UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to.

 Commission File Number: 333-179121

 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Colorado

 45-0897865

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 9601 South Meridian Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado

 80112-5308

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 (303) 723-1000

 Not Applicable

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No *
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Emerging growth company

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes No

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting interests held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2023 was $ 0.

 As of March 29, 2024, the registrant's outstanding common stock consisted of 1,078 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share.
 The Registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instructions (I)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the reduced disclosure format.
 * The Registrant currently is not subject to the filing requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K on a voluntary basis. The Registrant has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months as if it were subject to such filing requirements during such period.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: None

 Disclosure Regarding Forward Looking Statements

 i

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 *

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation
 *

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 *

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 *

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10K Summary

 Signatures

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 * This item has been omitted pursuant to the reduced disclosure format as set forth in General Instructions (I)(2) (a) and (c) of Form 10-K.

 DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, in particular, statements about our plans, objectives and strategies, growth opportunities in our industries and businesses, our expectations regarding future results, financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, our estimates regarding the impact of regulatory developments and legal proceedings, and other trends and projections. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts and may be identified by words such as "future," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "predict," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and represent management's current views and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, events or results and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may be beyond our control. Accordingly, actual performance, events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those summarized below:

 • risks relating to the ability of our parent company, EchoStar Corporation ("EchoStar"), to realize the expected benefits of the merger with DISH Network Corporation;
 • risks relating to EchoStar's substantially increased leverage following completion of the merger with DISH Network Corporation;
 • significant risks related to our ability to launch, operate, and control our satellites, operational and environmental risks related to our owned and leased satellites, and risks related to our satellites under construction;
 • our ability and the ability of third parties with whom we engage to operate our business as a result of changes in the global business environment, including regulatory and competitive considerations;
 • our ability to implement and/or realize benefits of our investments and other strategic initiatives;
 • risks related to our foreign operations and other uncertainties associated with doing business internationally;
 • risks related to our dependency upon third-party providers, including supply chain disruptions and inflation;
 • risks related to cybersecurity incidents; and
 • risks related to our human capital resources.

 Other factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, those discussed in "Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations" herein and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All cautionary statements made or referred to herein should be read as being applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear. Investors should consider the risks and uncertainties described or referred to herein and should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and we expressly disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.

 i

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS

 OVERVIEW

 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (which, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to as "HSSC," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our") is a holding company and a subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation ("EchoStar" and "parent"). We were formed as a Colorado corporation in March 2011 to facilitate the acquisition by EchoStar (the "Hughes Acquisition") of Hughes Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries and related financing transactions. In connection with our formation, EchoStar contributed the assets and liabilities of its satellite services business to us, including the principal operating subsidiary of its satellite services business, EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C. A substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of EchoStar is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and by certain entities established for the benefit of his family. During 2022, Hamid Akhavan joined the Company as its Chief Executive Officer and President.

 We are an industry leader in both networking technologies and services, innovating to deliver the solutions that power a connected future for people, enterprises and things everywhere. We provide broadband services to consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses. We also provide satellite and multi-transport technologies and managed network services to telecommunications providers, aeronautical service providers, civilian and defense government entities, and other enterprise customers.

 The EchoStar XXIV satellite began service in December 2023, bringing additional broadband capacity to North and South America. We will leverage EchoStar XXIV to serve the unserved and underserved consumer markets in the Americas as well as enterprise and government markets.

 We also design, provide and install gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, we design, develop, construct and provide telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and other enterprise customers. We also offer a robust suite of integrated, multi-transport solutions to enable airline and airline service providers to deliver reliable in-flight network connectivity serving both commercial and business aviation.

 Our industry continues to evolve with the increasing worldwide demand for broadband internet access for information, entertainment and commerce. In addition to fiber and wireless systems, technologies such as geostationary high throughput satellites, low-earth orbit ("LEO") networks, medium-earth orbit ("MEO") systems and multi-transport networks using combinations of technologies are expected to continue to play significant roles in enabling global connectivity, networks and services. We expect demand for broadband internet access, connectivity, networking and related value-added services will continue to grow across all major end-user sectors – consumer, businesses, enterprises and government. We intend to use our expertise, technologies, capital, investments, global presence, relationships and other capabilities to continue to provide broadband internet systems, equipment, networks and managed services for information, the internet-of-things, entertainment, education, remote-connectivity and commerce across industries and communities globally for consumer and enterprise customers. We are closely tracking the developments in next-generation satellite businesses, and we are seeking to utilize our services, technologies, licenses and expertise to find new commercial opportunities for our business.

 All amounts presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts and unless otherwise noted.

 On December 31, 2023, EchoStar completed the acquisition of DISH Network Corporation ("DISH Network") pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023 (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), by and among EchoStar, EAV Corp., a Nevada corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and DISH Network, pursuant to which EchoStar acquired DISH Network by means of the merger of Merger Sub with and into DISH Network (the "Merger"), with DISH Network surviving the Merger as EchoStar's wholly owned subsidiary.

 On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, on December 31, 2023, at 11:59 p.m. ET (the "Effective Time"), each share of DISH Network Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class A Common Stock") and DISH Network Class C common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class C Common Stock") outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("EchoStar Class A Common Stock") equal to 0.350877 (the "Exchange Ratio"). On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class B Common Stock" and, together with DISH Network Class A Common Stock and DISH Network Class C Common Stock, "DISH Network Common Stock"), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "EchoStar Class B Common Stock" and, together with the EchoStar Class A Common Stock, the "EchoStar Common Stock"), equal to the Exchange Ratio. Any shares of DISH Network Common Stock that were held in DISH Network's treasury or held directly by EchoStar or Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time were cancelled and cease to exist and no consideration was paid in respect thereof. All shares of the DISH Network Class A Common Stock were delisted from the Nasdaq Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") and deregistered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 The EchoStar Common Stock issued to the Ergen DISH Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement) as Merger consideration was issued through a private placement exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). At the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class A Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class A Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio, and (b) each share of DISH Network Class B Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class B Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio.

 Concurrently with the entry into the Amended Merger Agreement, the Ergen EchoStar Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement), the Ergen DISH Stockholders (collectively, the "Ergen Stockholders"), EchoStar and DISH Network entered into an amended and restated support agreement (the "Amended Support Agreement").

 In connection with the completion of the Merger, and pursuant to the Amended and Restated Support Agreement, the Ergen Stockholders, EchoStar and DISH Network, on December 31, 2023, EchoStar and the Ergen Stockholders entered into a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement"). The Registration Rights Agreement provides the Ergen Stockholders, and their affiliates who become parties thereto, with certain registration rights relating to the shares of EchoStar Common Stock, which they beneficially own, including (i) the right to demand shelf registration as well as registration on long and short form registration statements and (ii) "piggyback" registration rights to be included in future registered offerings by us of our equity securities, in each case, subject to certain requirements and customary conditions. The Registration Rights Agreement sets forth customary registration procedures, including an agreement by EchoStar to make appropriate officers available to participate in roadshow presentations and cooperate as reasonably requested in connection with any underwritten offerings. EchoStar also agreed to indemnify the Ergen Stockholders and their affiliates with respect to liabilities resulting from untrue statements or omissions in any registration statement used in any such registration, other than untrue statements or omissions based on or contained in information furnished to EchoStar for use in a registration statement by a participating stockholder.

 For more information and a copy of the Amended Merger Agreement, the Amended Support Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, see the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on October 3, 2023 and the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on January 2, 2024.

 With the Merger complete, EchoStar is currently focused on the process of integrating EchoStar's and DISH Network's business in a manner that facilitates synergies, cost savings, growth opportunities and achieves other anticipated benefits (the "Integration"). In addition see Note 21. Subsequent Events in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further business updates.

 BUSINESS SEGMENTS

 We currently operate in two business segments: our Hughes segment and our EchoStar Satellite Services segment ("ESS segment"). These business segments are consistent with the way we make decisions regarding the allocation of resources, as well as how operating results are reviewed by our chief operating decision maker ("CODM").

 Our operations also include various corporate functions (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, Information Technology, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting.

 WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

 We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act of 1934, and accordingly file our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. As an electronic filer, our public filings are maintained on the SEC's Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is

 WEBSITE ACCESS

 Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act also may be accessed free of charge through the website of our parent company, EchoStar, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. The address of that website is

 EchoStar has adopted a written code of ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, and senior financial officers, in accordance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules of the SEC promulgated thereunder. This code of ethics is available on EchoStar's corporate website at  In the event that EchoStar makes changes in, or provides waivers of, the provisions of this code of ethics that the SEC requires EchoStar to disclose, it intends to disclose these events on its website.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

 The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. If any of the following events occur or evolve in a way different than expected, our business, financial condition, results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

 RISKS RELATED TO THE INTEGRATION

 Although EchoStar expects that the Merger will result in synergies and other benefits, those synergies and benefits may not be realized in the amounts anticipated, or may not be realized within the anticipated timeframe, or at all, and risks associated with the foregoing may also result from any extended delay in the Integration of the companies.

 EchoStar's ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate EchoStar's and DISH Network's business in a manner that facilitates growth opportunities and achieves the anticipated benefits. In addition, some of the anticipated synergies are not expected to occur for a significant time period following the completion of the Merger and will require substantial capital expenditures to achieve. There can be no guarantee we will achieve any of these benefits on the anticipated timeframe or at all.

 The combination of two separate companies is complex, costly and time-consuming and may require significant management attention and resources which may divert attention from our business and operations. The failure to meet the challenges involved in combining the two companies and to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger could, among other things, cause an interruption of, or a loss of momentum in, our activities and could adversely affect the results of operations. The overall combination of the two companies may also result in, among other things, material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses and loss of customer and other business relationships. The difficulties of combining the operations of the companies include, among others:

 • diversion of management and employee attention to Integration matters;
 • difficulties in integrating operations and systems, including, but not limited to, communications systems, administrative and information technology infrastructure, financial reporting and internal control systems;
 • challenges in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures between the two companies;
 • difficulties in integrating employees and teams of the respective businesses and attracting and retaining key personnel;
 • challenges in retaining and obtaining customers, suppliers and other commercial relationships;
 • difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a larger and more complex company; and
 • potential unknown liabilities, adverse consequences and unforeseen increased expenses associated with the Integration.

 Many of these factors are outside of our control and any of them could result in lower revenues, higher costs and diversion of management time and energy, which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, even if the operations of the companies are integrated successfully, the full benefits of the Merger may not be realized, including, among others, the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities that are expected. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame or at all. As a result, it cannot be assured that the Integration will result in the realization of the full benefits expected from the Merger within the anticipated time frames, or at all.

 The market price of EchoStar's common stock may be affected by factors different from, or in addition to, those that historically affected the market prices of shares of DISH Network Class A Common Stock and EchoStar Class A Common Stock.

 Upon consummation of the Merger, DISH Network Class A Stockholders became holders of EchoStar Class A Common Stock. The businesses of DISH Network and its subsidiaries are different from those of EchoStar and its subsidiaries. Accordingly, after the consummation of the Merger, EchoStar's results of operations are affected by some factors that are different from those that historically affected the results of operations of EchoStar and/or DISH Network. The results of operations of each company may also be affected by factors different from those that currently affect or have historically affected either company.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS

 Any deterioration in our operational performance and subscriber satisfaction could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 If our operational performance and subscriber satisfaction were to deteriorate, we may experience a decrease in subscriber activations and an increase in our subscriber churn rate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To improve our operational performance, we continue to make investments in staffing, training, information systems and other initiatives, primarily in our call center and in-home service operations, and business operations. These investments are intended to, among other things, help combat inefficiencies introduced by the increasing complexity of our business, improve subscriber satisfaction, reduce subscriber churn, increase productivity and allow us to scale better over the long run. We cannot, however, be certain that our spending will ultimately be successful in improving our operational performance, and if unsuccessful, we may have to incur higher costs to improve our operational performance. While we believe that such costs will be outweighed by longer-term benefits, there can be no assurance when or if we will realize these benefits at all.

 Before the Merger, DISH Network had significantly greater indebtedness than EchoStar. Following the Merger, EchoStar and its subsidiaries have substantially higher leverage than they had prior to the Merger.

 EchoStar and its subsidiaries have consolidated long-term debt and finance lease obligations (including current portion) of approximately $22.8 billion. Therefore, EchoStar and its subsidiaries have substantially higher leverage than prior to the Merger. EchoStar's debt levels could have significant negative consequences, including, but not limited to:

 • making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations;
 • a dilutive effect on EchoStar's outstanding equity capital or future earnings;
 • increasing EchoStar's/our vulnerability to general adverse economic conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates;
 • requiring EchoStar and its subsidiaries to devote a substantial portion of its cash toward making interest and principal payments on its indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of cash available for other purposes and resulting in limited financial and operating flexibility to changing economic and competitive conditions;
 • limiting EchoStar's and/or our ability to raise additional capital because it may be more difficult for either or both of us to obtain debt financing on attractive terms or at all; and
 • placing EchoStar and its subsidiaries at a disadvantage compared to its competitors that are less heavily leveraged.

 In addition, EchoStar will incur additional debt in the future. If new debt is added to EchoStar's current debt levels, the risks we face now could intensify.

 We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, capital expenditures, the development, acquisition and launch of new satellites and other strategic initiatives to complement or expand our business, which may not be successful and we may lose a portion or all of our investment in these acquisitions and transactions.

 Our future success may depend on opportunities to buy or otherwise invest in other businesses or technologies that could complement, enhance or expand our current business or products or that might otherwise offer us growth opportunities. To pursue this strategy successfully, we must identify attractive acquisition or investment opportunities and successfully complete transactions, some of which may be large and complex. We may not be able to identify or complete attractive acquisition or investment opportunities due to, among other things, the intense competition for these transactions. If we are not able to identify and complete such acquisition or investment opportunities, our future results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

 We may be unable to obtain in the anticipated time frame, or at all, any regulatory approvals required to complete proposed acquisitions and other strategic transactions. Furthermore, the conditions imposed for obtaining any necessary approvals could delay the completion of such transactions for a significant period of time or prevent them from occurring at all. We may not be able to complete such transactions, and such transactions, if executed, pose significant risks and could have a negative effect on our operations. Any transactions that we are able to identify and complete may involve a number of risks, including, but not limited to:

 • the risks associated with developing and constructing new satellites;
 • the diversion of management's attention from our existing business onto a strategic initiative;
 • the possible adverse effects on our and our targets' and partners' business, financial condition or operating results during the Integration process;
 • the high degree of risk inherent in these transactions, which could become substantial over time, and higher exposure to significant financial losses if the underlying ventures are not successful on an acceptable timeline or at all;
 • the possible inability to achieve the intended objectives of the transaction;
 • the risks associated with complying with contractual provisions and regulations applicable to the acquired business, which may cause us to incur substantial expenses;
 • the disruption of relationships with employees, vendors or customers; and
 • the risks associated with foreign and international operations and/or investments or dispositions.

 In addition, we may not be able to successfully or profitably integrate, operate, maintain and manage our newly acquired operations or employees on an acceptable timeline or at all. We may not be able to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies, and this may lead to, among other things, operational inefficiencies. In addition, the Integration process may strain our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures.

 New acquisitions, joint ventures and other transactions may require the commitment of significant capital that would otherwise be directed to investments in our existing business. To pursue acquisitions and other strategic transactions, we may need to raise additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

 In addition to committing capital to complete the acquisitions, substantial capital may be required to operate the acquired businesses following their acquisition. These acquisitions may result in significant financial losses if the intended objectives of the transactions are not achieved. Some of the businesses that we have acquired have experienced significant operating and financial challenges in their recent history, which in some cases resulted in these businesses commencing bankruptcy proceedings prior to our acquisition. We may acquire similar businesses in the future.

 There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully address the challenges and risks encountered by these businesses following their acquisition. If we are unable to successfully address these challenges and risks, our business, financial condition and/or results of operations may suffer.

 We are facing increasing competition which could impact demand for, and result in increasing pricing pressures with respect to, our products and services.

 Our business operates in an intensely competitive, consumer- and enterprise-driven and rapidly changing environment and competes with a growing number of companies that provide similar products and services to consumer and enterprise customers. There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively compete against our competitors due to their significant resources and operating history. Material competitive risks to our business include, but are not limited to, the following:

 • Competition from new or different technology compared to our offerings;
 • Competition from existing or new competitors entering the same markets we serve;
 • Government funding for competing products and services, reducing demand for our products and services; and
 • Competitive pressures to provide enhanced functionality for the same or lower price with each new generation of technology.

 Our business will be negatively impacted if we fail to adequately anticipate our satellite capacity needs or are unable to obtain satellite capacity.

 We have made substantial contractual commitments to acquire satellite capacity based on our existing customer contracts and backlog. If our existing customer contracts were to be terminated prior to their respective expiration dates, we may have insufficient revenue to cover our satellite capacity costs. On the other hand, insufficient satellite capacity to meet increases in demand or inability to quickly or easily adjust our capacity to such changes in demand could materially and adversely affect our ability to provide services to customers and grow our revenue and business. Our business could be adversely affected if we are not able to renew our capacity leases at economically viable rates, or if sufficient capacity is not available to us.

 We are dependent upon third-party providers for components, manufacturing, installation services and customer support services, and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected if any of these third-party providers fail to deliver the contracted goods or services appropriately.

 Our dependence upon third-party providers causes certain risks to our business, including the following:

 • Components. A limited number of suppliers manufacture, and in some cases a single supplier manufactures, some of the key components required to build our products. We do not generally maintain long-term agreements with our suppliers or subcontractors for our products. If we change or lose suppliers, we could experience a delay in manufacturing our products. In addition, if either our current suppliers or any new suppliers increase prices beyond what we currently pay, we may be unable to produce our products at competitive prices and we may be unable to satisfy demand from our customers. Similarly, if any of our products require materials or components that are subject to "conflict minerals" or other supply chain regulations, these inputs could become scarce, unavailable, or materially more expensive or difficult to acquire, which could limit our ability to build or obtain sufficient volumes of such products to satisfy customer demand or could make it difficult or impossible for us to produce such products at competitive prices.
 • Commodity Price Risk. Fluctuations in pricing of raw materials can affect our product costs and we may not be able to pass on the increased costs to our customers. Additionally, we are seeing increasing inflationary price pressure and where we have fixed-price customer contracts, we may have to absorb the increased costs.
 • Manufacturing. While we develop and manufacture prototypes for certain of our products, we use contract manufacturers to produce a portion of our hardware. If these contract manufacturers fail to provide products that meet our specifications in a timely manner or at all, our business could be adversely impacted.
 • Installation, customer support, and other services. Some of our products and services utilize a network of third-party service providers. The costs incurred for these services may increase due to a shortage of experienced workers and higher salaries required to recruit and retain a skilled third-party workforce. A decline in levels of service or attention to the needs of our customers could adversely affect our reputation, renewal rates and ability to win and retain customers. In addition, if the agreements for the provision of these services are terminated or not renewed, we could face difficulties replacing these service providers.

 Our foreign operations and investments expose us to risks and restrictions not present in our domestic operations.

 Our sales outside the U.S. accounted for 25.2%, 24.5% and 22.3% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect our foreign operations to represent a significant and growing portion of our business. Our foreign operations involve varying degrees of risk and uncertainties inherent in doing business abroad. Such risks include:

 • Complications in complying with restrictions on foreign ownership and investment and limitations on repatriation of earnings. We may not be permitted to be the sole owner of our operations in some countries and may have to enter into partnership or joint venture relationships. Many foreign legal regimes and/or our contractual arrangements restrict our repatriation of earnings to the U.S. from our subsidiaries and joint venture entities. Applicable law in such foreign countries may also limit our ability to distribute or access our assets or offer our products and services in certain circumstances. In such event, we will not have unrestricted access to the cash flow and assets of our subsidiaries and joint ventures.
 • Regulatory restrictions. Satellite market access, landing rights and terrestrial wireless rights are dependent on the national regulations established by foreign governments and international non-governmental bodies. Non-compliance with these requirements may result in the loss of the authorizations and licenses to conduct business in these countries, as well as fines, penalties, or other sanctions.
 • Financial and legal constraints and obligations. Operating pursuant to foreign licenses subjects us to certain financial constraints and obligations, including, but not limited to: (a) tax liabilities that may or may not be dependent on revenue; (b) the regulatory requirements associated with maintaining such licenses, which may be subject to interpretation by foreign courts and regulatory bodies; (c) the burden of creating and maintaining additional entities, branches, facilities and/or staffing in foreign jurisdictions; and (d) regulations requiring that we make certain satellite capacity available for "free" or available at reduced rates.
 • Compliance with applicable export control laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries. We must comply with all applicable export control and trade sanctions laws and regulations of the U.S. and other countries. A violation any export or trade-related regulations could materially adversely affect our business.
 • Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates, recessions and currency devaluations have affected, and may in the future affect, revenue, profits and cash earned from our international businesses.
 • Regulations may favor state-owned enterprises or local service providers. Many of the countries in which we conduct business have traditionally had state-owned or state-granted monopolies on telecommunications services that favor an incumbent service provider. We face competition from these favored and entrenched companies in countries that have not liberalized.

 We may not be able to generate cash to meet our debt service needs or fund our operations.

 As of December 31, 2023, our total indebtedness was $1.5 billion. Our ability to make payments on or to refinance our indebtedness and to fund our operations will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash, we may be forced to take actions such as revising or delaying our strategic plans, reducing or delaying capital expenditures and/or the development, design, acquisition and construction of new satellites, selling assets, and restructuring or refinancing our debt. We may not be able to implement any of these actions on satisfactory terms, or at all.

 Covenants in our indentures restrict our business in many ways.

 The indentures governing our 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2026 and 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due August 1, 2026 contain various covenants, subject to certain exceptions, that limit our ability and/or certain of our subsidiaries' ability to, among other things:

 • incur additional debt;
 • pay dividends or make distributions on our capital stock or repurchase our capital stock;
 • allow certain restrictions on such subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments, or transfer assets;
 • make certain investments;
 • create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions;
 • enter into transactions with affiliates;
 • merge or consolidate with another company; and
 • transfer and sell assets.

 Failure to comply with these and certain other financial covenants, if not cured or waived, may result in an event of default under the indentures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. If certain events of default occur and are continuing under the respective indenture, the trustee under that indenture or the requisite holders of the notes under that indenture may declare all such notes to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of the indenture governing our secured notes, could proceed against the collateral that secures the secured notes. If certain other events of default occur, the indentures will become immediately due and payable. We and certain of our subsidiaries have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral to secure the 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2026.

 Our failure to effectively invest in, introduce, and implement new competitive products and services could cause our products and services to become obsolete and could negatively impact our business.

 Technology in our industry changes rapidly as new technologies are developed, which could cause our products and services to become obsolete. We and our suppliers may not be able to keep pace with technological developments. Our operating results are dependent to a significant extent upon our ability to continue to introduce new products and services, to upgrade existing products and services on a timely basis, and to reduce costs of our existing products and services. We may not be able to successfully identify new product or service opportunities or develop and market these opportunities in a timely or cost-effective manner.

 The research and development of new, technologically advanced products is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and investment. The success of new product and service development depends on many factors, including among others, the following:

 • the difficulties and delays in the development, production, timely completion, testing and marketing of products and services;
 • the cost of the products and services;
 • the proper identification of subscriber need and subscriber acceptance of products and services;
 • the development of, approval of and compliance with industry standards;
 • the amount of resources we must devote to the development of new technologies; and
 • the ability to differentiate our products and services and compete with other companies in the same markets.

 If the new technologies on which we focus our research and development investments fail to achieve acceptance in the marketplace, our competitive position could be negatively impacted, causing a reduction in our revenues and earnings. For example, our competitors could use proprietary technologies that are perceived by the market as being superior. In addition, delays in the delivery of components or other unforeseen problems associated with our technology may occur that could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue, offer new products and services and remain competitive. Furthermore, after we have incurred substantial costs, one or more of the products or services under our development, or under development by one or more of our strategic partners, could become obsolete prior to it being widely adopted.

 If our products and services are not competitive, our business could suffer and our financial performance could be negatively impacted. Our products and services may also experience quality problems, including, but not limited to, outages and service slowdowns, from time to time. If the quality of our products and services does not meet our subscribers' expectations, then our business, and ultimately our reputation, could be negatively impacted.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR HUMAN CAPITAL

 We rely on highly skilled personnel for our business, and any inability to hire and retain key personnel or to hire qualified personnel may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We believe that our future success depends to a significant extent upon the performance of Mr. Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and certain other key executives. The loss of Mr. Ergen or certain other key executives, the ability to effectively provide for the succession of our senior management, or the ability of Mr. Ergen or such other key executives to devote sufficient time and effort to our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although some of our key executives may have agreements relating to their equity compensation that limit their ability to work for or consult with competitors, we generally do not have employment agreements with them.

 In addition, the success of the Integration will depend in part on the retention of personnel critical to the business and operations of EchoStar and DISH Network due to, for example, their technical skills or management expertise. Competition for qualified personnel can be intense and qualified personnel can be in high demand. Current and prospective employees of EchoStar and DISH Network may experience uncertainty about their future role until strategies regarding these employees are announced or executed, which may impair each company's ability to attract, retain and motivate key management, technical and other personnel following the Merger. If EchoStar and DISH Network are unable to attract and retain personnel, including key management, who are critical to the successful Integration and future operations of the companies, we could face, among other risks, disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know- how, and unanticipated additional recruitment and training costs. In addition, the loss of key personnel could diminish the anticipated benefits of the Merger.

