty for assets and the creditworthiness of the Company for liabilities.

 Assets held for sale: Assets held for sale (excluding loans) consist of real estate properties that are expected to sell within a year. The assets are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The fair value represents the price that would be received to sell the asset (the exit price).
 Deposits: The fair value of demand deposits, regular savings and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of certificates of deposit and other time deposits is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities to a schedule of aggregated expected maturities on such deposits.
 Borrowings and subordinated debentures: The fair value of the Company's borrowings and subordinated debentures is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies discount rates currently offered based on similar maturities. The Company also considers its own creditworthiness in determining the fair value of its borrowings and subordinated debt. Contractual cash flows for the subordinated debt are reduced based on the estimated rates of default, the severity of losses to be incurred on a default, and the rates at which the subordinated debt is expected to prepay after the call date.
 Servicing asset (liability): Servicing assets and liabilities do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. The Company estimates the fair value of servicing assets and liabilities using discounted cash flow models, incorporating numerous assumptions from the perspective of a market participant, including market discount rates.
 Off-balance-sheet instruments: Loan commitments on which the committed interest rate is less than the current market rate are insignificant at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 20. Fair Value Measurements
 The Company is required to account for certain assets at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. As discussed in Note 1, the Company determines fair value in accordance with GAAP, which defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
 Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
 Level 2 — Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
 Level 3 — Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
 Valuation techniques based on unobservable inputs are highly subjective and require judgments regarding significant matters such as the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of discount rates that may appropriately reflect market and credit risks. Changes in these judgments often have a material impact on the fair value estimates. In addition, since these estimates are as of a specific point in time they are susceptible to material near-term changes.

 Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 The following table details the financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine the fair value. The Company had no transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 $
 2,070
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Available for sale investment securities:

 62,515
 32,711
 —

 —
 —

 Derivative asset
 —
 8,819
 —

 Derivative liability
 —
 4,496
 —

 $
 1,988
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Available for sale investment securities:

 51,489
 36,936
 —

 —
 15,238
 —

 Derivative asset
 —
 —

 Derivative liability
 —
 4,207
 —

 Marketable equity securities and available for sale securities: The fair value of the Company's investment securities is estimated by using pricing models or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics (i.e. matrix pricing) and is classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The pricing is primarily sourced from third party pricing services, overseen by management.
 Derivative assets and liabilities: The Company's derivative assets and liabilities consist of transactions as part of management's strategy to manage interest rate risk. The valuation of the Company's interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves. The Company also considers the creditworthiness of each counterparty for assets and the creditworthiness of the Company for liabilities. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
 Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
 Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period as well as assets that are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment.

 The following table details the financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine the fair value:

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 104,050

 Servicing asset, net
 —
 —

 Assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 41,929

 Servicing asset, net
 —
 —

 Assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —

 The following table presents information about quantitative inputs and assumptions for Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 Fair
Value
 Valuation
Methodology
 Unobservable
Input
 Range

 $
 31,527
 Appraisals
 Discount to appraised value
 8.00 %

 22,129
 Appraisals, cash surrender value life insurance, securities, cash held as collateral
 Discounts to appraised value and securities value
 — - 8.00 %

 50,394
 Discounted cash flows
 Discount rate
 3.38 – 10.75 %

 $
 104,050

 Servicing asset, net
 $
 Discounted cash flows
 Discount rate
 10.00 %

 (1)

 Prepayment rate
 3.00 - 17.00 %

 $
 17,477
 Appraisals
 Discount to appraised value
 6.00 - 8.00 %

 24,452
 Discounted cash flows
 Discount rate
 3.00 – 6.75 %

 $
 41,929

 Servicing asset, net
 $
 Discounted cash flows
 Discount rate
 10.00
 %
 (2)

 Prepayment rate
 3.00 - 17.00 %

 Assets held for sale
 $
 —
 Sale & Income Approach
 Adjustment to valuation and cost to sell
 N/A

 (1) Servicing liabilities totaling $ 4 thousand were valued using a discount rate of 4.4 %.
 (2) Servicing liabilities totaling $ 23 thousand were valued using a discount rate of 4.0 %.

 Individually evaluated loans: Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records nonrecurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Nonrecurring adjustments also include certain credit loss amounts for collateral-dependent loans calculated in accordance with ASC 310-10 when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan. Collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or other assumptions. Estimates of fair value based on collateral are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3. For those loans where the primary source of repayment is cash flow from operations, adjustments include credit losses calculated based on the perceived collectability of interest payments on the basis of a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing a discount rate equivalent to the original note rate.
 Servicing assets and liabilities: When loans are sold, on a servicing retained basis, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized. The fair value of servicing assets and liabilities are not measured on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments when and if the assets or liabilities are deemed to be impaired.
 Assets held for sale: Assets held for sale (excluding loans) consist of real estate properties that are expected to sell within a year. The assets are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The fair value represents the price that would be received to sell the asset (the exit price).

