UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from ___ to ___
 Commission File Number: 001-35669
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Shutterstock, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 80-0812659

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 350 Fifth Avenue, 20th Floor
 New York, NY 10118
 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
 646 710-3417
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 SSTK
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of its voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates was $ 1,203,063,393, based on the last reported sale price of the registrant's common stock on that date.
 On February 21, 2024, 35,544,416 shares of the registrant's common stock were outstanding.
 ____________________________________________________________________________
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 The information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2024, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Except as expressly incorporated by reference, the registrant's proxy statement shall
 not be deemed to be part of this report.

 Form 10-K
 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 Reserved

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 F- 1

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, particularly in the discussions under the captions "Business," "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." All statements other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding guidance, industry prospects, future business, future results of operations or financial condition, future dividends, future stock performance, our ability to consummate acquisitions and integrate the businesses we have acquired or may acquire into our existing operations, new or planned features, products or services, management strategies and our competitive position. You can identify many forward-looking statements by words such as "may," "will," "would," "should," "could," "expects," "aims," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "projects," "seeks," "potential," "opportunities" and other similar expressions and the negatives of such expressions. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, among others, those discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in our consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other information appearing elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made only as of the date hereof, and we do not intend, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation, to update any of our forward-looking statements contained herein after the date of this report to reflect actual results or future events or circumstances.
 Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the terms "Shutterstock," "the Company," "we," "our" and "us" refer to Shutterstock, Inc. and its subsidiaries. "Shutterstock," "Shutterstock Editorial," "Asset Assurance," "Offset," "Bigstock," "Rex Features," "PremiumBeat," "TurboSquid," "PicMonkey," "Pattern89," "Shotzr," "Pond5," "Splash News," "Giphy," "Shutterstock Studios," "Shutterstock Editor," "Shutterstock. AI," and "Creative Flow" and their associated logos are registered trademarks and are the property of Shutterstock, Inc. or one of our subsidiaries. All other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.

 Item 1. Business.
 Overview
 Shutterstock, Inc. (referred to herein as the "Company", "we," "our," and "us") is a leading global creative platform connecting brands and businesses to high quality content.
 Our platform brings together users and contributors of content by providing readily-searchable content that our customers pay to license and by compensating contributors as their content is licensed. Contributors upload their content to our web properties in exchange for royalty payments based on customer download activity. Beyond content, customers also leverage the Company's platform to assist with the entire creative process from ideation through creative execution.
 Digital content licensed to our customers for their creative needs includes images, footage, music, and 3D models (our "Content" offering). Our Content revenues represent the majority of the Company's business and are supported by our searchable creative platform and driven by our large contributor network.
 In addition, our customers have needs that are beyond traditional content license products and services. These include (i) licenses to metadata associated with our images, footage, music tracks and 3D models through our data offering, (ii) distribution and advertising services from our Giphy business, which consists of GIFs (graphics interchange format visuals) that serve as a critical ingredient in text- and message- based conversations and in contextual advertising settings, (iii) specialized solutions for high-quality content matched with production tools and services through Shutterstock Studios and (iv) other tailored white-glove services (collectively, our "Data, Distribution, and Services" offerings).
 Our Content and Data, Distribution, and Services offering revenues are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Content
 $
 737,264
 $
 789,306
 $
 757,470

 Data, Distribution, and Services
 137,323
 38,520
 15,945

 Total Revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Our Content Offering:
 Our Content offering includes licenses for:
 • Images - consisting of photographs, vectors and illustrations. Images are typically used in visual communications, such as websites, digital and print marketing materials, corporate communications, books, publications and other similar uses.
 • Footage - consisting of video clips, premium footage filmed by industry experts and cinema grade video effects, available in HD and 4K formats. Footage is often integrated into websites, social media, marketing campaigns and cinematic productions.
 • Music - consisting of high-quality music tracks and sound effects, which are often used to complement images and footage.
 •3 Dimensional ("3D") Models - consisting of 3D models available in a variety of formats, used in a variety of industries such as advertising, media and video production, gaming, retail, education, design and architecture.
 • Generative AI Content - consisting of images generated from algorithms trained with high-quality, ethically sourced content. Customers can generate images by entering a description of their desired content into model prompts.
 Our Content is distributed to customers under the following brands: Shutterstock; Pond5; TurboSquid; PicMonkey; PremiumBeat; Splash News; Bigstock; and Offset. Shutterstock, our flagship brand, includes various content types such as image, footage, music and editorial.
 Pond5 is a video-first content marketplace which expands the Company's content offerings across footage, image and music. TurboSquid operates a marketplace that offers more than one million 3D models and a 2 dimensional ("2D") marketplace derived from 3D objects. PicMonkey is a leading online graphic design and image editing platform. PremiumBeat offers exclusive high-quality music tracks and provides producers, filmmakers and marketers the ability to search handpicked production music from the world's leading composers. Splash News provides editorial image and video content across celebrity

 and red carpet events. Bigstock maintains a separate content library tailored for creators seeking to incorporate cost-effective imagery into their projects. Our Offset brand provides authentic and exceptional content for high-impact use cases that require extraordinary images, featuring work from top assignment photographers and illustrators from around the world.
 For customers seeking specialized solutions, Shutterstock Studios extends our offerings by providing custom, high-quality content matched with production tools and services at scale, leveraging assets from all brands or creating new assets as required.
 In 2023, we launched our AI image creator and Creative AI-powered editing tool which gives our customers the ability to modify and transform any image. The Creative AI editing suite will empower our customers to leverage signature editing capabilities to unlock transformative possibilities in content creation and ideation.
 Signature capabilities include:
 • Magic Brush - modifies an image by brushing over the areas customers would like to change and simply describing what customers want to add, replace or erase.
 • Variations - generates alternate options of any stock or AI-generated image.
 • Expand Image - broadens the view of any image, as easily as if zooming out through a camera lens, to see more of the scene behind the central image.
 • Smart Resize - automatically changes the shape of an image to match the dimensions needed.
 • Background Remover - removes or replaces the background with any scene when the subject of an image is perfect, but the background is not.

 Our Data, Distribution, and Services Offering:
 Our Data, Distribution, and Services offering address customer demand for products and services that are beyond our Content licenses. These products and services include, among other things, the use of our metadata, leveraging our Giphy, Inc. platform, and customized Shutterstock Studios offerings.
 We have seen increased demand for access to our metadata for machine learning and generative artificial intelligence model training. We offer ethically sourced and licenseable metadata at industry leading scales and quality. Our metadata customer base ranges from large technology and media companies to smaller start-up organizations.
 In 2023, we completed our acquisition of Giphy, Inc. ("Giphy"). Giphy is a content platform that allows users to personalize casual conversations with GIFs, and generates billions of monthly impressions through over 14,000 API partners. We believe customers in all industries will look to use Giphy in marketing campaigns as another advertising outlet.
 Our Data, Distribution, and Services offering also includes high-quality production and custom content at scale provided by Shutterstock Studios ("Studios"). Studios is a cost-effective solution for brands and agencies looking to meet their content needs and create fresh dynamic digital assets. Customers can bring an idea, and our Studios team will provide a 360-degree content creation solution. We offer a whole spectrum of services at pre-production, production, live production and post-production stages.

 Our Marketplace:
 We believe that we benefit from scale and network effects between customers and contributors. We have managed to build a world class library of images, footage clips, music and 3D models, sourced from our vast network of contributors. Our extensive content library and contributor network enables us to attract a global and diverse customer base representing businesses of all sizes and from all major industries. Our robust content and rich database continue to attract more customers and draw more contributors, which enhances our network effects and global reach. We believe the success of this network effect is facilitated by the trust that users place in Shutterstock to maintain the quality and integrity of our branded marketplace, and our commitment to seamless integration into users' creative workflows.
 We believe that our licensing model and creative platform drive a high volume of download activity that in turn provides a high volume of search, download and other customer behavioral data that enables us to continuously improve the quality and accuracy of our proprietary search algorithms, including keyword, search localization and similar image identification, and encourages the creation and contribution of new content to meet our customers' needs. We enable users to search and discover content to meet their unique needs by searching our collection and previewing our content alongside its propensity to perform

 and global utilization, at no cost prior to licensing. We also leverage, to the greatest extent possible, the global nature of our user interfaces and marketing efforts, including local languages, currencies and payment methods, as well as our effective use of current and emerging technology to attract and retain customers and contributors. We typically offer a royalty-free, non-exclusive license, and the processes we maintain to properly license content and the indemnification protections we provide allow individuals and businesses of all sizes, including media agencies, publishers, production companies and creative service providers, to confidently utilize such content for their unique commercial or editorial needs.
 Our online platform provides a freely searchable collection of content that our users can license, download and incorporate into their work. We encourage all our customers to take advantage of our creative platform's AI-Powered search capabilities, our credit card-based payment options and the immediate digital delivery of licensed content. We strive to offer simple, transparent purchase options designed to cater to customers' specific needs. We believe the ability to search for, select, license, download and customize content on our creative flow platform offers our users a streamlined workflow, convenience and speed, and enables us to achieve greater economies of scale. We also have contractual arrangements with third-party resellers and affiliates to license content to customers in markets where we may not have a significant sales and marketing presence. Certain third-party resellers and affiliates sell our products directly to end-users and remit amounts to us based on the type of product sold.
 An important driver to grow Content revenue is customer acquisition, which we achieve primarily through marketing efforts and directly through our sales force. Marketing includes search engine optimization, paid search, online display advertising, trade shows, email marketing, direct mail, affiliate marketing, public relations, social media and partnerships. Over the past several years, our investments in marketing have represented a significant percentage of revenue. This spend considers, among other things, the blended average customer value across our various purchase options so we can manage customer acquisition costs and aim to achieve targeted returns.
 We believe that another important driver of Content revenue growth is the quality of the user experience we provide on our websites, especially the efficiency and speed with which our search interfaces and algorithms help customers find and download the content that they need, the degree to which our websites have been localized for our global user base, the degree to which we make use of the large quantity of data we collect about image, footage and music and search patterns, and the security of user information on our platform. To this end, we have invested in product development and cloud-based hosting infrastructure, and we intend to continue to invest in these areas, to the extent that we can improve the customer experience and increase the efficiency with which we deploy new products and features.

 Our Customers
 We serve a diverse array of customers across a variety of industries, organizational sizes and geographies. For the year ended December 31, 2023, over 2.0 million customers in more than 150 countries licensed revenue-generating content, with approximately 49%, 26% and 25% of revenue coming from customers in North America, Europe and the rest of the world, respectively. Our top 25 customers in the aggregate accounted for less than 20% of our revenue in 2023. Our customers are typically classified among three categories, as follows:
 • Corporate Professionals and Organizations. Marketing and communications professionals incorporate licensed content in the work they produce for their organizational or clients' business communications. Whether providing graphic design, web design, interactive design, advertising, public relations, communications or marketing materials, these professional users and teams support organizations of various sizes including the largest global agencies, large not-for-profit organizations and Fortune 500 companies. These customers may also utilize our content library, through our data offering, to train their AI models.
 • Media and Broadcast Companies. Media organizations and professionals incorporate licensed content into their work, which includes digital publications, newspapers, books, magazines, television and film, as well as to market their products effectively. Our media and broadcast users range from independent bloggers to multi-national publishing, broadcast and production organizations.
 • Small and Medium-Sized Businesses and Individual Creators. Organizations of all sizes utilize creative content for a wide range of internal- and external-use communications such as websites, print and digital advertisements, merchandise, brochures, employee communications, newsletters, social media, email marketing campaigns and other presentations. These organizations and users vary in size and type of organization and include casual creatives ranging from sole proprietors to social media influencers.
 Customers generally engage with us through the following sales channels:

 • Digital: The majority of our customers access and/or license content directly through our self-service digital properties. Customers have the flexibility to purchase a subscription-based plan that is paid on either a monthly or annual basis, or to license content on a transactional basis via these properties. Customers who engage and buy exclusively via self-serve digital properties generally license content under our standard or enhanced licenses, with additional licensing options available to meet customers' individual needs. Customers are also able to access content they have purchased through a live interaction or as part of a large global business license option via our self-serve digital properties.
 • Live Sales, Services and Client Management: We also have a base of customers with unique content, licensing, workflow and service needs. These customers benefit from communication with our dedicated sales and service teams, which provide a number of tailored enhancements to their creative workflows including non-standard licensing rights, multi-seat access, ability to pay on credit terms, multi-brand licensing packages, increased indemnification protection and content licensed for use-cases outside of those available via self-serve environments. Access to additional solutions are also made available through our sales and client management teams. Some of these additional solutions include: (i) Shutterstock Editorial, which includes our library of editorial images and videos; (ii) Shutterstock Studios, our offering which provides custom, high-quality content matched with production tools and services at scale; (iii) our data offering which provides metadata associated with our content collection, used to train AI models; and (iv) distribution and advertising revenue generated from our Giphy assets.
 As the use cases for our creative solutions expand, we believe our customers are seeking alternative means to consume our offerings. As a result, we have seen demand for our monthly subscription products. These monthly subscriptions provide for a fixed number of content licenses that may be used to download content during the period. Our subscription-based pricing model makes the creative process easier because customers can download content in our collection for use in their creative process without incremental costs, which provides greater creative freedom and helps improve work product. In addition, customers may also purchase licenses through other contractual plans where the customer commits to buy a predetermined quantity of content licenses that may be downloaded over a period of time, generally between one month to one year. For users who need less content, individual content licenses may also be purchased on a transactional basis, paid for at the time of download.
 Content Contributors and Content Review Process
 Our collection of content is provided by a community of contributors from around the world and is vetted through our proprietary technology and by a specialized team of reviewers to ensure that it meets our standards of quality and licensability. Whether photographers, videographers, illustrators, designers or musicians, our community of contributors ranges from part-time enthusiasts to full-time professionals. The content contributed by our five highest-earning contributors was together responsible for less than 2% of downloads in 2023, demonstrating the depth and diversity of our contributor population.
 The breadth and quality of our content offerings are critical to our success, and we have created an easy-to-use online and mobile account creation process, where we enable contributors to create an account, become verified, submit content, and once approved for submission, upload content onto our platform for licensing. Our contributor website operates in 29 languages and contributors can register and upload content directly through our website or within our mobile application.
 We use proprietary AI driven technology along with a trained team of reviewers to complete a comprehensive evaluation of all content submissions. Our content review process is highly efficient, and our content review team generally evaluates and processes images and footage to make them available for license on our sites, while working to continually improve our process to reduce review time.
 Contributors are required to add a descriptive title and up to 50 keywords to each image and footage submission. We guide our contributors to provide terms that not only describe literally the objects in the image or clip, but also what is conveyed conceptually and thematically. We provide technical keywording assistance to contributors through our suggested keyword tools, which include a tool that leverages our proprietary AI driven technology to automatically suggest keywords based on visually similar images. We have compiled a vast amount of data relating to the content in our collection, including keywords and aggregated customer behavioral data, which combined with our proprietary AI driven and artificial intelligence technology, drives discovery of content through our search algorithms and search engine optimization (SEO), therefore empowering customers to discover the content best suited for their needs.
 We evaluate submissions based on certain technical and legal criteria to ensure we maintain the quality and integrity of our content marketplace, including whether applicable releases have been obtained, whether third-party intellectual property is excluded, and seeking to minimize other technical concerns such as excess noise or focus issues. Contributors are notified within the contributor portal when a content submission is not approved during the review process. This notification includes an

 explanation of why the image was not selected for publication. We believe that this feedback is valuable to contributors and enhances the quality of future content submissions as well as our customers' experience.
 Content accepted into our collection is added to our web properties where it is available for search, selection, license and download. Content accepted is also made available for delivery to our data offering partners for machine learning purposes. Contributors of content typically earn a royalty each time their work is licensed. Contributors earn royalties based on a tiered earnings rate schedule that is tied to annual licensing volume. The earnings tier of the contributor at the time of licensing, as well as the purchase option under which the content was licensed, are used to calculate the royalty earnings for each licensing event. Contributors may choose to remove their content from our collection, subject to the terms of service that govern our contributor relationships.
 We provide valuable tools and insights to our contributors. Our contributors can monitor download activity by content type and geography. We also provide insights into trends we see with seasonal and current customer search behaviors to help our contributors plan future content submissions accordingly.
 In addition to content sourced through direct submission to our e-commerce platform, we also obtain all types of content through exclusive distribution agreements with strategic partners or through the direct acquisition of content, content libraries or archives. In certain cases, we enter into arrangements with contributors or strategic partners whereby we guarantee a minimum royalty, in exchange for exclusive rights to distribute content when we believe such exclusivity provides us with a distinct competitive advantage. We also license content from our wholly-owned library. We continuously enhance our collection through the direct acquisition of content and by entering into other strategic agreements and partnerships and we continue to seek opportunities for direct acquisition and strategic partnerships to enhance our collection and provide customers with relevant and high-quality content.
 Technology and Infrastructure
 Our technology is critical to our business and we have developed proprietary technology to power our products and services. We believe that delivering intuitive, fast and effective user experiences, supported by scalable technology platforms, is critical to our success. We employ technology to support both our public-facing web properties and our back-office systems. In developing, improving and enhancing these sites and systems, we focus our internal development efforts on creating and enhancing specialized proprietary software that is unique to our business and we leverage commercially available and open source technologies for our more generalized needs.
 Our customer-facing software enables users to search the millions of images, vectors, illustrations, footage, music tracks and 3D models available in our collection or request custom branded content and then select, organize, pay for, license and download the content that suits their individual needs. Our search platform evolves automatically based on our own 1st party behavioral data, with each search and download that a user performs on our platform providing our search engine with additional information to improve search results in subsequent queries.
 We consider the data that we have collected and the search technology that it powers to be an important proprietary asset and competitive advantage that allows us to provide exceptional service to our customers and enable our business. We continuously invest in the localization of our creative platform across many countries and regions, allowing customers to search and make purchases in a variety of languages and currencies. We also maintain an API driven infrastructure, enabling integration of our content platform with various other software tools and services, which enables businesses, and their customers, to gain access to our content without leaving their platform.
 We also develop and continuously invest in contributor-facing web properties, which operate in 29 languages and enable individuals and creative professionals to become contributors, upload and tag content, receive feedback on their submissions from our review team, see reports on earnings and payouts, and participate in online discussion forums with other contributors, among other activities. We have also developed proprietary tools to enable our contributors to improve their success on our web properties, including our keyword trends tool that allows contributors to see what terms customers are searching for and how those search terms are trending over time, which, in turn, allows contributors to anticipate demand and generate content that customers may want to license. Our contributor-facing web properties are powered by proprietary technology which supports a content review system that allows our review team to efficiently and effectively review content submissions. Our combination of proprietary technology and large-scale datasets allows us to deliver value to our users and enhances their experience on our platform, which drives growth on our marketplace.
 We use a combination of internally-developed software and third-party applications that enable customer and contributor support, intellectual property rights and license tracking, centralized invoicing and sales order processing, customer database management, language translation and global contributor payouts, in addition to supporting the compliance, finance and accounting functions. We continually improve upon these internal tools to enable business growth and drive efficiency.

 Our systems infrastructure is hosted primarily by third-party cloud hosting providers that we believe offer scalable, reliable and secure global infrastructure. We also continue to invest in our infrastructure to improve the resiliency of our sites and systems. By using cloud services providers, we believe we are able to dedicate an increasing proportion of our technology resources to scaling our business, better serving our rapidly growing collection of content and meeting global customer demand. We believe continued use of third-party cloud hosting, along with improvements to our platform, allow us to further diversify our product offerings, reach new customers and contributors around the world and enable our developers to rapidly deploy new products, features and functionality.
 We have expanded our use of content delivery network solutions to help enable our customers around the world to have sustained and reliable high-speed access to our platform. As we continue to grow our business, our technological needs continue to expand and therefore, we plan to continually invest in our technology to enhance existing products and services and develop new products and services. We view our investments in technology as integral to our long-term success and we intend to continue to investigate, develop and make capital investments in technology and operational systems that support our current business and new areas of potential business expansion.
 Marketing
 An important driver of our growth is customer acquisition, which we achieve primarily through online and offline marketing efforts and directly through our sales force. Marketing includes search engine optimization, paid search, online display advertising, trade shows, email marketing, direct mail, affiliate marketing, public relations, social media and partnerships. Over the past several years, our investments in marketing have represented a significant percentage of revenue. This spend considers, among other things, the blended average customer value across our various purchase options so we can manage customer acquisition costs and aim to achieve targeted returns.
 We also use customer relationship management (CRM) marketing to grow the lifetime value of our existing customers. Our marketing activities aim to raise awareness of our brands and attract paying customers to our websites and our direct sales organization by promoting the key value propositions of our offerings: diverse and high-quality content, intuitive and efficient interfaces and economical content options.
 As our marketing efforts attract additional paying customers and generate more revenue for us, our contributors are also able to receive increased earnings from us. Increasing contributor earnings helps attract more content submissions, which in turn helps Shutterstock convert and retain even more paying customers. We believe the high degree of satisfaction that customers have with our product drives word-of-mouth recommendations, which helps our marketing efforts attract an even broader and more diverse audience than we reach directly. Therefore, we believe our marketing efforts have a self-reinforcing network effect, which powers the growth and success of our marketplace.
 Customer Support
 In addition to outbound sales and marketing activities, our customer service teams assist users worldwide via email, chat and phone in over 20 languages and 150 countries. We have customer service teams in a variety of locations including Singapore, Berlin and New York.
 Product Rights and Intellectual Property
 Product Rights and Indemnification
 All of the content that we make available to customers on our websites is offered under perpetual, royalty-free licenses, with the exception of certain custom, editorial, music, and other content with specific licensing requirements. Royalty-free means that once a customer has licensed content from us, that customer may use the associated content in accordance with the license terms in perpetuity without having to pay any ongoing royalties to us. Typically, content from our library is licensed on a non-exclusive basis, meaning that multiple customers can license the same image, footage clip or music track under the applicable Shutterstock license agreement. Custom content is one-of-a-kind branded content and is licensed on an exclusive basis to our customers to fulfill their specific use-cases. We do not typically require that contributors of content to our library provide their content to us on an exclusive basis, with the exception of custom content and certain editorial, music and other content to which we have exclusive distribution rights. However, once a contributor's content is licensed through our platform, such content is perpetually subject to the customer's license even if the contributor removes the image from our marketplace, except in periodic circumstances where content is removed due to concerns about third-party intellectual property rights.
 Under our various license agreements, we expressly represent and warrant that unaltered content downloaded and used in compliance with our license agreements and applicable law will not infringe any copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right, violate any third-party's rights of privacy or publicity, violate any U.S. law, be defamatory or libelous, or be pornographic or obscene. Provided that a customer has not breached the license agreement or any other agreement with us, we will defend, indemnify, and hold a customer harmless from direct damages attributable to breaches of the express

 representations and warranties provided in our license agreements. From time to time, we agree to customize our license agreements with non-standard indemnification terms. Regardless of customization, indemnification only applies to claims for damages attributable to our breach of the express representations and warranties provided in our license agreement and is generally conditioned on our timely receipt of an indemnification claim and our right to assume the defense of such claim. Our license agreements generally cap our indemnification obligations at amounts ranging from $10,000 to $250,000, with exceptions for certain products for which our indemnification obligations may be uncapped. We maintain commercially reasonable insurance intended to protect against the costs of intellectual property litigation and our indemnification obligations under our license agreements.
 Intellectual Property
 We protect our intellectual property through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and domain name registrations, as well as trade secret protections.
 We own a portfolio of trademarks, including "Shutterstock," "Shutterstock Editorial," "Asset Assurance," "Offset," "Bigstock," "Rex Features," "PremiumBeat," "TurboSquid," "PicMonkey," "Pattern89," "Shotzr," "Pond5," "Splash News," "Giphy," "Shutterstock Studios," "Shutterstock Editor," "Shutterstock. AI" and "Creative Flow" their associated logos. We will pursue additional trademark registrations to the extent that we create any additional material and registrable trademarks or logos. We are the registered owner of a variety of the shutterstock.com, bigstock.com, offset.com, premiumbeat.com, rexfeatures.com, turbosquid.com, picmonkey.com, pond5.com and splashnews.com internet domain names and various other related domain names. We have successfully recovered infringing domain names in the past and intend to continue to enforce our rights in the future. We also own copyrights, including certain content on our web properties, publications and designs, as well as patents, including with respect to our display systems and search capabilities. These intellectual property rights are important to our business and marketing efforts. The duration of the protection afforded to our intellectual property depends on the type of property in question, the laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction and the terms of our license agreements with others. With respect to our trademarks, trade names and patents, laws and rights are generally territorial in scope and limited to those countries where a mark has been registered or protected. While trademark registrations may generally be maintained in effect for as long as the mark is in use in the respective jurisdictions, there may be occasions where a mark or title is not registrable or protectable or cannot be used in a particular country. In addition, a trademark registration may be canceled or invalidated if challenged by others based on certain use requirements or other limited grounds. We believe the duration of our patents is adequate, relative to the expected lives of our products.
 We protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state, and common law rights, including registration, in the United States and applicable foreign jurisdictions, as well as contractual restrictions. We enforce and protect our intellectual property rights through litigation from time to time, and by controlling access to our intellectual property and proprietary technology, in part, by entering into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants, contractors, and vendors. In this way, we have historically chosen to protect our software and other technological intellectual property as trade secrets. We further control the use of our proprietary technology and intellectual property through provisions in our websites' terms of use and license agreements.
 Government Regulation
 We are subject to a number of U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the internet as well as companies that provide access to content. Many of these laws and regulations are still evolving and are being tested in courts, and the manner in which existing laws and regulations will be applied to the internet and online content in general, and how the foregoing will relate to our business in particular, is still unclear in many cases. These laws and regulations may involve privacy, data management and protection (including with respect to personal information), cybersecurity, content regulation, intellectual property ownership and infringement, defamation, publicity rights, advertising, marketing, employment, taxation, e-commerce, subscription-based billing, quality of products and services, internet neutrality, antitrust, outsourcing, securities law compliance, and online payment services. Additionally, because we operate internationally, we need to comply with various laws associated with doing business outside of the United States, including data privacy and security, anti-money laundering, sanctions, anti-corruption and export control laws. A number of U.S. federal and state and foreign laws that could have an impact on our business practices and e-commerce generally have already been adopted, including, for example:
 • The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the "DMCA"), which regulates digital material and created updated copyright laws to address the unique challenges of regulating the use of digital content.
 • The Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which governs a marketplace for copyright in the European Union.
 • The Digital Services Act, which governs the operation of online services in the European Union.

 • The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 and similar laws adopted by a number of states, which regulate the format, functionality and distribution of commercial solicitation e-mails, create criminal penalties for unmarked sexually-oriented material, and control other online marketing practices.
 • The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003, which regulate the collection or use of information, and restrict the distribution of certain materials, as related to certain protected age groups. In addition, the Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998 provides for reporting and other obligations by online service providers in the area of child pornography.
 • The Federal Trade Commission Act and numerous state "mini-FTC" acts, which bar "deceptive" and "unfair" trade practices, including in the contexts of online advertising and representations made in privacy policies and other online representations.
 • The European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), which governs how we can collect and process the personal data of, primarily, European Union residents.
 • The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA"), which governs how we can collect and process the personal data of California residents.
 In particular, we are subject to U.S. federal and state, and foreign laws regarding privacy and data protection as well as foreign, federal and state regulation. Foreign data protection, privacy, content regulation, consumer protection, and other laws and regulations can be more restrictive than those in the United States and often have extraterritorial application, and the interpretation and application of these laws are continuously evolving, still uncertain and remain in flux. For example, the GDPR, which took effect on May 25, 2018, includes more stringent operational requirements for entities using, processing, and transferring personal information and significant penalties for non-compliance. Several other foreign jurisdictions, such as Brazil and India, have adopted, are considering adopting, or have updated comprehensive privacy legislation to offer additional data privacy protections for individuals. In the U.S., data protection legislation is also becoming increasingly common at both the federal and state level. There are a number of legislative proposals pending before the U.S. Congress and various state legislative bodies concerning privacy, security, content regulation, data protection and other consumer issues that could affect us. For example, the State of California has enacted the CCPA, which became effective in January 2020 and was extended by the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA") effective January 2023. The CCPA and CPRA, among other things, requires companies that collect personal information about California residents to make disclosures to those residents about data collection, use and sharing practices, allows residents, amongst other rights, to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties and provides a private right of action for data breaches. Thirteen other states have passed comprehensive data privacy laws, which are in effect today or taking effect by 2026.
 In addition, from a taxation perspective, there are applicable and potential government regulatory matters that may impact us. In particular, certain provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "TCJA") have had and will continue to have a significant impact on our financial position and results of operations. The TCJA continues to be subject to further regulatory interpretation and technical corrections by the U.S. Treasury Department and the I.R.S. and therefore, the full impact of the TCJA on our tax provision may continue to evolve. Further, we continue to remain subject to uncertainty related to foreign jurisdictions' potential reactions to the TCJA, as well as evolving regulatory views and legislation regarding taxation of e-commerce businesses such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ("BEPS") proposals, specifically the adoption of Pillar Two (relating to the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules) and BEPS Action II (relating to hybrid mismatch arrangements) and its ancillary impacts to other areas of TCJA related laws and regulations as well as any other country specific digital tax initiatives. As these and other tax laws and related regulations continue to evolve, our financial results could prospectively be materially impacted.
 The application, interpretation, and enforcement of these U.S. and foreign laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. Any existing or new legislation applicable to our operations could expose us to substantial liability, including significant expenses necessary to comply with such laws and regulations, to respond to regulatory inquiries or investigations, and to defend individual or class litigation. These events could dampen growth in the use of the internet in general, and cause Shutterstock to divert significant resources and funds to addressing these issues, and possibly require us to change our business practices.