 Our business growth and customer retention strategies rely in part on the work of technically skilled employees.

 Our response to technological developments depends, to a significant degree, on the work of technically skilled employees. In addition, we have made and will continue to make significant investments in, among other things, research, development, and marketing for new products, services, satellites and related technologies, as well as entry into new business areas. Investments in new technologies, satellites and business areas are inherently dependent on these technically skilled employees as well. Competition for the services of such employees has become more intense as demand for these types of employees grows. We compete with other companies for these employees and although we strive to attract, retain, motivate and manage these employees, we may not succeed in these respects. Additionally, if we were to lose certain key technically skilled employees, the loss of knowledge and intellectual capital might have an adverse impact on our business.

 The success of our business is also dependent on our ability to recruit engineers and other professionals, including those who are citizens of other countries. Immigration laws in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate are subject to legislative and regulatory changes, as well as variations in the standards of application and enforcement due to, among other things, political forces and economic conditions. It is difficult to predict the political and economic events that could affect immigration laws, or the restrictive impact they could have on obtaining or renewing work visas for our professionals. If immigration laws are changed or if new and more restrictive government regulations are enacted or increased, our access to qualified and skilled professionals may be limited.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR SATELLITES

 Our owned and leased satellites in orbit are subject to significant operational and environmental risks that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites.

 Satellites are subject to significant operational risks while in orbit. These risks include, but are not limited to, malfunctions, commonly referred to as anomalies, which have occurred and may occur in the future in our satellites and the satellites of other operators. Any single anomaly could materially and adversely affect our ability to utilize the satellite. Anomalies may also reduce, among other things, the expected capacity, commercial operation and/or useful life of a satellite, thereby reducing the revenue that could be generated by that satellite, or create additional expenses due to the need to provide replacement or back-up satellites or satellite capacity earlier than planned and could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may not be able to prevent or mitigate the impacts of anomalies in the future.

 Meteoroid events, decommissioned satellites, increased solar activity and other adverse events also pose a potential threat to all in-orbit satellites. We may be required to perform maneuvers to avoid collisions and these maneuvers may prove unsuccessful or could reduce the useful life of the satellite through the expenditure of fuel to perform these maneuvers.

 Generally, the minimum design life of each of our satellites is 15 years. We can provide no assurance, however, as to the actual operational lives of our satellites, which may be shorter or longer than their design lives. Our ability to earn revenue depends on the continued operation of our satellites, each of which has a limited useful life.

 We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. If one or more of our in-orbit uninsured satellites or payloads fail, we could be required to record significant impairment charges for the satellite or payload.

 Our satellites under construction, are subject to risks related to, among other things, construction, technology, regulations and launch that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites, increase costs and adversely affect our business.

 Satellite construction and launch are subject to significant risks, including but not limited to, manufacturing and delivery delays, anomalies, launch failure and incorrect orbital placement. The technologies in our satellite designs are very complex and difficulties in constructing our designs could result in delays in the deployment of our satellites or increased or unanticipated costs. There can be no assurance that the technologies in our existing satellites or in new satellites that we design, acquire and build will work as we expect, will not become obsolete, that we will realize any or all of the anticipated benefits of our satellite designs or our new satellites, and/or that we will obtain all regulatory approvals required to operate our new or acquired satellites on an acceptable timeline or at all. Launch anomalies and failures can result in significant delays in the deployment of satellites because of the need both to construct replacement satellites, which can take significant amounts of time, and to obtain other launch opportunities. Such significant delays have and could in the future materially affect, among other things, our business, our ability to meet regulatory or contractual required milestones, the availability and our use of other or replacement satellite resources and our ability to provide services to customers. In addition, significant delays in a satellite program could give customers who have purchased or reserved capacity on that satellite a right to terminate their service contracts relating to the satellite. We may not be able to accommodate affected customers on other satellites until a replacement satellite is available. In addition, we generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. If we do obtain launch or in-orbit insurance, it may not cover the full cost of constructing and launching or replacing a satellite nor fully cover our losses in the event of a launch failure or significant degradation.

 Our use of certain satellites is often dependent on satellite coordination agreements, which may be difficult to obtain.

 Satellite operators are required to enter into international spectrum coordination agreements with other affected satellite operators and must be approved by the relevant governments. If a required agreement cannot be concluded, we may have to operate the applicable satellite(s) in a manner that does not cause harmful radio frequency interference with the affected satellite. If we cannot do so, we may have to cease operating such satellite(s) at the affected orbital locations.

 We may face interference from other services sharing satellite spectrum.

 The Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") and other national, state, local and international regulators have adopted rules or may adopt rules in the future that require us to share spectrum on a basis with other radio services. There can be no assurance that these operations would not interfere with our operations and adversely affect our business. In the event that the FCC and/or another regulator determines that our spectrum interferes with another service, we may be required to, among other things, find or develop a solution. We cannot make any assurance that we will be able to do so on an acceptable timeline or at all, or that such solution will not adversely affect our business.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGY

 Our business depends on certain intellectual property rights and on not infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

 We rely on our patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as licenses and other agreements with our vendors and other parties, to use our technologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges to our intellectual property rights and claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties could require that we enter into royalty or licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question or from the continuation of our business as currently conducted, which could require us to change our business practices or limit our ability to compete effectively or could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

 Even if we believe any such challenges or claims are without merit, they can be time consuming and costly to defend and divert management's attention and resources away from our business. Moreover, because of the rapid pace of technological change, we rely on technologies developed by or licensed from third parties, and if we are unable to obtain or continue to obtain licenses from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 In addition, we work with certain third parties such as vendors, contractors and suppliers for the development and manufacture of components that are integrated into our products and services, and our products and services may contain technologies provided to us by these third parties or other third parties. We may have little or no ability to determine in advance whether any such technology infringes the intellectual property rights of others. Our vendors, contractors and suppliers may not be required to indemnify us if a claim of infringement is asserted against us, license the potential infringing technology from other third parties or they may be required to indemnify us only up to a maximum amount, above which we would be responsible for any further costs or damages.

 Legal challenges to these intellectual property rights may impair our ability to use the products, services and technologies that we need in order to operate our business and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our digital content offerings depend in part on effective digital rights management technology to control access to digital content. If the digital rights management technology that we use is compromised or otherwise malfunctions, content providers may be unwilling to provide access to their content. Changes in the copyright laws or how such laws may be interpreted could impact our ability to deliver content and provide certain features and functionality, particularly over the Internet.

 We are, and may become, party to various lawsuits which, if adversely decided, could have a significant adverse impact on our business, particularly lawsuits regarding intellectual property.

 We are, and may become, subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business, including, among other things, intellectual property disputes. Many entities, including some of our competitors, have or may in the future obtain patents and other intellectual property rights that may cover or affect products or services related to those that we offer. In general, if a court determines that one or more of our products or services infringes on intellectual property held by others, we may be required to cease developing or marketing those products or services, to obtain licenses from the holders of the intellectual property at a material cost, or to redesign those products or services in such a way as to avoid infringing the intellectual property. If those intellectual property rights are held by a competitor, we may be unable to obtain the intellectual property at any price, which could adversely affect our competitive position. We may not be aware of all intellectual property rights that our services or the products used in connection with our services may potentially infringe. In addition, patent applications in the United States are confidential until the Patent and Trademark Office either publishes the application or issues a patent (whichever arises first). Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the extent to which our services or the products used in connection with our services may infringe claims contained in pending patent applications. Furthermore, it is sometimes not possible to determine definitively whether a claim of infringement is valid.

 If our products contain defects, we could be subject to significant costs to correct such defects and our product and network service contracts could be delayed or cancelled, which could adversely affect our revenue.

 Our products and networks we deploy are highly complex, and some may contain defects when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released, despite testing and our quality control procedures. Defects may also occur in components and products that we purchase from third parties. In addition, many of our products and network services are designed to interface with our customers' existing networks, each of which has different specifications and utilizes multiple protocol standards. Our products and services must interoperate with the other products and services within our customers' networks, as well as with future products and services that might be added to these networks, to meet our customers' requirements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in the products and networks we sell, in a timely manner or at all. The occurrence of, and failure to remedy, any defects, errors or failures in our products or network services could materially affect our business.

 RISKS RELATED TO CYBERSECURITY

 Any failure or inadequacy of our information technology infrastructure and communications systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations, including, without limitation, those caused by cyber-attacks or other malicious activities, could disrupt or harm our business.

 The capacity, reliability and security of our information technology hardware and software infrastructure (including, but not limited to, our billing systems) and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, are important to the operation of our business, which has in the past and would in the future suffer in the event of system failures or cyber-attacks. Likewise, our ability to expand and update our information technology infrastructure in response to, among other things, our growth and changing needs is important to the continued implementation of our new service offering initiatives. Our inability to expand or upgrade our technology infrastructure could have adverse consequences, which could include, among other things, the delayed implementation of new service offerings, service or billing interruptions, and the diversion of management and developmental resources.

 We rely on certain third parties for developing key components of our information technology and communications systems and ongoing service, all of which affect our businesses. Some of our key systems and operations, including, but not limited to, those supplied by certain third-party providers, are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Interruption and/or failure of any of these systems could, among other things, disrupt our operations, interrupt our services, result in significant financial expenditures and damage our reputation, thus adversely impacting our ability to provide our services, retain our current subscribers and attract new subscribers.

 In addition, although we take protective measures designed to secure our information technology systems and endeavor to modify such protective measures as circumstances warrant, our information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including, without limitation, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks and other malicious activities such as unauthorized access, physical or electronic break-ins, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code, computer denial of service attacks and other events that could disrupt or harm our business. These protective measures may not be sufficient for all eventualities and may themselves be vulnerable to hacking, malfeasance, system error or other irregularities.

 For example, certain parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or subscribers into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems. In addition, third-party providers of some of our key systems may also experience interruptions to their information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems that could adversely impact us and over which we may have limited or no control. We may obtain certain confidential, proprietary and personal information about our subscribers, personnel and vendors, and may provide this information to third parties in connection with our business. If one or more of such interruptions or failures occur to us or our third-party providers, it potentially could jeopardize such information and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our or our third-party providers' information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, which could result in, among other things, lawsuits, government claims, investigations or proceedings, significant losses or reputational damage. Due to the fast-moving pace of technology, it may be difficult to detect, contain and remediate every such event on an acceptable timeline or at all.

 As a result of the increasing awareness concerning the importance of safeguarding personal information, the potential misuse of such information and legislation that has been adopted or is being considered regarding the protection, privacy and security of personal information, the potential liability associated with information-related risks is increasing, particularly for businesses like ours that handle personal subscriber data. The occurrence of any network or information system related events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on, among other things, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant incidents could result in a disruption of our operations, subscriber dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation or a loss of subscribers and revenues.

 We have experienced, and may experience in the future, cyber-attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems on a consistent basis.

 We have experienced and may experience in the future security issues, whether due to, among other things, insider error or malfeasance or system errors or vulnerabilities in our or our third parties' systems, which could result in, among other things, substantial legal and financial exposure, government inquiries and enforcement actions, litigation, diversion of management time and attention from our existing businesses, and unfavorable media coverage. We may be unable to anticipate or detect attacks or vulnerabilities or implement adequate preventative measures on an acceptable timeframe or at all. Attacks and security issues could also compromise trade secrets and other sensitive information. We have not incurred significant material expenses resulting from cyber security incidents.

 We are subject to persistent cyber-security incidents and threats to our networks and systems. Although we take protective measures designed to secure our information technology systems and endeavor to modify such protective measures as circumstances warrant, our information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including, without limitation, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks and other malicious activities such as unauthorized access, physical or electronic break-ins, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code, computer denial of service attacks and other events that could disrupt or harm our business. The protective measures we take may not be sufficient for all eventualities and may themselves be vulnerable to hacking, malfeasance, system error, or other irregularities. For example, certain parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or subscribers into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems.

 The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our services and products depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and other enabling systems.

 Our systems are vulnerable to damage, intrusion, or disruption from, among other things, criminal and/or terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, ransomware attacks, digital denial of service attacks, phishing, and/or other attempts to injure or maliciously access our systems. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and disaster recovery planning cannot account for all possibilities. In addition, our products and services are highly technical and complex and may contain errors or vulnerabilities, which could result in interruptions in or failure of our services or systems. Failure to respond, mitigate and/or remedy any cyber-attack or other information technology failure on a timely basis or at all, could materially affect our business.

 Our international businesses expose us to additional risks that could harm our business.

 Our international operations continue to grow. In addition to risks described herein, the different regions and countries in which we operate our businesses outside of the U.S. expose us to increased risks due to different privacy and cyber-related laws in each of these locations. The same cyber-related issue could have different consequences depending on, among other factors, the region or country of occurrence, the laws applicable in each case and the different levels of enforcement by regulatory and governmental authorities in each jurisdiction. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

 • Data privacy and security concerns relating to our technology and practices could, among other things, damage our reputation, cause us to incur significant liability, and deter current and potential users or customers from using our products and services;
 • Software bugs or defects, security breaches, and attacks on our systems could result in the improper disclosure of our user data which could harm, among other things, our business reputation and result in legal and/or government action;
 • Concerns about our practices about the collection, use, disclosure, or security of personal information or other data-privacy-related matters, even if unsubstantiated, could harm our reputation and financial condition. Our policies and practices may change over time as expectations regarding privacy and data change.

 Our ongoing investments in security will likely continue to identify new vulnerabilities within our services and products.

 In addition to our efforts to, among other things, mitigate cyber-attacks and improve our products and services, we are making significant investments to assure that our products are resistant to compromise. As a result of these efforts, we could discover new vulnerabilities within our products and systems that would be undesirable for our users and customers. We have discovered and remediated, and may discover new vulnerabilities due to the scale of activities on our platforms, and may not be able to mitigate or fix such vulnerabilities on acceptable timeframes or at all, due to other factors, including, but not limited to, issues outside of our control such as natural disasters/climate change such as sea level rise, drought, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity, pandemics like COVID-19 and power loss, and we may be notified of such vulnerabilities via third parties. Any of the foregoing developments may, among other things, negatively affect user and customer trust, harm our reputation and brands, and adversely affect our business and financial results.

 Any such developments may also subject us to litigation and regulatory inquiries, which could result in monetary penalties and damages, distract management's time and attention, and lead to enhanced regulatory oversight.

 RISKS RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF OUR BUSINESS

 The risk of non-compliance with laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the risk of changes to laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business.

 Our business is regulated by numerous governmental agencies and other regulatory bodies, both domestically and internationally. Also, our international operations are subject to the laws and regulations of many different jurisdictions that may differ significantly from U.S. laws and regulations. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines or penalties or other sanctions which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, our ability to operate and grow our business depends on laws and regulations that govern the frequency bands and/or orbital locations we operate in or may operate in in the future.

 These laws and regulations are subject to the administrative and political process and do change from time to time. Our business could suffer a material adverse impact if laws and regulations change and we are not able to adapt to these changes efficiently.

 Our business depends on regulatory authorizations issued by the FCC and state and foreign regulators that can expire, be revoked or modified, and applications for licenses and other authorizations that may not be granted.

 If the FCC were to cancel, revoke, suspend, restrict, significantly condition, or fail to renew any of our licenses or authorizations, or fail to grant our applications for FCC licenses that we may file from time to time, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As an example, a loss of a frequency authorization would reduce the amount of spectrum available to us, potentially reducing the amount of offerings available to our subscribers. The materiality of such a loss of authorizations would vary based upon, among other things, the location of the frequency used, or the availability of replacement spectrum. In addition, Congress and other Administrative and Regulatory agencies often consider and enact legislation that affects us and FCC proceedings to implement the Communications Act and enforce its regulations are ongoing. We cannot predict the outcomes of these legislative or regulatory proceedings or their effect on our business.

 Generally, all licenses granted by the FCC and most other countries are subject to expiration unless renewed by the regulatory agency. Our satellite licenses are currently set to expire at various times. In addition, we occasionally receive special temporary authorizations that are granted for limited periods of time (e.g., 180 days or less) and subject to possible renewal. Generally, our licenses and special temporary authorizations have been renewed on a routine basis, but there can be no assurance that this will continue.

 Changes in levels of U.S. government spending or overall spending priorities could impact, among other things, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We derive a portion of our revenue from subscribers who receive benefits under the Affordable Connectivity Program ("ACP"), an FCC benefit program that helps ensure that households can afford access to broadband. Levels of U.S. government spending are very difficult to predict and may be impacted by numerous factors such as, among others, the political environment, macroeconomic conditions and the ability of the U.S. government to enact relevant legislation such as authorization and appropriations bills.

 Discontinuation, amendment or repeal of ACP, or replacement of ACP with one having different eligibility requirements and/or funding levels could negatively impact, among other things, our net subscriber activations, which may impact our decision to continue to participate in the program. We cannot predict whether or when any future changes to the ACP may occur, or whether or to what extent those changes may affect our operations or impose additional costs on our business. In addition, the timing of any changes or modifications to ACP could affect our operations and results of operations. For example, a temporary lapse in funding for ACP, as a result of, among other things, temporary government shutdown, could, among other things, result in lower net subscriber activations, even if ACP is ultimately fully funded and approved.

 In particular, reduced government funding for benefits programs such as ACP would result in a reduction in reimbursements to us. Amendments to or repeal of ACP in whole or in part and/or decisions by the FCC could affect us and the manner in which we are reimbursed by such programs, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Following the FCC's announcement, ACP stopped accepting new applications and enrollments on February 7, 2024. Barring congressional action to fund ACP, funding may run out as soon as April 2024.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR OWNERSHIP

 Our parent, EchoStar, is controlled by one principal stockholder who is our Chairman.

 Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, beneficially owns approximately 54.0% of EchoStar's total equity securities (assuming conversion of only the EchoStar Class B common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Ergen into EchoStar Class A common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days after, March 29, 2024) and beneficially owns approximately 91.4% of the total voting power of all classes of shares of EchoStar (assuming no conversion of any EchoStar Class B common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days after, March 29, 2024). Through his beneficial ownership of EchoStar's equity securities, Mr. Ergen has the ability to elect a majority of EchoStar's directors and to control all other matters requiring the approval of EchoStar's stockholders. As a result of Mr. Ergen's voting power, EchoStar is a "controlled company" as defined in the NASDAQ listing rules and, therefore, are not subject to NASDAQ requirements that would otherwise require us to have (i) a majority of independent directors; (ii) a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors; (iii) compensation of our or EchoStar's executive officers determined by a majority of the independent directors or a compensation committee composed solely of independent directors; (iv) a compensation committee charter which provides the compensation committee with the authority and funding to retain compensation consultants and other advisors; and/or (v) director nominees selected, or recommended for the EchoStar board's selection, either by a majority of the independent directors or a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors.

 Pursuant to the Amended Support Agreement (which was signed as part of the Merger), Mr. Ergen and the other Ergen Stockholders have agreed not to vote, or cause or direct to be voted, the shares of EchoStar Class A Common Stock owned by them, other than with respect to any matter presented to the holders of EchoStar Class A Common Stock on which holders of EchoStar Class B Common Stock are not entitled to vote, for three years following the closing of the Merger, such that the Ergen Stockholders' voting power of EchoStar will be approximately 90.4% for such three-year period.

 In addition, pursuant to the Amended Support Agreement, EchoStar and the Ergen Stockholders entered into the Registration Rights Agreement reasonably providing for the registration of the Ergen Stockholders' shares of EchoStar Class A Common Stock or EchoStar Class B Common Stock received as part of the merger consideration and/or EchoStar Class B Common Stock held by such stockholders immediately prior to the closing of the Merger, at EchoStar's sole cost and expense.

 It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to EchoStar's shareholders, because of our and EchoStar's capital structure.

 Certain provisions of EchoStar and our respective articles of incorporation and bylaws, such as a provision that authorizes the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock, which could be issued by our or EchoStar's board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt and EchoStar's capital structure with multiple classes of common stock some of which entitle the holders to multiple votes per share, may discourage delay or prevent a change in control of our company that may be considered favorable. Both we and EchoStar also have a significant amount of authorized and unissued stock under our respective articles of incorporation that would allow our respective boards of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, thereby protecting the continuity of management, or which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of us. In addition, Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, has the power to elect all of EchoStar's directors and control shareholder decisions of EchoStar on matters on which all classes of EchoStar's common stock vote together, and as our parent, EchoStar in turn holds all of our issued and outstanding equity and has the power to elect all of our directors and control shareholder decision on all matters, all of which may make it impractical for any third party to obtain control of us.

 We may face other risks described from time to time in periodic and current reports we file with the SEC.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 None.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, reviewing and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things: operational and legal risks including intellectual property theft or loss, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers and violation of data privacy or security laws. Our framework is informed in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework (CSF), although this does not imply that we meet all technical standards, specifications or requirements under NIST CSF.

 We have an enterprise-wide information security program designed to identify, protect against, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity risks, threats, and events. Our cyber risk management system contributes significantly to the overall resilience and integrity of our business by, among other things, integrating the risk identification process in all major company initiatives and deployment processes, implementing a unified approach to managing both digital and traditional business risks, making continuous improvements and regularly reporting to management and the Board of Directors as a whole to ensure accountability.

 We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity and technology threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We and certain third parties conduct regular reviews and tests of our information security program and also leverage, among other things, audits, tabletop exercises, penetration and vulnerability testing, red team exercises, simulations and other exercises to evaluate the effectiveness of our information security program and improve our security measures and planning. In addition, we evaluate third-party risks and perform third-party risk management to assess, identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers and other business partners.

 We have not experienced cyber-attacks or other malicious activities that materially disrupted our business. Any future failure or disruption of our information technology infrastructure and communications systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations, could harm our business. We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including, but not limited to, as a result of any previous cyber-security incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition included as part of our risk factor disclosures at Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Our Senior Director of Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Threat Hunting, Corporate Cybersecurity leads our information security organization responsible for overseeing our information security program. This individual has over 20 years of experience in various roles involving security, including risk management and security leadership. Team members who support our information security program have relevant educational and industry experience, including, but not limited to, holding similar positions at large technology companies. The team provides regular reports to senior management and other relevant teams, including, but not limited to, the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), Chief Operating Officer ("COO"), and Chief Legal Officer ("CLO").

 Preparation for and, where possible prevention of cybersecurity incidents involves regular and structured briefings to key management on risk remediation measures that should be taken to decrease, among other things, the likelihood and severity of incidents and to mitigate and manage their effects. The CEO, COO, CLO and other members of management receive detailed updates on cybersecurity risks on a regular basis, no less frequently than monthly, or when significant risks or incidents are identified. These briefings enable the management team to, among other things, stay informed of the latest threats, assess the effectiveness of current security measures and make timely decisions on strategic security initiatives. In addition, the Board of Directors is regularly briefed, no less frequently than quarterly, on cybersecurity risks as part of its oversight functions and to ensure that cybersecurity practices align with the company's overall risk management framework and business objectives. In connection with the Integration, we anticipate that we will continue to evaluate and address as needed our cyber security risk management, policies, structure, strategies and governance to meet our needs.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

 Our principal executive offices are located at 9601 South Meridian Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112-5308 and our telephone number is (303) 723-1000. We operate various facilities in the United States and abroad. We believe that our facilities are well maintained and are sufficient to meet our current and projected needs.

 Location

 Segment(s)

 Function

 Owned:

 Englewood, Colorado

 ESS/Corporate and Other

 Corporate headquarters and ESS operations

 Germantown, Maryland

 Hughes corporate headquarters, engineering offices, network operations and shared hubs

 Griesheim, Germany

 Hughes/Corporate and Other

 Shared hub, operations, administrative offices and warehouse

 Leased:

 Gilbert, Arizona

 Gateways

 San Diego, California

 Engineering and sales offices

 Englewood, Colorado
 Gateways and equipment

 Gaithersburg, Maryland

 Engineering and administrative offices

 Germantown, Maryland

 Manufacturing and testing facilities, logistics, and administrative offices

 Southfield, Michigan

 Shared hub and regional network management center

 Las Vegas, Nevada

 Shared hub, antennae yards, gateway, backup network operation and control center for Hughes corporate headquarters

 Cheyenne, Wyoming

 Hughes/ESS

 Gateways, equipment and ESS operations

 Barueri, Brazil

 Shared hub

 Sao Paulo, Brazil

 Hughes Brazil corporate headquarters, sales offices and warehouse

 Bangalore, India

 Engineering office and office space

 Gurgaon, India

 Administrative offices, shared hub, operations, warehouse, and development center

 New Delhi, India

 Hughes India corporate headquarters

 Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

 Hughes Europe corporate headquarters and operations

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 See Note 18 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding certain legal proceedings in which we are involved.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Market Information. As of March 29, 2024, all of our 1,078 issued and outstanding shares of common stock were held by EchoStar. There is currently no established trading market for our common stock. Our Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock and as of March 29, 2024, no shares of our preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

 Dividends. On March 17, 2022, our Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on our outstanding common stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $100.0 million. Payment of this dividend was made in the first quarter of 2022.

 On February 15, 2024, our Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on our outstanding common stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $529.0 million. Payment of the dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 On March 12, 2024, our Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on our outstanding common stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $500.0 million. Payment of the dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 While we currently do not intend to declare additional dividends on our common stock, we may elect to do so from time to time. Payment of any future dividends will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors the Board of Directors considers appropriate. We currently intend to retain our earnings, if any, to support operations, future growth and expansion. Our ability to declare dividends is affected by the covenants in our indentures.