 21. Regulatory Matters
 The Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the other federal and state bank regulatory agencies establish regulatory capital guidelines for U.S. banking organizations.
 Under the current guidelines, banking organizations must have a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 %, a minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 %, a minimum common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 %, and a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0 % in order to be "adequately capitalized." In addition to these requirements, banking organizations must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of common Tier 1 equity in an amount above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for "adequately capitalized" institutions equal to 2.5 % of total risk-weighted assets, resulting in a requirement for the Company and the Bank to effectively maintain common equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios of 7.0 %, 8.5 % and 10.5 %, respectively. The Company and the Bank must maintain the capital conservation buffer to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, pay discretionary bonuses, or to engage in share repurchases.
 As of June 30, 2023, the Company no longer met the definition of a Small Bank Holding Company as the Company's assets exceeded $3 billion. Effective March 31, 2024, the Company will be subject to the larger company capital requirements as set forth in the Economic Growth Act.
 Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Bank and Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. There are no conditions or events since then that management believes have changed this conclusion.

 The capital amounts and ratios for the Bank and the Company at December 31, 2023 were as follows:
 Actual Capital
 Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation Buffer
 Minimum Regulatory Capital to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 $
 321,432
 11.30
 %
 $
 199,047
 7.00
 %
 $
 184,829
 6.50
 %

 Tier I Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 321,432
 11.30
 %
 241,700
 8.50
 %
 227,482
 8.00
 %

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 350,303
 12.32
 %
 298,571
 10.50
 %
 284,353
 10.00
 %

 Tier I Capital to Average Assets
 321,432
 9.81
 %
 131,110
 4.00
 %
 163,888
 5.00
 %

 Actual Capital
 Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy
 Minimum Regulatory Capital to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 $
 264,209
 9.28
 %
 $
 128,121
 4.50
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Tier I Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 264,209
 9.28
 %
 170,828
 6.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 362,285
 12.72
 %
 227,770
 8.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Tier I Capital to Average Assets
 264,209
 8.05
 %
 131,232
 4.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 The capital amounts and ratios for the Bank and Company at December 31, 2022 were as follows:
 Actual Capital
 Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation Buffer
 Minimum Regulatory Capital to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 $
 294,926
 10.28
 %
 $
 200,785
 7.00
 %
 $
 186,443
 6.50
 %

 Tier I Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 294,926
 10.28
 %
 243,810
 8.50
 %
 229,469
 8.00
 %

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 317,437
 11.07
 %
 301,177
 10.50
 %
 286,836
 10.00
 %

 Tier I Capital to Average Assets
 294,926
 9.88
 %
 119,361
 4.00
 %
 149,202
 5.00
 %

 Actual Capital
 Minimum Regulatory Capital Required for Capital Adequacy
 Minimum Regulatory Capital to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 $
 235,672
 8.21
 %
 $
 129,231
 4.50
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Tier I Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 235,672
 8.21
 %
 172,308
 6.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 327,142
 11.39
 %
 229,745
 8.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Tier I Capital to Average Assets
 235,672
 7.89
 %
 119,490
 4.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Regulatory Restrictions on Dividends
 The ability of the Company to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. In accordance with Connecticut statutes, regulatory approval is required to pay dividends in excess of the Bank's profits retained in the current year plus retained profits from the previous two years. The Bank is also prohibited from paying dividends that would reduce its capital ratios below minimum regulatory requirements.
 Reserve Requirements on Cash
 The Bank was not required to maintain a minimum reserve balance in the FRBNY at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022 as the Federal Reserve Bank has waived this requirement.

 22. Related Party Transactions
 In the normal course of business, the Company may grant loans to executive officers, directors and members of their immediate families, as defined, and to entities in which these individuals have more than a 10 % equity ownership. Such loans are transacted at terms including interest rates, similar to those available to unrelated clients. Changes in loans outstanding to such related parties during the years ending December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Balance, beginning of year
 $
 —
 $
 25,416

 Additional loans
 —
 —

 Repayments
 —
 ( 25,416)

 Balance, end of year
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Related party deposits aggregated approximately $ 34.7 million and $ 18.7 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company paid approximately $ 5 thousand and $ 5 thousand, respectively, to related parties for services provided to the Company. The payments were primarily for consulting and legal services.