 Competition
 We seek to be an integral component of the creative process for our customers based on a number of factors including the quality, relevance and breadth of content; ability to source new content; accessibility of content; distribution capabilities; ease and speed of search and fulfillment; content pricing models and practices; content licensing options and the degree to which users are protected from legal risk; brand recognition and reputation; the effective use of current and emerging technology; the global nature of our interfaces and marketing efforts, including the degree of localization; and customer service. We also compete for contributors on the basis of several similar factors including ease and speed of the upload and content review process; the volume of customers who license their submitted content; contributor commission models and practices; the degree to which contributors are protected from legal risk; brand recognition and reputation; the effective use of technology; the global nature of our interfaces; and customer service.
 The industry in which we operate is extremely competitive and rapidly evolving, with low barriers to entry. Some of our currently and potentially significant competitors include:
 • other online platforms that feature marketplaces for stock content such as Getty Images and its iStockphoto offering, AdobeStock, Freepik and Storyblocks;
 • specialized visual content companies that are established in local, content or product-specific market segments, such as Visual China Group;
 • providers of commercially licensable music such as Universal Music Publishing Group, Sony/ATV Music Publishing and Warner/Chappell Music;
 • websites focused on providing creative workflow tools such as Adobe, Canva, Picsart and Bending Spoons;
 • websites focused on image search and discovery such as Google Images;
 • providers of free images, photography, music, footage and related tools;
 • social networking and social media services, including GIF platforms such as Alphabet's Tenor; and
 • commissioned photographers and photography agencies.
 In addition, we compete with the alternative of creating one's own content or choosing not to consume licensed content due to price considerations or because the user is not aware of how to access licensed content.
 Human Capital
 The Company and its consolidated subsidiaries have 1,274 full-time employees as of December 31, 2023, as compared to 1,328 as of December 31, 2022. Approximately 63% of our global workforce is located in North America and 32% are located in Europe with the remainder located in the rest of the world. None of our employees in the United States are covered by collective bargaining arrangements. In several foreign jurisdictions, including Italy, Canada, France and Brazil, our employees may be subject to national collective bargaining agreements that set minimum salaries, benefits, working conditions and / or termination requirements. We consider our employee relations to be satisfactory. Competition for qualified personnel in our industry is intense, particularly for software engineers, computer scientists and other technical staff.
 Our people are critical to our success. We have implemented certain strategies with respect to our employees, to provide a safe, rewarding and respectful workplace. We adhere to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which sets forth a commitment to our stakeholders, including our employees, to operate with integrity and mutual respect. We also incorporate safety principles into every aspect of our business. We have well-developed health and safety programs, which are reinforced through policies, education and engagement of our employees.
 We strive to create an outstanding employee experience by creating a culture aligned with our principles by providing our employees access to the programs and initiatives that promote their career growth and development, recognize and reward their performance and support their overall well-being. Our Total Rewards program focuses on developing and implementing policies and programs that support our business goals, maintain competitiveness, promote shared fiscal responsibility among the Company and our employees, strategically align talent within our organization and reward performance, while also managing the costs of such policies and programs. Through our Total Rewards program, we provide our employees with competitive fixed and/or variable pay, and for eligible employees we currently provide access to medical, dental and life insurance benefits, disability coverage, a 401(k) plan, equity-based compensation and employee assistance programs, among other benefits. We encourage employee engagement through regular employee events, productive communication, our global recognition program and by creating a culture of belonging.

 Our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion ("DEI") goal is to build a workforce, contributor network and content library that is representative and inclusive of the diverse global community we serve. We have a long-term commitment to creating an inclusive culture, embedding DEI throughout our recruiting and retention efforts and promoting representation and inclusion throughout our platform. Our eight employee resource groups and our DEI team have helped to raise awareness about inclusion and advocate for various historically excluded groups. We continued our focus on building leaders' and managers' cultural competency and inclusive leadership skills, as well as building a diverse pipeline of talent by establishing relationships with diverse talent communities and achieving greater representation in our content library through our Create Fund program.
 Seasonality
 Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of a variety of factors. Our quarterly and annual results may reflect the effects of intra-period trends in customer behavior. For example, we expect that certain customers' usage may decrease at times during the third quarter of each calendar year due to the summer vacation season and may increase at times during the fourth quarter of each calendar year as demand is generally higher to support marketing campaigns in advance of the fourth quarter holiday season. While we believe seasonal trends have affected and will continue to affect our quarterly results, our growth trajectory may have overshadowed these effects to date. Additionally, because a significant portion of our revenue is derived from repeat customers who have purchased subscription plans, our revenues have historically been less volatile than if we had no subscription-based customers. Finally, our Data, Distribution,and Services results will fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the satisfaction of certain agreed to milestones with our customers

 In addition, expenditures on content by customers tend to be discretionary in nature, reflecting overall economic conditions, the economic prospects of specific industries, budgeting constraints, buying patterns and a variety of other factors, many of which are outside our control. As a result of these and other factors, the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indicators of our future operating performance.

 Corporate and Available Information
 We launched our platform in 2003, and on October 5, 2012, we reorganized as Shutterstock, Inc., a Delaware corporation, from Shutterstock Images LLC, a New York limited liability company. We completed our initial public offering, in October 2012, and completed a follow-on offering in September 2013. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "SSTK".
 Our corporate headquarters and principal executive offices are located at 350 Fifth Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10118, and our telephone number is (646) 710-3417. We maintain a website at investor.shutterstock.com, where our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports are available without charge, as soon as reasonably practicable following the time they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information on or accessible through our websites is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, the SEC maintains a website, www.sec.gov, that includes filings of and information about issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.
 You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the financial and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business may also be adversely affected by risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial. If any of the following risks, such other risks or the risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", actually occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow and prospects could be materially adversely affected. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
 Risk Factors Summary
 Risks Related to Industry Dynamics and Competition
 • The success of our business depends on our ability to continue to attract and retain customers of, and contributors to, our creative platform. If customers reduce or cease their spending with us, or if content contributors reduce or end their participation on our platform, our business will be harmed.
 • The industry in which we operate is highly competitive with low barriers to entry and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could suffer.
 • Our marketing efforts to acquire new, and retain existing customers may not be effective or cost-efficient, and may be affected by external factors beyond our control.
 • If we cannot continue to innovate technologically or develop, market and offer new products and services, or enhance existing technology and products and services to meet customer requirements, our ability to grow our revenue could be impaired.
 • Unless we increase market awareness of our brand and our existing and new products and services, our revenue may not continue to grow.
 • In order to continue to attract large corporate customers, we may encounter greater pricing pressure, and increased service, indemnification and working capital requirements, each of which could increase our costs and harm our business and operating results.
 • Expansion of our operations into new products, services and technologies, including content categories, is inherently risky and may subject us to additional business, legal, financial and competitive risks.
 • The impact of worldwide economic, political and social conditions, including effects on advertising and marketing budgets, may adversely affect our business and operating results.
 • Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies, such as AI, in our offerings may result in reputational harm and liability.
 Risks Related to Operating our Business
 • We may not continue to grow our revenues at historical rates.
 • If we do not effectively expand, train, manage changes to, and retain our sales force, we may be unable to add new customers or increase sales to our existing customers, and our revenue growth and business could be adversely affected.
 • We have continued to grow in recent periods and if we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results may suffer.
 • If we do not successfully make, integrate and maintain acquisitions and investments, our business could be adversely impacted.
 • We rely on highly skilled personnel and if we are unable to retain and motivate key personnel, attract qualified personnel, integrate new members of our management team or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to grow effectively.
 • We may be exposed to risks related to our use of independent contractors.
 • The non-payment or late payments of amounts due to us from certain customers may negatively impact our financial condition.
 • We are subject to payment-related risks that may result in higher operating costs or the inability to process payments, either of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 • If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
 • We may need to raise additional capital in the future and may be unable to do so on acceptable terms or at all.
 • We have incurred debt which could have a negative impact on our financing options and liquidity position, which could in turn adversely affect our business.
 Risks Related to our Intellectual Property and Security Vulnerabilities
 • We rely on information technologies and systems to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness, and any failures in our technology infrastructure could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business.
 • Technological interruptions that impair access to our web properties or the efficiency of our marketplace could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 • We face risks resulting from the content in our collection such as unforeseen costs related to infringement claims, potential liability arising from indemnification claims, changes to intellectual property content regulations and laws and the inability to prevent or monitor misuse.
 • Assertions by third parties of infringement of intellectual property rights related to our technology could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and operating results.
 • We collect, store, process, transmit and use personally identifiable information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, information security and data protection in many jurisdictions. Any cybersecurity breaches or our actual or perceived failure to comply with such legal obligations by us, or by our third-party service providers or partners, could harm our business and subject us to regulatory scrutiny.
 • Cybersecurity breaches and improper access to or disclosure of data or confidential information we maintain, or hacking or phishing attacks on our systems, could expose us to liability, protracted and costly litigation, disrupt our business, and damage our reputation.
 • Failure to protect our intellectual property could substantially harm our business and operating results.
 • Much of the software and technologies used to provide our services incorporate, or have been developed with, "open source" software, which may restrict how we use or distribute our services or require that we publicly release certain portions of our source code.
 • Catastrophic events or other interruptions or failures of our information technology systems could hurt our ability to effectively provide our products and services, which could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business and operating results.
 Risks Related to our International Operations
 • Our international operations and our continued expansion internationally expose us to many risks.
 • We are subject to foreign exchange risk.
 Risks Related to Regulatory and Tax Challenges
 • Government regulation of the internet, both in the United States and abroad, is evolving and unfavorable changes could have a negative impact on our business.
 • Action by governments to restrict access to, or operation of, our services or the content we distribute in their countries could substantially harm our reputation, business and financial results.
 • Income tax laws or regulations could be enacted or changed and existing income tax laws or regulations could be applied to us in a manner that could increase the costs of our products and services, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 • We may be exposed to greater than anticipated withholding, sales, use, value added and other non-income tax liabilities, including as a result of future changes in laws or regulations, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
 • Our operating results may fluctuate, which could cause our results to fall short of expectations and our stock price to decline.
 • Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile.
 • Jonathan Oringer, our founder and Executive Chairman of the Board, owns and controls approximately 31% of our outstanding shares of common stock, and his ownership percentage may increase, including as a result of any share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. This concentration of ownership may have an effect on matters requiring the approval of our stockholders, including elections to our board of directors and transactions that are otherwise favorable to our stockholders.
 • Purchases of shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program may affect the value of our common stock and diminish our cash reserves, and there can be no assurance that our share repurchase program will enhance stockholder value.
 • If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
 • Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our share price to decline.
 • Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.
 • There can be no assurance that we will declare dividends in the future.
 • We have incurred and expect to continue to incur increased costs and our management will continue to face increased demands as a result of continuously improving our operations as a public company.
 • If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or in a timely fashion, and we may not be able to prevent fraud; in such case, our stockholders

 could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our stock.

 Risks Related to Industry Dynamics and Competition
 The success of our business depends on our ability to continue to attract and retain customers of, and contributors to, our creative platform. If customers reduce or cease their spending with us, or if content contributors reduce or end their participation on our platform, our business will be harmed.
 The continued use of our creative platform by customers and contributors is critical to our success. Our future performance largely depends on our ability to attract new, and retain existing, paying customers and contributors. We do not know whether we will be able to achieve user growth rates in the future similar to our previous results. The majority of our revenue is derived from customers who have purchased from us in the past, but customers have several options to find content. If we lose existing customers, or new customers are not as active as our existing customers, our financial performance and growth could be harmed.
 Our ability to attract new customers and contributors, and to incentivize our customers to continue purchasing our products and our contributors to add new content to our platform depends on several factors, including:
 • the scope of content available for licensing;
 • the effectiveness of our marketing efforts;
 • the features and functionality of our platform;
 • competitive pricing of our products;
 • our current products and services and ability to expand our offerings;
 • our customers' and contributors' experience in using our platform; and
 • the quality and accuracy of our search algorithms.
 Further, our growth strategy relies on network effects: we rely in part on a growing audience of paying users to attract more content from contributors, thereby increasing our content selection and in turn attracting additional paying customers. For example, our global strategy relies on enabling easier global access in order to attract new contributions of local content, in turn attracting more paying customers who have preferences for local content. Any decrease in the attractiveness of our platform relative to other options available to our customers and contributors could lead to decreased engagement on our platform and unfavorably impact the network effects of our platform, which could result in loss of revenue.
 If we are unable to grow our customer and contributor base, or retain our existing contributors and paying customers, or are unable to attract paying customers in a cost-effective manner, our financial performance, operating results and business may be adversely affected.
 The industry in which we operate is highly competitive with low barriers to entry and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could suffer.
 The industry in which we operate is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving, with low barriers to entry. We compete with a wide and diverse array of companies, from significant media companies to newly emerging generative artificial intelligence ("AI") technologies to individual content creators. Our current and potential domestic and international competitors range from large established companies to emerging start-ups across different industries, including online marketplace and traditional stock content suppliers of current and archival creative and editorial imagery, photography, footage, and music; specialized visual content companies in specific geographic segments; providers of commercially licensable music; websites specializing in image search, recognition, discovery and consumption; websites that host and store images, art and other related products; providers of free images, photography, music, footage and related tools (including offerings by our partners); social networking and social media services; and commissioned photographers and photography agencies.
 We believe that the principal competitive factors in the content industry include: quality, relevance and breadth of content; the ability to source new content; content licensing options and the degree to which users are protected from legal risk; the effective use of current and emerging technology; accessibility of content, distribution capability, and speed and ease of search and fulfillment; brand recognition and reputation; customer service; availability of additional platform features, such as workplace tools and ability to engage with additional platform features; the global nature of a company's interfaces and marketing efforts, including local content, languages, currencies, and payment methods; and newly emerging generative AI technologies. If our competitors use their experience and resources to provide an offering that is more attractive to customers across these categories, or if our competitors innovate and provide products faster than we can, we may be unable to compete effectively and our business will be harmed.

 Many of our competitors have or may obtain significantly greater financial, marketing or other resources or greater brand awareness than we have. Some of these competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or expanding technology and devote more resources to product development, marketing or content acquisition than we can. This could lead to more variability in operating results and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
 While we believe that there are obstacles to creating a meaningful network effect between customers and contributors, the barriers to creating a platform that allows for the licensing of content or provides workflow tools are low. If competitors offer higher royalties or more favorable royalty earning potential, easier submission workflows, or less rigorous vetting processes or incentivize contributors to distribute their content on an exclusive basis, contributors may choose to stop distributing new content with us or remove their existing content from our collection. Further, as technology advances or other market dynamics make creating, sourcing, archiving, indexing, reviewing, searching or delivering content easier or more affordable, our existing and potential competitors may also seek to develop new products, technologies or capabilities that could render many of the products, services and content types that we offer obsolete or less competitive. For any of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors.
 In addition, demand for our products and services is sensitive to price. Many external factors, including our technology and personnel costs and our competitors' pricing and marketing strategies, could significantly impact our pricing strategies and we could fail to meet our customers' pricing expectations. Increased competition and pricing pressures may result in reduced sales, lower margins, losses or the failure of our product and services to maintain and grow their current market share, any of which could harm our business.
 Our marketing efforts to acquire new, and retain existing, customers may not be effective or cost-efficient, and may be affected by external factors beyond our control.
 Maintaining and promoting awareness of our platform and services is important to our ability to attract and retain customers. We spend a significant amount on marketing activities to acquire new customers and retain and engage existing customers. For example, in 2023, 2022 and 2021 our marketing expenses were approximately $93.1 million, $97.2 million and $112.9 million, respectively, and we expect our marketing expenses to continue to account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. Our business depends on a high degree of website traffic, which is dependent on many factors, including the availability of appealing website content, user loyalty and new user generation from search engine portals. Our primary marketing efforts currently are search engine marketing ("SEM"), search engine optimization ("SEO"), affiliate marketing and display advertising, as well as, social media and email. The marketing efforts we implement may not succeed for a variety of reasons, including our inability to execute and implement our plans. External factors beyond our control may also impact the success of our marketing initiatives.
 We obtain a significant number of visits via search engines such as Google and a critical factor in attracting customers to our websites is how prominently our website is displayed in response to search queries. Search engines frequently update and change the logic that determines the placement and display of results of a user's search, such that the purchased or algorithmic placement of links to our sites can be negatively affected. Moreover, a search engine could, for competitive or other purposes, alter its search algorithms or results, causing our sites to place lower in search query results. A major search engine could change its algorithms in a manner that negatively affects our paid or non-paid search ranking, and competitive dynamics could impact the effectiveness of search engine marketing or search engine optimization. Furthermore, our failure to successfully manage our search engine optimization could result in a substantial decrease in traffic to our web properties, as well as increased costs if we were to replace free traffic with paid traffic.
 If our marketing activities prove less successful than anticipated in attracting new customers or retaining existing customers, we may not be able to recover our marketing spend, we may not acquire new customers or our cost to acquire new customers may increase, and our existing customers may reduce the frequency or size of their purchases from us, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 If we cannot continue to innovate technologically or develop, market and offer new products and services, or enhance existing technology and products and services to meet customer requirements, our ability to grow our revenue could be impaired.
 Our growth largely depends on our ability to innovate and add value to our existing creative platform and to provide our customers and contributors with a scalable, high-performing technology infrastructure that can efficiently and reliably handle increased customer and contributor usage globally, as well as the deployment of new features. For example, footage represents significantly more data as compared to a still image, and if the proportion of our business related to footage licensing and our footage library continues to grow, we will need to expand and enhance our technological capabilities to ingest, store and search footage and music tracks in ways that are similar to our management of images. Without improvements to our technology and infrastructure, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow website or application performance or unreliable service levels, any of which could negatively affect our reputation and ability to attract and retain customers and contributors. We are currently making, and plan to continue making, significant investments to maintain and enhance the technology and infrastructure supporting our customer and contributor facing web properties and software platforms and to evolve our information processes and computer systems to more efficiently run our business and remain competitive. For example, in 2023, 2022 and 2021 our product and development costs (which exclude costs that are capitalized related to internal-use software development projects), were approximately $96.2 million, $65.4 million and $52.0 million, respectively, and may continue to increase in the future as we continue to innovate. We may not achieve the anticipated benefits, significant growth or increased market share from these investments for several years, if at all. If we are unable to manage our investments successfully or in a cost-efficient manner, our business and results of operations may be harmed.
 Our growth also depends, in part, on our ability to identify and develop new products and services and enhance existing products and services. The process of developing new products and services and enhancing existing products and services and bringing products or enhancements to market in a timely manner is complex, costly and uncertain and we may not execute successfully on our vision or strategy because of challenges such as product planning and timing, technical hurdles, or a lack of resources. The success of our products depends on several factors, including our ability to:
 • anticipate customers' and contributors' changing needs or emerging technological trends;
 • timely develop, complete and introduce innovative new products and enhancements;
 • differentiate our products from those of our competitors;
 • effectively market our products and gain market acceptance;
 • price our products competitively; and
 • provide timely, effective and accurate support to our customers and contributors.
 We may be unable to successfully identify new product opportunities or enhancements, develop and bring new products to market in a timely manner, or achieve market acceptance of our products. There can be no assurance that products and technologies developed by others will not render our products or technologies obsolete or less competitive. If we are unsuccessful in innovating our technology or in identifying new or enhancing our existing product offerings, our ability to compete in the marketplace, to attract and retain customers and contributors and to grow our revenue could be impaired.
 Unless we increase market awareness of our brand and our existing and new products and services, our revenue may not continue to grow.
 We believe that the brand identity that we have developed has significantly contributed to the success of our products and services and that our ability to attract and retain new customers and contributors depends in large part on our ability to increase our brand awareness. We have and may continue to expend significant resources on advertising, marketing, and other brand-building efforts to preserve and enhance customer and contributor awareness of our brand, products and services. We also have incurred and expect to incur significant costs in developing and marketing new products to obtain user acceptance and we may not be successful in our efforts to increase awareness and market share of these products. Our competitors may be able to achieve and maintain brand awareness and market share more quickly and effectively than we can.
 Our brand may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the effectiveness of our marketing campaigns, disruptions in service due to technology, data privacy and security issues, and exploitation of our trademarks and other intellectual property by others without our permission. Maintaining and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to be a leading platform for high-quality content, tools and services for creative professionals and to continue to provide a user experience that anticipates our customers' needs. Additionally, our marketing campaigns or other efforts to increase our brand awareness may not succeed in bringing new visitors to our platform or converting such visitors to paying customers or contributors and may not be cost-effective. It is possible that, as our industry becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become increasingly difficult and expensive and our efforts may not be successful.

 In order to continue to attract large corporate customers, we may encounter greater pricing pressure, and increased service, indemnification and working capital requirements, each of which could increase our costs and harm our business and operating results.
 In order to continue to attract and retain customers, particularly larger corporate customers, we may face greater demands in terms of greater pricing pressure, increased service requirements, greater indemnification requirements and greater working capital to accommodate the larger receivables and collections issues that are likely to occur as a result of being paid on credit terms. If we are unable to adequately address those demands or manage our resources, our ability to grow our business may be harmed, which may adversely affect our results of operations and future growth. If we address those demands in a way that expands our risk of indemnification claims, significantly increases our operating costs, reduces our ability to maintain or increase pricing, or increases our working capital requirements, our business, operating results and financial condition may suffer.
 Expansion of our operations into new products, services and technologies, including content categories, is inherently risky and may subject us to additional business, legal, financial and competitive risks.
 Historically, our operations have been focused on our marketplace for content. Further expansion of our operations and our marketplace into additional content categories, such as Shutterstock Editorial and AI generated content, or into new products and services, such as Shutterstock Studios, an end-to-end custom creative shop and our Creative Flow Applications Suite, involves numerous risks and challenges, including increased capital requirements, increased marketing spend to gain brand awareness of these new operations, potential new competitors, and the need to develop new contributor and strategic relationships. Growth into additional content, product and service areas may require changes to our existing business model and cost structure and modifications to our infrastructure and may expose us to new regulatory and legal risks, any of which may require expertise in which we have little or no experience. There is no guarantee that we will be able to generate sufficient revenue from sales of such content, products and services to offset the costs of developing, acquiring, managing and monetizing such content, products and services and our business may be adversely affected.
 The impact of worldwide economic, political and social conditions, including effects on advertising and marketing budgets, may adversely affect our business and operating results.
 Global economic, political and social conditions can affect the business of our customers and the markets they serve, as well as disrupt the business of our vendors, third-party resellers and strategic partners. Numerous external forces beyond our control, including generally weak or uncertain economic conditions, negative or uncertain political climates, changes in government and election results in the United States and other jurisdictions in which we operate and global health epidemics, could adversely affect our financial condition. Particularly, our financial condition is affected by worldwide economic conditions and their impact on advertising spending. Expenditures by advertisers generally tend to reflect overall economic conditions, and to the extent that the economy stagnates as a result of macro conditions, companies may reduce their spending on advertising and marketing, and thus the use of our platform. This could have a serious adverse impact on our business. To the extent that overall economic conditions reduce spending on advertising and marketing activities, our ability to retain current and obtain new customers could be hindered, which could reduce our revenue and negatively impact our business. In addition, if we are unable to successfully anticipate changing economic, political and social conditions, we may be unable to effectively plan for and respond to those changes and our business could be negatively affected.
 Further, economic, political and social macro developments in the United States, Europe, and Asia could negatively affect our ability to conduct business in those territories. Financial difficulties experienced by our customers, third-party resellers, vendors and strategic partners due to economic volatility or unfavorable changes could result in these companies scaling back operations, exiting businesses, merging with other businesses or filing for bankruptcy protection and potentially ceasing operations, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies, such as AI, in our offerings may result in reputational harm and liability.
 Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies such as AI in our offerings may result in reputational harm and liability, and may cause us to incur additional research and development costs to resolve such issues. We are increasingly building AI into many of our offerings. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. If we enable or offer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Potential government regulation related to AI ethics may also increase the burden and cost of research and development in this area, subjecting us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Failure to address AI ethics issues by us or others in our industry could undermine public confidence in AI, which could slow adoption of AI in our products and services.

 Risks Related to Operating our Business
 We may not continue to grow our revenues at historical rates.
 Our future profitability will depend in part on our continued ability to grow our revenues. In future periods, our revenue could grow more slowly than in recent periods or further decline for many reasons, including any increase in competition, reduction in demand for our products, inability to introduce new products or enhance our existing product offerings, pricing pressures, contraction of our overall market or our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities. In addition, while we plan to manage our growth in a cost-effective manner, we expect expenses to increase in the near term, particularly as we continue to make significant investments in our technology and operational infrastructure, continue to expand our operations globally and develop new products and features for, and enhancements of, our existing products. A significant decrease in our historical rate of growth may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. If our growth rate declines further, investors' perceptions of our business may be adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock could decline.
 If we do not effectively expand, train, manage changes to, and retain our sales force, we may be unable to add new customers or increase sales to our existing customers, and our revenue growth and business could be adversely affected.
 Our Content and Data, Distribution, and Services enterprise customers have unique content, licensing and workflow needs and we have a dedicated sales, service and research team to provide a number of enhancements to those customers' creative workflows including non-standard licensing rights, multi-seat access, multi-brand licensing packages and content licensed for use-cases outside of those available for license on our e-commerce platform. We have been optimizing our sales team and refining the manner in which our products and services are sold through this channel. However, we are continuing to build our sales leadership team and sales strategy. We also periodically adjust our sales organization as part of our efforts to optimize our sales operation to grow revenue.
 We continue to be substantially dependent on our sales force to effectively obtain new customers and to drive additional use cases and adoption among our existing customers. We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of qualified sales personnel to support our growth. Our growth creates additional challenges and risks with respect to attracting, integrating and retaining qualified employees, particularly sales leadership and sales personnel. In addition, we expect that, if we continue to grow, a large percentage of our sales force at any time will be new to the company and our offerings. New hires require significant training and may take a significant amount of time before they achieve full productivity. Further, as we develop and evolve our sales and go-to-market strategies, additional training for new hires and our existing team may be required for our sales force to successfully execute on those strategies. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business.
 If we have not structured our sales organization or compensation for our sales organization properly, if we fail to make changes in a timely fashion, if we are unable to hire and train a sufficient number of effective sales leadership and personnel, if our sales personnel are not successful in obtaining new customers or increasing sales to our existing customer base, or if we do not effectively manage changes in our sales force and sales strategy, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We have continued to grow in recent periods and if we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results may suffer.
 In the last several years, we have continued to experience revenue growth and may continue to experience such growth in the future. For example, our revenues increased from $773.4 million in 2021 to $827.8 million in 2022 and to $874.6 million in 2023. Our continued growth has placed significant demands on our management and our administrative, operational and financial infrastructure and our success will depend in part on our ability to manage this growth efficiently. Specifically, as our operations have grown in size, scope and complexity, we have made and expect to continue to make significant expenditures and allocate valuable management resources to improve and upgrade our technology, customer service, sales and marketing infrastructure and product offerings, including new product offerings, and to continue developing or acquiring new and relevant content and product offerings. Growth may also strain our ability to maintain reliable operation of our platform, enhance our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and recruit, train and retain highly skilled personnel. If we fail to effectively allocate our limited resources within our organization as it grows and do not successfully implement improved technology and infrastructure, our business, operating results and financial condition may suffer.
 Further, as we have a limited history of operations at our current scale and under our current strategy, our ability to forecast our future operating results and plan for and model future growth is more limited than that of companies with longer operating histories and is subject to a number of uncertainties. In addition, we have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing markets. If our assumptions

 regarding these risks and uncertainties are incorrect or change, or if we do not execute on our strategy and manage these risks and uncertainties successfully, our operating results could differ materially from our expectations and those of securities analysts and investors, our business could suffer and the trading price of our common stock could decline.
 If we do not successfully make, integrate and maintain acquisitions and investments, our business could be adversely impacted.
 We have acquired, invested in and entered into strategic relationships with companies, and we may acquire, invest in or enter into strategic relationships with additional companies to complement our existing business and the breadth of our offerings. These transactions are inherently risky and expose us to risks which include:
 • disruption of our ongoing business, including diverting management's attention from existing businesses and operations;
 • risks inherent in launching or acquiring new products or extending our existing platform, particularly in market segments or geographies where we have limited or no experience;
 • difficulties integrating acquired technology and assets, including content collections, into our systems and offerings;
 • risks associated with any acquired liabilities;
 • difficulties integrating personnel;
 • information security vulnerabilities;
 • difficulties integrating accounting, financial reporting, management, infrastructure and information security, human resources and other administrative and operational systems;
 • potential impairment resulting from the recording of goodwill and intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing;
 • the potential damage to employee, customer, contributor and other supplier relationships;
 • additional exposure to economic, political and social risks related to geographies where we have limited or no experience; and
 • other unknown liabilities.
 Future acquisitions or investments could also result in potential dilutive issuances of equity securities, use of significant cash balances or the incurrence of debt, any of which could adversely affect our stock price, financial condition and results of operations. Further, our acquisitions or investments could result in significant impairments related to goodwill and amortization expenses related to other intangible assets and exposure to undisclosed or potential liabilities of the acquired companies. To the extent that the goodwill arising from the acquisitions carried on the financial statements does not pass a goodwill impairment test, excess goodwill will be impaired and will reduce future earnings.
 Additionally, companies with which we have strategic relationships, including those we have invested in, may not be successful, may have interests that are different from ours which may result in conflicting views as to the conduct of ongoing business or may pivot or shift their business model. In the event that these companies do not succeed in their operating plans or shift their priorities, or we have a disagreement as to the management or conduct of the business and/or relationship, which we cannot resolve, we may lose the value of any investment in these companies and be forced to record impairment charges.
 We cannot make assurances that our investments will be successful. If we fail to effectively integrate the companies we acquire, invest in or enter into strategic relationships with, we may not realize the benefits expected from the transaction and our business may be harmed.
 We rely on highly skilled personnel and if we are unable to retain and motivate key personnel, attract qualified personnel, integrate new members of our management team or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to grow effectively.
 We are highly dependent on the continued service and performance of our senior management team as well as key personnel. We believe that the successful performance of our senior management team and key personnel is critical to managing our operations and supporting our growth. Further, many of our technologies and systems are custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of any key engineering, product development, marketing or sales personnel and our inability to implement a succession plan or find suitable replacements for any of these individuals could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our business.
 Our continued and future success is also dependent, in part, on our ability to identify, attract, retain and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, product development, marketing, content operations and customer service personnel and to

 preserve the key aspects of our corporate culture. Competition for qualified personnel is intense in our industry and we may be unsuccessful in offering competitive compensation packages to attract and retain personnel. Further, we believe that a critical contributor to our success and to our recruiting efforts has been our corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, creativity, and teamwork. As we continue to pursue growth and expansion of our operations globally, we may not be able to maintain our corporate culture, which could impact our ability to attract and retain personnel. Among other factors, we are limited in our ability to recruit internationally by restrictive domestic immigration laws. Changes to immigration policies in the U.S. and other key jurisdictions that restrain the flow of technical and professional talent may inhibit our ability to adequately recruit and retain key employees. The failure to successfully recruit and hire key personnel or the loss of any key personnel could have a significant impact on our operations and growth.
 We may be exposed to risks related to our use of independent contractors.
 We rely on independent third parties to provide certain services for our Company. The state of the law regarding independent contractor status varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and is subject to change based on court decisions and regulation. For example, on April 30, 2018, the California Supreme Court adopted a new standard for determining whether a company "employs" or is the "employer" for purposes of the California Wage Orders in its decision in the Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court case. This standard was expanded and codified in California via Assembly Bill 5, which was signed into law in September 2019 and became effective as of January 1, 2020. The Dynamex decision and Assembly Bill 5 altered the analysis of whether an individual, who is classified by a hiring entity as an independent contractor in California, has been properly classified as an independent contractor. In addition, independent workers have been the subject of widespread national discussion and it is possible that other jurisdictions may enact laws similar to Assembly Bill 5 or that otherwise impact our business and our relationships with independent third parties. As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding the future of the worker classification regulatory landscape.
 From time to time, we may be involved in lawsuits and claims that assert that certain independent contractors should be classified as our employees. Adverse determinations regarding the status of any of our independent contractors could, among other things, entitle such individuals to the reimbursement of certain expenses and to the benefit of wage-and-hour laws, and could result in the Company being liable for income taxes, employment, social security, and withholding taxes and benefits for such individuals. Any such adverse determination could result in a material reduction of the number of subcontractors we can use for our business or significantly increase our costs to serve our customers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The non-payment or late payments of amounts due to us from certain customers may negatively impact our financial condition.
 A portion of our enterprise customers typically purchase our products on payment terms, and therefore we assume a credit risk for non-payment in the ordinary course of business. Further, in certain jurisdictions, we contract with third-party resellers that may collect payment from customers and remit such payment to us. Therefore, we are subject to the third-party resellers' ability to collect and remit payment to us. We evaluate the credit-worthiness of new customers and resellers and perform ongoing financial condition evaluations of our existing customers and resellers; however, there can be no assurance that our allowances for uncollected accounts receivable balances will be sufficient. As of December 31, 2023, our allowance for doubtful accounts was $6.3 million. If the volume of sales to enterprise customers grows, we expect to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts primarily as the result of changes in the volume of sales to customers who pay on payment terms or through resellers.
 We are subject to payment-related risks that may result in higher operating costs or the inability to process payments, either of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 We accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit cards and debit cards. As we offer new payment options to consumers, we may be subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements and fraud. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower profitability. We rely on third parties to provide payment processing services, including the processing of credit cards and debit cards, and it could disrupt our business if these companies became unwilling or unable to provide these services to us, including if they were to suffer a cyberattack or security incident. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers, and data security standards, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from consumers or facilitate other types of online payments. Under current credit card practices, we are liable for fraudulent credit card transactions because we do not obtain cardholders' signatures. We do not currently carry insurance against this risk. Although we have historically experienced minimal impact to our financial statements from credit card fraud, we may experience expense as a result of our failure to adequately control fraudulent credit.