 ITEM 6. RESERVED

 Not applicable.

 Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 The following Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations ("Management's Narrative Analysis") should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements. This Management's Narrative Analysis is intended to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition and our results of operations. Many of the statements in this Management's Narrative Analysis are forward-looking statements that involve assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are often difficult to predict and beyond our control. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. See Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. For a discussion of additional risks, uncertainties and other factors that could impact our results of operations or financial condition, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and we expressly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Overview

 We are an industry leader in both networking technologies and services, innovating to deliver the solutions that power a connected future for people, enterprises and things everywhere. We provide broadband services to consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses. We also provide satellite and multi-transport technologies and managed network services to telecommunications providers, aeronautical service providers, civilian and defense government entities, and other enterprise customers.

 The EchoStar XXIV satellite began service in December 2023, bringing additional broadband capacity to North and South America. We will leverage EchoStar XXIV to serve the unserved and underserved consumer markets in the Americas as well as enterprise and government markets.

 We also design, provide and install gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, we design, develop, construct and provide telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and other enterprise customers. We also offer a robust suite of integrated, multi-transport solutions to enable airline and airline service providers to deliver reliable in-flight network connectivity serving both commercial and business aviation.

 Our industry continues to evolve with the increasing worldwide demand for broadband internet access for information, entertainment and commerce. In addition to fiber and wireless systems, technologies such as geostationary high throughput satellites, low-earth orbit ("LEO") networks, medium-earth orbit ("MEO") systems and multi-transport networks using combinations of technologies are expected to continue to play significant roles in enabling global connectivity, networks and services. We expect demand for broadband internet access, connectivity, networking and related value-added services will continue to grow across all major end-user sectors – consumer, businesses, enterprises and government. We intend to use our expertise, technologies, capital, investments, global presence, relationships and other capabilities to continue to provide broadband internet systems, equipment, networks and managed services for information, the internet-of-things, entertainment, education, remote-connectivity and commerce across industries and communities globally for consumer and enterprise customers. We are closely tracking the developments in next-generation satellite businesses, and we are seeking to utilize our services, technologies, licenses and expertise to find new commercial opportunities for our business.

 All amounts presented in this Management's Narrative Analysis are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts and unless otherwise noted.

 On December 31, 2023, EchoStar completed the acquisition of DISH Network Corporation ("DISH Network") pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023 (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), by and among EchoStar, EAV Corp., a Nevada corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and DISH Network, pursuant to which EchoStar acquired DISH Network by means of the merger of Merger Sub with and into DISH Network (the "Merger"), with DISH Network surviving the Merger as EchoStar's wholly owned subsidiary.

 On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, on December 31, 2023, at 11:59 p.m. ET (the "Effective Time"), each share of DISH Network Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class A Common Stock") and DISH Network Class C common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class C Common Stock") outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("EchoStar Class A Common Stock") equal to 0.350877 (the "Exchange Ratio"). On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class B Common Stock" and, together with DISH Network Class A Common Stock and DISH Network Class C Common Stock, "DISH Network Common Stock"), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "EchoStar Class B Common Stock" and, together with the EchoStar Class A Common Stock, the "EchoStar Common Stock"), equal to the Exchange Ratio. Any shares of DISH Network Common Stock that were held in DISH Network's treasury or held directly by EchoStar or Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time were cancelled and cease to exist and no consideration was paid in respect thereof. All shares of the DISH Network Class A Common Stock were delisted from the Nasdaq Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") and deregistered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 The EchoStar Common Stock issued to the Ergen DISH Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement) as Merger consideration was issued through a private placement exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). At the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class A Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class A Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio, and (b) each share of DISH Network Class B Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class B Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio.

 Concurrently with the entry into the Amended Merger Agreement, the Ergen EchoStar Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement), the Ergen DISH Stockholders (collectively, the "Ergen Stockholders"), EchoStar and DISH Network entered into an amended and restated support agreement (the "Amended Support Agreement").

 In connection with the completion of the Merger, and pursuant to the Amended and Restated Support Agreement, the Ergen Stockholders, EchoStar and DISH Network, on December 31, 2023, EchoStar and the Ergen Stockholders entered into a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement"). The Registration Rights Agreement provides the Ergen Stockholders, and their affiliates who become parties thereto, with certain registration rights relating to the shares of EchoStar Common Stock, which they beneficially own, including (i) the right to demand shelf registration as well as registration on long and short form registration statements and (ii) "piggyback" registration rights to be included in future registered offerings by us of our equity securities, in each case, subject to certain requirements and customary conditions. The Registration Rights Agreement sets forth customary registration procedures, including an agreement by EchoStar to make appropriate officers available to participate in roadshow presentations and cooperate as reasonably requested in connection with any underwritten offerings. EchoStar also agreed to indemnify the Ergen Stockholders and their affiliates with respect to liabilities resulting from untrue statements or omissions in any registration statement used in any such registration, other than untrue statements or omissions based on or contained in information furnished to EchoStar for use in a registration statement by a participating stockholder.

 For more information and a copy of the Amended Merger Agreement, the Amended Support Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, see the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on October 3, 2023 and the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on January 2, 2024.

 With the Merger complete, EchoStar is currently focused on the Integration.

 We currently operate in two business segments: our Hughes segment and our ESS segment. These business segments are consistent with the way we make decisions regarding the allocation of resources, as well as how operating results are reviewed by our CODM.

 Our operations also include various corporate functions (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, Information Technology, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting.

 Hughes Segment

 Our Hughes segment is an industry leader in both networking technologies and services, innovating to deliver the solutions that power a connected future for people, enterprises and things everywhere. We provide broadband services to consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses. We also provide satellite and multi-transport technologies and managed network services to telecommunications providers, aeronautical service providers, civilian and defense government entities, and other enterprise customers.

 We also design, provide and install gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, we design, develop, construct and provide telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and other enterprise customers. We also offer a robust suite of integrated, multi-transport solutions to enable airline and airline service providers to deliver reliable in-flight network connectivity serving both commercial and business aviation.

 Our Hughes segment continues to focus its efforts on optimizing financial returns of our existing satellites while planning for new satellite capacity to be launched, leased or acquired. Our consumer revenue growth depends on our success in adding new and retaining existing subscribers, as well as increasing our Average Revenue Per User/subscriber ("ARPU"). Service and acquisition costs related to ongoing support for our direct and indirect customers and partners are typically impacted most significantly by our growth. The growth of our enterprise and consumer businesses relies heavily on global economic conditions and the competitive landscape for pricing relative to competitors and alternative technologies. Prior to the launch of EchoStar XXIV, we were nearing or had reached capacity in most areas of the U.S., which constrained growth within our consumer subscriber base. Growth within our Latin America consumer subscriber base in certain areas had also become capacity constrained. These constraints have been addressed by the EchoStar XXIV satellite.

 The EchoStar XXIV satellite began service in December 2023, bringing additional broadband capacity across North and South America and is expected to be an integral part of our satellite service business. The satellite brings further consumer broadband capacity across North and South America and generate additional sales in other markets, including in-flight Wi-Fi, enterprise networking and cellular back haul for mobile network operators across the two continents. We currently lease the capacity of EchoStar XXIV from an affiliate of ours, EchoStar XXIV L.L.C., effective December 2023.

 Our broadband subscribers include customers that subscribe to our HughesNet services in the U.S. and Latin America through retail, wholesale and small/medium enterprise service channels.

 The following table presents our approximate number of broadband subscribers:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 United States
 752,000
 931,000
 1,090,000

 Latin America
 252,000
 297,000
 372,000

 Total broadband subscribers
 1,004,000
 1,228,000
 1,462,000

 The following table presents the approximate number of net subscriber losses for each quarter in 2023:

 For the three months ended

 December 31
 September 30
 June 30
 March 31

 United States
 (49,000)
 (45,000)
 (44,000)
 (41,000)

 Latin America
 (10,000)
 (14,000)
 (11,000)
 (10,000)

 Total net subscriber losses
 (59,000)
 (59,000)
 (55,000)
 (51,000)

 The net subscriber losses both in the United States and Latin America primarily resulted from our past capacity limitations, competitive pressure from satellite-based competitors and other technologies, and our emphasis on acquiring and retaining higher quality subscribers.

 We continued to execute our strategy of maximizing financial returns by utilizing capacity for higher economic value enterprise and government applications. Continued success of this strategy will further reduce the available capacity for consumer subscribers.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Hughes segment had approximately $1.970 billion and $1.540 billion of contracted revenue backlog, respectively, an increase of approximately 30.0% during that period, primarily due to an increase in contracts from our domestic enterprise customers. Of the total Hughes segment contracted revenue backlog as of December 31, 2023, we expect to recognize approximately $541 million of revenue in 2024. We define Hughes segment contracted revenue backlog as our expected future revenue under enterprise customer contracts that are non-cancelable, including lease revenue.

 Goodwill Impairment Assessment

 During the fourth quarter in 2023, we recorded a noncash impairment charge of $533 million related to our goodwill. See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. The impairment of goodwill has no effect on liquidity or capital resources.

 ESS Segment

 Our ESS segment provides satellite services on a full-time and/or occasional-use basis to U.S. government service providers, internet service providers, broadcast news organizations, content providers and private enterprise customers. We operate our ESS business using primarily the EchoStar IX satellite and the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite and related infrastructure. Revenue in our satellite services business depends largely on our ability to make continuous use of our available satellite capacity on behalf of existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our ESS segment had contracted revenue backlog of approximately $10 million and $22 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately 55% during that period, primarily due to the recognition of revenue of existing contracts. Of the total ESS segment contracted revenue backlog as of December 31, 2023, we expect to recognize $8 million of revenue in 2024. We define contracted revenue backlog for our ESS segment as contracted future satellite lease revenue.

 Satellite Anomalies and Impairments

 In the second quarter of 2023, we reduced the estimated useful life of the Al Yah 3 satellite, which serves our Brazilian customers, as a result of certain technical anomalies. In order to safeguard the future operability of the satellite, the Company has, in conjunction with recommendations from the satellite manufacturer, implemented immediate and long-term remedial actions. A revised estimate of the satellite's remaining lifetime has been calculated using operational data of two previous quarters. Although the anomalies are expected to shorten the remaining useful life of the satellite, they have not affected its current operation.

 We are not aware of any other anomalies to our owned or leased satellites as of December 31, 2023. There can be no assurance, however, that anomalies will not have a significant adverse effect in the future. In addition, there can be no assurance that we can recover critical transmission capacity in the event one or more of our satellites were to fail.

 Cybersecurity

 We are not aware of any cyber-incidents with respect to our owned or leased satellites or other networks, equipment or systems that have had a material adverse effect on our business, costs, operations, prospects, results of operation or financial position during the year ended December 31, 2023 and through April 1, 2024. There can be no assurance, however, that any such incident can be detected or thwarted or will not have such a material adverse effect in the future.

 Other Developments

 Operational Liquidity

 We primarily rely on our existing cash and marketable investment securities balances, as well as cash flow generated through our operations, to fund our business operations. Revenue in our ESS segment depends largely on our ability to continuously make use of our available satellite capacity with existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers. Consumer revenue in our Hughes segment depends on our success in adding new and retaining existing subscribers and driving higher ARPU. Revenue in our enterprise and equipment businesses relies heavily on global economic conditions and the competitive landscape for pricing relative to competitors and alternative technologies. There can be no assurance that we will have positive cash flows from operations. Furthermore, if we experience negative cash flows, our existing cash and marketable investment securities balances may be reduced. We anticipate that our existing cash and marketable investment securities are sufficient to fund the currently anticipated operations of our business through the next twelve months.

 Debt Issuances and Maturity

 On July 27, 2016, we issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes at an issue price of 100.0% due August 1, 2026. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 5 1/4% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year.

 On July 27, 2016, we issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 6 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes at an issue price of 100.0% due August 1, 2026. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 6 5/8% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year.

 Future Liquidity

 We have made cash distributions to partially finance the consolidated operations and debt service payment obligation of our parent company, EchoStar, and its subsidiaries. On February 15, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on the Company's outstanding stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $529 million. On March 12, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on the Company's outstanding common stock to its shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $500 million. Payment of both dividends was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 While we currently do not intend to declare additional dividends on our common stock, we may elect to do so from time to time. Payment of any future dividends will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors the Board of Directors considers appropriate. We currently intend to retain our earnings, if any, to support operations, future growth and expansion. Our ability to declare dividends is affected by the covenants in our indentures.

 We may make additional funds available to EchoStar in the form of loans to finance, in whole or in part, EchoStar's future operations and debt service obligations. Any such distributions or advances, as well as other factors including, among others, debt maturities, continuing investment in our business, financing acquisitions and other strategic transactions, may reduce the amount of our cash flows available to fund working capital requirements, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments, debt obligations and other general corporate requirements, and may require us to refinance our existing debt agreements or raise additional capital in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

 Covenants and Restrictions Related to our Senior Notes

 We are subject to the covenants and restrictions set forth in the indentures related to our long-term debt. In particular, the indentures related to our outstanding senior notes and senior secured notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on our ability to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (iii) pay dividends or make distributions on our capital stock or repurchase our capital stock; (iv) make certain investments; (v) create liens; (vi) enter into certain transactions with affiliates; (vii) merge or consolidate with another company; and (viii) transfer or sell assets. Should we fail to comply with these covenants, all or a portion of the debt under the senior notes, senior secured notes and our other long-term debt could become immediately payable. The senior notes and senior secured notes also provide that the debt may be required to be prepaid if certain change-in-control events occur. As of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we were in compliance with the covenants and restrictions related to our respective long-term debt.

 Guarantor Financial Information

 Certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries (together, the "obligor group") have fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, the obligations of our Notes. See Note 13. Long-term Debt in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our Notes.

 The following tables include summarized financial information of the obligor group. The summarized financial information of the obligor group is presented on a combined basis with balances and transactions within the obligor group eliminated. Investments in and the equity in earnings of non-guarantor subsidiaries, which would otherwise be consolidated in accordance with GAAP, are excluded from the below summarized financial information pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Rule 13-01.

 The summarized balance sheet information for the consolidated obligor group of debt issued by HSSC is presented in the table below:

 (in thousands)

 Total current assets
 $
 1,954,927

 Total non-current assets

 2,781,659

 Total current liabilities

 670,383

 Total non-current liabilities

 2,725,566

 Due from related parties - current

 5,038

 Due from non-guarantors - current
 41,324

 Due from related parties - non-current

 7,228

 Due from non-guarantors - non-current

 82,498

 Due to related parties - current
 336,099

 Due to related parties - non-current

 755,379

 Due to non-guarantors - non-current

 44,165

 The summarized results of operations information for the consolidated obligor group of debt issued by HSSC is presented in the table below:

 (in thousands)

 $
 1,464,572

 Operating income (loss)
 (303,722)

 (346,262)

 Revenue from non-guarantors
 25,823

 Revenue from related parties
 14,881

 Interest income - non-guarantors
 3,031

 Interest income - related parties

 The indentures governing our Notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions, incur additional debt, make certain investments, create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions, merge or consolidate with another company, transfer and sell assets, enter into transactions with affiliates or allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments, or transfer assets.

 EXPLANATION OF KEY METRICS AND OTHER ITEMS

 Services and other revenue. Services and other revenue primarily includes the sales of consumer and enterprise broadband services, maintenance and other contracted services, revenue associated with satellite and transponder leases and services, satellite uplinking/downlinking, subscriber wholesale service fees for the HughesNet service, professional services and facilities rental revenue.

 Equipment revenue. Equipment revenue primarily includes broadband equipment and networks sold to customers in our consumer and enterprise markets.

 Cost of sales - services and other. Cost of sales - services and other primarily includes the cost of broadband services provided to our consumer and enterprise customers, maintenance and other contracted services, costs associated with satellite and transponder leases and services, professional services and facilities rental expenses.

 Cost of sales - equipment. Cost of sales - equipment consists primarily of the cost of broadband equipment and networks provided to customers in our consumer and enterprise markets. It also includes certain other costs associated with the deployment of equipment to our customers.

 Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include selling and marketing costs and employee-related costs associated with administrative services (e.g., information systems, human resources and other services), including bad debt expense and stock-based compensation expense. It also includes professional fees (e.g. legal, information systems and accounting services), and other expenses associated with facilities and administrative services.

 Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses primarily include costs associated with the design and development of products to support future growth and provide new technology and innovation to our customers.

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill. Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill includes our impairment losses related to our property and equipment, regulatory authorizations, goodwill, and other intangible assets.

 Interest income, net. Interest income, net primarily includes interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities, and other investments including premium amortization and discount accretion on debt securities, and changes in allowance for estimated credit losses on investments.

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized primarily includes interest expense associated with our debt and finance lease obligations (net of capitalized interest), amortization of debt issuance costs and interest expense related to certain legal proceedings.

 Gains (losses) on investments, net. Gains (losses) on investments, net primarily includes changes in fair value of our marketable equity securities and other investments for which we have elected the fair value option. It may also include realized gains and losses on the sale or exchange of our available-for-sale debt securities, other-than-temporary impairment losses on our available-for-sale securities, realized gains and losses on the sale or exchange of equity securities and debt securities without readily determinable fair value and adjustments to the carrying amount of investments in unconsolidated affiliates and marketable equity securities resulting from impairments and observable price changes.

 Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net includes earnings or losses from our investments accounted for using the equity method.

 Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments. Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments primarily includes impairment charges for losses on our equity method investments which were deemed permanent in nature.

 Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net include gains and losses resulting from the re-measurement of transactions denominated in foreign currencies.

 Other, net. Other, net primarily includes dividends received from our marketable investment securities and other non-operating income and expense items that are not appropriately classified elsewhere in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). EBITDA is defined as Net income (loss) excluding Interest income and expense, net, Income tax benefit (provision), net, Depreciation and amortization, and Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests. EBITDA is not a measure determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). This non-GAAP measure is reconciled to Net income (loss) in our discussion of Results of Operations section below. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income, net income or any other measure determined in accordance with GAAP. EBITDA is used by our management as a measure of operating efficiency and overall financial performance for benchmarking against our peers and competitors. Management believes EBITDA provides meaningful supplemental information regarding the underlying operating performance of our business and is appropriate to enhance an overall understanding of our financial performance. Management also believes that EBITDA is useful to investors because it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate the performance of companies in our industry.

 Subscribers. Subscribers include customers that subscribe to our HughesNet service, through retail, wholesale and small/medium enterprise service channels.

 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 The following table presents our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022:

 For the year ended December 31,

 Statements of Operations Data (1)

 2023
 2022
 %

 Revenue:

 Services and other revenue
 $
 1,448,489
 $
 1,629,194
 $
 (180,705)
 (11.1)

 Equipment revenue
 299,367
 374,149
 (74,782)
 (20.0)

 (255,487)
 (12.8)

 Costs and expenses:

 Cost of sales - services and other
 540,945
 562,849
 (21,904)
 (3.9)

 % of total services and other revenue
 37.3
 %
 34.5
 %

 Cost of sales - equipment
 239,336
 292,290
 (52,954)
 (18.1)

 % of total equipment revenue
 79.9
 %
 78.1
 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 411,127
 429,877
 (18,750)
 (4.4)

 % of total revenue
 23.5
 %
 21.5
 %

 Research and development expenses
 28,857
 32,810
 (3,953)
 (12.0)

 % of total revenue
 1.7
 %
 1.6
 %

 (41,433)
 (9.6)

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill
 532,940
 —
 532,940
 *

 Total costs and expenses
 2,142,837
 1,748,891
 393,946
 22.5

 Operating income (loss)
 (394,981)
 254,452
 (649,433)
 *

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income, net
 85,036
 30,812
 54,224
 176.0

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
 (89,569)
 (92,386)
 2,817
 (3.0)

 Gains (losses) on investments, net
 —
 —

 Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 (4,264)
 (5,703)
 1,439
 (25.2)

 Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 5,711
 6,016
 (305)
 (5.1)

 Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments
 —
 *

 (1,090)
 (85)
 (1,005)
 *

 Total other income (expense), net
 (37,331)
 (61,101)
 23,770
 (38.9)

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 (432,312)
 193,351
 (625,663)
 *

 Income tax benefit (provision), net

 (46,126)
 (54,441)
 8,315
 (15.3)

 (478,438)
 (617,348)
 *

 Less: Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 16,569
 10,503
 6,066
 57.8

 Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC
 $
 (461,869)
 $
 149,413
 $
 (611,282)
 *

 Other data:

 EBITDA (2)

 $
 (21,578)
 $
 $
 (718,071)
 (103.1)

 Subscribers, end of period
 1,004,000
 1,228,000
 (224,000)
 (18.2)

 * Percentage is not meaningful.
 (1) An explanation of our key metrics is included in Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items.
 (2) A reconciliation of EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure in our Consolidated Financial Statements, is included in Results of Operations. For further information on our use of EBITDA, see Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items.

 The following discussion relates to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022:

 Services and other revenue. Services and other revenue totaled $1.448 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $181 million, or 11.1%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to our Hughes segment related to lower sales of broadband services to our consumer and North American enterprise customers of $184 million, partially offset by a net increase in broadband services sales to our international enterprise customers of $11 million.

 Equipment revenue. Equipment revenue totaled $299 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $75 million, or 20.0%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a net decrease of $44 million related to our North American enterprise customers due to lower hardware sales and positive adjustments on certain long-term contracts and a $35 million net decrease in hardware sales to our international enterprise customers, partially offset by an increase of $7 million in sales to our mobile satellite system customers.

 Cost of sales - services and other. Cost of sales - services and other totaled $541 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $22 million, or 3.9%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to the corresponding decrease in service and other revenue.

 Cost of sales - equipment. Cost of sales - equipment totaled $239 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $53 million, or 18.1%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to the corresponding decrease in equipment revenue.

 Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $411 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $19 million, or 4.4%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in sales and marketing expenses of $24 million.

 Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses totaled $390 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $41 million, or 9.6%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in non-satellite depreciation expense of $48 million, partially offset by an increase in satellite depreciation related to the Al Yah 3 satellite.

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill. Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill totaled $533 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is driven by a $533 million noncash impairment charge to goodwill. See Note 2 to the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 Interest income, net. Interest income, net totaled $85 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $54 million, as compared to 2022, primarily attributable to increases in the yield on our marketable investment securities and an increase in our marketable investment securities average balance.

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized, totaled $90 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $3 million, or 3.0%, as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to an increase in capitalized interest relating to the EchoStar XXIV satellite program.

 Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net. Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net totaled $4 million in losses for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $6 million in losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in losses of $2 million. The decrease was related to net increased earnings from our investments in our equity method investees.

 Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments. Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments was $33 million for the Year Ended December 31, 2023, related to the impairment of our investment in Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited ("BCS") as a result of increased competition and the economic environment for this business.

 Income tax benefit (provision), net. Income tax benefit (provision), net was $(46) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $(54) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our effective income tax rate was (10.7)% and 28.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The variations in our effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily due to excluded losses for goodwill impairment, excluded investment impairment losses, and excluded foreign losses where the Company carries a full valuation allowance. The variations in our current year effective tax rate from the U.S. federal statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to excluded foreign losses where the Company carries a full valuation allowance, and the impact of state and local taxes.

 Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC. The following table reconciles the change in Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC:

 Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC for the year ended December 31, 2022
 $
 149,413

 Increase (decrease) in interest income, net
 54,224

 Decrease (increase) in income tax benefit (provision), net
 8,315

 Decrease (increase) in net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
 6,066

 Decrease (increase) in interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
 2,817

 Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 1,439

 Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 (305)

 Increase (decrease) in other, net
 (1,005)

 Increase (decrease) in other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments

 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), including depreciation and amortization (1)

 (649,433)

 Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC for the year ended December 31, 2023
 $
 (461,869)

 (1) The decrease in Operating income (loss) includes a noncash impairment charge for goodwill of $533 million.

 EBITDA. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is described under Explanation of Key Metrics and Other Items section. The following table reconciles EBITDA to Net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure in our Consolidated Financial Statements:

 For the year ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 (478,438)
 $
 $
 (617,348)
 *

 (41,433)
 (9.6)

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
 89,569
 92,386
 (2,817)
 (3.0)

 Income tax provision (benefit), net
 46,126
 54,441
 (8,315)
 (15.3)

 Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 16,569
 10,503
 6,066
 57.8

 Interest Income, net
 (85,036)
 (30,812)
 (54,224)
 *

 $
 (21,578)
 $
 $
 (718,071)
 *

 * Percentage is not meaningful.

 The following table reconciles the change in EBITDA:

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022
 $

 Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 6,066

 Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 1,439

 Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 (305)

 Increase (decrease) in other, net
 (1,005)

 Increase (decrease) in other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments

 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization (1)

 (690,866)

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023
 $
 (21,578)

 (1) The decrease in Operating income (loss) includes a noncash impairment charge for goodwill of $533 million.