 23. Parent Company Only Financial Statements
 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc., the Parent Company, operates its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bankwell Bank. The earnings of this subsidiary are recognized by the Parent Company using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, earnings are recorded as increases in the Parent Company's investment in the subsidiary and dividends paid reduce the investment in the subsidiary.
 Condensed financial statements of the Parent Company only are as follows:
 Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

 2023
 2022

 (In Thousands)

 ASSETS

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 12,130
 $
 9,435

 Investment in subsidiary
 322,975
 297,723

 Deferred income taxes, net

 3,078
 2,783

 $
 338,705
 $
 310,448

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Subordinated debentures
 $
 $
 68,958

 3,748
 3,021

 Shareholders' equity

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 338,705
 $
 310,448

 Condensed Statements of Income

 2023
 2022

 (In Thousands)

 Interest income
 $
 $

 Dividend income from subsidiary
 —
 —

 Total income

 Expenses
 6,984
 5,258

 Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
 ( 6,956)
 ( 5,221)

 Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
 43,619
 42,650

 Net Income
 $
 $

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
 For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 (In Thousands)

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:

 Equity in undistributed earnings
 ( 43,619)
 ( 42,650)

 (Increase) decrease in other assets
 ( 295)

 Increase in deferred income taxes, net
 ( 15)
 ( 175)

 Increase (decrease) in other liabilities
 ( 770)

 Stock-based compensation
 3,074
 2,362

 Amortization of debt issuance costs

 Net cash used in operating activities
 ( 3,219)
 ( 2,756)

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Decrease in premises and equipment, net
 —
 —

 Net cash provided by investing activities
 —
 —

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Issuance of subordinated debt
 —
 34,352

 Retirement of subordinated debt
 —
 —

 Proceeds from exercise of options

 Dividends paid on common stock
 ( 6,241)
 ( 6,189)

 Repurchase of common stock
 —
 ( 5,540)

 Capital contribution to Bank
 12,000
 ( 20,000)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 5,914
 2,671

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 2,695
 ( 85)

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Beginning of year
 9,435
 9,520

 End of year
 $
 12,130
 $
 9,435

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information:

 Cash paid for:

 3,237
 1,911

 Income taxes
 —
 —

 24. Subsequent Events

 The Company's Board of Directors declared a $ 0.20 per share cash dividend, payable February 23, 2024 to shareholders of record on February 13, 2024.
 On January 24, 2024, Bankwell's Board of Directors approved the promotion and appointment of Steve H. Brunner as Executive Vice President, Chief Risk and Operations Officer.
 On February 15, 2024, James M. Garnett, Jr., director on the Company's Board of Directors passed away. Mr. Garnett had been a member of the Company's Board since 2018 and Chair of the Audit Committee since 2022. The Company is extremely grateful for Mr. Garnett's dedication to the Company and his service as a director on the Company's Board of Directors. Darryl M. Demos has been appointed the interim Audit Committee Chairman. Mr. Demos has been a member of the Company's Audit Committee since 2022.
 Subsequent to December 31, 2023 through March 11, 2024, the Company purchased 17,239 shares of its Common Stock at a weighted average price of $ 25.12 per share.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Bankwell's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that Bankwell's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
 Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Bankwell's management has issued a report on its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, senior management concluded that Bankwell maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.
 There were no changes made in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The report of the Company's management follows.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 The management of Bankwell Financial Group and its Subsidiaries is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
 Based on management's assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
 The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, RSM US LLP, has audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, as stated in their audit report appearing below.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Bankwell Financial Group, Inc.

 Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Bankwell Financial Group, Inc.'s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements and our report dated March 12, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.

 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ RSM US LLP

 Hartford, Connecticut

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Officer and Director Trading Arrangements

 In the fourth quarter of 2023, directors Eric J. Dale, Jeffrey R. Dunne, Carl M. Porto, and Lawrence B. Seidman, elected to participate in the Company's Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan (the "DCP"), pursuant to which all (but not less than all) retainer fees and any meeting fees (or other cash compensation) payable to such director for service on the Board of Directors is deferred. The election is effective for calendar year 2024 and each subsequent calendar year until the director revokes the election, which revocation will be effective for the following calendar year. Amounts deferred under the DCP are credited to a book account and deemed invested in the Company's common stock. The DCP is indirectly funded by the Company through a so-called "Rabbi Trust," which is administered by an independent third party trustee. The Company deposits deferred amounts into the Rabbi Trust, which funds are invested in our common stock through open market purchases by the trustee. A director's deferred compensation is paid in our common stock following retirement, except under certain specified circumstances that permit earlier payment, including a severe financial hardship resulting from illness or accident, loss of property or other similar extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspection

 Not Applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The Company responds to this item by incorporating herein by reference the material responsive to such item in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The Company responds to this item by incorporating herein by reference the material responsive to such item in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Commission no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The Company responds to this item by incorporating herein by reference the material responsive to such item in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Commission no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The Company responds to this item by incorporating herein by reference the material responsive to such item in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Commission no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The Company responds to this item by incorporating herein by reference the material responsive to such item in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Commission no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 (A)(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 The following consolidated financial statements of the Company are included in Item 8 of this report:
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 Consolidated Balance Sheets - As of December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Income - For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 (A)(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 Certain schedules to the consolidated financial statements have been omitted if they were not required by Article 9 of Regulation S-X or if, under the related instructions, they were inapplicable, or the information was contained elsewhere herein.
 (A)(3) EXHIBITS
 The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index in this Form 10-K are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference to other SEC filings.

 Exhibit Index
 Number
 Description

 Exhibit 3.1
 Certificate of Incorporation as amended to date (1)

 Exhibit 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws (1)

 Exhibit 4.1
 Description of the Registrant's Common Stock (5)

 Exhibit 10.1
 Employment Agreement of Christopher R. Gruseke dated June 1, 2016 (3)

 Exhibit 10.2
 2011 BNC Financial Group, Inc. Stock Option and Equity Award Plan (1)

 Exhibit 10.3
 2012 BNC Financial Group, Inc. Stock Plan (1)

 Exhibit 10.4
 Amendment to the 2012 BNC Financial Group, Inc. Stock Plan (1)

 Exhibit 10.5
 BNC Financial Group, Inc. and Affiliates Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, January 23, 2008 (1)

 as amended by the Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. and Affiliates Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Related Investment Policy Statement (9)

 Exhibit 10.6
 Form of Director Indemnification Agreement (2)

 Exhibit 10.7
 Form of Executive Officer Indemnification Agreement (2)

 Exhibit 10.8
 Employment Agreement of Christine Chivily (4)

 Exhibit 10.9
 Agreement dated February 5, 2020 between Lawrence B. Seidman and Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. (5)

 Exhibit 10.10
 First Amendment to Agreement dated as of July 30, 2022, amending Agreement dated as of February 5, 2020 by and among Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. and Lawrence B. Seidman (7)

 Exhibit 10.11
 Employment Agreement of Matthew McNeill (6)

 Exhibit 10.12
 2018 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan (6)

 Exhibit 10.13
 2022 Bankwell Financial Group, Inc. Stock Plan (7)

 Exhibit 10.14
 Employment Agreement of Courtney E. Sacchetti (8)

 Exhibit 21.1
 Subsidiaries of the Registrant (1)

 Exhibit 23.1
 Consent of RSM US LLP

 Exhibit 31.1
 Certification of Christopher R. Gruseke Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

 Exhibit 31.2
 Certification of Courtney Sacchetti pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)

 Exhibit 32
 Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 Exhibit 97
 Clawback Policy

 Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 (1) Filed as part of the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 4, 2014.
 (2) Filed as part of the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on May 5, 2014.
 (3) Filed as part of the Registrant's December 31, 2016 Form 10-K.
 (4) Filed as part of the Registrant's June 30, 2018 Form 10-Q.
 (5) Filed as part of the Registrant's December 31, 2019 Form 10-K.
 (6) Filed as part of the Registrant's December 31, 2020 Form 10-K.
 (7) Filed as an Exhibit to Registrant's June 30, 2022 Form 10-Q.
 (8) Filed as part of the Registrant's December 31, 2022 Form 10-K.
 (9) Filed as an Exhibit to Registrant's September 30, 2023 Form 10-Q.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 BANKWELL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.

 By:
 /s/ Christopher R. Gruseke

 Christopher R. Gruseke
President and Chief Executive Officer

 Dated: March 12, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature & Title
 Date

 /s/ Christopher R. Gruseke

 Christopher R. Gruseke
President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director
(principal executive officer)

 /s/ Courtney E. Sacchetti

 Courtney E. Sacchetti
Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)

 /s/ Gail Brathwaite

 Gail Brathwaite

 /s/ Eric J. Dale

 Eric J. Dale

 /s/ Darryl Demos

 Darryl Demos

 /s/ Blake S. Drexler

 Blake S. Drexler

 /s/ Jeffrey R. Dunne

 Jeffrey R. Dunne

 /s/ Anahaita N. Kotval

 Anahaita N. Kotval

 /s/ Todd Lampert

 Todd Lampert

 /s/ Carl M. Porto

 Carl M. Porto

 /s/ Lawrence B. Seidman

 Lawrence B. Seidman