 We are also subject to, or voluntarily comply with, several other laws and regulations relating to money laundering, international money transfers, privacy and information security and electronic fund transfers. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties or forced to cease our operations.
 If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
 We review our goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1st, or more frequently if and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist, such as a decline in stock price and market capitalization. If such goodwill or intangible assets are deemed to be impaired, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets would be recognized. We may be required to record a significant charge in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets is determined, which would negatively affect our results of operations.
 We may need to raise additional capital in the future and may be unable to do so on acceptable terms or at all.
 We evaluate our capital allocation strategy on an ongoing basis and make investments to support our business growth. In the future, we may require additional funds to respond to business needs, opportunities and challenges, including the need to develop new features or functions of our platform, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, personnel and technologies, or develop and carry out a response to unforeseen circumstances. Our ability to obtain additional capital, if and when required, will depend on our business plans, investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets, and other factors. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. In addition, on May 6, 2022, we entered into a credit facility (the "Credit Facility") among the Company, as borrower, certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Company as Subsidiary Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent for the lenders. The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the Credit Facility. In addition, the Credit Facility also requires us to comply with certain financial ratio covenants, including a consolidated leverage ratio and a consolidated interest coverage ratio, in each case, determined in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility. Our ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by events beyond our control. The existence of the Credit Facility, and any additional debt financing we secure in the future that may include restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain additional capital when required, or are unable to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms, our ability to continue to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be adversely affected, and our business may be harmed.
 We have incurred debt which could have a negative impact on our financing options and liquidity position, which could in turn adversely affect our business.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had $30.0 million in aggregate principal amount of total debt. Additionally, our revolving credit facility has remaining borrowing capacity of $67.0 million, net of standby letters of credit, as of December 31, 2023. Our overall leverage and the terms of our financing arrangements could:
 • limit our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures or acquisitions, to fund growth or for general corporate purposes, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity;
 • make it more difficult for us to satisfy the terms of our debt obligations;
 • limit our ability to refinance our indebtedness on terms acceptable to us, or at all;
 • limit our flexibility to plan for and to adjust to changing business and market conditions and increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
 • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt, thereby limiting the availability of our cash flow to fund future investments, capital expenditures, working capital, business activities and other general corporate requirements; and
 • increase our vulnerability to adverse economic or industry conditions.
 Our ability to meet expenses and debt service obligations will depend on our future performance, which could be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors. In addition, a breach of any of the covenants in our outstanding debt

 agreements or our inability to comply with the required financial ratios could result in a default under our debt instruments, including the Credit Facility. If an event of default occurs, our creditors could elect to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest, to be immediately due and payable and/or require us to apply all of our available cash to repay borrowings. If we are not able to pay our debt service obligations we may be required to refinance all or part of our debt, sell assets, borrow more money or raise additional equity capital.

 Risks Related to our Intellectual Property and Security Vulnerabilities
 We rely on information technologies and systems to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness, and any failures in our technology infrastructure could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business.
 We depend on the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems used for our platform and apps, customer service, invoicing and billing, communications, fraud detection and administration. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, we will need to continuously improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to offer an increasing number of consumer-enhanced services, features and functionalities, while maintaining and improving the reliability, security and integrity of our systems and infrastructure.
 Our future success also depends on our ability to adapt our services and infrastructure to meet rapidly evolving consumer trends and demands while continuing to improve our platform's performance, features and reliability. We may not be able to maintain our existing systems or replace our current systems or introduce new technologies and systems quickly or cost effectively. Failure to invest in and adapt to technological developments and industry trends may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
 We rely upon third-party service providers, such as cloud service providers, for our application hosting, and we are dependent on these third parties to provide continuous power, cooling, internet connectivity and physical security for computing storage resources, and our reliance on these third-parties can be expected to increase as we expand our infrastructure in the future. In the event that these third-party providers experience any interruption in operations or cease business for any reason, or if we are unable to agree on satisfactory terms for continued hosting relationships, our business could be harmed and we could be forced to enter into a relationship with other service providers or assume hosting responsibilities ourselves. Although our use of distributed systems enables us to provide rapid content delivery to our customers and is intended to mitigate the risks associated with supporting business continuity in the event of an emergency, a system disruption at a third-party hosting service provider could result in a noticeable disruption and performance degradation to our websites.
 Further, our technology infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, power loss, telecommunication failures, terrorist attacks, computer intrusions, vulnerabilities and malware (including viruses and malicious software), software errors, computer denial-of-service attacks and other events. A number of the systems making up this infrastructure are not redundant, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for every eventuality. Our technology infrastructure may fail or be vulnerable to damage or interruption because of actions by third parties or employee error or malfeasance. We may not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to protect us from any and all losses that may result from interruptions in our services as a result of technology infrastructure failures or to cover all contingencies. Any interruption in the availability of our websites and on-line interactions with customers or partners may cause a reduction in customer or partner satisfaction levels, which in turn could cause additional claims, reduced revenue or loss of customers or partners. Despite any precautions we may take, such problems could result in, among other consequences, a loss of customers, loss of confidence in the stability and reliability of our platform, damage to our reputation, and legal liability, all of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
 Technological interruptions that impair access to our web properties or the efficiency of our marketplace could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our web properties and our network infrastructure are critical to our reputation, our ability to attract and retain customers and contributors to our platform and our ability to maintain adequate customer service levels. Any system interruptions that result in the unavailability of our websites could result in negative publicity, damage our reputation and brand or adversely affect our results of operations. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience temporary system interruptions for a variety of reasons, including security breaches and other security incidents, malware (including viruses and malicious software), telecommunication and other network failures, power failures, programming errors, undetected bugs, design faults, data corruption, denial-of-service attacks, poor scalability or network overload from an overwhelming number of visitors trying to reach our websites at the same time. Even a disruption as brief as a few minutes could have a negative impact on our marketplace activities and could result in a loss of revenue. To date we have not had any material disruptions.
 Because some of the causes of system interruptions may be outside of our control, we may not be able to remedy such interruptions in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, we have entered into service level agreements with some of our larger

 customers and strategic partners. Technological interruptions could result in a breach of such agreements and subject us to considerable penalties and could cause our customers to believe our service is unreliable, causing harm to our business, reputation and financial condition.
 We face risks resulting from the content in our collection such as unforeseen costs related to infringement claims, potential liability arising from indemnification claims, changes to intellectual property content regulations and laws and the inability to prevent or monitor misuse.
 Our content is licensed from copyright owners such as photographers, illustrators, videographers and composers who contribute content to our collection and, subject to our licenses with our contributors, we typically offer customers a perpetual, royalty-free license to use the content for their editorial or commercial needs. Although we have implemented measures to review the content that we accept into our collection, we cannot guarantee that each contributor holds the rights or releases he or she claims or that such rights and releases are adequate, which in turn affects the licenses granted to our customer. As a result, we and our customers have been, and in the future will likely be, subject to third-party claims, including intellectual property infringement claims, related to our customers' use of our content.
 Under our license agreements with our contributors, our contributors represent and warrant that they have the right to license content to us. Under our license agreements with our customers, we expressly represent and warrant that unaltered content downloaded and used in compliance with our license agreements and applicable law will not infringe any copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right, violate any third-party's rights of privacy or publicity, violate any U.S. law, be defamatory or libelous, or be pornographic or obscene. We offer our customers indemnification at amounts ranging from $10,000 to $250,000, with exceptions for certain products for which our indemnification obligations are uncapped, for direct damages attributable to our breach of the express representations and warranties contained in our license agreements. However, our contractual maximum liability may not be enforceable in all jurisdictions. The aggregate amount of capped indemnification liability, or the amount of uncapped indemnification liability in individual instances, may be significant. Any customers who seek indemnification claims from us may also discontinue use of our products and services or encourage other customers to discontinue using our products and services, which could harm our business and reputation.
 We are also subject to many federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations related to rights of publicity, rights of privacy, content regulation and intellectual property and we rely on common-law frameworks in order to provide content to our customers. These laws, regulations and frameworks are constantly evolving and may be interpreted, applied, created, or amended in a manner that could seriously harm our business. These legal frameworks are also subject to uncertain judicial interpretation and regulatory and legislative amendments. If the rules around these laws, regulations and doctrines change, if international jurisdictions refuse to apply similar protections, or if a court were to disagree with our application of those rules to our customers' use of content, we and our customers could become subject to third-party claims and we could become subject to significant indemnification liability.
 While we maintain insurance policies to cover potential intellectual property disputes and have not historically incurred any material financial liability as a result of these indemnification obligations individually or in the aggregate, we have incurred, and will expect to continue to incur, expenses related to such claims and related settlements, which may increase over time. If a third-party infringement claim or series of claims is brought against us in excess of our insurance coverage or for uninsured liabilities, our business could suffer. In addition, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts or scope to protect us against all losses.
 Further, unauthorized parties have attempted, and may in the future attempt, to improperly use the content in our collection and such misuse of our content may result in lost revenue and increase our risk of litigation. While we have proactively enforced our intellectual property rights, preventing misuse or infringement of our content is inherently difficult and identifying and policing misuse, whether by contributors or customers, requires exceptional resources and may not always be effective. We rely on intellectual property laws and contractual restrictions to protect our rights and the content in our collection. Certain countries may be very lax in enforcing intellectual property laws or have very onerous and time-consuming requirements to enforce intellectual property rights. Litigation in those countries will likely be costly and ineffective. Consequently, these intellectual property laws afford us only limited protection. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to prevent the unauthorized use of our content or that we will be successful in stopping such use once it is detected.
 Regardless of their merit, intellectual property and indemnification claims are time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle and cause significant diversion of management attention and could severely harm our financial condition and reputation, and adversely affect our business.

 Assertions by third parties of infringement of intellectual property rights related to our technology could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and operating results.
 Internet, technology and media companies are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights or rights related to their use of technology. Some internet, technology and media companies, including some of our competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, which they may use to assert claims against us. Our technology is critical to our business and we have developed proprietary technology and a robust infrastructure to power our products and services. Third parties may in the future assert that the technology we have developed infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates their intellectual property rights, and as we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Such litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenue, and therefore our own issued and pending patents may provide little or no deterrence to these patent owners in bringing intellectual property rights claims against us. Existing laws and regulations are evolving and subject to different interpretations, and various federal and state legislative or regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws or regulations. We cannot guarantee that our technology is not infringing or violating any third-party intellectual property rights or rights related to use of technology.
 We cannot predict whether assertions of third-party intellectual property rights or any infringement or misappropriation or other claims arising from such assertions will substantially harm our business and operating results. If we are forced to defend against any infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit, are settled out of court, or are determined in our favor, we may be required to expend significant time and financial resources on the defense of such claims.
 Furthermore, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys' fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a party's intellectual property; expend additional development resources to redesign our technology; enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, content, or materials; and to indemnify our partners and other third parties. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. In addition, any lawsuits regarding intellectual property rights, regardless of their success, could be expensive to resolve and would divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel.

 We collect, store, process, transmit and use personally identifiable information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, information security and data protection in many jurisdictions. Any cybersecurity breaches or our actual or perceived failure to comply with such legal obligations by us, or by our third-party service providers or partners, could harm our business.
 We currently provide content licensing to customers in more than 150 countries and license content from contributors located in over 100 countries. In connection with providing content licensing, we collect, store, process and use our customers' and contributors' personally identifiable information and other data, and we rely on third parties that are not directly under our control to do so as well. We also collect, store, process, transmit and use our employees' personally identifiable information and other data in connection with their employment. While we take measures intended to protect the security, integrity and confidentiality of the personal information and other sensitive information we collect, store or transmit, we cannot guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure will not occur, or that third parties will not gain unauthorized access to or misuse this information. There have been a number of reported incidents where third-party service providers or partners have used software to access the personal data of their customers' or partners' customers for marketing and other purposes. Our privacy policies and practices prohibit such activities, but our third-party service providers or partners may nevertheless engage in such activity without our knowledge or consent. If we or our third-party service providers or partners were to experience a cybersecurity incident, data breach or disruption, unauthorized access or failure of systems compromising our customers', contributors' or employees' data, or if one of our third-party service providers or partners were to access our customers' personal data without authorization, our brand and reputation could be adversely affected, use of our products could decrease, we could experience business interruption and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation and regulatory proceedings. Depending on the nature of the information compromised in a cybersecurity incident, data breach or disruption or unauthorized access or failure of systems compromising our customers', contributors' or employees' data, we may also have obligations to notify customers, contributors, employees or governmental bodies about the incident and we may need to provide some form of mitigation and relief for the individuals affected. In addition, ongoing rulemaking and the potential for changes to cybersecurity disclosure rules may subject us to enhanced or uncertain requirements. Complying with these obligations could cause us to incur substantial costs, including compliance, crisis management and remediation costs, and receive negative publicity. While we maintain insurance coverage that is designed to address certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses or all types of claims that may arise in the event we experience a cybersecurity incident, data breach, disruption, unauthorized access or failure of systems.

 Regulatory scrutiny of privacy, data collection, use of data and data protection continues to intensify both within the United States and globally. The personal information and other data we collect, store, process and use is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world, especially in Europe. These laws often develop in ways we cannot predict and some laws may be in conflict with one another. This may significantly increase our cost of doing business, particularly as we expand our localization efforts. For example, the GDPR imposes stringent operational requirements for controllers and processors of personal data of individuals in the European Economic Area (the "EEA"), and noncompliance can trigger fines of up to the greater of 20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. Further, following the U.K.'s formal exit from the E.U. in January 2020, we became subject to the GDPR as incorporated into U.K. law. Additionally, although we are making use of the E.U. Standard Contractual Clauses with regard to the transfer of certain personal data to countries outside the EEA recent legal developments in Europe have created complexity and regulatory compliance uncertainty regarding certain transfers of personal information from the EEA to the United States. For example, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union ("CJEU") invalidated the E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework ("Privacy Shield") under which personal information could be transferred from the E.U. to U.S. entities who had self-certified under the Privacy Shield program. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of E.U.-specified standard contractual clauses as an adequate mechanism for cross-border transfers of personal data, it made clear that reliance on them alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that their use must be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the surveillance laws in and the right of individuals afforded by, the destination country. The CJEU went on to state that, if the competent supervisory authority believes that the standard contractual clauses cannot be complied with in the destination country and the required level of protection cannot be secured by other means, such supervisory authority is under an obligation to suspend or prohibit that transfer unless the data exporter has already done so itself.
 To fill the gap left by the invalidation of the Privacy Shield, the U.S. and EU agreed on a legal framework in October 2022 for transferring personal information from the EU to the U.S. ("EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework"). In July 2023, the European Commission issued an adequacy decision on the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework which replaced the Privacy Shield. An entity seeking to transfer personal information under the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework must first self-certify to the U.S. Department of Commerce that it complies with the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework Principles. The protections afford transfers of personal information under the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework was also extended to transfers between the U.S. and U.K. in October 2023.
 We rely on a mixture of mechanisms to transfer personal data from our E.U. business to the U.S. (having previously relied on Privacy Shield) and are evaluating what additional mechanisms may be required to establish adequate safeguards for personal information. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal information export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints, and/or regulatory investigations or fines. Moreover, if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal information between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services and could adversely affect our financial results.
 Several other foreign jurisdictions have adopted or are considering adopting new or updated comprehensive privacy legislation to offer additional data privacy protections for individuals. For example, in Brazil, the General Data Privacy Law, which was signed into law in August 2018 and was subject to enforcement beginning in August 2021, imposes detailed rules for the collection, use, processing and storage of personal data. Similarly, on August 9, 2023, India passed a data protection law that will establish how entities can handle personal data and the rights individuals have over their personal data. Further, data privacy laws have been enacted in a number of jurisdictions, including, but not limited to, the European Union, Illinois and California, which regulate the collection of certain biometric data regarding individuals, including their facial images, and the use of such data, including in facial recognition systems. Private and class plaintiffs have successfully asserted claims in settled litigation relating to the processing and storage of photographs under biometric privacy laws. Similar laws have also been introduced in several additional states. We have entered into certain contractual agreements that may implicate or make use of such technology. Such laws may have the effect of adversely impacting our ability to grow our business in that area. Although we are closely monitoring regulatory developments in this area, any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with any regulatory requirements or orders or other domestic or international privacy or consumer protection-related laws and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others (e.g., class action litigation), subject us to significant penalties and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase our costs and adversely affect our business.
 Data protection legislation is also becoming increasingly common in the United States at both the federal and state level. For example, in June 2018, the State of California enacted the CCPA, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires, among other things, companies that collect personal information about California residents to make new disclosures to those residents about their data collection, use and sharing practices, allows residents to exercise certain rights regarding their personal information (including the right to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties), and provides a private right of action for data breaches. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), which came into effect on January 1, 2023

 (with a look back to January 2022), amends and expands the CCPA to add additional disclosure obligations (including an obligation to disclose retention periods or criteria for categories of personal information), grant consumers additional rights (including rights to correct their data, limit the use and disclosure of sensitive personal information, and opt out of the sharing of personal information for certain targeted behavioral advertising purposes), and establishes a privacy enforcement agency known as the California Privacy Protection Agency ("CPPA"). The CPPA will serve as California's chief privacy regulator, which will likely result in greater regulatory activity and enforcement in the privacy area. Additional comprehensive data privacy laws have become effective in Colorado, Utah, Virginia and Connecticut, and in 2024, data privacy laws in Florida, Oregon, Montana and Texas will take effect creating an evolving climate for data privacy compliance obligations and risks. Five other states (Delaware, Iowa, New Jersey, Tennessee and Indiana) have similar comprehensive data privacy laws set to become effective by 2026. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data. The scope and interpretation of data privacy and cybersecurity regulations continues to evolve, and we believe that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulations in this area is likely in the near future within the U.S. at both state and federal levels. The burdens imposed by the CCPA, the CPRA and other similar laws that may be enacted at the federal and state level may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs in order to investigate, comply and defend against potential private class-action litigation.
 Further, we may be or become subject to data localization laws mandating that data collected in a foreign country be processed and stored only within that country. Russia adopted such a law in 2014, and, in 2018, India introduced a bill, which was updated in December 2019, requiring local storage of certain personal data of Indian data principals. Such data localization requirements may have cost implications for us, impact our ability to utilize the efficiencies and value of our global network, and could affect our strategy. Further, if other countries in which we have customers were to adopt data localization laws, we could be required to expand our data storage facilities there or build new ones in order to comply. The expenditure this would require, as well as costs of ongoing compliance, could harm our financial condition.
 Cybersecurity breaches and improper access to or disclosure of data or confidential information we maintain, or hacking or phishing attacks on our systems, could expose us to liability, protracted and costly litigation, business interruption, and damage our reputation.
 As a global technology business, we and our third-party service providers collect and maintain confidential information and personal data about our employees, customers, contributors and other third parties, in connection with marketplace-related processes on our websites and, in particular, in connection with processing and remitting payments to and from our customers and contributors, and we are therefore exposed to security and fraud-related risks, which are likely to become more challenging as we expand our operations. We also rely heavily on our networks, and on the networks of third-party service providers for the secure storage, processing and transmission of confidential and other information and generally to conduct our business. Although we maintain security features on our websites and utilize encryption and authentication technology, our cybersecurity measures may not detect or prevent all attempts, whether intentional or unintentional, to hack our systems, denial-of-service attacks, malware (including viruses and malicious software), break-ins, phishing attacks, ransomware, other social engineering attacks, cybersecurity breaches or other attacks and disruptions that may jeopardize our networks and the security of information stored in and transmitted by our networks and websites.
 We use third-party service providers, including payment processors and co-location and cloud service vendors for our data centers and application hosting, to operate our business, and their security measures may not prevent cybersecurity incidents and other disruptions that may jeopardize their networks and the security of information stored in and transmitted by their networks. Some of the software and services that we use to operate our business, including our internal e-mail, payment processor and customer relationship management software, are also hosted by third parties. It is possible that our security measures or the security measures of our third-party service providers might be breached due to employee error, inadequate use of cybersecurity controls by customers, contributors or employees, malfeasance, system errors or vulnerabilities, or otherwise. Any such breach or unauthorized access could result in the loss of control of confidential or personal information, disruption to our business operations and significant legal and financial exposure, as well as damage to our reputation, and a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, a significant cybersecurity breach or cyber-attack could result in payment networks prohibiting us from processing transactions on their networks.
 Although cybersecurity and the continued development and enhancement of the processes, practices and controls that are designed to protect our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage, disruption or unauthorized access are a high priority for us, because the techniques used to attack, damage, disrupt or obtain unauthorized access are constantly evolving in sophisticated ways to avoid detection and often are not recognized until launched against a target, our efforts may not be enough to anticipate or prevent a party from circumventing our security measures, or the security measures of our third-party service providers, and accessing and misusing the confidential or personal information of our employees, customers and contributors and / or our networks. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception

 of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose users and customers. We may also be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against such cybersecurity incidents to alleviate problems caused by such incidents. While we continually work to safeguard our internal network systems and validate the security of our third-party providers, to mitigate these potential risks, including through information security policies and employee awareness and training, there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyber-attacks or cybersecurity breaches. Any actual or perceived breach or the perceived threat of an attack or breach, could cause our customers, contributors and other third parties to cease doing business with us, or subject us to lawsuits, regulatory fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, and other costs, including for provision of breach notices and credit monitoring to our customers, and other action or liability, and could lead to business interruption, any of which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.
 Failure to protect our intellectual property could substantially harm our business and operating results.
 We regard our patents, trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights and our other intellectual property rights as critical to our success. We rely on trademark, copyright and patent law, trade secret protection, and non-disclosure agreements and other contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights. We have registered "Shutterstock," "Shutterstock Editorial," "Asset Assurance," "Offset," "Bigstock," "Rex Features," "PremiumBeat," "TurboSquid," "PicMonkey," "Pattern89," "Shotzr," "Pond5," "Splash News," "Shutterstock Studios," "Shutterstock Editor," "Shutterstock. AI" and "Creative Flow," and associated logos and other marks as trademarks in the United States and other jurisdictions and we are the registered owner of the shutterstock.com, bigstock.com, offset.com, premiumbeat.com, rexfeatures.com, turbosquid.com, picmonkey.com, pond5.com, splashnews.com and giphy.com internet domain names and various other related domain names. Effective intellectual property protection for our trademarks and domain names may not be available or practical in every country in which we operate or intend to operate.
 Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights and trade secrets, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our intellectual property, trade secrets and other confidential information, or adopt domain names, trademarks or service names confusingly similar to ours. In order to protect our trade secrets and other confidential information, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with which we have relationships. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of misappropriation of trade secrets or any unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets or other confidential information.
 Policing our intellectual property rights is difficult, costly and may not always be effective. Litigation or proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our patent rights, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and domain names and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others is and will be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. The monitoring and protection of our intellectual property rights may become more difficult, costly and time consuming as we continue to expand internationally, particularly in certain markets, such as China and certain other developing countries in Asia, in which legal protection of intellectual property rights is less robust than in the United States and Europe. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management time, each of which could substantially harm our operating results.
 Much of the software and technologies used to provide our services incorporate, or have been developed with, "open source" software, which may restrict how we use or distribute our services or require that we publicly release certain portions of our source code.
 Much of the software and technologies used to provide our services incorporate, or have been developed with, "open source" software. Such "open source" software may be subject to third-party licenses that impose restrictions on our software and services. Examples of "open source" licenses include the GNU General Public License and GNU Lesser General Public License. Such open source licenses typically require that source code subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. Few courts have interpreted open source licenses, and the way these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to some uncertainty. If portions of our proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our services and technologies and materially and adversely affect our ability to sustain and grow our business. If an author or other third-party that distributes open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our services that contained the open source software and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of some of our services. The use of open source software can also carry security risks arising from unknown vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malware in unanticipated ways, which can lead to disruption and / or harm to operations and protected data.

 Catastrophic events or other interruptions or failures of our information technology systems could hurt our ability to effectively provide our products and services, which could harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business and operating results.
 Our third-party service providers, including cloud service providers could be disrupted by fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, earthquakes, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, acts of God, malware (including viruses and malicious software), physical or electronic break-ins and other similar events or disruptions. Our principal executive offices are located in New York City, a region that has experienced acts of terrorism in the past. Any one of these events could cause system interruption, delays and loss of critical data and could prevent our websites, e-commerce platform and infrastructure from functioning effectively, if at all. Our systems may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability and redundancy to avoid performance delays or outages. Any insufficiency in our redundancy or disaster recovery capabilities could make our products and service offerings less attractive, subject us to liability and could be harmful to our business. In addition, we may have inadequate insurance coverage to compensate for any related loss. Any of these events could damage our reputation and cause a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
 Risks Related to our International Operations
 Our international operations and our continued expansion internationally expose us to many risks.
 Revenues derived from customers outside of the United States comprise a significant portion of our revenues and we seek to expand our international operations to attract customers and contributors in countries other than the United States as a critical element of our business strategy. For each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, approximately 54%, 60% and 66%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from customers located outside of the United States. Our ability to expand our business and attract talented employees, as well as customers and contributors, in an increasing number of international markets requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the challenges of supporting a growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute systems, regulatory systems and commercial infrastructures. If we fail to deploy, manage or oversee our international operations successfully, our business may suffer.
 Our international presence exposes us to additional risks, including risks associated with:
 • modifying our technology and marketing and localizing our offerings for customers' and contributors' preferences, customs and language;
 • legal, political or systemic restrictions on the ability of U.S. companies to do business in foreign countries, including, among others, restrictions imposed by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") on the ability of U.S. companies to do business in certain specified foreign countries or with certain specified organizations and individuals;
 • compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws in other jurisdictions;
 • compliance with foreign laws and regulations, including with respect to disclosure requirements, privacy, consumer and data protection, marketing restrictions, human rights, rights of publicity, intellectual property, technology and content;
 • government regulation of e-commerce and other services and restrictive governmental actions on the distribution of content, such as filtering or removal of content;
 • disturbances in a specific country's or region's political, economic or military conditions, including potential sanctions (e.g., civil, political and economic conditions in markets including but not limited to Russia, Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula);
 • lower levels of consumer spending in foreign countries or lack of adoption of the internet as a medium of commerce;
 • longer payment cycles in some countries, increased credit risk, and higher levels of payment fraud;
 • reduced protection for our or our contributors' intellectual property rights in certain countries;
 • laws that grant rights that may conflict with our business operations;
 • enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
 • difficulty in staffing, developing, managing and overseeing foreign operations as a result of travel distance, language and cultural differences as well as infrastructure, human resources and legal compliance costs;

 • difficulty enforcing contractual rights in our license agreements;
 • potential adverse global tax consequences, especially those that may result from the expected proactive global development of greater efforts to identify, capture and subject to income and transactional tax, e-commerce revenue earned solely via the internet;
 • currency exchange fluctuations, hyperinflation, or devaluation;
 • strains on our financial and other systems to properly comply with, and administer, VAT, withholdings, sales and other taxes; and
 • higher costs associated with doing business internationally.
 These risks may make it impossible or prohibitively expensive to expand to new international markets, delay entry into such markets, or require us to enter into commercial arrangements with local partners, all of which may affect our ability to grow our business. As international e-commerce and other online and web services grow, competition is expected to intensify and local companies may have a substantial competitive advantage because of their greater understanding of, and focus on, the local customer. If we do not effectively enter new international markets, our competitive advantage may be harmed.
 We are subject to foreign exchange risk.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had operations based in a number of territories outside of the United States and a significant portion of our business may be transacted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, including the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar and the Japanese yen. Because our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in the value of the euro, British pound, Australian dollar, Japanese yen and other currencies against the U.S. dollar have had and will continue to have a significant effect on our reported financial results. Exchange rates have been volatile in recent years and such volatility may persist due to economic and political circumstances.
 A decline in the value of any of the foreign currencies in which we receive revenues, including the euro, British pound, Australian dollar and Japanese yen, against the U.S. dollar will tend to reduce our reported revenues and expenses, while an increase in the value of any such foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar will tend to increase our reported revenues and expenses. Variations in exchange rates can significantly affect the comparability of our financial results between financial periods. As we further expand our international operations, our exposure to foreign exchange risk will increase.
 At this time, we do not, but we may in the future, enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in order to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk. It is difficult to predict the impact hedging activities would have on our results of operations and any future actions we may take with respect to hedging our foreign currency exchange risk may be unsuccessful.
 Risks Related to Regulatory and Tax Challenges
 Government regulation of the internet, both in the United States and abroad, is evolving and unfavorable changes could have a negative impact on our business.
 The adoption, modification or interpretation of laws or regulations relating to the internet, e-commerce or other areas of our business could adversely affect how we conduct our business or the overall popularity and growth of internet use. Such laws and regulations may cover a vast array of activities. For example, automatic contract or subscription renewal, credit card fraud and processing, sales, advertising, taxation, tariffs, data privacy, management and storage, cybersecurity, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, electronic contracts, consumer protection, outsourcing, broadband residential internet access, internet neutrality and the characteristics and quality of products or services, and intellectual property ownership and infringement are all subject to jurisdictional laws and regulations. In certain countries, including European jurisdictions in particular, certain of these laws may be more restrictive than in the United States. It is not clear how some existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes, data privacy and security apply to the internet and e-commerce as many of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and do not contemplate or address the unique issues raised by the internet or e-commerce.
 Those laws that relate to the internet are at various stages of development and are subject to amendment, interpretation or repeal by the courts and agencies, and thus, the scope and reach of their applicability can be uncertain. For example, in 2010, California's Automatic Renewal Law went into effect, requiring companies to adhere to enhanced disclosure requirements when entering into automatically renewing contracts with consumers. Several other states have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, consumer protection policies or legal precedents that purport to void or substantially limit the automatic renewal provisions of consumer contracts or free or discounted trial incentives, as well. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in litigation, damage to our reputation, lost business and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, which could impact our operating results.