 Segment Operating Results and Capital Expenditures

 The following tables present our total revenue, capital expenditures and EBITDA by segment for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022:

 ESS
 Corporate and Other
 Consolidated Total

 $
 $
 $
 2,355
 $

 189,999
 —
 190,129

 39,679
 18,325
 (79,582)
 (21,578)

 For the year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 $
 $
 $

 —
 —

 732,929
 14,416
 (50,852)

 Hughes Segment

 For the years ended
December 31,

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 $
 $
 (245,181)
 (12.5)

 189,999
 (49,404)
 (20.6)

 39,679
 732,929
 (693,250)
 (94.6)

 Total revenue was $1.721 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $245 million, or 12.5%, as compared to 2022. Services and other revenue decreased primarily due to lower sales of broadband services to our consumer and North American enterprise customers of $184 million. Equipment revenue decreased primarily due to a net decrease of $35 million in hardware sales to our international enterprise customers and a net decrease of $44 million related to our North American enterprise customers due to lower hardware sales and positive adjustments on certain long-term contracts, partially offset by an increase of $7 million in sales to our mobile satellite system customers.

 Capital expenditures were $190 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $49 million, or 20.6%, as compared to 2022, primarily due to decreases in expenditures associated with our consumer business, and decreases in expenditures related to the construction of our satellite-related ground infrastructure.

 The following table reconciles the change in the Hughes Segment EBITDA:

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022
 $
 732,929

 Decrease (increase) in net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 6,066

 Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net

 Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 (208)

 Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net
 (217)

 Increase (decrease) in other, net
 (1,004)

 Increase (decrease) in other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments

 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization (1)

 (664,760)

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023
 $
 39,679

 (1) The decrease in Operating income (loss) includes a noncash impairment charge for goodwill of $533 million.

 ESS Segment

 For the years ended
December 31,

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 $
 $
 3,562
 17.3

 —
 *

 18,325
 14,416
 3,909
 27.1

 * Percentage is not meaningful.

 Total revenue was $24 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $4 million, or 17.3%, compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in transponder services provided to third parties.

 EBITDA was $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $4 million, or 27.1%, as compared to 2022, primarily due to the increase in overall ESS segment revenue and lower expenses.

 Corporate and Other

 For the years ended
December 31,

 2023
 2022
 %

 $
 2,355
 $
 $
 (13,868)
 (85.5)

 (79,582)
 (50,852)
 (28,730)
 56.5

 Total revenue was $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $14 million, or 85.5%, compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in satellite leasing revenue related to the EchoStar XXI satellite.

 EBITDA was a loss of $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $29 million, or 56.5%, compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in service revenue and an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

 The following table reconciles the change in the Corporate and Other EBITDA:

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022
 $
 (50,852)

 Increase (decrease) in operating income (loss), excluding depreciation and amortization
 (30,015)

 Increase (decrease) in foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 (97)

 Increase (decrease) in other, net
 (1)

 Increase (decrease) in gains (losses) on investments, net

 Decrease (increase) in equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 1,166

 EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023
 $
 (79,582)

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 Market Risks Associated with Financial Instruments and Foreign Currency

 Our investments and debt are exposed to market risks, discussed below.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Investment Securities

 As of December 31, 2023, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities had a fair value of $1.7 billion. Of this amount, a total of $1.7 billion was invested in: (a) cash; (b) commercial paper and corporate notes with an overall average maturity of less than one year and rated in one of the four highest rating categories by at least two nationally recognized statistical rating organizations; (c) debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies; and/or (d) instruments with similar risk, duration and credit quality characteristics to the commercial paper and corporate obligations described above. The primary purpose of these investing activities has been to preserve principal until the cash is required to, among other things, fund operations, make strategic investments and expand the business. Consequently, the size of this portfolio fluctuates significantly as cash is received and used in our business. The value of this portfolio may be negatively impacted by credit losses; however, this risk is mitigated through diversification that limits our exposure to any one issuer.

 Interest Rate Risk

 A change in interest rates would not affect the fair value of our cash, or materially affect the fair value of our cash equivalents due to their maturities of less than 90 days. A change in interest rates would affect the fair value of our current marketable debt securities portfolio; however, we normally hold these investments to maturity. Based on our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable debt securities investment portfolio of $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10% change in average interest rates during 2023 would not have had a material impact on the fair value of our cash, cash equivalents and debt securities portfolio due to the limited duration of our investments.

 Our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable debt securities had an average annual rate of return for the year ended December 31, 2023 of 5.47%. A change in interest rates would affect our future annual interest income from this portfolio, since funds would be re-invested at different rates as the instruments mature. A hypothetical 10% decrease in average interest rates during 2023 would have resulted in a decrease of $7.8 million in annual interest income.

 Other Investments

 Our ability to realize value from our strategic investments in companies that are privately held depends on the success of those companies' businesses and their ability to obtain sufficient capital to execute their business plans. Because private markets are not as liquid as public markets, there is also increased risk that we will not be able to sell these investments, or that when we sell them, we will not be able to recover our investment.

 Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

 Our international business is conducted in a variety of foreign currencies with our largest exposures being to the Brazilian real, the Indian rupee, European euro and the British pound. Transactions in foreign currencies are converted into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect on the dates of the transactions. This exposes us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

 Our objective in managing our exposure to foreign currency changes is to reduce earnings and cash flow volatility associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, primarily resulting from loans to foreign subsidiaries in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we may enter into foreign currency forward contracts, or take other measures, to mitigate risks associated with foreign currency denominated assets, liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency transactions. As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign currency forward contracts with a notional amount of $0.2 million in place to partially mitigate foreign currency exchange risk. The estimated fair values of the foreign currency contracts were not material as of December 31, 2023. The impact of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in exchange rates on the carrying amount of the net assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries during 2023 would have resulted in an estimated loss to the cumulative translation adjustment of $42.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 We generally do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes and we generally do not apply hedge accounting treatment to our derivative financial instruments. We evaluate our derivative financial instruments from time to time but there can be no assurance that we will not enter into additional foreign currency forward contracts, or take other measures, in the future to mitigate our foreign currency exchange risk.

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 Our Consolidated Financial Statements are included in Item 15 of this Form 10-K.

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We continue to review our internal control over financial reporting and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing its effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles.

 Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

 (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets;
 (ii) provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our directors; and
 (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

 None.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

 Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 KPMG LLP served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. EchoStar's board of directors, in its discretion, may direct the appointment of a different independent registered public accounting firm at any time during the year if it determines that such a change would be in our best interests.

 Fees Paid to KPMG LLP

 The following table presents fees for professional services rendered by KPMG LLP on behalf of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, in full dollar amounts:

 For the Years Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Audit fees (1)
 $
 2,412,955
 $
 2,133,489

 Audit-related fees (2)
 —
 38,523

 Total audit and audited related fees
 2,412,955
 2,172,012

 Tax fees (3)
 46,272
 39,010

 Total fees
 $
 2,459,227
 $
 2,211,022

 (1) Consists of fees for the audit of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, review of our unaudited financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and fees in connection with statutory and other audits of our foreign subsidiaries.
 (2) Consists of fees for assurance and other services that are provided in connection with the issuance of consents, comfort letters, certifications, and professional consultations with respect to accounting issues or matters that are non-recurring in nature.
 (3) Consists of fees for tax consultation and tax compliance services.

 Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 EchoStar's Audit Committee is responsible for appointing, setting compensation, retaining, and overseeing the work of our independent registered public accounting firm. EchoStar's Audit Committee has established a process regarding pre-approval of all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm.

 Requests are submitted to EchoStar's Audit Committee in one of the following ways:

 • Request for approval of services at a meeting of EchoStar's Audit Committee; or
 • Request for approval of services by members of EchoStar's Audit Committee acting by written consent.

 The request may be made with respect to either specific services or a type of service for predictable or recurring services. All of the fees paid by us to KPMG LLP for services for 2023 and 2022 were pre-approved by EchoStar's Audit Committee.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 (a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:

 Page

 (1) Consolidated Financial Statements

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder's Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (2) Exhibits

 2.1

 Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023, by and among EchoStar, DISH and Merger Sub (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 03, 2023.)+

 3.1(a)*

 Articles of Incorporation of EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), dated as of March 16, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(a) to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 333-179121).

 3.1(b)*

 Articles of Amendment of EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), dated as of October 26, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(b) to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 333-179121).

 3.1(c)*

 Articles of Amendment of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, dated as of December 30, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(c) to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed February 21, 2014, Commission File No. 333-179121.

 3.1(d)*

 Articles of Amendment of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, dated as of January 21, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(d) to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed February 21, 2014, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 3.1(e)*

 Articles of Amendment of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, dated as of February 28, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(a) to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, filed May 9, 2014, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 3.1(f)*

 Articles of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, dated as of March 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 32 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 6, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 3.2*

 Bylaws of EH Holding Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 333-179121).

 4.1*

 Security Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2011, among EH Holding Corporation (currently known as Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation), the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto, and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 9, 2011, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 4.2*

 Indenture, relating to the 5.250% Senior Secured Notes, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 4.3*

 Indenture, relating to the 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 4.4*

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2016, among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 4.5*

 Additional Secured Party Joinder, dated as of July 27, 2016, among U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent, and Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to EchoStar Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2016, Commission File No. 001-33807).

 4.6*

 Form of 5.250% Senior Secured Note due 2026 (included as part of Exhibit 4.2).

 4.7*

 Form of 6.625% Senior Unsecured Note due 2026 (included as part of Exhibit 4.3).

 4.8*

 Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated March 23, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed April 6, 2017, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.9*

 Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of March 23, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed April 6, 2017, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.10*

 Joinder Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2017, to the Security Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and between HNS Americas, L.L.C., HNS Americas II, L.L.C. and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.11*

 Second Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated August 10, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.12*

 Second Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of August 10, 2017, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantor listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.25 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed February 22, 2018, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.13*

 Joinder Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2019, to the Security Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and between EchoStar BSS Corporation, EchoStar FSS L.L.C. and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.14*

 Third Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 5.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, dated June 12, 2019, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and successor collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 4.15*

 Third Supplemental Indenture relating to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's 6.625% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of June 12, 2019, by and among Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation, the guarantors and the supplemental guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 333-179121).

 10.1*

 Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2008 Stock Incentive Plan") (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed September 18, 2014, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.2*

 Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Hughes Communications, Inc., filed June 22, 2006, (Commission File No. 000-51784)). **

 10.3*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive or Director (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015, filed November 6, 2015, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.4*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (1999) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.5*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Employee (2008) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.6*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2008) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.7*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Employee (2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.8*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2014) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.9*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive or Director (2011) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to Hughes Satellite System Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed February 24, 2016, Commission File No. 333-179121).**

 10.10*

 EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 23, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.11*

 Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14, filed March 23, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.12*

 Amendment No. 1 to EchoStar Corporation 2017 Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan dated October 20, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed November 3, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807)**

 10.13*

 EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan -- Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.14*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Employee (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.15*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Executive (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807). **

 10.16*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan - Executive (2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, filed August 9, 2017, Commission File No. 001-33807).**

 10.17*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan — Employee (2022) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed November 3, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807)**

 10.18*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2022) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed November 3, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807) **

 10.19*

 Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Option Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Non-Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan (2022) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed November 3, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807)**

 10.20*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the EchoStar Corporation 2017 Stock Incentive Plan — Executive (2022) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed November 3, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807) **

 10.21*

 Letter Agreement, dated as of October 2, 2023, by and between EchoStar and Hamid Akhavan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Amendment No. 1 on Form S-4 of EchoStar filed on November 6, 2023, Registration File No. 333-274837).**

 10.22*

 Form of Stock Option Agreement for Hamid Akhavan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed May 5, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807)**

 10.23*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Hamid Akhavan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, filed May 5, 2022, Commission File No. 001-33807)**

 10.24*

 Amendment to EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan-Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, dated November 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year ended December 31, 2018, filed February 21, 2019, Commission File No. 333-179121).**

 10.25*

 Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation Executive Officer Bonus Incentive Plan, dated as of April 30, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed August 8, 2019, Commission File No. 333-179121).**

 10.26*

 Amendment to EchoStar Non-Qualified Plan – Executive Plan and Adoption Agreement, dated October 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to EchoStar Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed November 5, 2020, Commission File No. 333-179121). **

 10.27*

 Amendment No. 1 to EchoStar Corporation 2017 Non-Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to EchoStar Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed March 17, 2021, Commission File No. 001-33807). **

 10.28*

 Second Amended and Restated EchoStar Corporation Executive Officer Bonus Incentive Plan, dated as of November 2, 2021. **

 10.29

 Amended and Restated Support Agreement, dated as of October 2, 2023, by and among EchoStar, DISH Network, and the Ergen Stockholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 03, 2023.)+

 22 (H)

 List of Subsidiary Guarantors

 31.1 (H)

 Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer

 31.2 (H)

 Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial Officer

 32.1 (H)

 Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer

 32.2 (H)

 Section 906 Certification of Principal Financial Officer

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 (H) Filed herewith.
 * Incorporated by reference.
 ** Constitutes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 + Schedules, annexes and/or exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules, annexes and/or exhibits upon request by the SEC; provided, that the Company may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") for any schedules so furnished.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 By:
 /s/ Hamid Akhavan

 Hamid Akhavan

 Chief Executive Officer and President

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Paul W. Orban

 Paul W. Orban

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, DISH

 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

 Date: April 1, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Hamid Akhavan

 President and Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Hamid Akhavan

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Paul W. Orban
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, DISH

 Paul W. Orban

 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Charles W. Ergen

 Chairman

 Charles W. Ergen

 /s/ Paul Gaske

 Chief Operating Officer, Hughes, and Director

 Paul Gaske

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Consolidated Financial Statements:

 Page

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( KPMG LLP, Denver, CO, PCAOB ID: 185)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder's Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholder and the Board of Directors
 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholder's equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue

 As discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reported $1.7 billion in total revenue for the Hughes segment for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Hughes segment has multiple revenue streams and certain aspects of the Company's processes and information technology (IT) systems differ among the revenue streams.

 We identified the evaluation of sufficiency of audit evidence over certain revenue streams as a critical audit matter. Specifically, subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate that revenue data was captured and aggregated throughout these various IT applications. Additionally, IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the nature and extent of evidence obtained over certain revenue streams.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over revenue. For each revenue stream where procedures were performed, we evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's revenue recognition process, including recording of revenue. We also evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain general IT and application controls. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in testing certain IT applications used by the Company in its revenue recognition processes and the transfer of relevant revenue data between certain systems used in the revenue recognition processes. For a sample of revenue transactions, we assessed the recorded amounts by comparing to underlying documentation, including contracts or payment and transaction support. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of the procedures performed, including the appropriateness of the nature and extent of such evidence.

 /s/ KPMG LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.

 Denver, Colorado

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,276,623
 $
 653,132

 Marketable investment securities
 417,743

 Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net
 233,915
 236,336

 210,567
 275,202

 Total current assets
 2,138,848
 1,964,439

 Non-current assets:

 Property and equipment, net
 1,250,074
 1,376,004

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 1,031,303
 150,632

 Goodwill
 —
 532,491

 Regulatory authorizations, net
 407,819
 408,619

 Other intangible assets, net
 13,401
 15,698

 Other investments, net
 54,137
 83,523

 Other non-current assets, net
 303,962
 285,877

 Total non-current assets
 3,060,696
 2,852,844

 Total assets
 $
 5,199,544
 $
 4,817,283

 Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Trade accounts payable
 $
 101,163
 $
 98,229

 Contract liabilities
 116,187
 121,739

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 524,556
 393,899

 Total current liabilities
 741,906
 613,867

 Non-current liabilities:

 Long-term debt, net
 1,497,609
 1,496,777

 Deferred tax liabilities, net
 252,820
 289,757

 Operating lease liabilities
 897,084
 135,122

 Other non-current liabilities
 131,036
 133,897

 Total non-current liabilities
 2,778,549
 2,055,553

 Total liabilities
 3,520,455
 2,669,420

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 Shareholder's equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2023 and 2022

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, 1,078 shares issued and outstanding at both December 31, 2023 and 2022

 —
 —

 Additional paid-in capital
 1,484,064
 1,479,857

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 152,491)
 ( 170,184)

 Accumulated earnings (losses)
 279,885
 741,754

 Total Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation shareholder's equity
 1,611,458
 2,051,427

 Non-controlling interests
 67,631
 96,436

 Total shareholder's equity
 1,679,089
 2,147,863

 Total liabilities and shareholder's equity
 $
 5,199,544
 $
 4,817,283

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenue:

 Services and other revenue
 $
 1,448,489
 $
 1,629,194
 $
 1,724,299

 Equipment revenue
 299,367
 374,149
 270,427

 Costs and expenses:

 Cost of sales - services and other (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
 540,945
 562,849
 544,915

 Cost of sales - equipment (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
 239,336
 292,290
 231,960

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 411,127
 429,877
 422,235

 Research and development expenses
 28,857
 32,810
 31,777

 464,146

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill
 532,940
 —

 Total costs and expenses
 2,142,837
 1,748,891
 1,695,243

 Operating income (loss)
 ( 394,981)
 254,452
 299,483

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income, net
 85,036
 30,812
 8,146

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
 ( 89,569)
 ( 92,386)
 ( 126,499)

 Gains (losses) on investments, net
 2,103

 Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 ( 4,264)
 ( 5,703)
 ( 5,347)

 Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments
 ( 33,400)
 —
 —

 Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net
 5,711
 6,016
 ( 11,494)

 ( 1,090)
 ( 85)
 1,336

 Total other income (expense), net
 ( 37,331)
 ( 61,101)
 ( 131,755)

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 ( 432,312)
 193,351
 167,728

 Income tax benefit (provision), net
 ( 46,126)
 ( 54,441)
 ( 57,111)

 ( 478,438)
 110,617

 Less: Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 16,569
 10,503
 10,154

 Net income (loss) attributable to HSSC
 $
 ( 461,869)
 $
 149,413
 $
 120,771

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 ( 478,438)
 $
 $
 110,617

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 21,196
 5,475
 ( 31,317)

 Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
 ( 198)
 ( 553)

 Other
 —
 ( 98)

 Amounts reclassified to net income (loss):

 Realized losses (gains) on available-for-sale debt securities
 ( 17)
 ( 5)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 21,343
 4,905
 ( 30,930)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 457,095)
 143,815
 79,687

 Less: Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 12,919
 8,795
 14,543

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to HSSC
 $
 ( 444,176)
 $
 152,610
 $
 94,230

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY

 Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Accumulated
Earnings (Losses)
 Non-controlling
Interests
 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2020
 $
 1,486,730
 $
 ( 146,840)
 $
 671,570
 $
 64,916
 $
 2,076,376

 3,046
 —
 —
 —
 3,046

 Contribution by non-controlling interest holder
 —
 —
 —
 9,880
 9,880

 Dividend paid to EchoStar
 —
 —
 —

 —
 ( 26,541)
 —
 ( 4,389)
 ( 30,930)

 —
 —
 120,771
 ( 10,154)
 110,617

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 1,489,776
 ( 173,381)
 692,341
 60,253
 2,068,989

 4,318
 —
 —
 —
 4,318

 Issuance of equity and contribution of assets pursuant to the India JV formation
 ( 14,237)
 —
 —
 44,540
 30,303

 Dividend paid to EchoStar
 —
 —
 —

 —
 3,197
 —
 1,708
 4,905

 —
 —
 149,413
 ( 10,503)

 —
 —
 —

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 1,479,857
 ( 170,184)
 741,754
 96,436
 2,147,863

 4,207
 —
 —
 —
 4,207

 —
 17,693
 —
 3,650
 21,343

 Deconsolidation of Hughes Systique Corporation

 —
 —
 —
 ( 15,448)
 ( 15,448)

 —
 —
 ( 461,869)
 ( 16,569)
 ( 478,438)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 438)
 ( 438)

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 1,484,064
 $
 ( 152,491)
 $
 279,885
 $
 67,631
 $
 1,679,089

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 ( 478,438)
 $
 $
 110,617

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash flows provided by (used for) operating activities:

 464,146

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill
 532,940
 —

 Losses (gains) on investments, net
 ( 245)
 ( 245)
 ( 2,103)

 Equity in losses (earnings) of unconsolidated affiliates, net
 4,264
 5,703
 5,347

 Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net
 ( 5,711)
 ( 6,016)
 11,494

 Deferred tax provision (benefit), net
 ( 36,697)
 ( 48,875)
 ( 38,276)

 4,207
 4,318
 3,046

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 2,381

 (Accretion of discounts) and amortization of premiums on debt investments
 ( 23,788)
 ( 4,590)
 2,862

 Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments
 33,400
 —
 —

 2,434
 12,605
 18,220

 Changes in assets and liabilities, net:

 Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net
 ( 2,423)
 ( 50,670)
 ( 2,342)

 ( 28,638)
 3,513
 9,446

 Trade accounts payable
 ( 4,505)
 ( 13,659)

 Contract liabilities
 ( 5,552)
 ( 19,604)
 36,774

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 91,290
 89,961
 ( 17,383)

 Non-current assets and non-current liabilities, net
 ( 20,450)
 ( 18,517)
 71,531

 Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities
 452,552
 538,852
 662,311

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of marketable investment securities
 ( 964,388)
 ( 986,736)
 ( 1,517,849)

 Sales and maturities of marketable investment securities
 1,373,313
 1,045,950
 1,864,186

 Expenditures for property and equipment
 ( 190,129)
 ( 239,403)
 ( 296,303)

 Expenditures for externally marketed software
 ( 30,164)
 ( 23,105)
 ( 33,543)

 Deconsolidation of Hughes Systique Corporation (Note 5)
 ( 17,296)
 —
 —

 Sales of other investments
 —
 —
 9,451

 India JV formation
 —
 ( 7,892)
 —

 Dividend received from unconsolidated affiliate
 —
 2,000
 —

 Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities
 171,336
 ( 209,186)
 25,942

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Repurchase and maturity of the 2021 Senior Unsecured Notes
 —
 —
 ( 901,818)

 Payment of finance lease obligations
 —
 ( 120)
 ( 670)

 Payment of in-orbit incentive obligations
 ( 3,889)
 ( 2,988)
 ( 2,214)

 Contribution by non-controlling interest holder
 —
 —
 9,880

 Dividend paid to EchoStar
 —

 —
 ( 966)

 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
 ( 3,611)
 ( 103,108)
 ( 995,788)

 Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
 2,991
 ( 2,233)
 ( 3,614)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 623,268
 224,325
 ( 311,149)

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, beginning of period
 654,473
 430,148
 741,297

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, end of period
 $
 1,277,741
 $
 654,473
 $
 430,148

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

 Principal Business

 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation (which, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to as "HSSC," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our") is a holding company and a subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation ("EchoStar" and "parent"). We were formed as a Colorado corporation in March 2011 to facilitate the acquisition by EchoStar (the "Hughes Acquisition") of Hughes Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries and related financing transactions. In connection with our formation, EchoStar contributed the assets and liabilities of its satellite services business to us, including the principal operating subsidiary of its satellite services business, EchoStar Satellite Services L.L.C. A substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of EchoStar is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and by certain entities established for the benefit of his family. During 2022, Hamid Akhavan joined the Company as its Chief Executive Officer and President.

 We are an industry leader in both networking technologies and services, innovating to deliver the solutions that power a connected future for people, enterprises and things everywhere. We provide broadband services to consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses. We also provide satellite and multi-transport technologies and managed network services to telecommunications providers, aeronautical service providers, civilian and defense government entities, and other enterprise customers.

 The EchoStar XXIV satellite began service in December 2023, bringing additional broadband capacity to North and South America. We will leverage EchoStar XXIV to serve the unserved and underserved consumer markets in the Americas as well as enterprise and government markets.

 We also design, provide and install gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, we design, develop, construct and provide telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and other enterprise customers. We also offer a robust suite of integrated, multi-transport solutions to enable airline and airline service providers to deliver reliable in-flight network connectivity serving both commercial and business aviation.

 We currently operate in two business segments:

 • Hughes segment — which provides broadband services to consumer customers, which include home and small to medium-sized businesses. We also provide satellite and multi-transport technologies and managed network services to telecommunications providers, aeronautical service providers, civilian and defense government entities, and other enterprise customers. We also design, provide and install gateway and terminal equipment to customers for other satellite systems. In addition, we design, develop, construct and provide telecommunication networks comprising satellite ground segment systems and terminals to mobile system operators and other enterprise customers. We also offer a robust suite of integrated, multi-transport solutions to enable airline and airline service providers to deliver reliable in-flight network connectivity serving both commercial and business aviation. The EchoStar XXIV satellite began service in December 2023, bringing additional broadband capacity across North and South America and is expected to be an integral part of our satellite service business.

 • EchoStar Satellite Services segment ("ESS segment") — which provides satellite services on a full-time and/or occasional-use basis to U.S. government service providers, internet service providers, broadcast news organizations, content providers and private enterprise customers. We operate our ESS business using primarily the EchoStar IX satellite and the EchoStar 105/SES-11 satellite and related infrastructure. Revenue in our ESS segment depends largely on our ability to make continuous use of our available satellite capacity on behalf of existing customers and our ability to enter into commercial relationships with new customers.

 Our operations also include various corporate functions (primarily Executive, Treasury, Strategic Development, Human Resources, Information Technology, Finance, Accounting, Real Estate and Legal) and other activities, such as costs incurred in certain satellite development programs and other business development activities, and gains or losses from certain of our investments, that have not been assigned to our business segments. These activities, costs and income, as well as eliminations of intersegment transactions, are accounted for in Corporate and Other in our segment reporting. We also divide our operations by primary geographic market as follows: (i) North America (the U.S. and its territories, Mexico, and Canada); (ii) South and Central America and (iii) Other (Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, India, and the Middle East). Refer to Note 19. Segment Reporting for further detail.