 Compliance with new regulations or legislation or new interpretations of existing regulations or legislation could cause us to incur additional expenses, make it more difficult to renew subscriptions automatically, require us to display specific disclaimers, require us to obtain consent from users for certain activities, make it more difficult to attract new customers, require us to implement costly security or other measures before users can utilize our services, or otherwise require us to alter our business model, or cause us to divert resources and funds to address government or private investigatory or adversarial proceedings. Further, the law related to the liability of providers of online services for activities of their users is currently unsettled both within the United States and abroad. Claims may also be threatened against us for aiding and abetting, defamation, negligence, copyright or trademark infringement, or other reasons based on the nature and content of information that we collect or use, or to or from which we provide links or that may be posted online. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 Action by governments to restrict access to, or operation of, our services or the content we distribute in their countries could substantially harm our reputation, business and financial results.
 Foreign governments, or internet service providers acting pursuant to foreign government policies or orders, of one or more countries may seek to limit content available through our e-commerce platform in their country, restrict access to our products and services from their country entirely, or impose other restrictions that may affect the accessibility of our services in their country for an extended period of time or indefinitely if our services, or the content we distribute, are deemed to be in violation of their local laws and regulations. For example, domestic internet service providers have previously blocked access to Shutterstock in China and other countries, such as Russia, have previously restricted access to specific content available from the Shutterstock platform. There are substantial uncertainties regarding interpretation of foreign laws and regulations that may limit content available through our platform and we may be forced to significantly change or discontinue our operations in such markets if we were to be found in violation of any new or existing law or regulation. If access to our services is restricted, in whole or in part, in one or more countries or our competitors can successfully penetrate geographic markets that we cannot access, our reputation among our customers, contributors and employees may be negatively impacted, our ability to retain or increase our contributor and customer base may be adversely affected, we may not be able to maintain or grow our revenue as anticipated, and our financial results could be adversely affected.
 Income tax laws or regulations could be enacted or changed and existing income tax laws or regulations could be applied to us in a manner that could increase the costs of our products and services, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 We believe that our worldwide provision for income taxes is reasonable, but our ultimate income tax liability may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements. Any additional income tax liability may have a material adverse effect on our financial results in the period or periods in which such additional liability arises. We have established reserves for such additional income tax liabilities as we believe are appropriate. However, there can be no assurance that our ultimate income tax liability will not exceed those reserves.
 Income tax law and regulatory changes in the U.S., the E.U. and other jurisdictions, including income tax law and regulatory changes that may be enacted by the U.S. federal and state governments or as a result of tax policy recommendations from organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the "OECD"), have and may continue to have an impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Specifically, the enactment of the TCJA has had and may continue to have a significant effect on our financial statements. Certain provisions of the TCJA may be amended by future legislation or, by their terms, are scheduled to change or expire on specified dates. In addition, questions remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the TCJA. Potential regulatory or legislative action to address questions under the TCJA and changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the TCJA could cause uncertainty regarding the effect of the TCJA on our provision for income taxes. Moreover, foreign jurisdictions and administrative bodies that have raised concerns about certain provisions of the TCJA might formally challenge those provisions or adopt legislation contrary to those provisions. Such a response could eliminate or reduce the benefits that we have derived or may derive from the TCJA.
 Fiscal authorities in many foreign jurisdictions have increased their scrutiny of the potential taxation of e-commerce businesses. The OECD, with the support of the G20, initiated the BEPS project in July 2013 in response to concerns that changes are needed to international tax laws to address situations where multinationals may pay little or no tax in certain jurisdictions by shifting profits away from jurisdictions where the activities creating those profits may take place. In November 2015, "final reports" were approved for adoption by the G20 finance ministers. The final reports provide the basis for international standards for corporate taxation that are designed to prevent, among other things, the artificial shifting of income to tax havens and low-tax jurisdictions, hybrid mismatch arrangements, the erosion of the tax base through interest deductions on intercompany debt and the artificial avoidance of permanent establishments (i.e., tax nexus with a jurisdiction). Legislation to adopt and implement these standards has been enacted or is currently under consideration in a number of jurisdictions.

 In May 2019, the OECD published a "Programme of Work," divided into two pillars, which is designed to address the tax challenges created by an increasing digitalized economy. Pillar One would require the largest and most profitable multinational enterprises to allocate a portion of their profits to markets where they derive revenue, regardless of whether they maintain a physical presence in those markets. Initially, the profit allocation rule would apply only to multinational enterprises with more than 20 billion in global annual revenues and a profit margin above 10%. The revenue threshold is expected to be reduced to 10 billion beginning seven years after the effective date of Pillar One.
 Participating countries are expected to implement Pillar One by entering into a multilateral convention. Since various jurisdictions have already enacted or are considering enacting digital services taxes, which could lead to inconsistent and potentially overlapping tax regimes as a result of the profit allocation rule under Pillar One, the multilateral convention would require the removal of existing digital services taxes and prohibit the introduction of new digital services taxes. Until the convention is adopted, however, countries that had previously enacted a digital services tax, may continue to impose their tax. The continued imposition of digital services taxes may have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Pillar Two would subject multinational enterprises with annual revenue of more than 750 million to a global minimum income tax at a rate of 15%. Based on current U.S. income tax law, disparities exist between the U.S. minimum income tax under the global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") rules and the proposed Pillar Two framework. To assist in the implementation of Pillar Two, the OECD published the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules, a detailed model legislation in December 2021, and related commentary in March 2022. The OECD has released additional administrative guidance on the global minimum income tax in February, July and December of 2023. Under the European Union's minimum tax directive, unanimously agreed by the member states in 2022, each member state is required to adopt domestic legislation implementing the minimum tax rules effective for periods beginning on or after December 31, 2023, with the "under-taxed profit rule" to take effect for periods beginning on or after December 31, 2024. Legislatures in multiple countries outside of the European Union have also drafted and/or enacted legislation to implement the OECD's minimum income tax proposal. Given the OECD's continued release of guidance regarding Pillar Two, that only certain jurisdictions have currently enacted laws to give effect to Pillar Two, and that jurisdictions may interpret such laws in different manners, the overall implementation of Pillar Two (and in particular, the adoption of the "under-taxed profit rule" by certain countries in which we and our affiliates do business) remain uncertain and subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis, and could increase our global effective tax rate and have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations.
 We may be exposed to greater than anticipated withholding, sales, use, value added and other non-income tax liabilities, including as a result of future changes in laws or regulations, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to non-income taxes, including withholding, sales, use and value added taxes, in various jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Fiscal authorities in one or more of those jurisdictions may contend that our non-income tax liabilities are greater than the amounts we have accrued and/or reserved for. Moreover, future changes in non-income tax laws or regulations may materially increase our liability for such taxes in future periods.
 Significant judgment is required in determining our exposure for non-income taxes. These determinations are highly complex and require detailed analysis of the available information and applicable statutes and regulatory materials. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Moreover, certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect or pay withholding, sales, use, value added or other non-income taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, and we may be required to collect or pay such taxes in the future.
 We continue to evaluate the impact, if any, of the imposition of sales tax on customer demand for our products and results of operations. Recent legislation has, and will continue to, significantly increase the effort, resources and costs associated with the collection and compliance burden for sales tax.
 The prospective taxation by multiple jurisdictions of e-commerce businesses could also subject us to exposure to withholding, sales, use, value added and other non-income taxes on our past and future transactions in jurisdictions in which we currently are, or in the future may be, required to report taxable transactions. A successful assertion by a jurisdiction that we failed to pay such taxes, or the adoption of new laws requiring the registration for, collection of, and/or payment of such taxes, could result in substantial tax liabilities related to past, current and future sales and other transactions, create increased administrative burdens and costs, discourage customers from purchasing content from us, or otherwise substantially harm our business and results of operations. We are currently subject to and in the future may become subject to additional compliance requirements for certain of those taxes. Where appropriate, we have made accruals for those taxes, which are reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Changes in the estimates or assumptions underlying those accruals could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
 Our operating results may fluctuate, which could cause our results to fall short of expectations and our stock price to decline.
 Our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period to period basis may not be meaningful.
 Because of the risks described in this "Risk Factors" section and others, it is possible that our future results may be below our expectations and the expectations of analysts and investors. In such an event, the price of our common stock may decline significantly.
 Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile.
 The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate substantially. Since 2015, the reported high and low sales prices per share of our common stock have ranged from $25.44 to $128.36 through February 21, 2024. These fluctuations could cause our stockholders to lose all or part of their investment in our common stock since they may be unable to sell their shares at or above the price at which they purchased such shares.
 The trading price of our common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this "Risk Factors" section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include, but are not limited to, the following:
 • changes in projected operational and financial results;
 • announcements about our share repurchase program, including purchases or the suspension of purchases under the program;
 • issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;
 • the use by investors or analysts of third-party data regarding our business that may not reflect our actual performance;
 • fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors or analysts to be comparable to us;
 • the financial guidance we may provide to the public, any changes in such guidance, or our failure to meet such guidance;
 • a reduction in the amount of cash dividends on our common stock, the suspension of those dividends or a failure to meet market expectations regarding dividends;
 • additions or departures of key senior management;
 • our capital allocation strategy;
 • fluctuations in the trading volume of our common stock;
 • limited "public float" in the hands of a small number of investors whose sales (or lack of sales) could result in positive or negative pricing pressure on the market price for our common stock; and
 • general economic and market conditions.
 Furthermore, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In the past, certain companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their common stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

 Jonathan Oringer, our founder and Executive Chairman of the Board, owns and controls approximately 31% of our outstanding shares of common stock, and his ownership percentage may increase, including as a result of any share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. This concentration of ownership may have an effect on matters requiring the approval of our stockholders, including elections to our board of directors and transactions that are otherwise favorable to our stockholders.
 As of February 21, 2024, Jonathan Oringer, our founder, Executive Chairman of the Board, and our largest stockholder, beneficially owned approximately 31% of our outstanding shares of common stock. This concentration of ownership may delay, deter or prevent a change in control, and may make some transactions more difficult or impossible to complete without the support of Mr. Oringer, regardless of the impact of such transaction on our other stockholders. Additionally, Mr. Oringer has significant influence over management and major strategic investments as a result of his position as Executive Chairman of the Board.
 Furthermore, if we purchase additional shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, Mr. Oringer's ownership percentage would increase, and, depending on the magnitude of our repurchases and other factors impacting dilution, could result in his owning a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock. If Mr. Oringer were to own a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, he would have the ability to control the outcome of certain matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of our directors and significant corporate transactions. This could also trigger certain change in control provisions in our employment agreements and agreements relating to certain outstanding equity awards.
 Purchases of shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program may affect the value of our common stock and diminish our cash reserves, and there can be no assurance that our share repurchase program will enhance stockholder value.
 Pursuant to our share repurchase program which was publicly announced in June 2023, we were authorized to repurchase up to $100 million of our outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2023, there was $71.8 million remaining authorization for purchases under the share repurchase program. Our board may authorize additional purchases at any time. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined based on market conditions, share price and other factors, and we are not obligated to repurchase any shares. Repurchases of our shares could increase (or reduce the size of any decrease in) the market price of our common stock at the time of such repurchases. Our board has the right to amend or suspend the share repurchase program at any time or terminate the share repurchase program upon a determination that termination would be in our best interests. Additionally, repurchases under our share repurchase program have diminished and would continue to diminish our cash reserves, which could impact our ability to pursue possible strategic opportunities and acquisitions and could result in lower overall returns on our cash balances. Further, under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a 1% excise tax is imposed on the fair market value of certain stock repurchases at the time of such repurchases, which could increase the cost of repurchasing shares of our common stock. However, for the purposes of calculating excise tax, repurchasing corporations are permitted to net the fair market value of certain new stock issuances against the fair market value of stock repurchases during the same taxable year. In addition, certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance stockholder value, as the market price of our common stock may nevertheless decline.
 If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
 The trading market for our common stock is likely to be influenced by the reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who covers us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
 Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our share price to decline.
 Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their common stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate.
 As of February 21, 2024, we had 35,544,416 shares of common stock outstanding. All shares of our common stock are freely transferable without restriction or registration under the Securities Act, except for shares held by our "affiliates," which remain subject to the restrictions set forth in Rule 144 under the Securities Act.
 We filed registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act covering shares of common stock issuable pursuant to options and shares reserved for future issuance under our 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and our 2012 Omnibus Equity

 Incentive Plan. Shares issued pursuant to such options and plans can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and vesting, subject to the terms of the award agreements delivered under such plans, unless they are held by "affiliates," as that term is defined in Rule 144 of the Securities Act.
 We may also issue our shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, investment or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
 Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.
 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions that:
 • authorize blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;
 • limit the liability of, and provide indemnification to, our directors and officers;
 • limit the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting;
 • require advance notice of stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election to our board of directors;
 • establish a classified board of directors, as a result of which the successors to the directors whose terms have expired will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following their election;
 • require that directors only be removed from office for cause; and
 • limit the determination of the number of directors on our board and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on the board to our board of directors then in office.
 As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without the prior approval of our board of directors and, in certain cases, the vote of two-thirds of the shares not held by such stockholder.
 These provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law, alone or together, could delay or deter hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.
 There can be no assurance that we will declare dividends in the future.
 Beginning in 2020, we have paid a quarterly dividend and currently expect to declare and pay cash dividends on a quarterly basis in the future. Any future dividend payments, however, will be within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our future financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, anticipated cash needs, business prospects, provisions of applicable law and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. We may not have sufficient liquidity in the future to pay dividends on our common stock. As a result, in the future, we may not choose to, or be able to, declare or pay a cash dividend, and we may not achieve an annual dividend rate in any particular amount. In such event, the return, if any, on any investment in our common stock could depend solely on an increase, if any, in the market value of our common stock.
 The reduction or elimination of our cash dividend program could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 We have incurred and expect to continue to incur increased costs and our management will continue to face increased demands as a result of continuously improving our operations as a public company.
 We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant legal, tax, insurance, accounting and other expenses as a result of conducting our operations as a public company. For example, we have continued to upgrade our financial and business processing applications to accommodate the increased volume of products and transactions resulting from our growth to date. If

 we experience delays or difficulties in implementing these systems, or if we otherwise do not effectively manage our growth, we may not be able to execute on our business plan, respond to competitive pressures, take advantage of market opportunities, or satisfy customer requirements, among other things.
 In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations implemented by the SEC and the stock exchanges are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to new and proposed rules and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. Further, there may be uncertainty regarding the implementation of these laws due to changes in the political climate and other factors. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has required and will continue to require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur costs to obtain directors' and officers' insurance as a result of operating as a public company, as well as additional costs necessitated by compliance matters and ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance standards.
 Also, the TCJA amended Section 162(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which denies a publicly held corporation a deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes for compensation paid to certain covered employees to the extent that the compensation for a taxable year exceeds $1 million per employee. Before that amendment, Section 162(m) provided an exception for "performance-based compensation" that met certain requirements. The TCJA eliminated the exception for performance-based compensation, other than for certain arrangements in place before November 2, 2017, and expanded the group of employees covered by the limitation under Section 162(m). The American Rescue Plan Act, enacted on March 11, 2021, further expanded the group of covered employees to include an additional five most highly compensated employees, effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2026.
 These and other increased costs associated with operating as a public company may decrease our net income or increase our net loss and may cause us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services to offset the effect of such increased costs. Additionally, if these requirements divert our management's attention from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or in a timely fashion, and we may not be able to prevent fraud; in such case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our stock.
 As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, expanded disclosure requirements, accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing and maintaining corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal control is necessary for us to provide reliable, timely financial reports and prevent fraud.
 Our testing of our internal controls, or the testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that we would be required to remediate in a timely manner to be able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act each year. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner each year, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange or other regulatory authorities which would require additional financial and management resources and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, if we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
 Risk Management and Strategy

 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying and managing risks from cyber security threats, and our processes to manage risks from cybersecurity threats have been integrated into our overall risk management framework.
 As a foundation of this approach, we have implemented a layered governance structure, and our privacy and cybersecurity risk management systems encompass policies, practices, and procedures for incident responses, information security and vendor management. In order to help develop these policies and procedures, we monitor the privacy and cybersecurity laws, regulations and guidance applicable to us in the regions where we do business including European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), UK Data Protection Law, the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD), the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) and other US state privacy laws, as well as proposed privacy and cybersecurity laws, regulations, guidance and emerging risks.
 We annually undergo a Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance certification process and obtain an attestation through a Qualified Security Assessor (QSA). We have an established bug bounty program and conduct penetration testing as needed to identify vulnerabilities for remediation. With respect to third party service providers, we obligate vendors to adhere to privacy and cybersecurity measures, perform risk assessments of vendors including their ability to protect data from unauthorized access.
 As described in Item 1A "Risk Factors," our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks, as we provide content licensing to customers in more than 150 countries and license content from contributors located in over 100 countries. Computer viruses, hackers, employee or vendor misconduct, and other external hazards could expose our information systems and those of our vendors to security breaches, cybersecurity incidents or other disruptions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business including brand reputation, customer sales, legal impacts, and financial costs. While we have experienced cybersecurity incidents, to date, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents.
 The sophistication of cybersecurity threats, including through the use of artificial intelligence, continues to increase, and the controls and preventative actions we take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity incidents and protect our systems, including the regular testing of our cybersecurity incident response plan, may be insufficient. In addition, new technology that could result in greater operational efficiency such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and machine learning may further expose our computer systems to the risk of cybersecurity incidents.

 Governance

 As part of our overall risk management approach, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels, including Board oversight, executive commitment and employee training. Our Audit Committee, comprised of independent directors from our Board, oversees the Board's responsibilities relating to the operational (including information technology (IT) risks, business continuity and data security) risk affairs of the Company. Our Audit Committee is informed of such risks through quarterly reports from our group Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).
 Our CISO, who has over 20 years of experience in cyber security and technology, oversees the implementation and compliance of our information security standards and mitigation of information security related risks. We also have management level committees and a cybersecurity incident team that support our processes to assess and manage cybersecurity risk as follows:
 • Privacy is co-chaired by the CISO and Assistant General Counsel. They bring IT, cybersecurity, legal, compliance and other function cross-functional members together as needed throughout the year to consider emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and emerging cybersecurity and privacy risks; review cybersecurity and privacy regulations; approve, review and update policies and standards as appropriate; and promote cross-functional collaboration to manage cybersecurity and privacy risks across the enterprise.
 • Our Technology Leadership Team, which includes our group Chief Technology Officer, CISO, Technology Vice Presidents, and members of executive leadership, oversees IT initiatives while considering cybersecurity risk mitigation with respect to these initiatives on a monthly cadence.
 • Our Senior Leadership Team including IT, operations, risk, legal and compliance leaders across business segments, meet quarterly to manage risks from matters related to business continuity including risks posed by cybersecurity threats, and implements controls to mitigate such operational risks. Among other processes, these leaders review the Company's programs and processes related to information security, third party risk, vendor management, facilities, unplanned downtime, business disruption, business continuity and disaster recovery.
 • The Crisis Incident Management Team, which includes senior executives across the Company, is alerted as appropriate to cybersecurity incidents, natural disasters and business outages. Annually, this team assesses its communication plan

 to confirm that its members can be alerted quickly in the event of an actual crisis and meet as a team to discuss the event and response options.
 Each of these committees provides summary reports on their activities, which the CISO communicates as appropriate to the Audit Committee.
 At the employee level, we maintain an experienced information technology team who are tasked with implementing our privacy and cybersecurity program and support the CISO in carrying out reporting, security and mitigation functions. We also hold annual employee trainings on privacy and cybersecurity, records and information management, and generally seek to promote awareness of cybersecurity risk through communication and education of our employee population.

 Item 2. Properties.
 Our corporate headquarters and principal office is located in New York, New York, where we lease approximately 103,000 square feet of office space under a lease agreement, as amended, that expires in 2029. Additionally, we have other office facilities in the United States and abroad related to, among other things, sales and marketing support, technology services and customer service under operating lease agreements that expire on various dates during the period from 2024 through 2029. We do not have any material capital lease obligations, and our property, equipment and software have been purchased with cash.
 We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional or alternative space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to meet our future needs.
 For additional information regarding obligations under operating leases, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
 Although we are not currently a party to any material active litigation, from time to time, third parties assert claims against us regarding intellectual property rights, employment matters, privacy issues and other matters arising during the ordinary course of business. Although we cannot be certain of the outcome of any litigation or the disposition of any claims, nor the amount of damages and exposure, if any, that we could incur, we currently believe that the final disposition of all existing matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we are also subject to periodic threats of lawsuits, investigations and claims. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 Market Information
 Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under the symbol "SSTK."
 Stockholders
 As of February 21, 2024, there were 3 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, this number is not indicative of the total number of stockholders represented by these stockholders of record.
 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
 We did not sell any unregistered equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Dividend Policy
 On February 11, 2020, our Board of Directors approved the initiation of a quarterly cash dividend. We currently expect to continue to pay cash dividends on a quarterly basis in the future. Future declaration of dividends are subject to the final determination of our Board of Directors, and will depend on, among other things, our future financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, anticipated cash needs, business prospects, provisions of applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. The dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at the discretion of our Board of Directors at any time.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 In October 2015, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing us to repurchase up to $100 million of our common stock and in February 2017, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the share repurchase program (collectively, the "2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs"), authorizing us to repurchase up to an additional $100 million of our outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2022, we have fully utilized our authorization for repurchases under the 2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs.
 In June 2023, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "2023 Share Repurchase Program"), providing authorization to repurchase up to $100 million of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased approximately 634,500 shares of our common stock at an average per share cost of $44.45 and as of December 31, 2023, we had $71.8 million of remaining authorization for purchases under the 2023 Share Repurchase Program.
 The table below presents shares of our common stock which we acquired during the three months ended December 31, 2023:

 ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Period
 (a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased
 (b) Average Price Paid Per Share (or Unit)
 (c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)

 (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)

 October 1 - 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —

 November 1 - 30, 2023
 106,787
 44.96
 106,787

 December 1 - 31, 2023
 96,381
 45.66
 96,381

 203,168
 $
 45.29
 203,168
 $
 71,794,311

 _______________________________________________________________________________

 (1) We purchased shares of our common stock in open market purchases pursuant to share repurchases authorized by our Board of Directors. In June 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock. As of December 31, 2023, $71.8 million remained available for purchase under this authorization.

 We expect to fund future repurchases, if any, through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and future financing transactions, if appropriate. Accordingly, our share repurchase program is subject to us having available cash to fund repurchases. Under the share repurchase program, management is authorized to purchase shares of our common stock from time to time through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions at prevailing prices as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors.
 As of December 31, 2023, in total we have repurchased approximately 4.4 million shares of our common stock under the 2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs and the 2023 Share Repurchase Program at an average per-share cost of $51.74.
 Equity Compensation Plan Information
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Performance Graph
 The graph below matches Shutterstock, Inc.'s cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NYSE Composite index and the S&P Internet Software & Services Select index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 12/31/2018 to 12/31/2023.

 12/2018
 12/2019
 12/2020
 12/2021
 12/2022
 12/2023

 Shutterstock, Inc.

 100.00

 119.08
 202.07
 315.16
 152.18
 142.39

 NYSE Composite

 100.00

 125.51
 134.28
 162.04
 146.89
 167.12

 S&P Software & Services Select Industry

 100.00

 135.93
 207.60
 224.16
 147.51
 204.92

 The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

 Item 6. Reserved

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this filing. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements including statements about our plans, estimates and beliefs. These statements involve risks and uncertainties and our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements. See "Forward Looking Statements" above. See also the "Risk Factors" disclosure in Item 1A above for additional discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.

 Overview and Recent Developments
 Shutterstock is a leading global creative platform connecting brands and businesses to high quality content.
 Our platform brings together users and contributors of content by providing readily-searchable content that our customers pay to license and by compensating contributors as their content is licensed. Contributors upload their content to our web properties in exchange for royalty payments based on customer download activity. Beyond content, customers also leverage the Company's platform to assist with the entire creative process from ideation through creative execution.
 Digital content licensed to our customers for their creative needs includes images, footage, music, and 3D models (our "Content" offering). Our Content revenues represent the majority of the Company's business and are supported by our searchable creative platform and driven by our large contributor network.
 In addition, our customers have needs that are beyond traditional content license products and services. These include (i) licenses to metadata associated with our images, footage, music tracks and 3D models through our data offering, (ii) distribution and advertising services from our Giphy business, which consists of GIFs (graphics interchange format visuals) that serve as a critical ingredient in text- and message- based conversations and in contextual advertising settings, (iii) specialized solutions for high-quality content matched with production tools and services through Shutterstock Studios and (iv) other tailored white-glove services (collectively, our "Data, Distribution, and Services" offerings).
 The Company's Content and Data, Distribution, and Services offering revenues are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Content
 $
 737,264
 $
 789,306
 $
 757,470

 Data, Distribution, and Services
 137,323
 38,520
 15,945

 Total Revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Our Content Offering:
 Our Content offering include:
 • Images - consisting of photographs, vectors and illustrations. Images are typically used in visual communications, such as websites, digital and print marketing materials, corporate communications, books, publications and other similar uses.
 • Footage - consisting of video clips, premium footage filmed by industry experts and cinema grade video effects, available in HD and 4K formats. Footage is often integrated into websites, social media, marketing campaigns and cinematic productions.
 • Music - consisting of high-quality music tracks and sound effects, which are often used to complement images and footage.
 •3 Dimensional ("3D") Models - consisting of 3D models, used in a variety of industries such as advertising, media and video production, gaming, retail, education, design and architecture.
 • Generative AI Content - consisting of images generated from algorithms trained with high-quality, ethically sourced content. Customers can generate images by entering a description of their desired content into model prompts.
 Our Content is distributed to customers under the following brands: Shutterstock; Pond5; TurboSquid; PicMonkey; PremiumBeat; Splash News; Bigstock; and Offset.

 Shutterstock, our flagship brand, includes various content types such as image, footage, music and editorial. For customers seeking specialized solutions, Shutterstock Studios extends our offerings by providing custom, high-quality content matched with production tools and services at scale.
 Pond5 is a video-first content marketplace which expands the Company's content offerings across footage, image and music. TurboSquid operates a marketplace that offers more than one million 3D models and a 2 dimensional ("2D") marketplace derived from 3D objects. PicMonkey is a leading online graphic design and image editing platform. PremiumBeat offers exclusive high-quality music tracks and provides producers, filmmakers and marketers the ability to search handpicked production music from the world's leading composers. Splash News provides editorial image and video content across celebrity and red carpet events. Bigstock maintains a separate content library tailored for creators seeking to incorporate cost-effective imagery into their projects. Our Offset brand provides authentic and exceptional content for high-impact use cases that require extraordinary images, featuring work from top assignment photographers and illustrators from around the world.
 Signature capabilities include:
 • Magic Brush - Magically modify an image by brushing over the areas you'd like to change and simply describing what you want to add, replace or erase.
 • Variations - Generate alternate options of any stock or AI-generated image.
 • Expand Image - Broaden the view of any image, as easily as if zooming out through a camera lens, to see more of the scene behind the central image.
 • Smart Resize - Automatically change the shape of your image to match the dimensions you need.
 • Background Remover - Remove or replace the background with any scene when the subject of an image is perfect, but the background is not.
 • AI Image Generator - Allows anyone to create high-quality, ethically-sourced visuals in seconds (ready for licensing and indemnifiable for commercial use) by simply describing what they are looking for.
 Over 2.0 million active, paying customers contributed to our revenue in 2023. Our contributors made their images, footage and music tracks available in our collection, which has grown to 771 million images and 54 million footage clips as of December 31, 2023. This makes our collection of content one of the largest of its kind, and we delivered 153.0 million paid downloads to our customers across all of our brands during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Contributors of Content typically earn a royalty each time their work is licensed. Content contributors generally earn royalties based on our published earnings schedule that is based on annual licensing volume, which determines the contributor's earnings tier and the purchase option under which the content was licensed. Royalties represent the largest component of our operating expenses, are reported within cost of revenue, tend to fluctuate proportionately with revenue and paid downloads and may be impacted by the mix of products sold.
 As the use cases for our creative solutions expand, we believe our customers are seeking alternative means to consume our offerings. As a result, we have seen demand for our monthly subscription products. Our monthly subscriptions provide for either a fixed number of content licenses or credits that may be used to download content during the period. Our subscription-based pricing model makes the creative process easier because customers can download content in our collection for use in their creative process without incremental costs, which provides greater creative freedom and helps improve work product. In addition, customers may also purchase licenses through other contractual plans where the customer commits to buy a predetermined quantity of content licenses that may be downloaded over a period of time, generally between one month to one year. For users who need less content, individual content licenses may also be purchased on a transactional basis, paid for at the time of download.
 Our Data, Distribution, and Services offering address customer demand for products and services that are beyond our Content licenses. These products and services include, among other things, the use of our metadata, leveraging our Giphy, Inc. platform, and customized Shutterstock Studios offerings.
 We have seen increased demand for access to our metadata for machine learning and generative artificial intelligence model training. We offer ethically sourced and licenseable metadata at industry leading scales and quality. Our metadata customer base ranges from large technology and media companies to smaller start-up organizations.
 In 2023, we completed our acquisition of Giphy, Inc. ("Giphy"). Giphy is a content platform that allows users to personalize casual conversations with GIFs, and generates billions of monthly impressions through over 14,000 API partners. We believe customers in all industries will look to use Giphy in marketing campaigns as another advertising outlet.

 Our Data, Distribution, and Services offering also includes high-quality production and custom content at scale provided by Shutterstock Studios ("Studios"). Studios is a cost-effective solution for brands and agencies looking to meet their content needs and create fresh dynamic digital assets. Customers can bring an idea, and our Studios team will provide a 360-degree content creation solution. We offer a whole spectrum of services at pre-production, production, live production and post-production stages.

 Key Operating Metrics
 In addition to key financial metrics, we regularly review a number of key operating metrics to evaluate our business, determine the allocation of resources and make decisions regarding business strategies. We believe that these metrics can be useful for understanding the underlying trends in our business.
 Subscribers, subscriber revenue and average revenue per customer from acquisitions are included in these metrics beginning twelve months after the closing of the respective business combination. Accordingly, the metrics include Subscribers, Subscriber revenue, and Average revenue per customer from TurboSquid beginning February 2022, from PicMonkey beginning September 2022, and from Pond5 and Splash News beginning May 2023. These metrics exclude the respective counts and revenues from Giphy.
 Subscribers
 We define subscribers as those customers who purchase one or more of our monthly recurring products for a continuous period of at least three months, measured as of the end of the reporting period. We believe the number of subscribers is an important metric that provides insight into our monthly recurring business. We believe that an increase in our number of subscribers is an indicator of engagement in our platform and potential for future growth.
 Subscriber Revenue
 We define subscriber revenue as the revenue generated from subscribers during the period. We believe subscriber revenue, together with our number of subscribers, provide insight into the portion of our business driven by our monthly recurring products.
 Average Revenue Per Customer
 Average revenue per customer is calculated by dividing total revenue for the last twelve-month period by customers. We define customers as total active, paying customers that contributed to total revenue over the last twelve-month period. Changes in our average revenue per customer will be driven by changes in the mix of our subscription-based and transactional products as well as pricing in our transactional business.
 Paid Downloads
 We define paid downloads as the number of downloads that our customers make in a given period of our content. Paid downloads exclude content related to our Studios business, downloads of content that are offered to customers for no charge (including our free trials), and downloads associated with our data offering. Measuring the number of paid downloads that our customers make in a given period is important because it is a measure of customer engagement on our platform and triggers the recognition of revenue and contributor royalties.
 Revenue per Download
 We define revenue per download as the amount of revenue recognized in a given period divided by the number of paid downloads in that period excluding revenue from our Studios business, revenue that is not derived from or associated with content licenses and revenue associated with our data offering. This metric captures any changes in our pricing, including changes resulting from the impact of competitive pressures, as well as the mix of licensing options that our customers choose, some of which generate more revenue per download than others, and the impact that changes in foreign currency rates have on our pricing. Changes in revenue per download are primarily driven by the introduction of new product offerings, changes in product and sales channel mix and customer utilization of our products.
 Content in our Collection
 We define content in our collection as the total number of approved images (photographs, vectors and illustrations) and footage (in number of clips) in our library at the end of the period. We exclude content from this collection metric that is not uploaded directly to our site but is available for license by our customers through an application program interface, content from our Studios business and AI generated content. Prior to December 31, 2022, this metric only included approved images

 and footage clips in our library on shutterstock.com at the end of the period. We believe that our large selection of high-quality content enables us to attract and retain customers and drives our network effect.
 The following table summarizes our key operating metrics, which are unaudited, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Subscribers (end of period)1

 523,000
 586,000
 343,000

 Subscriber revenue (in millions)1

 $
 351.5
 $
 346.6
 $
 317.5

 Average revenue per customer (last twelve months)1

 $
 $
 $

 Paid downloads (in millions)
 153.0
 173.3
 180.0

 Revenue per download
 $
 4.72
 $
 4.40
 $
 4.16

 Content in our collection (end of period, in millions)

 Images

 Footage clips

 ___________________________________________________
 1 Subscribers, Subscriber Revenue and Average Revenue Per Customer from acquisitions are included in these metrics beginning twelve months after the closing of the respective business combination. Accordingly, the metrics include Subscribers, Subscriber revenue, and Average revenue per customer from TurboSquid beginning February 2022, from PicMonkey beginning September 2022, and from Pond5 and Splash News beginning May 2023. These metrics exclude the respective counts and revenues from our acquisition of Giphy.

 Basis of Presentation
 A significant portion of our revenues are earned from licensing content. Content licenses are generally purchased on a monthly or annual subscription basis, whereby a customer pays for a predetermined quantity of content that may be downloaded over a specific period of time, or, on a transactional basis, whereby a customer pays for individual content licenses at the time of download. We also generate revenue from tools made available through our platform.
 For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price is determined based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately, or if not observable through past transactions, is estimated taking into account available information including internally approved pricing guidelines and pricing information of comparable products.
 We recognize revenue upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. For content licenses, we recognize revenue on both our subscription-based and transaction-based products when content is downloaded by a customer, at which time the license is provided. In addition, management estimates expected unused licenses for subscription-based products and recognizes the estimated revenue associated with the unused licenses as digital content is downloaded and licenses are obtained for such content by the customer during the subscription period. The estimate of unused licenses is based on historical download activity and future changes in the estimate could impact the timing of revenue recognition of our subscription products. For revenue associated with tools available through our platform, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. We expense contract acquisition costs as incurred, to the extent that the amortization period would otherwise be one year or less.
 Collectability is probable at the time the electronic order or contract is entered. A significant portion of our customers purchase products by making electronic payments with a credit card at the time of the transaction. Customer payments received in advance of revenue recognition are contract liabilities and are recorded as deferred revenue. Customers that do not pay in advance are invoiced and are required to make payments under standard credit terms. Collectability for customers who pay on credit terms allowing for payment beyond the date at which service commences, is based on a credit evaluation for certain new customers and transaction history with existing customers.
 We recognize revenue gross of contributor royalties because we are the principal in the transaction as we are the party responsible for the performance obligation and control the product or service before transferring it to the customer. We also license content to customers through third-party resellers. Third-party resellers sell our products directly to customers as the principal in those transactions. Accordingly, we recognize revenue net of costs paid to resellers.

 Costs and Expenses
 Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of royalties paid to contributors, credit card processing fees, content review costs, customer service expenses, infrastructure and hosting costs related to maintaining our creative platform and cloud-based software platform, depreciation and amortization of capitalized internal-use software, purchased content and acquisition-related intangible assets, allocated facility costs and other supporting overhead costs. Cost of revenue also includes employee compensation, including non-cash equity-based compensation, bonuses and benefits associated with the maintenance of our creative platform and cloud-based software platform.
 Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses include third-party marketing, advertising, branding, public relations and sales expenses. Sales and marketing expenses also include associated employee compensation, including non-cash equity-based compensation, bonuses and benefits, and commissions as well as allocated facility and other supporting overhead costs.
 Product Development. Product development expenses consist of employee compensation, including non-cash equity-based compensation, bonuses and benefits, and expenses related to vendors engaged in product management, design, development and testing of our websites and products. Product development costs also includes software and other IT equipment costs, allocated facility expenses and other supporting overhead costs.
 General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses include employee compensation, including non-cash equity-based compensation, bonuses and benefits for executive, finance, accounting, legal, human resources, internal information technology, internet security, business intelligence and other administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include outside legal, tax and accounting services, bad debt expense, insurance, facilities costs, other supporting overhead costs and depreciation and amortization expense.
 Impairment of Lease and Related Assets. Impairment of lease and related assets includes impairment charges related to a portion of the Company's right-of-use assets and property and equipment triggered by the decision to cease using certain office spaces.
 Bargain Purchase Gain. A bargain purchase gain is recognized subsequent to an acquisition, if the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceeds the net consideration.
 Other (Expense) / Income, Net. Other (expense) / income, net consists of non-operating costs such as foreign currency transaction gains and losses, in addition to interest income and expense.
 Income Taxes. We compute income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted statutory income tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

 Results of Operations
 The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated. The period-to-period comparisons of results are not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 $
 $
 $

 352,630
 314,306
 277,659

 214,749
 203,154
 204,878

 96,162
 65,434
 52,014

 142,646
 132,644
 130,758

 —
 —

 806,187
 734,202
 665,309

 68,400
 93,624
 108,106

 —
 —

 3,807
 (2,587)
 (3,370)

 104,736

 $
 $
 $

 The following table presents the components of our results of operations for the periods indicated as a percentage of revenue:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 —
 %
 %
 —
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
 The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 $ Change
 % Change

 Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

 $
 $
 $
 46,761
 %

 352,630
 314,306
 38,324

 214,749
 203,154
 11,595

 96,162
 65,434
 30,728

 142,646
 132,644
 10,002

 —
 (18,664)
 *

 806,187
 734,202
 71,985

 68,400
 93,624
 (25,224)
 (27)

 —
 *

 3,807
 (2,587)
 6,394
 (247)

 31,431

 (2,735)
 (18)

 $
 $
 $
 34,166
 %

 * Not meaningful

 Revenue increased by $46.8 million, or 6%, to $874.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased approximately 5% in the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 2022.
 Content license revenues decreased by 7%, to $737.3 million in 2023, as compared to 2022. On a constant currency basis, Content license revenues decreased by 7% in 2023, as compared to 2022. The decline in our Content license revenues was driven by weakness in new customer acquisition, partially offset by increases in Pond5. Pond5 contributed to revenues for the full year in 2023 compared to seven months in 2022.
 Data, Distribution, and Services revenues increased by 256%, to $137.3 million in 2023, as compared to 2022, and increased by 256% in 2023 on a constant currency basis. The increase in Data, Distribution, and Services revenues was primarily driven by growth in our data offering, which accounted for $84.9 million of the growth from 2022 to 2023 and $10.5 million of revenue generated from Giphy.
 2023 revenue from our E-commerce customers decreased by 12%, to $439.9 million in 2023, as compared to 2022. E-commerce revenues were not impacted on a constant currency basis in 2023. The decline in our E-commerce revenues was driven by weakness in new customer acquisition, partially offset by revenues generated from our acquisition of Pond5, which contributed to revenues for the full year in 2023.
 2023 revenues from our Enterprise customers increased by 33%, to $434.6 million in 2023, as compared to 2022. Enterprise revenues were not impacted on a constant currency basis in 2023. The increase in Enterprise revenues was primarily driven by growth in our data offering, revenue generated from our acquisitions of Pond5 and Splash News, which contributed to revenues for the full year in 2023 and revenue generated from Giphy.
 In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we delivered 153.0 million and 173.3 million paid downloads, respectively, and our revenue per download was $4.72 in 2023 compared to $4.40 in 2022. During 2023, the decline in paid downloads is attributed to the decline in the E-commerce business.
 Changes in our revenue by region were as follows: revenue from North America increased by $74.5 million, or 21%, to $427.7 million, revenue from Europe decreased by $12.0 million, or 5%, to $231.0 million and revenue from outside Europe

 and North America decreased by $15.8 million, or 7%, to $215.8 million, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022.

 Cost and Expenses
 Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue increased by $38.3 million, or 12%, to $352.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. As a percent of revenue, cost of revenues increased to 40% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 38% for 2022. This increase was primarily driven by: (i) increased depreciation and amortization expense driven by our recent acquisitions; (ii) increased royalty, content and reviewer costs; (iii) higher costs associated with website hosting, hardware and software licenses; and (iv) Giphy employee-related costs comprised of $4.9 million of recurring Giphy Retention Compensation and $4.3 million of non-recurring Giphy Retention Compensation. We expect that our cost of revenue will continue to fluctuate in line with changes in revenue.
 Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $11.6 million, or 6%, to $214.7 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. As a percent of revenue, sales and marketing expenses was 25% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by (i) $5.1 million in higher employee-related costs; (ii) $3.1 million in higher consultant costs; and (iii) Giphy employee-related costs comprised of $1.4 million of recurring Giphy Retention Compensation and $1.0 million of non-recurring Giphy Retention Compensation not considered necessary to operate our business. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to fluctuate as we optimize our sales channels and invest in new customer acquisition, products and geographies.
 Product Development. Product development expenses increased by $30.7 million, or 47%, to $96.2 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. This increase was primarily driven by (i) Giphy employee-related costs comprised of $5.5 million of recurring Giphy Retention Compensation, net of capitalized labor and $20.9 million of non-recurring Giphy Retention Compensation not considered necessary to operate our business and (ii) $2.8 million in higher non-cash compensation expense. We expect product development expenses, of which a portion will be capitalized, to continue in the foreseeable future, as we pursue opportunities to invest in developing new products and internal tools and enhance the functionality of our existing products and technologies.
 General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $10.0 million, or 8%, to $142.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. This increase was primarily driven by (i) $7.9 million in higher non-cash equity-based compensation expense and (ii) Giphy employee-related costs comprised of $1.8 million of recurring Giphy Retention Compensation, net of capitalized labor and $5.4 million of non-recurring Giphy Retention Compensation not considered necessary to operate our business. These increases are partially offset by $1.4 million in lower occupancy costs and $1.2 million in lower professional fees. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, general and administrative expenses included $3.0 million and $3.9 million in transaction costs related to the Giphy and Pond5 acquisitions, respectively.
 Bargain Purchase Gain. We recognized a bargain purchase gain of $50.3 million in 2023 related to the acquisition of Giphy, which represents the excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired in addition to the net negative purchase price.
 Impairment of Lease and Related Assets. Impairment of lease and related assets was $18.7 million in 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company completed an analysis of leased-office usage and (i) ceased using certain of its office space, including two floors of its headquarters in New York City as well as (ii) abandoned certain other smaller office spaces. This resulted in an $18.7 million impairment charge, of which $15.9 million and $2.8 million relates to right-of-use assets and property and equipment, respectively. There was no impairment of lease and related assets in 2023.
 Other income / (expense), net. During 2023, other income / (expense), net substantially consisted of $4.8 million of interest income and $0.9 million of favorable unrealized foreign currency fluctuations, partially offset by $1.9 million of interest expense related to our credit facility. As we increase the volume of business transacted in foreign currencies resulting from international expansion and as currency rates fluctuate, we expect foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate.
 During 2022, other income / (expense), net substantially consisted of $1.3 million of expense due to foreign currency fluctuations and $1.3 million of interest expense related to the Credit Facility.
 Income Taxes. Income tax expense decreased by $2.7 million, to $12.2 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. Our effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately 10.0% and 16.4%, respectively.

 The 2023 effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to the non-taxable bargain purchase gain associated with the acquisition of Giphy, the effect of the U.S. Research and Development ("R&D") tax credit, and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction. The 2022 effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of the U.S. R&D tax credit and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction.

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
 The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated:

 2022
 2021
 $ Change
 % Change

 Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

 $
 $
 $
 54,411
 %

 314,306
 277,659
 36,647

 203,154
 204,878
 (1,724)
 (1)

 65,434
 52,014
 13,420

 132,644
 130,758
 1,886

 Impairment of long-lived assets
 —
 *

 734,202
 665,309
 68,893

 93,624
 108,106
 (14,482)
 (13)

 Other expense, net
 (2,587)
 (3,370)
 (23)

 104,736
 (13,699)
 (13)

 2,081

 $
 $
 $
 (15,780)
 (17)
 %

 * Not meaningful
 Revenue increased by $54.4 million, or 7%, to $827.8 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased approximately 11% in the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 2021. Approximately 18% and 7% of the Company's revenues were denominated in Euro and Pounds Sterling, respectively. These currencies have depreciated to historically low values compared to the U.S. dollar during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. Other currencies we transact in, including the Japanese Yen and Australian Dollar also depreciated significantly during the period.
 Content license revenues increased by 4%, to $789.3 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. On a constant currency basis, Content revenues increased by 8% in 2022, as compared to 2021. During 2022, growth in our Content offering was driven by revenue generated from our acquisitions of PicMonkey and Pond5. Content revenue also benefited from higher subscriber revenue, which was offset by a reduction in revenue generated from our transactional products.
 Data, Distribution, and Services revenues increased by 142%, to $38.5 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. On a constant currency basis, Data, Distribution, and Services revenues increased by 144% in 2022, as compared to 2021. The increase in Data, Distribution, and Services revenues was primarily driven by growth in our data offering, which accounted for $15.2 million of the growth from 2021 to 2022. Data, Distribution, and Services revenue growth also benefited from continued momentum in Shutterstock Studios.
 2022 revenue from our E-commerce customers increased by 2%, to $501.4 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. On a constant currency basis, E-commerce revenues increased by 5% in 2022, as compared to 2021. During 2022, growth in our E-commerce sales channel was driven by revenue generated from our acquisitions of PicMonkey and Pond5. E-commerce revenue also benefited from higher subscriber revenue, which was offset by a reduction in revenue generated from our transactional products.

 2022 revenues from our Enterprise customers increased by 15%, to $326.4 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. On a constant currency basis, Enterprise revenues increased by 20% in 2022, as compared to 2021. The increase in Enterprise revenues was primarily driven by growth in our data offering, in addition to revenue generated from our acquisitions of Pond5 and Splash News. Enterprise revenue growth also benefited from continued momentum in Shutterstock Studios and Shutterstock Editorial.
 In the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we delivered 173.3 million and 180.0 million paid downloads, respectively, and our revenue per download was $4.40 in 2022, as compared to $4.16 in 2021. During 2022, the 6% increase in revenue per download is primarily due to changes in product mix coupled with a reduction in paid download volumes.
 Changes in our revenue by region were as follows: revenue from North America increased by $62.2 million, or 21%, to $353.2 million, revenue from Europe decreased by $10.5 million, or 4%, to $243.0 million and revenue from outside Europe and North America increased by $2.6 million, or 1%, to $231.6 million, in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021.

 Cost and Expenses
 Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue increased by $36.6 million, or 13%, to $314.3 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. As a percent of revenue, cost of revenues increased to 38% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from 36% for 2021. This increase was primarily driven by: (i) increased depreciation and amortization expense driven by our recent acquisitions; (ii) increased royalty, content and reviewer costs; and (iii) higher costs associated with website hosting, hardware and software licenses. We expect that our cost of revenue will continue to fluctuate in line with changes in revenue and paid downloads.
 Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $1.7 million, or 1%, to $203.2 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. As a percent of revenue, sales and marketing expenses decreased to 25% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from 26% for 2021. The decrease in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by $15.7 million in lower marketing spend, partially offset by $5.2 million in higher employee-related costs and $2.6 million in higher non-cash compensation expense. In addition, the Company has incurred additional marketing expenses associated with second quarter live events and festivals. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to fluctuate as we optimize our sales channels and invest in new customer acquisition, products and geographies.
 Product Development. Product development expenses increased by $13.4 million, or 26%, to $65.4 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. This increase was primarily driven by (i) $6.3 million in higher employee and third-party contractor related costs, net of capitalized labor for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, (ii) $3.7 million in higher non-cash compensation expense and (iii) increased software and other IT-related costs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. We expect product development expenses, of which a portion will be capitalized, to continue in the foreseeable future, as we pursue opportunities to invest in developing new products and internal tools and enhance the functionality of our existing products and technologies.
 General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $1.9 million, or 1%, to $132.6 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. This increase was primarily driven by (i) $4.3 million in professional fees related to our acquisitions of Pond5 and Splash News, (ii) $3.6 million increase in bad debt expense; (iii) $1.8 million related to realized foreign currency losses, (iv) $1.6 million in severance costs associated with a strategic workforce optimization initiative; and (v) $1 million related to a donation to provide direct assistance to Shutterstock's contributors in Ukraine. These increases were partially offset by (i) $6.9 million in lower non-cash compensation expense related to the departure of certain executives and expense associated with certain performance based awards, (ii) $1.9 million in lower depreciation and amortization expense and (iii) $1.2 million in lower employee-related costs.
 Impairment of Lease and Related Assets. Impairment of lease and related assets was $18.7 million in 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company completed an analysis of leased-office usage and (i) ceased using certain of its office space, including two floors of its headquarters in New York City as well as (ii) abandoned certain other smaller office spaces. This resulted in an $18.7 million impairment charge, of which $15.9 million and $2.8 million relates to right-of-use assets and property and equipment, respectively.
 Other expense, net. During 2022, other expense, net substantially consisted of $1.3 million of expense due to foreign currency fluctuations and $1.3 million of interest expense related to the Credit Facility. As we increase the volume of business transacted in foreign currencies resulting from international expansion and as currency rates fluctuate, we expect foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate.
 During 2021, other expense, net substantially consisted of $3.3 million of expense due to foreign currency fluctuations.

 Income Taxes. Income tax expense increased by $2.1 million, to $14.9 million in 2022 as compared to 2021. Our effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately 16.4% and 12.3%, respectively.
 The 2022 effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of the U.S. R&D tax credit and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction. The 2021 effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the foreign-derived intangible income deduction and the impact of a capital loss transaction.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $100.5 million, which primarily consisted of bank balances. Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows generated from operations. In addition, if necessary, we have the ability to draw on our credit facility, which was obtained on May 6, 2022.
 Historically, our principal uses of cash have included funding our operations, capital expenditures, content acquisitions, business combinations and asset acquisitions that enhance our strategic position, cash dividend payments and share purchases under our share repurchase program. We plan to finance our operations, capital expenditures and corporate actions largely through cash generated by our operations and our credit facility. Since our results of operations are sensitive to the level of competition we face, increased competition could adversely affect our liquidity and capital resources.
 Dividends
 We declared and paid cash dividends of $1.08 per share of common stock, or $38.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 On January 29, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per share of outstanding common stock payable on March 14, 2024 to stockholders of record at the close of business on February 29, 2024. The Company currently expects to continue to pay comparable cash dividends on a quarterly basis in the future. Future declarations of dividends are subject to the final determination of our Board of Directors, and will depend on, among other things, our future financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, anticipated cash needs, business prospects, provisions of applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
 Share Repurchase Program
 In October 2015, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing us to repurchase up to $100 million of our common stock and in February 2017, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the share repurchase program (collectively, the "2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs"), authorizing us to repurchase up to an additional $100 million of our outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2022, we have fully utilized our authorization for repurchases under the 2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs.
 In June 2023, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "2023 Share Repurchase Program"), providing authorization to repurchase up to $100 million of our common stock.
 We expect to fund future repurchases, if any, through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and future financing transactions, if appropriate. Accordingly, our share repurchase program is subject to us having available cash to fund repurchases. Under the share repurchase program, management is authorized to purchase shares of our common stock from time to time through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions at prevailing prices as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors.
 As of December 31, 2023, we have repurchased approximately 4.4 million shares of our common stock under the share repurchase program at an average per-share cost of $51.74. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased approximately 634,500 shares of our common stock at an average per share cost of $44.45. As of December 31, 2023, we had $71.8 million of remaining authorization for purchases under the 2023 Share Repurchase Program.

 Revolving Credit Facility
 On May 6, 2022, we entered into a five-year $100 million unsecured revolving loan facility (the "Credit Facility") with Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and other lenders. The Credit Facility includes a letter of credit sub-facility and a swingline facility and it also permits, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, up to $100 million of additional revolving loan commitments with the consent of the Administrative Agent.
 At our option, revolving loans accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.125% to 0.500%, determined based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") (for interest periods of 1, 3 or 6 months) plus a margin ranging from 1.125% to 1.5%, determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. We are also required to pay an unused commitment fee ranging from 0.150% to 0.225%, determined based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. In connection with the execution of this agreement, we paid debt issuance costs of approximately $0.6 million.
 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $30 million and $50 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had a remaining borrowing capacity of $67 million, net of standby letters of credit. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid cash interest totaling $1.7 million and our annualized interest rate was 5.8%.
 The Credit Facility contains financial covenants and requirements restricting certain of our activities, which are usual and customary for this type of loan. We are also required to maintain compliance with a consolidated leverage ratio and a consolidated interest coverage ratio, in each case, determined in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, we are in compliance with these covenants.

 Sources and Uses of Funds
 We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our cash and cash equivalents, and cash from operations, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Our longer-term liquidity is contingent upon future operating performance. Future capital expenditures will generally relate to building enhancements to the functionality of our current platform, the acquisition of additional storage, servers, network connectivity hardware, security apparatus and software, leasehold improvements and furniture and fixtures related to office expansion and relocation, content and general corporate infrastructure.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $82 million in unconditional cash obligations, consisting primarily of purchase obligations related to contracts for cloud-based services, infrastructure and other business services as well as minimum royalty guarantees in connection with certain content licenses, of which the majority is due to be paid within the next two years. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $45 million in operating lease obligations with lease payments extending through 2029.
 See Notes 15 and 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our lease and other non-lease commitments, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.
 Cash Flows
 The following table summarizes our cash flow data for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 140,552
 $
 158,451
 $
 216,372

 Net cash used in investing activities
 $
 (54,316)
 $
 (275,550)
 $
 (250,438)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 $
 (102,704)
 $
 (79,487)
 $
 (77,722)

 Operating Activities
 Our primary source of cash from operating activities is cash collections from our customers. A significant portion of our revenue is generated from credit card transactions and is typically settled within one to five business days. Our primary uses of cash for operating activities are for the payment of royalties to content contributors, employee-related expenditures and the payment of other operating expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business.
 Net cash provided by operating activities was $140.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $158.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decline in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended

 December 31, 2023 was impacted by the timing of payments and cash receipts in the ordinary course of business which can cause operating cash flow to fluctuate from period to period.
 In addition, operating cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023 were unfavorably impacted by the recurring and non-recurring payments made to the Giphy workforce, the reimbursement of which is reflected in Investing Activities on the Statement of Cash Flows. Operating cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 were unfavorably impacted by several large accounts payables and accrued expense items from 2021 that were paid in 2022.
 Net cash provided by operating activities was $158.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $216.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decline in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was impacted by the timing of payments and cash receipts in the ordinary course of business which can cause operating cash flow to fluctuate from period to period.
 Investing Activities
 Our investing activities have consisted primarily of capital expenditures, business combinations, asset acquisitions, investments and content acquisitions. As of 2023, investing activities also includes amounts related to the Giphy Retention Compensation. Capital expenditures include internal-use software and website development costs, purchases of software equipment, and capitalization of leasehold improvements. Capital expenditures are primarily attributable to investments in internally developed software. We continue to invest significantly in product development to enhance our customer experience and increase the efficiency with which we deploy new products and features. Cash used in investing activities totaled $54.3 million, $275.6 million and $250.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $54.3 million, consisting primarily of (i) $53.7 million cash used in the acquisition of Giphy, net of cash acquired; (ii) capital expenditures of $44.6 million for internal-use software and website development costs, and purchases of software and equipment, and (iii) $11.1 million paid to acquire the rights to distribute certain digital content in perpetuity. These cash outflows were partially offset by $53.7 million of Giphy Retention Compensation, as reimbursed by the Giphy seller.
 Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $275.6 million, consisting primarily (i) $211.8 million cash used in the acquisitions of Pond5 and Splash News, net of cash acquired; (ii) capital expenditures of $43.3 million for internal-use software and website development costs, and purchase of software and equipment, and (iii) $16.8 million paid to acquire the rights to distribute certain digital content in perpetuity.
 Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $250.4 million, consisting primarily of (i) $181.6 million cash used in the acquisitions of Turbosquid and PicMonkey, net of cash acquired; (ii) $31.6 million cash used in the asset acquisitions of Pattern89, Inc., Datasine Limited and assets from Shotzr, Inc.; (iii) capital expenditures of $28.1 million for internal-use software and website development costs, and purchase of software and equipment, and (iv) $8.9 million to acquire the rights to distribute certain digital content in perpetuity.
 Financing Activities
 Our financing activities have consisted primarily of payments associated with cash dividends, settlements of tax withholding obligations related to employee stock-based compensation awards and repurchases of common stock under our share repurchase program. Our financing activities also includes proceeds from and payments of our Credit Facility, proceeds from our Stock Offering and proceeds received in connection with the exercise of stock options. Cash used in financing activities totaled $102.7 million, $79.5 million and $77.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Cash used in financing activities during 2023 primarily consisted of (i) $50.0 million used for the repayment of our Credit Facility; (ii) $38.7 million, related to the payment of the quarterly cash dividend; (iii) $28.2 million in connection with the repurchase of common stock under our 2023 Share Repurchase Program; and (iv) $15.8 million paid in settlement of tax withholding obligations related to employee stock-based compensation awards. These amounts were partially offset by approximately $30.0 million in proceeds received from our Credit Facility.
 Cash used in financing activities during 2022 primarily consisted of (i) $73.5 million in connection with the repurchase of common stock under our share repurchase program; (ii) $34.6 million, related to the payment of the quarterly cash dividend, and (iii) $22.6 million, paid in settlement of tax withholding obligations related to employee stock-based compensation awards. These amounts were partially offset by approximately $50.0 million in proceeds received from our Credit Facility.
 Cash used in financing activities during 2021 primarily consisted of (i) $30.7 million related to the payment of the quarterly cash dividend; (ii) $26.5 million in connection with the repurchase of common stock under our share repurchase

 program, and (iii) $22.7 million, paid in settlement of tax withholding obligations related to employee stock-based compensation awards. These amounts were partially offset by $2.1 million in proceeds received in connection with the exercise of stock options.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, our management considers certain financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, collectively referred to as non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted common share, revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis (expressed as a percentage), and free cash flow. These non-GAAP financial measures are included solely to provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results and are not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by GAAP and are not necessarily comparable to similarly-titled measures presented by other companies.
 These non-GAAP financial measures have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP and should be considered only in addition to results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, GAAP measures. In addition, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted common share, revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis (expressed as a percentage) and free cash flow should not be construed as indicators of our operating performance, liquidity or cash flows generated by operating, investing and financing activities, as there may be significant factors or trends that they fail to address. We caution investors that non-GAAP financial information, by its nature, departs from traditional accounting conventions; accordingly, its use can make it difficult to compare our current results with our results from other reporting periods and with the results of other companies.
 Shutterstock's management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, as an integral part of managing the business and to, among other things: (i) monitor and evaluate the performance of Shutterstock's business operations, financial performance and overall liquidity; (ii) facilitate management's internal comparisons of the historical operating performance of its business operations; (iii) facilitate management's external comparisons of the results of its overall business to the historical operating performance of other companies that may have different capital structures and debt levels; (iv) review and assess the operating performance of Shutterstock's management team and, together with other operational objectives, as a measure in evaluating employee compensation and bonuses; (v) analyze and evaluate financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments; and (vi) plan for and prepare future annual operating budgets and determine appropriate levels of operating investments.
 Management believes that adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted common share, revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis (expressed as a percentage) and free cash flow are useful to investors because these measures enable investors to analyze Shutterstock's operating results on the same basis as that used by management. Additionally, management believes that adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted common share provide useful information to investors about the performance of the Company's overall business because such measures eliminate the effects of unusual or other infrequent charges that are not directly attributable to Shutterstock's underlying operating performance and revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis, provides useful information to investors by eliminating the effect of foreign currency fluctuations that are not directly attributable to Shutterstock's operating performance. Management also believes that providing these non-GAAP financial measures enhances the comparability for investors in assessing Shutterstock's financial reporting. Management believes that free cash flow is useful for investors because it provides them with an important perspective on the cash available for strategic measures, after making necessary capital investments in internal-use software and website development costs to support the Company's ongoing business operations and provides them with the same measures that management uses as the basis for making resource allocation decisions.
 Our use of non-GAAP financial measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and these measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, as the excluded items may have significant effects on our operating results and financial condition. Additionally, our methods for measuring non-GAAP financial measures may differ from other companies' similarly titled measures. When evaluating our performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income and our other GAAP results.
 Our method for calculating adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted common share, revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis and free cash flow, as well as a reconciliation of the differences between adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income, revenue growth (including by

 distribution channel) on a constant currency basis and free cash flow, and the most comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, is presented below.
 The expense associated with the Giphy Retention Compensation related to (i) the one-time employment inducement bonuses and (ii) the vesting of the cash value of unvested Meta equity awards held by the employees prior to closing, which are reflected in operating expenses (together, the "Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring"), are required payments in accordance with the terms of the acquisition. Meta's sale of Giphy was directed by the CMA and accordingly, the terms of the acquisition were subject to CMA preapproval. Management considers the operating expense associated with these required payments to be unusual and non-recurring in nature. The Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring is not considered ongoing expense necessary to operate the Company's business. Therefore, such expenses have been included in the below adjustments for calculating adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted common share. For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2023, the Company also incurred $6.6 million and $13.6 million, respectively, of Giphy Retention Compensation expense related to recurring employee costs, which is included in operating expenses, and are not included in the below adjustments for calculating adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted common share.
 Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
 We define adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for depreciation and amortization, non-cash equity-based compensation, bargain purchase gain related to the acquisition of Giphy, Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring, impairment of lease and related assets, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, severance costs associated with strategic workforce optimizations, interest income and expense and income taxes. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to revenue.
 The following is a reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Add / (less) Non-GAAP adjustments:

 Depreciation and amortization
 79,729
 68,470
 48,771

 Non-cash equity-based compensation

 (50,261)
 —
 —

 Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring
 31,577
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Other adjustments, net(1)

 8,686
 4,163
 3,370

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 240,776
 $
 218,074
 $
 193,056

 Adjusted EBITDA margin
 27.5
 %
 26.3
 %
 25.0
 %

 _______________________________________________________________________________
 (1)Included in other adjustments, net includes unrealized foreign currency transaction gains and losses, severance associated with strategic workforce optimizations and interest income and expense.