 On December 31, 2023, EchoStar completed the acquisition of DISH Network pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023 (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), by and among EchoStar, EAV Corp., a Nevada corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and DISH Network, pursuant to which EchoStar acquired DISH Network by means of the merger of Merger Sub with and into DISH Network (the "Merger"), with DISH Network surviving the Merger as EchoStar's wholly owned subsidiary.

 On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, on December 31, 2023, at 11:59 p.m. ET (the "Effective Time"), each share of DISH Network Class A common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class A Common Stock") and DISH Network Class C common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class C Common Stock") outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class A common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share ("EchoStar Class A Common Stock") equal to 0.350877 (the "Exchange Ratio"). On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Amended Merger Agreement, at the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class B common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share ("DISH Network Class B Common Stock" and, together with DISH Network Class A Common Stock and DISH Network Class C Common Stock, "DISH Network Common Stock"), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of EchoStar Class B common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the "EchoStar Class B Common Stock" and, together with the EchoStar Class A Common Stock, the "EchoStar Common Stock"), equal to the Exchange Ratio. Any shares of DISH Network Common Stock that were held in DISH Network's treasury or held directly by EchoStar or Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time were cancelled and cease to exist and no consideration was paid in respect thereof. All shares of the DISH Network Class A Common Stock were delisted from the Nasdaq Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") and deregistered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 The EchoStar Common Stock issued to the Ergen DISH Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement) as Merger consideration was issued through a private placement exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). At the Effective Time, each share of DISH Network Class A Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class A Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio, and (b) each share of DISH Network Class B Common Stock owned by the Ergen DISH Stockholders immediately prior to the Effective Time was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of EchoStar Class B Common Stock equal to the Exchange Ratio.

 Concurrently with the entry into the Amended Merger Agreement, the Ergen EchoStar Stockholders (as defined in the Amended Merger Agreement), the Ergen DISH Stockholders (collectively, the "Ergen Stockholders"), EchoStar and DISH Network entered into an amended and restated support agreement (the "Amended Support Agreement").

 In connection with the completion of the Merger, and pursuant to the Amended and Restated Support Agreement, the Ergen Stockholders, EchoStar and DISH Network, on December 31, 2023, EchoStar and the Ergen Stockholders entered into a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement"). The Registration Rights Agreement provides the Ergen Stockholders, and their affiliates who become parties thereto, with certain registration rights relating to the shares of EchoStar Common Stock, which they beneficially own, including (i) the right to demand shelf registration as well as registration on long and short form registration statements and (ii) "piggyback" registration rights to be included in future registered offerings by us of our equity securities, in each case, subject to certain requirements and customary conditions. The Registration Rights Agreement sets forth customary registration procedures, including an agreement by EchoStar to make appropriate officers available to participate in roadshow presentations and cooperate as reasonably requested in connection with any underwritten offerings. EchoStar also agreed to indemnify the Ergen Stockholders and their affiliates with respect to liabilities resulting from untrue statements or omissions in any registration statement used in any such registration, other than untrue statements or omissions based on or contained in information furnished to EchoStar for use in a registration statement by a participating stockholder.

 For more information and a copy of the Amended Merger Agreement, the Amended Support Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, see the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on October 3, 2023 and the Form 8 K of EchoStar Corporation filed on January 2, 2024.

 With the Merger complete, EchoStar is currently focused on the process of integrating EchoStar's and DISH Network's business in a manner that facilitates synergies, cost savings, growth opportunities and achieves other anticipated benefits (the "Integration"). In addition see Note 21. Subsequent Events in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further business updates.

 NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

 These Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes (collectively, the "Consolidated Financial Statements") are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). We consolidate all entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities in which we are the primary beneficiary and in other entities in which we own more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares and other shareholders do not have substantive rights to participate in management. For entities we control but do not wholly own, we record a non-controlling interest within shareholder's equity for the portion of the entity's equity attributed to the non-controlling ownership interests. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

 All amounts presented in these Consolidated Financial Statements are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts and unless otherwise noted.

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant estimates and assumptions are used in determining: (i) inputs used to recognize revenue over time, including amortization periods for deferred contract acquisition costs and relative standalone selling prices of performance obligations; (ii) allowances for doubtful accounts and estimated credit losses on investments; (iii) deferred taxes and related valuation allowances, including uncertain tax positions; (iv) loss contingencies; (v) fair value of financial instruments; (vi) fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations; and (vii) estimates of future cash flows used to evaluate and recognize impairments.

 We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience, observable market inputs and on various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from previously estimated amounts and such differences may be material to our financial statements. Additionally, changing economic conditions may increase the inherent uncertainty in the estimates and assumptions indicated above. We review our estimates and assumptions periodically and the effects of revisions thereto are reflected in the period they occur or prospectively if the revised estimate affects future periods.

 Fair Value Measurements

 We determine fair value based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Market or observable inputs are the preferred source of values, followed by unobservable inputs or assumptions based on hypothetical transactions in the absence of market inputs. We utilize the highest level of inputs available according to the following hierarchy in determining fair value:

 • Level 1 - Defined as observable inputs being quoted prices in active markets for identical assets;
 • Level 2 - Defined as observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
 • Level 3 - Defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, consistent with characteristics of the asset or liability that would be considered by market participants in a transaction to purchase or sell the asset or liability.

 Fair values of our marketable investment securities are measured on a recurring basis based on a variety of observable market inputs. For our investments in publicly traded equity securities and U.S. government securities, fair value ordinarily is determined based on Level 1 measurements that reflect quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. Fair values of our investments in other marketable debt securities are generally based on Level 2 measurements as the markets for such debt securities are less active. We consider trades of identical debt securities on or near the measurement date as a strong indication of fair value and matrix pricing techniques that consider par value, coupon rate, credit quality, maturity and other relevant features may also be used to determine fair value of our investments in marketable debt securities. Fair values for our outstanding debt are based on quoted market prices in less active markets and are categorized as Level 2 measurements. Additionally, we use fair value measurements from time to time in connection with other investments, asset impairment testing and the assignment of purchase consideration to assets and liabilities of acquired companies. Those fair value measurements typically include significant unobservable inputs and are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are considered to occur at the beginning of the quarterly accounting period. There were no transfers between levels during the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net, trade accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities were equal to or approximated their fair value due to their short-term nature or proximity to current market rates.

 Revenue Recognition

 Overview

 Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the promised goods or our performance of the services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We enter into contracts that may include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations.

 We also recognize lease revenue which is derived from leases of property and equipment which, for operating leases, is reported in Services and other revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and, for sales-type leases, is reported in Equipment revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Certain of our customer contracts contain embedded equipment leases, which we separate from non-lease components of the contract based on the relative standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease components.

 Hughes Segment

 Our Hughes segment service contracts typically obligate us to provide substantially the same services on a recurring basis in exchange for fixed recurring fees over the term of the contract. We satisfy such performance obligations over time and recognize revenue ratably as services are rendered over the service period. Certain of our contracts with service obligations provide for fees based on usage, capacity or volume. We satisfy these performance obligations and recognize the related revenue at the point in time, or over the period, when the services are rendered. Our Hughes segment also sells and leases communications equipment to its customers. Revenue from equipment sales generally is recognized based upon shipment terms. Our equipment sales contracts typically include standard product warranties, but generally do not provide for returns or refunds. Revenue for extended warranties is recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we typically allocate the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices. When the standalone selling price is not observable, our primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin. Our contracts generally require customer payments to be made at or shortly after the time we transfer control of goods or perform the services.

 In addition to equipment and service offerings, our Hughes segment also enters into long-term contracts to design, develop, construct and install complex telecommunication networks for mobile system operators and enterprise customers. Revenue from such contracts is generally recognized over time as a measure of progress that depicts the transfer of control of the goods or services to the customer. Depending on the nature of the arrangement, we measure progress toward contract completion using an appropriate input method or output method. Under the input method, we recognize the transaction price as revenue based on the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs at completion. Under the output method, revenue and cost of sales are recognized as products are delivered based on the expected profit for the entire agreement. Profit margins on long-term contracts generally are based on estimates of revenue and costs at completion. We review and revise our estimates periodically and recognize related adjustments in the period in which the revisions are made. Estimated losses on contracts are recorded in the period in which they are identified. We generally receive interim payments as work progresses, although for some contracts, we may be entitled to receive an advance payment.

 We derive a portion of our revenues from contracts with customers for connectivity services. These contracts typically require advance or recurring monthly payments by the customer. Our obligation to provide connectivity services is satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided. The measure of progress over time is generally based upon usage.

 ESS Segment

 Generally, our ESS segment service contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation and, therefore, there is no need to allocate the transaction price. We transfer control and recognize revenue for satellite services at the point in time or over the period when the services are rendered.

 Lease Revenue

 We lease satellite capacity, communications equipment and real estate to certain of our customers. We identify and determine the classification of such leases as operating leases or sales-type leases. A lease is classified as a sales-type lease if it meets the criteria for a finance lease; otherwise it is classified as an operating lease. Some of our leases are embedded in contracts with customers that include non-lease performance obligations. For such contracts, except where we have elected otherwise, we allocate consideration in the contract between lease and non-lease components based on their relative standalone selling prices. We elected an accounting policy to not separate the lease of equipment from related services in our HughesNet satellite internet service (the "HughesNet service") contracts with customers and account for all revenue from such contracts as non-lease service revenue. Assets subject to operating leases remain in Property and equipment, net and continue to be depreciated. Assets subject to sales-type leases are derecognized from Property and equipment, net at lease commencement and a net investment in the lease asset is recognized in Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net and Other non-current assets, net.

 Operating lease revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Sales-type lease revenue and a corresponding receivable generally are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the future lease payments and related interest income on the receivable is recognized over the lease term. Payments under sales-type leases are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or our incremental borrowing rate if the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be reasonably determined. We report revenue from sales-type leases at the commencement date and periodic interest income in Equipment revenue. We report operating lease revenue in Services and other revenue.

 Other

 Sales and Value Added Taxes, Universal Service Fees and other taxes that we collect concurrent with revenue producing activities are excluded from revenue and included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as a fulfillment cost after control over a product has transferred to the customer and are included in Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations at the time of shipment.

 Cost of Sales - Services and Other

 Cost of sales - services and other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations primarily consists of costs of satellite capacity and services, hub infrastructure, customer care, wireline and wireless capacity and direct labor costs associated with the services provided and is generally charged to expense as incurred.

 Cost of Sales - Equipment

 Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations primarily consists of inventory costs, including freight and royalties, and is generally recognized at the point in time control of the equipment is passed to the customer and related revenue is recognized.

 Additionally, customer-related research and development costs are incurred in connection with the specific requirements of a customer's order; in such instances, the amounts for these customer funded development efforts are also included in Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Stock-based Compensation Expense

 Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on the fair value of stock awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Compensation expense for awards with service conditions only is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Compensation expense for awards subject to performance conditions is recognized only when satisfaction of the performance condition is probable.

 Advertising Costs

 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Research and Development

 Research and development costs, not incurred in connection with customer requirements, are generally expensed when incurred.

 Debt Issuance Costs

 Costs of issuing debt generally are deferred and amortized utilizing the effective interest method, with amortization included in Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We report unamortized debt issuance costs as a reduction of the related long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Foreign Currency

 The functional currency for certain of our foreign operations is determined to be the local currency. Accordingly, we translate assets and liabilities of these foreign entities from their local currencies to U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates and translate income and expense accounts at monthly average rates. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as Foreign currency translation adjustments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Except in certain uncommon circumstances, we have not recorded deferred income taxes related to our foreign currency translation adjustments.

 Gains and losses resulting from the re-measurement of transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Income Taxes

 We are included in the consolidated federal income tax return of EchoStar. We recognize a provision or benefit for income taxes currently payable or receivable and for income tax amounts deferred to future periods based upon a separate return allocation method which results in income tax expense that approximates the expense that would result if we were a stand-alone entity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the effects of tax losses, credits, and the future income tax effects of temporary differences between GAAP carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are offset by valuation allowances when we determine it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities separately for each taxing jurisdiction and report the net amount for each jurisdiction as a non-current asset or liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 From time to time, we engage in transactions where the income tax consequences are uncertain. We recognize tax benefits when, in management's judgment, a tax filing position is more likely than not to be sustained if challenged by the tax authorities. For tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not threshold, we may not recognize a portion of a tax benefit depending on management's assessment of how the tax position will ultimately be settled. Unrecognized tax benefits generally are netted against the deferred tax assets associated with our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We adjust our estimates periodically based on ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. Estimates of our uncertain tax positions are made based upon prior experience and are updated in light of changes in facts and circumstances. However, due to the uncertain and complex application of tax regulations, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of audits may result in liabilities which could be materially different from these estimates. In such an event, we will record additional income tax provision or benefit in the period in which such resolution occurs. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax provision or benefit.

 Lessee Accounting

 At the inception of a contract, we assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The assessment is based on (i) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (ii) whether we obtain the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (iii) whether we have the right to direct the use of the asset. Our operating leases consist primarily of leases for the EchoStar XXIV satellite, EchoStar office space, data centers, and satellite-related ground infrastructure.

 A lease is classified as a finance lease when one or more of the following criteria are met: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, (ii) the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset, (iv) the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset or (v) the asset is of a specialized nature and there is not expected to be an alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any of these criteria. Our finance leases consist primarily of leases for satellite capacity.

 All significant lease arrangements are generally recognized at lease commencement. Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement. An ROU asset and corresponding lease liability are not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (short-term leases), and we recognize lease expense for these leases as incurred over the lease term. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the reasonably certain lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.

 The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any prepayments to the lessor and initial direct costs such as brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the minimum lease payments, discounted using an estimate of our incremental borrowing rate for a collateralized loan with the same term as the underlying lease. The incremental borrowing rates used for the initial measurement of lease liabilities are based on the original lease terms. In determining our incremental borrowing rate, we consider the lease term, secured incremental borrowing rate, and for leases denominated in a currency different than U.S. dollar, the collateralized borrowing rate in the foreign currency using the U.S. dollar and foreign currency swap spread, when available.

 We report operating lease ROU assets in Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Operating lease liabilities. We report finance lease ROU assets in Property and equipment, net and finance lease liabilities in Current portion of long-term debt, net and Long-term debt, net.

 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 The amounts reclassified to net income (loss) related to unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities are included in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of less than 90 days to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily consisted of commercial paper, government bonds, corporate notes and money market funds. The amortized cost of these investments approximates their fair value.

 Marketable Investment Securitie s

 Debt Securities

 Our corporate bond portfolio includes debt instruments issued by individual corporations, primarily in the industrial and financial services industries. Our commercial paper portfolio includes instruments issued by individual corporations, primarily in the industrial, financial services and utilities industries. Our other debt securities portfolio includes investments in various debt instruments, including U.S. government bonds and mutual funds. We consider all liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents.

 We account for our debt securities as available-for-sale or using the fair value option based on our investment strategy for the securities. For available-for-sale debt securities, we recognize periodic changes in the difference between fair value and amortized cost in Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains and losses realized upon sales of available-for-sale debt securities are reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized on the trade date in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We use the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method to determine the cost basis on sales of available-for-sale debt securities. Interest income from available-for-sale debt securities is reported in Interest income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 We evaluate our debt investment portfolio to determine whether declines in fair value of these securities are related to credit loss. Management estimates credit losses on marketable debt securities utilizing a credit loss impairment model on a quarterly basis. We estimate the expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of marketable debt securities considering relevant issuer specific factors, including, but not limited to, a decrease in credit ratings or an entity's ability to pay. Declines in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities that are determined to be company specific credit losses are reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in Net income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, thus establishing a new cost basis for the investment.

 From time to time we make strategic investments in marketable corporate debt securities. Generally, we elect to account for these debt securities using the fair value option because it results in consistency in accounting for unrealized gains and losses for all securities in our portfolio of strategic investments. When we elect the fair value option for investments in debt securities, we recognize periodic changes in fair value of these securities in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest income from these securities is reported in Interest income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Equity Securities

 We account for equity securities with readily determinable fair values at fair value and recognize periodic changes in the fair value in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recognize dividend income on equity securities on the ex-dividend date and report such income in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We had no equity securities with readily determinable fair values as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.

 Restricted Marketable Investment Securities

 Restricted marketable investment securities that are pledged as collateral for our letters of credit and surety bonds are included in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted marketable securities are accounted for in the same manner as marketable securities that are not restricted, but are presented differently in the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the restrictions.

 Trade Accounts Receivable

 Trade accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers and represents our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under our customer contracts. Trade accounts receivable also includes amounts due from customers under our leasing arrangements. We make ongoing estimates relating to the collectability of our trade accounts receivable and maintain an allowance for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make the required payments. In determining the amount of the allowance, we consider historical levels of credit losses and make judgments about the creditworthiness of our customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. Past due trade accounts receivable balances are written off when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful. Bad debt expense related to our trade accounts receivable and other contract assets is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Concentration of Credit Risk

 One customer represented approximately 19.0 % of the balance of Trade accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023.

 Contract Assets

 Contract assets represent revenue that we have recognized in advance of billing the customer and are included in Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net or Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of customer payment. Our contract assets typically relate to our long-term contracts where we recognize revenue using the cost-based input method and the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Our contract assets also include receivables related to sales-type leases recognized over the lease term as the customer is billed.

 Contract Acquisition Costs

 Our contract acquisition costs represent incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract and consist primarily of sales incentives paid to employees and third-party representatives. When we determine that our contract acquisition costs are recoverable, we defer and amortize the costs over the contract term, or over the estimated life of the customer relationship if anticipated renewals are expected and the incentives payable upon renewal are not commensurate with the initial incentive. We amortize contract acquisition costs in proportion to the revenue to which the costs relate on a straight-line basis. We expense sales incentives as incurred if the expected amortization period is one year or less. Unamortized contract acquisition costs are included in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and related amortization expense is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Inventory

 Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventory is determined using the first-in-first-out and average cost methods and consists primarily of materials, direct labor and indirect overhead incurred in the procurement and manufacturing of our products. We use standard costing methodologies in determining the cost of certain of our finished goods and work-in-process inventories. We determine net realizable value using our best estimates of future use or recovery, considering the aging and composition of inventory balances, the effects of technological and/or design changes, forecasted future product demand based on firm or near-firm customer orders and alternative means of disposition of excess or obsolete items. We recognize losses within Cost of sales - equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when we determine that the cost of inventory and commitments to purchase inventory exceed net realizable value.

 Property and Equipment

 Satellites

 Satellites are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The cost of our satellites includes construction costs, including the present value of in-orbit incentives payable to the satellite manufacturer, launch costs, capitalized interest and related insurance premiums. We depreciate our owned satellites on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of each satellite.

 We have satellites acquired under finance leases. The recorded costs of those satellites are the present values of all lease payments. We amortize our finance lease ROU satellites over their respective lease terms.

 Our satellites may experience anomalies from time to time, some of which may have a significant adverse effect on their remaining useful lives, the commercial operation of the satellites or our operating results or financial position.

 We evaluate our satellites for impairment and test for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Certain anomalies may be considered a significant adverse change in the physical condition of a particular satellite. However, based on redundancies designed within each satellite, certain of these anomalies may not be considered to be significant events requiring a test of recoverability.

 We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites and payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures. However, we may be required to carry insurance on specific satellites and payloads per the terms of certain agreements. We will continue to assess circumstances going forward and make insurance-related decisions on a case-by-case basis.

 Other Property and Equipment

 Other property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Other property and equipment includes: land; buildings and improvements; furniture, fixtures, equipment and internal-use software; customer premises equipment; and construction in process. Costs related to the procurement and development of software for internal-use are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, not in excess of five years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense when incurred.

 Goodwill

 We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. All of our goodwill is assigned to our Hughes segment.

 We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in our second fiscal quarter or whenever events and changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairments may result from, among other things, deterioration in financial and operational performance, declines in stock price, increased attrition, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws and/or regulations, deterioration of general macroeconomic conditions, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, increased competitive markets in which we operate in, declining financial performance over a sustained period, changes in key personnel and/or strategy, and a variety of other factors. Our impairment assessment typically begins with a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment includes comparing the overall financial performance against the planned results. In the performance of the qualitative assessment, we analyze a variety of events or factors that may influence the fair value of the reporting unit, that could include, but are not limited to: macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and other relevant entity-specific events which requires significant judgment. If we determine in the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying value, then we perform a quantitative assessment to determine the estimated fair value of the indefinite lived asset or reporting unit. We could also choose the option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test. In the quantitative assessment, fair value is usually estimated using two valuation approaches: the discounted cash flows method and the market comparable method. In the performance of the quantitative assessment, we use a variety of inputs, some of which may require significant judgment, that influence the fair value of the reporting unit, that could include, but are not limited to: discount rate, revenue growth rate, amount and timing of future cash flows, guideline public company metrics, and comparable market transactions. In addition, we also perform a market capitalization reconciliation to compare the estimated fair value, determined using the discounted cash flows method and the market comparable method, to the Company's market capitalization as of the date of the test. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, then an impairment is recognized for the difference.

 No impairments were indicated for any reporting unit for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

 During the fourth quarter in 2023, EchoStar experienced a significant and sustained decrease in its market capitalization and concluded that the goodwill attributable to certain acquisitions was no longer supported. We concluded that this trend is an indicator with respect to the carrying value of goodwill at our entity's reporting unit. Our assessment process included, among other things, discounted cash flow analyses, consideration of fair values of tangible and indefinite-lived intangible assets held by the reporting unit and the recent market capitalization. Our assessment indicated the goodwill attributed to certain acquisitions was no longer supported based on the sustained decrease in our parent's market capitalization. As such, we recorded a total noncash impairment charge of approximately $ 532.9 million in "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Regulatory Authorizations

 Finite Lived

 We have regulatory authorizations that are not related to the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") and have determined that they have finite lives due to uncertainties about the ability to extend or renew their terms.

 Finite lived regulatory authorizations are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Renewal costs are usually capitalized when they are incurred.
 Indefinite Lived

 We also have indefinite lived regulatory authorizations that primarily consist of FCC authorizations and certain other contractual or regulatory rights to use spectrum at specified orbital locations. We have determined that our FCC authorizations generally have indefinite useful lives based on the following:

 • FCC authorizations are non-depleting assets;
 • Renewal satellite applications generally are authorized by the FCC subject to certain conditions, without substantial cost under a stable regulatory, legislative and legal environment;
 • Expenditures required to maintain the authorization are not significant; and
 • We intend to use these authorizations indefinitely.

 Costs incurred to maintain or renew indefinite-lived regulatory authorizations are expensed as incurred.

 Other Intangible Assets

 Our other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, patents, trademarks and licenses which are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. We evaluate the recoverability of intangible assets periodically by taking into account events or circumstances that indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable.

 Impairment of Long-lived Assets

 We review our long-lived assets for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. For assets held and used in operations, the asset is not recoverable if the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted estimated future net cash flows. When an asset is not recoverable, we adjust the carrying amount of such asset to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Other Investments

 Equity Method Investments

 We use the equity method to account for investments when we have the ability to exercise significant influence on the operating decisions of the affiliate. Such investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of the net earnings or loss of the investee, which is reported in Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, the carrying amount of such investments includes a component of goodwill when the cost of our investment exceeds the fair value of the underlying identifiable assets and liabilities of the affiliate. Lastly, dividends received from these affiliates reduces the carrying amount of our investment.

 Other Equity Investments

 We generally measure investments in non-publicly traded equity instruments without a readily determinable fair value at cost adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar securities of the same issuer and changes resulting from impairments, if any. Other equity instruments are measured to determine their value based on observable market information. When we adjust the carrying amount of an investment to its estimated fair value, the gain or loss is recorded in Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Impairment Considerations

 We periodically evaluate all of our other investments to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. We consider information if provided to us by our investees such as current financial statements, business plans, investment documentation, capitalization tables, liquidation waterfalls, and board materials; and we may make additional inquiries of investee management.

 Indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, unprofitable operations, material loss contingencies, changes in business strategy, changes in market trends or market conditions, changes in the investees' enterprise value and changes in the investees' investment pricing. When we determine that one of our other investments is impaired we reduce its carrying value to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in Other-than-temporary impairment losses on equity method investments or Gains (losses) on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Contract Liabilities

 Contract liabilities consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized under customer contracts and are included in Contract liabilities or Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue. We recognize contract liabilities as revenue after all revenue recognition criteria have been met.

 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

 Business Combinations

 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08 - Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which provides an exception to fair value measurement for contract assets and contract liabilities related to revenue contracts acquired in a business combination. The ASU requires an entity (acquirer) to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. At the acquisition date, an acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The ASU is effective for the Company for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The ASU is applied to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date.

 Government Assistance

 On January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU No. 2021-10 - Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which requires business entities (except for not-for-profit entities and employee benefit plans) to disclose information about certain government assistance they receive. The Company is currently participating in three government programs: New York-Connect America Fund, New York Broadband, and Affordable Connectivity Plan. The purpose of these programs is to provide internet and connectivity services to qualifying households in the United States. The Company is entitled to reimbursement from the government for services provided. We record gross monies received from government entities in Services and other revenue, and associated expenses such as salaries and supplies are recorded in Cost of sales - services and other, Research and development or Selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of expenditure. We accrue for reimbursement requests submitted to government entities in Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 17.4 million in Services and other revenue. As of December 31, 2023 we have trade accounts receivable of $ 2.9 million related to our government programs.