 Adjusted Net Income
 We define adjusted net income as net income adjusted for the impact of non-cash equity-based compensation, the amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, bargain purchase gain related to the acquisition of Giphy, Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring, impairment of lease and related assets, severance costs associated with strategic workforce optimizations and the estimated tax impact of such adjustments. We define adjusted net income per diluted common share as adjusted net income divided by weighted average diluted shares.
 The following is a reconciliation of net income to adjusted net income for each of the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Add / (less) Non-GAAP adjustments:

 Non-cash equity-based compensation

 Tax effect of non-cash equity-based compensation(1)

 (11,416)
 (8,397)
 (8,502)

 Acquisition-related amortization expense(2)

 34,737
 29,302
 13,334

 Tax effect of acquisition-related amortization expense(1)

 (8,163)
 (6,886)
 (3,133)

 (50,261)
 —
 —

 Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring
 31,577
 —
 —

 Tax effect of Giphy Retention Compensation Expense - non-recurring
 (7,421)
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Tax effect of impairment of lease and related assets(1)

 —
 (4,199)
 —

 Other
 $
 12,493
 $
 1,576
 $
 —

 Tax effect of other(1)

 $
 (2,811)
 $
 (355)
 $
 —

 Adjusted net income
 $
 157,581
 $
 141,548
 $
 129,761

 Adjusted net income per diluted common share
 $
 4.35
 $
 3.87
 $
 3.48

 Weighted average diluted shares
 36,242
 36,546
 37,324

 (1)Statutory tax rates are used to calculate the tax effect of the adjustments.
 (2)Of these amounts, $31.6 million, $27.0 million and $10.2 million are included in cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The remainder of acquisition-related amortization expense is included in general and administrative expense in the Statement of Operations.

 Revenue Growth (including by distribution channel) on a Constant Currency Basis
 We define revenue growth (including by distribution channel) on a constant currency basis (expressed as a percentage) as the increase in current period revenues over prior period revenues, utilizing fixed exchange rates for translating foreign currency revenues for all periods in the comparison.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Reported revenue (in thousands)
 $
 $
 $

 Revenue growth
 %
 %
 %

 Revenue growth on a constant currency basis
 %
 %
 %

 Content reported revenue (in thousands)
 $
 737,264
 $
 789,306
 $
 757,470

 Content revenue growth
 (7)
 %
 %
 %

 Content revenue growth on a constant currency basis
 (7)
 %
 %
 %

 Data, Distribution, and Services reported revenue (in thousands)
 $
 137,323
 $
 38,520
 $
 15,945

 Data, Distribution, and Services revenue growth
 %
 %
 %

 Data, Distribution, and Services revenue growth on a constant currency basis
 %
 %
 %

 Free Cash Flow
 We define free cash flow as our cash provided by operating activities, adjusted for capital expenditures and content acquisition, and, with respect to the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash received related to Giphy Retention Compensation in connection with the acquisition of Giphy.
 The following is a presentation of cash flow information and a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow for each of the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flow information:

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 140,552
 $
 158,451
 $
 216,372

 Net cash used in investing activities
 $
 (54,316)
 $
 (275,550)
 $
 (250,438)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 $
 (102,704)
 $
 (79,487)
 $
 (77,722)

 Free cash flow:

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 140,552
 $
 158,451
 $
 216,372

 Capital expenditures
 (44,645)
 (43,296)
 (28,125)

 Content acquisitions
 (11,096)
 (16,821)
 (8,874)

 Cash received related to Giphy Retention Compensation
 53,657
 —
 —

 Free Cash Flow
 $
 138,468
 $
 98,334
 $
 179,373

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure or inclusion of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. We evaluate our significant estimates on an ongoing basis, including, but not limited to, estimates related to allowance for doubtful accounts, the volume of expected unused licenses used in revenue recognition for our subscription-based products, the fair value of acquired goodwill and intangible assets, and income tax provisions. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with our revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of acquired goodwill and intangible assets, and accounting for income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting estimates.
 Revenue Recognition
 A significant portion of our revenues are earned from the license of content. Content licenses are generally purchased on a monthly or annual basis, whereby a customer pays for a predetermined quantity of content that may be downloaded over a specific period of time, or, on a transactional basis, whereby a customer pays for individual content licenses at the time of download. We also generate revenue from tools available through our platform.
 For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price is determined based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately, or if not observable through past transactions, is estimated taking into account available information including internally approved pricing guidelines and pricing information of comparable products.
 We recognize revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. We recognize revenue on both our subscription-based and transaction-based products when content is downloaded by a customer, at which time the license is provided. In addition, we estimate expected unused licenses for subscription-based products and recognize the estimated revenue associated with unused licenses as digital content is downloaded and licenses are obtained for such content by the customer during the subscription period. The estimate of unused licenses is based on historical download activity and future changes in the estimate could impact the timing of revenue recognition of our subscription products. For revenue associated with tools available

 through our platform, we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. We expense contract acquisition costs as incurred, to the extent that the amortization period would otherwise be one year or less.
 Collectability is probable at the time the electronic order or contract is entered. A significant portion of our customers purchase products by making electronic payments with a credit card at the time of the transaction. Customer payments received in advance of revenue recognition are contract liabilities and are recorded as deferred revenue. Customers that do not pay in advance are invoiced and are required to make payments under standard credit terms. Collectability for customers who pay on credit terms allowing for payment beyond the date at which service commences, is based on a credit evaluation for certain new customers and transaction history with existing customers.
 We recognize revenue gross of contributor royalties because we are the principal in the transaction as we are the party responsible for the performance obligation and we control the product or service before transferring it to the customer. We also license content to customers through third-party resellers. Third-party resellers sell our products directly to customers as the principal in those transactions. Accordingly, we recognize revenue net of costs paid to resellers.
 Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 Our accounts receivable consists of customer obligations due under normal trade terms, carried at their fair value less an allowance for doubtful accounts, if required. We determine our allowance for doubtful accounts based on an evaluation of (i) the aging of our accounts receivable considering historical receivables loss rates, (ii) on a customer-by-customer basis, where appropriate, and (iii) the economic environments in which we operate.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $6.3 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Fluctuations in our allowance for doubtful accounts are primarily attributable to changes in the aging profile of our gross accounts receivable balances and specific customer situations arising during the year.
 Income Taxes
 Our income tax expense includes U.S. (federal and state) and foreign income taxes. Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis, and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered.
 We account for unrecognized tax benefits using a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes may be due. We record an income tax liability for the difference, if any, between the benefit recognized and measured and the tax position taken or expected to be taken on our tax returns. To the extent that the assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. The reserves are adjusted in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcomes of tax audits or lapses in statutes of limitations. Any reserve for uncertain tax provisions and related penalties and interest is included in the income tax provision.
 On a quarterly basis, we assess the realizability of deferred tax assets, based on the available evidence including a history of taxable income, estimates of future taxable income and planning strategies and a valuation allowance is recorded to the extent that it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Significant management judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, we will adjust these estimates in future periods which may result in a change in the effective tax rate in a future period.
 The GILTI provisions of the TCJA impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. We have elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as a period cost.

 Acquisitions
 Business combinations are recorded at fair value and the purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction. Assets acquired may include intangible assets such as customer relationships, trade names, developed technology and contributor content. Fair values are based on the exit price (i.e., the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date) and valuation methods that may be utilized include the multiple-period excess earnings method, the relief-from-royalty method and the cost-to-recreate method. Determining the fair value requires management to use significant judgment and estimates, including revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the discount rate related to the trade name and revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the economic life related to developed technology, among others. Other assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are recorded based on the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at acquisition date. Changes to these factors could affect the measurement and allocation of fair value.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including risks related to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation, interest rate fluctuation and inflation.
 Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
 Our sales to international customers are denominated in multiple currencies, including but not limited to the U.S. dollar, the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar and the Japanese yen. Revenue denominated in foreign currencies as a percentage of total revenue was approximately 29%, 32% and 35% in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Changes in exchange rates will affect our revenue and certain operating expenses to the extent that our revenue is generated and expenses are incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Royalties earned by and paid to contributors are denominated in the U.S. dollar and will not be affected by changes in exchange rates. Based on our foreign currency denominated revenue for 2023, we estimate that a 10% change in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against all foreign currency denominated revenues would impact our revenue by approximately 3%.
 We have established foreign subsidiaries in various countries and have concluded that the functional currency of these entities is generally the local currency. Business transacted in currencies other than each entity's functional currency results in transactional gains and losses. The net impacts of foreign currency transactions on our financial statements was a gain of $0.7 million in 2023 and losses of $3.1 million and $3.2 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Translation adjustments resulting from converting the foreign subsidiaries' financial statements into U.S. dollars are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. We do not currently enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in order to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk, but we may do so in the future.
 Our historical revenue by currency is as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 U.S. Dollars
 Originating Currency
 U.S. Dollars
 Originating Currency
 U.S. Dollars
 Originating Currency

 Euro
 $
 139,529

 128,714
 $
 148,643

 138,531
 $
 152,290

 129,140

 British pounds
 56,679

 45,366
 57,144

 45,711
 57,851

 42,340

 All other non-U.S. currencies(1)

 54,839
 59,204
 57,342

 Total foreign currency
 251,047
 264,991
 267,483

 U.S. dollar
 623,540
 562,835
 505,932

 Total revenue
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Includes no single currency which exceeded 5% of total revenue for any of the periods presented.

 Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
 Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and money market accounts. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. The fair value of our cash and cash equivalents is not particularly sensitive to interest rate changes.
 Amounts borrowed under our Credit Facility accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.125% to 0.500%, determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (for interest periods of 1, 3 or 6 months) plus a margin ranging from 1.125% to 1.5%, determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our interest expense as of December 31, 2023.
 Inflation Risk
 We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes which begins on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. However, any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objective.
 Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
 Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID 238), has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of the audit, has issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which begins on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Limitations on Controls
 Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. The design of a control system must reflect that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

 Item 9B. Other Information.
 (c) Insider Trading Arrangements

 In August 2023, John Caine, our Chief Product and Digital Officer, entered into a prearranged stock trading plan. Mr. Caine's plan includes the potential sale of up to 8,600 shares of our common stock in February 2024. The shares of common stock that may be sold pursuant to Mr. Caine's plan, are shares to be issued upon the vesting of restricted stock units and include shares that will be automatically sold to cover mandatory tax withholding obligations.
 Mr. Caine's trading plan was entered into during an open trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and our policies regarding insider transactions.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
 We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our investor relations website (investor.shutterstock.com) in the "Corporate Governance" section. We will post any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on our website, at the address and location specified above.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 12. Security Ownership Of Certain Beneficial Owners And Management And Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships And Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
 (a)The following documents are included as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

 (1) Financial Statements
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 F- 8

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (2) Financial Statement Schedules
 Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

 (3) Exhibits
 See the Exhibit Index, which immediately precedes the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
 None.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Shutterstock, Inc.
 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Shutterstock, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
 Basis for Opinions
 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Revenue Recognition - Content
 As described in Notes 1 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's total revenue was $874.6 million, of which content revenue totaled $737.3 million. Content licenses are generally purchased on a monthly or annual basis, whereby a customer pays for a predetermined quantity of content that may be downloaded over a specific period of time, or, on a transactional basis, whereby a customer pays for individual content licenses at the time of download. The Company recognizes revenue upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. The Company recognizes revenue on both its subscription-based and transaction-based products when content is downloaded by a customer, at which time the license is provided.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to content revenue recognition is a critical audit matter are a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to content license arrangements and customer download activity.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over content revenue recognized. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the content revenue recognized on a sample basis by inspecting content license arrangements and evaluating the appropriateness of the revenue recognized based on the terms of each arrangement and customer download activity.

 Giphy, Inc. Acquisition - Valuation of Trade Name and Developed Technology Intangible Assets
 As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on June 23, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Giphy Inc. (Giphy). The consideration paid by the Company was $53.0 million in net cash, in addition to cash acquired, assumed debt and other working capital adjustments. The acquisition resulted in $21.0 million of a trade name and $19.5 million of developed technology intangible assets being recorded. The fair value of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets was determined using the relief-from-royalty method. Determining the fair value requires management to use significant judgment and estimates, including revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the discount rate related to the trade name and revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the economic life related to developed technology, among others.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of Giphy is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets acquired; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions related to the revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, and the discount rate used in the valuation of the trade name and the revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, and the economic life used in the valuation of the developed technology; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management's valuation of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management's process for developing the fair value estimate of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets acquired; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the relief-from-royalty method used by management; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the relief-from-royalty method; and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to the revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, and the discount rate used in the valuation of the trade name and the revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, and the economic life used in the valuation of the developed technology. Evaluating management's assumptions related to the revenue growth rates used in the valuation of the trade name and developed technology intangible assets involved considering (i) the past performance of the acquired business; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Evaluating management's assumption related to the economic life used in the valuation of the developed technology intangible asset involved considering whether the assumption was consistent with evidence obtained in

 other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the appropriateness of the relief-from-royalty method and the reasonableness of the royalty rate and discount rate assumptions used in the valuation of the trade name and the royalty rate and the economic life assumptions used in the valuation of the developed technology.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 New York, New York

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (In thousands, except par value amount)

 2023
 2022

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 100,490
 $
 115,154

 Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $ 6,335 and $ 5,830

 91,139
 67,249

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 100,944
 33,268

 Total current assets
 292,573
 215,671

 Property and equipment, net
 64,300
 54,548

 Right-of-use assets
 15,395
 17,593

 Intangible assets, net
 184,396
 173,087

 383,325
 381,920

 Deferred tax assets, net
 24,874
 16,533

 Other assets
 71,152
 21,832

 Total assets
 $
 1,036,015
 $
 881,184

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 9,108
 $
 7,183

 Accrued expenses
 131,443
 89,387

 Contributor royalties payable
 54,859
 38,649

 Deferred revenue
 203,463
 187,070

 Debt
 30,000
 50,000

 Other current liabilities
 23,513
 11,445

 Total current liabilities
 452,386
 383,734

 Deferred tax liability, net
 4,182
 4,465

 Lease liabilities
 29,404
 35,611

 Other non-current liabilities
 22,949
 9,892

 Total liabilities
 508,921
 433,702

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 39,981 and 39,605 shares issued and 35,571 and 35,829 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 Treasury stock, at cost; 4,410 and 3,776 shares as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 ( 228,213)
 ( 200,008)

 Additional paid-in capital
 424,229
 391,482

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 11,974)
 ( 15,439)

 Retained earnings
 342,653
 271,051

 Total stockholders' equity
 527,094
 447,482

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 1,036,015
 $
 881,184

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 352,630
 314,306
 277,659

 214,749
 203,154
 204,878

 96,162
 65,434
 52,014

 142,646
 132,644
 130,758

 —
 —

 806,187
 734,202
 665,309

 68,400
 93,624
 108,106

 —
 —

 3,807
 ( 2,587)
 ( 3,370)

 104,736

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings per share:

 Basic
 $
 3.07
 $
 2.11
 $
 2.52

 Diluted
 $
 3.04
 $
 2.08
 $
 2.46

 Weighted average shares outstanding:

 Basic
 35,878
 36,042
 36,509

 Diluted
 36,242
 36,546
 37,324

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 (In thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Foreign currency translation gain / (loss)
 3,465
 ( 4,651)
 ( 3,107)

 Other comprehensive income / (loss)
 3,465
 ( 4,651)
 ( 3,107)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 113,734
 $
 71,452
 $
 88,776

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (In thousands)

 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income / (Loss)
 Retained
Earnings

 Common Stock
 Treasury Stock

 Shares
 Shares
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2020
 38,803
 $
 2,558
 $
 ( 100,027)
 $
 360,939
 $
 ( 7,681)
 $
 168,305
 $
 421,925

 Equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock option exercises and RSU vesting
 —
 —
 2,141
 —
 —
 2,148

 Common shares withheld for settlement of taxes in connection with equity-based compensation
 ( 254)
 ( 4)
 —
 —
 ( 22,722)
 —
 —
 ( 22,726)

 Repurchase of Treasury Shares
 —
 —
 ( 27,169)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 27,169)

 Cash dividends paid
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 30,651)
 ( 30,651)

 Other comprehensive income / (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,107)
 —
 ( 3,107)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 39,209
 2,792
 ( 127,196)
 376,537
 ( 10,788)
 229,537
 468,482

 Equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock option exercises and RSU vesting
 —
 —
 1,803
 —
 —
 1,810

 Common shares withheld for settlement of taxes in connection with equity-based compensation
 ( 258)
 ( 3)
 —
 —
 ( 22,598)
 —
 —
 ( 22,601)

 Repurchase of treasury shares
 —
 —
 ( 72,812)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 72,812)

 Cash dividends paid
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 34,589)
 ( 34,589)

 Other comprehensive income / (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,651)
 —
 ( 4,651)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 39,605
 3,776
 ( 200,008)
 391,482
 ( 15,439)
 271,051
 447,482

 Equity-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock option exercises and RSU vesting
 —
 —
 ( 3)
 —
 —

 Common shares withheld for settlement of taxes in connection with equity-based compensation
 ( 257)
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 ( 15,827)
 —
 —
 ( 15,829)

 Repurchase of treasury shares
 —
 —
 ( 28,205)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 28,205)

 Cash dividends paid
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 38,667)
 ( 38,667)

 Other comprehensive income / (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,465
 —
 3,465

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 39,982
 $
 4,410
 $
 ( 228,213)
 $
 424,229
 $
 ( 11,974)
 $
 342,653
 $
 527,094

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (In thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 79,729
 68,470
 48,771

 Deferred taxes
 ( 26,176)
 ( 10,587)
 ( 1,771)

 Non-cash equity-based compensation

 —
 —

 Bad debt expense
 1,894
 3,697

 ( 50,261)
 —
 —

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable
 ( 24,409)
 ( 22,105)
 ( 4,093)

 Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets
 ( 50,501)
 ( 13,184)

 Accounts payable and other current and non-current liabilities
 20,892
 ( 24,328)
 34,444

 Contributor royalties payable
 15,841
 7,772

 Deferred revenue
 14,697
 4,493
 23,108

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 140,552
 $
 158,451
 $
 216,372

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 Capital expenditures
 ( 44,645)
 ( 43,296)
 ( 28,125)

 Business combination, net of cash acquired
 ( 53,721)
 ( 211,843)
 ( 181,609)

 Asset acquisitions
 —
 ( 3,417)
 ( 31,639)

 Cash received related to Giphy Retention Compensation
 53,657
 —
 —

 Acquisition of content
 ( 11,096)
 ( 16,821)
 ( 8,874)

 Security deposit release / (payment)
 1,489
 ( 173)
 ( 191)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 $
 ( 54,316)
 $
 ( 275,550)
 $
 ( 250,438)

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 Proceeds from exercise of stock options
 1,810
 2,148

 Cash paid related to settlement of employee taxes related to RSU vesting
 ( 15,834)
 ( 22,601)
 ( 22,726)

 Payment of cash dividends
 ( 38,667)
 ( 34,589)
 ( 30,651)

 Proceeds from credit facility
 30,000
 50,000
 —

 Repayment of credit facility
 ( 50,000)
 —
 —

 Repurchase of treasury shares
 ( 28,205)
 ( 73,488)
 ( 26,493)

 Payment of debt issuance costs
 —
 ( 619)
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 $
 ( 102,704)
 $
 ( 79,487)
 $
 ( 77,722)

 Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash
 1,804
 ( 2,277)
 ( 2,769)

 Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 14,664)
 ( 198,863)
 ( 114,557)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
 115,154
 314,017
 428,574

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
 $
 100,490
 $
 115,154
 $
 314,017

 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Information:

 Cash paid for:

 Cash paid for income taxes
 $
 33,067
 $
 23,444
 $
 19,092

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 1,724
 $
 1,045
 —

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 (1) Summary of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
 Description of Business
 Shutterstock (the "Company" or "Shutterstock") is a leading global creative platform connecting brands and businesses to high quality content.
 The Company's platform brings together users and contributors of content by providing readily-searchable content that customers pay to license and by compensating contributors as their content is licensed. Contributors upload their content to the Company's web properties in exchange for royalty payments based on customer download activity. Beyond content, customers also leverage the Company's platform to assist with the entire creative process from ideation through creative execution.
 Digital content licensed to customers for their creative needs includes images, footage, music, and 3D models (the Company's "Content" offering). Content revenues represent the majority of the Company's business and are supported by the Company's searchable creative platform and driven by the Company's large contributor network.
 In addition, customers have needs that are beyond traditional content license products and services. These include (i) licenses to metadata associated with the Company's images, footage, music tracks and 3D models through the Company's data offering, (ii) distribution and advertising services from the Company's Giphy business, which consists of GIFs (graphics interchange format visuals) that serve as a critical ingredient in text- and message- based conversations and in contextual advertising settings, (iii) specialized solutions for high-quality content matched with production tools and services through Shutterstock Studios and (iv) other tailored white-glove services (collectively, the Company's "Data, Distribution, and Services" offerings)
 The Company's Content offering includes:
 • Images - consisting of photographs, vectors and illustrations. Images are typically used in visual communications, such as websites, digital and print marketing materials, corporate communications, books, publications and other similar uses.
 • Footage - consisting of video clips, premium footage filmed by industry experts and cinema grade video effects, available in HD and 4K formats. Footage is often integrated into websites, social media, marketing campaigns and cinematic productions.
 • Music - consisting of high-quality music tracks and sound effects, which are often used to complement images and footage.
 •3 Dimensional ("3D") Models - consisting of 3D models, used in a variety of industries such as advertising, media and video production, gaming, retail, education, design and architecture.
 • Generative AI Content - consisting of images generated from algorithms trained with high-quality, ethically sourced content. Customers can generate images by entering a description of their desired content into model prompts.

 On June 23, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of Giphy, Inc. ("Giphy"), a a New York-based company that operates a collection of GIFs and stickers that supplies casual conversational content. The Company believes its acquisition of Giphy extends Shutterstock's audience touchpoints beyond primarily professional marketing and advertising use cases and expands into casual conversations. See Note 3 Acquisitions.
 Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
 The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Certain immaterial changes in presentation have been made to conform the prior period presentation to current period reporting.
 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, the determination of the allowance for doubtful accounts, the volume of expected unused licenses for our subscription-based products, the assessment of recoverability of property and equipment, the fair value of acquired goodwill and intangible assets, the amount of non-cash equity-based compensation, the assessment of recoverability of deferred tax assets, the measurement of income tax and contingent non-income tax liabilities and the determination of the incremental borrowing rate used to calculate the lease liability.
 Concentration of Risk
 Financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable balances. Cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions of high quality. Balances may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits.
 A significant portion of the Company's revenues are derived from customers who license content using electronic payments at the time of a transaction. The Company's accounts receivable are primarily from enterprise customers who require invoicing. The Company performs initial and ongoing credit reviews on these customers, which involve consideration of the customers' financial information, their location, and other factors to assess the customers' ability to pay. The Company also performs ongoing financial condition evaluations for its existing customers. As of December 31, 2023, two customers accounted for approximately 29 % of the accounts receivable balance. No other customer accounted for or exceeded 10% of the accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 22 % of the accounts receivable balance.
 Additionally, no single customer accounted for or exceeded 10% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021.
 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's cash and cash equivalents were $ 100.5 million and $ 115.2 million, respectively. The Company's cash balance consist primarily of bank deposits. Cash equivalents consists primarily of money market accounts and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.
 Fair Value Measurements
 The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. Fair value is estimated by applying inputs which are classified into the following levels of a three-tier hierarchy as follows: Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2- inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3 - unobservable inputs in which little or no market activity exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions regarding what market participants would use in pricing.
 Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 The Company's accounts receivable consists of customer obligations due under normal trade terms, carried at their face value less an allowance for doubtful accounts, if required. The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts based on an evaluation of (i) the aging of its accounts receivable considering historical receivables loss rates, (ii) on a customer-by-customer basis, where appropriate, and (iii) the economic environments in which the Company operates.

 The following table presents the changes in the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance, beginning of period
 $
 5,830
 $
 1,910
 $
 4,942

 Add: bad debt expense
 1,894
 3,697

 Less: write-offs, net of recoveries and other adjustments
 ( 1,389)
 ( 3,169)

 Balance, end of period
 $
 6,335
 $
 5,830
 $
 1,910

 For certain Data, Distribution, and Services transactions, the Company has $ 40.4 million of unbilled receivables of which $ 17.6 million are recorded in Accounts Receivable and $ 22.8 million are recorded in Other Assets.

 Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Generally, the useful lives are as follows:
 Equipment
 3 years

 Furniture and fixtures
 7 years

 Software
 3 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Shorter of expected useful life or lease term

 Capitalized Internal Use Software
 The Company capitalizes the qualifying costs of computer software developed for internal use, which are incurred during the application development stage, and amortizes them over the software's estimated useful life. Costs incurred in the preliminary and post-implementation stages of the Company's products are expensed as incurred. The amounts capitalized include employee's payroll and payroll-related costs directly associated with the development activities as well as external direct costs of services used in developing internal-use software. The Company's policy is to amortize capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life, which is currently three years, beginning when the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use.
 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets, inclusive of definite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying value of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying value or the fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposed group classified as held for sale would be presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the balance sheet. In 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to a portion of its right-of-use assets and property and equipment triggered by the Company's decision to cease using certain office spaces. See Note 4, Property and Equipment and Note 15, Leasing for further discussion. There were no long-lived asset impairment charges in 2023 or 2021.
 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead tested for impairment at least annually on October 1 of each fiscal year or more frequently if events occur or circumstances exist that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value.
 The Company's goodwill balance was allocated to a single reporting unit. Since inception through December 31, 2023, the Company has not had any impairment of goodwill.

 Revenue Recognition
 A significant portion of the Company's revenue is earned from the license of content. Content licenses are generally purchased on a monthly or annual basis, whereby a customer pays for a predetermined quantity of content that may be downloaded over a specific period of time, or, on a transactional basis, whereby a customer pays for individual content licenses at the time of download. The Company also generates revenue from tools available through the Company's platform.
 For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price is determined based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately, or if not observable through past transactions, is estimated taking into account available information including internally approved pricing guidelines and pricing information of comparable products.
 The Company recognizes revenue upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. The Company recognizes revenue on both its subscription-based and transaction-based products when content is downloaded by a customer, at which time the license is provided. In addition, the Company estimates expected unused licenses for subscription-based products and recognizes the revenue associated with the unused licenses as digital content is downloaded and licenses are obtained for such content by the customer during the subscription period. The estimate of unused licenses is based on historical download activity and future changes in the estimate could impact the timing of revenue recognition of the Company's subscription products. For revenue associated with tools available through the Company's platform, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription period. The Company expenses contract acquisition costs as incurred, to the extent that the amortization period would otherwise be one year or less.
 Collectability is probable at the time the electronic order or contract is entered. The significant portion of the Company's customers purchase products by making electronic payments with a credit card at the time of the transaction. Customer payments received in advance of revenue recognition are contract liabilities and are recorded as deferred revenue. Customers that do not pay in advance are invoiced and are required to make payments under standard credit terms. Collectability for customers who pay on credit terms allowing for payment beyond the date at which service commences, is based on a credit evaluation for certain new customers and transaction history with existing customers.
 The Company recognizes revenue gross of contributor royalties because the Company is the principal in the transaction as it is the party responsible for the performance obligation and it controls the product or service before transferring it to the customer. The Company also licenses content to customers through third-party resellers. Third-party resellers sell the Company's products directly to customers as the principal in those transactions. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue net of costs paid to resellers.
 The Company also reports revenue net of return and chargeback allowances. These allowances are based off historical trends when available.
 Cost of Revenue
 The Company's cost of revenue includes royalties paid to contributors, credit card processing fees, content reviewer costs, customer service expenses, infrastructure and hosting costs related to maintaining our creative platform and cloud-based software platform, depreciation and amortization of capitalized internal-use software, purchased content and acquisition-related intangible assets, allocated facility costs and other supporting overhead costs. Costs of revenue also includes employee compensation, including non-cash equity-based compensation, bonuses and benefits associated with the maintenance of the Company's creative platform and cloud-based software platform.
 Contributor Royalties and Internal Sales Commissions
 The Company expenses contributor royalties in the period revenue is recognized, which is generally when the customer download occurs, and includes the corresponding contributor royalties in cost of revenue. Contributor royalties are generally paid monthly. The Company advances certain contributor royalties which are initially deferred and expensed based on the contractual royalty rate at the time of customer download or when the Company determines future recovery is not probable. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company deferred $ 3.9 million, $ 6.3 million and $ 7.2 million, respectively, in royalty advances and amortized $ 4.0 million, $ 7.1 million and $ 5.8 million, respectively, in royalty advance expense which is included in cost of revenue. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has deferred contributor royalties of $ 0.6 million, which is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Internal sales commissions are generally paid in the month following collection or invoicing of the commissioned receivable and is reported in sales and marketing expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company expenses contract acquisition costs, including internal sales commissions, as incurred, to the extent that the amortization period would otherwise be one year or less.
 Product Development
 The Company expenses product development costs as incurred, except for costs that are capitalized for certain internal software development projects. Product development costs are primarily comprised of development personnel salaries, non-cash equity-based compensation, software and other IT equipment costs as well as allocated facility costs and related overhead.
 Advertising Costs
 The Company expenses the cost of advertising and promoting its products as incurred. Such costs totaled $ 93.1 million, $ 97.2 million and $ 112.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are included in sales and marketing expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Leasing
 The Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. At inception, the Company first determines if an arrangement contains a lease and the classification of that lease, if applicable. The Company recognizes right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for its operating leases. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, the Company has elected not to allocate the contract consideration, and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Company has also elected not to recognize a lease liability or ROU asset for leases with a term of 12 months or less, and recognize lease payments for those short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Operating leases are included in ROU assets, other current liabilities and lease liabilities (net of current portion) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments under the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The implicit rate within the Company's leases is generally not determinable and therefore the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date is utilized to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of the incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. Management determines the incremental borrowing rate for each lease using the Company's estimated borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization, term and currency to align with the terms of the lease. The ROU asset also includes any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of the Company's leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when the Company is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. An option to terminate is considered unless the Company is reasonably certain the option will not be exercised.
 Equity-Based Compensation
 The Company grants Restricted Stock Units, Performance-based Restricted Stock Units ("PRSUs" and, collectively with Restricted Stock Units, "RSUs") and Stock Options to directors and officers and certain other employees of the Company. Awards granted prior to June 1, 2022 were granted under the Company's Amended and Restated 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan"). At the Annual Meeting held on June 2, 2022, the Company's stockholders approved the 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan"). Awards granted subsequent to June 2, 2022 were granted under the 2022 Plan.

 The Company measures and recognizes non-cash equity-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards granted to employees based on estimated fair values. The portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. For awards with a change of control condition, an evaluation is made at the grant date and future periods as to the likelihood of the condition being met. Compensation expense is adjusted in future periods for subsequent changes in the expected outcome of the change of control conditions until the vesting date. Compensation expense related to awards with a market condition is recognized over the requisite service period regardless of the achievement of the market condition. Compensation expense related to awards with a performance condition is recognized over the requisite service period based on the expected levels of achievement. To the extent that the expected levels of achievement change, stock-based compensation expense is adjusted and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation is recognized over the remaining requisite service period.
 The Company uses the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant to determine the fair value of RSUs. The Company uses the Black Scholes option pricing model, to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant. The Monte Carlo simulation model is used if the award has a market condition.
 The determination of the grant date fair value using an option-pricing model and simulation model requires judgment as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These variables include the Company's closing market price at the grant date, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, awards' exercise and cancellation behaviors, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends.
 The awards granted pursuant to the 2012 Plan and the 2022 Plan are subject to a time-based vesting requirement and certain award grants may also include market based or performance based vesting conditions. While each PRSU corresponds to one target share of the Company's stock, the number of shares that may eventually vest will be between 0 % and 150 % of a recipient's target shares, depending on both the recipient's continued service with the Company and the extent to which performance goals will have been achieved. Awards generally vest over three or four years.
 Upon the vesting of RSUs, the Company has a practice of net share settlement, to cover any required withholding taxes by retaining the number of shares with a value equal to the amount of the tax and remitting an equal amount of cash to the appropriate taxing authorities.
 Employee Benefit Plans
 The Company offers a 401(k) defined contribution plan and provides for discretionary employer matching contributions. All matching contributions are recognized as an expense in the Statement of Operations, as incurred. The Company recorded employer matching contributions of $ 5.4 million, $ 5.1 million and $ 4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Interest expense
 Interest expense is comprised of borrowing costs on debt, amortization of debt issuance costs and unused commitment fees associated with the Company's credit facility.
 Debt issuance costs are recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized over the term of the credit facility.
 Income Taxes
 The Company's income tax expense includes U.S. (federal and state) and foreign income taxes. Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis, and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered.
 The Company accounts for unrecognized tax benefits using a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company establishes reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes may be due. The Company records an income tax liability for the difference, if any, between the benefit recognized and measured and the tax position taken or expected to be taken on the Company's tax returns. To the extent that the assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. The reserves are adjusted in light of changing

 facts and circumstances, such as the outcomes of tax audits or lapses in statutes of limitations. Any reserve for uncertain tax provisions and related penalties and interest is included in the income tax provision.
 On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the realizability of deferred tax assets, based on the available evidence including a history of taxable income, estimates of future taxable income and planning strategies and a valuation allowance is recorded to the extent that it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Significant management judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, the Company will adjust these estimates in future periods which may result in a change in the effective tax rate in a future period.
 The global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions of the TCJA impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The Company has elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as a period cost.
 Other Non-income Taxes
 The Company is subject to certain non-income taxes, including value added taxes, sales taxes and royalty withholding taxes. Where appropriate, the Company has made accruals for these taxes, which are reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements. These accruals are subject to statute of limitations requirements and review by governmental authorities.
 Treasury Stock
 The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method and is included as a component of stockholders' equity. Treasury stock held by the Company may be reissued in the future. The Company's policy is to account for reissued shares as a reduction of Treasury stock on a first-in, first-out basis.
 Net Income Per Share
 Basic net income per share is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Any potential issuance of common shares, including those that are contingent and do not participate in dividends, is excluded from basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding.
 Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding and all potential common shares, if they are dilutive.
 Reportable Segments
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has identified one operating segment, which has also been determined to be the Company's primary reportable business segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing financial performance.
 Contingent Consideration
 The Company records an asset or liability for contingent consideration at the date of a business combination and reassesses the fair value of the asset or liability each period until it is settled. Upon settlement of these assets or liabilities, the portion of the contingent consideration payment that is attributable to the initial amount recorded as part of the business combination is classified as a cash flow from financing activities if the contingent consideration is a liability, or a cash flow from investing activities if the contingent consideration is an asset, and the portion of the settlement that is attributable to subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration is classified as a cash flow from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

 Foreign Currency
 The functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is generally the respective local currency. Monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than each entity's functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the period-end exchange rates and result in transactional gains and losses. The net impact of foreign currency transactional gains and losses on the Company's results of operations were gains of $ 0.7 million in 2023 and losses of $ 3.1 million in 2022 and $ 3.2 million in 2021, respectively. Translation adjustments resulting from converting the foreign subsidiaries financial statements into U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rates for balance sheet accounts and the period average exchange rate for the Statements of Operations are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income / (loss) within stockholders' equity.
 Recently Adopted Accounting Standard Updates
 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"). ASU 2019-12 eliminates certain exceptions to the guidance in Topic 740 related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The new guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes, enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12, effective January 1, 2021. The impact of adoption of this standard on the consolidated financial statements, including accounting policies, processes and systems, was not material.
 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2021-08"). ASU 2021-08 addresses inconsistency related to the recognition and measurement of contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination. ASU 2021-08 requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination as if it had originated the contracts, in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted and an entity that early adopts should apply the amendments (1) retrospectively to all business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period of early application and (2) prospectively to all business combinations that occur on or after the date of initial application. The Company has early adopted ASU 2021-08 effective January 1, 2021, and the impact of adoption of this standard on the consolidated financial statements was not material.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which enhances incremental disclosures on an annual and interim basis, clarifies circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contains other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable investors to better understand an entity's overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. This ASU applies to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with ASC 280, and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Shutterstock is evaluating the impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08 ("ASU 2023-08"), Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60):Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets to enhance the valuation and disclosure of crypto assets held by an entity. ASU 2023-08 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and the interim periods therein. Upon adoption, a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings is to be made as of the beginning of the annual period in which the entity adopts the amendments. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this accounting standard is not expected to impact the Company's operations, financial position or cash flows. The Company does not hold any Crypto Assets as of December 31, 2023.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 ("ASU 2023-09"), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. Shutterstock is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 (2) Fair Value Measurements and Other Long-term Investments
 Fair Value Measurements
 The Company had no assets or liabilities requiring fair value hierarchy disclosures as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, except as noted below.
 Money Market Accounts
 Cash equivalents include money market accounts and are classified as a level 1 measurement based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any cash equivalent balances.
 Other Fair Value Measurements
 The carrying amounts of cash, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses and the Giphy Retention Compensation approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Debt consists of principal amounts outstanding under our credit facility, which approximates fair value as underlying interest rates are reset regularly based on current market rates and is classified as Level 2. The Company's non-financial assets, which include long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill, are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if certain triggering events occur, or if an annual impairment test is required and the Company is required to evaluate the non-financial asset for impairment, a resulting asset impairment would require that the non-financial asset be recorded at its fair value. In 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to a portion of its right-of-use assets and property and equipment triggered by the Company's decision to cease using certain office spaces. See Note 15, Leasing for further discussion.

 Long-Term Investments
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's Long-Term Investments totaled $ 20.0 million, which is reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company uses the measurement alternative for equity investments with no readily determinable fair value and are reported at cost, adjusted for impairments or any observable price changes in ordinary transactions with identical or similar investments.
 On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates the carrying value of its Long-Term Investments for impairment, which includes an assessment of revenue growth, earnings performance, working capital and the general market conditions. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no adjustments to the carrying values of the Company's Long Term Investments were identified as a result of this assessment. Changes in performance negatively impacting operating results and cash flows of these investments could result in the Company recording an impairment charge in future periods.
 Investment in ZCool Technologies Limited ("ZCool")
 In 2018, the Company invested $ 15.0 million in convertible preferred shares issued by ZCool (the "Preferred Shares"). ZCool's primary business is the operation of an e-commerce platform in the People's Republic of China (the "PRC") whereby customers can pay to license content contributed by creative professionals. ZCool and its affiliates have been the exclusive distributor of Shutterstock content in China since 2014. ZCool is a variable interest entity that is not consolidated because the Company is not the primary beneficiary. The Preferred Shares are not deemed to be in-substance common stock and are accounted for using the measurement alternative for equity investments with no readily determinable fair value.
 On February 2, 2024, ZCool entered into a definitive agreement with Meitu, Inc. ("Meitu"), whereby all outstanding shares of ZCool will be acquired by Meitu upon the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent. In connection with this acquisition, the Company's $ 15.0 million of Preferred Shares will be exchanged for approximately $ 15.0 million of Meitu common shares which are publicly traded on the Main Board of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. Meitu's primary business is the provision of online advertising and other internet value added services in the PRC.
 Other Equity Investments
 In 2020, the Company invested $ 5.0 million in preferred shares of an entity with a creative production and analytics platform. These preferred shares do not have a readily determinable fair value, and give the Company less than a 2 % fully diluted ownership interest.

 (3) Acquisitions
 Giphy, Inc.
 On May 22, 2023, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Meta Platforms, Inc. ("Meta") dated May 22, 2023 (the "Purchase Agreement"). On June 23, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Giphy, Inc. ("Giphy") from Meta. The consideration paid by the Company pursuant to the Purchase Agreement was $ 53 million in net cash, in addition to cash acquired, assumed debt and other working capital adjustments. The consideration was paid with existing cash on hand. Giphy is a New York-based company that operates a collection of GIFs and stickers that supplies casual conversational content. The Company believes its acquisition of Giphy extends Shutterstock's audience touchpoints beyond primarily professional marketing and advertising use cases and expands into casual conversations.
 In January 2023, the United Kingdom Competition and Markets Authority (the "CMA") issued its final order requiring Meta to divest its ownership of Giphy, which Meta acquired in 2020. In connection with the closing of the acquisition, whose terms were preapproved by the CMA, the Company and Meta entered into a transitional services agreement (the "TSA") pursuant to which Meta is responsible for certain costs related to retention of Giphy employees, including (i) recurring salary, bonus, and benefits through August 2024, which would be $ 35.6 million if all employees are retained through August 2024, and (ii) nonrecurring items, totaling $ 87.9 million, comprised of one-time employment inducement bonuses and the cash value of unvested Meta equity awards (the "Giphy Retention Compensation").
 The Giphy Retention Compensation will be paid to the individuals for being employees of the Company subsequent to the completion of the acquisition. Accordingly, it was determined that the payments by the Company are for future service requirements and will be reflected as operating expenses, less any amounts earned by the employees prior to the acquisition, in the Company's Statements of Operations as incurred. The Giphy Retention Compensation is reflected as a reduction of the purchase price and has been funded into an escrow account.

 The Giphy purchase price was calculated as follows:

 Purchase Price

 Purchase price
 $
 53,000

 Cash acquired and other working capital adjustments
 4,750

 Cash paid on closing
 $
 57,750

 Fair value of Giphy Retention Compensation contingent consideration1

 ( 98,723)

 Fair value of consideration attributable to pre-combination service2

 34,972

 Net purchase price
 $
 ( 6,001)

 1 - This amount consists of $ 123.5 million of Giphy Retention Compensation, adjusted for $ 18.9 million of income tax obligations associated with the receipt of the Giphy Retention Compensation and $ 5.9 million for the time value of money.
 2 - Relates to the cash value of replaced unvested Meta equity awards attributable to pre-combination services.
 Upon closing of the acquisition, the Company also entered into an agreement with Meta whereby the Company will provide Meta with Giphy content through API services for a period of two years. The Company allocated and deferred $ 30 million of the business combination proceeds to this agreement, which will be recognized as revenue as services are provided.
 The identifiable intangible assets, which include developed technology and the trade name have weighted average useful lives of approximately 7 years and 15 years, respectively. The fair value of the developed technology and the trade name was determined using the relief-from-royalty method. Determining the fair value requires management to use significant judgement and estimates, including revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the discount rate related to the trade name and revenue growth rates, the royalty rate and the economic life related to developed technology, among others.
 The Giphy transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method and, accordingly, the results of the acquired business has been included in the Company's results of operations from the acquisition date. For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue of $ 10.5 million was included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations related to the Company's acquisition of Giphy. The fair value of consideration transferred in this business combination has been allocated to the intangible and tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, with the excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired over the net consideration received recorded as a bargain purchase gain. The identifiable intangible assets of these acquisitions are being amortized on a straight-line basis.

 The aggregate purchase price for this acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
 Giphy

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 4,030

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 1,416

 Right of use assets
 1,243

 Intangible assets:

 Trade name
 21,000

 Developed technology2

 19,500

 Intangible assets
 40,500

 Deferred tax asset1

 1,463

 Other assets
 1,647

 Total assets acquired
 $
 50,299

 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
 ( 4,949)

 Lease liability
 ( 1,090)

 Total liabilities assumed
 ( 6,039)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 44,260

 Net purchase price
 ( 6,001)

 $

 1 - During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company revised its preliminary allocation of the Giphy purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by $ 9.9 million associated with additional information analyzed related to the deferred income tax balances. The measurement and allocation of the purchase price is preliminary and will be finalized within the allowable measurement period once the Company finalizes its assessment of fair value of intangible assets, income tax balances and other assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
 2 - During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company revised its preliminary allocation of the Giphy purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by $ 1.6 million associated with additional information analyzed related to the valuation of the Developed Technology asset. The measurement and allocation of the purchase price is preliminary and will be finalized within the allowable measurement period once the Company finalizes its assessment of fair value of intangible assets, income tax balances and other assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

 The Company recognized a non-taxable bargain purchase gain of $ 50.3 million, representing the excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired in addition to the net consideration to be received from Meta. The bargain purchase gain is the result of the CMA's regulatory order requiring Meta's divestiture of Giphy and the Giphy Retention Compensation payments. In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $ 3.0 million of transaction costs, which is included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 As of December 31, 2023, Shutterstock's receivable of $ 88.2 million is against an escrow fully funded by Meta. $ 64.5 million and $ 23.7 million are included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 2022 Acquisitions
 Pond5, Inc.
 On May 11, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Pond5, for approximately $ 218.0 million. The total purchase price was paid with existing cash on hand as well as a $ 50 million drawdown on a newly established revolving credit facility (See Note 7). In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $ 4.0 million of transaction costs, which is included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Pond5 is a New York based company that operates a video-first content marketplace for royalty-free and editorial video. The Company believes its acquisition of this video-first content marketplace provides expanded offerings across footage, image and music.
 The identifiable intangible assets, which include customer relationships, developed technology and trade names have weighted average useful lives of approximately 14.2 years, 5 years and 10 years, respectively. The goodwill arising from the transaction is primarily attributable to expected operational synergies and is not deductible for income tax purposes.

 Splash News
 On May 28, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Splash News, for approximately $ 6.3 million. The total purchase price was paid with existing cash on hand in the three months ended June 30, 2022. In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $ 0.3 million of transaction costs, which is included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Splash News is a United Kingdom based entertainment news network and is a source for image and video content across celebrity, red carpet and live events. The Company believes this acquisition expands Shutterstock Editorial's Newsroom offering for access to premium exclusive content.
 The identifiable intangible asset, developed technology, has a useful life of approximately 4 years. The goodwill arising from the transaction is primarily attributable to expected operational synergies and is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 The Pond5 and Splash News transactions were accounted for using the acquisition method and, accordingly, the results of the acquired businesses have been included in the Company's results of operations from the respective acquisition dates. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, revenue of $ 36.7 million was included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations related to these acquired companies. The fair value of consideration transferred in these business combinations has been allocated to the intangible and tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated amount recorded as goodwill. The identifiable intangible assets of these acquisitions are being amortized on a straight-line basis. The fair value of the customer relationships was determined using a variation of the income approach known as the multiple-period excess earnings method. The fair value of the trade name was determined using the relief-from-royalty method, and the fair value of the developed technology was determined using the relief-from-royalty and the cost to recreate methods. Determining the fair value of the customer relationships intangible assets requires management to use significant judgment and estimates, including estimates of future revenue growth rates for existing customers, the discount rate, earnings before interest, taxes and amortization ("EBITA") margins and the customer attrition rate, among others.

 The aggregate purchase price for these acquisitions has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):
 Pond5
 Splash News
 Total

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 11,675
 $
 $
 11,855

 Accounts receivable
 1,273
 $
 1,773

 Other assets
 1,102
 1,627

 Right of use asset
 1,674
 —
 1,674

 Intangible assets:

 Customer relationships
 34,900
 —
 34,900

 Trade name
 5,300
 —
 5,300

 Developed technology
 27,600
 1,263
 28,863

 Intangible assets
 67,800
 1,263
 69,063

 158,957
 5,565
 164,522

 Total assets acquired
 $
 242,481
 $
 8,033
 $
 250,514

 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
 ( 9,304)
 ( 1,528)
 ( 10,832)

 Contributor royalties payable
 ( 3,039)

 ( 3,039)

 Deferred revenue
 ( 3,705)
 —
 ( 3,705)

 Deferred tax liability
 ( 6,381)
 ( 189)
 ( 6,570)

 Lease liability
 ( 2,038)
 —
 ( 2,038)

 Total liabilities assumed
 ( 24,467)
 ( 1,717)
 ( 26,184)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 218,014
 $
 6,316
 $
 224,330

 2021 Acquisitions
 PicMonkey, LLC
 On September 3, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets and assumption of certain liabilities from PicMonkey, LLC ("PicMonkey"), for approximately $ 109.4 million. The total purchase price was paid with existing cash on hand in the three months ended September 30, 2021. In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $ 2 million of transaction costs, which is included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 PicMonkey is a Washington-based company that operates an online graphic design and image editing platform that enables creators of any skill level to design high-quality visual assets. The Company believes this acquisition provides Shutterstock's global customer community with professional-grade, easy-to-use design tools.
 The identifiable intangible assets, which include customer relationships, developed technology and trade names, have weighted average useful lives of approximately 12 years, 5 years and 10 years, respectively. The goodwill arising from the transaction is primarily attributable to expected operational synergies and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

 TurboSquid, Inc.
 On February 1, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of TurboSquid, Inc. ("TurboSquid"), for approximately $ 77.3 million. The total purchase price was paid with existing cash on hand in the three months ended March 31, 2021. In connection with the acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $ 1.6 million of transaction costs, which is included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 TurboSquid is a Louisiana-based company that operates a marketplace offering more than one million 3D models, a marketplace for 2 dimensional ("2D") images derived from 3D objects and a digital asset management solution. The Company believes this acquisition establishes Shutterstock as the premium destination for 3D models as well as 3D models in an easy-to-use 2D format.

 The identifiable intangible assets, which include customer relationships, developed technology, trade names and contributor content, have weighted average useful lives of approximately 12 years, 4.7 years, 10 years and 4 years, respectively. The goodwill arising from the transaction is primarily attributable to expected operational synergies and is not deductible for income tax purposes.

 The PicMonkey and TurboSquid transactions were accounted for using the acquisition method and, accordingly, the results of the acquired businesses have been included in the Company's results of operations from the respective acquisition dates. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, PicMonkey revenues of $ 8.9 million are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, TurboSquid revenues of $ 25.9 million are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of consideration transferred in these business combinations have been allocated to the intangible and tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated amount recorded as goodwill. The identifiable intangible assets of these acquisitions are being amortized on a straight-line basis. The fair value of the customer relationships was determined using a variation of the income approach known as the multiple-period excess earnings method. The fair value of the trade names and developed technology were determined using the relief-from-royalty method, and the fair value of the contributor content was determined using the cost-to-recreate method. Determining the fair value requires management to use significant judgment and estimates, including estimates of future revenue growth rates, research and development expense adjustments, sales and marketing expense adjustments, the discount rate, earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization ("EBITA") margins and the customer attrition rate, among others.
 The aggregate purchase price for these acquisitions have been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):
 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):
 PicMonkey
 TurboSquid
 Total

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 —
 $
 5,165
 $
 5,165

 Other assets
 1,553
 2,055

 Property and equipment
 —

 Right of use asset
 1,420
 —
 1,420

 Intangible assets:

 Customer relationships
 28,800
 9,000
 37,800

 Trade name
 3,000
 2,200
 5,200

 Developed technology
 12,900
 7,800
 20,700

 Contributor content
 —
 2,500
 2,500

 Intangible assets
 44,700
 21,500
 66,200

 71,607
 59,491
 131,098

 Deferred tax asset
 2,456
 —
 2,456

 Total assets acquired
 $
 120,685
 $
 88,181
 $
 208,866

 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
 ( 780)
 ( 4,685)
 ( 5,465)

 Contributor royalties payable
 —
 ( 2,243)
 ( 2,243)

 Deferred revenue
 ( 8,557)
 —
 ( 8,557)

 Deferred tax liability
 ( 533)
 ( 3,923)
 ( 4,456)

 Lease liability
 ( 1,420)
 —
 ( 1,420)

 Total liabilities assumed
 ( 11,290)
 ( 10,851)
 ( 22,141)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 109,395
 $
 77,330
 $
 186,725

 Pro-Forma Financial Information (unaudited)
 The following unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information (in thousands) reflects the results of operations of the Company for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as if the Giphy acquisition had been completed on January 1, 2022 and as if the Pond5 and Splash News acquisitions had been completed on January 1, 2021, after giving effect to certain purchase accounting adjustments, primarily related to bargain purchase gain, Giphy Retention Compensation - non-recurring, intangible assets and transaction costs. These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are based on estimates and assumptions that have been made solely for purposes of developing such pro forma information and are not necessarily indicative of what the Company's operating results would have been, had the acquisitions actually taken place at the beginning of the previous annual period.

 2023
 2022

 As Reported
 $
 $

 Pro Forma
 884,587
 868,976

 As Reported
 $
 $

 Pro Forma
 66,723
 69,896

 Asset Acquisitions
 In July 2021, the Company completed the acquisitions of Pattern89, Inc., Datasine Limited and assets from Shotzr, Inc. These three entities provide data driven insights through their artificial intelligence platforms. The aggregate purchase price for these transactions was approximately $ 35 million and is subject to customary working capital and other adjustments and was paid from existing cash on hand. Approximately $ 3.4 million of the total purchase consideration was subject to contractual holdback provisions and was paid during 2022. The Company has accounted for these transactions as asset acquisitions and has recorded a total of $ 41 million of developed technology intangible assets, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over a useful life of 3 years.

 (4) Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment is summarized as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Computer equipment and software
 $
 308,473
 $
 261,067

 Furniture and fixtures
 10,829
 10,328

 Leasehold improvements
 19,153
 18,635

 Property and equipment
 338,455
 290,030

 Less: accumulated depreciation
 ( 274,155)
 ( 235,482)

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 64,300
 $
 54,548

 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment amounted to $ 37.7 million, $ 34.0 million and $ 31.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of these amounts, $ 36.1 million, $ 31.0 million and $ 28.4 million are included in cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 1.7 million, $ 3.0 million and $ 3.3 million are included in general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Depreciation and amortization expense is included in cost of revenue and general and administrative expense based on the nature of the asset. There was no loss on disposal for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 In 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $ 2.8 million primarily related to certain of its leasehold improvements triggered by the Company's decision to cease using certain office spaces. See Note 15, Leasing for further discussion.
 Capitalized Internal-Use Software
 The Company capitalized costs related to the development of internal-use software of $ 45.1 million, $ 40.7 million and $ 27.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Capitalized amounts are included as a component of property and equipment under computer equipment and software. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company invested significantly in its product development and hosting infrastructure to enhance its customer experience and increase the efficiency with which management deploys new products and features.
 The portion of total depreciation expense related to capitalized internal-use software was $ 34.9 million, $ 29.6 million and $ 26.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation expense related to capitalized internal-use software is included in cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had capitalized internal-use software of $ 60.3 million and $ 50.1 million, respectively, net of accumulated depreciation, which was included in property and equipment, net.

 (5) Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's goodwill balance for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 $
 381,920

 Goodwill related to acquisitions
 —

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 1,405

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 $
 383,325

 The Company's goodwill balance was allocated to a single reporting unit. The Company performed its annual goodwill assessment as of October 1, 2023 and concluded that the fair value of its reporting unit was greater than its carrying amount, and therefore, no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary. The Company utilized a qualitative assessment of its content business reporting unit to determine whether a quantitative assessment was necessary and determined there were no indicators of potential impairment.
 There were no impairments of goodwill in any of the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.

 Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets, all of which are subject to amortization, consist of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 As of December 31, 2023
 As of December 31, 2022

 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net
Carrying
 Weighted
Average Life
(Years)
 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net
Carrying

 Customer relationships
 $
 90,350
 $
 ( 26,982)
 $
 63,368
 $
 88,996
 $
 ( 19,168)
 $
 69,828

 Trade name
 37,937
 ( 9,272)
 28,665
 16,588
 ( 7,209)
 9,379

 Developed technology
 115,914
 ( 61,376)
 54,538
 94,872
 ( 35,288)
 59,584

 Contributor content
 65,628
 ( 27,897)
 37,731
 54,284
 ( 20,098)
 34,186

 Patents
 ( 165)
 ( 149)

 Total
 $
 310,088
 $
 ( 125,692)
 $
 184,396
 $
 254,999
 $
 ( 81,912)
 $
 173,087

 Amortization expense related to the intangible assets was $ 42.0 million, $ 34.5 million and $ 17.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of these amounts, $ 38.7 million, $ 32.1 million and $ 13.1 million are included in cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 3.3 million, $ 2.4 million and $ 4.0 million are included in general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The Company determined that there was no indication of impairment for the intangible assets for all periods presented. Estimated amortization expense for the next five years is: $ 37.9 million in 2024, $ 27.4 million in 2025, $ 25.1 million in 2026, $ 18.8 million in 2027, $ 16.1 million in 2028 and $ 59.1 million thereafter.