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), which will enhance income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires among other items disaggregated information in a reporting entity's rate reconciliation table, clarification on uncertain tax positions and the related financial statement impact as well as information on income taxes paid on a disaggregated basis. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

 Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

 In November 2023 the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280)- Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"), which will enhance financial reporting by providing additional information about a public company's significant segment expenses and more timely and detailed segment information reporting throughout the fiscal period. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

 Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations

 In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05 - Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations ("ASU 2023-05") to reduce diversity in practice and provide decision-useful information to a joint venture's investors. The ASU requires that a joint venture apply a new basis of accounting upon formation. Specifically, the newly formed joint venture will be required to recognize and initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance). The amendments in this ASU do not amend the definition of a joint venture, the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture, or the accounting by a joint venture for contributions received after its formation. The guidance in this ASU is effective prospectively for all joint ventures with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance), either prospectively or retrospectively. We plan to adopt this new guidance prospectively to all newly formed joint ventures on or after January 1, 2025 and we do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Leases - Common Control Arrangements

 In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01 - Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements ("ASU 2023-01). Among other things, this ASU requires all lessees to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over their useful life to the common control group and account for them as a transfer of assets between entities under common control at the end of the lease. Additional disclosures are required when the useful life of leasehold improvements to the common control group exceeds the related lease term. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance prospectively to all new leasehold improvements recognized on or after January 1, 2024 and we do not expect it to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Reference Rate Reform

 In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 - Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) ("ASU 2020-04"), and all subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, codified as ASC 848 ("ASC 848"). The purpose of ASC 848 is to provide optional guidance to ease the potential effects on financial reporting of the market-wide migration away from Interbank Offered Rates to alternative reference rates. ASC 848 applies only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference a reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The guidance may be applied upon issuance of ASC 848 through December 31, 2024. We expect to utilize the optional expedients provided by the guidance for contracts amended solely to use an alternative reference rate. We have evaluated the new guidance and we are in the process of implementing this ASU, and all subsequent amendments, and do not expect them to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 NOTE 3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

 Contract Balances

 The following table presents the components of our contract balances:

 2023
 2022

 Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net:

 Sales and services
 $
 177,989
 $
 170,466

 Leasing
 10,230
 7,935

 Total trade accounts receivable
 188,219
 178,401

 Contract assets
 66,095
 73,293

 Allowance for doubtful accounts
 ( 20,399)
 ( 15,358)

 Total trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net
 $
 233,915
 $
 236,336

 Contract liabilities:

 Current
 $
 116,187
 $
 121,739

 Non-current
 7,401
 8,326

 Total contract liabilities
 $
 123,588
 $
 130,065

 The following table presents the revenue recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations that was previously included within contract liabilities:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenue
 $
 88,211
 $
 120,867
 $
 82,633

 The following table presents the activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 15,358
 $
 14,588
 $
 15,386

 Credit losses

 34,085
 32,910
 22,591

 Deductions
 ( 29,371)
 ( 36,011)
 ( 23,543)

 Foreign currency translation
 3,871

 Balance at end of period
 $
 20,399
 $
 15,358
 $
 14,588

 Contract Acquisition Costs

 The following table presents the activity in our contract acquisition costs, net:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 64,447
 $
 82,986
 $
 99,837

 Additions
 44,459
 57,627
 72,503

 ( 60,512)
 ( 76,760)
 ( 88,178)

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 1,176)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 49,343
 $
 64,447
 $
 82,986

 Performance Obligations

 As of December 31, 2023, the remaining performance obligations for our customer contracts was approximately $ 1.7 billion. Performance obligations expected to be satisfied within one year and greater than one year are 27 % and 73 %, respectively. This amount and percentages exclude agreements with consumer customers in our Hughes segment, our leasing arrangements and agreements with certain customers under which collectability of all amounts due through the term of contracts is uncertain.

 Disaggregation of Revenue

 Geographic Information

 Revenue is attributed to geographic regions based upon the billing location of the customer. The following tables present our revenue from customer contracts disaggregated by primary geographic market and by segment:

 ESS
 Corporate and Other
 Consolidated
Total

 North America
 $
 1,376,233
 $
 $
 ( 2,205)
 $
 1,398,123

 South and Central America
 159,520
 —
 —
 159,520

 Other
 185,653
 —
 4,560
 190,213

 $
 $
 $
 2,355
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2022

 North America
 $
 1,576,773
 $
 $
 ( 1,400)
 $
 1,595,906

 South and Central America
 171,318
 —
 —
 171,318

 Other
 218,496
 —
 17,623
 236,119

 $
 $
 $
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2021

 North America
 $
 1,617,229
 $
 $
 ( 385)
 $
 1,634,523

 South and Central America
 176,515
 —
 —
 176,515

 Other
 162,482
 —
 21,206
 183,688

 $
 1,956,226
 $
 $
 $

 Nature of Products and Services

 The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by the nature of products and services and by segment:

 ESS
 Corporate and Other
 Consolidated
Total

 Services and other revenue:

 Services
 $
 1,385,287
 $
 16,151
 $
 —
 $
 1,401,438

 36,752
 7,944
 2,355
 47,051

 Total services and other revenue
 1,422,039
 2,355
 1,448,489

 Equipment revenue:

 Equipment
 140,429
 —
 —
 140,429

 Design, development and construction services
 145,507
 —
 —
 145,507

 13,431
 —
 —
 13,431

 Total equipment revenue
 299,367
 —
 —
 299,367

 $
 $
 $
 2,355
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2022

 Services and other revenue:

 Services
 $
 1,551,613
 $
 13,206
 $
 —
 $
 1,564,819

 40,825
 7,327
 64,375

 Total services and other revenue
 1,592,438
 1,629,194

 Equipment revenue:

 Equipment
 119,107
 —
 —
 119,107

 Design, development and construction services
 246,265
 —
 —
 246,265

 8,777
 —
 —
 8,777

 Total equipment revenue
 374,149
 —
 —
 374,149

 $
 $
 $
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2021

 Services and other revenue:

 Services
 $
 1,646,778
 $
 11,961
 $
 —
 $
 1,658,739

 39,021
 5,718
 65,560

 Total services and other revenue
 1,685,799
 1,724,299

 Equipment revenue:

 Equipment
 108,767
 —
 —
 108,767

 Design, development and construction services
 152,934
 —
 —
 152,934

 8,726
 —
 —
 8,726

 Total equipment revenue
 270,427
 —
 —
 270,427

 $
 1,956,226
 $
 $
 $

 Lease Revenue

 The following table presents our lease revenue by type of lease:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Sales-type lease revenue:

 Revenue at lease commencement
 $
 11,429
 $
 7,557
 $
 7,998

 Interest income
 2,002
 1,220

 Total sales-type lease revenue
 13,431
 8,777
 8,726

 Operating lease revenue
 47,051
 64,375
 65,560

 Total lease revenue
 $
 60,482
 $
 73,152
 $
 74,286

 Substantially all of our net investment in sales-type leases consisted of lease receivables totaling $ 30.4 million and $ 21.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents future operating lease payments to be received as of December 31, 2023:

 December 31,

 2024
 $
 36,008

 2025
 31,803

 2026
 30,579

 2027
 25,752

 2028
 11,687

 2029 and beyond
 34,588

 Total lease payments to be received
 $
 170,417

 The following table presents amounts for assets subject to operating leases, which are included in Property and equipment, net:

 2023
 2022

 Cost
 Accumulated Depreciation
 Net
 Cost
 Accumulated Depreciation
 Net

 Customer premises equipment
 $
 883,565
 $
 ( 716,022)
 $
 167,543
 $
 933,669
 $
 ( 703,110)
 $
 230,559

 Satellites
 104,620
 ( 59,259)
 45,361
 104,620
 ( 52,284)
 52,336

 Total
 $
 988,185
 $
 ( 775,281)
 $
 212,904
 $
 1,038,289
 $
 ( 755,394)
 $
 282,895

 The following table presents depreciation expense for assets subject to operating leases, which is included in Depreciation and amortization:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Customer premises equipment
 $
 168,656
 $
 221,645
 $
 247,072

 Satellites
 6,975
 6,975
 6,975

 Total
 $
 175,631
 $
 228,620
 $
 254,047

 NOTE 4. LESSEE ACCOUNTING

 The following table presents the amounts for ROU assets and lease liabilities:

 2023
 2022

 Right-of-use assets:

 Operating
 $
 1,031,303
 $
 150,632

 Finance
 218,807
 238,748

 Total right-of-use assets
 $
 1,250,110
 $
 389,380

 Lease liabilities:

 Current:

 Operating
 $
 155,932
 $
 17,766

 Finance
 —
 —

 Total current
 155,932
 17,766

 Non-current:

 Operating
 897,084
 135,122

 Finance
 —
 —

 Total non-current
 897,084
 135,122

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 1,053,016
 $
 152,888

 As of December 31, 2023, we have prepaid our obligations regarding our finance ROU assets. Finance lease assets are reported net of accumulated amortization of $ 149.6 million and $ 121.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents the components of lease cost and weighted-average lease terms and discount rates for operating and finance leases:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Lease cost:

 Operating lease cost
 $
 30,299
 $
 25,219
 $
 23,323

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets
 27,682
 29,906
 29,270

 Interest on lease liabilities
 —

 Total finance lease cost
 27,682
 29,913
 29,319

 Short-term lease cost
 —
 —

 Variable lease cost
 —
 2,246
 1,895

 Total lease cost
 $
 57,981
 $
 57,636
 $
 54,537

 2023
 2022

 Lease term and discount rate:

 Weighted-average remaining lease term:

 Finance leases
 0.0 years
 0.0 years

 Operating leases
 7.5 years
 8.0 years

 Weighted-average discount rate:

 Finance leases
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Operating leases
 12.1
 %
 5.9
 %

 The following table presents the detailed cash flows from operating and finance leases:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 22,981
 $
 24,653
 $
 21,808

 Operating cash flows from finance leases
 —

 Financing cash flows from finance leases
 —

 We obtained ROU assets in exchange for lease liabilities of $ 903.0 million, $ 4.3 million and $ 26.1 million upon commencement of operating leases during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Refer to Note 16. Related Party Transactions- EchoStar for further details on EchoStar XXIV operating lease.

 The following table presents future minimum lease payments of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023:

 Operating Leases

 Year ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 233,766

 2025
 215,227

 2026
 213,422

 2027
 211,936

 2028
 209,986

 2029 and beyond
 480,414

 Total future minimum lease payments
 1,564,751

 Less: Interest
 ( 511,735)

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 1,053,016

 NOTE 5. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND DECONSOLIDATIONS

 India Joint Venture

 In May 2019, we entered into an agreement with Bharti Airtel Limited ("BAL") and its subsidiary, Bharti Airtel Services Limited (together with BAL, "Bharti"), pursuant to which Bharti agreed to contribute its very small aperture terminal ("VSAT") telecommunications services and hardware business in India to Hughes Communications India Private Limited ("HCIPL") and its subsidiaries, our less than wholly owned Indian subsidiaries, that conduct our VSAT services and hardware business in India. On January 4, 2022, this joint venture was formed (the "India JV") and subsequent to the formation of the India JV, we hold a 67 % ownership interest and Bharti holds a 33 % ownership interest in HCIPL. The India JV combines the VSAT businesses of both companies to offer flexible and scalable enterprise networking solutions using satellite connectivity for primary transport, back-up and hybrid implementation in India. The results of operations related to the India JV have been included in these Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of formation.

 The fair value of the consideration transferred was $ 38.2 million. Net cash paid was $ 7.9 million, inclusive of amounts paid for the acquisition of, or of HCIPL shares from, entities that were shareholders of HCIPL prior to closing the India JV.

 All assets and liabilities acquired in the India JV formation have been recorded at fair value. The following table presents our allocation of the purchase price:

 Assets:

 Trade accounts receivable and contract assets, net
 $
 6,160

 Other current assets
 2,085

 Property and equipment
 4,669

 Goodwill
 23,086

 Other intangible assets
 4,428

 Total assets
 $
 40,428

 Liabilities:

 Trade accounts payable
 $

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

 Deferred tax liabilities
 1,114

 Total liabilities
 $
 2,233

 Total purchase price
 $
 38,195

 The valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the India JV were derived using primarily unobservable Level 3 inputs, which require significant management judgment and estimation, and resulted in a customer relationship intangible of $ 4.4 million with an estimated life of 5 years and is reported in Other intangible assets, net.

 Hughes Systique Corporation

 We contract with Hughes Systique Corporation ("Hughes Systique") for software development services. In addition to our approximately 42.2 % ownership in Hughes Systique, Mr. Pradman Kaul, the former President of our subsidiary Hughes Communications and former Vice-Chair of our Board of Directors, and his brother, who is the Chief Executive Officer and President of Hughes Systique, own in the aggregate approximately 25 %, on an undiluted basis, of Hughes Systique's outstanding shares as of December 31, 2023. Furthermore, Mr. Pradman Kaul serves on the board of directors of Hughes Systique. Historically, Hughes Systique was considered a variable interest entity and we were considered the primary beneficiary of Hughes Systique due to, among other factors, our ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Hughes Systique. As a result, we consolidated Hughes Systique's financial statements in these Consolidated Financial Statements. Upon the consummation of the Merger, Mr. Pradman Kaul will no longer remain on our Board of Directors which was a reconsideration event. Based on the entity's ability to now fund itself, among other things, we determined that Hughes Systique is no longer a variable interest entity. As a result, we have deconsolidated the Hughes Systique results from our Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2023 and recorded the investment as a cost method investment in "Other investments, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. No gain or loss was recognized upon deconsolidation as the fair value of our investment in Hughes Systique approximated its carrying value. We determined the fair value of our investment in Hughes Systique based on the market approach using the guideline public company method.

 NOTE 6. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 The following table presents the tax effect on each component of Other comprehensive income (loss) and excludes noncontrolling interest:

 Before Tax Amount

 Tax (Expense) Benefit

 Net of Tax Amount

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $
 ( 26,929)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 26,929)

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities

 ( 448)

 Recognition of previously unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities included in net income (loss)

 ( 5)
 —
 ( 5)

 Other

 ( 98)
 —
 ( 98)

 ( 27,480)
 ( 26,542)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 3,767
 —
 3,767

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities

 ( 1,028)
 ( 553)

 Recognition of previously unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities included in net income (loss)
 ( 17)
 —
 ( 17)

 4,225
 ( 1,028)
 3,197

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 17,546
 —
 17,546

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
 ( 220)
 ( 198)

 Recognition of previously unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities included in net income (loss)
 —

 Other
 —

 $
 17,671
 $
 $
 17,693

 The following table presents the changes in the balances of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component:

 Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 Unrealized Gain (Loss) On Available-For-Sale Securities
 Other
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 $
 ( 173,881)
 $
 $
 ( 98)
 $
 ( 173,381)

 3,767
 —
 —
 3,767

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 —
 ( 553)
 —
 ( 553)

 Amounts reclassified to net income (loss)
 —
 ( 17)
 —
 ( 17)

 3,767
 ( 570)
 —
 3,197

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 ( 170,114)
 ( 98)
 ( 170,184)

 17,546
 —
 17,644

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 —
 ( 198)
 —
 ( 198)

 Amounts reclassified to net income (loss)
 —
 —

 17,546
 17,693

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 ( 152,568)
 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 152,491)

 NOTE 7. MARKETABLE INVESTMENT SECURITIES

 The following table presents our Marketable investment securities:

 2023
 2022

 Marketable investment securities:

 Available-for-sale debt securities:

 $
 91,548
 $
 154,580

 643,526

 43,297
 1,663

 Total marketable investment securities
 $
 417,743
 $

 Debt Securities

 Available-for-Sale

 The following table presents the components of our available-for-sale debt securities:

 Amortized
 Unrealized
 Estimated

 Cost
 Gains
 Losses
 Fair Value

 $
 91,474
 $
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 91,548

 —
 —

 43,307
 —
 ( 10)
 43,297

 Total available-for-sale debt securities
 $
 417,679
 $
 $
 ( 15)
 $
 417,743

 $
 154,517
 $
 $
 ( 56)
 $
 154,580

 643,553
 —
 ( 27)
 643,526

 1,663
 —
 —
 1,663

 Total available-for-sale debt securities
 $
 799,733
 $
 $
 ( 83)
 $

 The following table presents the activity on our available-for-sale debt securities:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Proceeds from sales
 $
 228,284
 $
 37,904
 $
 292,188

 As of December 31, 2023, all of our available-for-sale debt securities have contractual maturities of one year or less. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as a result of our ability to sell these securities prior to maturity.

 Fair Value Measurements

 The following table presents our marketable investment securities categorized by the fair value hierarchy, certain of which have historically experienced volatility:

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Total

 Cash equivalents (including restricted)
 $
 177,009
 $
 999,347
 $
 1,176,356

 Available-for-sale debt securities:

 $
 —
 $
 91,548
 $
 91,548

 —

 38,799
 4,498
 43,297

 Total marketable investment securities
 $
 38,799
 $
 378,944
 $
 417,743

 Cash equivalents (including restricted)
 $
 $
 548,058
 $
 548,554

 Available-for-sale debt securities:

 $
 —
 $
 154,580
 $
 154,580

 —
 643,526
 643,526

 —
 1,663
 1,663

 Total marketable investment securities
 $
 —
 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we did no t have any investments that were categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 NOTE 8. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

 The following table presents the components of Property and equipment, net:

 2023
 2022

 Property and equipment, net:

 Satellites, net
 $
 654,167
 $
 754,019

 Other property and equipment, net
 595,907
 621,985

 Total property and equipment, net
 $
 1,250,074
 $
 1,376,004

 Satellites

 As of December 31, 2023, our satellite fleet consisted of eight geosynchronous ("GEO") satellites, four of which are owned and four of which are leased. They are all in geosynchronous orbit, approximately 22,300 miles above the equator.

 The following table presents our GEO satellite fleet in service as of December 31, 2023:

 GEO Satellite
 Segment
 Launch Date
 Nominal Degree Orbital Location (Longitude)
 Depreciable Life (In Years)

 Owned:(1)

 EchoStar XVII
 July 2012
 107 W

 EchoStar XIX
 December 2016
 97.1 W

 Al Yah 3 ("AY 3") (2)

 January 2018
 20 W

 EchoStar IX (3) (4)

 ESS
 August 2003
 121 W

 Finance leases:

 Eutelsat 65 West A
 March 2016
 65 W

 Telesat T19V
 July 2018
 63 W

 EchoStar 105/SES-11
 ESS
 October 2017
 105 W

 Operating leases:

 EchoStar XXIV

 July 2023

 95.2 W

 N/A

 (1) The SPACEWAY 3 satellite was de-orbited in the January 2024 and is excluded from the table above.
 (2) Upon consummation of our joint venture with Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC ("Yahsat") in Brazil in November 2019, we acquired the Brazilian Ka-band payload on this satellite with a remaining useful life of 7 years as of that time. In the second quarter of 2023, we reduced the estimated useful life of the satellite as a result of certain technical anomalies. This has increased the depreciation expense by $ 11.1 million for the full year 2023, and is expected to increase depreciation expense by $ 12.8 million for the year 2024. Although the anomalies are expected to shorten the remaining useful life of the satellite, they have not affected its current operation.
 (3) We own the Ka-band and Ku-band payloads on this satellite.
 (4) The Company placed the satellite in an inclined-orbit in the first quarter of 2023. Inclined-orbit will extend its life to enable further revenue generating opportunities.

 The following table presents the components of our satellites, net:

 Depreciable Life (In Years)

 2023
 2022

 Satellites, net:

 Satellites - owned
 5 to 15

 $
 1,506,541
 $
 1,503,435

 Satellites - acquired under finance leases

 368,384
 360,642

 Total satellites

 1,874,925
 1,864,077

 Accumulated depreciation:

 Satellites - owned
 ( 1,071,182)
 ( 988,164)

 Satellites - acquired under finance leases
 ( 149,576)
 ( 121,894)

 Total accumulated depreciation

 ( 1,220,758)
 ( 1,110,058)

 Total satellites, net

 $
 654,167
 $
 754,019

 The following table presents the depreciation expense associated with our satellites, net:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Depreciation expense:

 Satellites - owned
 $
 78,035
 $
 75,738
 $
 85,068

 Satellites - acquired under finance leases
 27,682
 24,127
 23,740

 Total depreciation expense
 $
 105,717
 $
 99,865
 $
 108,808

 The following table presents capitalized interest associated with our satellites and satellite-related ground infrastructure:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Capitalized interest
 $
 10,115
 $
 8,712
 $
 6,002

 Satellite-Related Commitments

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 our satellite-related commitments were $ 239.6 million and $ 143.5 million, respectively. These include payments pursuant to regulatory authorizations, non-lease costs associated with our finance lease satellites, in-orbit incentives relating to certain satellites and commitments for satellite service arrangements.

 In certain circumstances, the dates on which we are obligated to pay our contractual obligations could change.

 Satellite Anomalies and Impairments

 In the second quarter of 2023, we reduced the estimated useful life of the Al Yah 3 satellite, which serves our Brazilian customers, as a result of certain technical anomalies. In order to safeguard the future operability of the satellite, the Company has, in conjunction with recommendations from the satellite manufacturers, implemented immediate and long-term remedial actions. A revised estimate of the satellite's remaining lifetime has been calculated using operational data of two previous quarters. Although the anomalies are expected to shorten the remaining useful life of the satellite, they have not affected its current operation.

 Except as described above, we are not aware of any anomalies with respect to our owned or leased satellites or payloads that have had any significant adverse effect on their remaining useful lives, the commercial operation of the satellites or payloads or our operating results or financial position as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Satellite Insurance

 We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. Therefore, we generally bear the risk of any in-orbit failures.

 Pursuant to the terms of our joint venture agreement with Yahsat, we are required to maintain insurance for the Al Yah 3 Brazilian payload during the commercial in-orbit service of such payload, subject to certain limitations on coverage. The insurance policies were procured by Yahsat, under which the Company and Yahsat are the beneficiaries of any claims in proportion to their shareholdings. An insurance claim was submitted in the second quarter of 2023 for compensation with respect to the reduction in estimated useful life of the Al Yah 3 satellite.

 Fair Value of In-Orbit Incentives

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair values of our in-orbit incentive obligations approximated their carrying amounts of $ 46.3 million and $ 50.2 million, respectively.

 Other Property and Equipment, Net

 The following table presents Other property and equipment, net:

 Depreciable Life (In Years)

 2023
 2022

 Other property and equipment, net:

 Land
 —
 $
 13,547
 $
 13,510

 Buildings and improvements
 1 to 40

 115,354
 75,163

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other
 1 to 12

 977,154
 747,179

 Customer premises equipment
 2 to 4

 883,565
 933,669

 Construction in progress
 28,217
 195,655

 Total other property and equipment
 2,017,837
 1,965,176

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 1,421,930)
 ( 1,343,191)

 Other property and equipment, net
 $
 595,907
 $
 621,985

 The following table presents the depreciation expense associated with our other property and equipment:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Other property and equipment depreciation expense:

 Buildings and improvements
 $
 3,721
 $
 3,661
 $
 4,908

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other
 78,083
 71,804
 72,855

 Customer premises equipment
 168,656
 221,645
 247,072

 Total depreciation expense
 $
 250,460
 $
 297,110
 $
 324,835

 NOTE 9. GOODWILL

 All of our goodwill is assigned to our Hughes segment, as it was generated through: i) the Hughes Acquisition; ii) the agreement with Yahsat pursuant to which, in November 2019, Yahsat contributed its satellite communications services business in Brazil to one of our Brazilian subsidiaries in exchange for a 20 % equity ownership interest in that subsidiary (the "Yahsat Brazil JV Transaction"); and iii) the India JV formation.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023 we recorded a noncash impairment charge for goodwill of $ 532.9 million in "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further information. The non-recurring measurement of fair value of goodwill is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

 The following table presents our goodwill:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 532,491
 $
 511,086
 $
 511,597

 India JV formation
 —
 23,086
 —

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 1,681)
 ( 511)

 Impairment
 ( 532,940)
 —
 —

 Balance at end of period, net of accumulated impairment losses
 $
 —
 $
 532,491
 $
 511,086

 Accumulated impairment losses

 $
 ( 532,940)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 NOTE 10. REGULATORY AUTHORIZATIONS

 The following table presents our Regulatory authorizations, net:

 Finite lived

 Cost
 Accumulated Amortization
 Total
 Indefinite lived
 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2020
 $
 11,505
 $
 ( 1,054)
 $
 10,451
 $
 400,000
 $
 410,451

 —
 ( 806)
 ( 806)
 —
 ( 806)

 Currency translation adjustments
 ( 772)
 ( 686)
 —
 ( 686)

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 10,733
 ( 1,774)
 8,959
 400,000
 408,959

 —
 ( 825)
 ( 825)
 —
 ( 825)

 Currency translation adjustments
 ( 113)
 —

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 11,331
 ( 2,712)
 8,619
 400,000
 408,619

 —
 ( 1,845)
 ( 1,845)
 —
 ( 1,845)

 Currency translation adjustments
 1,423
 ( 378)
 1,045
 —
 1,045

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 12,754
 $
 ( 4,935)
 $
 7,819
 $
 400,000
 $
 407,819

 Weighted-average useful life (in years)

 Future Amortization

 The following table presents our estimated future amortization of our regulatory authorizations with finite lives as of December 31, 2023:

 For the years ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 2,076

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029 and beyond
 3,387

 Total
 $
 7,819

 NOTE 11. OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

 The following table presents our other intangible assets:

 Customer Relationships
 Patents
 Trademarks and Licenses
 Total

 Cost:

 As of December 31, 2020
 $
 270,300
 $
 51,400
 $
 29,700
 $
 351,400

 As of December 31, 2021
 270,300
 51,400
 29,700
 351,400

 Additions
 4,312
 —
 —
 4,312

 Currency Translation Adjustments
 ( 328)
 —
 —
 ( 328)

 274,284
 51,400
 29,700
 355,384

 Currency Translation Adjustments
 ( 24)
 —
 —
 ( 24)

 $
 274,260
 $
 51,400
 $
 29,700
 $
 355,360

 Accumulated amortization:

 As of December 31, 2020
 $
 ( 267,429)
 $
 ( 51,400)
 $
 ( 14,231)
 $
 ( 333,060)

 ( 2,871)
 —
 ( 1,485)
 ( 4,356)

 As of December 31, 2021
 ( 270,300)
 ( 51,400)
 ( 15,716)
 ( 337,416)

 ( 785)
 —
 ( 1,485)
 ( 2,270)

 ( 271,085)
 ( 51,400)
 ( 17,201)
 ( 339,686)

 ( 788)
 —
 ( 1,485)
 ( 2,273)

 $
 ( 271,873)
 $
 ( 51,400)
 $
 ( 18,686)
 $
 ( 341,959)

 Carrying amount:

 $
 3,199
 $
 —
 $
 12,499
 $
 15,698

 $
 2,387
 $
 —
 $
 11,014
 $
 13,401

 Weighted-average useful life (in years)

 Future Amortization

 The following table presents our estimated future amortization of other intangible assets as of December 31, 2023:

 For the years ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 2,277

 2025
 2,277

 2026
 2,277

 2027
 1,496

 2028
 1,485

 2029 and beyond
 3,589

 Total
 $
 13,401

 NOTE 12. OTHER INVESTMENTS

 The following table presents our Other investments, net:

 2023
 2022

 Other investments, net:

 Equity method investments
 $
 42,859
 $
 83,523

 Other equity investments
 11,278
 —

 Total other investments, net
 $
 54,137
 $
 83,523

 Equity Method Investments

 Deluxe/EchoStar LLC

 We own 50 % of Deluxe/EchoStar LLC ("Deluxe"), a joint venture that we entered into in 2010 to build an advanced digital cinema satellite distribution network targeting delivery to digitally equipped theaters in the U.S. and Canada.

 Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited

 We own 20 % of Broadband Connectivity Solutions (Restricted) Limited (together with its subsidiaries, "BCS"), a joint venture that we entered into in 2018 to provide commercial Ka-band satellite broadband services across Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia operating over Yahsat's Al Yah 2 and Al Yah 3 Ka-band satellites. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $ 33.4 million related to our investment as a result of increased competition and the economic environment for this business. We estimated the fair value of our investment by using the combination of the discounted cash flow model and market value approach.

 Financial Information for Our Equity Method Investments

 The following table presents revenue recognized by the Company from our equity method investments:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Deluxe
 $
 5,794
 $
 5,334
 $
 5,480

 BCS

 $
 3,426
 $
 7,933
 $
 8,278

 The following table presents trade accounts receivable from our equity method investments:

 2023
 2022

 Deluxe
 $
 1,247
 $
 3,026

 BCS

 $
 3,333
 $
 5,062

 Other Equity Investments

 Hughes Systique

 We own 42.2 % of Hughes Systique and contract with Hughes Systique for software development services. Prior to December 31, 2023, we consolidated Hughes Systique's financial statements into our Consolidated Financial Statements, see Note 5. Business Combinations and Deconsolidations for further information. As of December 31, 2023, we have deconsolidated the Hughes Systique results from our Consolidated Financial Statements and recorded the investment as a cost method investment in "Other investments, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The table below summarizes our transactions with Hughes Systique:

 Purchases from Hughes Systique

 $
 19,597

 Amounts payable to Hughes Systique

 $
 1,704

 NOTE 13. LONG-TERM DEBT

 The following table presents the carrying amount and fair values of our Long-term debt, net:

 Effective Interest Rate

 2023
 2022

 Carrying

 Fair
 Value

 Carrying

 Fair
 Value

 Senior Secured Notes:

 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026
 5.320 %
 $
 750,000
 $
 665,678
 $
 750,000
 $
 727,763

 Senior Unsecured Notes:

 6 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026
 6.688 %
 750,000
 591,525
 750,000
 707,490

 Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs
 ( 2,391)
 —
 ( 3,223)
 —

 Total long-term debt, net
 $
 1,497,609
 $
 1,257,203
 $
 1,496,777
 $
 1,435,253

 2026 Senior Secured Notes and 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes

 On July 27, 2016, we issued $ 750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (the "2026 Senior Secured Notes") at an issue price of 100.0 %, pursuant to an indenture dated July 27, 2016 (the "2016 Secured Indenture") and $ 750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6 5/8% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 (the "2026 Senior Unsecured Notes") at an issue price of 100.0 %, pursuant to an indenture dated July 27, 2016 (together with the 2016 Secured Indenture, the "Indentures"). The 2026 Senior Secured Notes and the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes are referred to collectively as the "Notes" and individually as a series of the Notes. The Notes mature on August 1, 2026. Interest on the 2026 Senior Secured Notes accrues at an annual rate of 5 1/4% and interest on the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes accrues at an annual rate of 6 5/8%. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year.

 Additional Information Relating to the Notes

 Each series of the Notes is redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to 100.0 % of the principal amount thereof plus a "make-whole" premium, as defined in the applicable Indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption.

 The 2026 Senior Secured Notes are:

 • our secured obligations;
 • secured by security interests in substantially all of our and certain of our subsidiaries' existing and future tangible and intangible assets on a first priority basis, subject to certain exceptions;
 • effectively junior to our obligations that are secured by assets that are not part of the collateral that secures the 2026 Senior Secured Notes to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations;
 • effectively senior to our existing and future unsecured obligations to the extent of the value of the collateral securing the 2026 Senior Secured Notes, after giving effect to permitted liens as provided in the 2016 Secured Indenture;
 • senior in right of payment to all of our existing and future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2026 Senior Secured Notes;
 • structurally junior to any existing and future obligations of any of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2026 Senior Secured Notes; and
 • unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a general senior secured basis by certain of our subsidiaries, which guarantees rank equally with all of the guarantors' existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and effectively senior to such guarantors' existing and future obligations to the extent of the value of the assets securing the 2026 Senior Secured Notes.

 The 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes are:

 • our unsecured senior obligations;
 • ranked equally with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and effectively junior to any secured indebtedness up to the value of the assets securing such indebtedness;
 • effectively junior to our obligations that are secured to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations;
 • senior in right of payment to all our existing and future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes;
 • structurally junior to any existing and future obligations of any of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes; and
 • unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a general senior secured basis by certain of our subsidiaries, which guarantees rank equally with all of the guarantors' existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness, and effectively junior to any secured indebtedness of the guarantors up to the value of the assets securing such indebtedness.

 Subject to certain exceptions, the Indentures contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on our ability and, in certain instances, the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to:

 • incur additional debt;
 • pay dividends or make distributions on our or their capital stock or repurchase our or their capital stock;
 • make certain investments;
 • create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions;
 • enter into transactions with affiliates;
 • merge or consolidate with another company;
 • transfer and sell assets; and
 • allow to exist certain restrictions on our or their ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments, or transfer assets.

 In the event of a Change of Control, as defined in the respective Indentures, we would be required to make an offer to repurchase all or any part of a holder's Notes at a purchase price equal to 101.0 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase.

 The Indentures provide for customary events of default for each series of the Notes, including, among other things, non-payment, breach of the covenants in the applicable Indentures, payment defaults or acceleration of other indebtedness, a failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If any event of default occurs and is continuing with respect to any series of the Notes, the trustee or the holders of at least 25.0 % in principal amount of the then outstanding Notes of such series may declare all the Notes of such series to be due and payable immediately, together with any accrued and unpaid interest.

 Debt Issuance Costs

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we amortized $ 0.8 million, $ 0.8 million and $ 2.4 million respectively, of debt issuance costs incurred for all debt issuances, which are included in Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES

 The following table presents the components of Income (loss) before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Domestic
 $
 ( 307,822)
 $
 253,654
 $
 246,207

 Foreign
 ( 124,490)
 ( 60,303)
 ( 78,479)

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 $
 ( 432,312)
 $
 193,351
 $
 167,728

 The following table presents the components of Income tax benefit (provision), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current benefit (provision), net:

 Federal
 $
 ( 64,692)
 $
 ( 83,594)
 $
 ( 73,571)

 State
 ( 12,736)
 ( 15,430)
 ( 18,562)

 Foreign
 ( 5,395)
 ( 4,292)
 ( 3,254)

 Total current benefit (provision), net
 $
 ( 82,823)
 $
 ( 103,316)
 $
 ( 95,387)

 Deferred benefit (provision), net:

 Federal
 $
 25,322
 $
 37,714
 $
 28,319

 State
 10,065
 8,186
 3,705

 Foreign
 1,310
 2,975
 6,252

 Total deferred benefit (provision), net
 36,697
 48,875
 38,276

 Total income tax benefit (provision), net
 $
 ( 46,126)
 $
 ( 54,441)
 $
 ( 57,111)

 The following table presents our actual tax provisions reconciled to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate to Income (loss) before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Statutory rate
 $
 90,786
 $
 ( 40,604)
 $
 ( 35,223)

 State income taxes, net of federal benefit (provision)
 ( 4,005)
 ( 10,960)

 Permanent differences
 ( 2,233)
 ( 806)

 Impairments
 ( 108,734)
 —
 —

 Tax credits, including withholding tax
 4,196
 3,699
 4,573

 Valuation allowance
 ( 45,043)
 ( 21,359)
 ( 23,346)

 Rates different than statutory
 16,041
 9,753
 10,164

 Other
 ( 4,104)
 ( 1,513)

 Total income tax benefit (provision), net
 $
 ( 46,126)
 $
 ( 54,441)
 $
 ( 57,111)

 The following table presents the components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Net operating losses, credit and other carryforwards
 $
 153,421
 $
 119,594

 Other investments
 32,785
 11,648

 Accrued expenses
 61,177
 53,324

 5,821
 5,645

 Other assets
 33,303
 32,824

 Total deferred tax assets
 286,507
 223,035

 Valuation allowance
 ( 209,411)
 ( 153,233)

 Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance
 $
 77,096
 $
 69,802

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Property and equipment, regulatory authorizations, and other intangibles
 $
 ( 300,396)
 $
 ( 332,884)

 Other liabilities
 ( 21,322)
 ( 18,853)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 321,718)
 ( 351,737)

 Total net deferred tax liabilities
 $
 ( 244,622)
 $
 ( 281,935)

 Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) foreign jurisdiction
 $
 8,198
 $
 6,277

 Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) domestic
 ( 252,820)
 ( 288,212)

 Total net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
 $
 ( 244,622)
 $
 ( 281,935)

 Overall, our net deferred tax assets were offset by a valuation allowance of $ 209.4 million and $ 153.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The change in the valuation allowance relates to an increase in the net operating loss carryforwards of certain foreign subsidiaries, offset by a decrease due to changes in foreign exchange rates as well as an impairment of a foreign asset (investment).

 Tax benefits of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are evaluated on an ongoing basis, including a review of historical and projected future operating results, the eligible carryforward period, and other circumstances. As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $ 518.9 million. The net operating loss carryforwards associated with India will begin to expire in 2027.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries for which no provision for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes has been made because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested outside the U.S. indefinitely. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability at this time. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had net deferred tax assets related to our foreign subsidiaries of $ 8.2 million and $ 7.8 million, respectively, which were recorded in Other non-current assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

 In addition to filing U.S. federal income tax returns with EchoStar, we file income tax returns in all states that impose an income tax. As of December 31, 2023, we are not currently under a U.S. federal income tax examination. However, the IRS could perform tax examinations on years as early as tax year 2008. We are also subject to frequent state income tax audits and have open state examinations on years as early as tax year 2008. We also file income tax returns in the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, India and a number of other foreign jurisdictions. We generally are open to income tax examination in these foreign jurisdictions for taxable years beginning in 2004. As of December 31, 2023, we are currently being audited by the Indian tax authorities for fiscal years 2004 through 2021. We have no other on-going significant income tax examinations in process in our foreign jurisdictions.

 The following table presents the reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized income tax benefits:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Unrecognized tax benefit balance as of beginning of period:
 $
 7,172
 $
 7,294
 $
 7,294

 Additions based on tax positions reclassified from HSSC to EchoStar
 3,149
 —
 —

 Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years
 —
 ( 122)
 —

 Balance as of end of period
 $
 10,321
 $
 7,172
 $
 7,294

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $ 10.3 million and $ 7.2 million of unrecognized income tax benefits, all of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our income tax provision included an insignificant amount of interest and penalties.

 NOTE 15. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 EchoStar has an employee stock purchase plan (the "ESPP"), under which it is authorized to issue 5.0 million shares of EchoStar's Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2023, EchoStar had approximately 0.5 million shares of Class A common stock which remain available for issuance under the ESPP. Substantially all full-time employees who have been employed by EchoStar or its subsidiaries for at least one calendar quarter are eligible to participate in the ESPP. Employee stock purchases are made through payroll deductions. Under the terms of the ESPP, each employee's deductions are limited so that the maximum they may purchase under the ESPP is $ 25,000 in fair value of Class A common stock per year. Stock purchases are made on the last business day of each calendar quarter at 85.0 % of the closing price of EchoStar's Class A common stock on that date. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, employee purchases of EchoStar's Class A common stock through the ESPP totaled approximately 198,000 shares, 580,000 shares and 446,000 shares, respectively.

 401(k) Employee Savings Plans

 Under the EchoStar 401(k) Plan ("the Plan"), eligible employees are entitled to contribute up to 75.0 % of their eligible compensation, on a pre-tax and/or after-tax basis, subject to the maximum contribution limit provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") All employee contributions to the Plan are immediately vested. EchoStar matches 50 cents on the dollar for the first 6.0 % of each employee's salary contributions to the Plan for a total of 3.0 % match on a pre-tax basis up to a maximum of $ 7,500 annually. EchoStar's match is calculated each pay period there is an employee contribution. In addition, EchoStar may make an annual discretionary contribution to the Plan to be made in cash or EchoStar's stock. EchoStar's contributions under the Plan vest at 20.0 % per year and are 100.0 % vested after an eligible employee has completed five years of employment. Forfeitures of unvested participant balances may be used to fund matching and discretionary contributions.

 The following table presents our matching contributions and discretionary contributions:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Matching contributions, net of forfeitures
 $
 5,847
 $
 5,475
 $
 5,434

 Fair value of EchoStar discretionary contributions of its Class A common stock, net of forfeitures, under 401(k) plan
 $
 5,491
 $
 7,042
 $
 7,125

 NOTE 16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - ECHOSTAR

 The following is a summary of the transactions and the terms of the underlying principal agreements that have had or may have an impact on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

 Shared Corporate Services. We and EchoStar, including EchoStar's other subsidiaries, have agreed that we shall each have the right, but not the obligation, to receive from the other certain shared corporate services, including among other things: treasury, tax, accounting and reporting, risk management, cybersecurity, legal, internal audit, human resources, and information technology. These shared corporate services are generally provided at cost. We and EchoStar, including EchoStar's other subsidiaries, may each terminate a particular shared corporate service for any reason upon at least 30 days' notice. We recorded these expenses within Operating expenses - EchoStar.

 Services and Other Revenue — EchoStar

 The following table presents our Services and other revenue from EchoStar:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Services and other revenue - EchoStar
 $
 4,548
 $
 17,623
 $
 21,206

 Receivables. EchoStar and its other subsidiaries reimburse us from time to time for amounts paid by us for costs and expenses attributable to EchoStar and its other subsidiaries. In 2023, we reported receivables under these arrangements within Related party payables - EchoStar - current due to the net settlement in 2024.

 The following table presents the corresponding related party receivables:

 2023
 2022

 Related party receivables - EchoStar - current, net

 $
 —
 $
 112,985

 Related party receivables - EchoStar - non-current
 61,283
 55,834

 Total related party receivables - EchoStar
 $
 61,283
 $
 168,819

 Operating Expenses — EchoStar

 The following table presents our operating expenses from EchoStar:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating expenses - EchoStar
 $
 96,239
 $
 75,462
 $
 56,430

 Payables. We reimburse EchoStar and its other subsidiaries from time to time for amounts paid by EchoStar and its other subsidiaries for costs and expenses attributable to us. We report payables under these arrangements netted within Related party payables - EchoStar - current, net.

 The following table presents the corresponding related party payables:

 2023
 2022

 Related party payables - EchoStar - current, net

 $
 195,558
 $
 216,504

 Related party payables - EchoStar - non-current
 26,453
 23,423

 Total related party payables - EchoStar
 $
 222,011
 $
 239,927

 Operating lease liabilities - EchoStar - current

 138,694
 —

 Operating lease liabilities - EchoStar - non-current

 755,379
 —

 Total operating lease liabilities - EchoStar
 $
 894,073
 $
 —

 The Company settled its current related party payable, net with EchoStar in the first quarter of 2024.

 Real Estate. We occupy certain office space in buildings owned or leased by EchoStar and its other subsidiaries and pay a portion of the taxes, insurance, utilities and maintenance of the premises in accordance with the percentage of the space we occupy.

 Cash Advances. EchoStar and certain of its other subsidiaries have also provided cash advances to certain of our foreign subsidiaries to fund certain expenditures pursuant to long-term loan agreements. Advances under these agreements bear interest at annual rates of three percent. We report amounts payable under these agreements within Related party payables - EchoStar - non-current.

 EchoStar Mobile Limited Service Agreements. We provide services and lease equipment to support the business of EchoStar Mobile Limited, a subsidiary of EchoStar that is licensed by the EU to provide mobile satellite services and complementary ground component services covering the entire EU using S-band spectrum. Generally, the amounts EchoStar's other subsidiaries pay for these services are based on cost plus a fixed margin. We recorded revenue in Services and other revenue of $ 4.5 million, $ 17.6 million and $ 21.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to these services. Additionally, we have converted the receivables for certain of these services into loans, bearing an annual interest rate. We report these loans within Related party receivables - EchoStar - non-current.

 Construction Management Services for EchoStar XXIV Satellite. In August 2017, a subsidiary of EchoStar entered into a contract with Maxar Space, LLC (formerly Space Systems/Loral, LLC), for the design and construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite, a new, next-generation, high throughput geostationary satellite. We provide construction management services to EchoStar's subsidiary for the construction of the EchoStar XXIV satellite. We charged EchoStar's subsidiary and reduced our operating expenses by the costs of such services of $ 2.1 million, $ 1.6 million and $ 1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 EchoStar XXIV Satellite Lease. Effective December 2023, we lease capacity of the EchoStar XXIV satellite from an affiliate of ours, EchoStar XXIV L.L.C., for a term of seven years for a monthly lease charge of $ 15.9 million. We have a mandatory obligation to prepay $ 100.0 million in lease obligations under the agreement. The Company made the mandatory $ 100.0 million lease payment in March 2024. The Company has $ 887.4 million in operating right-of-use asset as of December 31, 2023 related to this lease.

 Dividends. On March 17, 2022, our Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on our outstanding common stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $ 100.0 million. Payment of this dividend was made in the first quarter of 2022.

 On February 15, 2024, our Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on our outstanding common stock to our shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $ 529.0 million. Payment of this dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 On March 12, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on the Company's outstanding common stock to its shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $ 500.0 million. Payment of the dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 Transactions with DISH Network Corporation. EchoStar and DISH operated as separate publicly-traded companies after 2008 (the "Spin-off") and before the closing of the Merger. A substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of each of EchoStar and DISH is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and by certain entities established for the benefit of his family. At 11:59pm EST on December 31, 2023, EchoStar and DISH consummated a merger with DISH surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of EchoStar. See Note 1 - Organization and Business Activities for further details on the merger with DISH.

 The following is a summary of the transactions and the terms of the underlying principal agreements that have had or may have an impact on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

 Services and Other Revenue — DISH Network

 The following table presents our Services and other revenue - DISH Network:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Services and other revenue - DISH Network
 $
 12,570
 $
 17,832
 $
 21,718

 The following table presents the related trade accounts receivable:

 2023
 2022

 Trade accounts receivable - DISH Network
 $
 5,038
 $
 1,992

 Satellite Capacity Leased to DISH Network. Effective January 2008, DISH Network began leasing satellite capacity from us on the EchoStar IX satellite. We terminated the provision of this satellite capacity in December 2022.

 Telesat Obligation Agreement. In September 2009, we entered into an agreement with Telesat Canada to lease satellite capacity from Telesat Canada on all 32 direct broadcast satellite ("DBS") transponders on the Nimiq 5 satellite at the 72.7 degree west longitude orbital location (the "Telesat Transponder Agreement"). In September 2009, we entered into an agreement with DISH Network, pursuant to which DISH Network leased satellite capacity from us on all 32 of the DBS transponders covered by the Telesat Transponder Agreement (the "DISH Nimiq 5 Agreement"). Under the terms of the DISH Nimiq 5 Agreement, DISH Network made certain monthly payments to us that commenced in September 2009, when the Nimiq 5 satellite was placed into service. We transferred the Telesat Transponder Agreement to DISH Network in September 2019; however, we retained certain obligations related to DISH Network's performance under that agreement and we entered into an agreement with DISH Network whereby DISH Network compensates us for retaining such obligations.

 TerreStar Agreement. In March 2012, DISH Network completed its acquisition of substantially all the assets of TerreStar Networks Inc. ("TerreStar"). Prior to DISH Network's acquisition of substantially all the assets of TerreStar and EchoStar's completion of the Hughes Acquisition, TerreStar and HNS entered into various agreements pursuant to which we provide, among other things, warranty, operations and maintenance and hosting services for TerreStar's ground-based communications equipment (the "TerreStar Agreements"). In December 2017, we and DISH Network amended these agreements, effective as of January 1, 2018, to reduce certain pricing terms through December 31, 2023 and to modify certain termination provisions. DISH Network generally has the right to continue to receive warranty services from us for our products on a month-to-month basis unless terminated by DISH Network upon at least 21 days' written notice to us. DISH Network generally has the right to continue to receive operations and maintenance services from us on a quarter-to-quarter basis unless these services are terminated by DISH Network upon at least 90 days' written notice to us. In addition, DISH Network generally may terminate any and all services for convenience subject to providing us with prior notice and/or payment of termination charges. In March 2020, we entered into an agreement with DISH Network pursuant to which we perform certain work and provide certain credits to amounts owed to us under the TerreStar Agreements in exchange for DISH Network's granting us rights to use certain satellite capacity under the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement (as defined below). As a result, we and DISH Network amended the TerreStar Agreements to suspend our provision of warranty services to DISH Network from April 2020 through December 2020. Following the expiration of this suspension, we have recommenced providing warranty services to DISH Network. In May 2022, we and DISH Network amended the agreement for the provision of hosting services to extend the term until May 2027. The price for warranty and operations and maintenance was valid until December 31, 2023. We and DISH Network amended the agreements for warranty, operations, and maintenance services for TerreStar ground-based communications equipment, effective as of January 1, 2024, to extend the existing pricing and other terms through December 31, 2024.

 Hughes Broadband Distribution Agreement. Effective October 2012, we and DISH Network entered into a distribution agreement (the "Distribution Agreement") pursuant to which DISH Network has the right, but not the obligation, to market, sell and distribute our Gen 4 HughesNet service. DISH Network pays us a monthly per subscriber wholesale service fee for our Gen 4 HughesNet service based upon a subscriber's service level and based upon certain volume subscription thresholds. The Distribution Agreement also provides that DISH Network has the right, but not the obligation, to purchase certain broadband equipment from us to support the sale of the Gen 4 HughesNet service. The Distribution Agreement had an initial term of five years with automatic renewal for successive one-year terms unless terminated by either party with a written notice at least 180 days' before the expiration of the then-current term. In February 2014, we and DISH Network entered into an amendment to the Distribution Agreement which, among other things, extended the initial term of the Distribution Agreement until March 2024. Upon expiration or termination of the Distribution Agreement, we and DISH Network will continue to provide our Gen 4 HughesNet service to the then-current DISH Network subscribers pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement.

 DBSD North America Agreement. In March 2012, DISH Network completed its acquisition of all of the equity of DBSD North America, Inc. ("DBSD North America"). Prior to DISH Network's acquisition of DBSD North America and EchoStar's completion of the Hughes Acquisition, DBSD North America and HNS entered into various agreements pursuant to which we provide, among other things, warranty, operations and maintenance and hosting services of DBSD North America's gateway and ground-based communications equipment. In December 2017, we and DBSD North America amended these agreements, effective as of January 1, 2018, to reduce certain pricing terms through December 31, 2023 and to modify certain termination provisions. DBSD North America has the right to continue to receive operations and maintenance services from us on a quarter-to-quarter basis, unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 120 days' written notice to us. In February 2019, we further amended these agreements to provide DBSD North America with the right to continue to receive warranty services from us on a month-to-month basis until December 2023, unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 21 days' written notice to us. The provision of hosting services will continue until February 2027 unless terminated by DBSD North America upon at least 180 days' written notice to us. In addition, DBSD North America generally may terminate any and all such services for convenience, subject to providing us with prior notice and/or payment of termination charges. The price for warranty and operations and maintenance services was valid until December 31, 2023. We and DBSD North America amended the agreements for warranty, operations, and maintenance services for DBSD's gateway and ground-based communications equipment, effective as of January 1, 2024, to extend the existing pricing and other terms through December 31, 2024.