 (6) Accrued Expenses
 Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Compensation
 $
 75,752
 $
 40,314

 Non-income taxes
 23,702
 24,390

 Website hosting and marketing fees
 11,804
 6,608

 Other expenses
 20,185
 18,075

 Total accrued expenses
 $
 131,443
 $
 89,387

 As of December 31, 2023, compensation-related accrued expenses included amounts due to Giphy employees for compensation earned pre-acquisition and severance costs associated with workforce optimizations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 12.5 million of severance costs associated with workforce optimizations, of which $ 0.3 million is reported in Cost of Revenues, $ 4.2 million in Sales and Marketing, $ 3.6 million in Product Development, and $ 4.4 million in General and Administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023. Of this amount, approximately $ 7.7 million is included within accrued expenses as of December 31, 2023 and is expected to be paid to employees over the next 12 months.

 (7) Debt
 On May 6, 2022, the Company entered into a five-year $ 100 million unsecured revolving loan facility (the "Credit Facility") with Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and other lenders. The Credit Facility includes a letter of credit sub-facility and a swingline facility and it also permits, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, up to $ 100 million of additional revolving loan commitments with the consent of the Administrative Agent.
 At the Company's option, revolving loans accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.125 % to 0.500 %, determined based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") (for interest periods of 1, 3 or 6 months) plus a margin ranging from 1.125 % to 1.5 %, determined based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. The Company is also required to pay an unused commitment fee ranging from 0.150 % to 0.225 %, determined based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio. In connection with the execution of this agreement, the Company paid debt issuance costs of approximately $ 0.6 million.
 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $ 30 million and $ 50 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a remaining borrowing capacity of $ 67 million, net of standby letters of credit. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized interest expense of $ 1.9 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively.
 The Credit Facility contains financial covenants and requirements restricting certain of the Company's activities, which are usual and customary for this type of credit facility. The Company is also required to maintain compliance with a consolidated leverage ratio and a consolidated interest coverage ratio, in each case, determined in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

 (8) Stockholders' Equity
 Common Stock
 The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends as may be declared by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to the prior distribution rights of any outstanding preferred stock. The common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. The outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable. Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which became effective upon completion of the IPO, the Company's certificate of incorporation authorized 200,000,000 shares of $ 0.01 per share par value common stock.
 Preferred Stock
 Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which became effective upon completion of the IPO, the Company's Board of Directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, in one or more series. The Board of Directors also has the authority to designate the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of each such series, including dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, redemption prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series.
 The issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of Shutterstock without further action by the stockholders. The issuance of preferred stock with voting and conversion rights may also adversely affect the voting power of the holders of common stock. In certain circumstances, an issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of decreasing the market price of the common stock. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has no t issued and has no plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.
 Treasury Stock

 In October 2015, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $ 100 million of its common stock and in February 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved an increase to the share repurchase program (collectively, the "2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs"), authorizing the Company to repurchase up to an additional $ 100 million of its outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had fully utilized its authorization for repurchases under the 2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs.
 In June 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "2023 Share Repurchase Program"), providing authorization to repurchase up to $ 100 million of its common stock. During 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased approximately 634,500 and 983,700 shares of its common stock, respectively, at an average per share cost of $ 44.45 and $ 74.02, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 72 million of remaining authorization for purchases under the 2023 Share Repurchase Program.
 The Company expects to fund repurchases through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and future financing transactions, if appropriate. Accordingly, the share repurchase program is subject to the Company having available cash to fund repurchases. Under the share repurchase program, management is authorized to purchase shares of the Company's common stock from time to time through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions at prevailing prices as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors
 As of December 31, 2023, in total the Company has repurchased approximately 4.4 million shares of its common stock under the 2015 and 2017 Share Repurchase Programs and the 2023 Share Repurchase Program at an average per-share cost of $ 51.74.
 Dividends
 On February 11, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the initiation of a quarterly cash dividend. The Company declared and paid cash dividends totaling $ 1.08 and $ 0.96 per share of common stock, or $ 38.7 million and $ 34.6 million, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 On January 29, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.30 per share of outstanding common stock payable on March 14, 2024 to stockholders of record at the close of business on February 29, 2024. Future declaration of dividends are subject to the final determination of the Board of Directors, and will depend on, among other things, the Company's future financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, anticipated cash needs, business prospects, provisions of applicable law and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

 (9) Revenue
 In the fourth quarter of 2023, management reevaluated and changed its revenue disaggregation from a sales channel categorization to a product offering categorization of Content and Data, Distribution, and Services. This new categorization is aligned with how the Company measures revenue performance. Management believes this new classification better represents the nature, amount, and timing of revenue from customer contracts, and aligned with the growth of its Data, Distribution, and Services offering.
 Content: The majority of the Company's customers license image, video, music and 3D content for commercial purposes either directly through the Company's self-service web properties or through the Company's dedicated sales teams. Content customers have the flexibility to purchase subscription-based plans that are paid on a monthly or annual basis. Customers are also able to license content on a transactional basis. These customers generally license content under the Company's standard or enhanced licenses, with additional licensing options available to meet customers' individual needs. Certain content customers also have unique content, licensing and workflow needs. These customers communication with dedicated sales professionals, service and research teams which provide a number of tailored enhancements to their creative workflows including non-standard licensing rights, multi-seat access, ability to pay on credit terms, multi-brand licensing packages, increased indemnification protection and content licensed for use-cases outside of those available on the e-commerce platform.
 Data, Distribution, and Services: Revenues from this offering grew significantly during 2023, and represents 16 % of the full year 2023 revenue. Our Data, Distribution, and Services offerings address customer demand for products and services that are beyond our stock image, footage music and 3D model licenses. We have seen increased demand for access to our metadata for machine learning and generative artificial intelligence model training. We offer ethically sourced and licenseable metadata

 at unique scales and quality. Our metadata customer base ranges from large technology and media companies to smaller start-up organizations.
 In 2023, we completed our acquisition of Giphy, Inc. ("Giphy"). Giphy is a content platform that allows used to personalize casual conversations with GIFs, and generates billions of monthly impressions through over 14,000 API partners. We believe customers in all industries will look to use Giphy in marketing campaigns as another advertising outlet.
 Our Data, Distribution, and Services offering also includes high-quality production and custom content at scale provided by Shutterstock Studios ("Studios"). Studios is a cost-effective solution for brands and agencies looking to meet their content needs and create fresh dynamic digital assets. Customers can bring an idea, and our Studios team will provide a 360-degree content creation solution. We offer a whole spectrum of services at pre-production, production and post-production stages.
 The Company's Content and Data, Distribution, and Services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Content
 $
 737,264
 $
 789,306
 $
 757,470

 Data, Distribution, and Services
 137,323
 38,520
 15,945

 Total Revenues
 $
 $
 $

 Historically, the Company analyzed revenue using the E-Commerce and Enterprise sales channels. E-Commerce revenues are derived from customers who license content directly through the Company's self-service web properties. The Enterprise revenues are derived from customers with unique content, licensing and workflow needs and engage with the Company's sales team. The Company's revenues using the historical E-Commerce and Enterprise disaggregation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 E-commerce
 $
 439,941
 $
 501,384
 $
 490,212

 Enterprise
 434,646
 326,442
 283,203

 Total Revenues
 $
 $
 $

 Deferred revenue reported on the balance sheet represents unfulfilled performance obligations for which the Company has either received payment or has outstanding receivables. The December 31, 2023 deferred revenue balance will be earned as content is downloaded or upon the expiration of subscription-based products, and nearly all is expected to be earned within the next twelve months. $ 182.2 million of total revenue recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023 was reflected in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2022. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $ 59.6 million of contracted but unsatisfied performance obligations relating primarily to our data offering, which are not included as a component of deferred revenue and that the Company expects to recognize over a five year period.

 (10) Equity-Based Compensation
 The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards including employee stock options and RSUs granted under either the 2012 Plan or the 2022 Plan based on the fair value of each award on the grant date.
 The following table summarizes non-cash equity-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, by line item included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 7,359
 5,486
 2,888

 13,200
 10,380
 6,720

 27,203
 19,307
 26,208

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 substantially all of the Company's non-cash equity-based compensation expense related to RSUs.
 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan
 On October 10, 2012, the Company's 2012 Plan became effective. The 2012 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to Company employees, and for the grant of non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares to employees, directors and consultants. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2012 Plan was initially 6,750,000 shares of common stock. The number of shares available for issuance under the 2012 Plan will be increased annually commencing January 1, 2013 by an amount equal to the lesser of 1,500,000 shares of common stock, 3 % of the outstanding shares of common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or such other amount as determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Any awards issued under the 2012 Plan that are forfeited by the participant will become available for future grant under the 2012 Plan. The number of shares of common stock available under the 2012 Plan was automatically increased by approximately 1,093,000 and 1,087,000 shares on January 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively, pursuant to the automatic increase provisions of the 2012 Plan. This plan expired on June 2, 2022.

 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan
 On June 2, 2022, the Company's stockholders approved the 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan"). The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to Company employees, and for the grant of non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares (collectively, "Awards") to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors of the Company. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2022 Plan is 4,000,000 shares of our common stock and is subject to adjustment in connection with changes in capitalization, reorganization and change in control events. Shares subject to Awards granted under the 2022 Plan that expire unexercised or are forfeited, will become available for future grant under 2022 Plan. However, shares used to pay the exercise price of an Award or to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an Award will not become available for future grant under the 2022 Plan. Awards granted subsequent to June 2, 2022 were granted under the 2022 Plan.

 Stock Option Awards
 The following is a summary of stock option awards (in thousands) and weighted average exercise price per option:

 Plan
Options
 Weighted Average
Exercise Price

 Options outstanding at December 31, 2022
 $
 61.32

 Options exercised
 ( 1)
 40.30

 Options canceled or expired
 ( 1)
 64.20

 Options outstanding at December 31, 2023
 $
 61.34

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2023
 $
 34.41

 Intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the excess of market price of the Company's common stock over the strike price of the stock options, multiplied by the number of stock options. The intrinsic value of the Company's stock options is as follows (in thousands):
 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Stock options outstanding
 $
 4,232
 $
 5,576

 Stock options exercisable
 $
 4,232
 $
 5,400

 Stock options vested and expected to vest
 $
 4,232
 $
 5,576

 The intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $ 33 thousand, $ 1.1 million and $ 3.0 million, respectively.
 No stock option awards were granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 On April 24, 2014, the Company granted 500,000 stock options with a market-based condition to its Founder and Executive Chairman. In 2018, the number of stock options was adjusted from 500,000 stock options to approximately 527,000 and the exercise price of each option was adjusted from $ 80.94 to $ 76.73, in connection with a special dividend and pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of the 2012 Plan. The stock options will not vest or become exercisable unless (i) the Founder and Executive Chairman remains continuously employed by the Company until the fifth anniversary of the date of grant and (ii) the average 90-day closing price of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $ 161.88 per share for any 90 consecutive calendar days during the period commencing on the fifth anniversary of the date of grant and ending on the tenth anniversary of the date of grant, inclusive provided that the Founder and Executive Chairman remains continuously employed by the Company until the date of satisfaction of such condition. The derived requisite service period was determined to be six years based on a valuation technique. The total fair value of the grant is $ 21.6 million and is being recognized over the derived requisite service period. In the event that the market condition remains unsatisfied upon completion of the requisite service period, no charge will be reversed.

 Restricted Stock Units Awards (including PRSUs)
 The following table presents a summary of the Company's RSUs activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Plan
RSUs
 Weighted Average
Fair Value

 Non-vested balance at December 31, 2022
 1,717
 $
 70.17

 Units granted
 1,181
 65.92

 Units vested
 ( 630)
 65.92

 Units canceled or forfeited
 ( 330)
 75.65

 Non-vested balance at December 31, 2023
 1,938
 $
 68.03

 Non-vested and deferred balance at December 31, 2023
 1,997
 $
 67.49

 On April 24, 2014, the Company granted 100,000 restricted stock units with a market-based condition to its Founder and Executive Chairman. In 2018, the number of RSUs was adjusted to approximately 105,000, in connection with a special dividend and pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of the 2012 Plan. The restricted stock units will vest only if (i) the reporting person remains continuously employed by the Company until the fifth anniversary of the date of grant and (ii) the average 90-day closing price of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $ 161.88 for any 90 consecutive calendar days during the period commencing on the fifth anniversary of the date of grant and ending on the tenth anniversary of the date of grant, inclusive; provided that the reporting person remains continuously employed by the Company until the date of satisfaction of such condition. The derived requisite service period was determined to be six years based on a valuation technique. The total fair value of the grant is $ 5.8 million and is being recognized over the derived requisite service period. In the event that the market condition remains unsatisfied upon completion of the requisite service period, no charge will be reversed.
 As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation charge related to the restricted stock units is approximately $ 78.3 million, which is expected to be recognized through fiscal 2027.

 (11) Other Income / (Expense), net
 The following table presents a summary of the Company's other income / (expense) activity included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Foreign currency gain / (loss)
 $
 $
 ( 1,338)
 $
 ( 3,303)

 Interest expense
 ( 1,856)
 ( 1,336)
 —

 Interest income / (expense) and other
 4,784
 ( 67)

 $
 3,807
 $
 ( 2,587)
 $
 ( 3,370)

 (12) Income Taxes
 The Company's geographical breakdown of its income before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Domestic
 $
 108,013
 $
 86,207
 $
 104,241

 Foreign
 14,455
 4,830

 $
 $
 $
 104,736

 The following table summarizes the consolidated provision for income taxes (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current provision:

 Federal
 $
 24,015
 $
 16,891
 $
 7,834

 State and local
 5,392
 3,362
 2,694

 Foreign
 8,967
 5,268
 4,096

 Deferred provision (benefit):

 Federal
 ( 24,880)
 ( 9,286)
 ( 1,715)

 State and local
 ( 1,047)
 ( 1,107)
 ( 137)

 Foreign
 ( 248)
 ( 194)

 $
 $
 $

 The provision for income taxes differs from statutory income tax rate as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 U.S. income tax at federal statutory rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 Tax credits
 ( 4.2)
 ( 3.3)
 ( 1.8)

 State and local taxes, net of federal benefit
 2.2
 1.6
 1.6

 Equity-based compensation
 3.4
 1.4
 ( 0.6)

 Foreign rate differential
 0.4
 0.8
 0.5

 Foreign-derived intangible income deduction
 ( 6.4)
 ( 8.2)
 ( 5.5)

 Uncertain tax positions
 0.9
 3.4
 0.8

 Valuation allowance
 1.3
 1.2
 0.8

 Capital loss
 —
 ( 1.7)
 ( 4.9)

 ( 8.6)
 —
 —

 Non-deductible—other
 —
 0.2
 0.4

 Total provision for income taxes
 10.0
 %
 16.4
 %
 12.3
 %

 The tax effect of the Company's temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below (in thousands):

 Year Ended

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Non-cash equity-based compensation
 $
 15,922
 $
 14,947

 Intangible amortization

 Accruals and reserves
 6,881
 6,526

 Lease liabilities
 8,410
 10,069

 Net operating losses
 17,691
 8,978

 Other
 1,850
 1,648

 Gross deferred tax assets
 50,855
 42,249

 Valuation allowance
 ( 6,841)
 ( 4,622)

 Net deferred tax assets
 44,014
 37,627

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Right-of-use assets
 ( 2,806)
 ( 3,867)

 Depreciation and amortization
 ( 11,605)
 ( 21,692)

 Contingent consideration
 ( 8,911)
 —

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 20,692
 $
 12,068

 The non-cash equity-based compensation for the Company includes a deferred tax asset of $ 6.2 million associated with the performance-based grant of stock options and restricted stock units to the Company's Founder and Executive Chairman. If the performance targets are not met in the second quarter of 2024, this deferred tax asset will be reversed.
 In addition, the $ 6.8 million valuation allowance relates to certain foreign net operating loss carryforwards, where the Company has determined that there is sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of these net operating losses.
 The following table summarizes changes to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at January 1
 $
 13,021
 $
 10,229
 $
 9,592

 Gross additions for tax positions for prior years
 —

 Gross additions for tax positions for current year
 1,054
 2,844

 Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years
 ( 958)
 ( 191)
 ( 158)

 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31
 $
 13,516
 $
 13,021
 $
 10,229

 The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 was $ 12.5 million, which, if recognized, would impact the Company's effective tax rate in future periods. Unrecognized tax benefits is included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has determined that it is reasonably possible that there will be a reversal of unrecognized tax benefits by as much as $ 6.8 million in the next fiscal year due to the expected resolution of prior year tax matters.
 The Company recognizes interest expense and tax penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest and penalties included in the Company's provision for income taxes were not material in all the periods presented.
 The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. The Company is currently under examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service for the tax years 2017 through 2021, and expects the examinations for these years to be concluded in the next twelve months. The Company no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2015.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company has $ 77.4 million in tax net operating loss carryforwards in U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions which are available to reduce future income taxes and the majority of this amount relates to jurisdictions with an indefinite carryforward period.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 32.4 million of undistributed earnings attributable to its foreign subsidiaries. The Company has no plans to indefinitely reinvest the earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in those operations. An estimate of the associated taxes related to repatriation of these undistributed earnings is not material.

 (13) Net Income Per Share
 Basic net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding unvested RSUs and stock options. Diluted net income per share is based upon the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period plus dilutive potential common shares, including unvested RSUs and stock options using the treasury stock method.
 The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Shares used to compute basic net income per share
 35,878
 36,042
 36,509

 Dilutive potential common shares:

 Stock options and employee stock purchase plan shares

 Unvested restricted stock awards

 Shares used to compute diluted net income per share
 36,242
 36,546
 37,324

 Basic net income per share
 $
 3.07
 $
 2.11
 $
 2.52

 Diluted net income per share
 $
 3.04
 $
 2.08
 $
 2.46

 Potentially dilutive shares included in the calculation
 1,034
 1,127
 1,336

 Anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation

 (14) Geographic Financial Information
 The following represents the Company's geographic revenue based on customer location (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 North America
 $
 427,746
 $
 353,197
 $
 290,979

 Europe
 231,048
 243,025
 253,479

 Rest of the world
 215,793
 231,604
 228,957

 Total revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Included in North America is the United States which comprises approximately 46 %, 40 % and 34 % of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No other country accounts for more than 10% of the Company's revenue in any period presented.

 The Company's long-lived tangible assets were located as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 North America
 $
 46,531
 $
 42,266

 Europe
 17,695
 12,079

 Rest of the world

 Total long-lived tangible assets
 $
 64,300
 $
 54,548

 Included in North America is the United States, which comprises 68 % and 73 % of total long-lived tangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in Europe is Ireland, which comprised 21 % and 17 % of total long-lived tangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No other country accounts for more than 10% of the Company's long-lived tangible assets in any period presented.

 (15) Leasing
 The Company's leases relate primarily to office facilities that expire on various dates from 2024 through 2029, some of which include one or more options to renew. All of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases. Operating lease costs, including insignificant costs related to short-term leases, were $ 6.4 million, $ 10.7 million and $ 10.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The Company made cash payments for operating leases of $ 10.9 million, $ 9.4 million and $ 9.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were included in cash flows from operating activities within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded right-of-use assets of $ 1.9 million and $ 6.0 million, respectively, which were obtained in exchange for lease obligations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's operating leases have a weighted average remaining lease term of 4.8 years and 5.7 years, respectively, and a weighted average discount rate of 6.3 %.
 Balance sheet information for the Company's leases as of December 31, 2023, is as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Right-of-use assets
 $
 15,395
 $
 17,593

 Lease liabilities, current
 $
 9,076
 $
 8,910

 Lease liabilities, non-current
 29,404
 35,611

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 38,480
 $
 44,521

 Lease Commitments
 Future undiscounted lease payments for the Company's operating lease liabilities and a reconciliation of these payments to its lease liabilities at December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):
 Reconciliation of future undiscounted lease payments to lease liabilities
 Lease Commitments

 Year ending December 31,

 2024
 10,240

 2025
 9,269

 2026
 7,299

 2027
 7,662

 2028
 7,843

 Thereafter
 2,615

 Total undiscounted lease payments
 44,928

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 6,448)

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 38,480

 The Company's most significant lease is for its headquarters in New York City, which was entered into in March 2013 and was amended in January 2016 ("ESB Lease"). As amended, the ESB Lease will expire in 2029, and the undiscounted remaining future minimum lease payments are approximately $ 38.9 million. The Company is also party to a letter of credit as a security deposit for this leased facility, in the amount of $ 3.2 million.
 Impairment of Lease and Related Assets

 In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company completed an analysis of leased-office usage and (i) ceased using certain of its office space, including two floors of its headquarters in New York City as well as (ii) abandoned certain other smaller office spaces. This triggered the recognition of an $ 18.7 million impairment charge, of which $ 15.9 million and $ 2.8 million relates to right-of-use assets and property and equipment, respectively.
 The Company calculated the fair value of the right-of-use asset and property and equipment for the impacted office spaces based on estimated future discounted cash flows using significant unobservable inputs. These inputs include (i) the length of time necessary to market the office space and commence receiving sub-lease income, (ii) the anticipated amount of sub-lease income and tenant improvement allowances, and (iii) a discount rate incorporating risks associated with these projected cash flows. This fair value measurement is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company fully impaired the Right-of-use assets and Property and equipment associated with the abandoned smaller office spaces.

 (16) Commitments and Contingencies
 Other Non-Lease Obligations
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company's other unconditional cash obligations, consisting primarily of unconditional purchase obligations related to contracts for cloud-based services, infrastructure and other business services as well as minimum royalty guarantees in connection with certain content licenses, are as follows:
 Year Ending December 31,
 Other Obligations

 2024
 $
 45,400

 2025
 31,600

 2026
 4,500

 2027

 2028

 Thereafter
 —

 Total non-lease unconditional obligations
 $
 81,900

 Legal Matters
 From time to time, the Company may become party to litigation in the ordinary course of business, including direct claims brought by or against the Company with respect to intellectual property, contracts, employment and other matters, as well as claims brought against the Company's customers for whom the Company has a contractual indemnification obligation. The Company assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes with respect to these matters and determines loss contingency assessments on a gross basis after assessing the probability of incurrence of a loss and whether a loss is reasonably estimable. In addition, the Company considers other relevant factors that could impact its ability to reasonably estimate a loss. A determination of the amount of reserves required, if any, for these contingencies is made after analyzing each matter. The Company reviews reserves, if any, at least quarterly and may change the amount of any such reserve in the future due to new developments or changes in strategy in handling these matters. Although the results of litigation and threats of litigation, investigations and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The Company currently has no material active litigation matters and, accordingly, no material reserves related to litigation.
 Customer Indemnifications
 In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into contractual arrangements under which it agrees to provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to customers with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of the Company's intellectual property warranties for damages to the customer directly attributable to the Company's breach. The Company is not responsible for any damages, costs, or losses to the extent such damages, costs or losses arise as a result of the modifications made by the customer, or the context in which an image is used. The standard maximum aggregate obligation and liability to any one customer for all claims is generally limited to ten thousand dollars. The Company offers certain of its customers greater levels of indemnification, including unlimited indemnification. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recorded no liabilities related to indemnification for loss contingencies. Additionally, the Company believes that it has the appropriate insurance coverage in place to adequately cover such indemnification obligations, if necessary.
 Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements
 The Company has entered into employment arrangements and indemnification agreements with certain executive officers and with certain employees. The agreements specify various employment-related matters, including annual compensation, performance incentive bonuses, and severance benefits in the event of termination with or without cause.

 (17) Subsequent Events
 On February 1, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of Backgrid USA, Inc. and Backgrid London LTD (collectively, "Backgrid") for approximately $ 20 million, subject to customary working capital adjustments. The purchase price was paid with existing cash on hand. Backgrid supplies media organization with real-time celebrity content, and expands the Company's offering of editorial images and footage across celebrity, red carpet and live-events.

 EXHIBIT INDEX
 Exhibit
Number

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date

 2.1

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 5, 2012, between the Registrant and Shutterstock Images LLC.

 S-1/A
 2.1
 October 5, 2012

 2.2

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 5, 2012, among the Registrant, Shutterstock Investors II, Inc., Insight Venture Partners (Cayman) V, L.P., Shutterstock Investors III, Inc. and Insight Venture Partners V Coinvestment Fund, L.P.

 S-1/A
 2.2
 October 5, 2012

 2.3
 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 10, 2022.

 2.1
 May 11, 2022

 2.4
 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 22, 2023

 2.1
 May 23, 2023

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as currently in effect.

 S-1/A
 3.2
 June 29, 2012

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as currently in effect.

 S-1/A
 3.4
 September 27, 2012

 4.1
 Specimen Stock Certificate of the Registrant

 S-3ASR
 333-243706
 4.1
 August 10, 2020

 4.2
 Description of the Registrant's Securities

 4.1
 February 13, 2020

 10.1(a)
 §
 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its Officers and Directors.

 S-1/A
 10.1
 August 30, 2012

 10.2
 §
 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Award Agreements.

 10.2
 February 27, 2015

 10.3
 §
 2022 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Award Agreement

 14A
 N/A
 April 21, 2022

 10.4
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Short-Term Incentive Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.7
 August 30, 2012

 10.5(a)
 §
 Employment Agreement between Shutterstock Images LLC and Jonathan Oringer dated September 24, 2012.

 S-1/A
 10.8(a)
 September 27, 2012

 10.5(b)
 §
 Severance and Change in Control Agreement between Shutterstock Images LLC and Jonathan Oringer dated September 24, 2012.

 S-1/A
 10.8(b)
 September 27, 2012

 10.5(c)
 §
 Summary of Compensatory Arrangements with Jonathan Oringer, dated April 24, 2014.

 N/A
 April 28, 2014

 10.5(d)
 §
 Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated February 11, 2020, by and between Jon Oringer and Shutterstock, Inc.

 10.5(d)
 February 13, 2020

 10.5(e)
 §
 Amendment to Severance and Change in Control Agreement, dated February 11, 2020, by and between Jon Oringer and Shutterstock, Inc.

 10.5(e)
 February 13, 2020

 10.6

 Lease Agreement, between Shutterstock, Inc. and Empire State Building Company LLC, dated March 21, 2013.

 10.1
 May 10, 2013

 10.7
 First Lease Modification Agreement, by and between Shutterstock, Inc. and ESRT Empire State Building, L.L.C., dated August 31, 2015.

 10.3
 November 6, 2015

 10.8
 Second Lease Modification and Extension Agreement, by and between Shutterstock, Inc. and ESRT Empire State Building, L.L.C., dated January 8, 2016.

 10.1
 January 13, 2016

 10.9
 Third Lease Modification Agreement, dated July 19, 2016, by and between Shutterstock, Inc. and ESRT Empire State Building, L.L.C.

 10.1
 August 4, 2016

 10.10
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Director Compensation Policy

 10.1
 February 26, 2019

 10.11
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Form of 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

 10.5
 May 4, 2016

 10.12
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Form of 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Canadian Employees

 10.6
 May 4, 2016

 10.13
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Form of 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Deferred Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

 10.7
 May 4, 2016

 10.14
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. Amended and Restated 2012 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan

 10.4
 August 4, 2016

 10.15
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. 2012 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, as amended September 15, 2016

 10.1
 November 4, 2016

 10.16
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. 2012 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Canadian Employees, as amended September 15, 2016

 10.2
 November 4, 2016

 10.17
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. 2012 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Deferred Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, as amended September 15, 2016

 10.3
 November 4, 2016

 10.18
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. 2012 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement

 10.1
 February 11, 2020

 10.19
 §
 Shutterstock, Inc. 2012 Amended and Restated Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for grants subsequent to April 2020

 10.1
 April 27, 2021

 Exhibit
Number

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date

 10.20(a)
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Steven Ciardiello

 10.1
 August 6, 2019

 10.20(b)
 §
 Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated November 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Steven Ciardiello

 10.4
 November 5, 2019

 10.21(a)
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, by and between the Company and Stan Pavlovsky

 10.1
 April 25, 2019

 10.21(b)
 §
 Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated November 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Stan Pavlovsky

 10.1
 November 5, 2019

 10.21(c)
 §
 Second Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated February 11, 2020, by and between Stan Pavlovsky and Shutterstock, Inc.

 10.25(c)
 February 13, 2020

 10.22
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated November 7, 2019, by and between the Company and Jarrod Yahes

 10.1
 November 18, 2019

 10.23(a)
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated November 4, 2019, between the Company and Pietro Silvio

 10.2
 July 28, 2020

 10.23(b)
 §
 Separation Agreement and General Release, between the Company and Peter Silvio, dated September 1, 2022

 10.1
 September 7, 2022

 10.24
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated May 8, 2022, by and between the Company and Paul J. Hennessy

 10.2
 May 11, 2022

 10.25
 §
 Employment Agreement, dated January 12, 2023, by and between the Company and John Caine

 10.1
 January 17, 2023

 10.26
 Credit Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2022, by and among Shutterstock, Inc., as borrower, certain subsidiary guarantors, certain financial institutions, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent for such lenders.

 10.1
 May 11, 2022

 10.27
 §
 2022 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan

 10.2
 October 25, 2022

 21.1
 **
 List of Subsidiaries.

 23.1
 **
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 24.1
 **
 Power of Attorney (included on signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

 31.1
 **
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2
 **
 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 #**
 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **
 2023 Executive Compensation Clawback Policy

 101.INS
 *

 101.SCH
 *

 101.CAL
 *

 101.DEF
 *

 101.LAB
 *

 101.PRE
 *

 *

 _______________________________________________________________________________
 * XBRL information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and is not subject to liability under those sections, is not part of any registration statement or prospectus to which it relates and is not incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any registration statement, prospectus or other document.
 § Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 # These certifications are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing we make under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.
 ** Filed herewith.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Dated: February 26, 2024
 By:
 /s/ PAUL J. HENNESSY

 Paul J. Hennessy
 Chief Executive Officer

 Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby authorizes and appoints Paul J. Hennessy and Jarrod Yahes, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his or her substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 Signature

 Title
 Date

 /s/ JONATHAN ORINGER
 Founder and Executive Chairman of the Board

 Jonathan Oringer

 /s/ PAUL J. HENNESSY
 Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

 Paul J. Hennessy

 /s/ JARROD YAHES
 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 Jarrod Yahes

 /s/ STEVEN CIARDIELLO
 Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Steven Ciardiello

 /s/ RACHNA BHASIN
 Director

 Rachna Bhasin

 /s/ DEIRDRE M. BIGLEY
 Director

 Deirdre M. Bigley

 /s/ THOMAS R. EVANS
 Director

 Thomas R. Evans

 /s/ ALFONSE UPSHAW
 Director

 Alfonse Upshaw