 Hughes Equipment and Services Agreement. In February 2019, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which we will sell to DISH Network our HughesNet Service and HughesNet equipment that has been modified to meet DISH Network's internet-of-things specifications for the transfer of data to DISH Network's network operations centers. This agreement has an initial term of five years expiring February 2024 with automatic renewal for successive one-year terms unless terminated by DISH Network with at least 180 days' written notice to us or by us with at least 365 days' written notice to DISH Network.

 Operating Expenses — DISH Network

 The following table presents our operating expenses related to DISH Network:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating expenses - DISH Network
 $
 4,366
 $
 4,545
 $
 4,813

 The following table presents the related trade accounts payable:

 2023
 2022

 Trade accounts payable - DISH Network
 $
 1,847
 $

 Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement. In connection with the Spin-off, EchoStar entered into various agreements with DISH Network including a transition services agreement, satellite procurement agreement and services agreement, all of which expired in January 2010 and were replaced by a professional services agreement (the "Professional Services Agreement"). In January 2010, EchoStar and DISH Network agreed that EchoStar and its subsidiaries shall continue to have the right, but not the obligation, to receive the following services from DISH Network, among others, certain of which were previously provided under a transition services agreement: information technology, travel and event coordination, internal audit, legal, accounting and tax, benefits administration, program acquisition services and other support services. Additionally, EchoStar and DISH Network agreed that DISH Network would continue to have the right, but not the obligation, to engage EchoStar and its subsidiaries to manage the process of procuring new satellite capacity for DISH Network (previously provided under a satellite procurement agreement), receive logistics, procurement and quality assurance services from EchoStar and its subsidiaries (previously provided under a services agreement) and provide other support services. EchoStar and DISH amended and restated the Professional Services Agreement (as amended to date, the "Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement") to provide that EchoStar and its subsidiaries and DISH Network shall have the right to receive additional services that either EchoStar and its subsidiaries or DISH Network may require, including access to antennas owned by DISH Network for our use in performing TT&C services and maintenance and support services for our antennas (collectively, the "TT&C Antennas"). In September 2019, EchoStar and DISH amended the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement to provide that EchoStar and its subsidiaries and DISH Network shall have the right to receive additional services that either EchoStar and its subsidiaries or DISH Network may require as a result of the BSS Transaction and to remove our access to and the maintenance and support services for the TT&C Antennas. A portion of these costs and expenses have been allocated to us in the manner described above. The term of the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement is through January 1, 2025 and renews automatically for successive one-year periods thereafter, unless the agreement is terminated earlier by either party upon at least 60 days' notice. We or DISH network may generally terminate the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement in part with respect to any particular service it receives for any reason upon at least 30 days' notice, unless the statement of work for particular services states otherwise. Certain services provided under the Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement may survive the termination of the agreement.

 Collocation and Antenna Space Agreements. We and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provided us with collocation space in El Paso, Texas. This agreement was for an initial period ending in July 2015, and provided us with renewal options for four consecutive three-year terms. We exercised our first renewal option for a period commencing in August 2015 and ending in July 2018, in April 2018 we exercised our second renewal option for a period ending in July 2021, and in May 2021 we exercised our third renewal option for a period ending in July 2024. Effective March 2017, we also entered into certain agreements pursuant to which DISH Network provides collocation and antenna space to EchoStar through February 2022 at the following locations: Cheyenne, Wyoming; Gilbert, Arizona; New Braunfels, Texas; Monee, Illinois; Spokane, Washington; and Englewood, Colorado. In October 2019, we provided a termination notice for our New Braunfels, Texas agreement effective May 2020. In November 2020, we provided a termination notice for one of our Englewood, Colorado agreements effective May 2021. In November 2021, we exercised our right to renew the collocation agreements at Gilbert, Arizona, Cheyenne, Wyoming, Spokane, Washington, Englewood, Colorado and Monee, Illinois for a period ending in February 2025. In August 2017, we and DISH Network also entered into certain other agreements pursuant to which DISH Network provides additional collocation and antenna space to us in Monee, Illinois and Spokane, Washington through August 2022. In May 2022, we exercised our right to renew such other agreements at Monee, Illinois and Spokane, Washington through August 2025. Generally, we may renew our collocation and antenna space agreements for three-year periods by providing DISH Network with prior written notice no more than 120 days but no less than 90 days prior to the end of the then-current term. We may terminate certain of these agreements with 180 days' prior written notice. The fees for the services provided under these agreements depend on the number of racks located at the location.

 We entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provides us with antenna space and power in Cheyenne, Wyoming for a period of five years commencing in August 2020, with four three-year renewal terms, with prior written notice of renewal required no more than 120 days but no less than 90 days prior to the end of the then-current term. In March 2021, we entered into additional agreements pursuant to which DISH Network provides us with antenna space and power in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and the right to use an antenna and certain space in Gilbert, Arizona. Both agreements are for a period of five years with four three-year renewal terms, with prior written notice of renewal required no more than 120 days but no less than 90 days prior to the end of the then-current term.

 Hughes Broadband Master Services Agreement. In conjunction with the launch of our EchoStar XIX satellite, in March 2017, we and DISH Network entered into a master service agreement (the "Hughes Broadband MSA") pursuant to which DISH Network, among other things: (i) has the right, but not the obligation, to market, promote and solicit orders and upgrades for our Gen 5 HughesNet service and related equipment and other telecommunication services and (ii) installs Gen 5 HughesNet service equipment with respect to activations generated by DISH Network. Under the Hughes Broadband MSA, we and DISH Network make certain payments to each other relating to sales, upgrades, purchases and installation services. The current term of the Hughes Broadband MSA is through March 2023 with automatic renewal for successive one-year terms. Either party has the ability to terminate the Hughes Broadband MSA, in whole or in part, for any reason upon at least 90 days' notice to the other party. Upon expiration or termination of the Hughes Broadband MSA, we will continue to provide our Gen 5 HughesNet service to subscribers and make certain payments to DISH Network pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Hughes Broadband MSA. We incurred sales incentives and other costs under the Hughes Broadband MSA totaling $ 1.9 million, $ 6.8 million and $ 8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2019 TT&C Agreement. In September 2019, we and a subsidiary of EchoStar entered into an agreement pursuant to which DISH Network provides TT&C services to us and EchoStar and its other subsidiaries for a period ending in September 2021, with the option for a subsidiary of EchoStar to renew for a one-year period upon written notice at least 90 days prior to the initial expiration (the "2019 TT&C Agreement"). In June 2023, we exercised the option to renew the 2019 TT&C Agreement until September 2024. The fees for services provided under the 2019 TT&C Agreement are calculated at either: (i) a fixed fee or (ii) cost plus a fixed margin, which will vary depending on the nature of the services provided. Any party is able to terminate the 2019 TT&C Agreement for any reason upon 12 months' notice.

 Referral Marketing Agreement. In June 2021, we and DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which we will pre-qualify prospects contacting Hughes call centers and transfer those prospects to DISH Network for introduction to DISH Network's video services, for prospects that convert Hughes will receive a commission. This agreement has an indefinite term and may be terminated by either party upon 90 days' prior written notice.

 Whidbey Island 5G Network Test Bed Subcontract. In June 2022, we and DISH Wireless entered into a subcontract ("DISH Subcontract") pursuant to which DISH will provide access and use of a DISH lab, technical support and integration and testing support for the 5G network test bed to be delivered by Hughes to its customer. DISH Wireless additionally has agreed to lease certain licensed wireless spectrum to Hughes in connection with the project. Between June 2022 and October 2023 the scope of the DISH Subcontract has expanded to include additional spectrum leases and construction and related services work at Whidbey Island and the Lualualei Annex.

 NOTE 17. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - OTHER

 TerreStar Solutions

 DISH Network owns 37.5 % of TerreStar Solutions, Inc. ("TSI"). In May 2018, we and TSI entered into an equipment and services agreement pursuant to which we design, manufacture and install upgraded ground communications network equipment for TSI's network and provide, among other things, warranty and support services. We recognized revenue of $ 1.9 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had no trade accounts receivable from TSI.

 NOTE 18. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

 Commitments

 The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:

 Payments Due in the Years Ending December 31,

 Total (4)(5)

 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 Thereafter

 Long-term debt (1)

 $
 1,500,000
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,500,000
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest on long-term debt
 267,189
 89,063
 89,063
 89,063
 —
 —
 —

 Satellite-related commitments (2)

 239,595
 29,786
 28,060
 29,722
 29,390
 27,725
 94,912

 Operating lease obligations (3)

 1,564,751
 233,766
 215,227
 213,422
 211,936
 209,986
 480,414

 Total
 $
 3,571,535
 $
 352,615
 $
 332,350
 $
 1,832,207
 $
 241,326
 $
 237,711
 $
 575,326

 (1) Assumes all long-term debt is outstanding until scheduled maturity.
 (2) Includes payments pursuant to: i) the EchoStar XXIV launch contract, ii) regulatory authorizations, iii) non-lease costs associated with our finance lease satellites, iv) in-orbit incentives relating to certain satellites and v) commitments for satellite service arrangements.
 (3) Operating leases consist primarily of leases for the EchoStar XXIV satellite, office space, data centers and satellite-related ground infrastructure.
 (4) The table excludes amounts related to deferred tax liabilities, unrecognized tax positions and certain other amounts recorded in our non-current liabilities as the timing of any payments is uncertain.
 (5) The table excludes long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities that do not require future cash payments.

 In certain circumstances, the dates on which we are obligated to pay our contractual obligations could change.

 Contingencies

 Patents and Intellectual Property

 Many entities, including some of our competitors, have, or may in the future, obtain patents and other intellectual property rights that cover or affect products or services that we offer or that we may offer in the future. We may not be aware of all intellectual property rights that our products or services may potentially infringe. Damages in patent infringement cases can be substantial, and in certain circumstances can be tripled. Further, we cannot estimate the extent to which we may be required in the future to obtain licenses with respect to patents held by others and the availability and cost of any such licenses. Various parties have asserted patent and other intellectual property rights with respect to components of our products and services. We cannot be certain that these persons do not own the rights they claim, that our products do not infringe on these rights, and/or that these rights are not valid. Further, we cannot be certain that we would be able to obtain licenses from these persons on commercially reasonable terms or, if we were unable to obtain such licenses, that we would be able to redesign our products to avoid infringement.

 Litigation

 We are involved in a number of legal proceedings (including those described below) concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities. Many of these proceedings are at preliminary stages, and many of these proceedings seek an indeterminate amount of damages. We regularly evaluate the status of the legal proceedings in which we are involved to assess whether a loss is probable or there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may have been incurred and to determine if accruals are appropriate. If accruals are not appropriate, we further evaluate each legal proceeding to assess whether an estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss can be made.

 For certain proceedings, management is unable to predict with any degree of certainty the outcome or provide a meaningful estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss because, among other reasons: (i) the proceedings are in various stages; (ii) damages have not been sought or specified; (iii) damages are unsupported, indeterminate and/or exaggerated in management's opinion; (iv) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending trials, appeals, motions or other proceedings; (v) there are significant factual issues to be resolved; and/or (vi) there are novel legal issues or unsettled legal theories to be presented or a large number of parties are involved (as with many patent-related cases). Except as described below, however, management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcomes of these proceedings will have a material effect on our financial condition, operating results or cash flows, though there is no assurance that the resolution and outcomes of these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will not be material to our financial condition, operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period.

 We intend to vigorously defend the proceedings against us. In the event that a court, tribunal, other body or jury ultimately rules against us, we may be subject to adverse consequences, including, without limitation, substantial damages, which may include treble damages, fines, penalties, compensatory damages and/or other equitable or injunctive relief that could require us to materially modify our business operations or certain products or services that we offer to our consumers.

 License Fee Dispute with Government of India, Department of Telecommunications

 In 1994, the Government of India promulgated a "National Telecommunications Policy" under which the government liberalized the telecommunications sector and required telecommunications service providers to pay fixed license fees. Pursuant to this policy, our subsidiary HCIPL, formerly known as Hughes Escorts Communications Limited, obtained a license to operate a data network over satellite using VSAT systems. In 2002, HCIPL's license was amended pursuant to a new government policy that was first established in 1999. The new policy eliminated the fixed license fees and instead required each telecommunications service provider to pay license fees based on its adjusted gross revenue ("AGR"). In March 2005, the Indian Department of Telecommunications ("DOT") notified HCIPL that, based on its review of HCIPL's audited accounts and AGR statements, HCIPL must pay additional license fees and penalties and interest on such fees and penalties. HCIPL responded that the DOT had improperly calculated its AGR by including revenue from licensed and unlicensed activities. The DOT rejected this explanation and in 2006, HCIPL filed a petition with an administrative tribunal (the "Tribunal"), challenging the DOT's calculation of its AGR. The DOT also issued license fee assessments to other telecommunications service providers and a number of similar petitions were filed by several other such providers with the Tribunal. These petitions were amended, consolidated, remanded and re-appealed several times. On April 23, 2015, the Tribunal issued a judgment affirming the DOT's calculation of AGR for the telecommunications service providers but reversing the DOT's imposition of interest, penalties and interest on such penalties as excessive. Over subsequent years, the DOT and HCIPL and other telecommunications service providers, respectively, filed several appeals of the Tribunal's ruling. On October 24, 2019, the Supreme Court of India ("Supreme Court") issued an order (the "October 2019 Order") affirming the license fee assessments imposed by the DOT, including its imposition of interest, penalties and interest on the penalties, but without indicating the amount HCIPL is required to pay the DOT, and ordering payment by January 23, 2020. On November 23, 2019, HCIPL and other telecommunication service providers filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to reconsider the October 2019 Order. The petition was denied on January 20, 2020. On January 22, 2020, HCIPL and other telecommunication service providers filed an application requesting that the Supreme Court modify the October 2019 Order to permit the DOT to calculate the final amount due and extend HCIPL's and the other telecommunication service providers' payment deadline. On February 14, 2020, the Supreme Court directed HCIPL and the other telecommunication service providers to explain why the Supreme Court should not initiate contempt proceedings for failure to pay the amounts due. During a hearing on March 18, 2020, the Supreme Court ordered that all amounts that were due before the October 2019 Order must be paid, including interest, penalties and interest on the penalties. The Supreme Court also ordered that the parties appear for a further hearing addressing, potentially among other things, a proposal by the DOT to allow for extended or deferred payments of amounts due. On June 11, 2020, the Supreme Court ordered HCIPL and the other telecommunication service providers to submit affidavits addressing the proposal made by the DOT to extend the time frame for payment of the amounts owed and for HCIPL and the other telecommunication providers to provide security for such payments. On September 1, 2020, the Supreme Court issued a judgment permitting a 10 -year payment schedule. Under this payment schedule, HCIPL is required to make an annual payment every March 31, through 2031. Following the Supreme Court of India's October 2019 judgment, HCIPL made payments during the first quarter of 2020, and additional payments on March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022.

 Pursuant to the Contribution and Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") dated December 3, 2004 between The DirecTV Group, Inc. ("DirecTV") and certain other entities relating to the spinoff by DirecTV of certain of its subsidiaries, including HCIPL, DirecTV undertook indemnification obligations to HCIPL, and HCIPL has pursued indemnification claims against DirecTV under the Purchase Agreement in connection with the license fees assessed in this proceeding.

 On June 22, 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that, under the Purchase Agreement, HCIPL, is entitled to indemnification from DirecTV, with the amount of indemnification to be determined in further proceedings before the district court in New York.

 The following table presents the components of the accrual:

 2023
 2022

 Additional license fees
 $
 3,405
 $
 3,425

 Penalties
 3,495
 3,516

 Interest and interest on penalties
 82,627
 78,327

 Less: Payments
 ( 27,807)
 ( 17,785)

 Total accrual
 61,720
 67,483

 Less: Current portion
 10,130
 10,191

 Total long-term accrual
 $
 51,590
 $
 57,292

 Any eventual payments made with respect to the ultimate outcome of this matter may be different from our accrual and such differences could be significant.

 Hughes Telecommunicaoes do Brasil v. State of S o Paulo Treasury Department of S o Paulo Treasury Department

 On December 12, 2019, Hughes Telecommunicaoes do Brasil ("HTB") filed a tax annulment claim in the Judicial Court of S o Paulo, claiming that a tax assessment from the State Treasury of S o Paulo, for the period from January 2013 to December 2014, was based on an erroneous interpretation of an exemption to the ICMS (a state tax on, among other things, communications).

 In June 2022, a judicial expert determined that HTB's interpretation of the exemption was correct. Nonetheless, in July 2023, the Court entered judgment against HTB, and in October 2023, rejected HTB's request for clarification. In November 2023, HTB filed an appeal to the Court of Justice.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit. The possible liability, including fees and interest, is approximately $ 8.0 million.

 Other

 In addition to the above actions, we are subject to various other legal proceedings and claims, which arise in the ordinary course of business. As part of our ongoing operations, we are subject to various inspections, audits, inquiries, investigations and similar actions by third parties, as well as by governmental/regulatory authorities responsible for enforcing the laws and regulations to which we may be subject. Further, under the federal False Claims Act, private parties have the right to bring qui tam, or "whistleblower," suits against companies that submit false claims for payments to, or improperly retain overpayments from, the federal government. Some states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false claims provisions. In addition, we from time to time receive inquiries from federal, state and foreign agencies regarding compliance with various laws and regulations.

 In our opinion, the amount of ultimate liability with respect to any of these other actions is unlikely to materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, though the resolutions and outcomes, individually or in the aggregate, could be material to our financial position, operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period.

 We also indemnify our directors, officers and employees for certain liabilities that might arise from the performance of their responsibilities for us. Additionally, in the normal course of its business, we enter into contracts pursuant to which we may make a variety of representations and warranties and indemnify the counterparty for certain losses. Our possible exposure under these arrangements cannot be reasonably estimated as this involves the resolution of claims made, or future claims that may be made, against us or our officers, directors or employees, the outcomes of which are unknown and not currently predictable or estimable.

 NOTE 19. SEGMENT REPORTING

 Business segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and regularly evaluated by our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). We operate in two business segments, Hughes segment and ESS segment.

 The primary measure of segment profitability that is reported regularly to our CODM is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests ("EBITDA").

 Total assets by segment have not been reported herein because the information is not provided to our CODM on a regular basis.

 The following table presents total revenue, capital expenditures and EBITDA for each of our business segments:

 ESS
 Corporate
and Other
 Consolidated
Total

 External revenue
 $
 $
 21,890
 $
 4,560
 $

 Intersegment revenue
 —
 2,205
 ( 2,205)
 —

 $
 $
 $
 2,355
 $

 $
 189,999
 $
 $
 —
 $
 190,129

 $
 39,679
 $
 18,325
 $
 ( 79,582)
 $
 ( 21,578)

 For the year ended December 31, 2022

 External revenue
 $
 $
 19,132
 $
 17,624
 $

 Intersegment revenue
 —
 1,401
 ( 1,401)
 —

 $
 $
 $
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 $
 732,929
 $
 14,416
 $
 ( 50,852)
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2021

 External revenue
 $
 1,956,226
 $
 17,295
 $
 21,205
 $

 Intersegment revenue
 —
 ( 384)
 —

 $
 1,956,226
 $
 $
 $

 $
 296,303
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 296,303

 $
 781,824
 $
 9,185
 $
 ( 30,628)
 $
 760,381

 The following table reconciles Income (loss) before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations to EBITDA:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 $
 ( 432,312)
 $
 193,351
 $
 167,728

 Interest income, net
 ( 85,036)
 ( 30,812)
 ( 8,146)

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
 89,569
 92,386
 126,499

 464,146

 Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests
 16,569
 10,503
 10,154

 $
 ( 21,578)
 $
 $
 760,381

 Geographic Information

 The following table summarizes total long-lived assets attributed to the North America, South and Central America and other foreign locations:

 2023
 2022

 Long-lived assets:

 North America
 $
 2,517,036
 $
 2,075,373

 South and Central America
 149,472
 206,556

 Other
 22,688
 50,883

 Total long-lived assets
 $
 2,689,196
 $
 2,332,812

 NOTE 20. SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 Research and Development

 The following table presents the research and development costs incurred in connection with customers' orders:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cost of sales - equipment
 $
 37,813
 $
 31,781
 $
 29,636

 Research and development expenses
 $
 28,857
 $
 32,810
 $
 31,777

 Advertising Costs

 We incurred advertising expense of $ 55.8 million, $ 69.0 million and $ 82.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

 The following table reconciles cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the same as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, beginning of period:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 653,132
 $
 429,168
 $
 740,490

 Restricted cash
 1,341

 Total cash and cash equivalents, included restricted amounts, beginning of period
 $
 654,473
 $
 430,148
 $
 741,297

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, end of period:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,276,623
 $
 653,132
 $
 429,168

 Restricted cash
 1,118
 1,341

 Total cash and cash equivalents, included restricted amounts, end of period
 $
 1,277,741
 $
 654,473
 $
 430,148

 Other Current Assets, Net and Other Non-current Assets, Net

 The following table presents the components of Other current assets, net and Other non-current assets, net:

 2023
 2022

 Other current assets, net:

 Related party receivables - EchoStar
 $
 —
 $
 112,985

 Inventory
 167,236
 123,006

 Prepaids and deposits
 24,769
 23,948

 Trade accounts receivable - DISH Network
 5,038
 1,992

 13,524
 13,271

 Total other current assets
 $
 210,567
 $
 275,202

 Other non-current assets, net:

 Capitalized software, net
 $
 117,163
 $
 116,844

 Related party receivables - EchoStar
 61,283
 55,834

 Contract acquisition costs, net
 49,343
 64,447

 Other receivables, net
 41,494
 15,249

 Deferred tax assets, net
 8,198
 7,822

 Contract fulfillment costs, net
 2,074
 1,931

 Restricted cash
 1,118
 1,341

 23,289
 22,409

 Total other non-current assets, net
 $
 303,962
 $
 285,877

 The following table presents the activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts, which is included within Other, net in each of Other current assets, net and Other non-current assets, net in the table above:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Other non-current assets, net
 Other non-current assets, net
 Other non-current assets, net

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 —
 $
 16,709
 $
 —
 $
 16,709
 $
 1,747
 $
 12,869

 Credit losses

 —
 1,599
 —
 —
 —
 3,328

 Foreign currency translation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,747)
 1,159

 Deductions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 647)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 —
 $
 18,329
 $
 —
 $
 16,709
 $
 —
 $
 16,709

 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities and Other Non-Current Liabilities

 The following table presents the components of Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities:

 2023
 2022

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:

 Related party payables - EchoStar
 $
 195,558
 $
 216,504

 Operating lease obligation
 155,932
 17,766

 Accrued expenses
 45,863
 35,909

 Accrued interest
 39,075
 39,194

 Accrued compensation
 38,333
 40,684

 Accrued taxes
 11,494
 10,631

 Accrual for license fee dispute
 10,130
 10,191

 Trade accounts payable - DISH Network
 1,847

 Other
 26,324
 22,453

 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 $
 524,556
 $
 393,899

 Other non-current liabilities:

 Accrual for license fee dispute
 $
 51,590
 $
 57,292

 In-orbit incentive obligations
 41,369
 44,856

 Related party payables - EchoStar
 26,453
 23,423

 Contract liabilities
 7,401
 8,326

 Other
 4,223
 —

 Total other non-current liabilities
 $
 131,036
 $
 133,897

 Inventory

 The following table presents the components of inventory:

 2023
 2022

 Raw materials
 $
 32,492
 $
 32,920

 Work-in-process
 32,832
 16,408

 Finished goods
 101,912
 73,678

 Total inventory
 $
 167,236
 $
 123,006

 Capitalized Software Costs

 The following tables present the activity related to our capitalized software cost:

 2023
 2022

 Net carrying amount of externally marketed software
 $
 117,163
 $
 116,841

 Externally marketed software under development and not yet placed into service
 $
 26,059
 $
 26,924

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Capitalized costs related to development of externally marketed software
 $
 30,164
 $
 23,105
 $
 33,543

 Amortization expense relating to externally marketed software
 $
 29,370
 $
 30,965
 $
 25,288

 Weighted-average useful life (in years)
 3.5

 Supplemental and Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities

 The following table presents the supplemental and non-cash investing and financing activities:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized
 $
 88,527
 $
 91,583
 $
 118,638

 Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds
 $
 4,902
 $
 12,538
 $
 10,641

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Increase (decrease) in capital expenditures included in accounts payable, net
 $
 9,441
 $
 8,001
 $
 ( 347)

 Non-cash net assets received as part of the India JV formation
 $
 —
 $
 36,701
 $
 —

 NOTE 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

 On February 15, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on the Company's outstanding common stock to its shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $ 529.0 million. Payment of the dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 On March 12, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared and approved payment of a cash dividend on the Company's outstanding common stock to its shareholder and parent, EchoStar, in the amount of $ 500.0 million. Payment of the dividend was made in the first quarter of 2024.

 Refer to Note 16. Related Party Transactions- EchoStar for additional subsequent events.